CampusQuest

Culture Explains Asians’ Educational Success at New York’s elite public high schools

2019-11-21T18:23:00.002-08:00

from Wall Street Journal article
https://247sports.com/college/texas-tech/Board/102960/Contents/Culture-Explains-Asians-Educational-Success-130573622/

excerpt:

Culture Explains Asians’ Educational Success
Black enrollment at New York’s elite public high schools was far higher in the 1930s than today.

By Jason L. Riley
March 26, 2019 6:45 p.m. ET

Students at Stuyvesant High School in New York, Sept. 9, 2015.
Students at Stuyvesant High School in New York, Sept. 9, 2015. Photo: Mark Lennihan/Associated Press

New York City’s most selective public high schools released demographic data last week on students who were offered admission to the 2019 fall freshman class. The results were as predictable as the subsequent griping.

These eight schools admit kids based on a single standardized exam, and again Asian students, who comprise only 16.1% of the city’s public school system, were awarded a majority of the openings, 51.1%. By comparison, whites, who are 15% of public-school students, and blacks, who are 26%, were offered 28.5% and 4% of the seats, respectively. At Stuyvesant High, the most selective school, a mere seven of the 895 seats were offered to black students. In recent years, Asians who attend Stuyvesant and the city’s other two super-elite high schools, Bronx Science and Brooklyn Tech, have regularly outnumbered their white peers by 2 to 1.

Mayor Bill de Blasio wants to scrap the admissions test to achieve more racial balance in the classroom. He has decried the outcomes as evidence of “massive segregation.” The Washington Post’s education writer likened the low black acceptance rates at New York’s top schools to the recently exposed college bribery scandal, calling it “an admissions scandal of a different sort.” Apparently, when black students demonstrate academic excellence, it’s celebrated. When Asian students do so, it’s scandalous. (continues at link above)

Federal judge rules Harvard does not discriminate against Asian Americans in admissions

2019-11-21T18:13:00.001-08:00

Judge upholds Harvard’s admissions policy

October 2, 2019

Harvard Gazette
Ruling finds that College does not discriminate

Editorial Board: Court decision in Harvard case is an important victory for affirmative action

October 4, 2019

Boston Globe
Harvard University won the first battle in the legal war over its affirmative action policies on Tuesday, when a federal judge in Boston ruled that its race-conscious admissions system for undergraduate students was constitutional.

Federal judge rules Harvard does not discriminate against Asian Americans in admissions

October 1, 2019

Washington Post
A federal judge ruled Tuesday that Harvard University does not discriminate against Asian Americans in undergraduate admissions, handing the school a victory in a lawsuit that marks one of the latest chapters in the affirmative action debate.

Federal judge upholds affirmative action at Harvard

October 1, 2019

Associated Press
A federal judge Tuesday cleared Harvard University of discriminating against Asian American applicants in a ruling that was seen as a major victory for supporters of affirmative action in college admissions across the U.S.

https://www.pri.org/stories/2019-10-02/harvard-affirmative-action-case-far-over-opponents-plan-appeal

Harvard affirmative action case far from over as plans for appeal begin

The World

October 02, 2019 · 2:45 PM EDT

By Grace Hwang Lynch

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Harvard University in Cambridge, Massachusetts.

Credit:Darren McCollester

A federal district judge in Boston issued a long-awaited decision Tuesday in the affirmative action lawsuit against Harvard University, ruling that the college’s consideration of race in its admissions process doesn’t violate the rights of Asian applicants.

Several Harvard students took the stand to support the university’s race-conscious policies. One of them was Sally Chen, who graduated in May 2019 and now works for the nonprofit organization Chinese for Affirmative Action, one of 31 Asian American groups that co-signed a brief to the court in support of race-conscious admissions at Harvard.

“I’m really glad the court made the right decision,” said Chen, “but Harvard can and should do more to improve its commitment to inclusion, diversity, and equity.”

Chen believes that affirmative action directly benefited her, a child of working-class Chinese Americans.

College Admit Rates By Gender Preference Affirmative Action

2019-11-19T14:35:00.006-08:00

Affirmative Action includes gender preferences as well as better known race preferences. They are rarely acknowledged but stick out like a sore thumb at Cal Tech, MIT and Olin College of Engineering where women are admitted at rates 2 to 3 times the rates of men.

Here are some data points on admission/acceptance rates for colleges by gender:

Worcester Polytechnic Institute
admit rates men 44.7% women 59.2% slightly favors women
enrolled student population at Worcester Polytechnic Institute, both undergraduate and graduate, is 55.5% White, 7.23% Hispanic or Latino, 4.38% Asian, 2.54% Black or African American, 2.09% Two or More Races, 0.286% American Indian or Alaska Native, and 0.0301% Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islanders.

Cal Tech

https://datausa.io/profile/university/california-institute-of-technology

Men 5.45

Women 15.5 2.84 or nearly 3 times men

Franklin W Olin College of Engineering

enrolls slighty more white women than men, but admit rate nearly 3X for women than men

https://datausa.io/profile/university/franklin-w-olin-college-of-engineering

Men 6.77%

Women 18.9%

Ratio 2.79

The enrolled student population at Franklin W Olin College of Engineering is

48.4% White, 12.7% Asian, 6.08% Two or More Races, 5.29% Hispanic or Latino,

1.32% Black or African American, 0.265% American Indian or Alaska Native,

and 0% Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islanders.

Students enrolled at Franklin W Olin College of Engineering in full-time

Undergraduate programs are majority White Female (26.9%),

followed by White Male (25.4%) and Asian Male (7.69%).

https://datausa.io/profile/university/massachusetts-institute-of-technology

MIT

Men 5.76%

Women 12.8% ratio 2.22 twice rate of men

Harvard

https://datausa.io/profile/university/harvard-university

Men 5.49

Women 5.31 about the same 0.967

UC Berkeley

https://datausa.io/profile/university/university-of-california-berkeley

15.1

18.7 1.23 about the same rate

Stanford

https://datausa.io/profile/university/stanford-university

4.48 men 5.18 women 1.15

Luther College
https://datausa.io/profile/university/luther-college

Men 65% women 69% about equal

https://secure-media.collegeboard.org/digitalServices/pdf/research/2013/TotalGroup-2013.pdf

SAT Percentiles By Race

2019-11-17T17:58:00.001-08:00

https://collegereadiness.collegeboard.org/pdf/sat-percentile-ranks-gender-race-ethnicity.pdf

Race normed scores
97 percentile in math
800 / 99+ Asian
700 / 92 Hispanic
750 / 96 White (MIT whites are in top 99 percentile)
650 / 84 Black (MIT blacks are in top 85-90 percentile)

https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2017/09/27/scores-new-sat-show-large-gaps-race-and-ethnicity

2017 Mean SAT Scores, and Percentage Meeting Benchmarks, by Race and Ethnicity

Group	Reading and Writing	Mathematics	Met Both Benchmarks
American Indian/Alaska Native	486	477/33	27%
Asian	569	612/75	70%
Black	479	462/26	20%
Latino	500	487/41	31%
Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander	498	488/41	32%
White	565	553/61	59%

Black average is only at the 26th percentile vs 61 for white and even higher 75 for Asian

https://www.brookings.edu/research/race-gaps-in-sat-scores-highlight-inequality-and-hinder-upward-mobility/

Race gaps on the SATs are especially pronounced at the tails of the distribution. In a perfectly equal distribution, the racial breakdown of scores at every point in the distribution would mirror the composition of test-takers as whole i.e. 51 percent white, 21 percent Latino, 14 percent black, and 14 percent Asian. But in fact, among top scorers—those scoring between a 750 and 800—60 percent are Asian and 33 percent are white, compared to 5 percent Latino and 2 percent black. Meanwhile, among those scoring between 300 and 350, 37 percent are Latino, 35 percent are black, 21 percent are white, and 6 percent are Asian:

750-800 is 60% Asian nearly double number of whites at 33% even though population ratio is 6 to 51, so that is 34 times the natural ratio

Don't get 10% black until 500-550, 15% black until 450-500

https://secure-media.collegeboard.org/digitalServices/pdf/sat/sat-percentile-ranks-mathematics-2015.pdf
SAT® Percentile Ranks for Males, Females, and Total Group 2015 College-Bound Seniors — Mathematics This table allows you to compare a student’s mathematics score with the performance of other test-takers in the total group of 2015 college-bound seniors, as well as with all males and all females in the cohort. Percentile ranks show the percentage of each group who scored lower on the section.
Total Male Female Score
Number Percentile Number Percentile Number Percentile
800 16,668 99 11,098 99 5,570 99
790 4,381 99 2,563 98 1,818 99
etc

Framingham State University enrollment by race

2019-11-09T09:31:00.000-08:00

https://www.framingham.edu/Assets/uploads/about-fsu/office-of-institutional-research/_documents/Fall%202019%20Student%20Enrollment_Final_Web_2019.10.15.pdf

NEW UNDERGRADUATE STUDENT ENROLLMENT

Race/Ethnicity

Hispanic or Latino 213 → 18%
American Indian or Alaskan Native 0 → --
Asian 32 → 3%
Black or African American 187 → 16%
Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander 0 → --
Two or more Races 38 → 3%
Students of color⁵ 470 → 41%
White 669 → 58%
International (Non-Resident Alien) 1
Unknown 16

https://datausa.io/profile/university/framingham-state-university
The enrolled student population at Framingham State University, both undergraduate and graduate,, is 69.6% White, 9.59% Hispanic or Latino, 8.28% Black or African American, 3.3% Asian, 3.18% Two or More Races, 0.301% Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islanders, and 0.134% American Indian or Alaska Native.

Luther College Enrollments by Race

2019-11-09T09:26:00.001-08:00

Luther College Enrollments by Race

https://www.collegesimply.com/colleges/iowa/luther-college/students/
acial Demographics & Diversity
DIVERSITY
Very Low
Students at Luther College are mostly White with a small Foreign Resident population. The school has very low racial diversity.
Remarks: 84% white and really no significant numbers of anybody else, even Asians are only 2%

RACE	PERCENT OF STUDENTS
White	84%
Black	2%
Hispanic	4%
Asian	2%
American Indian / Alaskan	0%
Hawaiian / Pacific Islander	0%
Two or more races	2%
International	6%
Race Unknown	0%

University of California Irvine Asian Admissions

2019-11-07T12:06:00.000-08:00

UC Irvine is the only UC campus where Asians outnumber Whites even in the graduate division. The combined student population of 17,165 is 58% Asian and 28% White. Current admissions trends suggest the Asian percentage will continue rising to about 61% for the combined population before leveling off.

UC Irvine Is No 3 AAU | Asian American University | GoldSea

https://goldsea.com › AAU › irvine

ASIANS 58% OF UC IRVINE

rawing primarily from nearby Asian population centers in affluent Orange and L.A. counties, UC Irvine's student body boasts over twice as many Asian as white students. A combined graduate and undergraduate student population of 17,165 makes UC Irvine the fourth largest of the 9-campus UC system after UCLA, UC Berkeley and UCSD, but its Asian population of about 9,600 (factoring in 1,999 racially undeclared students) puts it a close third to UCLA and UC Berkeley as a contender for Top Asian American University.
The undergraduate portion of UCI's student population totals 14,197, of which 8,079 are declared Asians and 3,060 are declared Whites. 1,143 are undeclared. Allocating the undeclared proportionately among the declared groups adds 670 to the Asian population and 280 to the white population. That makes 61% of the undergraduate student body Asians, with Whites only 23% -- easily the smallest white percentage among the nation's top 25 universities . The Asian population divides among Chinese 32%, Coreans 18%, Filipino, 16%, Vietnamese 13%, Japanese 6%, with 15% comprising Indian, Pakistani and other Asian categories.
UC Irvine is the only UC campus where Asians outnumber Whites even in the graduate division. The combined student population of 17,165 is 58% Asian and 28% White. Current admissions trends suggest the Asian percentage will continue rising to about 61% for the combined population before leveling off. Given the rate at which UC Irvine has been growing in the heart of Orange County's most affluent section, UCI may end up with the Top Asian American University title in 3-5 years.

Asians edge out Hispanics to be largest race group in University of California system

https://www.latimes.com/california/story/2019-07-22/uc-diverse-diversity-class-student-admissions UC admits largest and most diverse class ever of Californian freshmen Los Angeles Times

JULY 22, 2019 6:20 PM

The University of California opened its doors to the largest and most diverse class of Californians ever for the fall semester of 2019, according to preliminary data released Monday.

The system’s nine undergraduate campuses offered seats to 71,655 California freshmen, nearly 600 more students than last year. Overall, UC admitted 108,178 freshmen among 176,695 freshman applicants.

Overall, the system admitted 991 more students from underrepresented groups, increasing their proportion among California freshmen to 40% from 38% last year. First-generation students made up 44% of those admitted and low-income students 40%.

Asian Americans remained the largest ethnic group at 35%, followed [only behind by 1 percentage point]by Latinos at 34%, whites at 22%, African Americans at 5% and American Indians at 0.5%.

https://www.collegesimply.com/colleges/california/university-of-california-irvine/students/

Students at University of California Irvine are predominantly Asian with a sizeable Hispanic population. The school has very high racial diversity.

RACE	PERCENT OF STUDENTS
White	15%
Black	2%
Hispanic	25%
Asian	37%
American Indian / Alaskan	0%
Hawaiian / Pacific Islander	0%
Two or more races	4%
International	16%
Race Unknown	1%

https://datausa.io/profile/university/university-of-california-irvine

The enrolled student population at University of California-Irvine, both undergraduate and graduate, is

32.7% Asian,

23.8% Hispanic or Latino,

17.4% White,

3.58% Two or More Races,

1.88% Black or African American,

0.318% Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islanders, and

0.0702% American Indian or Alaska Native.

Why Is UC Irvine Only 15% White?

http://www.unz.com/isteve/why-is-uc-irvine-only-15-white/

STEVE SAILER • AUGUST 25, 2017

Graphic 2015

41% Asian
36% Hispanic
15% White
4% Multiracial
3% Black

Because that’s The Plan!

The University of California, Irvine opened in 1965 about three miles from the beach in Orange County. ...

Strikingly, UCI soon became predominantly Asian in enrollment. It was known as the University of Chinese Immigrants and the University of Civics and Integras in the 1990s after all the rice rocket compact sports cars driven by the student body.

https://www.collegedata.com/college/University-of-California-Irvine/?tab=profile-overview-tab
Entrance DifficultyVery difficult
Overall Admission Rate 29% of 95,065 applicants were admitted

Ethnicity of Students from U.S.
0.1% American Indian/Alaskan Native
43.1% Asian
31.4% Hispanic/Latino

16.1% White

5.0% Multi-race (not Hispanic/Latino)

2.5% Black/African-American

0.4% Native Hawaiian/ Pacific Islander
1.4% Unknown
International Students
17.0% from 78 countries

Back to the 90s......
By 1995.... At four University of California campuses, Asian students are now the predominant ethnic group among undergraduates--most conspicuously at UC Irvine, where they are a majority. Changes since the 1984-85 school year:

Growing Asian Enrollment Redefines UC Campuses : Education

https://www.latimes.com › archives › la-xpm-1995-12-27-mn-18225-story

Dec 27, 1995 - At UC Irvine, more than half of undergraduates and 47% of all students are of Asian descent. At UC Berkeley, UCLA and UC Riverside, such students make up just under 40% of the undergraduate population. Whites still have the larger numbers when graduate figures are included but even that gap is shrinking.

At UC Irvine, more than half of undergraduates and 47% of all students are of Asian descent. At UC Berkeley, UCLA and UC Riverside, such students make up just under 40% of the undergraduate population. Whites still have the larger numbers when graduate figures are included but even that gap is shrinking.

“To be 50% of the population--that’s an incredibly high number,” said Phat X. Chiem, editor of UC Irvine’s newspaper, New University. “It’s so high that some people criticize the school for being monocultural.”

And experts predict that the University of California’s recent rollback of affirmative action admissions will increase the number of students of Asian descent on campus, because most Asian Americans do not benefit from current admissions policies, which give preference to underrepresented minorities.

Asian Americans are also the state’s fastest-growing group and meet the university’s admission requirements at a higher rate than any other group.

...almost one-third of the state’s high school students of Asian descent qualified for admission to UC in 1990, compared with only 13% of whites, 5% of blacks and 4% of Latinos, according to the most recent figures from the California Postsecondary Education Commission. “There are large numbers of very qualified Asian American applicants applying to Berkeley,” said Pat Hayashi, UC Berkeley’s vice chancellor of admissions. “And I think it’s safe to predict that our numbers will continue to go up.”

Asian American students have long favored the more coveted UC schools, particularly UCLA and Berkeley, because they are centrally located and offer quality academic programs for a relatively low cost. But they also are the campuses with the most applicants vying for every seat.

“Historically, before [World War II], a lot of American universities were not admitting Asian American students, except for UC Berkeley and UCLA,” said professor L. Ling-Chi Wang, head of UC Berkeley’s Asian American Studies Department. “As a result, Asians have had a long affection and tie to these universities. They also have emerged to become leading research universities, and they are located in two of the most heavily populated areas for Asian Americans.”

...n the mid- to late-1980s, Asian Americans accused many of the nation’s top universities--including UC Berkeley and UCLA--of discriminating against applicants of Asian descent out of fear that their numbers were growing too fast.

At UC Berkeley, various state agencies stepped in to examine the allegations that Asian American admissions had been declining because of a series of deliberate policy changes. Although the university initially denied the allegations, former Chancellor Ira Michael Heyman publicly apologized to the Asian community in 1989 for hindering Asian Americans in the admissions process.

... issue of affirmative action has divided the state’s Asian community, because its members are torn between the community’s long commitment to civil rights and its desire for equal opportunities to attend the best schools.

“Asians are still minorities in California, but they get the shaft when they apply to colleges,” said Matt Belloni, opinion editor of UC Berkeley’s student newspaper.

..UC Berkeley Chancellor Chang-Lin Tien, the system’s highest-ranking Asian American, contends that dismantling affirmative action may, in the long term, hurt the very students who envision benefits from new race-neutral admissions policies.

“If we don’t make any efforts to maintain diversity, we may end up over 90% Asian and Caucasian,” Tien said. “I don’t think that would be good for the educational experience of Asians and Caucasians.

.. some students of Asian descent say they are enduring a backlash, which manifests itself in persistent campus jokes and offhand comments about Asians raising the grading curve and creating too much academic competition. UCLA, for instance, is sometimes referred to as the University of Caucasians Lost Among Asians, and UCI has been sarcastically called the University of Chinese Immigrants.

Vox: Asians complain they are used as a tool against affirmative action

2019-11-07T08:58:00.002-08:00

Alvin Chang is horrified how Asians are being used as a tool against affirmative action. But he does not see that a system that helps blacks isn't far from being the same system being used against Asians. In my view, this could be fixed by saying preferences that help blacks are good but those that harm Asians are bad,

Racial Quotas Just 21st Century Version of Separate But Equal Admissions?

my bigger view is that having 2 different admissions systems, one for picking out the highest scores, and one for picking out racial quotas is just another variation on the idea of separate but equal.

I would take the position of Thomas Sowell, why would I argue for racial quotas to get into Harvard when the very idea of honor of getting into Harvard was that you were admitted because you had the highest score, just just a good enough one to make a racial quota, and the real benefit is for the white and Asian candidates who would be harmed by a lack of racial diversity????

Asians are being used to make the case against ... - Vox

https://www.vox.com/2018/3/28/17031460/affirmative-action-asian-discrimination-admissions

https://www.vox.com › affirmative-action-asian-discrimination-admissions

Aug 30, 2018 - We are cast as victims in a pernicious story about race. ... professor Sumi Cho coined a term for this conservative tactic: “racial mascotting.”.

Asian-American leaders are/were horrified that their cause was being co-opted by conservatives to dismantle policies that helped other racial minorities — and they refused to play the part.

I was fed a certain story about affirmative action, so when I saw this data a few years later, it only solidified this mental model:

The data is from an influential 2009 book in which two Princeton sociologists, Thomas Espenshade and Alexandra Radford, quantified how well you needed to score on your SATs to have an equal chance of admission as someone of another race. It implies that a black student who scores 1000 on her SATs would have an equal chance of admission as a white student who scores 1310 or an Asian-American student who scores 1450.
This study gave legs to a longstanding conservative argument that affirmative action is a misguided progressive policy to help black and Hispanic people while unfairly penalizing Asian and white people.[it doesn't prove that affirmative action has to hurt Asians while it helps blacks but perhaps it shows it's part of the same pattern - Asians and whites could be lumped together as one "non-disadvantaged minority" group but studies seem to show that Asians aren't treated the same was whites, or counted as the same]

No Longer Separate, Not Yet Equal: Race and Class in Elite College Admission and Campus Life

Thomas J. Espenshade and Alexandria Walton Radford

Hardcover

against the backdrop of today’s increasingly multicultural society, are America’s elite colleges admitting and successfully educating a diverse student body? No Longer Separate, Not Yet Equal pulls back the curtain on the selective college experience and takes a rigorous and comprehensive look at how race and social class impact each stage — from application and admission, to enrollment and student life on campus. Arguing that elite higher education contributes to both social mobility and inequality, the authors investigate such areas as admission advantages for minorities, academic achievement gaps tied to race and class, unequal burdens in paying for tuition, and satisfaction with college experiences.

The book’s analysis is based on data provided by the National Survey of College Experience, collected from more than nine thousand students who applied to one of ten selective colleges between the early 1980s and late 1990s. The authors explore the composition of applicant pools, factoring in background and “selective admission enhancement strategies” — including AP classes, test-prep courses, and extracurriculars — to assess how these strengthen applications. On campus, the authors examine roommate choices, friendship circles, and degrees of social interaction, and discover that while students from different racial and class circumstances are not separate in college, they do not mix as much as one might expect. The book encourages greater interaction among student groups and calls on educational institutions to improve access for students of lower socioeconomic status.

No Longer Separate, Not Yet Equal offers valuable insights into the intricate workings of America’s elite higher education system.

When Trump first took office, the Justice Department dug up a two-year-old complaint against Harvard that alleges the school has quotas on how many Asian Americans it accepts. It opened an investigation into Harvard’s admissions practices, which many feared would create a chilling effect on other schools with affirmative action programs.

Then in October, a federal court heard arguments on a lawsuit that alleges the same thing. And in the lead-up to thetrial, the Trump administration wrote a statement of support for the plaintiffs, who echoed the exact argument conservatives have been making for decades:

...the record evidence demonstrates that Harvard’s race-based admissions process significantly disadvantages Asian-American applicants compared to applicants of other racial groups — including both white applicants and applicants from other racial minority groups.

But of greater concern is that this story — of merit artificially tweaked to engineer a certain racial demographic — implies that there is an objective way to measure who is deserving and who isn’t. And it suggests that if we went purely by this idea of merit, it is white and Asian people who would be on top, and that that is the natural state of the world.

The “racial mascoting” of Asians

The use of Asian Americans as a political prop isn’t new.

In the mid-1980s, Asian-American groups started to uncover admissions practices that hurt Asian applicants. Eventually, top schools like Stanford and Brown conceded there was real bias against Asians in their admissions policies.

The Reagan administration saw an opportunity in these controversies.

William Bradford Reynolds, then the head of the Justice Department’s Civil Rights Division and a longtime opponent of affirmative action, said in a 1988 speech that Asian Americans faced discrimination because of efforts to help other minority groups:

While university officials are understandably loath to admit that they are discriminating against qualified Asian-Americans, rejection of such applicants ironically appears to be driven by the universities’ “affirmative action” policies aimed at favoring other, preferred racial minorities.

But Asian-American leaders were horrified that their cause was being co-opted by conservatives to dismantle policies that helped other racial minorities — and they refused to play the part.

UC Berkeley professor L. Ling-Chi Wang wrote to Reynolds, “At no time has anyone in the Asian American community linked these concerns to the legitimate affirmative action program for the historically discriminated, underrepresented minorities.”

Law professor and activist Mari Matsuda argued Asians shouldn’t be used to “deny educational opportunities to the disadvantaged and to preserve success only for the privileged.”

DePaul professor Sumi Cho coined a term for this conservative tactic: “racial mascotting.”

...

The latest challenge to affirmative action began with a lawsuit filed by Edward Blum, who also launched the previous attack on affirmative action. In that case, Blum recruited Abigail Fisher, a white student who claimed she was rejected by the University of Texas Austin because of her race. That case went to the Supreme Court, and many believed it would finally strike down affirmative action — but it didn’t.

For his next act, Blum took another swing at affirmative action — this time, using Asian Americans as the victims in a lawsuit against Harvard.

But shortly after Blum filed his lawsuit, something interesting happened: A coalition of more than 60 Asian-American groups filed a Justice Department complaint largely mimicking Blum’s lawsuit.

Leading that charge was a Chinese-American man named Yukong Zhao, a Florida businessman in his 50s.

Zhao is the president of the Asian American Coalition for Education, the collection of groups that filed the DOJ complaint. And he and his followers are ideal allies for white, anti-affirmative action conservatives. They not only claim that race-conscious policies are unfair but argue convincingly that they are victims.

What’s unique about Zhao is his large audience; he’s a star on the Chinese social media platform WeChat, which has turned into a kind of “virtual Chinatown,” as activist Steven Chen puts it. It’s an isolated place populated by mostly first-generation immigrants from mainland China, with high barriers to entry for everyone else. And it has become an echo chamber for stories of anti-Asian discrimination.

Zhao has been one of the loudest voices on this front. “In the future,” he told me, “our dream, just like Martin Luther King, is we want every child to be judged on their talent and content of their character, not by their skin color.”

....Poon, the education researcher, found that they’re actually much smaller and more homogenous than the coalition’s profile suggests.

She interviewed 36 Asian Americans last year who have advocated for or against affirmative action. And she found that those who have advocated against affirmative action are almost entirely recent immigrants from mainland China — the same group that spends time on WeChat. They tend to be affluent and educated, but also racially isolated. They work in places that are predominantly white, and occupy social spaces that are predominantly Chinese.

...Zhao says the way to address racial discrimination is to remove all race-based policies,[rather than just remove anti-Asian bias] echoing other affirmative action opponents. Otherwise, he says, Asian Americans become victims — perhaps like his son, who he says experienced racial discrimination from at least two Ivy League schools who rejected him, despite an application that was more than deserving.

”We’re hardworking, we never ask for any government favors,” he told me. “But you blame us as overrepresented. We contribute to society. ... Why are Asian Americans being punished?”

Asians Outscore Whites on SAT and Meeting Benchmarks and AP

2019-11-04T14:39:00.001-08:00

Asians outscore whites in getting a 3 on AP (usually means college credit)
Asians now outscore whites in Critical Reading as well as Mathematics and Writing as of 2017
More Asians than whites meet both reading and writing and math benchmarks in 2017

from https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2017/09/27/scores-new-sat-show-large-gaps-race-and-ethnicity

For SAT scores, a particularly striking figure relates to the performance of Asian-Americans who took the test.

In the last year before the College Board started to switch to the new version of the SAT, white students outscored Asian students in one category, critical reading.

Here are the numbers from this year:

Mean SAT Scores by Race/Ethnicity, 2015

Group	Critical Reading	Mathematics	Writing
American Indian	481	482	460
Asian-American	525	598	531
Black	431	428	418
Mexican-American	448	457	438
Puerto Rican	456	449	442
Other Hispanic	449	457	439
White	529	534	513

In the new version of the SAT, Asian students scored higher on average on both parts of the test than did all other student groups. Experts on admissions know of course that colleges admit on the basis of more than test scores, and typically on a wide range of factors.

But critics of affirmative action -- perhaps including the U.S. Justice Department -- have focused on test scores to argue that elite colleges are discriminating against Asian applicants. The new data not only show Asian students earning top scores, but also that Asian students were significantly more likely to have met what the College Board calls "benchmark" scores indicating that students have a 75 percent chance of earning a C or higher in various college courses. The table below shows the percentage of students who met the benchmark for both the mathematics and the reading and writing sections of the test.

2017 Mean SAT Scores, and Percentage Meeting Benchmarks, by Race and Ethnicity

Group	Reading and Writing	Mathematics	Met Both Benchmarks
American Indian/Alaska Native	486	477	27%
Asian	569	612	70%
Black	479	462	20%
Latino	500	487	31%
Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander	498	488	32%
White	565	553	59%

Harvard’s gatekeeper reveals SAT cutoff scores based on race

2019-11-04T12:06:00.001-08:00

New York Post: Harvard’s gatekeeper reveals SAT cutoff scores based on race

https://nypost.com/2018/10/17/harvards-gatekeeper-reveals-sat-cutoff-scores-based-on-race/

excerpts:

A Harvard University dean testified that the school has different SAT score standards for prospective students based on factors such as race and sex — but insisted that the practice isn’t discriminatory, as a trial alleging racism against Asian-American applicants began this week.

The Ivy League school was sued in 2014 by the group Students for Fair Admissions, which claims that Asian-American students, despite top-notch academic records, had the lowest admission rate among any race.

The trial began Monday, and has so far only included testimony from dean of admissions William Fitzsimmons.
He said Harvard sends recruitment letters to African-American, Native American and Hispanic high schoolers with mid-range SAT scores, around 1100 on math and verbal combined out of a possible 1600, CNN reported.

Asian-Americans only receive a recruitment letter if they score at least 250 points higher — 1350 for women, and 1380 for men.

Fitzsimmons explained a similar process for white wannabe students in states that don’t see a lot of Harvard attendees, like Montana or Nevada. Students in those states would receive a recruitment letter if they had at least a 1310 on their SATs.

this chart gives percentage - minorities come from as low as the 68th percentile or only the top third of the class, barely above average but Asians are in the top 20th, and women are preferred over men
https://blog.prepscholar.com/sat-percentiles-high-precision-2016
1600 99.98 perfect
1380 95.5 asian men
1353 94.1 asian women
1310 91.1 whites from targeted states
1100 68.7 Harvard sends recruitment letters to African-American, Native American and Hispanic high schoolers with mid-range SAT scores, around 1100 on math and verbal combined out of a possible 1600, CNN reported.

“That’s race discrimination, plain and simple,” John Hughes, a lawyer for Students for Fair Admissions, challenged the dean.

“It is not,” the dean insisted. He said the school targeted certain groups in order to “break the cycle” and try to convince students to apply to Harvard who normally wouldn’t consider the school.

Fitzsimmons’ office oversees the screening process of about 40,000 applications and whittles them down to 2,000 [5%] acceptance letters that are handed out each year.
....

Adam Mortara, another attorney representing Students for Fair Admissions, accused Harvard of giving Asian-Americans significantly lower ratings for certain personal qualities, such as leadership and compassion, than other races, according to the Washington Post.
“Harvard has engaged in, and continues to engage in, intentional discrimination against Asian-Americans,” Mortara said.

William Lee, the lawyer representing the Cambridge, Mass., school, denied that it engages in discriminatory practices, saying its doors are “open to students of all backgrounds and means.”

“Harvard never considers an applicant’s race to be a negative,”[yet admits that race can be a positive] he said.

The trial, which will last at least three weeks, is being heard by Judge Allison Burroughs — not a jury.

No matter the outcome of the case, an appeal that could reach the US Supreme Court is anticipated. It could shape the long-standing debate surrounding affirmative action, a landmark policy from 1978 that has given mostly African-American and Hispanic students ***an advantage in the college application process.***

Compare this to book which looked at actual affirmative action:
data is from an influential 2009 book in which two Princeton sociologists, Thomas Espenshade and Alexandra Radford, quantified how well you needed to score on your SATs to have an equal chance of admission as someone of another race. It implies that a black student who scores 1000 on her SATs would have an equal chance of admission as a white student who scores 1310 or an Asian-American student who scores 1450.

this largely echos the Harvard invitation scheme:
1600 99.98 perfect
1450 / 1380 95.5 asian men
1450 / 1353 94.1 asian women
1310 / 1310 91.1 whites from targeted states
1000 / 1100 / 68.7 Harvard sends recruitment letters to African-American, Native American and Hispanic high schoolers with mid-range SAT scores, around 1100 on math and verbal combined out of a possible 1600, CNN reported.

From

http://ephblog.com/2017/04/04/asian-versus-black-sat-scores/ shows we don't have 15% blacks until we go down to about 450-500 Math SAT
It also shows at 750-800 there are more Asians than whites
https://blog.prepscholar.com/sat-percentiles-and-score-rankings shows 500 math SAT is about 41 to 49 percentile

Tue 4 Apr 2017

Asian Versus Black SAT Scores
http://ephblog.com/2017/04/04/asian-versus-black-sat-scores/
Posted by David Dudley Field '25 under Michael McPherson, URM Admissions at 6:41 am

This Brookings Report highlights the continuing gaps in performance on the SAT and similar IQ tests among racial groups. Former Economics Professor Mike McPherson also gets a mention. Key chart

Several Ephs tweeted out a link to the related New York Times story:

“Race gaps on the SATs are especially pronounced at the tails of the distribution,” the two authors note. In math, for example,

among top scorers — those scoring between a 750 and 800 — 60 percent are Asian and 33 percent are white, compared to 5 percent Latino and 2 percent black. Meanwhile, among those scoring between 300 and 350, 37 percent are Latino, 35 percent are black, 21 percent are white, and 6 percent are Asian.

Translating those percentages into concrete numbers, Reeves and Halikias estimate that

in the entire country last year at most 2,200 black and 4,900 Latino test-takers scored above a 700. In comparison, roughly 48,000 whites and 52,800 Asians scored that high. The same absolute disparity persists among the highest scorers: 16,000 whites and 29,570 Asians scored above a 750, compared to only at most 1,000 blacks and 2,400 Latinos.

Stanford Expelled Chinese Student Billionaire Parents Paid $6.5 Million

2019-05-04T15:47:00.002-07:00

Stanford Expelled Chinese Student Billionaire Parents Paid $6.5 Million

https://www.stanforddaily.com/2019/05/01/expelled-students-family-paid-6-5-million-in-scandal-to-secure-her-admission-to-stanford/

The billionaire Chinese family of former Stanford sophomore Yusi Zhao paid $6.5 million — the largest known sum in the college admissions scandal uncovered by Operation Varsity Blues — to secure her admission to Stanford.

Yusi’s father, Tao Zhao, is the chairman and co-founder of multibillion-dollar pharmaceutical company Shandong Buchang, based in Heze, China.

Yusi was expelled after the University discovered that her application contained falsified sailing credentials linked to a $500,000 payment to the University’s sailing program. She moved out of her on-campus residence on March 30, according to sources familiar with the matter — three days before the University announced the expulsion in a press release on April 2.

(continues at link)

UK Universities White Male Enrollments Need Affirmative Action

2019-04-14T05:56:00.001-07:00

UK Universities White Male Enrollments Need Affirmative Action

https://campusquest.blogspot.com/2019/04/uk-universities-white-male-enrollments.html

UK is still 90% white but only 27 per cent of the UK undergraduate intake were white males in 2016-17 instead of 45%.

Universities launch drive to recruit more white males as low numbers ...
https://www.telegraph.co.uk › News
Dec 9, 2018 - Universities are setting targets to recruit more white male students after ... Oxford University has previously announced a drive to attract more of ...

White British students are in a minority at roughly one in ten institutions, according to the Higher Education Statistics Agency.

Meanwhile on certain courses such as pharmacy, business and some science degrees, more than seven in 10 students is from an ethnic minority.

In 2016-17, 27 per cent of the UK undergraduate intake were white males, down from 30 per cent in 2007-08.

Oxford University has previously announced a drive to attract more of the group.

Are White Males a Minority Group? Two Universities Say Yes, Launch ...
https://www.newsweek.com/are-white-males-minority-group-universities-say-yes-laun...
Dec 11, 2018 - Two British universities are aiming to recruit more white males, after the numbers of ... Oxford University, considered one of the best educational ...

Black UK College Students Threaten White Enrollment, Schools Panic ...
https://newsone.com/3839835/uk-black-white-college-student-recruits/ black media
Dec 10, 2018 - “Universities are setting targets to recruit more white male students after low ... The esteemed Oxford University along with Aston and Essex ...

The esteemed Oxford University along with Aston and Essex Universities were reportedly among the schools that have consciously tried to attract in an increased number of white students in an apparent effort to offset the number of Black students. (It was just about eight years ago when it was reported that the U.K.’s two elite universities — Oxford and the University of Cambridge — were admitting a paltry number of Black students to their undergraduate programs.)

number of Black students was up by 11 percent. Students belonging to other ethnicities, including Asian and “mixed ethnic backgrounds” also “saw significant increases,” according to the Independent.

Still, the odds were reportedly heavily stacked in favor of white students over Black ones. “[S]tudents are twice as likely to get in [to Oxford] if they are white compared with their black counterparts,” the BBC reported in May.

back in the U.S. at the nation’s historically Black colleges and universities, where white students were on pace to become the majority.

“In many cases, African-American students have ceased being a majority at HBCUs,” according to a report from Diverse Issues in Higher Education published this past summer. “At some, they are a small minority among a White majority.”

Half of universities in England have fewer than 5% poor white students ...
https://www.theguardian.com/.../half-of-universities-england-have-fewer-than-5-poor-w...
Feb 14, 2019 - The University of Cambridge and Oxford University were among the ... specifically with white males and fewer than 12% with white females ...

White working-class boys in England 'need more help' to go to university
https://www.theguardian.com/.../white-working-class-boys-in-england-need-more-help-t...
May 10, 2018 - Anne-Marie Canning, director of social mobility and student success at King's CollegeLondon, said that white working-class boys “are the most ...

Oxford University to launch summer school aimed at white working ...
https://www.independent.co.uk › STUDENT › News
Mar 2, 2017 - Oxford University has launched a summer school for white British boys, in a bid to increase its intake of working class students. It is the first time ...

Harvard Arcidiacono Expert Report Asian Admissions

2019-04-11T05:24:00.002-07:00

Harvard Arcidiacono Expert Report Asian Admissions

https://campusquest.blogspot.com/2019/04/harvard-arcidiacono-expert-report-asian.html

EXPERT REPORT OF PETER S. ARCIDIACONO
Students for Fair Admissions, Inc. v. Harvard
No. 14-cv-14176-ADB (D. Mass)

https://samv91khoyt2i553a2t1s05i-wpengine.netdna-ssl.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/Doc-415-1-Arcidiacono-Expert-Report.pdf

Asians have highest academic ratings, Asian rejects higher than African admits

To illustrate just how strong the Asian-American pool is, in the baseline

dataset Asian-American applicants have academic indexes that are over 0.2

standard deviations higher than whites, almost one standard deviation higher than

Hispanics, and over 1.5 standard deviations higher than African Americans. Indeed,

Asian-American rejects have academic indexes that are higher than AfricanAmerican admits.

Whites 44% higher than Asian, Blacks 3X White admit rates
• Race plays a significant role in admissions decisions. Consider the example of
an Asian-American applicant who is male, is not disadvantaged,3 and has
other characteristics that result in a 25% chance of admission. Simply
changing the race of this applicant to white—and leaving all his other
characteristics the same—would increase his chance of admission to 36%.
Changing his race to Hispanic (and leaving all other characteristics the same)
would increase his chance of admission to 77%. Changing his race to AfricanAmerican (again, leaving all other characteristics the same) would increase
his chance of admission to 95%

Black admissions rates consistent with a [illegal]floor quota
For the three most recent admissions cycles, a period during which Harvard’s
Admissions Office has tracked admission rates by race using the federal
IPEDS (Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System) methodology,
Harvard has maintained African-American admission rates at nearly exactly
the same level as the admission rates for all other domestic applicants
(within 0.00064). The probability that the difference in admission rates would
be smaller than 0.00064 in each of the three years is less than 0.2% absent
direct manipulation, and is consistent with Harvard having a floor on the
African-American admit rate.

Asians are qualified enough to be 50% not 20% of students
Despite being more academically qualified than the other three major racial/ethnic
groups (whites, African Americans, and Hispanics), Asian-American applicants
have the lowest admissions rates. In fact, data produced by Harvard show that this
has been true for every admissions cycle for the classes of 2000 to 2019.
A closer examination of the six years for which Harvard produced applicant-level
admissions data shows that even removing those who receive some other form of
preferences (such as legacy, athletic, or early action) still results in Asian
Americans having the lowest admit rates over this period. For the Class of 2014
through the Class of 2019, Asian Americans made up roughly 22% of domestic
students admitted to the Harvard freshman class. If Harvard relied exclusively on
the academic index it assigns to each applicant in making domestic admissions
decisions, the Asian-American share of its domestic admitted freshman class over
those same six years would be over 50%.

In particular, the most competitive applicants receive a 1 or 2 (the best
scores) on the Academic Rating. In the baseline dataset, 58.6% of Asian-American
applicants receive a 1 or 2, compared to 44.7% of whites, 14.7% of Hispanics, and
7.3% of African Americans. Asian-American applicants likewise have very strong
Extracurricular Ratings, again ranking higher on average than any of the other
three groups. Asian-American applicants, however, do not score as well on the Personal Rating
and the Overall Rating

Race Blind Admissions Would Increase Asians by 50%
More stark are the effects of removing all racial preferences for under-represented minorities, penalties against Asian Americans, and legacy and athlete preferences. The number of Asian-American admits would increase by 1,241 over the six-year period, a 50% increase.6

consistent with Harvard recruiting students from these ethnicities with
lower test scores.35
Second, Asian-American applicants have higher test scores than each of the other
racial groups. In every year, Asian applicants and admits have higher test scores
than white applicants and admits. And over the course of this period, AsianAmerican applicants had test scores between 88 and 125 points higher than African
Americans per section 36 and between 70 and 87 points higher than Hispanic
applicants per section. Indeed, in every year Asian-American applicants had higher
test scores than either African American or Hispanic admits.

s prompted concern at Harvard that the new reporting would
understate the number of African-American admits to Harvard.37 The portion of the
admitted class that was single-race African American was below 7% for each of the
last three cohorts and the lowest fraction of the admitted class that coded as African
American under the old methodology in the last 19 admissions cycles was above 8%.
Table 1.1 reports admit rates for African-American applicants and all other
domestic applicants.

I can say with 99.8% confidence that Harvard has manipulated its
admissions process to ensure that the African-American admissions rate tracks the
overall admissions rate—it operates as a floor for African-American admit rates
over at least those three admission cycles.

simulation is set up so that the average probability of admission is
exactly the same for each group, regardless of where Harvard sets the cutoff for
admission: racial preferences for single-race African Americans exactly counteract
differences in the quality of the applicants across single-race African Americans and
other domestic applicants. In so doing, I maximize the probability that the two
admit rates will be close together.

38 Notably, the admit rate for single-race African-American applicants did not exhibit this
behavior before the admissions cycle for the Class of 2017 when Harvard’s Admissions
Office began using the IPEDS methodology. Because Harvard’s Admissions Office did not
code for race/ethnicity using the IPEDS methodology before the admissions cycle for the
Class of 2017, this type of data is unavailable for the Classes of 2014, 2015, and 2016. But
using the measures that are available, I am able to mimic the single-race African-American
admit rates in 2017, 2018, and 2019 and use this data to create similar single-race AfricanAmerican (and all other domestic applicant) admit rates for the Classes of 2014, 2015, and
2016. These results are reported in the second set of columns of Table B.1. The minimum
difference in admit rates for the years 2014, 2015, and 2016 are significantly higher. The
average difference between the pre-2017 cycles is 12.7 times higher than the average
difference in the post-2017 cycles.
Case 1:14-cv-14176-ADB Document 415-1 Filed 06/15/18 Page 33 of 168
30

However, for the three-year period

since Harvard began employing the IPEDS methodology to code race/ethnicity (i.e.,

for the Classes of 2017 through 2019), the admit rates for single-race African

Americans begin below that of other domestic applicants, then rise until they

approximate or exceed the admit rates for all other domestic applicants in midMarch through the end of the admissions cycle. In the 2017 and 2019 cycles, there

are points in June where the admissions rate for single-race African Americans are

as close to the domestic non-African American admit rate as they can possibly be

given the size of the admitted class and the number of applicants in each group.

This analysis further supports the conclusion that Harvard has imposed a floor for

African-American admit rates for at least the admissions cycles for the Classes of

2017 through 2019.

I show that Asian-American applicants are stronger on almost all

academic measures than those of other races/ethnicities, so much so that AsianAmerican rejects are stronger on some academic measures than African-American

admits. A

To illustrate just how strong the Asian-American pool is, in the baseline

dataset Asian-American applicants have academic indexes that are over 0.2

standard deviations higher than whites, almost one standard deviation higher than

Hispanics, and over 1.5 standard deviations higher than African Americans. Indeed,

Asian-American rejects have academic indexes that are higher than AfricanAmerican admits.

Asian-American applicants are less likely to be disadvantaged than

African-American or Hispanic applicants, but are more likely to be disadvantaged

than white applicants.44

Boston Globe: He bought the fencing coach's house. And then his son got into Harvard

2019-04-04T13:30:00.003-07:00

He bought the fencing coach's house. And then his son got into Harvard

BREAKING NEWS ALERT

It was a modest house by Needham’s standards, a center-entrance colonial, three bedrooms and a two-car garage on a quarter-acre lot. The inside hadn’t welcomed a renovator in many, many years, and the outside didn’t wear its age particularly well.

Its owner: Peter Brand, Harvard University’s legendary fencing coach. Its assessed value: $549,300.

So when the house sold to a wealthy Maryland businessman for close to a million dollars in May 2016, the town’s top assessor was so dumbfounded that he wrote the following in his notes: “Makes no sense.”

Now it might.

The buyer, it turns out, was the father of a high school junior who was actively looking at applying to Harvard with an eye toward being on the fencing team.
Soon enough, Jie Zhao’s younger son would gain admission and join the team. And Zhao, who never lived a day in the Needham house, would sell it 17 months after he bought it for a $324,500 loss.

The home sale may become the next chapter in the national debate over fairness in college admissions.

To read the full story, visit www.BostonGlobe.com.

Does Elite College Help Black Job Applicants?

2019-01-03T19:29:00.001-08:00

Does Elite College Help Black Job Applicants?

African-Americans with 'elite' college degrees have little advantage in job market
March 9, 2015 by Jared Wadley, University of Michigan
Does having a college degree from a highly selective school make a difference in getting a well-paid job? Not if you're African-American, says a University of Michigan researcher.

A popular belief in U.S. society is that education is the great equalizer to overcoming social disadvantages and obtaining a good job. In his study, S. Michael Gaddis tests the value of different types of college degrees in the labor market for white and black candidates.

The results show that although a credential from an elite university results in more employer responses for all applicants, black candidates from these prestigious universities do only as well in getting the job as white candidates from less-selective universities.

A white candidate with a degree from an elite university can expect an employer response for every six résumés submitted, while an equally qualified black candidate must submit eight résumés to receive a response. White candidates with a degree from a less-selective university need to submit nine résumés to expect a response, while a similar black candidate needs to submit 15 résumés.

Read more at: https://phys.org/news/2015-03-african-americans-elite-college-degrees-advantage.html#jCp

Does It Matter Where You Go To College? The Answer: It ... - NPR
https://www.npr.org/templates/transcript/transcript.php?storyId=681851493
17 hours ago - First, among men, the study found no relationship between college ... So what it seems to find is that going to a really, really elite school, ...

Most people who either get into Harvard or who are on the bubble of getting into Harvard are essentially of Harvard quality, anyway, no matter where they go to school. So by the time they enter the workforce in their 20s and 30s, they're essentially earning a Harvard salary.

the effect of going to an elite school for women isn't so much that it makes them more productive per hour. It's that it makes them work more hours. It makes them think more about a career and the way that they should give that career preference over having a family in their late 20s and early 30s.

for people who come from lower-income families or who aren't white, attending an elite institution like Harvard or Stanford or Duke has a big effect on earnings. And so the way that I think about this is, like, all right. These minority students, these lower-income students, they're listening to the same professors. They're sitting in the same chairs and taking the same tests as their whiter or richer peers.

So what exactly is happening? Well, what I think is happening is that if you're a kid from a high-income family, your parents already have a really rich network of internships and entry-level jobs they can plug you into no matter where you go to school.

MARTIN: Right.

THOMPSON: But if you come from a lower-income family that has less socioeconomic status then the college itself is serving as the plug into these higher-earning parts of the economy.

High-Achieving, Low-Income Students: Where Elite Colleges - NPR

https://www.npr.org/.../high-achieving-low-income-students-where-elite-colleges-are-fall...
Aug 17, 2017 - High-Achieving, Low-Income Students: Where Elite Colleges Are Falling ... AmherstCollege in Massachusetts has a work-study program where ...

How Transfer Students Became Trendy : NPR

https://www.npr.org/.../top-colleges-seeking-diversity-from-a-new-source-transfer-stude...
Dec 4, 2018 - And they're not the only elite schools looking to community colleges and ... The small size of the study body came up several times — Amherst ...

We Now Know A Lot More About Students Who Receive ... - NPR

https://www.npr.org/.../we-now-know-a-lot-more-about-students-who-receive-federal-co...
Jun 3, 2018 - One is from researchers at The Pell Institute for the Study of ... High-Achieving, Low-Income Students: Where Elite Colleges Are Falling Short ...

Admissions University of California lawsuit alleges anti-Asian bias

2019-01-01T11:48:00.000-08:00

Admissions University of California

*Sources

https://nextshark.com/university-of-california-faces-lawsuit-over-discrimination-of-asian-american-applicants/ Carl Samson·News·November 20, 2018

According to the Los Angeles Times, Asian Americans have remained the largest ethnic group admitted across the UC system since 2010. The group also has the highest freshman admission rate, recording 69% last fall above Whites (59%), Latinos (53%) and Blacks (45%).

Last year, Asian Americans made up 29.1% of UC admissions, ahead of Latinos (23.2%), Whites (22.8%) and Blacks (4.15%). The figures are higher at more competitive campuses, with Asian Americans making up 40% at Berkeley, 35.5% at Los Angeles, 36.5% at Irvine and 35.7% at San Diego.

“The Regents even refused to provide AACSC with the exact data fields that it had previously provided to Sander,” the suit said. “The stonewalling, misdirection, filibustering, and ultimate refusal to provide information demonstrates the Regents’ deep and pervasive lack of transparency.”

Sander believes that the UC system discriminates against Asian Americans based on a 2014 report, which reviewed UCLA’s admissions from Fall 2007 to Fall 2011.
Looking at the applicants’ race and identifying successful admissions under standard criteria, the report found that “Whites, African Americans, and Latinos are overrepresented among those admitted and Asian American applicants are underrepresented.”

Last year, Asian Americans made up 29.1% of UC admissions, ahead of Latinos (23.2%), Whites (22.8%) and Blacks (4.15%). The figures are higher at more competitive campuses, with Asian Americans making up 40% at Berkeley, 35.5% at Los Angeles, 36.5% at Irvine and 35.7% at San Diego.

Asian Versus Black SAT Scores Discrimination at Williams

2018-12-12T06:59:00.001-08:00

Asian Versus Black SAT Scores Discrimination at Williams
https://campusquest.blogspot.com/2018/12/asian-versus-black-sat-scores.html
12/12/2018

Asian Versus Black SAT Scores
Posted by David Dudley Field '25 under Michael McPherson, URM Admissions Tue 4 Apr 2017
http://ephblog.com/2017/04/04/asian-versus-black-sat-scores/

Notes that at Williams SAT score range there are actually more Asians than whites in SAT pool but whites still outnumber Asian 4 to 1, suggests affirmative action and hidden quota may act against asians,

commenter notes seeing a lot of perfect students who are turned down and some say those may be asians.

claim - graduation rates for blacks same as other groups - but not true. Over 90% for all groups but big gap is in the failure rate which is usually 2 to 3 times for any college with an affirmative action program regardless of overall graduation rate

WA: I haven’t dived in this data in a while, but I believe that this is accurate.

6-year failure to graduate rate:
white: 3.9%
Asian: 3.2%
black: 9.3%

Here is paper one commenter who is white but sympathizes with asians:

says:

Here’s part of an essay I wrote in my freshman year sociology class about discrimination against Asians at Williams (for what it’s worth, I’m a white male). It’s a wall of text so feel free to skim, but it is worth noting how often this issue is discussed.

My school’s college counseling office offered a service called Naviance, which created scatter plots of a given college’s past acceptances and rejections, respectively represented by green and red dots distributed over a graph whose y-axis was GPA and x-axis SAT scores. First observing Naviance graphs, I was baffled to see red dots in the upper-right corner of Williams’ graph, representing rejected students with 2400 SAT scores and valedictorian-caliber grades. My college counselor offered a simple explanation: those were Asian students.

It is hardly a question of whether or not this raised standard exists; the evidence suggesting so goes beyond the mountains of anecdotes. Thomas Espenshade, sociology professor emeritus at Princeton, found that, on average, Asian students would need an SAT score 140 points higher than their white counterparts for a similar chance of admission to a given college; a margin of 140 points can be the difference between the 50th and 66th percentile (Espenshade et. al., 2004). This is a confusing reality, for Williams puts forth an image that is non-discriminatory and prides itself on embracing the best students from all income levels. On Williams’ admission website, a non-discrimination statement is prominently featured, claiming that the college does not discriminate based on race: “Williams does not discriminate in admission, employment, or administration of its programs and activities on the basis of race” (Williams College Admissions). Williams is quick to boast about its diversity in admissions materials and campus tours, again suggesting anything but discriminatory admissions policies. To understand this reality, it is critical to investigate the changing landscape of diversity at American colleges.

Williams has a legacy that is white, male, and elitist: the college did not become coeducational until 1970 and it is widely known that the school maintained a policy of racial segregation after its founding (Phelps, 1888). College applicants no longer hail from strictly white and privileged backgrounds: women and minorities are applying to college today at rates greater than ever in the past. Therefore, it has become essential to the college’s future to shake its historical reputation of elitism, sexism and racism. In a globalized, post-civil rights movement era, many college applicants are more socially conscious and more eager to learn in a diverse environment than their peers throughout history. More and more students want to connect with peers from diverse backgrounds: there is a perceived value in being exposed to a wide array of cultures so that a student can become more “worldly”. Prospective college students are increasingly averse to schools with reputations for favoring the elite and wealthy: such “preppiness” is derogatory.

College admissions officers at Williams appear to understand this trend of averseness to white elitism amongst college applicants. To suggest diversity and non-elitism, an increasingly prominent metric advertised in college admissions booklets is the racial composition of the student body. On the first page of the current Williams’ admissions booklet, a breakdown of the student body’s racial composition is found, while about five years ago this same chart was on the fifth page, and fifteen years ago was absent (Williams College Admissions). In photos prominently placed in Williams’ admissions materials and website, there are consistently images depicting a happy, racially-integrated community. As a bonus of this diversity, Williams is able to write to its alums about how progressive and inclusive their college is. In a preface to the Class of 1990’s twenty-fifth reunion book, President Falk is quick to cite the school’s increasingly diverse community, which likely helps the college garner larger, feel-good donations from alumni. Williams is going out of its way to achieve certain diversity statistics and put forth an image of diversity and inclusivity, and for good reason: the college reaps rewards through the students it attracts, reputation it puts forth, and donations it earns.

Does this emphasis on diversity in Williams’ admissions account for Asians experiencing disadvantages in the admissions process? Taking what the college claims at face value, one would assume this is not the case: Williams explicitly claims to not have racial biases and instead states that they consider socioeconomic status in their pursuit of diversity. For instance, in press releases regarding incoming classes, admissions officers tend to brag about having created a “socioeconomically” diverse group of students. Dick Nesbitt, head of admissions at Williams, said of the Class of 2019, “We are especially gratified by the socioeconomic diversity represented in the Early Decision group, a direct result of the success of two expanded fall fly-in programs for high-ability, low-income students” (Williams College). However, this is not entirely forthright. The program Nesbitt refers to, called Windows on Williams, is not targeting low-income students: it targets non-Asian minorities. In the application for Windows on Williams, one of the requisites is being “a traditionally underrepresented minority” such as African-American, Native Hawaiian, Native American, or Hispanic, but not Asian. And, observing Windows on Williams occur on a weekend in September, it was apparent that the program had recruited mostly blacks and hispanics. Furthermore, some peers who participated in the program claimed that their families have no problem paying full tuition. If the program was truly trying to create a socioeconomically diverse class, as the press release suggests, one would expect for there to be low-income students of all races present. This was not the case: race appears to have been the determining factor.

It feels unlikely that Williams has embraced racial diversity entirely by its own accord, calling attention to the social forces that put a racial emphasis on diversity. Although diversity does not refer to race by definition, race appears to be associated with diversity more frequently than any other variable. Group photos on facebook showing a sports team that is racially homogenous, such as a skiing or rowing team, will occasionally receive sarcastic comments like, “What great diversity!”. A Google image search of the term “diversity” does not show people of varying ages and ethnicities dressed in their cultural garb, but photos of clasped hands where the only thing diverse is skin color. Considerations of a group’s varying nationalities, income levels, and personal experiences apparently fall second to race in judgements of diversity. With a definition of diversity hinging on race, it is not surprising that Asians are discriminated against. Asians are applying to top colleges in record numbers and with greater qualifications than any other group, so racial discrimination is necessary to create that front-and-center graphic in the admissions booklet boasting a racially balanced student body. This reality is also why there is no graphic to be found showing the student body’s family income distribution: students are more concerned about race demographics. If low-income families were favored and race was not considered, American colleges would be considerably more Asian, and when prospective students would visit campus and see a plurality of Asians, they would leave with the impression that the school lacks diversity even if many of those Asian students hailed from low-income families, because American youth seem to equate diversity with equal representation of many races. This precise phenomenon is seen at UCLA, a part of the California university system, which has been specifically regulated to not consider race in their admissions and has a student body that is 33.5% Asian, compared to Williams at 13% (UCLA). Sure enough, students complain about the lack of “diversity” at UCLA, joking that the school’s initials stand for “U C Lots of Asians”, and searching UCLA on Urban Dictionary yields the definition, “University of Caucasians Lost amongst Asians”. Students disdainfully equate this high proportion of Asians to a lack of diversity in discussions on online forums.

Essentially, colleges appear to be put into a position by the nature of today’s college applicant where they must be racially biased in their admissions policies but at the same time deny such biases. To admit to holding Asians to a higher standard would be akin to admitting racial discrimination, which would cause criticism, lawsuits, and possibly loss of federal funding. But this does not make the process any more fair to Asians. In terms of socioeconomic diversity, the perspectives and experiences offered by Asians add an important dimension to college life and enhance the student body just as any other student would. Asian college applicants often hail from low-income immigrant families who left behind poverty in Asia and faced racism and cultural challenges in their assimilation to America, learning a foreign language among those challenges. Something more than a distaste for a lack of racial diversity is perhaps fueling this discrimination against students who have the potential to contribute greatly to the cultural and economic diversity of a college. Beyond an aversion to a racially homogeneous student body, what else makes college applicants less attracted to a high percentage of Asians in a student body?

The discrepancy in treatment Asians experience in admission to Williams is likely fueled by the differing levels of sympathy that Americans feel towards Asians versus other minorities. Americans are quite cognisant of their society’s historic and ongoing mistreatment of blacks — the narrative of American history taught in high schools is one of overcoming slavery and its ongoing legacy. Much less attention is paid to Japanese internment camps during World War II or how today Asians are stereotyped as stoic, anti-fun people whose best role is to sit in front of a computer or crunch numbers. Indeed, when “Why are asians” is typed into a google search field, the auto-fill top-hit is “Why are Asians so smart”. While they are historically mistreated and presently stereotyped just like other minorities in America, because they are stereotyped as hardworking and bright, promoting their enrollment in American colleges does not qualify as “diversity”, even if they hail from a background just as adverse as another minority. It is true that, on a national scale, Asians as a demographic are doing quite well. They above and beyond have the highest annual income of any racial group in the United States, at $68,636, compared to whites at $57,009 and blacks $33,321, as well as the highest high school graduation rate (Perlberg, 2013; Bidwell, 2015). Generalizations about Asians’ success as a demographic, therefore, do not help increase sympathy by any means. But, of course, the success of the demographic does not mean that there are not Asians hailing from low-income or otherwise disadvantaged backgrounds. As articulated by Lipsitz, “Aggregate figures can obscure serious differences within racial groups… The experiences of members of minority groups are not interchangeable” (Lipsitz, 383). The vast and valuable range of experiences among Asians is reduced by American stereotypes, and because college admissions officers understand these stereotypes and how prospective students will view their institution if they admit Asians with the same standard as whites, they tend to act accordingly.

What are the implications of this apparent discrimination for Asians in America? For one, it sets a precedent of discrimination in what should ideally be one of the more meritocratic aspects of American society — if colleges discriminate against Asians, it is entirely conceivable an employer may do the same. Further, by admitting only the most exceptionally qualified Asian applicants, American students who come to college will have their “smart-Asian” stereotype reinforced, as they will be exposed to “average” Asians with much less frequency than would be truly representative of the Asian population in America.

ue 4 Apr 2017

Asian Versus Black SAT Scores

Posted by David Dudley Field '25 under Michael McPherson, URM Admissions at 6:41 am

This Brookings Report highlights the continuing gaps in performance on the SAT and similar IQ tests among racial groups. Former Economics Professor Mike McPherson also gets a mention. Key chart:

Several Ephs tweeted out a link to the related New York Times story:

“Race gaps on the SATs are especially pronounced at the tails of the distribution,” the two authors note. In math, for example,

among top scorers — those scoring between a 750 and 800 — 60 percent are Asian and 33 percent are white, compared to 5 percent Latino and 2 percent black. Meanwhile, among those scoring between 300 and 350, 37 percent are Latino, 35 percent are black, 21 percent are white, and 6 percent are Asian.

Translating those percentages into concrete numbers, Reeves and Halikias estimate that

in the entire country last year at most 2,200 black and 4,900 Latino test-takers scored above a 700. In comparison, roughly 48,000 whites and 52,800 Asians scored that high. The same absolute disparity persists among the highest scorers: 16,000 whites and 29,570 Asians scored above a 750, compared to only at most 1,000 blacks and 2,400 Latinos.

There should be a way to combine this data with what we know about college admissions and applicant preferences to get a more up-to-date estimate of racial distribution of SAT scores at Williams. Start with the latest available Common Data Set (pdf):

Full analysis left as an exercise for the reader! Comments:

1) About 2/3s of Williams students score above a 1400 combined. Speaking very roughly (and using hand-waving as my statistical estimation method of choice), whites and Asian Americans have about the same raw numbers in this pool. (There are, of course, many more white than Asian 17 year-olds in the US, but the whites do much worse on the SATs (and most other IQ tests)). So, why is the ratio of whites to Asians among Williams students almost 4:1? This suggests that Williams might discriminate against Asian-Americans in admissions. Now, there are many other plausible explanations other than discrimination which might explain this, mainly involving student/family preferences. But there is an interesting Record article (or senior thesis!) to write about this topic.

2) The ratio of Asian-Americans (74) to African-Americans (43) in the class of 2020 is not quite 2:1. But the ratio of students with Williams caliber SAT scores between these two groups is at least 20:1. The only thing that could possibly explain this discrepancy is massive preferences for African-Americans (relative to Asian-Americans) in Williams admissions. Taking another hand-waving guess, I would estimate that at least 70 of the Asian-Americans scored higher on the SAT/ACT than at least 40 of the African-Americans. In other words, the two distributions probably have almost no overlap, looking something like:

That couldn’t cause any problems on campus, could it? Below is an example of the sorts of “conversations” that students with radically different SAT scores have at Williams.

[27] Comments

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27 Responses to “Asian Versus Black SAT Scores”

strawman says:

next week–male vs female SAT scores?
April 4th, 2017 at 7:54 am

David Dudley Field '25 says:

> next week–male vs female SAT scores?

An excellent idea! I think we have looked at this before and the answers are as you would expect.

1) High school academic credentials, including SAT scores, are very similar among male/female enrolled students.

2) Nationwide, the mean SAT scores are similar, but men have a higher variance.

3) Women have higher mean GPA at Williams but men have higher variance, so, at the highest level (summa cum laude) male/female ratio is similar. At cum laude, women dominate.
April 4th, 2017 at 8:42 am

JAS says:

Group data.

Other group data.

Assumption.

Assumption.

Made up graph.

Conclusion about individuals.
April 4th, 2017 at 9:06 am

sigh says:

a new low on ephblog. just randomly shoe-horning a facebook back and forth about the Horn donation into a post about black and asian SAT scores to imply the black eph writing is less intelligent (that frame…my god).

FUCK THIS POST. disrespectful (I’d say racist) ass bullshit.
April 4th, 2017 at 9:41 am

David Dudley Field '25 says:

JAS: Do you think that my (estimated!) graph is substantially different than reality? I think that the average math/verbal SAT score among Asian-Americans in the class of 2020 at Williams is about 150 points higher than the score for African-Americans. Do you disagree? If so, what do you think the difference is, if any?
April 4th, 2017 at 10:46 am

John C. Drew, Ph.D. says:

– sigh

Again, I don’t understand why you think it helps the left for you to launch into these foul-mouth, personal attacks against others on this blog.

DDF was simply supplying a concrete example of a phenomenon implied by his analysis of the large gap between black and asian SAT scores at Williams College.

As Berline Osirus ’20 might tell you, “y’all are tiring.”
April 4th, 2017 at 12:29 pm

strawman says:

https://reports.collegeboard.org/pdf/total-group-2016.pff

actually the mean of girls is lower than for boys nationwide. mean critical reading score is slightly higher for boys than girls, and mean math score is much higher, as is the standard deviation. ratio of boys with 700+ to girls is almost 2:1.

williams profile 2017 shows that there are 4pct more girls than boys enrolled. looking at the SAT breakdowns students with reading/math/writing scores in the 760-800 range are 33/33/35. for the 710-750 range it is 28/23/29. 700 and below is 39/44/36 (my aggregation). maybe people who score above a 700 on SAT math dont want to attend williams? or williams needs to admit many girls with below 700 in SAT math…
April 4th, 2017 at 2:07 pm

strawman says:

i mean ratio adjusted for #of testtakers, i.e. 71999 males scored 700+ out of 762247 male testtakers, while 45068 females scored 700+ out of 875342 female test takers.
April 4th, 2017 at 2:10 pm

David Dudley Field '25 says:

strawman: You are right, of course. I was just afraid that I had used up my non-PC quota for the day already! ;-)

My sense (which may be wrong) is that average male/female academic ratings at Williams are identical. Although men do better on the SAT (and other exams), especially (at the high end) because of their larger variance, women do better in terms of high school grades.

For the most part, though, this topic is irrelevant since Williams will always be 50/50 since that it was elite men/women want.
April 4th, 2017 at 2:26 pm

Whitney Wilson '90 says:

Much like the (in)famous statement by then-Harvard President (I think) Lawrence Summers on the average math talent of men versus women, I think this sort of discussion is unhelpful.

Even if all of David’s numbers are correct, and I haven’t tried to go through and see if they make sense, so what?

For any individual student – African-American, Asian, Caucasian, Native American, or any mixture thereof, the average numbers tell us nothing specific. They only point to probabilities which may or may not reflect the achievements of each individual student. This type of post pointlessly (in my view) casts academic aspersions (or throws academic flowers at) students who may or may deserve it. I wouldn’t do it.
April 4th, 2017 at 5:06 pm

x
April 10th, 2017 at 9:02 am

David Dudley Field '25 says:

Thanks for all this material.

Williams has a legacy that is white, male, and elitist: the college did not become coeducational until 1970 and it is widely known that the school maintained a policy of racial segregation after its founding (Phelps, 1888).

Can you give us more details on this claim? Who is Phelps (1888) and what did he write?
April 10th, 2017 at 9:53 am

x says:

I got the lead on that from a Wikipedia article, embarassingly, but then dug up the original source, which sadly doesn’t exist online. Here’s the paragraph from the college’s wiki page that steered me in Phelps’ direction, though:

At its founding, the college maintained a policy of racial segregation, refusing admission to black applicants. This policy was challenged by Lucy Terry Prince, who is credited as the first black American poet,[16] when her son Festus was refused admission on account of his race.[17] Prince, who had established a reputation as a raconteur[18] and rhetorician, delivered a three-hour speech before the college’s board of trustees, quoting abundantly from scripture, but was unable to secure her son’s admission.[17]
April 10th, 2017 at 10:01 am

David Dudley Field '25 says:

The program Nesbitt refers to, called Windows on Williams, is not targeting low-income students: it targets non-Asian minorities. In the application for Windows on Williams, one of the requisites is being “a traditionally underrepresented minority” such as African-American, Native Hawaiian, Native American, or Hispanic, but not Asian. And, observing Windows on Williams occur on a weekend in September, it was apparent that the program had recruited mostly blacks and hispanics. Furthermore, some peers who participated in the program claimed that their families have no problem paying full tuition.

Link? I doubt that there is a written “requisites” as you claim. There is certainly nothing like that here.
April 10th, 2017 at 10:06 am

David Dudley Field '25 says:

The very next paragraph in Wikipedia:

More recent scholarship, however, has highlighted there are no records within the college to confirm this event occurred, and Festus Prince may have been refused entry for an insufficient mastery of Latin, Greek, and French, all of which were necessary for successful completion of the entrance exam at the time, and which would most likely not have been available in the local schools of Guilford, Vermont, where Festus was raised.

Which sociology professor let you get away with such gibberish?
April 10th, 2017 at 10:09 am

x says:

A.) The application has since changed from the one I accessed for this essay (note that this is the app for 2017). This was a key point of my essay (which I truncated for this post), and I did not fabricate this detail: the application I viewed required you be one of the minorities I list.

B.) I mean, this isn’t exactly a controversial statement to make, is it? That Williams has a legacy that is white? The college existed in an America where slavery was legal for many decades, let’s keep in mind, racial discrimination at colleges wasn’t exactly a hot-button issue. If you need more sources for this claim I could pull some up, but read about it for yourself, there’s not really another conclusion you can reasonably come to. You could start by looking at how such Latin/Greek requirements became more heavily implemented to bar admission to public school students (who might be middle class/minorities) and favor the almost exclusively white applicants from Andover/Exeter/what have you.
April 10th, 2017 at 10:21 am

David Dudley Field '25 says:

I did not fabricate this detail

I am not accusing you of fabrication. But I do seek confirmation. A phrase like that is not something that the College’s attorneys would generally allow. What year did you see it? The Wayback machine might have a link.

I mean, this isn’t exactly a controversial statement to make, is it?

Well, it depends on the exact claim you are making. People seem to assume that everyone at Williams prior to, say, 1990, was a horrible racist and that, therefore, any disparate measures — like enrollment by race — were caused by racism. That is untrue. You might as well claim that Adam Falk is racist because Williams is only 8% black while the US population is more like 12%. (Rough estimates.)

Imagine a Williams that was not in any way racist in the 1800s but which still had things like a Latin requirement. How many more African-Americans would have attended Williams in this non-racist counter-factual? My guess is very, very few.
April 10th, 2017 at 10:27 am

David Dudley Field '25 says:

You could start by looking at how such Latin/Greek requirements became more heavily implemented to bar admission to public school students

There is some evidence of this at other schools, like Harvard, driven by a desire to decrease the enrollment of Jews. See The Chosen for details.

There is no evidence of this at Williams. (And no evidence that I am aware of in which these changes were driven by anything other than a desire to decrease Jewish enrollment.)
April 10th, 2017 at 10:29 am

x says:

A.) I gave a look and it seems its been taken down. Maybe the lawyers intervened, as you suggested was liable to happen. It’s weird for all versions before 2017 to have disappeared from the internet, but that’s the result I’m getting right now. Suggests someone did complain about that deplorable policy.

https://web.archive.org/web/20121103062655/https://williams-uga.edu.185r.net/survey/?id=104

B.) Seriously, I am curious to hear what you think the prospects of a qualified black applicant were like if he tried to matriculate to Williams in, say, 1830. He totally would have gotten in without a hassle, right? Because that would have to be true to undermine my original claim that Williams had a policy of racial discrimination back in the day.
April 10th, 2017 at 10:40 am

David A Cooper says:

Maybe the real reason that Williams College has a difficult time increasing their black yield ,is because of all the blogs about black students having lower test scores or lower grade point averages. If you’re trying to convince ,the few black students that are attending Williams ,to transfer to a more hospitable environment ,continue writing these Blogs talking about the black students having lower test score and by inference ,are inferior. Black students at Williams are graduating at a similar rate as Asian or white students and going on to professional schools and graduate programs in similar numbers. I’m glad my daughter decided to attend Bowdoin College. She doesn’t have to read Blogs all day about the minority students having lower test scores or grade point average and made to feel insecure and inferior. Yes, before you ask ,I’m paying full tuition for her to attend Bowdoin College. Bowdoin has had ethnic theme parties that were clearly inappropriate , but they have taken steps to deal with that problem and have had open discussions about racism. Lastly, most people know that Asian students and black students in general, prefer the Ivy League universities or schools with national recognized names over liberal arts colleges ,that are just as good.
May 13th, 2017 at 1:11 pm

David Dudley Field '25 says:

Black students at Williams are graduating at a similar rate as Asian or white students and going on to professional schools and graduate programs in similar numbers.

Untrue. Black students are approximately 3 times more likely to fail to graduate from Williams than Asian/white students.

The same is true at other elite schools, including, I bet, Bowdoin.
May 13th, 2017 at 1:25 pm

JCD says:

If your daughter is going to feel insecure and inferior when she learns the truth about black test scores, grade point averages, and graduation rates, then she is really going to be in for a world of hurt when learns about black incarceration, teen pregnancy and single parenting rates.
May 13th, 2017 at 2:09 pm

Williams Alum says:

21 Justify that.
May 13th, 2017 at 5:42 pm

JCD says:

Williams students and faculty who are tired of the politically correct guilt trips should be aware that Turning Point USA provides grants to conservative students.

See, http://tpusa.com/resources/activismgrants/

They also have a useful Professor Watchlist that allows you to publicize news stories regarding professors who are advancing a radical agenda.

See, http://professorwatchlist.org/

We are destroying the very mission of an educational institution when we start distorting (or hiding) the truth simply to spare someone’s inappropriate feelings of insecurity or inferiority.
May 13th, 2017 at 6:01 pm

David Dudley Field '24 says:

WA: I haven’t dived in this data in a while, but I believe that this is accurate.

6-year failure to graduate rate:
white: 3.9%
Asian: 3.2%
black: 9.3%

So, 2.4x to 2.9x (depending on if you use Asian or White as the reference population). So, my “approximately 3 times” claim in 21 is either too high or approximately correct, depending on your point of view.
May 13th, 2017 at 10:09 pm

David A Cooper says:

I was not a math major but if Williams has approximately 57 black students enrolled in a given class and 5 don’t graduate(transferring to urban universities like NYU or Columbia), and they accept and enroll approximately 290 white students and 15 don’t graduate (transferring to UMich to play baseball and other large universities) than the percentage of black students not graduating is higher than the percentage of white students not graduating from Williams.It does not mean that more black students left Williams than white students, which you attempt to suggest with you statistic analysis.But without knowing who failed out, versus who transferred out ,the percentage of black students who did not graduate does not mean they could not do the work.We don’t know if the black students who left went to Harvard,Yale,Pomona, Howard, Morehouse or Spelman.Where did you get your statistics from? Can you give us a cite for your numbers?
The comments by the individual about black incarceration rates,black pregnancy, etc don’t merit a response.There is a problem with teen pregnancy in every race.The prison population is not all black or Hispanic,but includes white people as well.
May 23rd, 2017 at 2:10 pm

JCD says:

For more on trends in teen pregnancy rates by race, please check out this article from the Office of Adolescent Health at the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.

Trends in Teen Pregnancy and Childbearing

Thankfully, teen pregnancy rates can be changed by improvements in morality, family life and personal responsibility.
May 23rd, 2017 at 3:55 pm

Brookings Institute on Black and Asian SAT Scores

2018-12-12T06:49:00.003-08:00

Brookings Institute on Black and Asian SAT Scores
https://campusquest.blogspot.com/2018/12/brookings-institute-on-black-and-asian.html
12/12/2018

Race gaps in SAT scores highlight inequality and hinder upward mobility
Richard V. Reeves and Dimitrios HalikiasWednesday, February 1, 2017
https://www.brookings.edu/research/race-gaps-in-sat-scores-highlight-inequality-and-hinder-upward-mobility/

All Top Bottom
White 51 33 21
Black 14 2 35
Hisp 21 5 37
Asian 14 60 6

Standard deviation gap black white
IQ 1.00 (traditional)
SAT 1996 .92
SAT 2015 .88
LSAT 1.06
2015 ACT
ACT math .88
LatACTma .65

The black-white achievement gap for the math section of the 2015 SAT was roughly .88 standard deviations. For the 2016 ACT it was .87 standard deviations. Likewise, the Latino-white achievement gap for the math section of the 2015 SAT was roughly .65 standard deviations; for the 2016 ACT it was .54 standard deviations.

achievement gap in SAT math barely changed over the last fifteen years from .92 in 1996 to .88 standard deviation in 2015, so two-thirds of 64 percent of all test-takers separate the average black and average white score.

Asians could score better if there were harder questions -- the achievement gap across racial groups could be even more pronounced. In other words, if the math section was scored between 0 and 1000, we might see more complete tails on both the right and the left. More Asians score between 750 and 800 than score between 700 and 750, suggesting that many Asians could be scoring above 800 if the test allowed them to.

Law School test - he LSAT, offers some evidence on this front. An analysis of the 2013-2014 LSAT finds an average black score of 142 compared to an average white score of 153. This amounts to a black-white achievement gap of 1.06 standard deviations, even higher than that on the SAT.

Income does not explain race gap: SAT score for students who identify as having parents making between $0 and $20,000 a year is 455, .2 standard deviations above the average score for black students (428).

51 percent white, 21 percent Latino, 14 percent black, and 14 percent Asian. But in fact, among top scorers—those scoring between a 750 and 800—60 percent are Asian and 33 percent are white, compared to 5 percent Latino and 2 percent black. Meanwhile, among those scoring between 300 and 350, 37 percent are Latino, 35 percent are black, 21 percent are white, and 6 percent are Asian:

The mean score on the math section of the SAT for all test-takers is 511 out of 800, the average scores for blacks (428) and Latinos (457) are significantly below those of whites (534) and Asians (598). The scores of black and Latino students are clustered towards the bottom of the distribution, while white scores are relatively normally distributed, and Asians are clustered at the top:

Race gaps on the SATs are especially pronounced at the tails of the distribution. In a perfectly equal distribution, the racial breakdown of scores at every point in the distribution would mirror the composition of test-takers as whole i.e. 51 percent white, 21 percent Latino, 14 percent black, and 14 percent Asian. But in fact, among top scorers—those scoring between a 750 and 800—60 percent are Asian and 33 percent are white, compared to 5 percent Latino and 2 percent black. Meanwhile, among those scoring between 300 and 350, 37 percent are Latino, 35 percent are black, 21 percent are white, and 6 percent are Asian:

The College Board’s publicly available data provides data on racial composition at 50-point score intervals. We estimate that in the entire country last year at most 2,200 black and 4,900 Latino test-takers scored above a 700. In comparison, roughly 48,000 whites and 52,800 Asians scored that high. The same absolute disparity persists among the highest scorers: 16,000 whites and 29,570 Asians scored above a 750, compared to only at most 1,000 blacks and 2,400 Latinos. (These estimates—which rely on conservative assumptions that maximize the number of high-scoring black students, are consistent with an older estimate from a 2005 paper in the Journal of Blacks in Higher Education, which found that only 244 black students scored above a 750 on the math section of the SAT.)

...black-white achievement gap in SAT math scores has remained virtually unchanged over the last fifteen years. Between 1996 and 2015, the average gap between the mean black score and the mean white score has been .92 standard deviations. In 1996 it was .9 standard deviations and in 2015 it was .88 standard deviations. This means that over the last fifteen years, roughly 64 percent of all test-takers scored between the average black and average white score.

... race gaps on the

2016 ACT are comparable to those we observe for the SAT. In terms of composition, ACT test-takers were 54 percent white, 16 percent Latino, 13 percent black, and 4 percent Asian. Except for the substantially reduced share of Asian test-takers, this is reasonably close to the SAT’s demographic breakdown. Moreover, racial achievement gaps across the two tests were fairly similar. The black-white achievement gap for the math section of the 2015 SAT was roughly .88 standard deviations. For the 2016 ACT it was .87 standard deviations. Likewise, the Latino-white achievement gap for the math section of the 2015 SAT was roughly .65 standard deviations; for the 2016 ACT it was .54 standard deviations.

income does not explain race gap -- at least some of these racial inequalities can be explained by different income levels across race. Unfortunately, publicly available College Board data on class and SAT scores is limited. The average SAT score for students who identify as having parents making between $0 and $20,000 a year is 455, a score that is actually .2 standard deviations above the average score for black students (428).

fixing gap?

, policy efforts may be more effective if they target underlying sources of these achievement gaps. That means experimenting with earlier childhood interventions of the sort we have described elsewhere: increasing cash transfers to disadvantaged parents with young children, improving access to quality preschool programs, pursuing paid leave policies to allow for more quality parent investment during the first years of life, teaching parents the skills they need to effectively raise their children, and so on.

It is also important to bear in mind that despite persistent gaps in test scores, racial gaps in college enrollment have actually been closing in recent years. In fact, the college enrollment gap by income is now significantly larger than by race.

when such large gaps have opened up by the end of the high school years, equalizing outcomes at the college level will be an almost impossible task.

Race gaps on the SAT hold up a mirror to racial inequities in society as a whole. Equalizing educational opportunities and human capital acquisition earlier is the only way to ensure fairer outcomes.

Britain UK Test Scores By Ethnicity Race

2018-12-10T10:14:00.001-08:00

https://www.ethnicity-facts-figures.service.gov.uk/education-skills-and-training/11-to-16-years-old/percentage-achieving-a-c-in-english-and-maths/latest

A* to C in English and Maths GCSE attainment for children aged 14 to 16 (key stage 4)
Department:

Department for Education Published:

10 October 2017 Source:

Key stage 4 statistics Area covered:

England Time period:

2015/16

The main facts and figures show that:

in 2015/16, there were 540,689 pupils in key stage 4, of which ethnicity was known for 534,918 pupils (99%)

78.2% were White, 9.5% were Asian, 5.2% were Black, 4.2% were Mixed, 1.5% came from the Other ethnic group and 0.4% were Chinese

Chinese pupils were the most likely achieve A* to C in English and Maths GCSE, whereas Gypsy/Roma pupils were the least likely

across all ethnic groups, girls were more likely to achieve A* to C in English and Maths GCSE than boys – 67% of girls did so, compared to 59% of boys

the pupils least likely to achieve were Gypsy/Roma boys – 9% of this group attained A* to C in English and Maths GCSE

across all ethnic groups, pupils eligible for free school meals (FSM) were less likely to achieve A* to C in English and Maths GCSE than those not eligible: 39% of FSM-eligible pupils did so, compared to 67% of those not eligible

Gypsy/Roma boys eligible for FSM were the least likely to achieve – 7% of this group attained A* to C in English and Maths GCSE

Things you need to know What the data measures The ethnic categories used in this data

A* to C in English and Maths GCSE by ethnicity
Location:

England Time period:

2015/16 Source:

Key stage 4 statistics

Chinese, Indian, Asian, White Irish best
Black African = White
Black and Pakistani 7-10% slightly worse than white
Only Irish traveler and Gypsy 1/3 or 1/6 rate of white.
Ranked Best -> Least

Ethnicity	%	Pupils
Chinese	83	2,026	1.32
Indian	77	14,046	1.22
Asian other	73	8,419	1.16
Mixed White/Asian	72	5,089	1.14
White Irish	72	1,774	1.14
Asian	67	51,218	1.06
Bangladeshi	67	8,319	1.06
Mixed other	65	7,932	1.03
All	63	540,689	-1.00
Black African	63	17,349	-1.00
Mixed	63	22,868	-1.00
White	63	422,763	-1.00
White British	63	395,316	-1.00
Mixed White/Black African	62	2,687	-1.02
Other	62	8,119	-1.02
Black	59	27,924	-1.07
White other	59	24,444	-1.07
Pakistani	58	20,434	-1.09
Black other	55	3,359	-1.15
Mixed White/Black Caribbean	54	7,160	-1.17
Unknown	53	5,771	-1.19
Black Caribbean	51	7,216	-1.24
White Irish Traveller	21	122	-3.00
White Gypsy/Roma	10	1,107	-6.30

data shows that:

in 2015/16, the national average for A* to C attainment in English and Maths GCSE was 63%

Chinese pupils were the most likely to achieve A* to C in English and Maths GCSE

Chinese, Indian, Other Asian, White Irish, Mixed White and Asian, Bangladeshi and Other Mixed pupils were all above the national average

the Gypsy/Roma ethnic group had the lowest percentage of pupils achieving A* to C in English and Maths GCSE (10% did so)

Many different theories have been put forward to explain the origins of Ireland's nomadic traveler populations. A suggestion that they might be of Romani extraction[14] is not supported by genetic evidence, which finds no connection to Romani groups.[1

Free School Meals:

Whites double from 34 to 67 for income
Income makes little difference for Chinese or Roma

	FSM		Non-FSM		dif
Ethnicity	%	Pupils	%	Pupils
Chinese	79	130	83	1,896	4
Indian	62	1,042	79	13,004	17
White Irish	40	213	77	1,561	37
Mixed White/Asian	48	732	76	4,357	28
Asian other	58	979	75	7,440	17
Asian	54	9,018	70	42,200	16
Bangladeshi	61	2,461	70	5,858	9
Mixed other	45	1,359	69	6,573	24
All	39	72,528	67	468,161	28
Mixed	43	4,240	67	18,628	24
White	34	49,595	67	373,168	33
White British	34	46,438	67	348,878	33
Black African	53	4,086	66	13,263	13
Mixed White/Black African	48	529	65	2,158	17
Other	52	2,024	65	6,095	13
Black	49	6,544	62	21,380	13
Pakistani	47	4,536	61	15,898	14
White other	46	2,541	60	21,903	14
Black other	47	769	58	2,590	11
Mixed White/Black Caribbean	37	1,620	58	5,540	21
Unknown	35	977	56	4,794	21
Black Caribbean	39	1,689	54	5,527	15
White Irish Traveller	16	73	29	49	13
White Gypsy/Roma	9	330	11	777	2

Every group girls score higher than boys

Percentage of pupils attaining A* to C in English and Maths GCSE by ethnicity and gender
	All
Ethnicity	%	Pupils
Ethnicity	%	Pupils
Indian	girls	81
Asian other	girls	78
Indian	boys	74
Asian	girls	71
Bangladeshi	girls	70
Asian other	boys	68
Black African	girls	68
All	girls	67
Bangladeshi	boys	65
Black	girls	65
Asian	boys	64
Pakistani	girls	62
Black other	girls	62
All	boys	59
Black African	boys	58
Black Caribbean	girls	58
Pakistani	boys	55
Black	boys	53
Black other	boys	49
Black Caribbean	boys	44

across all ethnic groups, boys were less likely to achieve A* to C in English and Maths GCSE compared to girls: overall, 67% of girls achieved A* to C compared to 59% of boys

of the broad ethnic groups, Chinese girls had the highest percentage achieving A* to C in English and Maths GCSE (88%), while Black boys had the lowest (53%)

looking at the specific ethnic groups, White Gypsy/Roma boys were least likely to achieve A* to C in English and Maths GCSE (9%)

the smallest gap between boys and girls, at 3 percentage points, was found in the Gypsy/Roma ethnic group, where 12% of girls achieved A* to C in English and Maths GCSE compared to 9% of boys

the largest gap between boys and girls, was found in the Black Caribbean ethnic group, where 58% of girls achieved A* to C in English and Maths GCSE compared to 44% of boys

By religion

Highest numbers are Jewish and then Muslim

Religious character	All
Jewish schools		82	1.28
Muslim schools		82	1.28
Sikh school		72	1.13
Roman Catholic schools		69	1.08
Church of England schools		66	1.03
All state-funded mainstream schools		64	-1.00
No religious character		64	-1.00
Other Christian faith schools		64	-1.00

Asians Make Slick Vox Video On Why Harvard Needs To Keep Asians Down

2018-12-10T07:55:00.002-08:00

Asians Make Slick Vox Video On Why Harvard Needs To Keep Asians Down

Proponents say affirmative action is not preferential, not quotas, and it's about past discrimination

But this video points out it started as illegal quotas, only certain preferences are legal

Harvard's system of personal points may be a way of packaging racial discimination

But they conclude that if 1 in 4 in Harvard are minorities, Harvard needs to keep it's racial policies IN PLACE for the sake of diversity??

College Graduates Working Non College Jobs

2018-08-28T15:01:00.001-07:00

College Graduates Working Non College Jobs --- ===

Dear Parents: It's Time To Reconsider Whether College Is Worth It ...
https://www.huffingtonpost.com/.../is-college-worth-it_us_5b7deee5e4b0cd327df967...
nearly half of young adults who graduated from college during the post-Great Recession period of 2009-2013 worked “non-college jobs,” ...

due to competition among college grads looking for jobs, many end up taking positions that aren’t in their field of study or that don’t even require a degree in the first place.

Researchers with the Federal Reserve Bank of New York found that nearly half of young adults who graduated from college during the post-Great Recession period of 2009-2013 worked “non-college jobs,” defined as a position in which fewer than half of workers with that job need a bachelor’s degree. About one-fifth held low-paying service positions such as baristas and bartenders, while many of the rest worked in better-paying roles such as administrative support and sales.

While non-college positions usually don’t pay as much as the typical post-college job ($78,500 annually at the time of the study), nearly half of these underemployed workers could still expect salaries above what a college-educated employee in early childhood education or social work might earn

Still, we find that roughly 9 percent of recent graduates—or,
about one-fifth of the underemployed—start their careers working in a low-skilled
service job. We show that only a small fraction of recent
graduates worked in a low-skilled service job following the Great Recession. Instead, we
find that underemployed recent graduates held a wide range of jobs, and while most are
clearly not equivalent to jobs that require a college degree, some are fairly skilled and
well paid. In addition, we find that underemployed college graduates were more likely to
be working in these higher paying non-college jobs than similarly aged young workers
without a college degree.

[PDF]Underemployment in the Early Careers of College ... - CiteSeerX
citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.737.2836&rep=rep1...
by JR Abel - ‎2015 - ‎Cited by 27 - ‎Related articlesunderemployed worked in fairly well paid non-college jobs requiring some degree of ...... Table 4: Characteristics of Recent College Graduates, 2009-2013.

Federal Reserve Bank of New York

Staff Reports

Underemployment in the Early Careers of

College Graduates Following the Great Recession

underemployment among recent college graduates continued to climb, reaching highs not seen

since the early 1990s. In this paper, we take a closer look at the jobs held by underemployed

college graduates in the early stages of their careers during this period. We show that relatively

few recent graduates were working in low-skilled service jobs, and that many of the

underemployed worked in fairly well paid non-college jobs requiring some degree of knowledge

and skill. We also find that the likelihood of being underemployed was lower for those with

technically oriented and occupation-specific majors than it was for those with degrees in more

general fields. Moreover, our analysis suggests that underemployment is a temporary phase for

many recent college graduates as they transition to better jobs after spending some time in the

labor market, particularly for those who start their careers in low-skilled service jobs.

The image of a young newly minted college graduate working behind the counter

of a hip coffee shop has become a hallmark of the plight of college graduates following

the Great Recession. Indeed, although economic conditions steadily improved through

the recovery, significant slack remained in the labor market, and many recent graduates

were not finding jobs commensurate with their degrees. The underemployment rate for

recent college graduates—that is, the share working in jobs that typically do not require a

college degree—continued to climb for several years following the Great Recession,

topping out at nearly 50 percent, a level not seen since the early 1990s

[PDF]Are Recent College Graduates Finding Good Jobs? - Federal Reserve ...
https://www.newyorkfed.org/medialibrary/media/research/current_issues/ci20-1.pdf
by FG Jobs - ‎Cited by 203 - ‎Related articlespercentage who are unemployed or “underemployed”—working in a job that ..... non-college jobs has fallen sharply, while the share working in low-wage jobs ...

The recovery is generating more high-wage jobs — but does that ...
https://www.washingtonpost.com/.../the-recovery-is-generating-more-high-wage-jobs-...
Feb 24, 2016 - ... in low-wage sectors from 2009-2013 led to competition for people in ... it's rather the weak or non-existent wage growth in non-college jobs," ...

[PDF]UNDEREMPLOYMENT IN THE EARLY CAREERS OF COLLEGE ...
www.nber.org/chapters/c13697.pdf
by JR Abel - ‎2017 - ‎Cited by 27 - ‎Related articlesfairly well paid non-college jobs requiring some degree of knowledge and ... only a small fraction of recent graduates worked in a low-skilled service job following ...... Source: U.S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey, 2009-2013; The ...

2 Must-Dos to Ensure Career Advancement | Balanced Achievement
https://balancedachievement.com › Areas of Life
May 2, 2016 - It is estimated that 45% of recent college graduates (2009-2013), the very ... about leading corporate America, work in “non-college jobs.

What Teachers are Worth | educationrealist
https://educationrealist.wordpress.com/2018/04/30/what-teachers-are-worth/
Apr 30, 2018 - From 2009-2013, 45% of college graduates worked in non-college jobs, at the same time ed school enrollment plummeted. Notice that those ...

[PDF]The Weak Economy Is Idling Too Many Young Graduates - Eric
https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED575463.pdf
by H Shierholz - ‎2014 - ‎Cited by 4 - ‎Related articlesMay 1, 2014 - in the share of employed young college graduates working in jobs that do not require ..... classes of 2009–2013) in an extremely difficult job market. .... Furthermore, the “non-college” jobs that workers with a college degree are.

(PDF) The changing graduate labour market:... - ResearchGate
https://www.researchgate.net/.../305637526_The_changing_graduate_labour_market_an...This paper examines changing differentiation in the recent. © 2016 The ..... college-educated workers innon-college jobs declined during the 1980s and early. 1990s ...... Society: waves 1-4, 2009-2013[computer file], 6th edn. UK Data Archive ...

Boston Public Schools Superintendent Tommy Chang

2018-07-19T11:45:00.001-07:00

Boston Public Schools Superintendent Tommy Chang

Is Boston spitting out a failed diversity hire?

Superintendent Tommy Chang took over as leader of the Boston Public Schools on July 1, 2015, succeeding retired Interim Superintendent John P. McDonough. In 2018 Former Boston superintendent Tommy Chang will receive about $300,000, up to a year of health insurance, and a positive letter of recommendation, under a settlement agreement that was approved by the School Committee in secret …

In secret deal, former superintendent Chang will receive ...

The Boston Globe
Former Boston superintendent Tommy Chang will receive about $300,000, up to a year of health insurance, and a positive letter of recommendation, under a settlement agreement that was approved by the School Committee in secret …

Secret deal allows former Boston Superintendent Tommy ...

MassLive
Boston Superintendent Tommy Chang stepped down in June amid controversy, but he will still reportedly receive a healthy payout. The Boston Globe reports Chang will receive roughly $300,000 and health insurance in the coming year, as well as a positive letter of recommendation. In 2015, Chang …

Chang To Get $300,000 In Severance After Quiet ...

WBURFormer Boston Schools Superintendent Tommy Chang is getting almost $300,000 in a severance deal quietly agreed to by the city's School Committee. Changleft his post last month after he and Boston Mayor Marty Walsh mutually agreed to part ways. Chang …

Office of the Superintendent / Office of the Superintendent
www.bostonpublicschools.org/domain/31
On July 2, 2018 the Boston School Committee unanimously voted to approve Laura Perille as Interim Superintendent of the Boston Public Schools (BPS). Important Documents Superintendent Chang's 100 …

Boston School Superintendent Chang Will Resign | Edify
www.wbur.org/edify/2018/06/22/boston-chang-resign
Jun 22, 2018 · There will be "a change in leadership" at Boston Public Schools. Superintendent Tommy Chang will leave his post, he and the mayor announced on Friday afternoon. Chang has been in charge of the city's schools for three years. In a statement, Chang said he's in "active negotiations with the Boston ...

BPS Superintendent Tommy Chang refutes lawsuit's ...
https://www.boston.com/.../bps-superintendent-tommy-chang-ice-lawsuit
Jun 25, 2018 · Specific to that student, Chang wrote that BPS officials complied with requests from a team of investigators from the Boston police, Massachusetts State Police, and “other law enforcement agencies” who were investigating gang-related murders in East Boston.

Lawsuit alleges Boston Public Schools shared information ...
https://www.cbsnews.com/news/boston-public-schools-lawsuit-alleges...
BOSTON -- Boston Public Schools Superintendent Tommy Chang will be leaving his post before the start of the new school year, he and Mayor Marty Walsh confirmed Friday. The news comes one day after a coalition of civil rights and student advocacy groups sued the Boston Public Schools to find out how much student information the system shares with federal immigration officials.

LA educator Chang selected as Boston’s new superintendent ...
https://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2015/03/03/walsh-backing...
The Boston School Committee on Tuesday selected Los Angeles administrator Tommy Chang as the city’s next superintendent, bringing to an end a nearly two-year search

Superintendent Tommy Chang Denies Claims School System ...
https://www.nbcboston.com/news/local/Superintendent-Tommy-Chang...
Boston Public Schools Superintendent Tommy Chang is stepping down, he announced Friday afternoon. (Published Friday, June 22, 2018) The superintendent of Boston Public Schools is denying claims that the school system shared information about a student with federal immigration authorities.

Office of the Superintendent - Boston Public Schools
www.bostonpublicschools.org/school/superintendent
Superintendent Tommy Chang took over as leader of the Boston Public Schools on July 1, 2015, succeeding retired Interim Superintendent John P. McDonough. The Boston School Committee in March 2015 selected Dr. Chang as the new superintendent from a field of four finalists, awarding him a five-year contract – the longest of any in the country for the head of a large urban district.

Failure Of The Gates Foundation's $575 Million Effective Teacher Initiative

2018-06-26T12:18:00.000-07:00

5 Lessons From The Failure Of The Gates Foundation's $575 Million Effective Teacher Initiative

https://www.forbes.com/sites/frederickhess/2018/06/25/5-lessons-from-the-failure-of-the-gates-foundations-575-million-effective-teacher-initiative/#15011d5a33fe
Last week, RAND issued its massive and mostly negative evaluation of the Gates Foundation’s ambitious effort to redesign teacher evaluation, compensation, and employment practices in three school districts and four charter school management organizations. The foundation’s Effective Teacher Initiative, launched with great fanfare a decade ago, was an ambitious, expensive reform.

The final verdict was harsh, with RAND concluding, “The initiative did not achieve its goals for student achievement or graduation, particularly for LIM [low income minority] students.” As the University of Arkansas’s Jay Greene noted, even that is probably too generous an assessment. Greene observed, “This summary really under-states what they found. You have to slog through the 587 pages of the report and 196 pages of the appendices to find that the results didn’t just fail to achieve goals, but generally were null to negative across a variety of outcomes.”...... (continue at link above)

The reforms demanded too much time.
Big investments in new evaluation systems didn’t yield meaningful change.
The new systems didn’t help attract talent....

'An Expensive Experiment': Gates Teacher-Effectiveness Program Shows No Gains for Students
What if you just set fire to $575 million??? By Madeline Will June 21, 2018

The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation’s multi-million-dollar, multi-year effort aimed at making teachers more effective largely fell short of its goal to increase student achievement—including among low-income and minority students, a new study found.

This conclusion to an expensive chapter of teacher-evaluation reform shows the difficulty of making sweeping, lasting changes to teacher performance. The results also demonstrate the challenges of getting schools and teachers to embrace big changes, especially when state and local policies are in flux.

The evaluation of the program, released today, was conducted by the RAND Corporation with the American Institutes for Research and was funded by the Gates Foundation.

Under its intensive partnerships for effective teaching program, the Gates Foundation gave grants to three large school districts—Memphis, Tenn. (which merged with Shelby County during the course of the initiative); Pittsburgh; and Hillsborough County, Fla.—and to one charter school consortium in California starting in the 2009-10 school year. The foundation poured $212 million into these partnerships over about six years, and the districts put up matching funds. The total cost of the initiative was $575 million. ..... continues

Harvard Asian Admissions Controversy

2018-06-13T06:59:00.002-07:00

Harvard Asian Admissions Controversy

Timeline

https://samv91khoyt2i553a2t1s05i-wpengine.netdna-ssl.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/Doc-415-1-Arcidiacono-Expert-Report.pdf

Whites 44% higher than Asian, Blacks 3X White admit rates
• Race plays a significant role in admissions decisions. Consider the example of
an Asian-American applicant who is male, is not disadvantaged,3 and has
other characteristics that result in a 25% chance of admission. Simply
changing the race of this applicant to white—and leaving all his other
characteristics the same—would increase his chance of admission to 36%.
Changing his race to Hispanic (and leaving all other characteristics the same)
would increase his chance of admission to 77%. Changing his race to AfricanAmerican (again, leaving all other characteristics the same) would increase
his chance of admission to 95%

Black admissions rates consistent with a floor quota
For the three most recent admissions cycles, a period during which Harvard’s
Admissions Office has tracked admission rates by race using the federal
IPEDS (Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System) methodology,
Harvard has maintained African-American admission rates at nearly exactly
the same level as the admission rates for all other domestic applicants
(within 0.00064). The probability that the difference in admission rates would
be smaller than 0.00064 in each of the three years is less than 0.2% absent
direct manipulation, and is consistent with Harvard having a floor on the
African-American admit rate.

Asians are qualified enough to be 50% not 20% of students
Despite being more academically qualified than the other three major racial/ethnic
groups (whites, African Americans, and Hispanics), Asian-American applicants
have the lowest admissions rates. In fact, data produced by Harvard show that this
has been true for every admissions cycle for the classes of 2000 to 2019.
A closer examination of the six years for which Harvard produced applicant-level
admissions data shows that even removing those who receive some other form of
preferences (such as legacy, athletic, or early action) still results in Asian
Americans having the lowest admit rates over this period. For the Class of 2014
through the Class of 2019, Asian Americans made up roughly 22% of domestic
students admitted to the Harvard freshman class. If Harvard relied exclusively on
the academic index it assigns to each applicant in making domestic admissions
decisions, the Asian-American share of its domestic admitted freshman class over

those same six years would be over 50%.

In particular, the most competitive applicants receive a 1 or 2 (the best
scores) on the Academic Rating. In the baseline dataset, 58.6% of Asian-American
applicants receive a 1 or 2, compared to 44.7% of whites, 14.7% of Hispanics, and
7.3% of African Americans. Asian-American applicants likewise have very strong
Extracurricular Ratings, again ranking higher on average than any of the other
three groups. Asian-American applicants, however, do not score as well on the Personal Rating
and the Overall Rating

Race Blind Admissions Would Increase Asians by 50%
More stark are the effects of removing all racial preferences for under-represented minorities, penalties against Asian Americans, and legacy and athlete preferences. The number of Asian-American admits would increase by 1,241 over the six-year period, a 50% increase.6

April 2019

Quora

5 Answers

Jason Solinsky, studied Course 6 at Massachusetts Institute of Technology

Answered Apr 5

Yes. In just a few years Harvard has increased its admission of Asian Americans by nearly 50%. No similar pattern has been seen at other Ivy League schools. It is highly probable that this happened BECAUSE of the lawsuit.

Keep in mind that Harvard has no written policy in favor of excluding Asians (just as decades ago, they had no written policy of excluding Jews). Admissions decisions are broken up into many small parts:

How do I rate this candidate’s extracurriculars?

How do I rate this candidate’s personal reference letters?

How do I rate this candidate’s personal attributes?

How do I rate this candidate overall? (Etc.)

Bias in any one of those dimensions is too small to be easily detectable. (Holistic admissions was actually invented by Harvard in the 1920s with the intent of implementing A. Lawrence Lowell’s desired 15% quota on Jews without admitting that Harvard had a quota on Jews. Writing the Wrong: A. Lawrence Lowell | Arts | The Harvard Crimson)

Fortunately, it turns out that with a little math and a lot of data, you can still see bias fairly clearly: https://samv91khoyt2i553a2t1s05i...

So what happened?

It is possible that Harvard admissions officers realized that they were unfairly stereotyping Asian applicants, and started to do a better job of treating them fairly.

It is certain that Harvard admissions officers are concerned that any court order requiring them to admit people without regard to race will result in a cratering of admissions offered to underrepresented minorities. It is possible that they are increasing the admission of Asian applicants in the hope of forestalling such an outcome.

Harvard issued a series of written clarifying statements to their admissions officers explicitly telling them not to use race in their evaluation of candidates' personalities. Perhaps this is all it took.

But whatever the mechanism, it is not plausible that the sudden increase in Asian admissions after the lawsuit was filed was due to a sudden increase in the quality of Asian candidates applying to Harvard. Were this the case, we should expect to see 50% increases in the student populations of many other elite colleges over this period of time, and we do not.

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Arthur Hu

Just now

from the report: • Race plays a significant role in admissions decisions. Consider the example of an Asian-American applicant who is male, is not disadvantaged,3 and has other characteristics that result in a 25% chance of admission. Simply changing the race of this applicant to white—and leaving...

(more)

Tom Stagliano, MIT Volunteer, interviewed freshmen for admissions

Answered Apr 5

Harvard had a 23% distribution of Asian-Americans in the class of 2022 that were admitted in March of 2018. Before that it was 20% and then 18% and 16 to 18% for a long time. When the percentage of Asian-Americans in the USA is less than 7%.

People are admitted on Their level of academic prowess, proven being a great Person, and demonstrating a great fit with the college’s undergraduate community.

All that means is that Asian-American students realized that Harvard wanted a Lot more than mere academic prowess and they adapted.

Read this article, the links and the report: Stu Schmill endorses r...

(more)

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Jason Solinsky

I usually love your answers, but I think you have this very wrong....

I usually love your answers, but I think you have this very wrong.

As you note, Harvard held its Asian offers to approximately 17% for a number of years.

Then the lawsuit was filed, and less than four years later the percentage of the class that is Asian American has increased by 50%.

Which is more likely, that the caliber of Asian American applicants has suddenly gone up at Harvard (but not the rest of the Ivy League) in response to a report that received very limited press? Or that Harvard reacted to the lawsuit by fixing some of their illegal and immoral behavior?

Upvote

Tom Stagliano

Original Author · Apr 5 · 3 upvotes

I tend to think it is that the Asian-Americans figured out what Harvard and the other colleges in The Ivy Athletic League wanted, including MIT. MIT was at 22% and in that time period it went up also.

Upvote

Yongtae Kim

Sat · 2 upvotes

It also does not explain the lack of increase in Asian American applicant acceptance rate at other Ivy League Schools. If Asian American applicants “figured out” what Harvard and other Ivy League Schools wanted and made adjustments accordingly, the acceptance rate for Asian Americans should have gone up similarly across the Ivy League Schools not just Harvard.

Upvote

Keith Robbins

Apr 5 · 3 upvotes

I have to agree with Tom here. Although I do agree that Harvard probably felt some pressure. But you need to look at who they admitted to see the nuance in Tom’s answer. It may only be anecdotal evidence, but the Harvard admits from our high school were students that branched out or that had a particular interest they pursued to all ends. The students that attempted to be what they thought was Harvard material tended to appear intellectually arrogant or just too one dimensional and were rejected.

Upvote

Jason Solinsky

Apr 5

But this has been true for at least a decade. It doesn’t explain the change.

Upvote

Keith Robbins

Sat

That may be true from a behavior standpoint (e.g. choices of activities) but I don’t think it was being communicated well on applications. The discovery documents from the lawsuit may have increased many applicants confidence to include information in their application that they previously didn’t think was relevant. For example, STEM students across the board tend to want to send an application that is more like a graduate school application. They want to believe that more is better when it comes to academic credentials. But the discovery documents showed clearly that academics is a threshold issue in undergrad admission. Again though, I do agree with you that the lawsuit was on their minds. But I think Harvard found more of what they were looking for this year because more apps had the right kind of information. That’s my guess anyway.

Upvote

Jason Solinsky

Sat

That isn't the message that candidates took from the discovery documents. But even if it was, it only explains the last quarter of the jump in Asian admissions because this is the first cycle during which the discovery documents were available. What about the 6% improvement that occurred during the three preceding years (after lawsuit before discovery docs)?

Wayne Lau

Updated Sun

Hmmm let’s see, as noted by others Harvard Asian-American admissions was pretty flat for a long time.

Then suddenly they shot up according to information reported in this thread:

March 2019 25%

March 2018 23%

March 2017 20%

March 2016 18%

¨On May 15, 2015, a coalition of more than 60 Asian-American organizations filed federal complaints with the United States Department of Education and Department of Justice against Harvard University . . . (Wikipedia)¨

¨Harvard University was sued in 2018 for allegedly downgrading Asian Americans application scores to reduce amount of admission . . . (Wikipedia)¨

...

Anonymous

I'm curious what's considered an Asian American student at colleges?

There are lots of students who are half Asian with one white parent. Are they considered Asian American, white or all three?

There's a small but growing group with one Asian grandparent. How are they classified? Or is it based on last name of it's Asian along the patriarchy?

I guess the same applies to African American classifications.

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Darrin Yarbrough, AA Degree in Anthropology & Philosophy, Moorpark College

Answered Apr 6

Nope, it’s because one quarter of the admitted students at Harvard are Asian Americans. Which is the same thing as saying that three quarters of the admitted students are not Asian Americans.

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Asian-American Harvard Admits Earned Highest Average SAT Score of Any Racial Group From 1995 to 2013
Over an 18-year period stretching from 1995 to 2013, Asian-American students admitted to Harvard scored higher on the SAT than did their peer admits from other racial groups, according to data released in the admissions trial.
BY SHERA S. AVI-YONAH AND MOLLY C. MCCAFFERTY, CRIMSON STAFF WRITERS
Crimson analysis of the previously confidential dataset — which spans admissions cycles starting with the Class of 2000 and ends with the cycle for the Class of 2017 — revealed that Asian-Americans admitted to Harvard earned an average SAT score of 767 across all sections. Every section of the SAT has a maximum score of 800.

By comparison, white admits earned an average score of 745 across all sections, Hispanic-American admits earned an average of 718, Native-American and Native-Hawaiian admits an average of 712, and African-American admits an average of 704.

The same general pattern held true for Harvard applicants belonging to these racial groups in this time period. Asian-American applicants on average scored highest on the SAT and African-American applicants scored lowest.

Over the period charted in the dataset, Asian-American applicants to Harvard earned an average SAT score of 726. White applicants earned an average score of 713, Native-American and Native-Hawaiian applicants an average score of 658, Hispanic-American applicants a score of 650, and African-American applicants a score of 622.

https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2018/10/19/acceptance-rates-by-race/
10/18/2018 Asian-American Harvard Applicants Saw Lowest Admit Rate of Any ... that Asian-American candidates on average saw an admission rate of 8.1 ...
Over a nearly two-decade period starting in 1995, Asian-American applicants to Harvard saw the lowest acceptance rate of any racial group that applied to the school, according to data presented in court Thursday as part of the Harvard admissions trial.
Data for that time period — which begins with the admissions cycle for applicants to Harvard’s Class of 2000 and ends with the cycle for the Class of 2017 — show that Asian-American candidates on average saw an admission rate of 8.1 percent. By comparison, white applicants saw an average acceptance rate of 11.1 percent in that time period, African-American applicants saw an average acceptance rate of 13.2 percent, and Hispanic-American applicants saw an average acceptance rate of 10.6 percent.

To be race-blind is to be simply blind - The Boston Globe
https://www.bostonglobe.com/opinion/editorials/.../race-blind-simply-blind/.../story.html
Oct 12, 2018 - A ruling against Harvard would forever alter admissions, especially at elite colleges — for the worse.
There are more than 4,000 colleges and universities in the United States, and the vast majority are nonselective. Of the 1,254 schools ranked by US News and World Report in 2016, for instance, nearly 80 percent admitted more than half of the students who applied.

When the Civil Rights Act passed in 1964, 14 percent of whites 25 to 29 years old had attained a bachelor’s degree. Only 6 percent of blacks were able to do so. By 2014, 41 percent of whites that age had a degree. Yet only 22 percent of blacks had one.

Of the 21 million students in the higher ed system, 58 percent are white, 17 percent are Hispanic, and 15 percent are black. [If Harvard matched pool of college students] But those raw numbers are also misleading. At the country’s top schools, black students make up only 4 percent of undergraduates. In the Ivy League, that number jumps to 9 percent.

what of the Asian students at Harvard? If race were totally removed from the admissions process, their share of the freshman class would rise modestly, from 24 percent to 27 percent, [1.12] according to court filings. White students, meanwhile, would see a bump three times as large — increasing their share of the class from 40 percent to 48 percent. [1.2] If the goal is to make Harvard white again, stripping race from admissions is the way to do it.

BlogviewRon Unz Archive
American Pravda: Racial Discrimination at Harvard
RON UNZ • OCTOBER 22, 2018 •

Meanwhile, unbeknownst to myself or other outside observers, Harvard itself launched an internal investigation of the anti-Asian bias that I had alleged. Apparently, the university’s own initial results generally confirmed my accusations, indicating that if students were admitted solely based upon objective academic merit, far more Asians would receive thick envelopes. But Harvard’s top administrators buried the study and did nothing, with these important facts only coming out years later during the discovery process of the current Asian Quotas lawsuit.

statewide lists of National Merit Semifinalists (NMS), a group that constituted the highest-performing one-half percent of American high school seniors. By a fortunate coincidence, this fraction of the American student body was reasonably close in size to the total enrollment of students at the Ivy League schools together with similarly elite schools such as Stanford, Caltech, and MIT. The NMS dataset had previously been almost entirely ignored by researchers, but I found it a treasure-trove of useful empirical information.

Since Asian last names are extremely distinctive, I was able to estimate that Asians nationally constituted roughly 25-30% of this top academic group, a figure considerably larger than their enrollment at Harvard and other elite schools. This conclusion was supported by the even greater Asian dominance in more highly selective academic competitions such as the Math Olympiad and the Intel Science Talent Search, though the far smaller numbers involved reduced the statistical validity of that analysis.

6/15/2018 Harvard reports revealed concern over Asian-American admissions rate
https://www.bostonglobe.com Harvard University's own internal research raised concerns about how Asian-American applicants are treated by the college's admissions ...
Harvard goes on attack to defend its admissions policies 6/13/2018 Boston Globe Harvard University is preparing for what is likely to be the fiercest attack yet on its use of race in student admissions and a court case that could fundamentally transform the legal landscape on affirmative action. In anticipation of court filings on Friday by a group representing Asian-Americans who contend that they were unfairly denied admissions to Harvard, outgoing university president Drew Faust went on the offensive. In a letter sent to the university community on Tuesday, Faust called the claims of discrimination by the group, Students for Fair Admissions, “inaccurate.”

6/13/2018 Harvard president issues defense of affirmative action as lawsuit ...
https://www.insidehighered.com/.../harvard-president-issues-defense-affirmative-actio...
Against that backdrop, Drew Faust, in her last month as Harvard's president, ... Those who oppose the consideration of race in admissions have ...

The plaintiffs have repeatedly cited the high SAT scores and grades of Asian-American applicants who are rejected to suggest that they must be victims of discrimination.

Those who oppose the consideration of race in admissions have picked up this theme, noting that elite universities that do not consider race in admissions end up with larger Asian-American shares of their classes than do institutions such as Harvard, at which 22.7 percent of incoming students last year were Asian. (At the University of California, Berkeley, last fall, 39 percent of new students were Asian-American.)

In her message to the campus, Faust warned the following of the plaintiffs' arguments: "These claims will rely on misleading, selectively presented data taken out of context. Their intent is to question the integrity of the undergraduate admissions process and to advance a divisive agenda."

Faust pointed to a Harvard website with more information about the university's defense of its practices. Harvard maintains that it considers race and ethnicity, among many other factors, in building a class, but that it does so without quotas.

The Harvard website suggests that the university's defense may be similar to that used by Princeton University when it was investigated on similar charges -- and in 2015 cleared of discrimination -- by the Education Department's Office for Civil Rights.

Princeton never denied, nor has Harvard, denying admissions to numerous highly qualified Asian-American applicants with stellar credentials. Princeton's argument was that it rejects so many people of all ethnic backgrounds that there was no evidence of bias

admissions cycle (in which fewer than 2,000 applicants out of approximately 40,000 were admitted), over 8,000 domestic applicants had perfect GPAs, over 3,400 applicants had perfect SAT math scores [and] over 2,700 applicants had perfect SAT verbal scores," the university says.

Harvard's admission secrets for Asian-Americans like shielding 'recipe ...
www.scmp.com › News › World › United States & Canada
Apr 11, 2018 - Harvard says disclosure about its admissions practices would violate student privacy rights and amount to publishing confidential trade secrets ...

Marie Myung-Ok Lee: Asian-Americans rejected by Harvard need to resist the anti-affirmative action narrative Our community is being fed a story by a white man trying to preserve spaces at colleges for mediocre white students, not stellar Asian-American ones.
https://www.nbcnews.com Apr 8, 2018 - Image: Asian Students Turn To Advisers For College Help ... most commonly cited in service of the idea of "the Asian penalty" in admissions.

Apr 10, 2018 Race case against Harvard moves forward - CNNPolitics - CNN.com
https://www.cnn.com/2018/04/10/politics/harvard-asian-american.../index.html
- A lawsuit against Harvard on behalf of Asian-American students moved a ... trial date andsuggested ground rules for admissions records to be ...

Marie Myung-Ok Lee: Asian-Americans rejected by Harvard need to ...
https://www.nbcnews.com/.../asian-americans-rejected-harvard-need-resist-anti-affirm...
Apr 8, 2018 - There is a story about race-based college admissions that holds particular sway overAsian-American students like I once was — my father ...

Apr 4, 2018 Asian-Americans Suing Harvard Say Admissions Files Show ...
https://www.nytimes.com/2018/04/04/us/harvard-asian-admission.html- A lawsuit against Harvard University says that it discriminates against Asian-American applicants. The plaintiffs are arguing for the release of ...

Suit accusing Harvard of capping Asian-American admissions could
https://www.cnn.com/2018/03/10/politics/harvard-college-lawsuit-asian.../index.html
Mar 10, 2018 - Suit accusing Harvard of capping Asian-American admissions could be tried this summer. By Joan Biskupic, CNN Legal Analyst and Supreme ...

Harvard president issues defense of affirmative action as lawsuit proceeds
Inside Higher Ed

Harvard goes on the attack to defend its affirmative action policies
The Boston Globe

More for harvard university admissions asian

Asian-Americans Sue Harvard for Admissions-Based Discrimination
https://studybreaks.com/news-politics/asian-americans-harvard-discrimination/
Apr 6, 2018 - In 2014, a group of Asian Americans filed a lawsuit against Harvard, claiming theuniversity discriminated against their racial identities during ...

The Uncomfortable Truth About Affirmative Action and Asian-Americans
https://www.newyorker.com/.../the-uncomfortable-truth-about-affirmative-action-and-...
Aug 10, 2017 - ... in Massachusetts in 2014, a group representing Asian-Americans is claiming thatHarvard University's undergraduate-admissions practices ...

The Harvard Plan That Failed Asian Americans - Harvard Law Review
https://harvardlawreview.org/2017/12/the-harvard-plan-that-failed-asian-americans/
Dec 7, 2017 - While the number of Asian applicants has increased manifold in the last few ... where an internal committee found that “Asian American applicants have .... Instead, the Court has left thesequestions to university administrators on the .... and its own research “showed that more classes lackedAsian-American ... Their objection is to “negative action,” or unequal treatment in comparison to the white majority.

First, Asian Americans challenge the notion that they are overrepresented. The question of parity depends on the baseline for comparison: although Asians are overrepresented in relation to the general population, they tend to be the most underrepresented group when compared to the applicant pool. Studies show that Asians have the lowest acceptance rates of all racial groups

One study showed that in order to be admitted to certain selective institutions, Asian applicants needed to score — on the 1600 point scale of the “old SAT” — 140 points higher than whites, 270 points higher than Hispanics, and 450 points higher than African Americans if other factors are held equal.

Stanford, the Committee on Undergraduate Admissions and Financial Aid, after an exhaustive internal investigation, conceded negative action against Asian applicants. 20. Dana Y. Takagi, The Retreat from Race 39–40 (1992). Its 1986 report stated: “No factor we considered can explain completely the discrepancy in admission rates between Asian Americans and whites.” 21. Id.

Subconscious bias by admissions officers was likely the culprit, it concluded, but the Committee “elected not to investigate the bias because ‘the analysis required would be formidable.’” 22. Id. at 40. A similar episode took place at Brown, where an internal committee found that “Asian American applicants have been treated unfairly in the admissions process.” 23. Id. at 29. Like Stanford, Brown maintained that the unequal treatment was unintentional and due to cultural bias. Karabel, supra note 19, at 501. On the other hand, internal investigations at Cornell, Princeton, and Harvard did not find discrimination against Asian applicants.

1988, the U.S. Department of Education launched two high-profile civil rights investigations into Harvard and UCLA. After two years of review, the Office of Civil Rights (OCR) cleared Harvard but found that UCLA had discriminated against Asian applicants. 25. Id. at 164. OCR determined that UCLA’s graduate math program had not complied with Title VI because it had rejected Asian students whose qualifications were comparable to admitted white students. Per the OCR order, UCLA made “belated admissions offers” to the rejected students. 26. Id. At Harvard too, OCR found that Asian students were admitted at significantly lower rates than similarly qualified white students. But Harvard’s preference for legacy applicants and recruited athletes explained the disparity.

The Tech MIT Admissions based on new criterion
https://thetech.com/issues/107/4
https://s3.amazonaws.com/thetech-production/issues/pdfs/000/003/119/original/tech_pdf.pdf?1460734469
Feb 13, 1987 vol 107 no 4.
will be rated more heavily interpersonal skills and personal accomplishment math and science will still be crucial
admission is still sex blind no sex quotas (which does not explain 2:1 admit ratio)

http://campusquest.blogspot.com/2018/06/harvard-asian-admissions-controversy.html

National Assessment of Educational Progress 2017 Results

2018-04-16T11:42:00.003-07:00

National Assessment of Educational Progress 2017 Results

Minnesota above average on 'Nation's Report Card,' but gaps remain ...

https://www.mprnews.org/.../minnesota-above-average-on-nations-report-card-gaps-re...

5 days ago - Minnesota students scored above the national average on a test known as the "Nation's Report Card", according to 2017 results out Tuesday. ... Score gaps between students of color and white students are bigger in Minnesota than in the U.S. overall for most racial groups. Minnesota's white students ...

ACT Scores - Minnesota Office of Higher Education

https://www.ohe.state.mn.us/mPg.cfm?pageID=792

Minnesota student's average composite score of 21.5 (on a scale of 1 to 36) was higher than the national score of 21.0; and first among 17 states who had 100 percent of graduating class take the test. All student groups saw an increase in composite scores, with Black, Hispanic and Pacific Islanders each seeing a 0.5 point ...

Find your Minnesota school's math and reading test scores ...

www.startribune.com/find-your-minnesota-school-s-math...test-scores/388290262/

Aug 7, 2017 - ... across all grades, were included in the analysis; alternative learning and special education schools were not included. Schools were identified as “falling short” if the actual proficiency rate was 10 percentage points or more lower than the expected rate. Schools were classified as “better than expected” if ...

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