Tech cura

Electric Highway in India | E-highway along Delhi-Mumbai

2020-09-13T11:34:00.002+05:30

The government of India is planning a trial for an electric highway between Delhi and Mumbai at the cost of about 2 billion in Indian currency. Initially, They will build a 10km pilot electric highway (e-highway) with overhead electric lines to power the engines of trucks and buses within the next three years. Government has already awarded 60% of the contract for that.

Nitin Gadkari, union minister for road transport and highway, revealed the plan in parliament. He said that It will be a 1,300 km, 12-lane green highway, and their target is to complete the project before January 26, 2024.

Route of Electric Highway in India ( E-highway )

This route will be separate from the regular side. The e-highway will pass through the economically backward areas of some states Haryana, Rajasthan, Gujarat and Maharashtra. For this, the centre will save about Rs 16000 Crore for land acquisition.

Infrastructure of E-highway

The infrastructure includes overhead cables and substation for the trail run. The electric cable will be there to draw power from the overhead cable network. There will be two tracks. Also, the trucks with containers can run at 100km/h. Trucks of 80t will be deployed.

Plans for the electric highway in India

The plan is the trucks can run on electricity over 20 km of distance and at that time electricity will charge the vehicle batteries. After this 20 km, the trucks will run on the power from batteries. After sometimes this can tap the overhead lines and the batteries get charged again simultaneously.

Previous tests on e-highway

The concept - Electric-highway is not new. Some countries already started the trial of this technology in their country. In 2017, Hesse, the German state, awarded a contract to Siemens to build an overhead contact line for electrified freight transport on a 10km stretch of motorway.

In the previous year, Scania, Swedish commercial vehicle maker announced that it would supply electric hybrid trucks for Germany for their Electric Highway (E-highway) research project.

Germany launched its first Electric Highway ( E-highway ) for testing the efficiencies in May this year. The E- the highway is on Autobahn-5 between Darmstadt and Frankfurt and it will last until 2022.

Source: Times of India

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Post by Riju Sharma

Mahindra e2o Review | Hybrid cars in India

2020-09-11T13:08:00.002+05:30

Mahindra e2o is a smart hybrid car manufactured by Indian automobile company Mahindra Reva. It was launched in March 2013. Mahindra Reva is a manufacturer of hatchback electric cars. Mahindra e2o was the first fully electric passenger vehicle. Mahindra e2o is a four-seater, hatchback with two doors. It comes with an electric motor and battery system. It also comes with other features like driving convenience, safety, cost-efficient, eco-friendly and other features.

Smart Hybrid comes with advanced technology like fuel efficiency and driving performances. When idle the engine automatically switches off and other features like silent start, torque assist functions and automatic transmissions. These technologies use dual battery setup and Lithium-Ion Battery. These high capacity batteries store the energy during braking. The energy stored in the Lithium-ion battery helps the engine to acceleration and show its performance.

To know about hybrid and plugged-in hybrid cars, visit Electric Vehicles in India , Best car in India under 10 lakhs by Tech Cura

Advantages of Smart Hybrid Car

The torque-assist function powers engine’s acceleration reduces the load on the engine. The brake regeneration function captures the energy improving the engine’s life & performance. For better performance and fuel-efficiency, the cars have an Integrated Starter Generator (ISG.This combination results in a peppy, powerful and fuel-efficient vehicle. Smart Hybrid Technology helps reduce emissions and fuel consumption. It improves efficiency help in keeping the environment clean and green.

Features of Mahindra e2o

Class- City Car
Body-Style- Hatchback
No. of doors- 3
Battery Capacitor- 11-16 kWh
Range- 120Km/ full charge
Boot space capacity- 135 litres
Gear Box- direct Drive
Gear Ratio-10:83:1
Top Speed- 80Kmph

Mahindra e2o Successors

Mahindra & Mahindra discontinues its manufacturing of Mahindra e2o in 2016. The last recorded price of Mahindra e2o was Rs 4.82-6 lakhs till 2016. With the introduction of new technologies and Mahindra not making enough of the domestic market, Mahindra launched its immediate successor Mahindra e2o Plus in October 2016. Mahindra E2o Plus is sold in 4 different variant P2, P4, P6, P8 depending on the driving range on a single charge. The P8 variant can provide the maximum range of 140 Km taking 7hours or more to get fully charge. Other technology like the regenerative braking, smartphone App connectivity system, iEMS Technology are an addition to Mahindra e2o Plus.

Now, Mahindra & Mahindra is looking forward to launching new pure electric PVs like the Mahindra eKUV100 and the pure electric Mahindra XUV300. Mahindra & Mahindra company claims Mahindra XUV300 battery is powered to offer 350-400 Km range and much efficient charging system. A new facility called the “REVive” that neglects range anxiety by offering an additional 1Km when the battery runs off.

Types of the car in India 2020

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Post by Samrat Bose

Ppt on WiTricity (Download) | WiTricity meaning

2020-09-09T13:19:00.003+05:30

Witricity meaning Wireless Electricity and also called Electricity without wire. Witricity can transfer electricity over a distance without wiring. Here electricity is in the form of non-radioactive energy that transforms into electric energy after reaching the receiver coils. So it means you can connect several receivers to one transmitter or transmitter coil in this technology. So, In this article, you can download ppt on Witricity by the link below.

You can check: Full detailed article on WiTricity

Ppt on Witricity

Download link

Witricity meaning

As discussed above the Witricity meaning is the technology that helps us to avoid wiring when we transfer electricity. Many scientists from different countries already said that we need WiTricity to develop our smart city.

Working of WiTricity

How does it work?

Working of a WiTricity circuit is very easy to understand. There are two coils - the transmitter coil and the receiver coil. There is a circuit for the supply side. The source is connected directly to the circuit and the circuit is connected to the transmitter coil. When the supply to the circuit is ON the transmitter coil emits non-radioactive magnetic waves. On the other side far from the transmitter coil, the receiver coil receives the waves. When the receiver coil receives the waves, waves help to induce some EMF in the coil. This EMF induces a current in the receiver coil and that's how the load connected to the receiver coil gets the current.

*Mathematical expressions*

Witricity advantage

Why should we need this technology?

Witricity is more eco-friendlier than other electricity transfer technology
It is more reliable
Witricity is more convenient
Totally safe

Witricity disadvantage

The setup is more expensive than a wiring model

Application of WiTricity

Some real-life applications are -

Charging purpose: By Witricity we can charge our EVs (electric vehicles) at the roadside as well as in our house. Germany already started this process.
Power to stationary devices: We can easily connect stationary devices like TV, laptop, printer, home theatre and etc and get power through Witricity
Application on the medical field: Pacemaker, infusion pumps, and LVAD are using the Witricity to get power or different purposes.
Military application: Without a battery, the night visions, radios, and other electronic devices get power through WiTricity in the military vest.

Top Automobile Industry in India | Company in India

2020-09-08T12:54:00.001+05:30

The Indian automobile industry is one of the largest industry with worldwide markets. The automobile industry has emerged rapidly with investors worldwide. The automobile industry is now a big manufacturer of automotive of all shape, size and according to the needs of the customers. Low manufacturing cost and rapid manufacturing have promoted the Indian automobile industry to a large extent. Every year, the Indian automobile industry comes up with a new model of near about 30 million recorded in 2019. These models include two-wheeler vehicles, three-wheeler, small car, passenger vehicle and commercial vehicles. Major automobile industries are located in the heart of metropolitan cities. We will see the top automobile company in India and the company list. I will discuss biggest company of India

To know about different types of automobile, you can visit Types of the car in India| Upcoming cars in India price 2020 by Tech Cura

Top Indian Automobile Company in India

Tata Motors Limited - Biggest automobile company in India

Tata Motors is one the lead automobile manufacturer in India. Also, known as ‘Tata Engineering and Locomotive Company(TELCO) founded in 1945 by Jamshed Ji Tata. They have their headquarters in Mumbai, Maharashtra. Initially, the company was the manufacturer of automobile only. The Tata Motors was the first to introduce a commercial automobile. Tata motors has 82 thousand employees generating a revenue of Rs 3 lakh crores. One of the biggest industry - Tata Motors has many manufacturing plants in other states like Pune, Lucknow, Jamshedpur and others. Tata Motors even has plants in other countries like the UK, Thailand, South-Africa and Argentina. Tata Motors is known for manufacturing efficient and robust automobile and even affordable automobiles like the Tata Nano. List of few automobiles manufactured by Tata Motors:

Passenger Vehicle: Tata Indica, Tata Safari, Tata Nexon
Commercial Vehicles: Tata Prima, Marcopolo, Starbus
Electric Vehicle: Tata Nexon EV, Tata Tigor EV

Mahindra & Mahindra(M&M) - Automobile company in India

The Mahindra & Mahindra is also one the lead automobile manufacturer in India. Mahindra & Mahindra Limited is a multination car making company. They also have their headquarters in Mumbai, Maharashtra. Mahindra Limited is efficient in manufacturing mobility products and farming solutions. The Mahindra is the largest manufacturer and seller of tractors on the world. Mahindra & Mahindra Limited has 52 thousand employees generating a revenue of Rs 53 thousand crores. They also manufacture passenger vehicles, pickups, electric vehicles, construction equip automotive. List of few automobiles manufactured by Mahindra & Mahindra Limited:

Passenger Vehicle: Mahindra XUV 500, Bolero, Scorpio
Commercial Vehicles: Mahindra Yuvraj, Mahindra Jeeto
Electric Vehicle: Mahindra e20
Pickups: Mahindra Imperio, Mahindra Bolero pickup

Hero MotoCorp Limited - Automobile company of India

The Hero Moto corporation is the largest 2 wheeler manufacturers in India. Hero Moto has its headquarters in New Delhi. The founder of Hero MotoCorp was Brijmohan Lal Munjal. Hero Moto corporation has 9 thousand employees generating revenue of Rs 32 thousand Crores. Hero Moto corporation is the only Indian company to have a manufacturing unit in Latin America. List of few automobiles manufactured by Hero Moto Corporation Limited:

Passenger Motorcycle: Hero Glamour, Hero Xtreme, Hero Passion

Ashok Leyland Limited - Automobile company of India

Ashok Leyland is also one the lead automobile manufacturer in India. The parent company of Ashok Leyland was Hinduja Group. Ashok Leyland has its headquarters in Chennai, Tamil Nadu. The Ashok Leyland is famous for manufacturing commercial vehicles. Ashok Leyland is the second-largest r commercial vehicles manufacture and 4th largest manufacturer of buses in World. Ashok Leyland is also the first manufacturer of electric bus in India Ashok Leyland has 12 thousand employees generating revenue of Rs 28 Thousand Crores. The industry is a large seller and manufacturer of automobile engines and bus segments. List of few automobiles manufactured by Ashok Leyland Limited:

Commercial Vehicles: Ashok Leyland 4220 Tripper, Ashok Leyland Ecomet 1015HE
Electric Vehicle: Ashok Leyland Circuit F

Bajaj Auto Limited - Automobile company of India

The Bajaj auto is a lead automobile manufacturer in India. Bajaj Auto limited have their headquarters in Pune, Maharashtra. The founder of Bajaj auto was Jamnalal Bajaj. Bajaj auto limited was the first and 3^rd largest manufacturer and seller of motorcycle and three-wheeler vehicles. Bajaj auto also manufactures passenger vehicles. This company is known for its efficient and cheap price of vehicles. Bajaj auto has 8 thousand employees generating a revenue of Rs 30 thousand crores. The Bajaj auto also has international portfolios with countries like Africa, Latin America, the Middle East and Southeast Asia. List of few automobiles manufactured by Bajaj Auto Limited:

Passenger Motorcycle: Bajaj Pulsar, Bajaj Platina
Passenger Vehicles: Bajaj Quote

TVS Motor Company Limited

The TVS Motors is the 3^rd largest manufacturer of two-wheeler in India. TVS Motors have their headquarters in Chennai, Tamil Nadu. The founder of TVS Motors was T.V Sundaram Iyenger, who started the 1^st bus service in Madurai. TVS Motors has 5 thousand employees generating revenue of Rs 15 thousand Crores. It also has different companies like an automobile, finance, housing, insurance, investment under one umbrella. List of few automobiles manufactured by TVS Motor Co.Ltd:

Passenger Motorcycle: TVS Sports, TVS Jupiter, TVS Apache
3-wheeler Vehicles: TVS King Moto

Eicher Motors Limited

The Eicher Motors Limited is a lead automobile manufacturer in India. Eicher Motors have their headquarters in New Delhi. Eicher Motors is the parent company of Royal Enfield. This Motors industry is the oldest manufacturer of the motorcycle brand Royal Enfield, since 1901. The Eicher Motors has its headquarters in Gurgaon, Haryana. Eicher Motors is also specialized in manufacturing gears, commercial vehicles, buses, trucks and tractors. List of few automobiles manufactured by Eicher Motors:

Passenger Motorcycle: Royal Enfield Himalaya, Royal Enfield Thunderbird, Royal Enfield Interception Commercial Vehicles: Eicher Pro 2049, Eicher Skyline Pro 3009, Eicher 5660

These are the biggest automobile company in India. I have discussed 7 biggest automobile company of India.

Best car in India under 10 lakhs

Comment below if you have any questions

Post by Samrat Bose

New Technology - Sense Screen mobile | Oppo Reno 4 pro

2020-09-07T12:11:00.001+05:30

New Technology - Sense Screen

Smartphones are emerging as the most used gadgets in today’s world new technologies.
Oppo had launched their new smartphone Reno4 Pro on 31 July 2020. Its comes latest 3D Borderless Sense Screen and 90Hz refresh rate. The OPPO Reno4 Pro supports a high touch 180Hz. The phone displays a zero lag. The time of touching the display and the phone registering your input is less. The combination of a high 90Hz refresh rate and 180Hz touch sampling rate is great. The OPPO Reno4 Pro uses E3 AMOLED panels. The E3 AMOLED panel of the OPPO Reno4 Pro consumes less energy. It emits less blue light and lessens eye fatigue. It has a 6.5-inch screen with 55.9-degree curvature.

The Reno4 Pro, the screen offers a super-sleek design that consumers want in a smartphone. It additionally, helps achieve a bezel-minimising effect on the sides of the phone which further enhances the overall viewing experience.” Oppo Reno4 Pro has a 4,000 mAh battery supporting 65W SuperVOOC 2.0 fast charging. Oppo Reno4 Pro comes with a triple rear camera of 48 MP primary sensor, a 12 MP ultra-wide-angle lens and a 13 MP telephoto lens. For the front camera, it has 32 MP. The price of Oppo Reno is Rs 34,990.

Oppo Reno 4 pro

The Oppo Reno 4 Pro comes with the latest technology of sense screen which makes the set different from others. Oppo Reno 4 Pro can charge 95% in 30 min. It can record 4K at 30 fps.

Oppo Reno 4 Specifications

Battery- 4000mAh

Display- 6.55’’(16.64cm)

RAM- 8GB

Processor- Qualcomm Snapdragon 765G

Rear Camera- 48 MP+12MP+13MP

Sensors- Light sensor, proximity sensor, accelerometer, compass, gyroscope

Operating System- Android v10(Q)

Sim slots- 2

Customs Ui- ColorOS

Sim Size- Nano

Network- 5G, 4G, 3G, 2G

Graphics- Adreno 620

Display Type- AMOLED

Touch screen- Capacitive Touchscreen, Multi-touch

Internal Memory- 128 GB

Expandable Memory- unavailable

Sensors- Exmor-RS CMOS Sensor

Wifi- Available, Wi-Fi802.11, ac/b/g/n/n 5GHz

Hotspot- Available

Bluetooth- Available, v5.1

Volte- Available

Gps- Available, A-Gps, Glonass

Colour- Diamond Blue, Diamond Red, Mirror Black, Titanium Blank, Green Glitter

Price- INR 34,999

Another post: Best car in India

Thank you

Post by Samrat Bose

The best online earning platform for students in 2020

2020-09-06T09:53:00.004+05:30

Being an student we can feel the tensions in every student mind. Also, this pandemic already created a difficult situation for everyone. Maximum corporates and industries in our country do not arrange to campus in colleges. Also, vacancies are reducing day by day. What to do now? We have thought about all the students from a technical and non-technical background and created the list of the most effective and best online earning platform - app, websites for students in 2020.

This difficult situation can not give effects on some industries and earning platform. You can work on those platforms online and from home also. And believe me, you can earn more money from those online earning platform than a normal office job. I guarantee it you that if you give some time and hard work on those platforms. The skills required for those online earning platforms are limiless.

So, I will provide you with the name of that platform, some description, my review after work on that platform, required skills and earnings as beginner.

Best online earning platform for students in 2020

1. Blog - a best online earning platform

Some of you will be afraid after seeing this, you will say 'we have listened to it so many time so why again?'. Because it is the best option to earn just spending a few times on the works as compared to other. This is the opportunity by Google itself. So, it is a blog-publishing service by google and WordPress ( if you want to know more about WordPress then let me know in the comment ). You can post your written blog on any topic (like food, travel, technology, music etc). People will come to read your blog.

What is the earning part? Google will show display advertisement on your blog and when people will come to see your post then they will also see the ads on your blog. And thats how google will give you money in your AdSense account.

Create blog

Required skills: Writing ( any language ), researching

Earnings as a beginner: $10 per day

2. Fiverr

Fiverr is one of the best platforms for kickstart the career of freelancers all over the world. Freelancers from different countries, different backgrounds are working in Fiverr. Fiverr seller is the way you can sell your product or skill to buyers from different countries. Also, it is trusted and verified for earning. You can use website or app.

Earning process in Fiverr? At first, you have to create a Fiverr seller account then a gig according to your skills. You can create more than one gig in a single Fiverr account. Give the product title, descriptions, price chart and banner to create a gig (Title should look like: I will create the best logo for you). After that when the buyer particularly searches for the skill they can reach to you and your gigs. Then sell your product simple.

Required skills: Any valid skill

Earning as a beginner: $100 per month ( Earning will vary depending on the skills and your provided services)

3. Shutterstock:

Do you know some images in your camera roll can make money more than you believe? Yes, Shutterstock is the platform for every individual with a good quality camera or phone camera can earn. You do not need any professional photography skills(If you are a professional photographer then excellent). Whenever someone downloads your captured image from Shutterstock you will be paid from them.

Earning process of Shutterstock? At first, you have to create an account on Shutterstock from here. After verification your id with phone number and email you have to just upload your photo to Shutterstock. Give some title, descriptions and tags - that's it. Shutterstock takes some times to verify your image then your picture is ready to earn.

Required skills: Good photography skill

Earning as a beginner: $100 per month

4. Upwork

Upwork is nothing less than a high CTC job. Businessmen from different countries, post their requirements (like they need a logo designer). Freelancer contacts them to perform the task and to give them proper bid for the task.

Process of earning in Upwork? Just like Fiverr create an account on Upwork then contact ta buyers and convenience them that you can do their work for this price. Then the buyer will give you the chance to work on their project. In Upwork, you can get advance before starting their work.

Required skills: Any valid skill with good English conversation

Earning as a beginner: $200 per month

5. YouTube

Today 90% of people know-how to make money online with YouTube. When people will watch your video on YouTube, it will play ads on your video. For these ads, YouTube will pay you daily. But first, we need some requirements before making money on YouTube. As per the policy of YouTube, your channel should have 1000 subscriber and total 4000 watch hour per year. If your channel matches these policies of YouTube, you are ready to earn with Google. That's how it becomes the best online earning platform for students in 2020.

Process of earning on YouTube? Create a channel on YouTube then uploads some good videos that can attract online viewers. Nothing much it's a very simple way yo make money. The topics of your video can be any valid topics like singing, drawing, education, entertainment and etc.

Create channel

Required skills: Valid skills with videography and video editing

Earning at the beginning: $100 per month

These are the top 5 best online earning platform for students in 2020. Some of the names may already be known to you. But at the beginning don't lose hopes and give the hard word to them because the competition is huge. Many students and freelancer are trying to make money online and maybe you are one of them.

Thank you so much for reading

Ask anything in the comment section

News & updates

Post by Riju Sharma

Which is the best car in India under 10 lakhs, prices in 2020

2020-09-03T10:21:00.000+05:30

A larger part of vehicles that are at a bargain in India retail beneath the Rs 10 lakh section. These vehicles pull in standard purchasers and generally intrigue with their high eco-friendliness and common sense. So, which is the top and best car in India under 10 lakhs with their prices? Now in India the number of types of cars are huge.

As India is as yet a market where the significant activity lies in the little vehicle market, these vehicles are mainstream even in the trade-in vehicle market. Here, in this post, we examine best vehicles under 10 needs India and their costs in both new and trade-in vehicle market.

Best car in India under 10 Lakhs

Tata Nexon| Price: Rs 7.91 Lakh onwards

Maruti Suzuki Ertiga| Price: Rs 8.33 Lakh onwards

Maruti Suzuki Vitara Brezza| Price: Rs 8.06 Lakh onwards

The Maruti Suzuki Alto| Price: Rs 3.44 Lakh onwards

Mahindra XUV300| Price: Rs 9.27 Lakh onwards

Ford Ecosport| Price: Rs 8.99 Lakh onwards

Maruti Suzuki Swift| Price: Rs 5.75 Lakh onwards

Renault Duster| Price: Rs 9.60 Lakh onwards

Mahindra Bolero| Price: Rs 9.18 Lakh onwards

DATSON GO+| Price: Rs 4.78 Lakh onwards

NISSAN Kicks| Price: Rs 10.90 Lakh onwards

Hyundai Verna| Price: Rs 10.39 Lakh onwards

Maruti Suzuki CIAZ| Price: Rs 9.96 Lakh onwards

Skoda Rapid TSI| Price: Rs 8.31 Lakh onwards

Toyota Yaris| Price: Rs 9.90 Lakh onwards

Volkswagen Vento| Price: Rs 9.84 Lakh onwards

Volvo S90| Price: Rs 7.49 Lakh onwards

Tata Tiago NRG| Price: Rs 5.50-6.32 Lakh

Maruti Suzuki Ignis| Price: Rs 4.66-7.05 Lakh

Ford Freestyle| Price: Rs 5.23-7.89 Lakh

Hyundai i20 Active| Price: Rs 7.05-10.07 Lakh

Honda WR-V| Price: Rs 7.79-10.26 Lakh

Renault Kwid| Price: Rs 2.86-4.86 Lakh

Maruti Suzuki S-Presso| Price: Rs 3.64-4.55 Lakh

The Mahindra Imperio| Price: Rs 6.79 Lakh onwards

Mahindra e2o Plus| Cost: Rs 7.82 lakhs onward

Mahindra Thar| Price: Rs 9.92 Lakh onwards

Nissan Micra XV CVT | Price: Rs 13.9-14.36 Lakh

Hyundai Elite i20| Price: Rs 6.49-8.30 Lakh

Tata Nano| Price: Rs 1.9-2.89 Lakh

Tata HBX Concept| Price: Rs 5 Lakh onwards

KIA Sonet| Price: Rs 7-12 Lakh

Mahindra Fuster| Price: Rs 8.25 Lakh onwards

Maruti Suzuki EECO| Price: Rs 4.40 Lakh onwards

Hyundai Venue |Price: Rs 7.89 Lakh onwards

Maruti Suzuki Dzire|Price: Rs 6.63 Lakh onwards

Tata Altoz|Price: Rs 6.31 Lakh onwards

Maruti Suzuki Wagon R|Price: Rs 4.96 Lakh onwards

Hyundai Grand I10 NIOS|Price: Rs 5.73 Lakh onwards

Renault Triber|Price: Rs 5.55 Lakh onwards

Hyundai AURA|Price: Rs 6.53 Lakh onwards

Honda Amaze|Price: Rs 6.93 Lakh onwards

Honda Jazz|Price: Rs 8.48 Lakh onwards

Toyota Glanze|Price: Rs 7.92 Lakh onwards

Datson Redi-GO|Price: Rs 2.23 Lakh onwards

Mahindra 100NXT|Price: Rs 6.43 Lakh onwards

Hyundai Santro|Price: Rs 5.16 Lakh onwards

Thank you for reading

Comment below if you have any questions

Post by Samrat Bose

Types of Car in India | Upcoming Cars in India price 2020

2020-08-31T14:44:00.002+05:30

Detailed information on different types of Car in India. Category and price of each cars in India in 2020 are as follow:

Types of Car in India

Sport Utility Vehicles (SUV)

SUVs are road-oriented vehicles with four-wheel drive engine. SUVs have a huge cargo room. Sport utility vehicles can also offer off-road travel ie.in terrain region. SUVs have high ground clearance. SUVs have a tall body and other features like load distribution, battery arrangements etc. These result in high centre of gravity. Here, a list of few SUVs available in India:

KIA Seltos| Price: Rs 11.02 Lakh onwards

Tata Nexon| Price: Rs 7.91 Lakh onwards

Maruti Suzuki Ertiga| Price: Rs 8.33 Lakh onwards

Hyundai Creta| Price: Rs 11.13 Lakh onwards

Maruti Suzuki Vitara Brezza| Price: Rs 8.06 Lakh onwards

Mahindra XUV300| Price: Rs 9.27Lakh onwards

Toyota Fortuner| Price: Rs 32.07 Lakh onwards

Toyota Innova Crysta| Price: Rs 17.72 Lakh onwards

Mahindra Scorpio| Price: Rs 14.36 Lakh onwards

Ford Ecosport| Price: Rs 8.99Lakh onwards

Renault Duster| Price: Rs 9.60 Lakh onwards

Mahindra Bolero| Price: Rs 9.18 Lakh onwards

JEEP Compass| Price: Rs 18.43 Lakh onwards

BMW X1| Price: Rs 40.16 Lakh onwards

DATSON GO+| Price: Rs 4.78 Lakh onwards

Honda WR-V| Price: Rs 9.69 Lakh onwards

KIA Carnival| Price: Rs 27.94 Lakh onwards

Land Rover Range Rover Evoque| Price: Rs 64.58 Lakh onwards

Skoda Karoq| Price: Rs 27.80 Lakh onwards

Volkswagen T-ROC| Price: Rs 22.29 Lakh onwards

NISSAN Kicks| Price: Rs 10.90 Lakh onwards

Audi RS Q8| Price: Rs 2.29 crore onwards

VOLVO XC40| Price: Rs 45.98 Lakh onwards

Mitsubishi Pajero Sport| Price: Rs 31.49Lakh onwards

BMW X7| Price: Rs 1.19 crore onwards

Jaguar F-Pace| Price: Rs 77.48 Lakh onwards

Sedan Car in India

Sedan cars passenger carrying vehicles. It consists of three parts divided into compartments for the engine, passengers and luggage. Sedan cars are considered as formal luxurious cars. Sedan cars have less space for the passenger section and moderate space for luggage section. Here, a list of few Sedan cars available in India:

Hyundai Verna| Price: Rs 10.39 Lakh onwards

Honda City| Price: Rs 11.16 Lakh onwards

Maruti Suzuki CIAZ| Price: Rs 9.96 Lakh onwards

Skoda Rapid TSI| Price: Rs 8.31 Lakh onwards

Toyota Yaris| Price: Rs 9.90 Lakh onwards

Mercedes–Benz C-class| Price: Rs 45.71 Lakh onwards

BMW 3 Series| Price: Rs 46.58 Lakh onwards

Volkswagen Vento| Price: Rs 9.84 Lakh onwards

Skoda Octavia| Price: Rs 40.26 Lakh onwards

BMW 5 Series| Price: Rs 61.68 Lakh onwards

Jaguar XE| Price: Rs 52.04 Lakh onwards

Audi A6| Price: Rs 61.02 Lakh onwards

Volvo S90| Price: Rs 7.49 Lakh onwards

Sports Car in India

Sports car are high powered engine vehicle. They also have light body parts to let the vehicle efficient for reaching high speed in minimum seconds. Engine modification, aero-dynamic design, braking system makes sports cars more efficient and speedy. These are also called roadster car for their design and utilities. Here, a list of few sports car available in India:

Jaguar F-Type| Price: Rs 90.93 Lakh onwards

Ford Mustang| Price: Rs 74.62 Lakh onwards

Lamborghini Huracan| Price: Rs 3.22 Crore onwards

Porsche 911| Price: Rs 1.74 Crore onwards

Audi R8| Price: Rs 2.27Crore onwards

Nissan GTR| Price: Rs 2.21 Crore onwards

Porshe 718| Price: Rs 85.95 Lakh onwards

Bugatti Chiron| Price: Rs 19.21 Crore onwards

Coupe Car in India

Coupe cars are passenger-carrying vehicle. These are a two-door and two-seat vehicle with truncated roofs. These structures are also used in sports cars. Structural rigidity is also high as there is less number of doors. Here, a list of few Coupe cars available in India:

Jaguar F-Type| Price: Rs 90.93 Lakh onwards

Porshe 718| Price: Rs 1.18 Crore onwards

BMW M8| Price: Rs 2.38Crore onwards

Nissan GTR| Price: Rs 2.21 Crore onwards

Porsche 911| Price: Rs 1.74 Crore onwards

Mercedes-Benz C-Coupe| Price: Rs 84.99 Lakh onwards

BMW M2| Price: Rs 92.83 Lakh onwards

Porshe 718| Price: Rs 85.95 Lakh onwards

Mercedes-Benz GLC| Price: Rs 59.13 Lakh onwards

Minivan Vehicles

Minivan is more efficient in carrying more passengers. It consists of a seating row and a huge space for passengers and moderate space for the cargo. Here is a Minivan available in India:

Maruti Suzuki EECO| Price: Rs 4.40 Lakh onwards

Convertible Vehicles

Convertible vehicles are passenger vehicles similar to a sports or coupe car. These types of cars can be driven without a car’s roof at the place. Here, a list of few convertible cars available in India:

BMW Z4| Price: Rs 85.95 Lakh onwards

Mercedes-Benz C-Class Cabriolet| Price: Rs 85.95 Lakh onwards

Mercedes-Benz GLC| Price: Rs 59.13 Lakh onwards

Crossover Utility Vehicles (CUV)

CUVs are a combination of SUVs and sedan vehicles. They have a stylish formal look of a sedan car and safe, comfortable feature of an SUV. Here, a list of few CUVs available in India:

Tata Tiago NRG| Price: Rs 5.50-6.32 Lakh

Maruti Suzuki Ignis| Price: Rs 4.66-7.05 Lakh

Ford Freestyle| Price: Rs 5.23-7.89 Lakh

Hyundai i20 Active| Price: Rs 7.05-10.07 Lakh

Honda WR-V| Price: Rs 7.79-10.26 Lakh

Renault Kwid| Price: Rs 2.86-4.86 Lakh

Maruti Suzuki S-Presso| Price: Rs 3.64-4.55 Lakh

Renault Captur| Price: Rs 9.49-13.13 Lakh

Maruti Suzuki S-Cross| Price: Rs 8.85-11.48 Lakh onwards

Station Wagon Vehicles

Station wagon vehicles are also called an estate car. They have a large luggage area with a tailgate. Here, a list of few station wagon vehicle available in India:

Volvo V90 Cross Country| Price: Rs 74.31 Lakh onwards

Mercedes-Benz E-Class All Terrain| Price: Rs 85.82 Lakh onwards

Pickup vehicles in India

Pick-up vehicles are cargo-carrying vehicles. They have an open area for the cargo. But the cabin of the driver is closed. Here, a list of few pick-up vehicles available in India:

Mahindra Imperio| Price: Rs 6.79 Lakh onwards

The Mahindra Bolero Maxi Truck| Price: Rs 5.41 Lakh onwards

Mahindra Bolero Pik-Up| Price: Rs 6.90-7.18 Lakh

Isuzu D-Max V-Cross| Price: Rs 16.54-19.99 Lakh

Hybrid and Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles (EV) in India

Electric vehicles are powered by a combustion engine. This engine is made of one or more electric motor. These vehicles use rechargeable batteries to power the motors. Electric vehicles are beneficial for the fuel economy and have lower emission factor. Here, a list of few hybrid and plug-in hybrid EVs available in India:

Tata Nexon EV| Cost: Rs13.99 lakhs onwards

Hyundai Kona Electric| Cost: Rs 25.28 lakhs onward

MG ZS EV| Cost: Rs 20.88 lakhs onward

Tata Tigor EV| Cost: Rs 11.08 lakhs onward

Mahindra e2o Plus| Cost: Rs 7.82 lakhs onward

Toyota Vellfire| Cost: Rs 92.97 lakhs onward

Toyota Camry| Cost: Rs 43.63 lakhs onward

BMW 7 Series| Cost: Rs 1.50 Crore onward

Lexus ES| Cost: Rs 51.91 lakhs onward

Porshe Panamera| Cost: Rs 1.65 Crore onward

Lexus NX| Cost: Rs 54.90 lakhs onward

Lexus LS 500h | Cost: 1.96 Crore onward

Off-road touring vehicle

Off-road touring vehicles are usually for passenger carrying. These are used for travelling long distances and even in terrain regions. Here, a list of few off-road touring vehicles available in India:

Mahindra Thar| Price: Rs 9.92 Lakh onwards

Mahindra Scorpio| Price: Rs 14.36 Lakh onwards

Tata Hexa| Price: Rs 13.26Lakh onwards

Isuzu D-Max V-Cross| Price: Rs 16.54-19.99 Lakh

Honda CR-V| Price: Rs 28.27-32.77 Lakh’

JEEP Compass| Price: Rs 18.43 Lakh onwards

Limousine

Limousine is a large luxury vehicle. There are two compartments one for the driver and other for the passengers which consist of the maximum portion. Here, a list of few limousines available in India:

Skoda Octavia Limousine| Price: Rs 13.9-14.36 Lakh

Hindustan Ambassador Limousine| Price: Rs 4.64-5.54 Lakh

Mahindra Scorpio Limousine| Price: Rs 25-30 Lakh

Hindustan Contessa Limousine| Price: Rs 4.40-5.09 Lakh

Ford Endeavour Limousine| Price: Rs 33.95 Lakh onwards

Microcar

Microcar with reference to their name is the smallest sized car. The small cabin for passengers with accommodating 3-4 people at a time. Here, a list of few microcars available in India:

Nissan Micra XV CVT | Price: Rs 13.9-14.36 Lakh

Maruti Swift| Price: Rs 5.19-8.02 Lakh

Renault Kwid| Price: Rs 2.94-5.07 Lakh

Hyundai Elite i20| Price: Rs 6.49-8.30 Lakh

Tata Nano| Price: Rs 1.9-2.89 Lakh

Concept Car in India

Concept or show vehicle is prototype vehicles. They manufactured just for showcasing style and technology. Based on their reactions from the market it may or not be manufactured in mass. Here, a list of few concept cars available in India:

Tata Sierra Concept| Price: Rs 14.36 Lakh onwards

Tata HBX Concept| Price: Rs 5 Lakh onwards

Maruti Suzuki Futuro-X| Price: Rs 15 Lakh onwards

KIA Sonet| Price: Rs 7-12 Lakh

Mahindra Fuster| Price: Rs 8.25 Lakh onwards

Compact MVP

The compact multi-purpose vehicle is a widely sold group of vehicle. Because of its compact features, body design, interior space management facilities. Here, a list of few compact MVPs available in India:

Maruti Suzuki Ertiga| Price: Rs 8.33 Lakh onwards

Toyota Innova Crysta| Price: Rs 17.72 Lakh onwards

Maruti Suzuki EECO| Price: Rs 4.40 Lakh onwards

DATSON GO+| Price: Rs 4.78 Lakh onwards

Mercedes-Benz V-Class| Price: Rs 71.10-1.46 Crore

Electric vehicle in India

Comment below if you have any questions

Post by Samrat Bose

Thermal Power Plant | Power plant thermal of India

2020-08-30T09:53:00.001+05:30

A thermal station could be a station within which heat is converted to power. In most, a steam-driven turbine converts heat to mechanical power as an intermediate to wattage. Water is heated, turns into steam and drives a turbine which drives an electrical generator. After it passes through the turbine the steam is condensed during a condenser and recycled to where it had been heated. this is often called a Rankine cycle. The power plant on thermal energy plays a vital role in India to supply electricity.

The best variation within the design of thermal power stations is thanks to the various heat sources: fuel, energy, alternative energy, biofuels, and waste incineration are all used. Some thermal power plants also are designed to provide heat energy for industrial purposes, for district heating, or desalination of water, additionally to generating wattage.

Typical components of a coal-fired thermal power station

Cooling tower
Cooling water pump
Transmission line (3-phase) heater
Step-up transformer (3-phase)
Electrical generator (3-phase)
Low-pressure steam turbine
Condensate pump (to deaerator)
Surface condenser
Intermediate pressure-pressure
Steam control valve
High-pressure steam turbine
Deaerator
Feedwater
Coal conveyor
Coal hopper
The coal pulverizer
Boiler steam drum
Bottom ash hopper
Superheater
Forced draft fan
High-pressure combustion air intake
Economiser
Air preheater
Precipitators/dust collectors/scrubbers
Induced draft fan
Flue-gas stack
Condensate pump (to the boiler)

Steps of Function

For a good understanding, every step of the function of a thermal power plant as follows,

First, into the furnace of the boiler, the burning of pulverized coal happens
High-pressure steam is produced within the boiler.
This steam is then gone through the superheater, where it further heated.
This superheated steam is then entered into a turbine at high speed.
In the turbine, this steam force rotates the turbine blades which means here within the turbine the stored mechanical energy of the high pressured steam is converted into energy.
After rotating the turbine blades, the steam has lost its air mass, passes out of turbine blades and enters into a condenser.
In the condenser, the cold water is circulated with the help of a pump which condenses the low wet steam.
This condensed water is then further supplied to depression warmer where the air mass steam increases the temperature of this feed water, it's nevertheless heated during a high heater where the high of steam is employed for heating.
The turbine in thermal power plant acts as a chief mover of the alternator.

Comment below if you have any questions

Electric Vehicles in India | Electric vehicle companies, cost

2020-08-28T20:52:00.000+05:30

An Electric Vehicle (EV) is an automobile propelled by electric motors. These vehicles use rechargeable batteries to power the motors. Rechargeable batteries are used to store energy in them. The first Electric Vehicle was manufactured in the 1080s. With advances in battery technology manufacturing of Electric Vehicle increased. These results in the reduction of greenhouse gases and improve air quality. Charging of Electric Vehicle is very easy. Charging can be done in charging stations or charging station in houses. Today we will know some basic details on Electric Vehicles and their cost, companies in India.

The government of many countries is promoting the acceptance of Electric Vehicles. Policies like tax credits, incentives, subsidies, and long term policies. Compared to fuelled base vehicles, electric vehicles are noise-free, with no emission. Electric vehicles became popular in the late 19s. Before that cheap petrol and diesel vehicles led to a decline in the use of electric vehicles.

Modern Electric Vehicle

Electric automobile advances with the discovery of power MOSFET, single-chip microprocessors, and a Lithium-ion battery. Power MOSFET allows to operate high switching frequency and reduces power losses. The single-chip microprocessor allows controlling all driving aspects and efficient battery management. These are responsible for the development of Electric vehicles and prices reduce significantly in India. The efficiency of covering long distances also increased.

Key Components of Electric Vehicles

The battery in electric vehicles provides electrical power to the vehicle's electrical components.

The charging port allows the vehicle to charge from an external power supply to charge batteries.

DC/DC converter converts high voltage DC power from the traction batteries to low DC voltage. It is needed to run the vehicle’s accessories and charge the auxiliary battery.

Electric traction motor draws power from the batteries and drives the vehicle. Motor generators can also be used which provides drive and power regeneration.

Onboard Charger is used to monitor the battery voltage, current, state of charge, temperature, etc.

Power Electronic controller manages the flow of electrical energy. It also controls the speed and torque of the traction motor.

Thermal System (cooling)maintains the temperature of the engine, electric motor, and other components.

Types of Electric Vehicles in India (EV)

Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs)

Plug-in hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs)

Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs)

Hybrid electric vehicles are powered by a combustion engine. This engine is made of one or more electric motors. The hybrid electric vehicle is expensive than fuelled vehicles. Hybrid electric vehicles are beneficial for the fuel economy and have lower emission factor. In a Hybrid electric vehicle system, regenerative brakes can be used to charge batteries. There are two types of hybrid EVs- mild and full hybrid. Again, based on their efficiency and fuel consumption they are divided into- series hybrid and shunt hybrid.

Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs)

Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) also use batteries to power motor. Fuel such as gasoline or diesel is used to power an internal engine. Costs and fuel use reduces while running on electricity. The plug-in hybrid electric vehicles may also produce lower levels of emission. Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles have large and heavy battery packs. Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles batteries are charged by an electric power source, internal combustion engine or regenerative braking system. During braking, the electric motor acts as a generator result in charging the batteries.

The efficiency of Electric Vehicles

Electric vehicle motors are more efficient than combustion engine vehicles. Converting the stored energy into driving a vehicle. But they are not efficient at speeds. Regenerative braking is used in electric vehicles that can recover one-fifth of the energy. Efficiency increases when renewable electricity is used. Frequently overcharging lithium-ion batteries may degrade over a long period. This may take several years before being noticeable. Only 0.01 % of batteries had to be replaced due to some failures. There is no issue with vehicles that already covered 2,00,000Kms.

Vehicle Safety

The safety issues of Electric Vehicles are mentioned in international standard ISO 6469 which is divided into three parts:

On-board electrical energy storage

Functional safety and protection against failures

Protection of persons against electrical hazards

The weight of the batteries makes an Electric Vehicle heavier. Depending on the battery location of the center of gravity is lowered, provides driving stability, lowering the risk of an accident through control loss.

Environmental Aspects

Electric Vehicles are more beneficial than combustion engine automobiles. Air pollution is reduced and no direct emission of pollutants like CO2, other volatile particles, etc. The cost of installing charging infrastructure will be repaid by health cost savings within 3 years of installing. Another aspect is the availability of lithium. There is sufficient reserve of lithium to power 4 billion electric cars. As lithium and other heavy metals can be extracted in much easily processes.

Cost of Electric Vehicles available in India

Hybrid Electric Vehicles in India

Tata Nexon EV| Cost: Rs13.99 lakhs onwards
Hyundai Kona Electric| Cost: Rs 25.28 lakhs onward
MG ZS EV| Cost: Rs 20.88 lakhs onward
Tata Tigor EV| Cost: Rs 11.08 lakhs onward
Mahindra e2o Plus| Cost: Rs 7.82 lakhs onward
Mahindra e20 NXT| Cost: Rs 6-8 lakhs (Estimated Price)
Audi e-Tron| Cost: Rs 1-1.50 Crore (Estimated Price)
Tata Tiago EV| Cost: Rs 5-7 lakhs (Estimated Price)

Plug-in Hybrid Vehicles

Toyota Vellfire| Cost: Rs 92.97 lakhs onward
Toyota Camry| Cost: Rs 43.63 lakhs onward
BMW 7 Series| Cost: Rs 1.50 Crore onward
Lexus ES| Cost: Rs 51.91 lakhs onward
Porshe Panamera| Cost: Rs 1.65 Crore onward
Lexus NX| Cost: Rs 54.90 lakhs onward
Lexus LS 500h | Cost: 1.96 Crore onward

comment below if you have any question

Post by Samrat Bose

Micro Modular Reactor - Future of Nuclear Energy?

2020-08-27T13:50:00.000+05:30

The Micro Modular Reactor (MMR) system is a 4th Generation nuclear energy system. MMR delivers safe, clean, and cost-effective electricity. Also, the world can use it to delivers heat to remote mines, industries, and communities. For remote location use, a Modular micro reactor is a strong competitor of diesel generator.

What is Modular Micro Reactor?

The modular micro reactor is a small size nuclear reactor as compared to regular size nuclear reactor. So, we can move the modular microreactor very easily and safely from place to place. Where a regular size reactor can supply up to 3000 MW, the MMR can supply a very small amount of MW (like 15 MW). For more energy, we can involve it in modular form.

Basic idea

Make a small nuclear reactor core in factory
Should have sealed properly and accident-proof
Compete for the diesel generator for use in a remote location

Component and fuel

Fuel: UCO and UO2 (isotope is U-235 at 10% to 20% enrichment)
Carbon
Silicon-carbide

The nuclear reaction

Production of fast neutrons
Carbon moderate (slow down) the neutrons
These slow neutrons do the fusion
If the fuel heats up both U-235 and U-238 absorb the neutrons before they get slowed and fusion stops

Helium gas is used in the cooling purpose

Safety of Micro Modular Reactor

It goes inside a containment concrete block
Stays 20 years long
Never opened
No need for refueling
No need for removing waste

Size of Micro Modular Reactor

Size of that can be fitted in a Truck or airplanes.

Advantages

It's far superior and efficient for remote area usage rather than a diesel generator
No pollution
No maintenance after construction
Ideal for process heat or district heating
For low power, the air-cooled condenser can be used

Disadvantages

It's expensive
Less knowledge

Comment below for more information

Post by Riju Sharma

Cyber Attack in India | Cyber Security of India

2020-08-26T14:26:00.000+05:30

Cyber security in India has become an important part of national security. Cyber security is making cyberspace safe from misuses, threats, and spying. Cyberspace refers to a connected Internet Ecosystem. Cyber security refers to a protected computer, computers, or devices connected to the internet. It protects the hardware, data, software of devices, and other cyberspace elements. Cyber security may include technical or non-technical activities to protect National Security. Today We will know some serious information about cyber security and cyber attack in India.

Cyber security in India is covering all aspects of the nation beyond the military domain. Cyber security in India has protected the nation’s economy and welfare. India is one of the few countries to launch Cyber Security Policy, 2013. But not much happened according to the cyber approach.

Cyber attack in India

Some major cyber attack in India:

Leaking of debit card information of 3.2million debit cards, 2016
Data theft at Zomato, 2017
Wannacry Ransomware, 2017
PETYA Ransomware, 2017
Vanished 94Cr from Cosmos Bank, Pune,2018
Malware attack in kudankulam nuclear plant system, 2019

Thus, there is a requirement of an upgraded cyber security policy in India.

National Cyber security Strategy 2020

The National Cyber security Strategy 2020 is an upgrade of Cyber Security Policy 2013. National Cyber security Strategy 2020(NCSS 2020) is formulated for 5 years (2020-2025). National Cyber security Strategy 2020 is to ensure safety and security in cyberspace for India. India has 36 central institutes to look after cyber issues. Each has its responding pattern and ICERT (Indian Computer Emergency Response Team). Strategy related NCSS 2020 are:

Create assured framework
Create a secured internet ecosystem
Strengthen regular framework
A mechanism to manage threats and vulnerability
Response to security threats
Secure E-Government services
Protect and strengthen Critical Information Infrastructure
Reduce supply chain
Promote research and cyber security development

Need for Cyber Security in India Framework

Importance of National Security to encourage cyber command over the framework. Kargil Review Committee 1999, first stressed the importance of an efficient Cyber Security infrastructure.
Importance of Digital Economy as it comprises 14-15 % of India’s economy. It is targeted to reach 20% by 2024.
With the introduction of modern technologies like AI, ML, IoT cyberspace becomes a complex domain.
Securing data is one of the toughest things in this century. As several international companies are trying to access the data.

Thus, efficient cyber security architecture is required.

Challenges to India’s Cyber Security

Lack of Cyber Security Workforce as many organizations lack in manpower for the software and hardware field. Rapid advancement leads to a growing demand for professionals in AI, BCT, IoT, ML, etc. There is a need for at least three million cyber security professionals.
Lack of Active Cyber Defence as India has no active cyber defense for the overseas use of data or regulation of data protection.
Cyberspace regulatory bodies are overlapping with each other. A single organization is required for dealing with cyber security. And an efficient response team is also required.
India lacks Indigenous hardware and software cyber security tools. As depending on foreign players for cyber security makes India’s cyberspace vulnerable.

Types of Cyber attack

Malware- Malicious file to corrupt computers
Viruses, worms
Theft of Data
Hacktivism
Mobile devices and apps related attacks
Attack through malicious emails or text
Domain Name System(DNS) attacks
BGP hijacking
Denial of Service(DoS)

Status of Cyber Security in India

India is ranked third for the highest number of internet users in the world. As the number has increased six times more between 2012-2019. India is amongst the top ten spam-sending countries in the world. Symantec Corporation an online security firm reported that India is among the top five countries to be affected by cyber crime.

According to the Data Breach Investigation Report (DBIR), DoS attacks are the most common types of attacks. These data breaches include banking trojan stealing, refusing customer's password, and ATM skimming. Out of 100 cases, only 47% of the cases get disclosed. A pattern of cyber theft involves denial of service(DoS), attacking Web application, and skimming of a payment card. Cyber theft motives are 96% financial and 1% for spying. Cyber terrorists penetrate and attack national assets damaging their infrastructure.

Do you know A cyber attack could be deadly as Nuclear Weapons?

Comment if you have any questions

Post by Samrat Bose

Wind Energy in India | Wind energy of states

2020-08-25T17:41:00.003+05:30

Wind Energy has spread over the South, West, and North districts in India. The capability of wind vitality is packed in the conditions of – Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, and Telangana. Tamil Nadu has the most elevated introduced limit in the nation with around 7.5 GW and its state guidelines are a lot of good to wind power advancement. Maharashtra has the second most noteworthy introduced limit of around 5 GW followed by Gujarat with a third most elevated introduced limit of around 4 GW in the nation.

What is Wind Energy?

Wind force or wind energy is the use of wind to give rotational force through wind turbines to power on electric generators and generally to accomplish other work, such as processing or turn on electric machines and devices. Wind power is a maintainable and sustainable power source and has a lot of littler effect on the earth contrasted with consuming petroleum products.

Wind ranches comprise of numerous individual breeze turbines, which are associated with the electric force transmission arrange. Coastal breeze is a modest wellspring of electric force, serious with or in numerous spots less expensive than coal or gas plants.

Wind Energy in India

This is the list of all states according to their total capacity in Wind energy in India

States	Total capacity
Tamil Nadu	9231.77 MW
Gujarat	7203.77 MW
Maharashtra	4794.13 MW
Karnataka	4753.40 MW
Rajasthan	4299.73 MW
Andhra Pradesh	4077.37 MW
Madhya Pradesh	2519.89 MW
Telangana	128.10 MW
Kerala	62.50 MW
Others	4.30 MW
Total states	37090.03 MW

Ranking according to wind energy capacity

Wind power plant (offshore)

India has seaward energy of wind capability of around 70 GW in parts along the bank of Gujarat and Tamil Nadu.

In 2010, India began arranging to go into seaward wind power, and a 100 MW exhibition plant situated off the Gujarat coast started arranging in 2014. In 2013, a consortium (rather than gathering of associations), drove by Global Wind Energy Council (GWEC) began venture FOWIND (Facilitating Offshore Wind in India) to distinguish likely zones for improvement of seaward wind power in India and to invigorate R and D exercises in this area. The other consortium accomplices incorporate Technology and Policy (CSTEP), the Center for Study of Science, DNV GL, the GPCL and the World Institute of Sustainable Energy (WISE). The consortium was granted the award of €4.0 million by the appointment of the European Union to India in 2013 other than co-financing support from GPCL. The task activity will be actualized from December 2013 to March 2018.

What is the total wind energy capacity in your state?

Nuclear energy in India

Solar energy in India

Comment if you have any questions

Post by Riju Sharma

Nuclear power plant in West Bengal | Nuclear energy

2020-08-24T16:06:00.002+05:30

Nuclear power is the fifth-largest producer of electricity in India. Nuclear power plants produce about 35 Tera watt-hour(TWh). The nuclear power plant provides 5.36% of the total Indian Electricity and a combined generation of 4.3GW. We will know some information about the nuclear power plant in West Bengal.

India planned to reach the nuclear capacity 63GW by 2032. However, nuclear disasters lead to several protests, mass rally, and refusal of permission from the State Government. One of them is the Haripur Nuclear Power plant in West Bengal. As the government of West Bengal refuses to permit the plant's construction. Public Interest Litigation(PIL) was filed at the Supreme Court against the government’s nuclear programs.

Nuclear Power plan in West Bengal

Haripur Nuclear Power plant was the only plant proposal to built-in West Bengal. Haripur is a village located between junput and soula. In 2010, Prime Minister Manmohan Singh’s visit signed a collaboration with the Russian Government. On setting 5 nuclear plants in India, including one in Haripur. Centre Government gave environmental clearance for the project. The land was allotted to the Russian Company, Rosatom to develop the nuclear park.

Later, the land farmers and fishermen, supported by NGO’s launched a protest against the project. As they feared the loss of livelihood around the radius of the plant. Later, forcing the State Government of West Bengal to reject the Centre’s proposal of the Nuclear Power plants.

Haripur Nuclear Power Plant

Haripur was supposed to have six nuclear reactors, each 1650 MW. A total installed capacity of 10,000 MW of electricity. Location: Coastal area of Contai, East Midnapur district.

The nuclear power corporation of India(NCPIL) renegotiated the Haripur Nuclear Power plant with the ruling government. The government did not allow nuclear power plant anywhere in the state of West Bengal.

A survey titled, “Coastal Avian Diversity Survey West Bengal” was released for the pre-project bird study and other biodiversity factors. The report claimed that 34 species of birds were found in Haripur belt and many other diversities.

Another post: Safety protocol to set up a Nuclear power plant

Thermal power plant in West Bengal

empowerment below if you have any questions

Post by Samrat Bose

Nuclear Power Plant of India | Nuclear energy in India

2020-08-23T14:23:00.001+05:30

In India, Nuclear power is the fifth-largest source of electricity after coal, gas, hydro, and wind generation. India has 22 nuclear-operating reactors in 7 atomic energy power plants, with 6780 MW of total installed capacity. Atomic power produced a complete of 35 TWh and supplied 3.22% of Indian electricity in 2017. A number of reactors under construction are 7 with 4300 MW of combined generation capacity. Today we will get to know all the Nuclear power plant of India.
In October 2010, India drew up a concept to achieve an atomic energy capacity of 63 GW in 2032. However, following the 2011 Fukushima nuclear disaster, there are numerous anti-nuclear protests at the proposed atomic power plant sites. There are mass protests against the Jaitapur nuclear energy Project in Maharashtra.

You can check another post: Safety protocol for a setting up a Nuclear power plant

Explanation of a nuclear power staion

Nuclear Power Plant of India

So, the list of Nuclear power plant of India starts here:

1. Tarapur nuclear power plant

Operator name: NPCIL (Nuclear Power Corporation of India)

Location: Tarapur, Palghar, Maharastra

constructed by: BHEL, L&T

Nameplate Capacity: 1400MW

Type: Boiling water reactor & Pressurized heavy water reactor

Date of Commission: ‎28 October 1969

2. Rawatbhata Atomic Power Station

Operator name: NPCIL (Nuclear Power Corporation of India)

Location: Rawatbhata, Rajasthan

constructed by: Canadian assistance

Nameplate Capacity: 1080MW

Type: Pressurized heavy water reactor

Date of Commission: ‎16 December 1973

3. Kudankulam Nuclear Power Plant

Operator name: NPCIL (Nuclear Power Corporation of India)

Location: Koodankulam, Tirunelveli district, Tamil Nadu

constructed by: NPCIL and Atomstroyexport

Nameplate Capacity: 1864MW

Type: Pressurized water reactor

Date of Commission: ‎22 October 2013

4. Kaiga Atomic Power Station

Operator name: NPCIL (Nuclear Power Corporation of India)

Location: Kaiga, Uttar Kannada, Karnataka,

Nameplate Capacity: 880 MW

Type: Pressurized heavy water reactor

Date of Commission: ‎16 November 2000

5. Kakrapar Nuclear Power Plant

Operator name: NPCIL (Nuclear Power Corporation of India)

Location: Kakrapar, Gujarat

constructed by: Hindustan Construction

Nameplate Capacity: 440 MW

Type: Pressurized heavy water reactor

Date of Commission: ‎6 May 1993

6. Madras Atomic Power Station

Operator name: NPCIL (Nuclear Power Corporation of India)

Location: South of Chennai

Nameplate Capacity: 470 MW

Type: Fast breeder reactor

Date of Commission: 24 January 1984

7. Narora Atomic Power Station

Operator name: NPCIL (Nuclear Power Corporation of India)

Location: Narora, Bulandshahar, Uttar Pradesh

Nameplate Capacity: 440 MW

Type: Pressurized heavy water reactor

Date of Commission: Between 1 January 1991 & 1 July 1992.

Also, the Kudankulam atomic energy Plant in the province and a proposed large atomic power plant near Haripur was refused permission by the Govt of West Bengal. However, capacity factors are improving in recent years. the supply factor of Indian reactors was 69.4% within the years 2015-2017. one in all the most reasons for the low capacity factors is lack of fuel. India has been making advances within the field of thorium-based fuels, working to style and develop a prototype for a chain reactor using thorium and low-enriched uranium, a key a part of India's three stages nuclear energy program. The country has also recently re-initiated its involvement within the LENR research activities, additionally supporting work wiped out the fusion power area through the ITER initiative.

Comment below if you have any question

Post by Riju Sharma

Energy stored in Capacitor and application of a capacitor

2020-08-21T14:15:00.000+05:30

In the 1740s, scientists first invented the most punctual types of capacitors. In 1748, Benjamin Franklin associated a progression of containers together to make what he called an "electrical battery", from their visual comparability to a battery of gun, which turned into the standard English term electric battery. Today we will learn how some energy stored in the capacitor and also the applications of the capacitor.

The capacitor is an electrical component for storing and discharging energy. A capacitor consists of two electrodes and separated by air or a dielectric medium. When current passes through a capacitor, the electrode allows electrons to pass through a dielectric medium. These produce an electrical field that allows energy-storing in capacitors. These ionize the electric medium and this field stores energy. There is a produced mechanical force between the plate.

Energy stored in Capacitor

Energy stored in capacitors is related to charge(Q) and voltage(V). The energy store in the capacitor also depends upon the dielectric material in the capacitor. Some dielectric materials are:

Vacuum
Air
PolyroplenePP
polyphenylene Sulfide
polysterPET
PolysterPEN
Impregnated paper
Mica
AluminiumOxide
Tantalum Oxide
Paraelectric Ceramics
Barium Titanate

Energy stored in capacitors is work done to built upcharge on the plates. Energy stored by capacitors is electrical potential energy stored in it. Average potential developed across the plate from zero volts to full volts is,

Average Potential(P.E) = (1/2)V ,

So, energy stored in capacitor = (1/2)QV,

Substituting Q, Q = CV,

Energy stored in capacitor = (1/2) CV²

where Q is for a charge, V is for Voltage and C is the capacitance of a capacitor.

Application of a capacitor involving energy storage

There is much application for energy stored in a capacitor. They are used in camera flashes, audio devices, uninterrupted power supply, lasers, regenerative brakes, and much more. Latest inventions like the ultracapacitors or supercapacitors with the extremely high capacitance of 2 kilofarad (kF). Supercapacitors can store a large amount of energy and offers new possibilities in different fields. We use them in electric cars, electrical motors, and computer memory backup during power loss. Energy stored in a supercapacitor helps us to operate and maintain a micro-grid system.

Some of the Applications

Camera flash

Electronic camera flashes are xenon flash tubes. Before a shot, the internal capacitor is charged with high voltage and the camera is ready to use. When the camera is pressed, the energy stored in the capacitor is discharged instantly into the tube. These create a very short current impulse. The stored energy in the capacitor converts to a flash of light. These last about one millisecond.

Bug Zappers

The Bug zappers are used for insect control or insect electrocution trap. Bug zappers consist of diodes and capacitors, which increase the supply voltage by 2kilovolts (KV). The energy stored in the capacitor releases instantly when an insect creates a short between the circuit terminals.

Regenerative Braking

Modern cars use Regenerative braking which is modern technology. Supercapacitor stores a huge amount of energy produced from the braking system of vehicles. Supercapacitor converts and stores a portion of kinetic energy to electrical energy. In this way, driving a car downhill and using regenerative brakes increases the efficiency of the vehicle.

Micro-grid System

The Micro-grid system is a small scale independent power grid system. It consists of multiple energy generations from renewable and non-renewable resources. Supercapacitors along with batteries serve as the hybrid energy storage system. We consider it as the most advanced cause of availabilities, low cost, high power density, long life cycle, and fast response time.

We use capacitors for many other purposes. The energy in capacitors can store charges for a long time after disconnected from the device. A high voltage capacitor can store charge for a long time. These may cause an electrical shock hazard. Therefore, it is important to discharge capacitors before use.

Please comment below if you have any question

Post by Samrat Bose

Electric Vehicle Charging Station in India

2020-08-20T13:53:00.000+05:30

Another name of Electric vehicle charging stations is an EV charging station or Electric vehicle charging point. Ev charging points present in private or public places to recharge all-electric vehicles including an electric car, electric bike, etc. Every EV charging point use plugs to charge the vehicles.

People can charge their electric vehicles at their own houses or at on-street while traveling. Depending on the battery capacity and charging power charging speed will vary. At the public places, the charging ports have higher voltage and currents than a residential EV charger. There is fast and efficient charging by using a Direct current (DC) connection.

Types of the electric vehicle charging station

In the world there are EV charging stations in four categories:

Residential charging stations:

An electric vehicle owner can recharge their EV at home. This charging station has no user authentication, no separate metering. With some dedicated circuit and wire, a user can set up a charging station to charge their vehicles overnight. This charging is slow in speed.

Charging while parked:

This can be a private or commercial place for free or paid services. The speed of the charging can be slow or fast. The charging process will be continuing when the owner of an EV is shopping or watching movies while parking his or her car.

Public charging stations:

It provides a fast-charging service. It is capable to supply charge equivalent over 60 miles of range in just 30 minutes. For long-distance travel or in metropolitan cities an owner can charge their EV in a very short time.

Different charging levels

The society of automotive engineering (SAE) declares the general physics, electric communication, and performance requirements for every electric vehicle charging system in North America. So, there are three levels of charging based on the supplied power, voltage, and current.

Level 1:

Outlets voltage: 120 V

Maximum current: 12 to 15 A

Maximum power: 1.44 KW or 1.92 KW

Time is taken to full charge: Long time

It has EV's on-board charger

Level 1 is not used in a country where the voltage is 220 to 240V.

Level 2:

Outlets voltage: 240 V

Maximum current: 80 A

Maximum power: 1.92 KW

Time is taken to full charge: 4 to 10 hours

It has EV's on-board charger

Every country with a 240 V electric supply can use level 2 charging.

Level 3:

It has no EV's on-board charger

Outlet voltage: 500 to 1000 V

Maximum power: 400 KW

Time is taken to full charge: 60 to 75 minutes

So, DC voltage directly to the battery of EV by using Dc connectors.

Different Modes of Charging

Mode 1 - slow charging from the normal (single or three-phase) electrical socket
Mode 2 - slow charging from the normal socket with specific protection arrangement
Mode 3 - slow or fast charging with multi-pin with control and protection function
Mode 4 - Fast charging with special technology like CHAdeMO

Plug types

There are four types of plugs to use in EV charging stations -

Single-phase coupler - Type 1
Single or three-phase coupler - Type 2
Single or three-phase coupler with safety shutters - Type 3
Fast DC charging coupler - Type 4

Electric vehicle charging stations in India

Here we provide all live locations of electric vehicle charge stations in Metropolitan cities -

Electric vehicle charging station in Kolkata

EV charging stations in Mumbai

Delhi Electric vehicle charging stations

Bangalore EV charging stations

Electric vehicle charging station requirement in India

All PCI (public charging infrastructure) shall have these following minimum requirements:

Three fast chargers: a CCS, a CHAdeMo and a Type-2 AC

CCS (combine charging system) - min 50 KW with a rated voltage of 200 to 1000 V

CHAdeMo - min 50 KW with a rated voltage of 200 to 1000 V

Type-2 AC - min 22 KW with a rated voltage of 380 to 480 V

2. Adequate space for entry and exit of vehicles and also for charging

3. An exclusive transformer with all rated substation equipment and safety appliances

4. Line/cables of 33/11 KV including metering

In every Ev charging station has two types of safety sensor:

Current sensors
Physical sensor wires

Please comment below if you need more details

Post by Riju Sharma

Solar Energy Company in India | Solar energy corporations

2020-08-19T14:43:00.003+05:30

Solar energy in India has a good impact on energy scenarios for the last few years. Solar energy in India has benefited millions of people and nature. The solar energy sector in India is good in grid-connected power generation. Their capacity has increased over the years. It supports the government agenda as a solution to meet the nation’s energy. Today we have a lot of solar energy company in India. Today we will see all details of every solar energy company in India.

The National Institute of Solar Energy in India has assessed the solar potential of 748 GW. Solar PV modules cover only 3 percent of the wasteland area. National Solar Mission (NSM) was launched on 11th January 2010. The Mission’s objective is to establish India as a global leader in solar energy. Solar technology is diffusing across the country very quickly. The Mission targets 100 GW grid-connected solar power plants by 2022. The government of India has launched schemes to encourage the generation of solar power.

Solar Energy in India

The present installed Solar PV manufacturing capacities in India:

Solar PV cells capacity- 3GW per year.
Solar PV Module capacity- 10GW per year.
Authorized Testing Labs for solar thermal applications.

Solar energy industries or companies in India are a huge manufacturer of silicon-based Cells/modules.

Thin-film solar cells/modules are manufactured in a small amount.

Top Solar cell Manufacturers company in India

These are the top solar PV manufacturers company that empowers solar energy in India.

Loom Solar growing solar company

Loom Solar growing a solar energy company with a huge online presence in India. They provide the latest solar products. The products are delivered and installed across India. They have manufactured their range of solar panels. Headquarter: Faridabad, Haryana.

Vikram Solar

Vikram Solar is a manufacturer of solar modules. Their rated annual solar module production capacity increased to GW. They have offices all over India and abroad.

Headquarter: Kolkata, West Bengal.

Tata solar power

Tata solar power is the biggest and the oldest manufacturer of solar modules and cells in India. The company has a strong presence in industrial and commercial segments.

The company has installed 200MW of solar projects in India.Headquarters: Mumbai, Maharastra.

Waree solar

Waree solar has an experience of 29 years. It is India’s largest integrated solar company. The company has a 1.5 GW solar panel manufacturing unit. They provide project development and rooftop solutions. They also independent power producers. Headquarter: Mumbai, Maharashtra.

Other Solar energy PV Manufacturers company in India

Aditi Solar is a manufacturer of PV modules with a production capacity of 20MW.

Headquarter: Hyderabad, Telangana.

Ajit solar is a manufacturer of PV modules with a production capacity of 20MW.

Headquarter: Jaipur, Rajasthan.

Akshaya solar power is a manufacturer of PV modules with a production capacity of 20MW. Headquarter: Hyderabad, Telangana.

Alpex Solar is a manufacturer of PV modules with a production capacity of 60MW. Headquarter: New Delhi.

BHEL is a manufacturer of PV modules and cells with a production capacity of 26MW. Headquarter: New Delhi.

Emmvee Photovoltaics is a manufacturer of PV modules with a huge production capacity of 135 MW. Headquarter: Bengaluru, Karnataka.

Empire Photovoltaics is a manufacturer of PV modules with a production capacity of 60MW. Headquarter: Hyderabad, Telangana.

Goldi Green is a manufacturer of PV modules with a production capacity of 100MW. Headquarter: Surat, Gujarat.

Premier solar is a manufacturer of PV modules with a production capacity of 50 MW. They are also a producer of thin-film modules. Headquarter: Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh.

Mosarbaer solar is a manufacturer of PV cells and modules with a production capacity of 235MW. They produce 185 MW for silicon-based and 50MW for thin-film modules. Headquarter: Kolkata, West Bengal.

Topsun Solar is a manufacturer of PV modules with a production capacity of 40MW. Headquarter: Gandhinagar, Gujarat.

Indosolar is a manufacturer of PV cells and modules with a production capacity of 160MW. Headquarter: New Delhi.

Websol is a manufacturer of PV cell and module with a production capacity of 60MW. Headquarter: Kolkata, West Bengal.

Testing Laboratories for Thermal Applications of solar energy

These are the testing lab for thermal applications of solar energy in India

Solar Energy Centre, Gurgaon
Pune school of energy studies University of Pune
Sardar Pate Renewable Energy Research Institute, Gurajat
School of Energy, Environment and Natural Resources, Madurai
Regional Test Centre-Technical Back-up unit for Solar Thermal Devices, Indore

Total Solar Power Installed state-wise in India

Andhra Pradesh- 3,086 MW

Arunachal Pradesh- 5 MW

Assam- 22 MW

Bihar- 142 MW

Chhattisgarh- 500MW

Delhi- 127 MW

Goa- 3 MW

Gujarat- 2,440 MW

Haryana- 225 MW

Himachal Pradesh- 23 MW

Jammu and Kashmir- 15 MW

Jharkhand- 34 MW

Karnataka- 6,096 MW

Kerala- 139 MW

Madhya Pradesh -1,840 MW

Maharashtra- 1,634 MW

Meghalaya- 0.1 MW

Mizoram- 0.5 MW

Nagaland- 1 MW

Odisha- 395 MW

Punjab- 906 MW

Rajasthan- 3,227 MW

Sikkim- 0.01 MW

Tamil Nadu- 2,575 MW

Telangana- 3,593 MW

Tripura- 5 MW

Uttar Pradesh- 960 MW

Uttarakhand- 307 MW

West Bengal- 76 MW

Total Solar Power- 28,180 MW

Recently, India achieved the 5^th global position in solar power. Solar power capacity has increased in the last five years from 2.6 GW in March 2014 to 30 GW in July 2019. Presently, solar tariff in India is very competitive and has achieved grid stability.

Post by Samrat Bose

Safety protocols for setting up a nuclear power plant in India

2020-08-18T13:37:00.003+05:30

Nuclear energy is an efficient way to generate electricity through a power plant. The operation of a nuclear power plant should be very efficient and safe. But what happens when an emergency situation occurs? What guidelines and safety precautions they follow in order to minimize the disaster? There is a safety protocol for setting up a nuclear power plant to achieve fundamental safety objectives.

However a nuclear core meltdown does not happen often, but when it happens it is very dangerous. Throughout history, we have seen disasters such as Fukushima and Chernobyl. Though the inside of production can be running very safely, some outside factors can cause destruction. If a terrorist gets control over a nuclear reactor by security attack, so there will be a possibility to use it wrongly.

Reason for safety

During the conduction of activities in a nuclear power plant, they should apply the standard level of safety to achieve the safety fundamental objectives. The measurement is mandatory to achieve the following reasons:

To control the exposure of radioactivity to human and environment.
For control the factor that leads to losing control over the nuclear reactor, radioactivity source, nuclear chain reaction, nuclear fuel, nuclear waste and any other vital factors.
To control the consequences of those events.
Properly maintain normal operations of the plant.

Emergency levels

The United state Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) declare four levels of emergency. Nuclear power plants should follow the level of emergency to implement safety. They are:

Notification of Unusual Events:

When a possible threat to safety is indicated then this is the first step for reporting the threat.

Alert

This is the level where they deal with a possible "substantial degradation in the level of safety for the plant facilities.

Site area emergency

This emergency level is reserved for when there is a possibility of nuclear reactor failure.

General emergency

A nuclear plant use this high level of emergency when serious or actual damage occurs on the reactor.

Safety protocol for Nuclear power plant

Fundamental of safety:

Control of radioactivity
removal of heat from the reactor and from the fuel store
confinement of radioactive material, shielding against radiation and control of radioactive releases

-these plant states, the fundamental safety should be fulfilled.

Radiation protection:

The design of a nuclear power plant shall be such that the nuclear radioactivity exposes to workers and people nearby and environment, does not exceed the dose limit. So, they should keep it as low as reasonably achievable in the operating state.

should provide multiple shield barriers to the reactor materials
the construction should be high quality and conservative
should provide for supplementing the control of the power plant by means of the automatic safety system, by which if any failure or deviation from normal operation exceed, the high level of confidence can control the control system.

Defence in depth

There should be an Incorporate defence in depth of a nuclear power plant. It is sounded by barbed wire fences as well as armed security officers.

They should set various levels of defence to the core to prevent consequences of accidents that lead to dangerous effects on people and the environment.

The armed security can cover the physical materials, but what about cybersecurity? This is a valuable prospect to follow to prevent an attack from hackers. So every nuclear power plant licensed by NRC should isolate their reactor from the internet.

Features to Waste management:

Nuclear power plant should take special considerations to the design of the waste management department.

shall take due account of the choice of materials by which the waste will be minimized.
access capability and the proper that is necessary.

Till now we have discussed ways to prevent theft. But what happened if a "General Emergency" situation occur? At first, the authority should evacuate people from inside immediately. At that time stay close to the reactor is very risky.

To reduce the radiation absorbed into the thyroid they sometimes use Potassium Iodide.

Solar Panel price and components for home 2020

2020-08-17T15:55:00.009+05:30

Earlier, the only source of heat energy was solar energy. Solar energy produces heat energy until the discovery of Solar Cell. Another name of the solar cell is a photovoltaic cell. That means light to electricity. In 1839, Alexander-Edmond Becquerel first observed it. Now, this is the article about solar panel price and components for the home installation.

Until the 1950s world ignores this concept and can't understand the working. But now the world is going to love this technology which is nothing but a generation of renewable energy. Now everyone wants to use a solar panel or solar cell or solar energy to install to their houses and other places. The benefits of solar energy are its eco-friendly, low maintenance, cost-effective, easy to install.

But some of us have no proper knowledge about components of solar panel and their price. If anyone wants to install a solar panel at their home then the total clarification is here - Solar panel price and components for the home.

Solar Panel price and components for Home

Solar system components

The photovoltaic components consist of :
Mechanical components
Electrical components.

Mechanical components of Solar System

The mechanical components connect the solar modules to the building. Planning and all weight considerations are addressed by an engineer and/or architect before installation. Metal racks use to connect the photovoltaic panels on one side using specialized clips. Those metal racks are attached to mounting points.

Those mounting points are then connected to a rooftop using lag bolts or clamps. The mount points are then lag bolted into rafters, thus, connecting the system from rafter to module. Rubber gaskets and sealed boots help to connect the waterproofing systems to protect rooftops.

Types of Solar Panel Installation

In slanting roof, a metal seems clamp is attached to the rack preventing roof penetration. Ballasting is used for flat roofs. Ballasting provides a weighted system for the modules.so, roof penetration is not required. Adds a fair amount of weight and prevents wind shear from lifting the panel off of the roof.

Ground-mounted systems are simpler to design and install. As weight loading is not an issue. The in-ground mounting system, racks are connected to a single post on a concrete footer or constructed on concrete pads. Pole-mounted systems have the advantage of
tilting and turning the module along with tracking systems.

Electrical components of Solar System

The electrical components connect the photovoltaic module on the rooftop, to the inverter, and connections in the home. The electricity produced from the photovoltaic module is direct current(DC). Most homes, buildings run on alternating current( AC). An inverter converts the electricity from the solar module.

The inverter is the heart of the connection between the solar module and the building. Batteries are necessary if for off-grid as a backup in the case of electrical failure. Battery banks are made of sealed or flood type lead acid or lithium-ion batteries. Code requirement for battery banks is that they have to be within three meters of the inverter.

So, batteries are installed inside a basement space or storage utility area for the weight sustaining and close connection to the inverter. Charge controller needed with the battery system. The charge controller ensures the batteries are not undercharged or overcharged to prevent the risk of failure and or fire. The wiring infrastructure of a building's electrical panel is an important part of the electrical system.

Photovoltaic electrical input is wired directly into the electrical main panel along with a grid connection or in this case of off-grid wired with a generator. Several electrical code requirements for detailing
photovoltaic systems are safely integrated into buildings.

National electric code

Finally, the last piece for electrical consideration is the national electric code. The NECdictates the type and size of wiring that is
required and allow for allowable distances and conduct.

According to the NEC, basic requirements are disconnects placed between the DC side of the photovoltaic system and the inverter as
well as a disconnect on the AC side of the system.
Strict grounding is also required. The electrical systems, metal components of the photovoltaic system and the mounting system are grounded.

All of these rules are defined in article 690 of the National Electric Code, addressing solar installation considerations.
When all the electrical components are considered, a system diagram can be designed by a solar designer or an electrician.

In all cases, you need a monitoring system to quantify the amount of electricity produced and monitor the grid connection. Monitoring the electrical grid maintains frequency parody and allows the response to mandated shut-offs.

Three line diagram

Types of Inverters

There are several types of inverters available. Larger inverters can accept and convert photovoltaic electricity from about 10 to 80 modules.
These inverters are designed to handle multiple solar modules. Multiple smaller inverters are also used for one large installation serving only five to ten modules per inverter. The newer option on the market is microinverters.

Microinverters are designed to have single panel connection and out of that microinverter comes alternating current (AC). Microinverters also comply with rapid shutdown which is an inherent safety. This types of inverters can respond to changes in the grid, calls for shut down when needed. Microinverters are compatible with small and uniquely designed systems.

Solar Panel Price

Cost of a single solar panel ranges between Rs 4,000-Rs25,000 depending on their quality, energy production, wattage, technology and brands.

The market price of inverters ranges from Rs 4,000 and onwards depending on grid connection, technology, number of battery used and brand warranty.
Cost of a single battery ranges between Rs 10,000- Rs 20,000 depending on rated capacity, backup time, technology and brand warranty.

The main price of a charge controller ranges between Rs 2,000-Rs16,000 depending on system rating, technology, power connected and maximum charging current.

Price of solar panel stand ranges between Rs 2,000 to Rs 19,000 based on the number of panels used.
Rest is an earthing kit, AC wire and DC wire.

Best online deal for Solar panel

The maintenance cost of solar components

The annual maintenance is almost negligible. There are no moving parts and sunlight is free. Because of good performance, the system requires cleaning of modules and maintenance. For, off-grid systems, the maintenance costs are higher as batteries are replaced every 3-5 years.

For generation and low maintenance cost, regular monitoring data is highly recommended. Date logger is useful in monitoring. The maintenance costs for smaller solar PV systems is about 2% of the initial system cost, and for larger systems is about 1% of the initial cost.

Solar panel price

The solar energy in India

Helps to install Solar panel at home

Post by Samrat Bose

Explanation of Nuclear Power Plant in India and US

2020-08-16T11:03:00.001+05:30

On 20 December 1951, Sir Enrico Fermi led a scientist team to give the world first self-sustaining Nuclear chain reaction. Obminsk APS-1 was the first company to launch the world's first Nuclear Power Plant. Now the world has 440 numbers of Nuclear active reactors with 390GW of net total power. 55 nuclear reactors are under construction.

Nuclear power in United state has 96 commercial reactors, 64 pressurized water reactors and 32 boiling water reactors with 809409 thousands of MW Generated electricity.

India has 22 active reactors with 6255 MW of power. Lebarus is Preparing to launch its first Nuclear PP. Here is the full Nuclear Power Plant Explanation.

Nuclear and thermal power stations are very similar to produce electricity. They use the heat energy to convert the water to stream to rotate the steam turbine. The steam turbine is connected to the alternator or generator. But the heat generation section is different for both. Thermal power plants produce heat by burning coal and Nuclear PP use reactor fuel to develop heat.

Why Nuclear Energy?

It all started from Einstein's Formula E=mc², this formula implies that when a mass gets the speed of light it behaves like a tremendous amount of energy. In Nuclear Reaction, a neutron attacks a radioactive atom and it releases a few numbers of neutrons, few byproducts and a huge amount of energy. This energy helps to develop electricity in Nuclear Power Plants.

This huge amount of energy is very much greater than the energy produced in coal-based thermal power plants by burning coal. 1 KG of uranium-235 is equivalent to 300 tons of coal in teams of energy produce. Also Nuclear energy usage in Power Stations reduces the greenhouse gas emissions in Environment. At the point of Advantages you can see pros of Nuclear Power Plants over any other generations. Also I will break some myths about the Chernobyl accident that happened in 1861.

Components of Nuclear Power Plant

The components are:

Fissile Material
Control Mechanism
Steam Cycle
Waste Management

Fissile Material:

Uranium is the fairly common fuel in this power plant. Uranium is a silvery-grey and very weakly radioactive metal. The atomic number is 92.

But we can see Thorium based Nuclear Power Plant in Future.

Control Mechanism:

The control mechanism consists of a Reactor and heat exchanger. Reactor consists of controlling fuel rods by which we can control the reaction in the reactor (uranium fuel) and moderators. Moderators can be graphite or water.

Chain reactions of the reactor continuously happen in the reactor and the neutron released by the Uranium has high speed. Moderator slow down the neutrons. All this reactor and moderator present in a Nuclear Reactor Core. Due to nuclear fission heat produced in the core and the generated heat transfer to the heat exchanger.

In the Chernobyl Event the reactor core was totally destroyed. For this, the reactors and graphite were exposed in Nature.

Steam Cycle:

The steam cycle starts from the heat exchanger. Generated heat from the reactor comes to the heat exchanger. In the heat exchanger water present in liquid from at a very high temperature about 300°C. The water is in liquid form because they create a very high pressure in the heat exchanger.

Now the heat transforms the water into steam and the steam goes through the valve to steam Turbine. Turbines rotate the magnetic core of Alternator and the alternator generates electricity.

Waste Management:

This is the very dangerous process of a Nuclear Plants. The waste of these plants can easily kill hundreds of lives by getting close to them. There are 2 types of waste from a nuclear plant - High-level radioactive waste, Low-level radioactive waste

High-level radioactive waste produced from power production. This type of waste should be managed with perfect precautions and isolated from the environment. So they bury these waste under the soil. Any type of wrong decision should not be acceptable.

Low-level radioactive waste is in the form of contaminated items like clothing, hand tools, water purifier resins, and the materials of which the reactor itself is built. This waste should be preserved on-site until it loses its radioactive levels. Then it will be managed as ordinary waste.

Also two types of towers is present in the plant - Cooling tower (Yellowish) and Smoke tower (Red-white or black)

Working of a Nuclear Power Plant

A potential atomic fission chain response. 1. A uranium-235 molecule retains a neutron, and partitions into two (splitting sections), delivering three new neutrons and a lot of restricting vitality.

2. One of those neutrons is consumed by a molecule of uranium-238, and doesn't proceed with the response. Another neutron leaves the framework without being consumed. In any case, one neutron slams into a molecule of uranium-235, which then splits and delivers two neutrons and all the more restricting vitality.

3. Both of those neutrons crash into uranium-235 iotas, every one of which splits and delivers a couple of neutrons.

Atomic chain reactions are arrangements of atomic partings (parting of nuclear cores), each started by a neutron created in a former splitting. For instance, 21/2 neutrons on the normal are delivered by the parting of every uranium-235 core that retains a low-vitality neutron.

Advantages

1. Independent of the environment:

This type of power station does not depend on the environment. It can be located in the desert or in mountain areas. Also, it does not depend on weather conditions.

2. No greenhouse gas emissions:

It does not emit any greenhouse gas to the environment as a thermal power plant. That's how it reduces some million tones of the greenhouse gas in the environment.

3. Baseload power supply:

A nuclear power plant can supply continuous power to the load. After fueling a nuclear PP it can generate electricity for 10 to 20 years continuously. When other types of power plant schedule supply load. So, the load can get continuous power generation.

4. More energy:

Some amount of nuclear reactor can generate a huge amount of heat energy which can not be possible by the same amount of coal in a coal-based power plant.

Disadvantages

1. Radioactive waste:

The high and low-level radioactive wastes from the production section are very dangerous for lives.

2. No mistakes:

There is no tolerance for human stupidity or mistakes in a nuclear power plant otherwise no one can survive in the station.

Some mistakes destroy the total region of a Nuclear power station in Fukushima, Japan on 11 March 2011. But that was too mild as compared to Chernobyl.

3. Old model:

Today's all nuclear power plants follow the same process as earlier. They also use the same model which is used at first.

Do you know what happened in Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant?

Due to some human stupidities and mistakes, the pump for the heat exchanger was turned off. For this, the water in the heat exchanger couldn't circulate and release heat. The temperature of water went to about 3000°C and steam production went high.

And at that time the element used in the control rode in the reactor behaves like a catalyst. This catalyst breaks the water. This meaning is the water was broken into H+ and OH- ions.

At the high temperature, these two did that disaster. There was no nuclear explosion, this is a myth. Simply the water in the heat exchanger blast and also for this the reactor chamber melts. For this reason, the reactor and the graphite were exposed to the environment.

You can see the factory is still there if a nuclear explosion happened, the plant didn't stay.

Post by Riju Sharma

Types of Solar Cell and its Applications

2020-08-15T15:35:00.003+05:30

Earlier, solar energy was considered as the only producer of heat energy, until the discovery of solar cells (or, photovoltaic cells), meaning (Photo-light and Volta –electricity), i.e. light to electricity. This phenomenon was first observed by Alexander-Edmond Becquerel in 1839, when the light hit a piece of metal, electrons, thus making electricity. Though the concept was ignored and not well understood until the 1950s, Bell Labs scientists rediscovered solar cells. Modern photovoltaic were manufactured much later in the ’70s but gradually matured with the discovery of other technology and inventors like standardized components and more.

And, now are broadly adopted across the world. As being a more efficient renewable source of energy large investments are made as non-renewable sources are almost to their extinction. The solar cell is the basic unit of a photovoltaic energy generation. There are many types of Solar Cell that are present in the world. We will see how many types of Solar Cell are there in the market.

Solar Energy

Did you know that the amount of sunlight that strikes the earth's surface in an hour and a half is enough to handle the entire world's energy consumption for a full year? Solar energy has an amazing potential to power our daily lives thanks to constantly-improving technologies.

Solar Cell

The photovoltaic cell, in general, is made of the element silicon. The solar cell is the basic unit of a photovoltaic energy generation. A single solar cell can produce about a half a volt of electricity and fewer amps current depending on the type of cell. Cells are connected in series to create called a series string for increasing the voltage. The series string is laminated to the backing material, sealed in a weatherproof plastic coating, and then a cover glass is placed on top, often with an aluminium frame around the edges. This assembly is called the photovoltaic module.

Photovoltaic Module

Typically, for domestic off-grid and commercial buildings, solar panels consist of more than one module, in accordance with the supply-demand. Modules are connected in a series circuit called series string to meet supply needs.

Types of Solar Cell

Solar cells are basically made of silicon which makes up the commercial market as it impacts the overall cost of production of module efficiency. Other than that, cells are also made with other elements and materials which are more efficient but the cost of production is high.

Types of Solar cell - Silicon-based

1. Amorphous silicon:

This types of the solar cell are the cheapest to produce but are the least efficient. Their efficiency varies between 5-7%. Hence, are less commercially used.

Application: pocket calculator and other small devices.

2. Polycrystalline silicon:

Polycrystalline or multi-crystalline silicon is more commercially used cells and cheap to produce making it hold maximum market shares. It has an efficiency of 15-17%. It has characteristics flaky-like appearance when silicon deposited in a chemical vapour forming multiple crystals.

Application: Uses Off-grid domestic connection.

3. Monocrystalline silicon:

Monocrystalline silicon or single crystal silicon is more efficient. It’s about 15-22% efficient, but it's also the most expensive to produce. The overall appearance of silicon is uniform, flat, black and non-flaky.

Application: In commercial buildings where energy demand is high.

Other Types of Solar cell

1. CIGS cells:

CIGS acronym refers to the photovoltaic elements copper, indium, gallium, diselenide. These are thin-film cells. It has achieved an efficiency of 22% in lab settings. Rainy and cloudy conditions do not dispute Energy Generation.

2. Cadmium Telluride(CdTe) cells:

Cadmium Telluride solar cells are also thin-film technology attending an efficiency of 22%. The only share of the common market, but currently the largest non-silicon market share.

3. Gallium Arsenide(GaAs) cells:

Gallium Arsenide cells have an effective efficiency of 29%. However, there are concerns about health conditions with these materials for the presence of Arsenide.

4. Dye-Sensitized cells:

Dye-sensitized is emerging solar cells which are translucent and can be made flexible. These are cheaper to obtain. These types of cells are or rooftops not suitable for sustaining the heavy loads of other heavy modules. Its efficiency reaches up to 12%.

5. Perovskite cells:

Perovskite cells are emerging solar cells made of hybrid organic-inorganic light-harvesting materials. They are cheap and simple to manufacture. They have an efficiency of 22%.

6. Multi-junction cells:

Multi-junction cells are the most advanced type of cells consisting of different layers piled one upon the other. As they are able to absorb different wavelengths of the light spectrum thus making them the most efficient and expensive solar cells. Use in satellites and space probes.

Improvement of Photovoltaic cells with time

Silicon cells have reached their maximum efficiency over the decades and major shares of the market.

Thin-film(CIGS, gallium arsenide) cells made great improvement over the years and became more and more efficient, but with concern to their toxicity, their commercialization is limited.

Emerging cells (dye-sensitized, perovskite) are making quick gains, but are many years toward commercialization.

Multi junctional cells show the highest efficiency, mostly being in the lab stage and commercially expensive for commercial purpose.

Post by Samrat Bose

First Nuclear Power Plant in Belarus

2020-08-14T10:47:00.000+05:30

Belarus is going to launch its first Nuclear Power Plant

Belarus, a country in Europe, is preparing to launch its first Nuclear Power Plant to supply load to Belarus. Russian company Astravets Nuclear Power plant has begun to load fuel to its first two reactors. Construction of the plant started in 2011. It expects to use the plant by the end of the year. Construction of pipeline connection will start in October.
Russian state nuclear agency (RSNA) build this power plant and Moscow gave $10 billion loans for 25 years to the project. But Lithuania, whose capital Vilnius is just 50 km away, is opposing the project.
"threat to our state's national security, public health and environment" president of Lithuania Gitanas Nauseda said on Friday.

Safety fears of Neighbors

Energy Minister of Lithuania said he had warned the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). VVilniusalready banned all the electricity imports from the plants and calling it concerns about safety and national security. Also, Estonia and Lativa are considering rejecting power imports from Russia, as well. Lithuania, Estonia and Lativa are moving forwards to unbound themselves from Soviet-era common power system by 2025.

Safety demand for a new nuclear power plant in Belarus

Belarus already experienced the neighbour Ukraine's Chernobyl disaster in 1986. A quarter of Belarus was contaminated by the disaster. Belarus denies all the statements on risk and threat by the nuclear power plant. They also said all safety requirement is fulfilled. Rosatom says the plant "fully meets post-Fukushima demands ", referring to Japan's 2011 Nuclear accident, also said "international norms and IAEA recommendations".

Belarus has a plan to add 1.2-gigawatt VVER-1200 reactor to the country's power system in the fourth quarter of the year with 2 numbers of the cooling tower. Plan of construction of the second reactor will be meet in 2022 and double the power by 2.4 GW.

The ministry said the one-third of the electricity demand of Belarus will be meet after starting generation, replacing 4.5 billion ton of Natural gas per year. The ministry also said that it will reduce the greenhouse gas emissions to the environment by 7 million tons annually.

A Cyber Attack Could Be Deadly as Nuclear Weapons

2020-08-13T15:12:00.002+05:30

Today people tensions about the nuclear threat of foreign rivalry country. Big countries like the US, China, Russia and others are engaging in the development of their nuclear power. Countries like the US, China and Russia show their power at the field to create threats on others. In another side countries like North Korea launched multiple short-range anti-ship cruise missiles into the sea and Sukhoi jets fired air-to-surface missiles. But we are ignoring the power of Cyber Attack. A Cyber Attack could be deadly as Nuclear Weapons, say, scientists.

Cyber attacks could be deadly as nuclear weapons

People are not concerned about the death toll because of Cyberattacks. A Nuclear Attack can burn people immediately within 100 feet at the centre of the blast, damage the area up to 4 km and 90% of people in that radius can die. But the death toll due to a Cyberattack is slower. In this case, people die due to lack of food, water, electricity and many other essential aspects of our life. Cybersecurity can kill people in hot and cold.

Government cybersecurity also gets signs of malicious software code pushing to security systems by Cyber attackers. In the previous years, Cyber Attacks on military security systems teaches the governments that Nuclear Attacks is vulnerable in front of the power of Cyber Attacks. This threat is serious and less visible to the public. These are a serious threat to us:

The cyber threat to Water Plants:

People might not know that Cyber Attacks can hack the security of water treatment plant's system of the country and change the combinations of chemicals, which is used to purify the water, injected in our drinking water. When public drink that poisonous water they could die or badly infected. In early 2016, hackers took control of US water treatment plants for drinking water and change the chemical mixture.

Cyberattack on Power grid:

In 2016 and 2017, hackers shut down huge sections of the power grid in Ukraine. But it was so mild that no machine was destroyed during it. But a sudden power loss in a power grid can destroy major machines like turbine and generators in generating side. Cyber attacks can change, delete and also all the data from any power plant security systems. In 2018, the unknown cyberattacker gained access throughout the UK's electricity systems. In 2019, a similar attack came on the US grid.

Cyberattack on Petrochemical plant:

Hackers can take control of Petrochemical plants of countries. They can release chemicals to the environment that is harmful to humans as well as for other living organisms. Releasing chemicals to the earth's water bodies can kill the livings of water. In August 2017, a Saudi Arabian petrochemical plant was attacked by hackers. They try to blow up equipment by taking control of the same types of electronics used in the industry. Just before few months, hackers shut down the monitoring systems of oil and gas pipelines across the US.

Cyberattack on Nuclear Weapons:

FBI has warned us that hackers try to targeting nuclear facilities in our countries. A successful breakdown of the security of nuclear weapons can modify or even delete the data by which they can trigger the weapon in any country they want. After that the victim country can throw their nuclear missile to that country, that's how both countries can be destroyed by Cyber Security. So, this is how the scientists and security conclude that Cyber Attacks is more powerful than Nuclear Weapons.

Nuclear stations:

A cyber attack on Nuclear Stations can cause a similar event like Chernobyl event. Hacker can change the chemical combination of a nuclear reactor in a nuclear power plant. That can cause huge damage, bring dangerous harm to the millions of people and make the place uninhabitable for years.

Cyberattack on Airline:

The airline is a gold mine for hackers. Because Airline collects millions of customer's data like credit data details and much personal information. In previous year Pacific Airways revealed a hacker got access of 9.4 million customer's information. Airline authority faces a lack of qualified cybersecurity engineer to protect information from the threat. Also in Previous year, a hacker deletes all information of customers of a flight. Some of the innocent visitors got arrested because of the invalid data. A cyber attack can eliminate all connections between the plane and the ground airline authority. If they don't communicate with each side serious damage can happen.

Mutually assured destruction

The idea of Mutual assured destruction suggests that no country should launch a nuclear weapon at another nuclear-armed nation.

Further, Cyberwarfare can start with small targets like personal phone, laptops and others. Larger attacks might target businesses like banks, hotels, government agency and nuclear systems.

Defending against Cyberattacks

There is no ways to defend Nuclear attacks but some ways we can add to our personal and business life to less disaster from Hackers.

At first the governments, businesses and regular public need to secure their data and systems up to the marks to prevent malware codes to their systems.

Critical systems like transportation and chemical industries should enhance their security to prevent any hazardous events.

Now we see many students are getting interested in cybersecurity and hacking. The security department of every industry should be well prepared for a cyber attack. The systems like it should employ dedicated and professional Cyber Security engineer to handle the work. At present, more cybersecurity jobs vacancy is released by the US. People with not properly qualification on cybersecurity is creating a headache to Governments. Nowadays every industries and government trying their best to protect the data from cyber-attacks, because sometimes personal information is more valuable then a thousand lives.

So, In my opinion, A Cyber Attack could be deadlier than Nuclear Weapons. Comment below your opinion

Top thermal power stations in west bengal

2020-08-12T11:02:00.006+05:30

A power plant is referred to as an electric power generating station. A power plant is always connected to the power grid. More than one generator presents in a power station. A generator is a rotating machine that converts mechanical energy into electrical energy. The energy range of a power generator presents in a power plant can be 50kw to 100kw. The AC output of a power generator has to step up by a transformer to get higher voltages (reduced current can improve the efficiency) and then the power goes to the grid. From the grid, the power distributed to proper places. So, every power plant has its generated power rating. Today we will know the top thermal power stations in West Bengal.

In West Bengal, there are 193 EHV (Extra High Voltage) power stations. The total installed MVA (Mega Volt-Ampere) capacity of these power stations in West Bengal is 32671 MVA according to information in 2019. A total of 13935 CKM (Circuit Kilometres) of EHV lines of connection are there in Bengal. After collecting some information I have created a list of Top 5 Thermal Power Plant in West Bengal according to their Generating Capacity. So we will power plant's name, operator's name, location, MW power generation, etc. The list is:

1. MTPC:

Mejia Thermal Power Corporation is located at Durlabhpur, Bankura 35 km from Durgapur city. This power plant is coal-based. MTPC was commissioned in 1996. This power plant is the largest power plant in West Bengal as well as among other DVC (Damodar Valley Corporation) power station.

Name: Mejia thermal power corporation

Operator's name: DVC

Established: 1996

Location: Durlabhpur, Bankura

MW Power: 2340 MW

*I know this place personally because I had got my industrial training from MTPC during my 3rd-year course. That was my greatest experience. If you want to blog on it then please let me know.

2. Farakka thermal power station:

Farakka thermal power station is located at Nabarun - 742236, Murshidabad, West Bengal. The coal of the plant transported from the Rajmahal coal fields of ECL. Farakka has a total of 6 units, which has 2100 MW of total power capacity. Each unit of Farakka 4-6 units has 500 MW power generation capacity and established between 1992 - 2011.

Name: Farakka thermal power station

Operator's name: NTPC

Established: 1986-2012

Location: Nabarun-742236, Murshidabad

MW Power: 2100 MW

3. Sagardighi thermal power station:

STPS is located at Santaldih, Purulia, West Bengal. This is a coal-based thermal power plant. Sagardighi thermal power station had a total of 6 units. But in 2009-2010 wbpbcl had de-commissioned 1 to 4 units. New 2 units (unit-5 and unit-6) had added in 2011 by BHEL. The total power capacity for these 6 units is 1600 MW.

Name: Sagardighi thermal power station

Operator's name: WBPDCL

Established: 1974-2011

Location: Santaldih, Purulia

MW Power: 1600 MW

4. KTPS:

Kolaghat thermal power station is located at Mecheda, Medinipur, West Bengal. All units of KTPS were commissioned in the period of 1984 to 1995. This is a coal-based thermal power plant. All the models are coming from BHEL and Siemens. A total 6 generating units are there both have 210 MW power capacity.

Name: Kolaghat thermal power station

Operator's name: WBPDCL

Established: 1984-1995

Location: Mecheda, Medinipur

MW Power: 1260 MW

5. Raghunathpur TPS:

Raghunathpur Thermal power stations is located at Raghunathpur, Purulia, West Bengal. It is a coal-based power plant. It had a planned capacity of 2520 MW. This power station has 2 units, unit-1 is commissioned in August 2014 and unit-2 in January 2016. Both the units have 600 MW power capacity.

Name: Raghunathpur thermal power station

Operator's name: DVC

Established: 2014-2016

Location: Raghunathpur, Purulia

MW Power: 1200 MW

These are the top 5 thermal power stations in West Bengal.

Thank you for reading this article. All the information I have collected from the Internet and some from my teachers.

Comment here for any query or changes if required. Subscribe my blog for future posts.

- post by Riju Sharma