<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?><rss xmlns:atom="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom" xmlns:blogger="http://schemas.google.com/blogger/2008" xmlns:gd="http://schemas.google.com/g/2005" xmlns:georss="http://www.georss.org/georss" xmlns:itunes="http://www.itunes.com/dtds/podcast-1.0.dtd" xmlns:openSearch="http://a9.com/-/spec/opensearchrss/1.0/" xmlns:thr="http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0" version="2.0"><channel><atom:id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4475732337211380668</atom:id><lastBuildDate>Sun, 08 Mar 2026 08:23:59 +0000</lastBuildDate><category>Materi</category><category>Umum</category><category>Ekspresi</category><title>RANDOM</title><description></description><link>http://sais-pourquoi.blogspot.com/</link><managingEditor>noreply@blogger.com (Bontor Paolo)</managingEditor><generator>Blogger</generator><openSearch:totalResults>131</openSearch:totalResults><openSearch:startIndex>1</openSearch:startIndex><openSearch:itemsPerPage>25</openSearch:itemsPerPage><language>en-us</language><itunes:explicit>no</itunes:explicit><itunes:subtitle/><itunes:owner><itunes:email>noreply@blogger.com</itunes:email></itunes:owner><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4475732337211380668.post-2969309082547949810</guid><pubDate>Tue, 26 Mar 2013 02:51:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2013-03-25T19:51:53.812-07:00</atom:updated><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">Materi</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">Umum</category><title>Promosi</title><description>&lt;div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 13.25pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"&gt;
&lt;span style="color: black;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;Menurut Kotler (2000), “strategi promosi dapat dilakukan melalui empat bentuk promosi yang paling dikenal, yaitu periklanan,&lt;i&gt;&amp;nbsp;personal selling&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;, publisitas dan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;promosi penjualan&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;”. Strategi promosi tersebut dapat dilakukan secara sendiri, tetapipada umumnya dilakukan secara bersama-sama.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20px; text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4475732337211380668" name="more"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 10.75pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: black;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;1) Periklanan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20px; text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 13.25pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"&gt;
&lt;span style="color: black;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;Periklanan merupakan salah satu cara yang dilakukan perusahaan untukmemperkenalkan produknya terhadap konsumen. Periklanan dilakukan melaluiberbagai media periklanan yang tersedia sesuai dengan target pasar yang akan ditujuperusahaan.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 14.3pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 13.25pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"&gt;
&lt;span style="color: black;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;Menurut Jefkins (1996), “bahwa periklanan merupakan pesan-pesan penjualanyang paling persuasif yang diarahkan kepada calon pembeli yang paling potensial atas produk barang atau jasa tertentu dengan biaya semurah-murahnya”. Kotler(2000) memberikan definisi periklanan sebagai “setiap bentuk presentasi dan promosi ide, barang, atau jasa yang dibayar oleh sponsor yang dikenal yang bersifat tidakpribadi”. Menurut Swastha (2002), “periklanan adalah komunikasi non-individudengan sejumlah biaya, melalui berbagai media yang dilakukan oleh perusahaan,lembaga non-laba serta individu-individu”.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 14.3pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 13.25pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"&gt;
&lt;span style="color: black;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;Berdasarkan ketiga pengertian periklanan di atas, dapat disimpulkan bahwa periklanan merupakan komunikasi atau pesan-pesan penjualan yang dilakukan olehperusahaan melalui sponsor atau lembaga lain di luar perusahaan denganmengeluarkan sejumlah biaya. Iklan dapat dikatakan sebagai&lt;i&gt;&amp;nbsp;nonpersonal selling&lt;/i&gt;,karena penjualan tidak dilakukan secara langsung oleh seorang penjual. Iklan atauadvertensi merupakan cara penyajian cetakan, tulisan kata-kata, gambar ataumenggunakan orang, produk atau jasa yang dilakukan oleh suatu lembaga(perusahaan iklan) dengan maksud untuk mempengaruhi dan meningkatkanpenjualan, meningkatkan pemakaian atau memperoleh suara, dukungan atau pendapat.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 13.25pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20px;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 13.25pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;span style="color: black;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;Menurut Swastha (2002), tujuan periklanan adalah sebagai berikut:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 13.25pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;span style="color: black;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;1. Secara Umum, tujuan periklanan adalah meningkatkan penjualan yangmenguntungkan.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 13.8pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;span style="color: black;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;2. Secara Khusus, beberapa tujuan periklanan adalah:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 13.75pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;span style="color: black;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;a. Mendukung program penjualan pribadi/perorangan dan kegiatan promosiyang lain.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 13.75pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;span style="color: black;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;b. Mencapai orang-orang yang tidak dapat dicapai oleh tenaga penjualan/salesman dalam jangka waktu tertentu.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 13.8pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;span style="color: black;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;c. Mengadakan hubungan dengan penyalur, misalnya dengan mencantumkannama dan alamatnya.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 13.75pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;span style="color: black;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;d. Memasuki daerah pemasaran baru atau menarik pelanggan baru.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 13.75pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;span style="color: black;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;e. Memperkenalkan produk baru.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 13.75pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;span style="color: black;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;f. Menambah penjualan industri/menambah penjualan suatu produk.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 13.8pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;span style="color: black;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;g. Mencegah timbulnya barang-barang tiruan.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 13.75pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;span style="color: black;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;h. Memperluas penjualan perusahaan.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 13.75pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;span style="color: black;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;i. Melawan prasangka atau dugaan tentang penggantian produk.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 13.7pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 13.25pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;span style="color: black;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;j. Membangun nama baik (&lt;i&gt;god will&lt;/i&gt;) perusahaan, dan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 13.75pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;span style="color: black;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;k. Memperbaiki reputasi perusahaan dengan memberikan pelayanan umum danmenjelaskan keadaan organisasi yang menghasilkan produk tersebut.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 10pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 10pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 13.25pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"&gt;
&lt;span style="color: black;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;Periklanan membutuhkan biaya yang amat mahal, tetapi di satu sisi dapatdipakai demi membangun citra jangka panjang untuk suatu produk. Di sisi lain,periklanan dapat mendongkrak penjualan dengan cepat. Periklanan juga mempunyaibeberapa kelemahan. Walaupun dapat menjangkau banyak orang dengan cepat,periklanan tidak menyertakan manusia dan tidak dapat membujuk seperti wiraniaga.Pada umumnya periklanan hanya dapat menyampaikan komunikasi satu arah denganpara pemirsanya, dan pemirsa tidak merasa harus memperhatikan atau memberireaksi. Iklan memiliki ciri-ciri presentasi publik, daya serap tinggi, ungkapan yangdiperbesar dan tidak pribadi (Jefkins, 1996).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 13.25pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 13.25pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 14.3pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 13.25pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"&gt;
&lt;span style="color: black;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;Menurut Guiltinan dan Paul (2002), “penyampaian iklan dapat dilakukanmelalui berbagai media”. Masing-masing media mempunyai karakteristik sendiri-sendiri yang mungkin cocok atau tidak cocok untuk jenis pesan yang akandisampaikan dan untuk jenis pasar target yang akan dijangkau. Media periklananmeliputi segenap perangkat yang dapat memuat atau membawa pesan-pesanpenjualan kepada para calon pembeli. Jenis-jenis media periklanan sangat beragam,khususnya di negara-negara yang sudah maju, sedangkan di negara-negaraberkembang masih terbatas.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 14.3pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 13.25pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"&gt;
&lt;span style="color: black;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;Menurut Guiltinan dan Paul (2002), jenis-jenis media periklanan yang umumdigunakan adalah “pers (koran dan majalah), radio, televisi, lembaga jasa iklan&lt;i&gt;outdoor&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;dan bioskop. Setiap media digunakan untuk tujuan yang berbeda, atau jugauntuk mendukung media lainnya”.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 16.9pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 10.8pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: black;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;2)&lt;i&gt;&amp;nbsp;Personal Selling&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20px; text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 13.25pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"&gt;
&lt;span style="color: black;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;Menurut Kotler (2000), “penjualan perorangan (&lt;i&gt;personal selling&lt;/i&gt;), yaitupenyajian atau presentasi pribadi oleh tenaga penjual perusahaan dengan tujuanmenjual dan membina hubungan dengan pelanggan”. Menurut Tjiptono (2004)penjualan perorangan adalah “komunikasi langsung (tatap muka) antara penjual dancalon pelanggan untuk memperkenalkan suatu produk kepada calon pelanggan danmembentuk pemahaman pelanggan terhadap produk sehingga mereka kemudianmencoba membelinya”.Penjualan perorangan adalah alat paling efektif pada tahap proses penjualantertentu, terutama dalam membangun pilihan, keyakinan, dan tindakan pembeli.Dibandingkan dengan periklanan, penjualan perorangan mempunyai beberapa sifatyang unik. Metode ini memungkinkan interaksi pribadi antara dua orang atau lebih,sehingga setiap orang dapat mengamati kebutuhan dan karakteristik yang lain sertamenyesuaikan diri dengan cepat. Penjualan perorangan juga memungkinkan semuajenis hubungan muncul, mulai dari hubungan penjualan semata-mata sampai kehubungan persahabatan mendalam. Wiraniaga yang efektif memelihara rasa tertarikpelanggan untuk membina hubungan jangka panjang. Terhadap penjualanperorangan, pembeli biasanya merasa perlu untuk mendengarkan atau memberi reaksi(Kotler, 2000).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 10pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20px; text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 13.25pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;span style="color: black;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;Menurut Kotler (2000), bahwa ciri atau sifat-sifat penjualan peroranganadalah sebagai berikut:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 14.3pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 13.25pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;span style="color: black;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;1.&lt;i&gt;&amp;nbsp;Personal confrontation&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;yaitu adanya hubungan aktif, langsung dan timbal balikantara dua orang atau lebih. Sehingga dapat mengetahui secara langsung apa yangdiinginkan dan dapat segera melakukan penyesuaian dengan pembeli.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 13.25pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;span style="color: black;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;2.&lt;i&gt;&amp;nbsp;Cultivation&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;yaitu sifat yang memungkinkan berkembangnya segala macamhubungan, mulai dari sekedar hubungan jual beli sampai dengan suatu hubunganyang lebih akrab.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 13.25pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;span style="color: black;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;3.&lt;i&gt;&amp;nbsp;Response&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;yaitu situasi yang seolah-olah mengharuskan pelanggan untukmendengar, memperlihatkan, dan menanggapi sehingga dapat mengetahuitanggapan pembeli secara langsung agar tenaga penjual secara cepat pula dapat menyimpulkannya.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 13.25pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 13.25pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 14.3pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 13.25pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;span style="color: black;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;Selanjutnya Tjiptono (2004) menyatakan bahwa beberapa fungsi-fungsipenjualan perorangan, yaitu:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 13.25pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;span style="color: black;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;1.&lt;i&gt;&amp;nbsp;Prospecting&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;yaitu mencari pembeli dan menjalin hubungan dengan mereka.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 13.75pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;span style="color: black;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;2.&lt;i&gt;&amp;nbsp;Targeting&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;yaitu mengalokasikan kelangkaan waktu penjual demi pembeli.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 13.8pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;span style="color: black;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;3.&lt;i&gt;&amp;nbsp;Communicating&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;yaitu memberi informasi mengenai produk perusahaan kepadapelanggan.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 13.8pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;span style="color: black;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;4.&lt;i&gt;&amp;nbsp;Selling&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;yakni mendekati, mempresentasikan dan mendemonstrasikan, mengatasiperubahan serta menjual produk kepada pelanggan.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 13.8pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;span style="color: black;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;5.&lt;i&gt;&amp;nbsp;Servicing&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;yakni memberikan berbagai jasa dan pelayanan kepada pelanggan.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 13.7pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;span style="color: black;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;6.&lt;i&gt;&amp;nbsp;Information gathering&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;yakni melakukan riset dan intelijen pasar.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 13.8pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;span style="color: black;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;7.&lt;i&gt;&amp;nbsp;Allocating&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;yaitu menentukan pelanggan yang dituju.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 16.9pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 16.9pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 10.75pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: black;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;3) Publisitas&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20px; text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 13.25pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"&gt;
&lt;span style="color: black;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;Publisitas adalah upaya perusahaan untuk mendukung, membina citraperusahaan yang baik, dan menangani atau menangkal isu, cerita dan peristiwayang dapat merugikan perusahaan yang dilakukan melalui pembinaan hubungandengan masyarakat (&lt;i&gt;public relations&lt;/i&gt;)” (Kotler, 2000). Publisitas adalah bentukpenyajian dan penyebaran ide, barang atau jasa secara non personal, yang manaorang atau organisasi yang diuntungkan tidak membayar untuk itu (Tjiptono,2004). Selanjutnya Swastha (2002) menyatakan “publisitas adalah sejumlahinformasi tentang seseorang, barang atau organisasi yang disebarluaskan kemasyarakat melalui media tanpa dipungut biaya atau tanpa pengawasan darisponsor”.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 13.25pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 13.25pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"&gt;
&lt;span style="color: black;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;Publisitas merupakan pemanfaatan nilai-nilai berita yang terkandung dalam suatuproduk untuk membentuk citra produk yang bersangkutan. Dibandingkan denganiklan, publisitas mempunyai kredibilitas yang lebih baik, karena pembenaran(baik langsung maupun tidak langsung) dilakukan oleh pihak lain selain pemilikiklan. Di samping itu karena pesan publisitas dimasukkan dalam berita atauartikel koran, tabloid, majalah, radio dan televisi, maka khalayak tidakmemandangnya sebagai komunikasi promosi. Publisitas juga dapat memberiinformasi yang lebih banyak dan lebih terperinci dari pada iklan.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 14.3pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20px; text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 20px; text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 13.25pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"&gt;
&lt;span style="color: black;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;Jika dibandingkan dengan alat promosi lain seperti periklanan, publisitasmempunyai beberapa keuntungan antara lain:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 14.3pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 13.25pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;span style="color: black;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;1. Dapat menjangkau orang-orang yang tidak mau membaca iklan. Pesan tersebutsampai kepada pembeli yang mungkin menghindari iklan dan wiraniaga karenapesan tersebut disampaikan sebagai berita bukan komunikasi yang diarahkankepenjualan.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 14.3pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 13.25pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;span style="color: black;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;2. Dapat ditempatkan pada halaman depan dari sebuah surat kabar atau pada posisilain yang menyolok.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 10pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 10pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;3. lebih dapat di percaya, apa bila sebuah surat&amp;nbsp;Kabar atau majalah&amp;nbsp; mempublikasikan sebuah cerita, keliatan lebih otentik sebagai berita dan berita pada umumnya&amp;nbsp; lebih di percaya dari pada iklan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 13.25pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black;"&gt;4. Jauh lebih murah karena dilakukan secara bebas, tanpa dipungut biaya.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 13.25pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;span style="color: black;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;5. Bersifat dramatis, sebab mempunyai potensi untuk mendramatisasi perusahaanatau produk.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 13.25pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 13.25pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 10.75pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="color: black;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;4)&lt;i&gt;&amp;nbsp;Sales Promotion&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 10pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 13.25pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"&gt;
&lt;span style="color: black;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;Promosi penjualan (&lt;i&gt;sales promotion&lt;/i&gt;) adalah bentuk persuasi langsung melaluipenggunaan berbagai insentif yang dapat diatur untuk merangsang pembelian produkdengan segera dan meningkatkan jumlah barang yang dibeli pelanggan. Promosipenjualan (&lt;i&gt;sales promotion&lt;/i&gt;), yaitu insentif jangka pendek untuk mendorongpembelian atau penjualan dari suatu produk dan jasa. “Promosi penjualan termasukberbagai jenis peralatan yang mempunyai sifat unik seperti kupon, perlombaan,pemotongan harga, hadiah dan lain-lain” (Kotler, 2000). Promosi penjualan menarikperhatian konsumen dan memberikan informasi yang mengarah pada pembelian.Semuanya memberikan insentif kuat untuk membeli dengan menyediakan doronganatau kontribusi yang memberikan nilai tambah bagi konsumen.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 10pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 13.25pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"&gt;
&lt;span style="color: black;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;Menurut Tjiptono (2004), promosi penjualan adalah “bentuk persuasilangsung melalui penggunaan berbagai insentif yang dapat diatur untuk merangsangpembelian produk dengan segera dan/atau meningkatkan jumlah barang yang dibelipelanggan”. Melalui promosi penjualan, perusahaan dapat menarik pelanggan baru,mempengaruhi pelanggannya untuk mencoba produk baru, mendorong pelangganmembeli lebih banyak, menyerang aktivitas promosi pesaing, meningkatkan&lt;i&gt;&amp;nbsp;impulsebuying&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;(pembelian tanpa rencana sebelumnya) atau mengupayakan kerjasama yanglebih erat dengan pengecer.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 14.3pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 13.25pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;span style="color: black;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;Tujuan-tujuan promosi penjualan tersebut dapat digeneralisasikan sebagaiberikut:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 14.3pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 13.25pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;span style="color: black;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;1. Meningkatkan permintaan dari para pemakai industrial dan/atau konsumen akhir.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 13.25pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;span style="color: black;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;2. Meningkatkan kinerja pemasaran perantara.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 13.25pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;span style="color: black;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;3. Mendukung dan mengkoordinasikan kegiatan&lt;i&gt;&amp;nbsp;personal selling&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;dan iklan.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 13.25pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 13.25pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 13.25pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;span style="color: black;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;Menurut Kotler dan Amstrong (2001), promosi penjualan mempunyai 3 sifatkhusus, yaitu:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 13.25pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;span style="color: black;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;1. Sarana promosi penjualan menarik dan komunikatifPromosi penjualan mampu menarik perhatian dan memberi informasi yangmemperkenalkan pelanggan pada produk.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 13.75pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;span style="color: black;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;2. Sarana promosi penjualan menciptakan rangsangan untuk membeli, memberikankeistimewaan dan rangsangan yang bernilai bagi pelanggan.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 13.8pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;span style="color: black;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;3. Sarana promosi penjualan menawarkan undangan (&lt;i&gt;insitation&lt;/i&gt;) artinyamengundang khalayak untuk membeli saat itu juga.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 10pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 13.25pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"&gt;
&lt;span style="color: black;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;Menurut Kotler dan Amstrong (2001), promosi penjualan mempunyai 3 sifatkhusus, yaitu:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 14.3pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 13.25pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;span style="color: black;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;1. Sarana promosi penjualan menarik dan komunikatifPromosi penjualan mampu menarik perhatian dan memberi informasi yangmemperkenalkan pelanggan pada produk.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 13.75pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;span style="color: black;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;2. Sarana promosi penjualan menciptakan rangsangan untuk membeli, memberikankeistimewaan dan rangsangan yang bernilai bagi pelanggan.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 13.8pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;span style="color: black;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;3. Sarana promosi penjualan menawarkan undangan (&lt;i&gt;insitation&lt;/i&gt;) artinyamengundang khalayak untuk membeli saat itu juga.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 10pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 10pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 13.25pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;span style="color: black;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;Promosi penjualan dapat dikelompokkan berdasarkan tujuan yang ingin dicapai,sebagai berikut:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 14.3pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 13.25pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;span style="color: black;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;1.&lt;i&gt;&amp;nbsp;Customer promotion&lt;/i&gt;, yaitu promosi penjualan yang bertujuan untuk merangsang/mendorong pelanggan untuk membeli.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 14.3pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 13.25pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;span style="color: black;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;2.&lt;i&gt;&amp;nbsp;Trade promotion&lt;/i&gt;, yaitu promosi penjualan yang bertujuan untuk mendorong/merangsang pedagang grosir, pengecer, eksportir, dan importir untukmemperdagangkan barang/jasa dari sponsor.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 14.3pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 13.25pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;span style="color: black;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;3.&lt;i&gt;&amp;nbsp;Sales force promotion&lt;/i&gt;, yaitu promosi penjualan yang bertujuan untuk memotivasiarmada penjual.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 13.25pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;span style="color: black;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;.4.&lt;i&gt;&amp;nbsp;Business promotion&lt;/i&gt;, yaitu promosi penjualan yang bertujuan untuk memperoleh pelanggan baru, mempertahanan kontak hubungan dengan pelanggan memperkenalkan produk baru, menjual lebih banyak kepada pelanggan lama danmendidik pelanggan.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 10pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 10pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;Sumber referensi :&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 10pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 13.3pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"&gt;
&lt;span style="color: black;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;Kotler,Philip. 2000.&lt;i&gt;&amp;nbsp;Marketing Management&lt;/i&gt;. The Millennium Edition. Prentice HallInternational Edition. New Jersey.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 10pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 13.3pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"&gt;
&lt;span style="color: black;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;Jefkins, F. 1996.&lt;i&gt;&amp;nbsp;Periklanan&lt;/i&gt;. Edisi Ketiga. Erlangga. Jakarta.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 10pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 13.3pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"&gt;
&lt;span style="color: black;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;Swastha Dh, Basu. 2002.&lt;i&gt;&amp;nbsp;Manajemen Pemasaran Modern.&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;Edisi Kedua. Liberty.Yogyakarta.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 13.3pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 13.3pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"&gt;
&lt;span style="color: black;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;Guiltinan, P.Y. dan Paul W. Gordon. 2002.&lt;i&gt;&amp;nbsp;Strategi dan Program ManajemenPemasaran&lt;/i&gt;. Alih Bahasa: Agus Maulana. Gelora Aksara Pratama. Jakarta.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 10pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 10pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;span style="color: black;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;Tjiptono, Fandy. 2004.&lt;i&gt;&amp;nbsp;Strategi Pemasaran&lt;/i&gt;. Andi. Yogyakarta&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 10pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 13.3pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"&gt;
&lt;span style="color: black;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;Kotler,Philip dan Gary Amstrong, 2001.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&amp;nbsp;Prinsip-prinsip Pemasaran&lt;/i&gt;. Jilid 1. EdisiKedelapan. Erlangga. Jakarta.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
</description><link>http://sais-pourquoi.blogspot.com/2013/03/promosi.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Bontor Paolo)</author><thr:total>0</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4475732337211380668.post-4351955931139859475</guid><pubDate>Tue, 26 Mar 2013 02:49:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2013-03-25T19:49:08.398-07:00</atom:updated><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">Materi</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">Umum</category><title>Strategi Promosi Penjualan : Definisi, Tujuan, dan Jenis Kegiatan Promosi Penjualan</title><description>&lt;div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: left;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: white; color: #303030; line-height: 17.016666412353516px; text-align: justify;"&gt;Promosi pada hakekatnya adalah suatu komunikasi pemasaran, artinya aktifitas pemasaran yang berusaha menyebarkan informasi, mempengaruhi/membujuk, dan atau mengingatkan pasar sasaran atas perusahaan dan produknya agar bersedia menerima, membeli dan loyal pada&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;produk&lt;span style="background-color: white; color: #303030; line-height: 17.016666412353516px; text-align: justify;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;yang ditawarkan perusahaan yang bersangkutan, Tjiptono (2001 : 219).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: left;"&gt;
&lt;span style="background-color: white; color: #303030; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; line-height: 17.016666412353516px; text-align: justify;"&gt;Sementara Sistaningrum (2002 : 98) mengungkapkan arti promosi adalah suatu upaya atau kegiatan perusahaan dalam mempengaruhi ”konsumen aktual” maupun ”konsumen potensial” agar mereka mau melakukan pembelian terhadap produk yang ditawarkan, saat ini atau dimasa yang akan datang. Konsumen aktual adalah konsumen yang langsung membeli produk yang ditawarkan pada saat atau sesaat setelah promosi produk tersebut dilancarkan perusahaan. Dan konsumen potensial adalah konsumen yang berminat melakukan pembelian terhadap produk yang ditawarkan perusahaan dimasa yang akan datang.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: left;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"&gt;&lt;br style="background-color: white; color: #303030; line-height: 17.016666412353516px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;" /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: left;"&gt;
&lt;span style="background-color: white; color: #303030; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; line-height: 17.016666412353516px; text-align: justify;"&gt;Adapun tujuan dari pada perusahaan melakukan promosi menurut Tjiptono (2001 : 221) adalah menginformasikan (informing), mempengaruhi dan membujuk (persuading) serta mengingatkan (reminding) pelangggan tentang perusahaan dan bauran pemasarannya. Sistaningrum (2002 : 98) menjelaskan tujuan promosi adalah empat hal, yaitu memperkenalkan diri, membujuk, modifikasi dan membentuk tingkah laku serta mengingatkan kembali tentang produk dan perusahaan yang bersangkutan.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: left;"&gt;
&lt;span style="background-color: white; color: #303030; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; line-height: 17.016666412353516px; text-align: justify;"&gt;Pada prinsipnya antara keduanya adalah sama, yaitu sama-sama menjelaskan bila produk masih baru maka perlu memperkenalkan atau menginformasikan kepada konsumen bahwa saat ini ada produk baru yang tidak kalah dengan produk yang lama. Setelah konsumen mengetahui produk yang baru, diharapkan konsumen akan terpengaruh dan terbujuk sehingga beralih ke produk tersebut. Dan pada akhirnya, perusahaan hanya sekedar mengingatkan bahwa produk tersebut tetap bagus untuk dikonsumsi. Hal ini dilakukan karena banyaknya serangan yang datang dari para pesaing.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: left;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: white; color: #303030; line-height: 17.016666412353516px; text-align: justify;"&gt;Dalam melakukan&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;promosi&lt;span style="background-color: white; color: #303030; line-height: 17.016666412353516px; text-align: justify;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;agar dapat efektif perlu adanya bauran promosi, yaitu kombinasi yang optimal bagi berbagai jenis kegiatan atau pemilihan jenis kegiatan promosi yang paling efektif dalam meningkatkan penjualan. Ada empat jenis kegiatan promosi, antara lain : (Kotler, 2001:98-100)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: left;"&gt;
&lt;span style="background-color: white; color: #303030; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; line-height: 17.016666412353516px; text-align: justify;"&gt;1. Periklanan (Advertising), yaitu bentuk promosi non personal dengan menggunakan berbagai media yang ditujukan untuk merangsang pembelian.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: left;"&gt;
&lt;span style="background-color: white; color: #303030; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; line-height: 17.016666412353516px; text-align: justify;"&gt;2. Penjualan Tatap Muka (Personal Selling), yaitu bentuk promosi secara personal dengan presentasi lisan dalam suatu percakapan dengan calon pembeli yang ditujukan untuk merangsang pembelian.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: left;"&gt;
&lt;span style="background-color: white; color: #303030; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; line-height: 17.016666412353516px; text-align: justify;"&gt;3. Publisitas (Publisity), yaitu suatu bentuk promosi non personal mengenai, pelayanan atau kesatuan usaha tertentu dengan jalan mengulas informasi/berita tentangnya (pada umumnya bersifat ilmiah).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: left;"&gt;
&lt;span style="background-color: white; color: #303030; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; line-height: 17.016666412353516px; text-align: justify;"&gt;4. Promosi Penjualan (Sales promotion), yaitu suatu bentuk promosi diluar ketiga bentuk diatas yang ditujukan untuk merangsang pembelian.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: left;"&gt;
&lt;span style="background-color: white; color: #303030; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; line-height: 17.016666412353516px; text-align: justify;"&gt;5. Pemasaran Langsung (Direct marketing), yaitu suatu bentuk penjualan perorangan secara langsung ditujukan untuk mempengaruhi pembelian konsumen.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: left;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"&gt;&lt;br style="background-color: white; color: #303030; line-height: 17.016666412353516px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;" /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: left;"&gt;
&lt;span style="background-color: white; color: #303030; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; line-height: 17.016666412353516px; text-align: justify;"&gt;Promosi penjualan yang dilakukan oleh penjual dapat dikelompokkan berdasar tujuan yang ingin dicapai. Pengelompokan tersebut adalah sebagai berikut :&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: left;"&gt;
&lt;span style="background-color: white; color: #303030; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; line-height: 17.016666412353516px; text-align: justify;"&gt;1. Customer promotion, yaitu promosi yang bertujuan untuk mendorong atau merangsang pelanggan untuk membeli.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: left;"&gt;
&lt;span style="background-color: white; color: #303030; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; line-height: 17.016666412353516px; text-align: justify;"&gt;2. Trade promotion, yaitu promosi penjualan yang bertujuan untuk merangsang atau mendorong pedagang grosir, pengecer, eksportir dan importir untuk memperdagangkan barang / jasa dari sponsor.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: left;"&gt;
&lt;span style="background-color: white; color: #303030; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; line-height: 17.016666412353516px; text-align: justify;"&gt;3. Sales-force promotion, yaitu promosi penjualan yang bertujuan untuk memotivasi armada penjualan.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: left;"&gt;
&lt;span style="background-color: white; color: #303030; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 17.016666412353516px; text-align: justify;"&gt;4. Business promotion, yaitu promosi penjualan yang bertujuan untuk memperoleh pelanggan baru, mempertahankan kontrak hubungan dengan pelanggan, memperkenalkan produk baru, menjual lebih banyak kepada pelanggan lama dan mendidik pelanggan.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align: left;"&gt;
&lt;span style="background-color: white; color: #303030; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 17.016666412353516px; text-align: justify;"&gt;Namun yang jelas apapun jenis kebutuhan yang akan diprogramkan untuk dipengaruhi, tetap pada perencanaan bagaimana agar perusahaan tetap eksis dan berkembang. Apalagi jika perusahaan tersebut mempunyai lini produk lebih dari satu macam.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: left;"&gt;
&lt;span style="background-color: white; color: #303030; line-height: 17.016666412353516px; text-align: justify;"&gt;Ada 3 gagasan utama dalam perencanaan bisnis yang dikemukakan oleh Kotler-AB. Susanto (2000 : 80) ;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span class="fullpost" style="background-color: white; color: #303030; line-height: 17.016666412353516px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: left;"&gt;
&lt;span style="line-height: 17.016666412353516px;"&gt;1. Bahwa bisnis perusahaan seharusnya seperti ” Portofolio Investment ”, yaitu&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="fullpost" style="background-color: white; color: #303030; line-height: 17.016666412353516px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: left;"&gt;
&lt;span style="line-height: 17.016666412353516px;"&gt;perlu diputuskan bisnis mana yang dapat dikembangkan, dipertahankan, dikurangi atau bahkan mungkin dihentikan. Karena tiap bisnis memiliki keuntungan masing-masing dan sumber daya perusahaan harus dikelola sesuai dengan potensi yang menguntungkan.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="fullpost" style="background-color: white; color: #303030; line-height: 17.016666412353516px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: left;"&gt;
&lt;span style="line-height: 17.016666412353516px;"&gt;2. Berorientasi pada potensi keuntungan di masa depan dengan mempertimbangkan tingkat pertumbuhan pasar dan posisi serta kesesuaian perusahaan. Tidak cukup dengan mengandalkan penjualan dan keuntungan yang telah dicapai pada tahun sebelumnya sebagai panduan.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="fullpost" style="background-color: white; color: #303030; line-height: 17.016666412353516px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: left;"&gt;
&lt;span style="line-height: 17.016666412353516px;"&gt;3. Strategi. Perusahaan harus memiliki dan menetapkan rencana kerja untuk mencapai sasaran jangka panjang dengan melihat posisi industri (lihat Identifikasi Pesaing), sasaran, peluang keahlian serta sumber daya perusahaan.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="fullpost" style="background-color: white; color: #303030; line-height: 17.016666412353516px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: left;"&gt;
&lt;span style="line-height: 17.016666412353516px;"&gt;Di samping tiga gagasan utama di atas, perlu pula dilakukan analisa atau pendekatan-pendekatan untuk menanggapi adanya perubahan-perubahan pada kondisi pasar yang bisa berdampak pada faktor biaya, Tjiptono (2000 : 7- 8).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="fullpost" style="background-color: white; color: #303030; line-height: 17.016666412353516px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: left;"&gt;
&lt;span style="line-height: 17.016666412353516px;"&gt;Sehingga dengan melakukan analisa dapat dilakukan antisipasi agar tidak keluar biaya yang tidak terkontrol yang dapat mempengaruhi kebijakan perusahaan.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
</description><link>http://sais-pourquoi.blogspot.com/2013/03/strategi-promosi-penjualan-definisi.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Bontor Paolo)</author><thr:total>0</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4475732337211380668.post-2451034276124551116</guid><pubDate>Wed, 13 Feb 2013 20:44:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2013-02-13T12:44:56.421-08:00</atom:updated><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">Materi</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">Umum</category><title>Ambient Advertising #2</title><description>&lt;div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 16px;"&gt;Ungkapan Ambient Advertising mulai muncul sebagai &amp;nbsp;jargon di media Inggris kira-kira sepuluh tahun yang lalu, tetapi sekarang nampaknya sudah menjadi istilah standar dalam industri periklanan.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 16px;" /&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 16px;"&gt;Ini mengacu pada hampir semua jenis iklan yang dibuat dan dipasang sebagai iklan luar ruang yang&amp;nbsp;non-standar. Contohnya pesan pada bagian belakang tanda parkir, di dasar lubang golf, di tali pegangan gerbong kereta api, di pegangan troli supermarket, dan di sisi karton telur (beberapa tim kreatif yang cerdas bahkan mengeksploitasi teknologi cetak modern dengan memasang pesan iklan pada kulit telur itu sendiri).&amp;nbsp;Ini juga mencakup teknik seperti memproyeksikan gambar besar di sisi bangunan, atau slogan-slogan di balon udara.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 16px;" /&gt;&lt;br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 16px;" /&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 16px;"&gt;Istilah umum untuk objek-objek (non-media) yang membawa pesan-pesan iklan adalah media ambient. Ungkapan ini mungkin diciptakan karena terpengaruh saat-saat puncak popularitas Ambient musik, genre musik elektronik yang menciptakan suasana hati atau suasana. Karenanya, makna standar Ambient, yang berkaitan dengan sesuatu yang ada di lingkungan (luar ruang), menjadi sedikit kurang tepat.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 16px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 16px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"&gt;Berikut adalah beberapa komentar tentang Ambient Advertising:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&lt;br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 16px;" /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;blockquote style="background-color: white; border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 8px; color: #333333; font-style: italic; line-height: 16px; margin: 15px 0px; padding: 0px 10px 0px 35px;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"&gt;Ambient advertising contains the seeds of its own destruction, he says, because once the approach is copied and becomes commonplace, it ceases to surprise. [Guardian, August 1997]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;
&lt;blockquote style="background-color: white; border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 8px; color: #333333; font-style: italic; line-height: 16px; margin: 15px 0px; padding: 0px 10px 0px 35px;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"&gt;The genuine impact of ambient media is difficult to measure as it often takes TV and press coverage to attract wider public attention to it. [Sunday Business, August 1998]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;
&lt;blockquote style="background-color: white; border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 8px; color: #333333; font-style: italic; line-height: 16px; margin: 15px 0px; padding: 0px 10px 0px 35px;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"&gt;Ambient advertising refers to intrusive ads in public places. With the cost of traditional media advertising skyrocketing and a glut of ads fighting for consumers' attention, marketers are aggressively seeking out new advertising vehicles. Cars, bicycles, taxis and buses have become moving commercials. Ambient ads appear on store floors, at gas pumps, in washrooms stalls, on elevator walls, park benches, telephones, fruit and even pressed into the sand on beaches.Even some members of the industry itself are critical of this trend to slap ads on everything. Bob Garfield, columnist for the ad industry magazine Advertising Age, calls this plethora of commercial messages "environment pollutants." Others worry that this deluge of advertising will create a backlash with consumers [ via&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.media-awareness.ca/english/parents/marketing/advertising_everywhere.cfm" style="color: #5f7c9c; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: initial;"&gt;http://www.media-awareness.ca/&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;
&lt;blockquote style="background-color: white; border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 8px; color: #333333; font-style: italic; line-height: 16px; margin: 15px 0px; padding: 0px 10px 0px 35px;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"&gt;Ambient Advertising is a one stop shop for a broad cross-section of ambient media. Our alternative media solutions cover the broadest range of advertising. Ambient Advertising reaches customers while they are in an active mindset and have the time to pay attention as part of their weekly routine. [ via&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.ambientadvertising.com.au/" style="color: #5f7c9c; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: initial;"&gt;http://www.ambientadvertising.com.au/&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&lt;br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 16px;" /&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 16px;"&gt;Pro dan kontra seputar ambient, karena jenis iklan ini sangat minim pesan. Jika kita kembali pada fitrah periklanan, menyampaikan pesan-pesan kepada khalayak, Ambient Advertising bisa disebut sebagai iklan yang sumir. Ambient Advertising bisa menjadi polusi visual di lingkungan, &amp;nbsp;karena penempatannya.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 16px;" /&gt;&lt;br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 16px;" /&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 16px;"&gt;Ambient Advertising, kemudian menciptakan dilema tersendiri. Siapapun bisa memanfaatkan ambient advertising, sehingga di tingkat masyarakat, iklan jenis ini sungguh mengepung masyarakat, memaksanya tak berjeda dari pesan-pesan iklan, sehingga bisa menyebabkan banjir informasi.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 16px;" /&gt;&lt;br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 16px;" /&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 16px;"&gt;Ambient Advertising, menyebabkan pergeseran besar dalam hal komunikasi periklanan. Iklan tidak lagi menjual barang karena kelebihan produk atau jasanya. Kita tidak lagi membeli sebuah Handphone karena sebenarnya kita sedang membeli saluran komunikasi verbal. Kita tidak lagi membeli CD, tetapi membeli suasana hati yang ditimbulkan oleh isi dari CD audio tersebut. Pergeseran ini menyebabkan perubahan besar, terutama jika kita lihat dari sisi hukum dagang.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 16px;" /&gt;&lt;br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 16px;" /&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 16px;"&gt;Seseorang membeli sesuatu, berdasarkan "Proposal" yang diajukan. Proposal itu tentu bicara tetang obyek yang diperdagangkan, sehingga kalau ia setuju membeli, maka terjadi kontrak antara pembeli dan penjual. Kontrak ini akan berdampak pada hak dan kewajiban masing-masing.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 16px;" /&gt;&lt;br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 16px;" /&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 16px;"&gt;Jika iklan kita pandang sebagai proposal itu, maka Ambient Advertising memang menyampaikan sedikit sekali pesan, yang oleh penulis artikel ini dianggap sebagai degradasi nilai dari iklan itu sendiri. Jaman dulu seorang sales bahkan perlu mendemonstrasikan kemampuan sebuah produk agar konsumen yakin tidak tertipu dengan apa yang akan dibelinya. Sementara dengan ambient, pelencengan pesan itu sangat mungkin terjadi.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 16px;" /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="background-color: white; clear: both; color: #333333; line-height: 16px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: center;"&gt;
&lt;a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhCbMcIJfFZIjYxRRW-tQ7GlN6wVlAv85yPwwF6Qna4LP3xMI33zLUrmClVnruvtRD-7V3YtjLezNZvnBg2VBB0QBfKPdmPzBtBWDWyfEzlTh20IIxvWymvxJn5wRgaJjtZmSuegklBYOdb/s1600-h/bbq.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; color: #5f7c9c; float: left; font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-decoration: initial;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhCbMcIJfFZIjYxRRW-tQ7GlN6wVlAv85yPwwF6Qna4LP3xMI33zLUrmClVnruvtRD-7V3YtjLezNZvnBg2VBB0QBfKPdmPzBtBWDWyfEzlTh20IIxvWymvxJn5wRgaJjtZmSuegklBYOdb/s320/bbq.jpg" style="height: auto; max-width: 600px;" /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 16px;"&gt;Kekhawatiran lain, muncul dari&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://customersrock.wordpress.com/2007/04/09/is-ambient-marketing-good-for-customers/" style="background-color: white; color: #5f7c9c; font-weight: bold; line-height: 16px; text-decoration: initial;"&gt;kasus berikut&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 16px;"&gt;. Di samping ini adalah iklan tentang&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 16px;"&gt;Barbecue&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 16px;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;(Vijay Sales - photos courtesy San Diego chapter of the AMA), atau alat pemanggang. Komentar dalam web yang tertaut di atas, iklan ambient semacam ini bisa masuk kategori "urban spam". Selain membahayakan orang yang lewat, asosiasi alat pemanggang makanan dengan jeruji selokan ini sangat jauh dari kesan makanan.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 16px;" /&gt;&lt;br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 16px;" /&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 16px;"&gt;Ambient Advertising, seharusnya bisa provokatif dan menarik, secara visual bisa melibatkan pengunjung/pembaca, tetapi yang terpenting dari semua itu adalah menciptakan pengalaman bagi calon konsumen. Pengalaman ini sangat penting, karena dari situlah diharapkan keputusan calon konsumen mengkonsumsi produk/jasa yang dipasarkan.&amp;nbsp;Bayangkan, pengalaman apa yang kita rasakan jika melihat ambient seperti di atas? Jadi lapar? Atau malah pengen muntah?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 16px;" /&gt;&lt;br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 16px;" /&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 16px;"&gt;Kritik lain tentang ambient, dapat juga dibaca dari artikel di&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.stayfreemagazine.org/" style="background-color: white; color: #5f7c9c; font-weight: bold; line-height: 16px; text-decoration: initial;"&gt;www.stayfreemagazine.org&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 16px;"&gt;. Judul artikelnya sendiri sudah sangat provokatif,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.stayfreemagazine.org/archives/18/adcreep.html" style="background-color: white; color: #5f7c9c; font-weight: bold; line-height: 16px; text-decoration: initial;"&gt;As Advertisers race to cover every available surface, are they DRIVING US INSANE?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 16px;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;Saat ini, menurut artikel itu, sangat sulit menemukan ruang publik yang masih bersih dari iklan. Di setiap sudut jalan, kita bisa menemukan billboard dalam beragam ukuran, ambient di berbagai elemen kota, mulai dari halte bus, bagian belakang mobil, dan lain-lain.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 16px;" /&gt;&lt;br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 16px;" /&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 16px;"&gt;Ledakan ambient, dipengaruhi oleh mulai menurunnya animo penonton TV karena berbagai sebab. Mulai dari keberadaan internet, saluran TV Kabel berbayar yang bebas iklan, dan kecenderungan untuk menjangkau target pasar yang spesifik.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 16px;" /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;blockquote style="background-color: white; border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 8px; color: #333333; font-style: italic; line-height: 16px; margin: 15px 0px; padding: 0px 10px 0px 35px;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"&gt;What these explanations miss, however, is that the forces behind ambient are inherent in the advertising process. Advertising works somewhat like bacteria: After its hosts (consumers) are exposed, they become immune, so new strains of ads must develop and grow. These new strains are quickly copied, adding clutter, requiring new strains to emerge. Over time, advertising clutter leads to diminishing returns for individual campaigns. The more advertising grows, the more it must grow. The cycle accelerates and what was formerly considered unethical, offensive, or gauche is gradually mainstreamed out of necessity.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&lt;br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 16px;" /&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 16px;"&gt;Periklanan bekerja seperti bakteri. Semakin mudah berkembang biak dan semakin cepat, serta selalu mampu bermutasi untuk meningkatkan kemampuannya menembus daya tahan konsumen. Konsumen, yang terpapar "bakteri" dalam waktu yang panjang, akan melahirkan generasi yang kebal iklan. Dan karena itulah mutasi metode iklan menjadi bagian alamiah perkembangan periklanan. Ambient, menjadi salah satu artefak mutasi itu, menjadikan strategi iklan kian ampuh menjangkau setiap sudut kehidupan masyarakat.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 16px;" /&gt;&lt;br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 16px;" /&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 16px;"&gt;Belum lagi kajian tentang pengaruh ambient terhadap kalangan anak dan remaja, yang bisa kita baca dari artikel ini:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.shapingyouth.org/?p=335" style="background-color: white; color: #5f7c9c; font-weight: bold; line-height: 16px; text-decoration: initial;"&gt;Kids Are A Captive Audience With Ambient Advertising&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 16px;"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 16px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: center;"&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
</description><link>http://sais-pourquoi.blogspot.com/2013/02/ambient-advertising-2.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Bontor Paolo)</author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" height="72" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhCbMcIJfFZIjYxRRW-tQ7GlN6wVlAv85yPwwF6Qna4LP3xMI33zLUrmClVnruvtRD-7V3YtjLezNZvnBg2VBB0QBfKPdmPzBtBWDWyfEzlTh20IIxvWymvxJn5wRgaJjtZmSuegklBYOdb/s72-c/bbq.jpg" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4475732337211380668.post-8789638344301773430</guid><pubDate>Wed, 13 Feb 2013 20:29:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2013-02-13T12:29:15.104-08:00</atom:updated><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">Materi</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">Umum</category><title>Ambient Advertising</title><description>&lt;div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;h1 class="entry_title" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #333333; line-height: 32px; margin: 0px 0px 6px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;
&lt;/h1&gt;
&lt;h1 class="entry_title" style="border: 0px; line-height: 32px; margin: 0px 0px 6px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;"&gt;What is Ambient Advertising?&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style="color: #666666; font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"&gt;Ambient advertising is about placing ads on unusual items or in unusual places you wouldn’t normally see an ad. An ambient ad doesn’t have to be placed outside. Ambient advertising can be found anywhere and everywhere!&amp;nbsp;The key to a successful ambient media campaign is to choose the best media format available and combined with effective message. These kinds of ads often make someone think about a certain place or thing differently.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h1&gt;
&lt;div style="border: 0px; color: #666666; font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 18px; padding: 0px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;
&lt;img alt="What is Ambient Advertising? Guerrilla Marketing Photo" class="image image-preview aligncenter" data-lazy-loaded="true" height="590" src="http://cdn.creativeguerrillamarketing.com/wp-content/uploads/HLIC/28972b830a08909c8edad63e297c73b9.jpg" style="border: 0px; clear: both; display: block; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px auto 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" title="What is Ambient Advertising? Photo" width="393" /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="border: 0px; color: #666666; font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;"&gt;A common trend we see in ambient advertising is taking an object and making it in larger or smaller scale. When we see something is is either abnormally large or small, we can’t help but to stop and gander. It’s a great way to raise curiosity&amp;nbsp;and get the person to come and take a closer look.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="border: 0px; color: #666666; font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;"&gt;Scotch-Brite, a 3M group brand called on the agency&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.havas-se.com/" style="border: none; color: #6699cc; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration: initial; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank"&gt;Havas Sports &amp;amp; Entertainment&lt;/a&gt;, placed a large version of their product on the side of a&amp;nbsp;building near the legendary Santiago Bernabeu stadium in Madrid.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="border: 0px; color: #666666; font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;
&lt;img alt="What is Ambient Advertising? Guerrilla Marketing Photo" data-lazy-loaded="true" height="880" src="http://cdn.creativeguerrillamarketing.com/wp-content/uploads/HLIC/23f8cd7f4cb11ab91e4564ba8ac62b9f.jpg" style="border: 0px; display: block; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" title="What is Ambient Advertising? Photo" width="600" /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="border: 0px; color: #666666; font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;"&gt;Credit:&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.paper-plane.fr/2011/12/eponge-geante/" rel="nofollow" style="border: none; color: #6699cc; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration: initial; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank"&gt;Paper Planes&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="border: 0px; color: #666666; font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;"&gt;As we mentioned earlier, it’s not just about placing something unusual outside. Ambient media can be found anywhere! This example is from&amp;nbsp;Kvällspressen Impact, one of Sweden’s biggest and oldest advertising packages. The challenge was to find a new alternative marketing strategy. Welcome urinal advertising! See the case study below for all the other creative ambient advertisements they ran with this campaign.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="border: 0px; color: #666666; font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 18px; padding: 0px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;
&lt;img alt="What is Ambient Advertising? Guerrilla Marketing Photo" class="image image-preview aligncenter" data-lazy-loaded="true" height="590" src="http://cdn.creativeguerrillamarketing.com/wp-content/uploads/HLIC/a8cb79aa74b0eec081bb9b627620b9bc.jpg" style="border: 0px; clear: both; display: block; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px auto 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" title="What is Ambient Advertising? Photo" width="400" /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="border: 0px; color: #666666; font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;
&lt;img alt="What is Ambient Advertising? Guerrilla Marketing Photo" data-lazy-loaded="true" height="590" id="il_fi" src="http://cdn.creativeguerrillamarketing.com/wp-content/uploads/HLIC/76cf8835c46ee9308e4c3cf4c7e839af.jpg" style="border: 0px; display: block; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 8px 8px 8px 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" title="What is Ambient Advertising? Photo" width="401" /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="border: 0px; color: #666666; font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;iframe frameborder="0" height="320" src="http://www.youtube.com/embed/gYh7d4LkZTQ?rel=0" width="629"&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="border: 0px; color: #666666; font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;"&gt;So that’s ambient advertising. It can be shocking, surprising or funny! It can be found anywhere and everywhere. It’s about creating a new way of thinking. So go out and get your agency doing some creative ambient advertising and let us know! Creative Guerrilla Marketing is always looking for the latest in&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.creativeguerrillamarketing.com/advertising/" style="border: none; color: #6699cc; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration: initial; vertical-align: baseline;" title="creative advertising"&gt;creative advertising&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;and marketing! Below you can find some other great examples of ambient advertising to help inspire your next project.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="border: 0px; color: #666666; font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;
&lt;img alt="What is Ambient Advertising? Guerrilla Marketing Photo" data-lazy-loaded="true" height="399" src="http://cdn.creativeguerrillamarketing.com/wp-content/uploads/HLIC/2c7134728eab1ae7860f85237dcb04ee.jpg" style="border: 0px; display: block; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" title="What is Ambient Advertising? Photo" width="600" /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="border: 0px; color: #666666; font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;img alt="What is Ambient Advertising? Guerrilla Marketing Photo" data-lazy-loaded="true" height="386" src="http://cdn.creativeguerrillamarketing.com/wp-content/uploads/HLIC/6d4ecf7af2cc3098356c3cf5f6bdea15.jpg" style="border: 0px; display: block; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" title="What is Ambient Advertising? Photo" width="600" /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="border: 0px; color: #666666; font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;
&lt;img alt="What is Ambient Advertising? Guerrilla Marketing Photo" data-lazy-loaded="true" height="313" src="http://cdn.creativeguerrillamarketing.com/wp-content/uploads/HLIC/513713d7d7a3dc78ea29864664696d23.jpg" style="border: 0px; display: block; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" title="What is Ambient Advertising? Photo" width="600" /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="border: 0px; color: #666666; font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;img alt="What is Ambient Advertising? Guerrilla Marketing Photo" data-lazy-loaded="true" height="652" src="http://cdn.creativeguerrillamarketing.com/wp-content/uploads/HLIC/5d27e237f62c376cf3848dabdb1a3c34.png" style="border: 0px; display: block; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" title="What is Ambient Advertising? Photo" width="600" /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="border: 0px; color: #666666; font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;
&lt;img alt="What is Ambient Advertising? Guerrilla Marketing Photo" data-lazy-loaded="true" id="il_fi" src="http://cdn.creativeguerrillamarketing.com/wp-content/uploads/HLIC/8ec984f98973a7e9dc38e9964f85deff.jpg" style="border: 0px; display: block; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 8px 8px 8px 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" title="What is Ambient Advertising? Photo" width="630" /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="border: 0px; color: #666666; font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;
&lt;img alt="What is Ambient Advertising? Guerrilla Marketing Photo" data-lazy-loaded="true" height="425" src="http://cdn.creativeguerrillamarketing.com/wp-content/uploads/HLIC/293a817d535d268bc7d73b2268868df0.png" style="border: 0px; display: block; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" title="What is Ambient Advertising? Photo" width="600" /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="border: 0px; color: #666666; font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;
&lt;img alt="What is Ambient Advertising? Guerrilla Marketing Photo" data-lazy-loaded="true" height="424" src="http://cdn.creativeguerrillamarketing.com/wp-content/uploads/HLIC/1c0d884e00986be5cf1b1df85d731fcc.png" style="border: 0px; display: block; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" title="What is Ambient Advertising? Photo" width="600" /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="border: 0px; color: #666666; font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;
&lt;img alt="What is Ambient Advertising? Guerrilla Marketing Photo" data-lazy-loaded="true" height="381" src="http://cdn.creativeguerrillamarketing.com/wp-content/uploads/HLIC/3600c38dcab59131db7b93857bd667e0.png" style="border: 0px; display: block; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" title="What is Ambient Advertising? Photo" width="600" /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="border: 0px; color: #666666; font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;
&lt;img alt="What is Ambient Advertising? Guerrilla Marketing Photo" data-lazy-loaded="true" height="403" src="http://cdn.creativeguerrillamarketing.com/wp-content/uploads/HLIC/06fbd3346c24146e0af1d8f8cc968c26.png" style="border: 0px; display: block; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" title="What is Ambient Advertising? Photo" width="600" /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="border: 0px; color: #666666; font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;
&lt;img alt="What is Ambient Advertising? Guerrilla Marketing Photo" data-lazy-loaded="true" height="341" src="http://cdn.creativeguerrillamarketing.com/wp-content/uploads/HLIC/3029fe84e4c145beca5aec0bfaece08b.png" style="border: 0px; display: block; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" title="What is Ambient Advertising? Photo" width="600" /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="border: 0px; color: #666666; font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;
&lt;a href="http://www.creativeguerrillamarketing.com/guerrilla-marketing/what-is-ambient-advertising/" target="_blank"&gt;Source&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="font-family: 'Source Sans Pro', Arial, Helvetica, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 25px;"&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
</description><link>http://sais-pourquoi.blogspot.com/2013/02/ambient-advertising.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Bontor Paolo)</author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" height="72" url="https://img.youtube.com/vi/gYh7d4LkZTQ/default.jpg" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4475732337211380668.post-8400639707943481036</guid><pubDate>Sat, 22 Dec 2012 11:39:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2012-12-22T03:39:50.425-08:00</atom:updated><title>Menunda Kesenangan Demi Keberhasilan</title><description>&lt;div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div style="background-color: white; color: #222222;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;em&gt;"Ubah hidup kamu hari ini. Jangan&lt;/em&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;em&gt;bertaruh pada masa depan, lakukan&lt;/em&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;em&gt;sekarang, jangan tunda lagi"&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;- Simone&lt;br /&gt;de Beauvoir&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="background-color: white; color: #222222;"&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="background-color: white; color: #222222;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;Seseorang akan sulit berhasil jika ia&lt;br /&gt;suka menunda-nunda pekerjaan. Tapi&lt;br /&gt;aku yakin kamu bukanlah orang yang&lt;br /&gt;demikian.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="background-color: white; color: #222222;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="background-color: white; color: #222222;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;Laksamana Laut Amerika, Willian&lt;br /&gt;Halsey mengatakan, "&lt;em&gt;Segala masalah&lt;/em&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;em&gt;akan menjadi lebih kecil jika kamu&lt;/em&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;em&gt;tidak menghindarinya, tetapi&lt;/em&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;em&gt;menghadapinya."&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="background-color: white; color: #222222;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Penundaan merupakan pupuk yang&lt;br /&gt;menghambat pertumbuhan.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt; Jika kamu&lt;br /&gt;terlalu lama membuat keputusan untuk&lt;br /&gt;sebuah peluang yang tiba-tiba datang,&lt;br /&gt;peluang itu akan hilang.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="background-color: white; color: #222222;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;Lihatlah hasil akhir dari sebuah&lt;br /&gt;pekerjaan, agar kamu terpacu untuk&lt;br /&gt;tidak menundanya.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="background-color: white; color: #222222;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;Jangan habiskan waktu kamu&lt;br /&gt;mengerjakan tugas-tugas yang tidak&lt;br /&gt;penting atau tidak perlu. Jika tidak&lt;br /&gt;penting, jangan sekedar menundanya,&lt;br /&gt;hapuskan saja tugas itu.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="background-color: white; color: #222222;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;John C. Maxwell menyarankan kamu&lt;br /&gt;untuk memilah lagi pekerjaan yang&lt;br /&gt;perlu diprioritaskan.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="background-color: white; color: #222222;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;Telaahlah apakah tugas tersebut&lt;br /&gt;memberi manfaat finansial? Apakah hal&lt;br /&gt;itu akan membuka jalan untuk sesuatu&lt;br /&gt;hal lain yang lebih baik?&amp;nbsp; Apakah hal&lt;br /&gt;itu bisa memberikan kamu pengembangan&lt;br /&gt;atau pencapaian yang lebih besar?&lt;br /&gt;Atau apakah penyelesaian tugas itu&lt;br /&gt;bisa melegakan kamu secara emosional?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="background-color: white; color: #222222;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;Jika kamu mendapatkan semua alasan&lt;br /&gt;positifnya, kamu telah berada di&lt;br /&gt;jalur yang benar.&amp;nbsp;Mulailah bergerak&lt;br /&gt;maju dan bertindaklah secara cepat&lt;br /&gt;dan efektif.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
</description><link>http://sais-pourquoi.blogspot.com/2012/12/menunda-kesenangan-demi-keberhasilan.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Bontor Paolo)</author><thr:total>0</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4475732337211380668.post-777870680373433727</guid><pubDate>Sat, 08 Dec 2012 00:21:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2012-12-07T16:21:33.550-08:00</atom:updated><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">Ekspresi</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">Umum</category><title>Menghargai Nilai Waktu</title><description>&lt;div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"&gt;
Masa lalu tidak dapat kita ubah.&amp;nbsp; Itu&lt;br /&gt;sebabnya waktu begitu amat bernilai.&lt;br /&gt;Renungkanlah, di umur kita saat ini,&lt;br /&gt;apa saja yang sudah kita perbuat dan&lt;br /&gt;hasilkan?&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"&gt;
Karena, Charles Spezzano dalam buku&lt;br /&gt;&lt;em&gt;'What to Do Between Birth and Death'&lt;/em&gt;&lt;br /&gt;mengatakan bahwa sebenarnya&amp;nbsp;&lt;strong&gt;orang&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;tidak membayar barang dan jasa dengan&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;uang mereka, tetapi mereka&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;membayarnya dengan waktu.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"&gt;
&lt;strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"&gt;
Jika kita berkata pada diri sendiri,&lt;br /&gt;dalam lima tahun, saya akan memiliki&lt;br /&gt;cukup uang untuk membeli rumah itu,&lt;br /&gt;sebenarnya kita sedang mengatakan&lt;br /&gt;bahwa harga rumah itu adalah sebanyak&lt;br /&gt;lima tahun, yaitu seperdua belas usia&lt;br /&gt;dewasa kita. Ungkapan menghabiskan&lt;br /&gt;waktu bukanlah kiasan. Itulah cara&lt;br /&gt;kehidupan berputar.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"&gt;
Bagi seseorang di industri tertentu,&lt;br /&gt;waktu 1 atau 5 menit saja bisa sangat&lt;br /&gt;berarti. Sudah banyak pebisnis yang&lt;br /&gt;kehilangan proyek karena terlambat&lt;br /&gt;datang ke sebuah pertemuan bisnis&lt;br /&gt;akibat pesawat yang&amp;nbsp; tertunda&lt;br /&gt;keberangkatannya.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"&gt;
Jadi daripada kita memikirkan apa&lt;br /&gt;yang dapat kita &amp;nbsp;lakukan dengan ukuran&lt;br /&gt;uang,&amp;nbsp;&lt;strong&gt;pikirkan dalam ukuran waktu&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"&gt;
Memandang pekerjaan kita dari sudut&lt;br /&gt;pandang ini dapat mengubah cara kita&lt;br /&gt;dalam&amp;nbsp;&lt;strong&gt;mengatur waktu.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
</description><link>http://sais-pourquoi.blogspot.com/2012/12/menghargai-nilai-waktu.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Bontor Paolo)</author><thr:total>0</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4475732337211380668.post-1028714492534595274</guid><pubDate>Fri, 07 Dec 2012 22:33:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2012-12-07T14:33:55.693-08:00</atom:updated><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">Ekspresi</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">Umum</category><title>Masalah Mendatangkan Makna Kehidupan</title><description>&lt;div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div style="background-color: white; color: #222222;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;em&gt;"&lt;strong&gt;Hindari masalah, dan kamu tidak akan&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;pernah jadi orang yang memecahkannya&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;"&lt;/em&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="background-color: white; color: #222222;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;Bagi seekor burung rajawali,&lt;br /&gt;satu-satunya hambatan untuk terbang&lt;br /&gt;lebih cepat dan nyaman adalah udara.&lt;br /&gt;Tetapi jika udara itu diambil dan&lt;br /&gt;burung tersebut dibiarkan terbang&lt;br /&gt;dalam kehampaan tanpa udara, burung&lt;br /&gt;rajawali itu segera jatuh ke tanah&lt;br /&gt;dan tidak dapat terbang sama sekali.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="background-color: white; color: #222222;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="background-color: white; color: #222222;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;Hambatan utama yang harus diatasi&lt;br /&gt;oleh sebuah perahu bermotor adalah&lt;br /&gt;air yang menyentuh baling-baling&lt;br /&gt;perahu. Tetapi jika tidak ada air&lt;br /&gt;sebagai penahan, perahu ini justru&lt;br /&gt;tidak dapat bergerak sama sekali.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="background-color: white; color: #222222;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="background-color: white; color: #222222;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;Hukum yang sama juga berlaku bagi&lt;br /&gt;kehidupan manusia.&amp;nbsp;&lt;strong&gt;Hambatan adalah&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;kondisi yang 'harus ada' bagi&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;kesuksesan.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/strong&gt;Sebuah kehidupan yang&lt;br /&gt;terbebas dari hambatan dan kesulitan&lt;br /&gt;akan mengurangi semua kemungkinan dan&lt;br /&gt;daya sampai ke titik nol.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="background-color: white; color: #222222;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="background-color: white; color: #222222;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;Larilah dari masalah kita jauh-jauh,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="background-color: white; color: #222222;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;dan kehidupan kita akan kehilangan&lt;br /&gt;daya kreatif!&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="background-color: white; color: #222222;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="background-color: white; color: #222222;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;Masalah kesehatan yang parah bisa&lt;br /&gt;memberikan makna pada dunia&lt;br /&gt;pengobatan. Masalah kekacauan sosial&lt;br /&gt;bisa memberi makna pada kebijakan&lt;br /&gt;pemerintah.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="background-color: white; color: #222222;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="background-color: white; color: #222222;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;Kita semua memiliki kecenderungan&lt;br /&gt;ingin terbebas dari semua masalah dan&lt;br /&gt;tanggung jawab. Ketika masalah&lt;br /&gt;datang,&amp;nbsp;&lt;strong&gt;berikanlah makna baru pada&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;permasalahan itu&lt;/strong&gt;. Sebuah beban&lt;br /&gt;kehidupan yang paling berat adalah&lt;br /&gt;pada saat kita tidak memiliki apapun&lt;br /&gt;untuk dibawa.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
</description><link>http://sais-pourquoi.blogspot.com/2012/12/masalah-mendatangkan-makna-kehidupan.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Bontor Paolo)</author><thr:total>0</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4475732337211380668.post-9038653044230960256</guid><pubDate>Fri, 07 Dec 2012 22:23:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2012-12-07T14:23:26.944-08:00</atom:updated><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">Ekspresi</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">Umum</category><title>Kepercayaan Perekat Hubungan</title><description>&lt;div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div style="background-color: white; color: #222222;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;em&gt;"Perekat yang menyatukan suatu&lt;/em&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;em&gt;hubungan, termasuk hubungan antara&lt;/em&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;em&gt;pemimpin dan yang dipimpin adalah&lt;/em&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;em&gt;kepercayaan, dan kepercayaan itu&lt;/em&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;em&gt;dibangun atas dasar integritas&lt;/em&gt;." -&lt;br /&gt;Brian Tracy&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="background-color: white; color: #222222;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="background-color: white; color: #222222;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="background-color: white; color: #222222;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Kepercayaan adalah fondasi dari semua&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;hubungan&lt;/strong&gt;. Hubungan kerja, bisnis,&lt;br /&gt;kepemimpinan dan tentu saja cinta&lt;br /&gt;dibangun atas dasar kepercayaan.&lt;br /&gt;Tanpa itu, sebuah hubungan tak akan&lt;br /&gt;berjalan, sebuah organisasi pun akan&lt;br /&gt;kacau.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="background-color: white; color: #222222;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="background-color: white; color: #222222;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;Bayangkan jika kita berada dalam&lt;br /&gt;sebuah lingkungan, hubungan atau&lt;br /&gt;organisasi tanpa kepercayaan, para&lt;br /&gt;pekerjanya saling curiga satu sama&lt;br /&gt;lain dan para atasannya berusaha&lt;br /&gt;mempertahankan posisinya&lt;br /&gt;masing-masing dengan segala cara.&lt;br /&gt;Organisasi seperti itu sangat rapuh&lt;br /&gt;dan tinggal menunggu waktu untuk&lt;br /&gt;hancur.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="background-color: white; color: #222222;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="background-color: white; color: #222222;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;Sebagai seorang pemimpin, kita&lt;br /&gt;harus menginvestasikan banyak waktu&lt;br /&gt;untuk membangun kepercayaan dari&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="background-color: white; color: #222222;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;bawahan atau pengikut kita.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="background-color: white; color: #222222;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;Kepercayaan itu sebenarnya dibangun&lt;br /&gt;atas fondasi sederhana.&amp;nbsp;&lt;strong&gt;Jalanilah&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;kehidupan dengan penuh integritas dan&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;hormati orang lain. Konsistensi dalam&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;kata dan perbuatan. Melakukan dan&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;menepati apa yang kita katakan pada&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;orang lain.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="background-color: white; color: #222222;"&gt;
&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="background-color: white; color: #222222;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;Sebelum kita mengharapkan orang lain&lt;br /&gt;percaya pada kita, sebagai pemimpin&lt;br /&gt;kita harus percaya dahulu pada orang&lt;br /&gt;lain. Delegasikan kewenangan kita&lt;br /&gt;pada mereka. Mereka pun akan merasa&lt;br /&gt;dipercaya atas kemampuan mereka.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="background-color: white; color: #222222;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="background-color: white; color: #222222;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;Butuh waktu bertahun-tahun untuk&lt;br /&gt;membangun kepercayaan dan hanya butuh&lt;br /&gt;waktu beberapa detik untuk&lt;br /&gt;menghancurkannya.&amp;nbsp;&lt;strong&gt;Belajarlah&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;mempercayai, belajarlah untuk jadi&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;orang yang dipercaya.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
</description><link>http://sais-pourquoi.blogspot.com/2012/12/kepercayaan-perekat-hubungan.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Bontor Paolo)</author><thr:total>0</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4475732337211380668.post-329765623141540901</guid><pubDate>Thu, 15 Nov 2012 14:39:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2012-11-15T06:39:09.365-08:00</atom:updated><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">Ekspresi</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">Umum</category><title>Hidup Dalam Secangkir Kopi</title><description>&lt;div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #666666; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;Hidup itu adalah &lt;i&gt;sampulnya &lt;/i&gt;saja. Sedangkan isinya adalah nasi basi yang harus kita olah agar bisa kita nikmati dan menjadi sajian yang lezat setiap pagi.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #666666; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;Dalam hidup, kesulitan adalah &lt;i&gt;bumbu utama&lt;/i&gt; agar kehidupan kita lebih bermakna dan memiliki rasa.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #666666; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;blockquote class="tr_bq"&gt;
&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;Jangan hidup kalau tidak mau diuji.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;Kita sering dihapapkan dengan kesulitan. Namun, yang lebih sulit&amp;nbsp;&lt;span id="more-693" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;adalah, bagaimaa cara kita agar bisa mengolah kesulitan itu menjadi sebuah roti panggan berselai setrawberry di pagi hari dengan&lt;br /&gt;secangkir kopi.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #666666; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;Untuk menyajikan kopi, kita harus pintar bagaimana mengubah rasa kopi yang pahit menjadi manis. Itupun dibutuhkan dua hal. Gula dan sendok pengaduk. Ada gula saja tanpa pengaduk, tetap saja, kopi akan pahit sebab gula tidak bisa tercampur dengan serbuk kopi. Sedangkan pengaduk saja tanpa gula? Apa jadinya?&lt;br /&gt;Sama seperti hidup.&lt;br /&gt;Untuk menghadapi kesulitan hidup, apalagi kesulitan ekonomi, kita hanya butuh dua hal. &lt;i&gt;Kemampuan &lt;/i&gt;dan &lt;i&gt;kemauan&lt;/i&gt;. Kita semua sudah diberkahi kemampuan masing-masing. Itu sudah kodrat alam. Dan kemampuan tiap individu itu berbeda namun menghasilkan kepuasan yang sama. Sama-sama bisa mendatangkan profit.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #666666; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;Kemampuan yang kita miliki bisa menghasilkan sesuatu yang berharga asal ada kemauan. Kemauan saja tanpa ingin mengolah kemampuan sama dengan berpangku tangan. Hampa. Jadi, untuk bisa sukses mengatasi kesulitan ekonomi, mari kita seimbangkan keduanya. Agar seimbang, saling melengkapi. Baca peluang yang ada. Jangan malas, malas adalah musuh utama.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
</description><link>http://sais-pourquoi.blogspot.com/2012/11/hidup-dalam-secangkir-kopi.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Bontor Paolo)</author><thr:total>0</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4475732337211380668.post-4794899547379822627</guid><pubDate>Thu, 15 Nov 2012 10:55:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2012-11-15T02:55:35.469-08:00</atom:updated><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">Ekspresi</category><title>Secangkir Kopi 2</title><description>&lt;div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"&gt;
&lt;span style="background-color: white; font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;Sekelompok alumni satu universitas yang telah mapan dalam karir masing-masing berkumpul dan mendatangi profesor kampus mereka yang telah tua. Percakapan segera terjadi dan mengarah pada komplain tentang stress di pekerjaan dan kehidupan mereka.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;Menawari tamu-tamunya kopi, professor pergi ke dapur dan kembali dengan poci besar berisi kopi dan cangkir berbagai jenis dari porselin, plastik, gelas, kristal, gelas biasa, beberapa di antara gelas mahal dan beberapa lainnya sangat indah - dan mengatakan pada para mantan mahasiswanya untuk menuang sendiri kopinya.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;Setelah semua mahasiswanya mendapat secangkir kopi di tangan, professor itu mengatakan : "Jika kalian perhatikan, semua cangkir yang indah dan mahal telah diambil, yang tertinggal hanyalah gelas biasa dan yang murah saja. Meskipun normal bagi kalian untuk mengingini hanya yang terbaik bagi diriki kalian, tapi sebenarnya itulah yang menjadi sumber masalah dan stress yang kalian alami."&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;"Pastikan bahwa cangkir itu sendiri tidak mempengaruhi kualitas kopi. Dalam banyak kasus, itu hanya lebih mahal dan dalam beberapa kasus bahkan menyembunyikan apa yang kita minum.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;&lt;i style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;Apa yang kalian inginkan sebenarnya adalah kopi, bukanlah cangkirnya, namun kalian secara sadar mengambil cangkir terbaik dan kemudian mulai memperhatikan cangkir orang lain&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;."&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;"Sekarang perhatikan hal ini:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;Kehidupan bagai kopi, sedangkan pekerjaan, uang dan posisi dalam masyarakat adalah cangkirnya. Cangkir bagaikan alat untuk memegang dan mengisi kehidupan. Jenis cangkir yang kita miliki tidak mendefinisikan atau juga mengganti kualitas kehidupan yang kita hidupi. Seringkali, karena berkonsentrasi hanya pada cangkir, kita gagal untuk menikmati kopi yang Tuhan sediakan bagi kita&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;."&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;Tuhan memasak dan membuat kopi, bukan cangkirnya. Jadi nikmatilah kopinya, jangan cangkirnya. Sadarilah jika kehidupan Anda itu lebih penting dibanding obsesi yang terlalu berlebihan.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: white; font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
</description><link>http://sais-pourquoi.blogspot.com/2012/11/secangkir-kopi-2.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Bontor Paolo)</author><thr:total>0</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4475732337211380668.post-389366723563874205</guid><pubDate>Thu, 15 Nov 2012 10:16:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2012-11-15T02:16:47.403-08:00</atom:updated><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">Ekspresi</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">Umum</category><title>Hal yang akan terjadi kalau kita nggak pacaran</title><description>&lt;div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;h1 class="post-title" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Questrial, sans-serif; font-size: 35px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 40px; margin: 10px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;
&lt;span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 14.44444465637207px; line-height: 23.981483459472656px; text-align: -webkit-center;"&gt;source :&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://nyunyu.com/2012/02/hal-yang-akan-terjadi-kalau-kita-nggak-pacaran/" style="font-family: Arial, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 14.44444465637207px; line-height: 23.981483459472656px; text-align: -webkit-center;" target="_blank"&gt;link&amp;nbsp;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/h1&gt;
&lt;div class="post-content" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: Arial, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;
&lt;div align="center" style="border: 0px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 10px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;
&lt;strong style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;Bebas&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://nyunyu.com/testing/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/1_indahnya-hidup-tanpa-pacar.jpg" style="border: 0px; color: #ff6640; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: initial; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;&lt;img alt="" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-862" height="350" src="http://nyunyu.com/testing/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/1_indahnya-hidup-tanpa-pacar.jpg" style="border: 0px;" title="1_indahnya-hidup-tanpa-pacar" width="600" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align="center" style="border: 0px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 10px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;
Jomblo itu bebas. Bebas jalan sama siapa aja, nggak ada yang ngelarang. Bebas mau ke mana aja, nggak ada yang ngelarang. Bebas ngerampok mini market, nggak ada yang ngelarang.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align="center" style="border: 0px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 10px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;
&lt;strong style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Hemat&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align="center" style="border: 0px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 10px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;
&lt;a href="http://nyunyu.com/testing/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/2_indahnya-hidup-tanpa-pacar.jpg" style="border: 0px; color: #ff6640; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: initial; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;&lt;img alt="" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-863" height="350" src="http://nyunyu.com/testing/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/2_indahnya-hidup-tanpa-pacar.jpg" style="border: 0px;" title="2_indahnya-hidup-tanpa-pacar" width="600" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align="center" style="border: 0px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 10px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;
Jomblo itu hemat. Duit yang harusnya habis buat pacaran jadi bisa disimpen buat beli macem-macem.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align="center" style="border: 0px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 10px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;
Semakin lama jomblo, semakin banyak uang yang ditabung. Semakin banyak uang yang ditabung, semakin cepat bisa beli barang impian. Misalnya kalau punya pacar, kamu butuh 21 tahun nabung buat beli iPhone 4s. Dengan jadi jomblo, mungkin 14 tahun udah kebeli.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align="center" style="border: 0px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 10px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;
&lt;strong style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Bahagia&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align="center" style="border: 0px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 10px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;
&lt;a href="http://nyunyu.com/testing/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/3_indahnya-hidup-tanpa-pacar.jpg" style="border: 0px; color: #ff6640; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: initial; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;&lt;img alt="" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-864" height="350" src="http://nyunyu.com/testing/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/3_indahnya-hidup-tanpa-pacar.jpg" style="border: 0px;" title="3_indahnya-hidup-tanpa-pacar" width="600" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align="center" style="border: 0px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 10px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;
Kamu nggak akan merasakan penyakit-penyakit asmara.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align="center" style="border: 0px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 10px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;
Misalnya Rindu. Mau rindu sama siapa? Cemburu… mau cemburuin siapa? Galau… mau ngegalauin siapa?&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align="center" style="border: 0px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 10px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;
Ya, jomblo itu bahagia.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align="center" style="border: 0px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 10px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;
&lt;strong style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Berprestasi&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://nyunyu.com/testing/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/4_indahnya-hidup-tanpa-pacar.jpg" style="border: 0px; color: #ff6640; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: initial; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;&lt;img alt="" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-861" height="350" src="http://nyunyu.com/testing/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/4_indahnya-hidup-tanpa-pacar.jpg" style="border: 0px;" title="4_indahnya-hidup-tanpa-pacar" width="600" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align="center" style="border: 0px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 10px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align="center" style="border: 0px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 10px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;
Coba deh perhatiin temen-temen di sekeliling kamu. Orang yang sibuk pacaran biasanya belajarnya nggak bener. Beda sama yang nggak sibuk pacaran. Walaupun nggak bener-bener banget, setidaknya lebih agak bener dari yang tadi kita bilang agak nggak bener.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="border: 0px; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 10px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;
Bener nggak?&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
</description><link>http://sais-pourquoi.blogspot.com/2012/11/hal-yang-akan-terjadi-kalau-kita-nggak.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Bontor Paolo)</author><thr:total>0</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4475732337211380668.post-8151039959329542668</guid><pubDate>Mon, 05 Nov 2012 11:09:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2012-11-05T03:09:00.769-08:00</atom:updated><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">Materi</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">Umum</category><title>18 Strategi Promosi Cerdas</title><description>&lt;div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div style="background-color: white; font-family: Georgia, Tahoma, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 24px; text-align: justify;"&gt;
Produsen sebuah produk baik barang atau jasa, membutuhkan&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://bisnisukm.com/strategi-promosi-melalui-pameran.html" style="color: #669900; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank" title="strategi promosi melalui pameran"&gt;strategi promosi&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;yang tepat untuk mengenalkan produknya kepada konsumen. Strategi promosi produk sangat dibutuhkan. Karena tanpa adanya kegiatan promosi, sebuah produk tidak akan dikenal masyarakat. Makanya para pengusaha saling berlomba menggunakan berbagai strategi untuk mempromosikan produk mereka, guna memperoleh perhatian dari masyarakat.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="background-color: white; font-family: Georgia, Tahoma, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 24px; text-align: justify;"&gt;
Kegiatan&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://bisnisukm.com/pentingkah-strategi-promosi-sebuah-produk.html" style="color: #669900; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank" title="pentingkah strategi promosi produk"&gt;promosi produk&lt;/a&gt;, tidak selamanya&amp;nbsp;&lt;span id="more-12970"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;membutuhkan biaya yang cukup besar. Bagi Anda yang memiliki dana terbatas sekalipun, kegiatan promosi produk juga dapat dilakukan. Yang terpenting adalah kreatifitas Anda untuk menyusun&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://bisnisukm.com/menyusun-konsep-marketing-untuk-usaha-kecil.html" style="color: #669900; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank" title="menyusun strategi promosi untuk usaha kecil"&gt;strategi promosi&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;dengan meminimalisir dana. Namun tetap perlu diingat, promosi dengan dana yang optimal, tentu akan menghasilkan respon pasar yang lebih optimal.&amp;nbsp; Oleh sebab itu, sebagai tambahan informasi, berikut kami informasikan&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://bisnisukm.com/18-strategi-promosi-cerdas.html" style="color: #669900; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank" title="18 strategi promosi cerdas"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;18 strategi promosi cerdas&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, bahkan nyaris tanpa biaya sedikitpun.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="background-color: white; font-family: Georgia, Tahoma, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 24px; text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;strong&gt;1.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Menyusun daftar rencana promosi&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="background-color: white; font-family: Georgia, Tahoma, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 24px; text-align: justify;"&gt;
Pertama, susunlah rencana promosi untuk menarik konsumen,&amp;nbsp; mulai dari tujuan promosi,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://bisnisukm.com/strategi-penetapan-target-pasar.html" style="color: #669900; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank" title="strategi penetapan target pasar"&gt;target pasar&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp; nilai lebih produk yang akan ditawarkan, besaran anggaran dana yang digunakan, serta buatlah daftar kegiatan promosi untuk mengenalkan produk Anda kepada konsumen.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="background-color: white; font-family: Georgia, Tahoma, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 24px; text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;strong&gt;2.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Tentukan konsep promosi sebelum memulai usaha&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="background-color: white; font-family: Georgia, Tahoma, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 24px; text-align: justify;"&gt;
Sebelum&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://bisnisukm.com/bagaimana-cara-memulai-usaha.html" style="color: #669900; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank" title="bagaimana cara memulai usaha?"&gt;memulai usaha&lt;/a&gt;, cari tahu mengenai besarnya minat konsumen untuk menggunakan atau membeli produk Anda. Selanjutnya tentukan konsep promosi yang diinginkan, bila perlu tambahkan logo atau slogan khusus pada produk agar konsumen ingat dengan produk maupun bisnis Anda.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="background-color: white; font-family: Georgia, Tahoma, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 24px; text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;strong&gt;3.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Pilih sasaran pasar yang tepat&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="background-color: white; font-family: Georgia, Tahoma, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 24px; text-align: justify;"&gt;
Jika anggaran terbatas, sebaiknya fokuskan target pasar produk Anda kepada suatu komunitas atau kelompok tertentu yang memiliki kebutuhan sesuai dengan produk Anda. Bila produk Anda sudah tersebar dan dikenal masyarakat, Anda dapat memperluas sasaran pasar.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="background-color: white; font-family: Georgia, Tahoma, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 24px; text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;strong&gt;4.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Fokus kepada pelanggan&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="background-color: white; font-family: Georgia, Tahoma, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 24px; text-align: justify;"&gt;
Bantu konsumen untuk menyelesaikan masalah mereka, jadi yakinkan pelanggan dengan memberikan informasi bagaimana produk Anda bermanfaat untuk mereka.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="background-color: white; font-family: Georgia, Tahoma, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 24px; text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;strong&gt;5.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Penuhi permintaan pelanggan&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="background-color: white; font-family: Georgia, Tahoma, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 24px; text-align: justify;"&gt;
Konsumen merupakan orang yang paling tahu kebutuhan apa yang mereka inginkan, oleh karena itu dengarkan permintaan mereka dan penuhi dengan menciptakan produk yang diinginkan konsumen. Agar produk yang Anda ciptakan sesuai dengan permintaan konsumen saat ini.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="background-color: white; font-family: Georgia, Tahoma, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 24px; text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;strong&gt;6.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Berikan informasi gratis&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="background-color: white; font-family: Georgia, Tahoma, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 24px; text-align: justify;"&gt;
Berikan informasi gratis yang berhubungan dengan produk Anda, misalnya dengan memberikan brosur, surat, atau menyajikan website yang memberikan informasi gratis dengan berita up to date, bila perlu kirimkan sms untuk menginformasikan promosi terbaru dari produk Anda.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="background-color: white; font-family: Georgia, Tahoma, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 24px; text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;strong&gt;7.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Gunakanan online marketing&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="background-color: white; font-family: Georgia, Tahoma, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 24px; text-align: justify;"&gt;
Promosi bisa dilakukan dengan mengirimkan email kepada para pelanggan sebagai bentuk&amp;nbsp; berkomunikasi. Bisa juga dengan membuat grup melalui&lt;a href="http://bisnisukm.com/memulai-bisnis-online-dengan-facebook.html" style="color: #669900; text-decoration: none;" target="_self" title="memulai bisnis online dengan facebook"&gt;facebook&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;atau twitter, sehingga konsumen mengetahui informasi produk Anda melalui internet, yang dapat menjangkau konsumen lokal maupun internasional.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="background-color: white; font-family: Georgia, Tahoma, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 24px; text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;strong&gt;8.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Manfaatkan relasi media&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="background-color: white; font-family: Georgia, Tahoma, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 24px; text-align: justify;"&gt;
Usahakan agar bisnis Anda dimuat dimedia massa atau elektronik, sehingga informasi bisnis tersebut dapat tersebar luas dengan gratis. Terutama bagi usaha kecil menengah, banyak media yang ingin meliputnya. Perluas jaringan Anda dengan mencari relasi media yang bisa diajak kerjasama untuk mempromosikan bisnis Anda.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="background-color: white; font-family: Georgia, Tahoma, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 24px; text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;strong&gt;9.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Masuklah ke dalam komunitas&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="background-color: white; font-family: Georgia, Tahoma, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 24px; text-align: justify;"&gt;
Media komunitas menjadi pilihan tepat bagi&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://bisnisukm.com/dahsyatnya-peluang-usaha-dengan-modal-kecil.html" style="color: #669900; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank" title="dahsyatnya peluang usaha kecil"&gt;usaha kecil&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;dan menengah yang memiliki dana terbatas, untuk mempromosikan produknya. Jika Anda menjual pada komunitas yang sering Anda ikuti, maka tidak diperlukan lagi biaya iklan.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="background-color: white; font-family: Georgia, Tahoma, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 24px; text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;strong&gt;10.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Memasang papan iklan&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="background-color: white; font-family: Georgia, Tahoma, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 24px; text-align: justify;"&gt;
Papan iklan di&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://bisnisukm.com/strategi-memilih-lokasi-usaha.html" style="color: #669900; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank" title="strategi memilih lokasi usaha"&gt;lokasi strategis&lt;/a&gt;, merupakan alat promosi yang bagus. Karena mudah dilihat dan dibaca orang yang melewati lokasi tersebut.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="background-color: white; font-family: Georgia, Tahoma, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 24px; text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;strong&gt;11.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Lakukan hal kecil yang berdampak besar&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="background-color: white; font-family: Georgia, Tahoma, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 24px; text-align: justify;"&gt;
Hal kecil seperti memberi senyuman, salam, kamar mandi yang bersih, mengangkat telepon pada dering ketiga, kartu nama yang menarik, serta kebersihan lokasi usaha Anda ternyata mempengaruhi image konsumen terhadap bisnis dan produk yang Anda tawarkan.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="background-color: white; font-family: Georgia, Tahoma, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 24px; text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;strong&gt;12.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Berikan hadiah untuk konsumen&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="background-color: white; font-family: Georgia, Tahoma, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 24px; text-align: justify;"&gt;
Tidak perlu hadiah mahal, hadiah seperti pengiriman gratis, atau softdrink gratis, ternyata menjadi daya tarik tersendiri bagi para konsumen yang menggunakan produk Anda. Sehingga mereka tidak segan untuk kembali menggunakan produk Anda.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="background-color: white; font-family: Georgia, Tahoma, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 24px; text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;strong&gt;13.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Gunakan strategi word of mouth&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="background-color: white; font-family: Georgia, Tahoma, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 24px; text-align: justify;"&gt;
Promosi paling efektif adalah pemasaran melalui mulut ke mulut. Dengan memberikan informasi yang mengena pada konsumen, mereka akan meneruskan informasi tersebut kepada orang lain. Sehingga informasi produk Anda tersebar di kalangan masyarakat.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="background-color: white; font-family: Georgia, Tahoma, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 24px; text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;strong&gt;14.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Hindari meniru produk ternama&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="background-color: white; font-family: Georgia, Tahoma, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 24px; text-align: justify;"&gt;
Hindari pengunaan strategi promosi yang sudah sering digunakan untuk produk lainnya. Usahakan cari strategi yang belum pernah digunakan dan memicu rasa penasaran konsumen untuk membeli produk tersebut.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="background-color: white; font-family: Georgia, Tahoma, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 24px; text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;strong&gt;15.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Jangan menganggap pesaing sebagai musuh&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="background-color: white; font-family: Georgia, Tahoma, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 24px; text-align: justify;"&gt;
Selain memberikan dampak negatif, bersaing dengan competitor hanya akan menghabiskan banyak biaya dan hanya akan menjadi persaingan harga . Sehingga konsumen akan berpindah ke produk lain yang harganya stabil.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="background-color: white; font-family: Georgia, Tahoma, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 24px; text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href="http://bisnisukm.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/12/marketing.jpg" style="color: #669900; text-decoration: none;"&gt;&lt;img alt="marketing 250x187 18 Strategi Promosi Cerdas" class="alignleft size-medium wp-image-12974" height="162" src="http://bisnisukm.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/12/marketing-250x187.jpg" style="background-color: whitesmoke; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); float: left; margin: 0px 10px 0px 1px; padding: 9px;" title="18 Strategi Promosi Cerdas" width="217" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;16.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Promosi silang (Cross-promote)&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="background-color: white; font-family: Georgia, Tahoma, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 24px; text-align: justify;"&gt;
Masukan promosi produk terbaru Anda yang siap dilaunching, pada setiap kegiatan promosi yang Anda lakukan. Sehingga dalam satu kali kegiatan promosi, bisa menginformasikan produk yang Anda miliki semaksimal mungkin.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="background-color: white; font-family: Georgia, Tahoma, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 24px; text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;strong&gt;17.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Iklan alternatif akhir&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="background-color: white; font-family: Georgia, Tahoma, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 24px; text-align: justify;"&gt;
Iklan bukan strategi pokok dalam pemasaran, karena biasanya memakan banyak biaya. Bila dana terbatas, usahakan untuk memilih tempat iklan yang tepat pada sasaran Anda. Agar biaya yang dikeluarkan tidak terbuang sia-sia.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="background-color: white; font-family: Georgia, Tahoma, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 24px; text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;strong&gt;18.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Menunggu hasil&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="background-color: white; font-family: Georgia, Tahoma, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 24px; text-align: justify;"&gt;
Yang terakhir sabar menunggu hasil, karena penjualan merupakan kegiatan yang berkelanjutan. Jadi tidak bisa langsung memberikan hasil saat promosi berlangsung, hasilnya baru terlihat setelah promosi selesai. Beri waktu bagi konsumen untuk menilai produk Anda, dan biarkan waktu yang bekerja untuk menjualkan produk Anda.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="background-color: white; font-family: Georgia, Tahoma, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 24px; text-align: justify;"&gt;
Demikian informasi pemasaran bisnis kami pekan ini, semoga informasi tersebut bermanfaat. Salam sukses.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="background-color: white; font-family: Georgia, Tahoma, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 24px; text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;small&gt;(&lt;em&gt;Sumber : Majalah Ide Bisnis Edisi 06/November 2010&lt;/em&gt;)&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
</description><link>http://sais-pourquoi.blogspot.com/2012/11/18-strategi-promosi-cerdas.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Bontor Paolo)</author><thr:total>0</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4475732337211380668.post-606431340970159701</guid><pubDate>Sun, 04 Nov 2012 14:45:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2012-11-04T06:45:00.075-08:00</atom:updated><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">Materi</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">Umum</category><title>Manajemen Waktu yang Baik</title><description>&lt;div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div style="background-color: #fcfcfc; color: #222222; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 1.5em;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;Anda mungkin telah pernah mengikuti seminar mengenai manajemen waktu, dan mungkin anda sudah sering membaca buku untuk mempelajari bagaimana cara mengatur waktu dengan baik. Anda mungkin juga telah membuat serangkaian perencanaan di buku atau bahkan gadget yang khusus untuk mengatur jadwal anda. Tapi apakah Anda benar-benar membutuhkan semua gadget dan buku itu? Apakah Anda tidak bisa mengatur pekerjaan Anda tanpa alat-alat itu?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="background-color: #fcfcfc; color: #222222; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 1.5em;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;Jawabannya sangat sederhana. Semua hal peralatan dan gadget yang Anda pakai untuk mengorganisir waktu Anda tidak akan berguna.&amp;nbsp;Sebelum Anda bisa mengatur waktu Anda, Anda sendiri harus memahami arti dari waktu. Dalam kamus waktu dijelaskan sebagai sebuah periode atau titik dimana suatu hal terjadi.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: #fcfcfc; color: #222222; line-height: 22px;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div style="background-color: #fcfcfc; color: #222222; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 1.5em;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;Ada dua jenis waktu, waktu pada jam dan waktu sebenarnya (waktu nyata). Dalam waktu pada jam, ada 60 detik dalam satu menit, 60 menit dalam satu jam, dua puluh empat jam dalam sehari dan 365 hari dalam setahun. Waktu ini berlalu sama cepatnya. Saat seseorang berusia 50, mereka benar-benar berusia 50. Tidak ada yang kurang ataupun lebih.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="background-color: #fcfcfc; color: #222222; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 1.5em;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;Dalam waktu sebenarnya atau waktu nyata, semua waktu itu relatif. Waktu bisa berlalu tergantung dengan apa yang Anda lakukan. Dua jam dalam sebuah pabrik motor bisa terasa seperti dua belas tahun. Dan dua belas tahun masa kanak-kanak anda bisa terasa seperti dua jam saja.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="background-color: #fcfcfc; color: #222222; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 1.5em;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;Jenis waktu yang mana yang mewakili Anda di kehidupan Anda?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="background-color: #fcfcfc; color: #222222; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 1.5em;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;Alasan mengapa semua gadget, peralatan dan sistem pengaturan waktu yang Anda gunakan tidak akan berhasil adalah karena semua sistem dan gadget yang Anda miliki itu hanya mengatur waktu pada jam. Waktu pada jam tidak relevan. Anda tidak tidak memiliki akses pada waktu tersebut. Anda hidup di waktu yang nyata, sebuah dunia dimana waktu berjalan begitu cepat saat Anda bahagia, dan terasa begitu lambat saat Anda melakukan hal yang tidak Anda suka.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="background-color: #fcfcfc; color: #222222; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 1.5em;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;Berita baiknya adalah bahwa waktu nyata itu terkait dengan mental dan pola pikir. Anda dapat menciptakannya. Apapun yang dapat Anda ciptakan, pasti dapat anda atur. Ini saatnya untuk membuang segala jenis sabotase diri, dan pembatasan diri. Tidak ada lagi alasan “tidak memiliki waktu yang cukup” atau&amp;nbsp; “hari ini bukanlah waktu yang tepat” untuk memulai suatu hal.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="background-color: #fcfcfc; color: #222222; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 1.5em;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;Hanya ada tiga cara untuk menghabiskan waktu: berpikir, bercakap-cakap, melakukan sesuatu. Terlepas dari tipe bisnis yang Anda jalani saat ini, bisnis Anda tidak akan terlepas dari ketiga hal ini.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="background-color: #fcfcfc; color: #222222; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 1.5em;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;Sebagai seorang pengusaha, waktu yang Anda miliki pasti akan sering terbagi. Saat Anda tidak bisa menghilangkan interupsi-interupsi itu, Anda harus mempertimbangkan berapa banyak waktu yang harus Anda luangkan untuk interupsi tersebut, dan berapa banyak waktu yang harus anda luangkan untuk berpikir, berinteraksi dengan orang lain, dan mengambil tindakan untuk kesuksesan bisnis Anda.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="background-color: #fcfcfc; color: #222222; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 1.5em;"&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="background-color: #fcfcfc; color: #222222; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 1.5em;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;Praktekan ke-sepuluh teknik di bawah ini untuk menguasai pengaturan waktu Anda!&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;ol style="background-color: #fcfcfc; color: #222222; line-height: 1.5; list-style-position: outside; margin: 1.5em 2.2em; padding: 0px;"&gt;
&lt;li style="list-style-type: decimal; margin-bottom: 0.75em;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;Bawalah jadwal, dan ingatlah seluruh isi pemikiran Anda, percakapan, dan kegiatan yang harus Anda lakukan selama seminggu. Ini akan membantu Anda untuk memahami berapa banyak hal yang dapat Anda selesaikan dalam satu hari, dan kapan waktu-waktu berharga Anda akan berlalu. Anda akan dapat melihat berapa banyak waktu yang Anda luangkan untuk mencapai hasil, dan berapa banyak waktu yang telah Anda buang untuk kegiatan-kegiatan yang tidak produktif.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style="list-style-type: decimal; margin-bottom: 0.75em;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;Segala kegiatan dan percakapan yang penting untuk kesuksesan Anda harus ada jangka waktunya. List pekerjaan Anda akan bertambah sangat banyak jika Anda mengisinya dengan hal-hal yang tidak bisa dikerjakan. Buatlah jadwal untuk diri Anda sendiri dimana Anda bisa meluangkan waktu untuk berpikir dan melakukan hal-hal yang produktif bagi diri Anda. Lakukanlah hal ini secara disiplin.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style="list-style-type: decimal; margin-bottom: 0.75em;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;Rencanakanlah setidaknya 50% dari waktu yang Anda miliki untuk menghasilkan hal yang produktif.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style="list-style-type: decimal; margin-bottom: 0.75em;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;Rencanakanlah waktu untuk beristirahat, menarik diri dari semua kesibukan yang Anda miliki.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style="list-style-type: decimal; margin-bottom: 0.75em;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;Luangkan 30 menit pertama setiap harinya untuk merencanakan hari Anda. Jangan memulai aktivitas Anda sebelum Anda selesai merencanakannya. Saat yang paling penting dalam hari Anda adalah saat dimana Anda merencanakannya.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style="list-style-type: decimal; margin-bottom: 0.75em;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;Luangkan waktu selama 5 menit untuk setiap undangan dan keputusan yang harus Anda datangi dan Anda ambil. Ini akan membantu Anda memperlihatkan prioritas yang harus diutamakan, dan membuat Anda merasa bahwa waktu tidak berlalu begitu cepat. Luangkan pula 5 menit setelah aktivitas atau keputusan yang Anda ambil untuk menentukan apakah target yang Anda tentukan hari ini tercapai atau tidak. Apakah ada yang terlewat, atau tidak.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style="list-style-type: decimal; margin-bottom: 0.75em;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;Jangan ragu-ragu untuk menolak interupsi dari siapapun juga saat Anda benar-benar harus mengerjakan sesuatu sampai selesai.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style="list-style-type: decimal; margin-bottom: 0.75em;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;Berlatihlah untuk tidak mengangkat semua telepon yang masuk, atau mengecek e-mail yang masuk hanya karena handphone Anda berdering. Matikanlah koneksi telepon Anda. Jangan berikan perhatian Anda secara mudah kepada orang lain kecuali hal itu benar-benar krusial dalam bisnis Anda. Jika hal itu benar-benar menentukan bisnis Anda kedepannya, Anda malah harus menyediakan jadwal khusus untuk meladeninya.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style="list-style-type: decimal; margin-bottom: 0.75em;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;Blokirlah semua hal yang tidak berhubungan dengan pekerjaan seperti Facebook dan sosial media yang lain, kecuali Anda menggunakan hal itu untuk membantu bisnis Anda.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style="list-style-type: decimal; margin-bottom: 0.75em;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;Ingatlah bahwa mustahil untuk menyelesaikan semuanya. Dan ingatlah bahwa hal yang baik adalah membuat dua puluh persen kegiatan Anda menghasilkan delapan puluh persen dari hasil anda.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
</description><link>http://sais-pourquoi.blogspot.com/2012/11/manajemen-waktu-yang-baik.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Bontor Paolo)</author><thr:total>0</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4475732337211380668.post-4543696944350523916</guid><pubDate>Sun, 04 Nov 2012 03:46:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2012-11-03T20:46:32.938-07:00</atom:updated><title>DEVELOPING A CAMPAIGN STRATEGY Introduction</title><description>&lt;div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"&gt;
&lt;span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;"&gt;Every organisation – no matter its size, aim or budget - wants to be successful. That means setting goals, realising a vision for change and having an impact on peoples’ lives.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;" /&gt;&lt;br style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;" /&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;"&gt;The goals your organisation sets may be complex or challenging – from ending Internet censorship to protecting and freeing political prisoners to creating conditions for a society’s access to information. The journey from setting aims to actually achieving results that will have an impact on people's lives is a demanding one.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;" /&gt;&lt;br style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;" /&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;"&gt;While your organisation may undertake routine work toward its overall mandate, it is when it seeks to make a significant advance on a specific issue that it launches a campaign.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;" /&gt;&lt;br style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;" /&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;"&gt;A&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;"&gt;campaign&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;is a series of coordinated actions, organised within a strategy that aims to achieve concrete objectives in a specific timeframe.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;" /&gt;&lt;br style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;" /&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;"&gt;In order to be successful in achieving change, a campaign needs to align with the overall framework of your organisation – its Vision and Mission:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;" /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class="indent" style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px; margin-left: 50px; margin-right: 50px;"&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Vision&lt;/b&gt;: the image of an ideal future towards which your organisation wants to contribute with its work. For example, “The International Freedom of Expression Exchange (IFEX) strives for a world where freedom of expression is defended, respected and upheld.”&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;Mission&lt;/b&gt;: states what your organisation does to contribute to make its Vision a reality; it is its central purpose and raison d'être. For example, “As the leading global network defending and promoting freedom of expression, IFEX enhances its members’ work by creating distinct opportunities for capacity building, joint advocacy and increased visibility.”&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;"&gt;It is from these conceptual terms of reference that your organisation has established its identity, developed its policies and hired its staff. The Vision and Mission are the organisation’s expressions of desire: what it wants to achieve and how it will achieve it.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;" /&gt;&lt;br style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;" /&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;"&gt;The campaign should also align with and figure into the organisation’s Strategic Plan – the outline of how a group makes its Mission operational. Thus, the issue chosen for a campaign should already be part of your organisation’s Mission and Strategic Plan. If it’s not, there is risk of setting out on a path leading to frustration and failure since this plan guides decision-making around the use of resources based on your organisation´s objectives.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;" /&gt;&lt;h3 style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 1em; line-height: 20.78333282470703px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-transform: uppercase;"&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;PLANNING: THE KEY TO SUCCESS&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;"&gt;With the campaign intrinsically linked to your organisation’s Vision, Mission and Strategic plan, it becomes possible to begin planning a Campaign Strategy – that is, a defined set of goals, objectives, activities, and monitoring and evaluation tools that will enable your organisation to achieve change around the issue it is focused on within a given time period.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;" /&gt;&lt;br style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;" /&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;"&gt;The&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;"&gt;Campaign Strategy&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;is the road map for the campaign. It ensures that all campaign activities work to achieve the campaign's overall objectives; it is also the reference point for evaluating the progress and success of the campaign. Having a Campaign Strategy is also effective for communicating plans to other stakeholders, including fundraisers and other financial decision-makers, in order to gain their participation and support.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;" /&gt;&lt;h3 style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 1em; line-height: 20.78333282470703px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-transform: uppercase;"&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;THE CAMPAIGN CYCLE&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;"&gt;This section will map out a process for undertaking strategic campaign planning as part of the Campaigning Cycle (see Figure 1). The Campaigning Cycle helps an organisation, whatever its size, to develop a successful campaign and to become more strategic and efficient when designing and implementing campaigns.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px; margin: auto; padding: 10px 0px; text-align: center; width: 508px;"&gt;
&lt;img alt="" height="348" src="http://www.ifex.org/campaigns/2011/02/18/campaigning_cycle.png" style="border: none;" width="508" /&gt;&lt;div class="caption" style="font-size: 0.8em; line-height: 1.2em; margin-top: 4px; text-align: left;"&gt;
&lt;div class="credit" style="color: #999999; text-align: right;"&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;"&gt;As mentioned above, the campaign is framed within the Vision, Mission and Strategic Plan of the organisation. The Campaigning Cycle can be divided in three phases that each take into account the stakeholders involved and decisions that need to be made:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;" /&gt;&lt;br style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;" /&gt;&lt;b style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;"&gt;Phase One&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;"&gt;: The issue and problem to be addressed by the campaign are decided;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;" /&gt;&lt;b style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;"&gt;Phase Two&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;"&gt;: The strategy is designed and implemented;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;" /&gt;&lt;b style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;"&gt;Phase Three&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;"&gt;: The outcomes of the campaign are evaluated and its results are analysed.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;" /&gt;&lt;br style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;" /&gt;&lt;b style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;"&gt;Phase One: Define the Issue and Identify the Problem&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;" /&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;"&gt;At this stage, the organisation decides on the focus of the campaign. Ideally representative members, board members, executive directors and senior managers are involved in this decision, perhaps with some input from outside specialists.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;" /&gt;&lt;br style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;" /&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;"&gt;Issue: In the first strategic decision, the organisation must define the issue the organisation will focus the campaign on. This decision needs to be based on careful analysis of both external and internal factors.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;" /&gt;&lt;br style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;" /&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;"&gt;Problem: There are many aspects to any one issue. For instance, the issue of Internet censorship includes the role of software providers collaborating with governments; the persecution and arrest of online journalists and bloggers; the banning of human rights-related websites, etc. To focus resources more strategically, organisations should select only one or two of the problems related to the larger issue.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;" /&gt;&lt;br style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;" /&gt;&lt;br style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;" /&gt;&lt;div class="indent" style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px; margin-left: 50px; margin-right: 50px;"&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Issue&lt;/b&gt;: In the first strategic decision, the organisation must define the issue the organisation will focus the campaign on. This decision needs to be based on careful analysis of both external and internal factors.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;Problem&lt;/b&gt;: There are many aspects to any one issue. For instance, the issue of Internet censorship includes the role of software providers collaborating with governments; the persecution and arrest of online journalists and bloggers; the banning of human rights-related websites, etc. To focus resources more strategically, organisations should select only one or two of the problems related to the larger issue&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://sais-pourquoi.blogspot.com/2012/11/choosing-your-campaigning-issue.html" style="color: #c20000; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;" target="new"&gt;(See What to Campaign on: Choosing Your Campaigning Issue)&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;b style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;"&gt;Phase Two: Design and Implement the Strategy&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;" /&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;"&gt;This stage covers the design and implementation of the campaign strategy, which includes setting the concrete objectives that the organisation aims itself to achieve in the timeframe of the campaign. In this stage, the organisation also needs to outline the activities and tools and resources it will employ to achieve these objectives:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;ul style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;"&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;b&gt;Strategy Design&lt;/b&gt;: Based on thorough internal and external analysis around the campaign problem, the organisation defines: the SMART objectives for the campaign&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://sais-pourquoi.blogspot.com/2012/11/setting-campaign-objectives.html" style="color: #c20000; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank"&gt;(See Setting Campaign Objectives)&lt;/a&gt;; the plan of action that will deliver those objectives&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://sais-pourquoi.blogspot.com/2012/11/implementing-your-campaign-strategy.html" style="color: #c20000; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank"&gt;(See Implementing your Campaign Strategy)&lt;/a&gt;; and the monitoring, evaluation and impact assessment methodologies&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://sais-pourquoi.blogspot.com/2012/11/monitoring-and-evaluation.html" style="color: #c20000; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank"&gt;(See Monitoring and Evaluation&amp;nbsp;&lt;/a&gt;and&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://sais-pourquoi.blogspot.com/2012/11/assessing-impact.html" style="color: #c20000; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank"&gt;Assessing Impact)&amp;nbsp;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;b&gt;Strategy Implementation&lt;/b&gt;: The organisation executes the campaign action plans and periodically monitors progress made toward achieving the objectives. Based on the evaluation and impact analysis, the organisation responds with adjustments to the strategy.&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://sais-pourquoi.blogspot.com/2012/11/monitoring-and-evaluation.html" style="color: #c20000; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank"&gt;(See Monitoring and Evaluation&lt;/a&gt;and&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://sais-pourquoi.blogspot.com/2012/11/assessing-impact.html" style="color: #c20000; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank"&gt;Assessing Impact)&amp;nbsp;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;b style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;"&gt;Phase Three: Identify Changes to the Issue and the Problem and Assess Impact&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;" /&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;"&gt;As the campaign comes to an end, the organisation needs to identify how the issue and problem have changed since the initiative got underway. Changes may be immediately visible - for example, a new law was passed that meets your campaigning objective, but the impact that comes from this change may take some time to be clear. For example, impacts may only be gauged by measuring an increase or decrease in the numbers of licenses awarded to independent media houses (covered by the law) in the months or years that follow.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;" /&gt;&lt;br style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;" /&gt;&lt;div class="indent" style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px; margin-left: 50px; margin-right: 50px;"&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Identify Changes&lt;/b&gt;: The organisation undertakes to identify, analyse, and communicate the changes achieved and triggered by the campaign&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;Assess Impacts&lt;/b&gt;: The organisation assesses the impact of the changes on the problem and the issue over time.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;"&gt;Note: to be effective and responsive, organisations should also systematically monitor and evaluate the implementation of the strategy and the achievement of campaigning objectives throughout all stages of the campaigning cycle.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;" /&gt;&lt;br style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;" /&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;"&gt;By following the Campaigning Cycle, your organisation can ensure that its campaign is strategic, impact-oriented and safeguarded against being purely activity-driven. Ultimately, the success of a campaign is in its ability to produce changes in norms or practices that are measurable. Success will also mean that the impact of these changes is central to your organisation's Mission and Vision.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
</description><link>http://sais-pourquoi.blogspot.com/2012/11/developing-campaign-strategy.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Bontor Paolo)</author><thr:total>0</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4475732337211380668.post-1941999816896110241</guid><pubDate>Sun, 04 Nov 2012 03:45:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2012-11-03T20:45:35.843-07:00</atom:updated><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">Materi</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">Umum</category><title>Assessing Impact</title><description>&lt;div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"&gt;
&lt;span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;"&gt;As the campaign comes to an end, your organisation will need to evaluate the progress made and look at how the issues have changed since the beginning of your campaign. This should include documenting intended and unintended outcomes, as well as positive and negative changes.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;" /&gt;&lt;br style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;" /&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;"&gt;Some of these changes might be obvious, such as the passage of a new law that meets your campaigning objectives. However, other changes may not be immediately clear, and may require time before they can be fully assessed. For example, the impact of a new law governing media licences may only be evaluated over time by measuring the change in the numbers of licences awarded to independent media houses in the months or years following the enactment of the law.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;h3 style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 1em; line-height: 20.78333282470703px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-transform: uppercase;"&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;IDENTIFY CHANGES AND SHARE THEM WITH STAKEHOLDERS&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;"&gt;Changes could be concrete, such as those that you identified at the beginning of the campaign in your SMART objectives (e.g. the passage of a new law)&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://sais-pourquoi.blogspot.com/2012/11/setting-campaign-objectives.html" style="background-color: white; color: #c20000; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 20.78333282470703px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank"&gt;(see Setting Campaign Objectives)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;"&gt;. They could also be unexpected, such as an increase in the number of journalists covered by life insurance or the adoption of a minimum wage requirement for journalists. Both changes directly relate to the objective of improving the working conditions of journalists.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;" /&gt;&lt;br style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;" /&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;"&gt;Be sure to communicate to your stakeholders all of the campaign's initial outcomes. This will help to reinforce your relationships with those who were involved in the campaigning process. Communicating campaign achievements can also have a great motivational effect on your internal constituency, and can serve to strengthen your ties with external stakeholders, such as financial donors or other activists.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;h3 style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 1em; line-height: 20.78333282470703px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-transform: uppercase;"&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;ASSESS IMPACT&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;"&gt;Impact concerns&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;"&gt;long-term&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;and&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;"&gt;sustainable effects&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;in the lives of the&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;"&gt;campaign beneficiaries&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;"&gt;. Impact assessment answers the question, "How have the lives of the beneficiaries been influenced as a result of the changes achieved by the campaign?"&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;" /&gt;&lt;br style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;" /&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;"&gt;Impact can be related to the changes achieved directly by the campaign, or to the unanticipated changes caused by events during the implementation of the campaign strategy. Impact can be positive or negative, and internal or external.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px; margin: auto; padding: 10px 0px; text-align: center; width: 339px;"&gt;
&lt;img alt="" height="188" src="http://www.ifex.org/campaigns/2011/05/03/assessing_impacten.jpg" style="border: none;" width="339" /&gt;&lt;div class="caption" style="font-size: 0.8em; line-height: 1.2em; margin-top: 4px; text-align: left;"&gt;
&lt;div class="credit" style="color: #999999; text-align: right;"&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;"&gt;The objective of doing an impact assessment is to help you decide what actions your organisation should take to continue advancing towards your ultimate goal (e.g. the protection of freedom of expression), and to identify and improve on the tools your organisation needs to achieve this goal.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;" /&gt;&lt;br style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;" /&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;"&gt;Since an impact assessment will evaluate the effects of the changes in the lives of the beneficiaries, beneficiaries should ideally be part of the impact assessment process to analyse whether the outcomes have had any effect (positive or negative) on them. You may decide to re-engage with the beneficiary group that helped your organisation analyse the campaign issue and problem&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://sais-pourquoi.blogspot.com/2012/11/choosing-your-campaigning-issue.html" style="background-color: white; color: #c20000; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 20.78333282470703px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank"&gt;(see What to campaign on)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;"&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;" /&gt;&lt;br style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;" /&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;"&gt;For instance, if a focus group of journalists helped your organisation identify that poor working conditions in their profession are an impediment to freedom of expression, it is best situated to analyse the effects of the outcome (e.g. a new law that permits the creation of journalists' unions).&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;" /&gt;&lt;br style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;" /&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;"&gt;Impact assessment also allows you to analyse if the advances made during a campaign fulfil the overall mission and vision of your organisation. If the mandate of your organisation is to improve the overall freedom of expression situation for journalists in your country, you would assess whether the new law brought you closer to reaching your overarching goal.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;h3 style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 1em; line-height: 20.78333282470703px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-transform: uppercase;"&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;THINGS TO CONSIDER WHEN ASSESSING IMPACT&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;b style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;"&gt;Internal impact:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;Your campaign can have an impact on the internal workings of your organisation. For example, after having worked closely with a political party in order to advocate for a new law, your organisation might be identified with a political leaning, and thus lose the perception of political independence. You should implement internal feedback mechanisms and consider comments from key stakeholders such as donors, media, other NGOs, etc. in order to be aware of and avoid this kind of impact.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;" /&gt;&lt;br style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;" /&gt;&lt;b style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;"&gt;Baseline studies:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;In some cases, it might be possible to find trusted sources that could indicate, for example, the percentage of journalists working for the mainstream media that do not have written contracts. The same source could undertake a study of the percentage change at the end of the campaign. However, keep in mind that establishing baselines can be a complicated and expensive exercise depending on the data that needs to be included.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;" /&gt;&lt;br style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;" /&gt;&lt;b style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;"&gt;Other impact indicators:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;During the analysis of the campaign issue and problem, other indicators may become apparent that you could refer to when assessing the impact of the campaign.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;" /&gt;&lt;br style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;" /&gt;&lt;b style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;"&gt;Adequate implementation:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;While doing an impact assessment, you should also measure whether the outcomes achieved are being adequately implemented. A law that was passed as a result of your campaign might not be properly financed or regulated; you might also find that the legal interpretation of the law's key elements vary from one judge to another. This will affect the overall impact of the law.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;" /&gt;&lt;br style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;" /&gt;&lt;b style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;"&gt;Ad-hoc methodologies:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;Tools such as focus groups or baseline studies as mentioned above help to assess the impact of the expected outcomes. But since outcomes could also be unexpected, it is also necessary to include ad-hoc methodologies to assess impact.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;h3 style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 1em; line-height: 20.78333282470703px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-transform: uppercase;"&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;IMPACT ASSESSMENT VERSUS MONITORING AND EVALUATION&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;"&gt;Even though they may seem similar,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;"&gt;monitoring and evaluation&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;(M&amp;amp;E) and impact assessment are two different processes. M&amp;amp;E tells you what outcomes the campaign has achieved and what activities helped achieve those outcomes&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://sais-pourquoi.blogspot.com/2012/11/monitoring-and-evaluation.html" style="background-color: white; color: #c20000; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 20.78333282470703px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank"&gt;(see Monitoring and Evaluation)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;"&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;"&gt;Impact assessment&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;"&gt;, on the other hand, informs you about the real effects of these outcomes.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;" /&gt;&lt;br style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;" /&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;"&gt;While you should assess impact at the closing of the campaign, impact assessment methodologies and tools need to be identified at the initial stages of the campaign strategy in the same way that you would have identified M&amp;amp;E methodologies and tools.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
</description><link>http://sais-pourquoi.blogspot.com/2012/11/assessing-impact.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Bontor Paolo)</author><thr:total>1</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4475732337211380668.post-3435860465423206270</guid><pubDate>Sun, 04 Nov 2012 03:39:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2012-11-03T20:39:57.898-07:00</atom:updated><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">Materi</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">Umum</category><title>Implementing Your Campaign Strategy </title><description>&lt;div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"&gt;
&lt;span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;"&gt;When your organisation approves the campaign strategy, you are ready to put it into action. Without rigorous and effective campaign implementation, the most strategic of campaigns could fail to achieve their objectives and result in a lost opportunity.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;h3 style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 1em; line-height: 20.78333282470703px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-transform: uppercase;"&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;CREATE A CAMPAIGN OPERATIONAL PLAN&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;"&gt;A good idea before you start is to create a Campaign Operational Plan (COP). Include in the plan WHAT it is that the organisation wants to achieve (the objectives), HOW it is going to achieve it (the plan of action), WHO is responsible for each area (assignment of responsibilities), and WHICH tools will let you know if the campaign strategy is being implemented correctly - and if it is achieving the expected results (monitoring and evaluation).&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;" /&gt;&lt;br style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;" /&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;"&gt;There are many ways to show this data in a COP. The following table is one suggestion:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px; margin: auto; padding: 10px 0px; text-align: center; width: 532px;"&gt;
&lt;img alt="" height="419" src="http://www.ifex.org/campaigns/2011/05/03/cop_en_532.jpg" style="border: none;" width="532" /&gt;&lt;div class="caption" style="font-size: 0.8em; line-height: 1.2em; margin-top: 4px; text-align: left;"&gt;
&lt;div class="credit" style="color: #999999; text-align: right;"&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;"&gt;This COP shows that implementing the campaign strategy has both external aspects (meetings with MPs) and internal aspects (hiring and training staff). In some circumstances, it is possible to achieve several outcomes in a single activity. For instance, including freelance journalists in lobby meetings to tell their personal stories will empower the journalists, as well as help to improve the attitude of those you are lobbying - by bringing them closer to the journalists, and illustrating how proper legislation would help.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;h3 style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 1em; line-height: 20.78333282470703px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-transform: uppercase;"&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;IDENTIFY KEY DATES&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;"&gt;When you draft the COP, identify internal and external key dates to ensure your activities have the greatest possible impact. Key dates for the journalists' rights bill might include national or international commemorative days, elections, when Parliament is open and closed, report launch dates, or when the contract of a key staff member comes to an end.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;" /&gt;&lt;br style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;" /&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;"&gt;If one of the main activities is lobbying, and your organisation does not have qualified staff, it is necessary to include the recruiting, induction and training schedule of new staff in the timetable. An accurate calendar will prevent delays that can directly affect the development of the plan of action and its expected outcomes. Scheduling activities strategically will benefit the campaign, and will avoid their competition with your organisation’s other activities and priorities.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;h3 style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 1em; line-height: 20.78333282470703px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-transform: uppercase;"&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;DRAFT KEY MESSAGES&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;"&gt;Also come up with key messages: the main ideas that your organisation wants to communicate to its audiences about the issue, the solution proposed, and the necessary actions required for reaching that solution. A key message is not the same as a slogan, although some key messages could easily be translated into one. Your organisation may decide it is most effective to communicate the key messages by using images, music, website banners, viral Internet videos, posters, reports, or a combination of these. Take into account the different audiences you will communicate with (mass media, NGOs, associates, donors and supporters, etc.) when deciding upon your key messages.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;h3 style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 1em; line-height: 20.78333282470703px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-transform: uppercase;"&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;ASSIGN TASKS AND RESPONSIBILITIES&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;"&gt;To effectively implement the COP, you need to make the necessary adjustments to your organisational structure. A fundamental first step is to assign tasks and responsibilities, as well as to define the decision-making process for the duration of the campaign.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;" /&gt;&lt;br style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;" /&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;"&gt;The person in charge of implementing the activities should develop a specific work plan that covers the different stages of each activity and which resources are required at each stage (such as materials, training, staffing, technology and budget). Work plans should be approved and reviewed periodically, taking into account your monitoring and evaluation tools.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;h3 style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 1em; line-height: 20.78333282470703px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-transform: uppercase;"&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;MITIGATE AGAINST POTENTIAL CONFLICT&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;"&gt;Putting your campaign into action requires a great deal of energy and involvement. It's only natural that some internal conflicts may arise. Within every organisation, different programmes and individuals have their own priorities that can compete for the organisation's resources (Director’s time, budget, staff, etc.) and support. Be aware of the possibility of conflicts and be prepared to manage them as they surface.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;" /&gt;&lt;br style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;" /&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;"&gt;For instance, the campaign may require the support of other departments in your organisation, like administration, fundraising or IT, that perhaps had little to do with the campaign up to this point. To mitigate against potential conflict, conduct an introductory meeting inviting all internal actors involved in implementing the campaign. The meeting provides the space for people to learn more about the campaign, to brainstorm about how the implementation process will influence their specific areas of work, and to focus on opportunities to build the capacity of the organisation as a whole for operationalising campaigns effectively.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;h3 style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 1em; line-height: 20.78333282470703px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-transform: uppercase;"&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;USE YOUR MONITORING AND EVALUATION SYSTEMS&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;"&gt;Finally, don't forget to implement the monitoring and evaluation systems you established in the strategy. Keep in mind two questions:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;ol style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;"&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Is the strategy being implemented exactly as it was designed?&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Are the results of the activities what was expected?&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;
&lt;span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;"&gt;For instance, if one of the monitoring and evaluation systems established is to maintain periodic meetings with relevant actors, you should have defined who those actors are, who is in charge of coordinating the meetings, and when and where they will take place.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;" /&gt;&lt;br style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;" /&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;"&gt;If you are deviating from your strategy - i.e., because the organisation did not account for the estimated resources necessary, or because there have been significant changes to the environment related to the campaign - it is likely that your activities will not result in the intended outcomes, and, thus, your objectives will be in jeopardy. Also, the success of one activity does not guarantee the success of every activity. Keep focused on your objectives, constantly monitor and evaluate your implementation, and adapt your campaign strategy based on your findings.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
</description><link>http://sais-pourquoi.blogspot.com/2012/11/implementing-your-campaign-strategy.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Bontor Paolo)</author><thr:total>0</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4475732337211380668.post-8573521499753650018</guid><pubDate>Sun, 04 Nov 2012 03:36:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2012-11-03T20:36:39.301-07:00</atom:updated><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">Materi</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">Umum</category><title>Setting Campaign Objectives</title><description>&lt;div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"&gt;
&lt;span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;"&gt;Campaigns tackle very large and complicated issues. With them we try to improve journalists’ working conditions, bring governments to respect and promote freedom of expression, or stop the killing of journalists in conflict situations. None of these issues are going to be resolved from one day to the next. But, before we achieve our ultimate goals a number of steps need to happen within a campaign's particular time frame. These steps are our&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;"&gt;campaign objectives&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;while the larger issue is our&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;"&gt;campaign goal&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;"&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;" /&gt;&lt;br style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;" /&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;"&gt;To effectively outline a campaign strategy and determine what the change being sought by a campaign will look like, it’s necessary to set campaign objectives. Campaign objectives help in the planning and design of activities that will achieve tangible outcomes. They are also essential in monitoring and evaluating the effectiveness of campaigning work&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://sais-pourquoi.blogspot.com/2012/11/monitoring-and-evaluation.html" style="background-color: white; color: #c20000; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 20.78333282470703px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank"&gt;(see Monitoring and Evaluation)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;"&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;" /&gt;&lt;br style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;" /&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;"&gt;Objectives have to be in line not only with the overall goal of the campaign, but also with an organisation’s resources and capacities. Campaign objectives need to be&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;"&gt;S&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;"&gt;pecific,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;"&gt;M&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;"&gt;easurable,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;"&gt;A&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;"&gt;chievable,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;"&gt;R&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;"&gt;elevant and&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;"&gt;T&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;"&gt;ime-bound: they need to be&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;"&gt;SMART&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;"&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class="indent" style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px; margin-left: 50px; margin-right: 50px;"&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Question&lt;/b&gt;: How SMART do campaign objectives need to be?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;Answer&lt;/b&gt;: As SMART as possible.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;"&gt;Establishing a SMART Objective involves stating what will be achieved within the campaign’s timeline and what steps will take place in order to make this happen. For example, it is not enough to set as an objective: “To improve journalists’ working conditions”. However, that could be the broader goal of the campaign, which is supported by several strategic SMART objectives.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;" /&gt;&lt;br style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;" /&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;"&gt;Analysis of the campaign issue might indicate some of the steps necessary to achieving the broader goal. For example, with a goal of improving journalists’ working conditions it might be necessary to attain the recognition of journalists’ unions by the government; the establishment of compulsory work contracts between journalists and editors; and the setting of national minimum wages and working hours. A SMART objective will define the progress one aims to achieve on each of these more specific fronts.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;" /&gt;&lt;br style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;" /&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;"&gt;Thus, for the first campaign objective - the recognition of journalists’ unions - it is necessary to find out if there is legislation on the matter that needs to be approved by parliament, or if there are any other relevant legal procedures underway or requiring initiation, according to specific time-lines. The campaign team needs to be specific as to what outcomes will be achieved that are both relevant and realistic during the life of the campaign. A new bill may not get passed within the timeframe of a one-year campaign. But perhaps a declaration of support from members of parliament, or, a draft bill passed by the relevant parliamentary committee would be possible, as the first steps to getting new legislation on the issue.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;" /&gt;&lt;br style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;" /&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;"&gt;Thus, the&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;"&gt;specific&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;objective would be: “To get a draft bill approved by the labour rights parliamentary committee, allowing journalists, including freelance journalists, to constitute unions”.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;" /&gt;&lt;br style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;" /&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;"&gt;Having specific, concrete objectives allows the campaign team to have greater focus and to identify areas where capacity-building might be needed – for example, around strengthening lobbying expertise – in order to achieve the objectives. Specific objectives also make it easier to convene relevant allies, such us other freedom of expression organisations or sympathetic members of parliament and labour organisations, around a defined aim.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;" /&gt;&lt;br style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;" /&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;"&gt;Furthermore, a set of specific objectives provides the benchmarks to&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;"&gt;measure&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;"&gt;whether the campaign team is achieving its aims. Specific objectives contain within them milestones that will indicate if things are on track. It will be easy to check if the parliamentary committee has or has not approved the bill but it is also relevant to know why this has not happened or why it may have happened earlier than expected in the campaign. By measuring the progress of a campaign according to specific objectives, campaigners can better analyse the reasons behind success or failure and make adjustments to the overall strategy along the way.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;" /&gt;&lt;br style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;" /&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;"&gt;Vague but necessary objectives such as “raising awareness” need to be reformulated into measurable ones. This can be done, for example, by setting out to receive coverage of your issue through a targeted number of newspaper articles and TV or radio interviews at specific media outlets. Thus, campaigners can infer that through the readership and audience of these newspapers and broadcasters, the public´s awareness of the campaign issue has been raised. This and the reaction of the target audiences will tell you if you’re on the right track to reach this particular objective.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;" /&gt;&lt;br style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;" /&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;"&gt;Similar specific objectives can be set for other public outreach and awareness raising elements of a campaign, such as aiming for specific numbers of subscribers reached by a newsletter, new members signed up in a drive, or attendees at a speaking event or street theatre performance.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;" /&gt;&lt;br style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;" /&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;"&gt;Even if a campaign is ambitious and it’s uncertain whether it can be accomplished, the team needs to make sure it has established&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;"&gt;achievable&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;objectives – you don’t want to set yourself up for impossible tasks.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;" /&gt;&lt;br style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;" /&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;"&gt;To assess your chances of achieving a campaign objective, you’ll need to analyse internal and external factors.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;" /&gt;&lt;br style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;" /&gt;&lt;br style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;" /&gt;&lt;b style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;"&gt;Internal factors&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;are those related to your organisation and your campaign team, such as in-house skills, human and financial resources and relationships with key stakeholders. These factors can make parliamentary lobbying or forming a coalition, easy tasks or monumental ones. It’s important to assess if your team is able to achieve its objectives with the resources it currently has or with those it can reasonably procure.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;" /&gt;&lt;br style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;" /&gt;&lt;b style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;"&gt;External factors&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;are those outside your organisation or team, such as economic or political conditions. Maybe it’s not the right political moment to introduce a draft bill because attention is focused on another issue, or perhaps an election is near and the topic of protecting media workers under a legal framework could become politicised in the campaign in a way that could benefit the cause.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;" /&gt;&lt;br style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;" /&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;"&gt;Campaign objectives also need to be&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;"&gt;relevant&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;to the broader campaign goal. The best way to assess the relevance of a campaign objective is to check with those who will benefit from the campaign´s success - in this case, the journalists. It’s also necessary to consider your options from a strategic and long-term perspective to evaluate whether a certain direction will deliver what you’re seeking to achieve.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;" /&gt;&lt;br style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;" /&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;"&gt;Sometimes opportunities may present themselves in the course of the campaign that appear to be a gain although their outcomes may be different than initially imagined. It’s thus necessary to assess whether that apparent opportunity is actually relevant to the campaign goal itself. For example, in seeking recognition for a journalists’ union you may receive assurances that journalists could be brought into the general workers union. Despite this being easier to achieve, it would not ensure journalists the power they need to negotiate better working conditions, which was the original goal.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;" /&gt;&lt;br style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;" /&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;"&gt;If the campaign objectives are established and understood in the first place it will be much easier to determine whether a potential opportunity that arises is relevant to your campaign goal.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;" /&gt;&lt;br style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;" /&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;"&gt;Like campaign plans, the campaign objectives need to be&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;"&gt;time-bound&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;"&gt;, meaning a target date must be set by when specific objectives will be achieved.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;" /&gt;&lt;br style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;" /&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;"&gt;If campaign plans and resources run from January 2014 to December 2015, you’ll need to be specific as to when the objectives will be accomplished within this period. This is important because it will help in scheduling the campaign implementation plans. As well, by monitoring and evaluating the external and internal factors that occur during the campaign, it will also be possible to determine whether you’re achieving success within the imagined timeframe.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;" /&gt;&lt;br style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;" /&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;"&gt;Making campaign objectives&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;"&gt;SMART&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;at the very outset of the campaign strategy-building process will enable you to set targets that are possible to realize. They will focus your campaign team around recognised and understood goals and empower you in the process to stay on target, meet deadlines, and come together to evaluate and reassess progress along the way. They can also help your organisation use human and financial resources efficiently and most importantly, to create effective and lasting social change.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;" /&gt;&lt;br style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;" /&gt;&lt;b style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;"&gt;So, what does a SMART objective look like?&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;" /&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;"&gt;“By the end of the parliamentary calendar year 2015, the Labour Rights Parliament Committee will have discussed and approved a draft bill granting union rights to all journalists, including freelance journalists”.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
</description><link>http://sais-pourquoi.blogspot.com/2012/11/setting-campaign-objectives.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Bontor Paolo)</author><thr:total>0</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4475732337211380668.post-4787684002155661389</guid><pubDate>Sun, 04 Nov 2012 03:35:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2012-11-03T20:37:49.332-07:00</atom:updated><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">Materi</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">Umum</category><title>Monitoring and Evaluation</title><description>&lt;div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"&gt;
&lt;em style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;"&gt;A terrorist attack, an unexpected election result, a corruption scandal, a natural disaster, the departure of a key person in the team, a funding cut - these are events that could surely affect a campaign strategy at any time. Some of these situations can be planned for, others cannot. But preparing for how to cope with emergencies and the unknown is possible. By monitoring and evaluating, campaigners will be on the ready to identify situations with possible challenges and opportunities, to react and to adapt strategies without losing focus and the chance for impact.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;" /&gt;
&lt;span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;"&gt;During the life of a campaign many things can happen that might have an effect, whatever big or small, on its course. Developments outside of one’s control can make the campaigning objectives obsolete or the main actors irrelevant; they can bring new challenges and new allies. To ensure that these factors can be identified and that a campaigning plan can be adapted with speed and accuracy, monitoring and evaluating should be an integral part of the overall campaigning strategy.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;" /&gt;
&lt;strong style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;"&gt;What is monitoring and what is evaluating?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;"&gt;Monitoring is a continuous process of gathering and recording internal and external data. Evaluating is a periodic process of reviewing monitoring data and drawing conclusions from it.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;" /&gt;
&lt;span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;"&gt;Good monitoring is based on systematic and clear approach that is tied to the objectives of the campaign. For example, if one objective of a campaign for reforming media law is reaching a targeted number of members of the public through media coverage then campaigners should be tracking and filing all related media reports.&amp;nbsp; If the specific ‘SMART Objective’ was to reach the target audience through one article every two months in one of the four major newspapers and to have an interview with the organisation’s executive director on World Press Freedom Day then one would evaluate those reports by analysing the number of articles achieved and their texts to see if the coverage was favourable to the campaign message. In evaluating, the campaign team members would discuss how the approach (with respect to media) worked and what could be improved.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;" /&gt;
&lt;span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;"&gt;Similarly, one could assess the success of a press conference (one of the activities under the campaign) by analysing relevant data that has been collected through the monitoring process, such as:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;ul style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;"&gt;
&lt;li&gt;copy of the event press release (was the message on target?)&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;text of the invitation to the press conference&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;list of all the people and institutions invited, including their contact details&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;documentation around how the invitation was sent and to whom it was addressed&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;recorded number of responses; from where, how many attended; who attended (e.g. the director of an institution was invited but they sent their policy coordinator)&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;media clippings and broadcast coverage of the event /issue&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;reactions of target audiences or stakeholders (such local politicians, a foreign embassy) including analysis of the form of stakeholder response: public (press releases, public declarations) or private (letters to the organisation)&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;reactions of the organisation’s partners or members (emails of compliant or congratulation, requests for materials or for setting meetings).&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;"&gt;If the attendance was disappointing or the event receiving plenty of media coverage and was thus a success that should be repeated, all this information will be useful in understanding why. Gathering this data, and even recording it in a table or matrix for analysis later will allow campaigners to avoid future mistakes, improve on successes and establish a baseline for what works best.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;" /&gt;
&lt;strong style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;"&gt;When and how to monitor and evaluate&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;"&gt;It is important that as the design of a campaign strategy is underway, the methodology for monitoring and evaluating is identified too. Thus, at every step of the campaigning cycle and within the plan for each activity, it is known what data will be collected and when opportunities will be built in for evaluation to ensure that the strategy is still on target.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;" /&gt;
&lt;span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;"&gt;Establishing the relevant data for collection should be undertaken during the strategy-building process. The monitoring and data collection could relate to the broad objectives of a campaign – for example, if the goal is to have a media law reformed by the end of the year, it might be possible to monitor whether there have been changes in votes or stated opinions of parliamentary committee members overseeing the Bill over a given time period. This type of broad monitoring (e.g. around progress on outcomes or impacts) will indicate if there has been progress in influencing the key decision-makers. As well, rigorous monitoring and data collection could be undertaken with respect to a specific activity, such as measuring whether an information session on the bill was effectively organized. In that case one could measure how many people were convened; whether notes were distributed and to whom; and if participants expressed interest in receiving follow up information.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;" /&gt;
&lt;span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;"&gt;Once the relevant data is collected, it needs to be evaluated in order to establish lessons learned and to make the changes necessary to secure the success of a campaign. Continuous and systematic evaluation can take many parallel forms, including:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;ul style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;"&gt;
&lt;li&gt;weekly staff meetings&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;periodic meetings of the campaign manager with her/his managers&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;meetings of external “advisory bodies”&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;"&gt;There are different methods for evaluating the information gathered. For instance, this process could be a strictly internal one, where the campaigners themselves and any relevant partners evaluate their own progress at an internal level through regular meetings and/or reports. Alternatively, a campaigning organisation may wish to convene a meeting or a series of gatherings, of external and internal experts on the campaign issue. For example, if the issue of a campaign is to improve journalists’ working conditions, external advisors could include a labor lawyer, representatives from a union, a journalist, and a newspaper owner. Meeting with the campaign team, these individuals could meet every two months to review the latest changes at the political level; to go over declarations in favor or against your campaign; to give insights on the opinions of decision-makers or key players on the issue (politicians, celebrities, other organisations); and to check if the campaign objectives are realistic or way off the mark. The responsibility of designing and maintaining a successful campaigning strategy is to each organisation or campaigning team, but a group of experts can often provide impartial, fresh and professional advice and information when evaluating and making adjustments to the campaign strategy.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;" /&gt;
&lt;span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;"&gt;For this form of evaluation to be effective, evaluators will need the monitoring results, such as copies of the newspaper articles, a report on the latest parliamentary developments, and letters sent by the organisation to ministers and partners. From all this data it might be concluded that a review of the campaigning strategy is in order. At this juncture, there may be new opportunities or developments that were not there at inception of the campaign strategy. It may now be the right time to ask for a meeting with the recently appointed minister of information while maintaining good relations with the former minister adviser. Perhaps an actor or a singer who can be a popular supporter of our campaign has been identified. Maybe there is window of opportunity to build momentum behind the campaigning message due to an external factor that can be taken advantage of; for example: reports of the misuse of foreign aid after a natural disaster have created a public mood for transparency and access to information that wasn´t there when the campaign began.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;" /&gt;
&lt;span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;"&gt;Similarly, campaigning objectives need to be reviewed in case there are mounting challenges to one’s efforts. An unexpected alliance of parliamentarians could be creating a barrier to the media law reform; perhaps internal problems within an partner or ally organisation are slowing down progress on activities or the public mood or sympathy toward journalists has shifted following a reporting scandal.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;" /&gt;
&lt;strong style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;"&gt;Challenges to watch out for&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;"&gt;Monitoring and evaluating are not simple processes. They can be expensive and require time and human resources. It can be difficult to find objective data and to determine the link between the campaign undertaken and the result. Did the minister change her position on the campaign issue because of the various meetings that you had with her? Is the latest poll on the public reaction to the campaign´s issue really true or has it been manipulated towards the political bias of the newspaper running the story? Can the organisation afford the staff time to gather and file all the information needed?&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;" /&gt;
&lt;span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;"&gt;If one tries to answer all these potential questions it might be tempting to give up on monitoring and evaluating. Thus, in order for it to work, monitoring and evaluation should be kept simple and relevant to the campaign´s objectives. And, where possible both processes should be integrated into the on-going work of the organisations or identify where this is already taking place, such as staff meetings or reports.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;" /&gt;
&lt;strong style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;"&gt;Practical tips&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;"&gt;It’s not necessary to monitor every topic under the broad area of freedom of expression, thus it’s better to select the most relevant indicators for monitoring based on the campaign objectives&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://sais-pourquoi.blogspot.com/2012/11/setting-campaign-objectives.html" style="background-color: white; color: #c20000; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 20.78333282470703px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank"&gt;(see SMART OBJECTIVES chapter)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;"&gt;. It can be most helpful to keep records and monitor the responses of the main targets – the media, public or key decision-makers - to establish whether the campaign is reaching them or not. As a rule of thumb, it’s a good idea to aim for gathering enough information to draw a reasonable conclusion around impacts but it’s not necessary to collect the data required for an academic paper or a legal defense.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;" /&gt;
&lt;span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;"&gt;It helps to identify someone to take responsibility for this area of work. The same way that it is always clear who will manage a project budget, it should be clear who is in charge of monitoring and evaluating the campaign strategy either personally or coordinating the overall exercise. A specific budget line for this should be set aside for this as well.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;" /&gt;
&lt;span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;"&gt;A campaign does not happen in a vacuum but in the real world, which is the world campaigners seek to change. A campaign asks for concrete outcomes from particular people in a defined social and political environment. All of these factors can change, which one cannot afford to ignore when aiming to reach the objectives and achieve the impact that will change people´s lives.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
</description><link>http://sais-pourquoi.blogspot.com/2012/11/monitoring-and-evaluation.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Bontor Paolo)</author><thr:total>0</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4475732337211380668.post-7695596158532807496</guid><pubDate>Sun, 04 Nov 2012 03:31:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2012-11-03T20:31:16.497-07:00</atom:updated><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">Materi</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">Umum</category><title>Choosing Your Campaigning Issue</title><description>&lt;div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"&gt;
&lt;span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;"&gt;Choosing what issue to campaign on is the first strategic step in a successful campaign. Since most issues are multilayered and will have numerous related problems, the decision about whether a campaign is necessary - and what specific issue to focus on - is not always easy. You need to be strategic about your work, and determine which issue(s) for your organisation will most likely achieve a positive change through campaigning.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;h3 style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 1em; line-height: 20.78333282470703px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-transform: uppercase;"&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;DEFINE THE ISSUE&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;"&gt;When defining the issue to campaign on, reflect on these questions:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;ul style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;"&gt;
&lt;li&gt;What are the changes you want to achieve?&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Is a campaign necessary to achieve these changes?&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;How will these changes bring your organisation closer to realising its mission, vision or strategic plan?&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;"&gt;Key to making the best possible decision about the campaigning issue is having the right people managing the right data and following the right decision-making process.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px; margin: 10px; text-align: center;"&gt;
&lt;img alt="" height="287" src="http://www.ifex.org/campaigns/2011/05/03/what_to_campaign_en.jpg" style="border: none;" width="280" /&gt;&lt;div class="caption" style="font-size: 0.8em; line-height: 1.2em; margin-top: 4px; text-align: left;"&gt;
&lt;div class="credit" style="color: #999999; text-align: right;"&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;b style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;"&gt;The right people&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;" /&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;"&gt;The individuals involved in making the decision about the campaign issue should be those with the highest political and operational responsibilities within the organisation. They need to be able to picture different scenarios and analyse potential risks and benefits, taking into account that the campaign will have an impact on the organisation´s identity.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;" /&gt;&lt;br style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;" /&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;"&gt;Ultimately, these people are accountable for their decisions to the organisation's supporter base (members, donors, etc). Therefore, final decisions about the campaign issue are usually made by board members, executive directors and senior managers of the organisation.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;" /&gt;&lt;br style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;" /&gt;&lt;b style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;"&gt;The right data&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;" /&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;"&gt;No organisation or campaign can live in a vacuum. To make the best informed decisions, the decision-makers will need information about the external and internal environments in which the campaign will be operating, as well as accurate information about the issue itself.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;" /&gt;&lt;br style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;" /&gt;&lt;div class="indent" style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px; margin-left: 50px; margin-right: 50px;"&gt;
&lt;b&gt;External data&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Your organisation will need information about its external environment, including social, political, economical and cultural contexts in which a campaign will develop, and how these realities could have an impact on the campaign. For example, are elections coming up? What is the country's economic climate?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;There are many analytical processes to help yoru organisation get this information. Among them is the PEST (Political, Economic, Social and Technological) analysis. A general&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;PEST&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;analysis might involve the following factors:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px; margin: auto; padding: 10px 0px; text-align: center; width: 532px;"&gt;
&lt;img alt="" height="144" src="http://www.ifex.org/campaigns/2011/05/03/what_to_campaign_on_pest_532.jpg" style="border: none;" width="532" /&gt;&lt;div class="caption" style="font-size: 0.8em; line-height: 1.2em; margin-top: 4px; text-align: left;"&gt;
&lt;div class="credit" style="color: #999999; text-align: right;"&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="indent" style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px; margin-left: 50px; margin-right: 50px;"&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Internal data&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Objective data about your organisation itself is also needed at this stage. Take into account the organisation´s financial situation, staffing issues, information about its supporter base, media profile and presence, etc. The internal analysis aims to provide an accurate image of your organisation to help you determine if it is ready to embark on a campaign that will have associated political and financial costs.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="indent" style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px; margin-left: 50px; margin-right: 50px;"&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Issue-related data&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Your organisation will also have to collect and analyse information on the issue it is considering campaigning on. This includes any previous work carried out by the organisation, knowledge of the issues, as well as the capacity of the organisation to continue this type of information gathering for the duration of the campaign.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;It is also a good idea to have reliable information about the following:&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;ul style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;"&gt;
&lt;li&gt;The people most affected by the issue;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Other organisations working on the same issue; would there be value added by working together with them?&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Ethical considerations around the issue.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;div class="indent" style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px; margin-left: 50px; margin-right: 50px;"&gt;
Your organisation may choose to obtain this information with the help of internal or external experts and stakeholders.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;b style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;"&gt;The right process&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;" /&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;"&gt;Decision-making processes vary from one organisation to another, depending on factors like size, political architecture (hierarchy, collective, or board), the experience and stability of the organisation and the local legal framework, among others.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;" /&gt;&lt;br style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;" /&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;"&gt;In any case, the decision-making process should be as transparent as possible, and be defined in advance with a clear timeline. Some organisations might include a consultation with their constituencies in this process.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;" /&gt;&lt;br style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;" /&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;"&gt;When making the decision around the campaign issue, political considerations have more weight than operational ones. As mentioned above, the decision will impact, in one way or another, the organisation´s identity, and the way internal and external stakeholders perceive the organisation.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;" /&gt;&lt;h3 style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 1em; line-height: 20.78333282470703px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-transform: uppercase;"&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;IDENTIFY THE PROBLEMS&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;"&gt;Once you have defined the campaign issue, it is time to lay out detailed information about the different problems within the issue.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;" /&gt;&lt;br style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;" /&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;"&gt;Defining the campaign problem should follow the same process used to determine the campaign issue. However, the process opens up to internal and external stakeholders and specialists on the campaign issue, and should include more operational input from people like senior managers (and less input from board members and executive directors).&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;" /&gt;&lt;br style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;" /&gt;&lt;b style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;"&gt;Issue versus problem&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;" /&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;"&gt;Issue and problem are different concepts. There are many related problems associated with any one issue. For instance, problems related to the issue of Internet censorship includes the role of software providers collaborating with governments; the persecution and arrest of online journalists and bloggers; and the banning of human rights-related websites. To focus resources more strategically, organisations should select only one or two of the problems related to the larger issue to campaign on.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;" /&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;"&gt;When deciding on the problems to focus on, identify:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;ul style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;"&gt;
&lt;li&gt;The significant actors for each problem;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;The potential for impact your organisation can have on the problem;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Your organisation's campaigning policies and capacities with respect to each problem.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;"&gt;The decision to tackle a particular problem and not another in your campaign does not mean that the other problems are not important to your organisation, or that you would not choose to campaign on them in the future. Campaigning is a tactic that might not suit every problem at every point in time.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;" /&gt;&lt;br style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;" /&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20.78333282470703px;"&gt;Having identified the campaign issue and the problem, your organisation will have taken the first two steps in the campaigning cycle.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
</description><link>http://sais-pourquoi.blogspot.com/2012/11/choosing-your-campaigning-issue.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Bontor Paolo)</author><thr:total>0</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4475732337211380668.post-2858521311421103364</guid><pubDate>Fri, 02 Nov 2012 13:43:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2012-11-02T06:43:04.218-07:00</atom:updated><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">Materi</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">Umum</category><title>Bagaimana Melakukan Pitch</title><description>&lt;div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div style="background-color: #fcfcfc; color: #222222; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 1.5em;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;Pitching bukan hanya berlaku untuk penulis, professional yang bekerja untuk public relation, atau entrepreneur yang sedang mencari modal dari venture capital. Kita semua melakukan pitching, setiap waktu. Kita melakukan pitching dalam surat-surat kita, mengundang tamu ke sebuah pesta, mengajak seseorang untuk pergi berkencan, atau bahkan seseorang yang menulis email ke perusahaan untuk mengeluhkan masalah produk atau servisnya.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="background-color: #fcfcfc; color: #222222; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 1.5em;"&gt;
&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;Demonstrasikan kalau Anda telah mengerjakan tugas rumah (PR) Anda&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="background-color: #fcfcfc; color: #222222; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 1.5em;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;Carilah informasi kepada siapa Anda akan melakukan pitching, gunakan nama dan title mereka dengan benar, apabila Anda melakukannya dengan benar, mereka akan merasa dihargai, sehingga mereka juga akan berusaha mendengarkan Anda dengan baik. Namun dalam mencari informasi kepada siapa Anda melakukan pitching, jangan sampai menjadi seperti stalker (penguntit) dengan menyebutkan informasi terlalu banyak tentang mereka.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="background-color: #fcfcfc; color: #222222; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 1.5em;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;Hati-hati dalam menggunakan variasi nama, misalnya anda menyebut seseorang bernama “David” menjadi “Dave”.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="background-color: #fcfcfc; color: #222222; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 1.5em;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;Sesuaikan pitch Anda dengan audiens. Buatlah penerima pesan merasa spesial karena ada aspek kustomisasinya. Dan ya, lakukan&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;follow up&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="background-color: #fcfcfc; color: #222222; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 1.5em;"&gt;
&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;Mainkan kelebihan Anda&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="background-color: #fcfcfc; color: #222222; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 1.5em;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;Carilah irisan antara : 1. Materi yang ingin didengar audience dan 2. Materi pitching yang dapat Anda lakukan dengan baik. Bayangkan diagram Venn sampai Anda menemukan tumpang tindih diantara keduanya.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="background-color: #fcfcfc; color: #222222; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 1.5em;"&gt;
&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;Pitch yang singkat&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="background-color: #fcfcfc; color: #222222; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 1.5em;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;Jangan berikan kesempatan pada responden untuk berkata tidak. Semakin banyak atau lama Anda mengoceh, semakin banyak informasi yang dapat menjadi celah bagi responden untuk menjatuhkan Anda. Dan juga, Anda akan membuat audiens Anda bosan dan mereka akan seterusnya berpikir Anda membosankan. Pastikan pitch yang Anda berikan sederhana dalam pratiknya. Jika Anda tidak dapat merangkai pesan Anda dalam beberapa paragraph atau beberapa kalimat, Anda perlu memperbaiki diri (atau minta pertolongan dari luar).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="background-color: #fcfcfc; color: #222222; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 1.5em;"&gt;
&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;Dapatkan bantuan dari profesional&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="background-color: #fcfcfc; color: #222222; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 1.5em;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;Ajaklah seseorang untuk membaca atau mendengarkan pitch Anda. Minta mereka bersikap kejam dan jujur. Kalau mereka tidak mengetahui apapun tentang Anda dan apa yang sedang Anda coba jual, akankah mereka membeli dari Anda? Jika tidak, dimanakah letak ketidak-tertarikan mereka? Jika memungkinkan, tanyakan juga feedback dari seseorang yang merupakan pitcher yang hebat dan/atau memahami luar-dalam bidang yang Anda tekuni.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="background-color: #fcfcfc; color: #222222; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 1.5em;"&gt;
&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;Sadari bahwa Anda sesungguhnya sedang ‘menjual’ diri Anda sendiri&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="background-color: #fcfcfc; color: #222222; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 1.5em;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;Tujuan utama dalam setiap pitching adalah menjual diri Anda (sebagai seorang penulis, founder dalam sebuah startup, seorang karyawan, dan lainnya) kepada orang lain. Kepribadian dan karakter Anda lebih penting dari segalanya. Anda dapat memberikan pitching dengan ide yang hebat kepada seorang editor ketika mungkin tulisan Anda biasa-biasa saja, mereka akan meloloskan Anda. Cara Anda membingkai pitching Anda dan kekuatan dalam suara dan gaya Anda akan membuat Anda menerima kata ‘iya’ dari mereka. Kepercayaan terhadap Anda dan presentasi yang Anda berikan akan mencapai kesepakatan, namun kesan yang Anda bangun adalah faktor yang paling&amp;nbsp; menentukan dan semua usaha yang Anda lakukan haruslah terarah. Kurangi waktu mencoba membaca pikiran untuk memberikan semua pihak tepat apa yang mereka inginkan namun tambahkan waktu untuk memperbaiki unique value preposition dari penjualan Anda dan kekuatan persuasi Anda dalam mengkomunikasikan kelebihan Anda. Mengapa Anda adalah orang yang tepat untuk tugas ini, untuk menulis cerita ini, untuk membuatnya berhasil ? Apabila pitch anda belum dapat meyakinkan audiens Anda, maka pitch Anda masih perlu diperbaiki sampai tidak meninggalkan keraguan sedikitpun.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
</description><link>http://sais-pourquoi.blogspot.com/2012/11/bagaimana-melakukan-pitch.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Bontor Paolo)</author><thr:total>0</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4475732337211380668.post-6961348517562361750</guid><pubDate>Mon, 29 Oct 2012 11:00:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2012-10-29T04:00:07.972-07:00</atom:updated><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">Materi</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">Umum</category><title>10 Steps To Designing An Infographic</title><description>&lt;div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; clear: none; float: none; font-family: MuseoSans, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 23px; margin-bottom: 17px; orphans: 4; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;
Information can be useful--and even beautiful--but only when it’s presented well. In an age of information overload, any guidance through the clutter comes as a welcome relief. That’s one reason for the recent popularity of information graphics. Infographics are visual designs that help to explain complicated data in a simple way (mental-health emergencies at Burning Man, anyone?). But how are they created? What can we learn from the designer’s process? And what does an infographic designer know about storks delivering babies?&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; clear: none; float: none; font-family: MuseoSans, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 23px; margin-bottom: 17px; orphans: 4; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;
Over the last decade, Hyperakt has come to specialize in this type of design, and we’ve found a process that works for us. Here’s how we go about creating an infographic in ten steps:&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;figure class="inline-large inline" style="background-color: white; cursor: pointer; float: right; font-family: MuseoSans, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px 0px 18px; position: relative; text-align: right; width: 620px;"&gt;&lt;div class="lightbox-expand" style="background-color: transparent; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border: 0px; font-size: 14px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/figure&gt;&lt;h3 style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: FCZizouSlab, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-weight: 400; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 12px 0px 6px; text-transform: uppercase; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;
&lt;a href="" name="1_Gathering_data" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; float: none; font-size: 15px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;1.GATHERING DATA&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; clear: none; float: none; font-family: MuseoSans, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 23px; margin-bottom: 17px; orphans: 4; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;
Sifting through data is where it all begins. It arrives raw and messy: an excel spreadsheet, some PDFs and links to other resources are typical. While there is sometimes guidance--"We’d like to compare the charts on pages 12 and 65"--we take this as a clue to find the story being told. This is also when we begin to gather additional research from new sources. The full picture of a story is usually found scattered through multiple materials, not in isolated charts alone.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;
&lt;a href="http://www.fastcodesign.com/multisite_files/codesign/imagecache/inline-large/post-inline/285-1319224073.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img alt="" border="0" src="http://www.fastcodesign.com/multisite_files/codesign/imagecache/inline-large/post-inline/285-1319224073.jpg" style="background-color: transparent; border: 0px; font-size: 14px; margin-top: 0px; max-width: 620px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h3 style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: FCZizouSlab, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-weight: 400; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 12px 0px 6px; text-transform: uppercase; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;
&lt;a href="" name="2_Reading_everything_" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; float: none; font-size: 15px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;2. READING EVERYTHING&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; clear: none; float: none; font-family: MuseoSans, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 23px; margin-bottom: 17px; orphans: 4; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;
While it’s tempting to read only the highlighted facts and skim the rest, this shortcut tends to result in more time wasted later. Single pieces of information in an ecosystem of research can skew the big picture. Either your client will realize this during the process, or the audience will point it out once the project is complete. Nothing feels worse than working hard on a project, then seeing it picked apart because you didn’t connect the dots. Designers who make infographics are adept at spotting holes in the data, ensuring that no important information has been missed, and making sure the facts support the story being told.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h3 style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: FCZizouSlab, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-weight: 400; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 12px 0px 6px; text-transform: uppercase; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;
&lt;a href="" name="3_Finding_the_narrative" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; float: none; font-size: 15px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;3. FINDING THE NARRATIVE&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; clear: none; float: none; font-family: MuseoSans, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 23px; margin-bottom: 17px; orphans: 4; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;
What starts as boring data will become a boring infographic unless a great story can be found. Infographics start with a unique intent. It might be clarifying a complex set of data, explaining a process, highlighting a trend, or supporting some kind of argument. Finding a great narrative is the first hurdle. Now that the data is familiar, does it seem possible to tell this story with the information at hand? Are you interested in the subject matter? Is this a compelling story worth telling?&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;figure class="inline-large inline" style="background-color: white; cursor: pointer; float: right; font-family: MuseoSans, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px 0px 18px; position: relative; text-align: right; width: 620px;"&gt;&lt;div class="lightbox-expand" style="background-color: transparent; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border: 0px; font-size: 14px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/figure&gt;&lt;h3 style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: FCZizouSlab, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-weight: 400; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 12px 0px 6px; text-transform: uppercase; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;
&lt;a href="" name="4_Identifying_problems" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; float: none; font-size: 15px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;4.IDENTIFYING PROBLEMS&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; clear: none; float: none; font-family: MuseoSans, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 23px; margin-bottom: 17px; orphans: 4; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;
As a story emerges from the data at hand, it’s time to stop for a reality check. In many cases, the data doesn’t support the story a client wants to tell. What follows is usually a slightly awkward discussion. Sometimes a client will want the designer to use only the facts that make them look good, twist the data, or otherwise get around this snag. It quickly becomes evident that this pathway is futile for everyone. The data doesn’t lie, and good clients do not want to blatantly mislead. is the next step is a collaborative reworking of the story and the data. Having studied the topic for several days, the designer is a valuable guide to discovering more accurate narratives and presenting them. Pushing back on a client’s original idea can be a frustrating moment. In more subjective situations (color, typography, etc.), it is harder for a designer to win battles, but in these situations the designer’s careful eye for detail is obvious in the data--and often appreciated.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;
&lt;a href="http://www.fastcodesign.com/multisite_files/codesign/imagecache/inline-large/post-inline/transparency_0.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img alt="" border="0" src="http://www.fastcodesign.com/multisite_files/codesign/imagecache/inline-large/post-inline/transparency_0.jpg" style="background-color: transparent; border: 0px; font-size: 14px; margin-top: 0px; max-width: 620px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; clear: none; float: none; font-family: MuseoSans, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 23px; margin-bottom: 17px; orphans: 4; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;
The truth in information takes experience to uncover. Data has a way of winning a debate, whether an argument is true or not. For example, drivers who own red cars are twice as likely to get into accidents than drivers who own blue cars. This truth may (incorrectly) imply that car color somehow causes driving accidents. But the true story is found in a hidden connection, known as the confounding variable. Aggressive personality types are shown to prefer the color red. This aggressive behavior, not car color, is the undisclosed reason that accident rates are affected.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h3 style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: FCZizouSlab, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-weight: 400; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 12px 0px 6px; text-transform: uppercase; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;
&lt;a href="" name="5_Creating_a_hierarchy" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; float: none; font-size: 15px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;5. CREATING A HIERARCHY&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; clear: none; float: none; font-family: MuseoSans, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 23px; margin-bottom: 17px; orphans: 4; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;
In almost any piece of research, there is a “hero” that leads the story. This piece of data will make your jaw drop. Once you find it, it becomes a way to organize the project and solidifies the hierarchical structure of the infographic. Supporting elements are then arranged to tell the rest of the story. This becomes a kind of mood board of research points. At this stage, the picture of a final product will begin to appear.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;figure class="inline-large inline" style="background-color: white; cursor: pointer; float: right; font-family: MuseoSans, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px 0px 18px; position: relative; text-align: right; width: 620px;"&gt;&lt;div class="lightbox-expand" style="background-color: transparent; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border: 0px; font-size: 14px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/figure&gt;&lt;h3 style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: FCZizouSlab, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-weight: 400; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 12px 0px 6px; text-transform: uppercase; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;
&lt;a href="" name="6_Building_a_wireframe" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; float: none; font-size: 15px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;6. BUILDING A WIREFRAME&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; clear: none; float: none; font-family: MuseoSans, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 23px; margin-bottom: 17px; orphans: 4; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;
Once the data has been combed, the most interesting facts selected, and a hierarchy determined, a wireframe is created. Here, the designer builds an understandable visual representation of the important information and its hierarchy to send to the client for review. This is not the ultimate design but a tool for discussion, enabling agreement on the structure the final piece will take.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;
&lt;a href="http://www.fastcodesign.com/multisite_files/codesign/imagecache/inline-large/post-inline/readyornothereiam-4f14937e7dcf1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img alt="" border="0" src="http://www.fastcodesign.com/multisite_files/codesign/imagecache/inline-large/post-inline/readyornothereiam-4f14937e7dcf1.jpg" style="background-color: transparent; border: 0px; font-size: 14px; margin-top: 0px; max-width: 620px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h3 style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: FCZizouSlab, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-weight: 400; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 12px 0px 6px; text-transform: uppercase; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;
&lt;a href="" name="7_Choosing_a_format_" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; float: none; font-size: 15px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;7. CHOOSING A FORMAT&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; clear: none; float: none; font-family: MuseoSans, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 23px; margin-bottom: 17px; orphans: 4; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;
There are endless ways to represent information. The best approach might be with traditional charts and graphs (bar, line, pie charts). It might require a diagram or flowchart to explain a process. A map might be the best way to tell the story. Or perhaps simply showcasing the numbers is best. If the budget is available and the data warrants it, interactivity might make sense and opens a world of possibilities for data visualization. Whatever the case, this decision is guided by the data, which will lend itself to one or a combination of these formats.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h3 style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: FCZizouSlab, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-weight: 400; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 12px 0px 6px; text-transform: uppercase; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;
&lt;a href="" name="8_Determining_a_visual_approach" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; float: none; font-size: 15px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;8. DETERMINING A VISUAL APPROACH&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; clear: none; float: none; font-family: MuseoSans, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 23px; margin-bottom: 17px; orphans: 4; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;
There are two overarching visual approaches to determining the look and feel of an infographic. In one camp, there are those who prefer to make the raw data beautiful (David McCandless, Nicholas Felton, and others subscribe to this view). These often take the form of charts and graphs, made visually exciting by their execution. The use of color, typography, and structure make the piece engaging, like an abstract work of art. Those in the second camp (Peter Orntoft, Scott Stowell), prefer to use illustration or metaphor. Here, the data is disguised, delivered to its audience in a visual narrative often bearing little resemblance to a chart or graph.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; clear: none; float: none; font-family: MuseoSans, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 23px; margin-bottom: 17px; orphans: 4; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;
At Hyperakt, we are not beholden to any one strategy. Often we create a hybrid: charts and graphs surrounded by more illustrative elements, or a pure visual overlaid with traditional representations of data. The available information, medium, client brand, and subject are what determine an ultimate solution.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;figure class="inline-large inline" style="background-color: white; cursor: pointer; float: right; font-family: MuseoSans, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px 0px 18px; position: relative; text-align: right; width: 620px;"&gt;&lt;div class="lightbox-expand" style="background-color: transparent; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border: 0px; font-size: 14px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/figure&gt;&lt;h3 style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: FCZizouSlab, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-weight: 400; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 12px 0px 6px; text-transform: uppercase; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;
&lt;a href="" name="9_Refinement_and_testing" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; float: none; font-size: 15px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;9. REFINEMENT AND TESTING&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; clear: none; float: none; font-family: MuseoSans, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 23px; margin-bottom: 17px; orphans: 4; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;
As the infographic takes shape and a visual form, refinements begin. Clients are involved in working through details, both in the data and the visual storytelling, to ensure that the finished product meshes well with their brand and original intent. Internally, we include the entire studio in a testing phase to ensure that the piece is readable and easy to understand, especially to those who have not seen the data before. We evaluate the design and iterate until the piece is as clear and simple as possible. This valuable back and forth between clients and our internal team ends when everyone is comfortable that we’ve delivered the information in the best possible way.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;
&lt;a href="http://www.fastcodesign.com/multisite_files/codesign/imagecache/inline-large/post-inline/283-1319036233.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img alt="" border="0" src="http://www.fastcodesign.com/multisite_files/codesign/imagecache/inline-large/post-inline/283-1319036233.jpg" style="background-color: transparent; border: 0px; font-size: 14px; margin-top: 0px; max-width: 620px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h3 style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: FCZizouSlab, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-weight: 400; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 12px 0px 6px; text-transform: uppercase; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;
&lt;a href="" name="10_Releasing_it_into_the_world" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; float: none; font-size: 15px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;10. RELEASING IT INTO THE WORLD&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; clear: none; float: none; font-family: MuseoSans, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 23px; margin-bottom: 17px; orphans: 4; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;
Most infographics are shared online--even printed illustrations appear online in some fashion. This is the litmus test of your work. Data has the interesting characteristic of being read in many ways by different audiences. All of the fact-checking and expertise imaginable doesn’t mean you’ve discovered every aspect to the story. So even once your piece is published, online discussion can expand (or tear apart) your argument in new ways. This collective vetting often means the project is never quite done. Revisions might happen as new data comes to light. While it is intimidating to let your project become a part of this process, it is also the reason the medium is so rewarding. An intensely scrutinized design is one that has stirred the minds of its audience.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Infographic designers are unusual people. Though budgets rarely account for this involved process, their labor of love continues. Get to know an information designer and prepare to hear some strange facts: Who was the most chillwave band of 2011? Is driving why you’re fat? What are the top five cosmetic procedures in the U.S.? They might even reveal a data geek’s example of causation that explains the storks-and-babies folk tale: The data shows that the more storks in a town, the more newborn babies there will be. But the hidden variable is a town’s land area: the larger the town, the more babies are born there--and, of course, the more habitable area for storks, too.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
</description><link>http://sais-pourquoi.blogspot.com/2012/10/10-steps-to-designing-infographic.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Bontor Paolo)</author><thr:total>0</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4475732337211380668.post-894768971290517808</guid><pubDate>Sun, 28 Oct 2012 15:42:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2012-10-28T11:56:00.304-07:00</atom:updated><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">Materi</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">Umum</category><title>BRAND</title><description>&lt;div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;Brand/merek adalah istilah, tanda, simbol, desain atau kombinasi dari semuanya ini yang dimaksudkan untuk mengidentifikasikan produk atau jasa dari seorang atau sekelompok penjual, yang membedakan produk/jasa tersebut dengan produk lain terutama produk saingannya”&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;Beberapa kriteria yang harus diperhatikan dalam pemilihan elemen merek:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;1. Mudah diingat&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;Artinya elemen merek yang dipilih hendaknya yang mudah diingat, dan disebut/diucapkan. Simbol, logo, nama yang digunakan hendaknya menarik, unik sehingga menarik perhatian masyarakat untuk diingat dan dikonsumsi.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;2. Memiliki makna&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;Artinya elemen merek hendaknya mengandung sebuah makna maupun penjelasan/ deskripsi dari produk. Diharapkan makna ini dapat mempengaruhi konsumen untuk mengkonsumsi produk tersebut.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;Deskripsi makna yang terkandung dapat berupa:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;a. informasi umum tentang kategori dan isi dari produk&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;b. informasi tentang komposisi penting yang ditonjolkan produk dan manfaat dari produk.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;3. Menarik dan lucu&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;Pendekatan lain untuk menarik perhatian konsumen adalah dengan variasi elemen merek yang unik, lucu, pemilihan elemen yang kaya akan visualisasi dan imajinasi. Dalam hal ini yang ditonjolkan adalah desain yang menarik dan lucu.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;4. Fleksibel&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;Artinya elemen merek dapat dimengerti dan tetap dapat diterima oleh daerah/pasar, bahkan budaya lain. Nama yang digunakan pun tidaklah terlalu sulit untuk diterjemahkan. Seringkali pemilihan elemen merek mudah diingat oleh masyarakat lokal, namun sangatlah sulit dimengerti oleh masyarakat lain. Hal ini tentunya akan menghambat produsen untuk masuk dalam pasar yang baru.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;5. Legal&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;Artinya brand elemen tersebut sah menurut hukum dan undang–undang yang berlaku, sehingga berada di bawah perlindungan hukum.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;Karakter brand supaya menjadi brand yang berpotensi:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;1. A quality product&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;Sejak kepuasaan konsumen digunakan untuk mengukur nilai-nilai merek (brand values), kualitas adalah nomor satu yang diinginkan konsumen.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;2. Unique positioning concept&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;Merek harus memiliki posisi konsep yang unik, yang akan membedakan dari pesaingnya&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;3. Strong communications program&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;Brand yang sukses harus disertai dengan penjualan yang efektif, pengiklanan, kampanye promosi yang akan mengkomunikasikan fungsi dari brand itu dan nilai-nilai yang terkandung di dalamnya. Dengan usaha yang keras, dan komitmen untuk memperkuat komunikasi itu, maka akan menimbulkan kesadaran konsumen akan brand tersebut.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;4. Time and Consistency&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;Merek tidak dibangun dalam waktu yang cepat, membutuhkan waktu untuk membangun merek tersebut dan nilai-nilai yang ada di dalamnya. Dalam memelihara nilai-nilai merek dibutuhkan waktu yang berkesinambungan (terus– menerus) dan dihubungkan dengan perubahan lingkungan.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;Fungsi brand (merek) :&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;1. Bagi konsumen :&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;a. Identifikasi mutu produk.Mutu/kualitas produk berupa barang nyata/tampak dari kondisi &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;barang tersebut, baik dari kualitasnya sampai pada kemasan barang.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;b. Merek meningkatkan efisiensi pembeli. Dengan adanya merek maka akan memudahkan pembeli menemukan produk yang dicari. Hal ini tentunya lebih efisien dan efektif.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;c. Membantu menarik perhatian konsumen atas suatu produk baru yang mungkin memberikan keuntungan bagi mereka.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;2. Bagi produsen, penjual :&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;a. Memudahkan penjual untuk memproses pesanan dan menelusuri masalah yang timbul.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;b. Sebagai perlindungan hukum terhadap ciri khas produk, sehingga tidak ada produk lain &amp;nbsp;yang meniru.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;c. Membantu penjual dalam melakukan segmentasi pasar&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;d. Membantu penjual dalam menarik konsumen yang setia dan yang menguntungkan.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;e. Membantu membangun citra perusahaan/produsen&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;f. Mengidentifikasikan produk dalam perdagangan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;g. Mengidentifikasikan keunggulan produk yang dimiliki, yang membedakan produk tersebut dengan produk lain, terutama produk saingan.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;Beberapa keuntungan dengan terciptanya brand image yang kuat adalah:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;1. Peluang bagi produk/merek untuk terus mengembangkan diri dan memiliki prospek bisnis yang&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;bagus.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;2. Memimpin produk untuk semakin memiliki sistem keuangan yang bagus.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;3. Menciptakan loyalitas konsumen&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;4. Membantu dalam efisiensi marketing, karena merek telah berhasil dikenal dan diingat oleh konsumen.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;5. Membantu dalam menciptakan perbedaan dengan pesaing. Semakin merek dikenal oleh masyarakat, maka perbedaan/keunikan baru yang diciptakan perusahaan akan mudah dikenali konsumen.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;6. Mempermudah dalam perekrutan tenaga kerja bagi perusahaan.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;7. Meminimumkan kehancuran/kepailitan perusahaan.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;8. Mempermudah mendapatkan investor baru guna mengembangkan produk.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;Keberadaan merek bukan hanya semata–mata menunjukkan nama dari sebuah produk, namun lebih dari itu, merek menunjukkan nilai tambah dari produk dalam berbagai dimensi, yang membedakan produk tersebut dengan produk lain.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;Kesuksesan dalam membangun merek yang kuat akan tercipta apabila elemen-elemen pendukung merek&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;ada dan memberikan kontribusi yang positif guna terciptanya merek yang kuat di pasaran. Elemen–elemen yang dimaksudkan di sini adalah kualitas produk yang baik, kemampuan produk dalam memenuhi kebutuhan ataupun keinginan konsumen, kemampuan strategi marketing yang handal untuk terus memperkenalkan merek di pasaran, sampai pada kemasan produk yang benar, baik dan menarik, harga produk yang sesuai dengan kualitas produk yang ditawarkan.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;Dengan demikian, merek dapat terus dikenal, menjadi perhatian dan terus dikonsumsi oleh masyarakat (menciptakan keloyalan konsumen), dipercaya, sehingga merek tersebut menjadi merek yang kuat di pasaran.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h2 style="text-align: left;"&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"&gt;BRAND EQUITY&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;h3 style="text-align: left;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;How to Building Brand Equity&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;1.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;Definisi dan Pengertian Merek&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;Merek merupakan nama, istilah , tanda, symbol. Lambang, desain, warna, gerak atau kombinasi atribut-atribut produk lainnya yang diharapkan dapat memberikan identitas dan diferensiasi terhadap produk pesaing. Pada dasarnya suatu merek juga merupakan janji penjual untuk secara konsisten menyampaikan serangkaian cirri-ciri , manfaat dan jasa tertentu kepada para pembeli. Merek yang baik juga menyampaikan jaminan tambahan berupa jaminan kualitas.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;Merek sendiri Mempunyai peran&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;yaitu :&lt;br /&gt;1. Sebagai identitas, yang bermanfaat dalam diferensiasi atau membedakan produk suatu perusahaan dengan produk perusahaan saingannya. Ini akan memudahkan konsumen untuk mengenalinya saat berbelanja dan saat melakukan pembelian ulang.&lt;br /&gt;2. Alat promosi, yaitu sebagai daya tarik produk.&lt;br /&gt;3. Untuk membina citra yaitu dengan memberikan keyakinan, jaminan kualitas, serta prestise tertentu kepada konsumen.&lt;br /&gt;4.Untukmengendalikanpasar.&lt;br /&gt;Merek memegang peranan penting dalam pemasaran. Ada perbedaan yang cukup besar antara produk dan merek (Aaker, 1996). Produk hanyalah sesuatu yang dihasilkan pabrik. Sedangkan merek merupakan sesuatu yang dibeli konsumen. Bila produk bisa dengan mudah ditiru pesaing maka merek selalu memiliki keunikan yang relative sukar untuk dijiplak. Merek berkaitan erat dengan persepsi, sehingga persaingan yang terjadi antara perusahaan adalah pertarungan persepsi dan bukan pertarungan produk&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;***&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;Definisi dari Brand Equity&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;sendiri ada banyak diantaranya menurut Philip Kotller dan Hermawan Kertajaya&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;Menurut Philip Kotller&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;"Brand equity is a set of brand assets and liabilities linked to a brand,its name and syimbol,that add to or substract from the value provided by a product or service to a firm and/or that firms costumer."&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;Philip kotller&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;mendefinisikan brand equity sebagai sejumlah asset dan liabilities yang berhubungan dengan merek,nama,dan symbol yang menambah atau mengurangi nila dari produk atau pelayanan bagi perusahaan atau pelanggan perusahaan.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;Merek yang dimiliki oleh perusahaan akan menjadi kuat apabila memilki Brand Equity yang kuat juga.Brand Equity yang kuat akan memberikan Value yang baik kepada pelanggan maupun kepada perusahaan.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;Pelanggan (Costumer):&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;1) Meningkatkan Interprestasi atau proses penerimaan informasi pelanggan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;2) Meningkatkan keyakinan pelanggan dalam keputusan Pembelian&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;3) Meningkatkan kepuasan mereka dalam menggunakan produk atau jasa&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;Brand Equity yang kuat akan menimbulkan rasa Nyaman serta meningkatkan keyakinan dalam penggunaan,dan akhirnya akan tercipta kepuasan bagi pelanggan.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;Perusahaan(Company)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;1) Meningkatkan efisiensi dan efektivitas program pemasaran perusahaan&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;2) Meningkatkan kesetiaan terhadap merek&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;3) Meningkatkan Harga/Margin keuntungan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;4) Meningkatkan Brand Extension&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;5) Meningkatakan Trade Leverage&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;6) Meningkatkan keuntungan bersaing&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white;"&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;a.Atribut Brand Awareness&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;David Aaker dalam bukunya managing Brand Equity&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;"Brand Awareness is the ability of a costumer potensial to recognize or recall that a brand is a member of certain product category&lt;/i&gt;."&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;mendefinisikan Brand Awareeness sebagai kemampuan dari pelanggan potensial untuk mengenali atau mengingat bahwa suatu merek termsuk dalam kategori produk tertentu&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;Brand Awareness sendiri memberikan value antara lain:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;1.memberikan tempat bagi asosiasi terhadap merek&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;2.memperkenalkan merek&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;3.merupakan sinyal bagi bagi keberadaan komitmen dan substansi merek&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;4.membantu memilih kelompok merek untuk di pertimbangkan dengan serius.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;Berikut adalah tingkatan dari brand Awareenes&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;1.Unaware of brand:Tahapan ini pelanggan merasa ragu atau tidak yakin apakah sudah mengenal merek yang disebutkan atau belum&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;2.Brand Reconition:Pada Tahap Ini pelangganmampu mengidentifikasi merek yang disebutkan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;3.Brand Recall:Pada Tahap ini pelanggan mampu mengingat merek tanpa di berikan stimulus&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;4.Top Of Mind :Pada Tahap Ini pelanggan mengingat merek sebagai yang pertama kali muncul di pikiran saat berbicara mengenai kategori produk tertentu&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white;"&gt;
&lt;u&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;Contoh Brand Awarenees&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;1.Unaware Brand : Asepso menjadi merek sabun mandi yang tidak begitu di kenal konsumen karena potitioning sabun tersebut sebagai antiseptic&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;2.Brand Recognition: Dove disebutkan oleh konsumen dengan mengidentifikasi mereknya&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;3.Brand Recall:Lux disebut konsumen setelah adanya stimulus mengenai merek tersebut&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;4.Top Of Mind : Lifebuoy menjadi merek yang favorit yang langsung di sebutkan oleh konsumen pertama kali saat di Tanya tentang kategori produk sabun mandi.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white;"&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;b.Atribute Brand Association&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;David Aaker dalam bukunya Managing Brand Equity mendefinisikan brand assotiation sebagai segala sesuatu yang berhubungan di memori pelanggan terhadap suatu merek.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white;"&gt;
&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;“Brand Association is anything linked in memory to a brand”&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;Brand Association memberikan banyak Value antara lain :&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;1.Memudahkan pelanggan untuk mendapatkan informasi tentang merek&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;2.Mempengaruhin interpretasi pelanggan atas fakta mengenai merek&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;3.Membedakan Merek dari merek pesaing&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;4.memperkuat posisi merek di pasar&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;5.alasan pelanggan untuk menggunakan merek&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;6.Dasar untuk melakukan pelunasan merek&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white;"&gt;
&lt;u&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;Contoh Asosiasi merek dengan atribut produk&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;1.Pepsodent whitening diasosiasikan dengan pasta gigi yang dapat memutihkan gigi&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;2.sensodyne diasosiasikan dengan pasta gigi khusus gigi sensitive&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;3.Close Up Flavalicious diasosiakan dengan pasta gigi denga rasa permen dan buah&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white;"&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;c.Atribute Brand Loyalty&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;David Asker dalam bukunya managing Brand Equity mendefinisikan bahwa brand loyalty adalah sebuahukuran ketertarikan pelanggan terhadap suatu merek&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white;"&gt;
&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;“Brand Loyalty is a measure of the attachment that a costumer has to a brand”&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;Tingkat ketertarikan pelanggan terhadap suatu merek dapat terbagi dalam empat tingkat yaitu:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;1.Switchers/Price sensitive&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;Pada Tingkat Ini pelanggan tidak loyal kepada merek atau belum memiliki brand Equity yang kuat&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;2.Satisfied/Habitual Buyer&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;Pada Tingkat Ini pelanggan merasa puas terhadap produk atau setidaknya tidak merasa tidak puas terhadap produk perusahaan.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;3.Satisfied buyer with Swtihcing cost&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;Pada Tingkat ini pelanggan merasa puas terhasdap produkmereka yang harusmengeluarkan biaya tertentu apabila ingin berpindah merek.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;4.Comitted Buyer&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;Pada Tingkat ini poelanggan memilki rasa bangga menggunakan produk yang di tawarka oleh sebuah perusahaan.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white;"&gt;
&lt;u&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;Contoh Tingkatan Brand Loyalty&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;1. Switchers/Price sensitive&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;Untuk produk rumah,bagi segmen menegah kebawah harga sangat berpengaruh terhadap keputusan pembelian&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;2. Satisfied/Habitual Buyer&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;Konsumen yang terbiasa makan permen rasa mint cenderung memilih permen apa saja asal memiliki rasa mint,biasanya pada tingkatan ini konsumen memilih produk yang fast moving ciri lainnya ditandai dengan diferensiasi yang kecil&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;3. Satisfied buyer with Swtihcing cost&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;Penumpang pesawat kelas bisnis merasa lebih puas meski harganya lebih mahal disbanding kelas ekonomi karena adanya benefit lebih yang mereka dapatkan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;4.Comitted Buyer&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;Pelanggan pda tingkatan ini sangat tidak terpengaruh dengan penawaran tinggi dari pesaing.pengguna motor Harley davidson merupakan contoh dimana mereka rela membeli segala sesuatu yang berhubungan dengan merek tersebut meski dengan harga yang cukup mahal.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white;"&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;d.Atribute Perceived Quality&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;David Aaker dalam bukunya Managing Brand Equity mendefinisikan Perceived quality sebagai persepsi pelanggan terhadap kualitas atau keunggulan suatu produk atau jasa sehubunngan dengan tujuan yang diinginkannya,dibandingingkan dengan altrernatif-alternatif yang lain&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white;"&gt;
&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;“Perceived Quality is the costumer perception of the overall quality or superiority of a product or service with respect to its intended purpose relative to alternative”&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;Perceived Quality memberikan banyak Value antara lain:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;1. Memberi alasan bagi pelanggan untuk menggunakan produk barang atau jasa,semakin baik persepsi pelanggan maka semakin tinggi potensi pelanggan untuk menggunakan produk tersebut&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;2. Membedakan produk barang atau jasa dengan produk pesaing&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;3. Memberi celah untuk menetapkan harga premium atas produk barang atau jasa&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;4. Menciptakan ketertarikan atas saluran distribusi untuk menyalurkan produk barang atau jasa karena roduk di persepsikan dengan baik sehingga akan lebih mudah mendistribusikan ke banyak pasar.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;Contoh Indofood di persepsikan positif oleh pasar sebagai perusahaan consumer good yang mengutamakan kualitas,sehingga produk baru mereka yang dikeluarkan olehnya dengan mudah dapat diterima oleh pasar.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white;"&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;e.Atribute other assets&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;Element brand equity yang akan dibahas selanjutnya adalah other asset.other asset memiliki bagian sebagai berikut:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; text-indent: -18pt;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;1.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;Keunggulan bersaing dapat menjadi asset atau suatu merek semakin kuat.keunggulan bersaing suatu merek maka brand equity dapat meningkat karena pasar akan mengapresiasikan secara positif terhadap keunggulan tersebut.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; text-indent: -18pt;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;2.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;Paten dari suatu merek dapat di jadikan asset perusahaan karena dapat menunjukan kualitas dan kredibilats produk sehingga brand equity akan tinggi.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; text-indent: -18pt;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;3.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;Merek dagang dapat menunjukan bahwa merek suatu produk memiliki nilai jual yang tinggi sehingga brand equity produk bisa tinggi&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; text-indent: -18pt;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;4.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;Hubungan dengan Chanel akam membantu suatu merek karena channel secara tidak langsung akan melakukan branding terhadap produk,semakin baik hubungan perusahaan dengan channel maka semakin tinggi pula usaha channel melakukan branding terhadap produk.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white;"&gt;
&lt;u&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;Contoh Other Asset&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;1.Keunggulan bersaing&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;Bali memiliki keunggulan bersaing yang lengkap mulai dari keanekaragaman daya tarik alam,social budaya masyarakat yang masih kental,juga daya tarik buatan yang menarik bagi wisatawan,saat ini bali memiliki branding garapan dari kearifan local menuju harapan global,dimana harapan pemerintah dan masyrakat bali adalah menjadikan bali sebagai tujuan wisata yang di terima oleh masyakat Indonesia dan internasional.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;2.Paten&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;Pfizer mematenkan Viagra yang emmilki kandungan slidenafil sitrat karena dapat menyembuhkan penyakit hipertensi dan agina pectoris(kardovaskuller ishchemi.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;3.Merek Dagang&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;Pada tahun 2005 coca cola dinobatkan menjadi merek dagang terkenal di dunia untuk tahun keempat secarat berturut-turut oleh perusahaan konsultan interbrand dengan nilai 67.5 milliar dollar amerika.sebelum mendapatkan paten sudah ada minuman lain di amerika serikat,namun setelah mendapatkan paten coca cola menjadiminuman utama yang di jual di soda fountain took minuman rinagn es krim dan sebagainya bahkan beberapa pasar sudah mengaitkan coca cola dengan sejarah amerika.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;4.Hubungan dengan Channel&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;PT perusahaan dagang dan industry Panamas yang 99% sahamnya dimilki HM Sampoerna di gandeng oleh Philip morris untuk menjadi distributor eksklusif selama sepuluh tahun.selain itu HM Sampoerna juga memiliki anak perusahaan PT Agasam&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;yang mengelola sejumlah restoran atau cafédan took merchandise dengan label&amp;nbsp;“It’s a Store”saat ini took yang beridi sejak tahun 2003 itu sudah memilki delapan anak cabang yang tersebar di Jakarta dan Surabaya,dengan berbagai pernak-pernik merchandise seperti kaos topi asbak dompet dan tas yang kesemuanya itu logo A dijualdi took ini.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;SelainAgamas HM Sampoerna juga memiliki daham di PT Sumber alfaria Trijaya yang mengelola jaringan mini market Bermerek alfamart.****&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style="color: red;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white;"&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;****&lt;/i&gt;:&lt;span style="color: red; font-style: italic;"&gt;Sumber :Buku Brand Operation,peng,Hermawan kertajaya dan Managing Brand Equity,peng,David Aaker&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;*** :&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i style="background-color: transparent;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: red;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;Sumber : Buku Strategi Pemasaran, Fandi Tjiptono, Penertbit Andi Yogyakarta&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white;"&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
</description><link>http://sais-pourquoi.blogspot.com/2012/10/brand.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Bontor Paolo)</author><thr:total>0</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4475732337211380668.post-4435974390388732316</guid><pubDate>Wed, 24 Oct 2012 02:47:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2012-10-23T19:48:02.674-07:00</atom:updated><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">Ekspresi</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">Materi</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">Umum</category><title>Posing Guide Photographing Men </title><description>&lt;div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;Following the previous article on&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://sais-pourquoi.blogspot.com/2012/10/posing-guide-photographing-women-part-1.html" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;posing when photographing female subjects&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;(update: see below for a complete set of posing guides for kids, couples and more), let’s look at some starting points with men photography. Men are usually less comfortable in process of being photographed, so it’s important to get him to be at ease with the process in order to get good results.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;It is always a good idea to prepare before the photo shoot. Just one more peace of advice – involve your subject in the process! He will feel more confident knowing the plan, what he has to “do” and what kind of outcome is expected. Showing this kind of posing cheat sheet to your model is indeed a very good way to prepare your subject for a photo shoot and make him feel more relaxed and confident at the same time.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;So, let’s look at some sample poses for men.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;1. Very simple pose for a man’s portrait: An upper body shot with crossed arms. Two things to take care of: Shoulders should be pulled back a little, stomach muscles kept in check.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;img alt="posing-men-subjects01.png" height="400" src="http://digital-photography-school.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/posing-men-subjects01.png" style="border: none; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" width="600" /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;2. Crossed arms works very well in full height shots as well. In addition, ask him to cross one leg in front of the other. But make sure the body weight is not supported equal on both legs, otherwise that would look just awkward!&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;img alt="posing-men-subjects02.png" height="400" src="http://digital-photography-school.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/posing-men-subjects02.png" style="border: none; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" width="600" /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;3. A recurring question from your subject might be “Where shall I put my hands?” The solutions is actually quite simple. There are four places to keep in mind (mixed in any combination utilizing both hands). #1. Loosely by the side. #2. On the hips. #3. In the pockets. #4. Both hands crossed on the chest. And in addition – hands should always be relaxed, which means no muscle pressure, except you are photographing a bodybuilder&amp;nbsp;&lt;img alt=":)" class="wp-smiley" src="http://digital-photography-school.com/wp-includes/images/smilies/icon_smile.gif" style="border: none; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;img alt="posing-men-subjects03.png" height="400" src="http://digital-photography-school.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/posing-men-subjects03.png" style="border: none; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" width="600" /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;4. A casual pose for an uprightly standing man. Men indeed have a problem with placing their hands, by keeping them fully or partly in the side pockets, you have a sure way to achieve natural and relaxed pose.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;img alt="posing-men-subjects04.png" height="400" src="http://digital-photography-school.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/posing-men-subjects04.png" style="border: none; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" width="600" /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;5. Just a slight variation to the previous pose. Some piece of clothing over the shoulder, merely a thumb in the pocket, and legs crossed work very well.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;img alt="posing-men-subjects05.png" height="400" src="http://digital-photography-school.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/posing-men-subjects05.png" style="border: none; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" width="600" /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;6. For a sitting pose, putting the ankle of one leg onto the knee of the other looks relaxed and natural. Shoot slightly from above.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;img alt="posing-men-subjects06.png" height="400" src="http://digital-photography-school.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/posing-men-subjects06.png" style="border: none; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" width="600" /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;7. Leaning against a wall is just another variant for upright posing.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;img alt="posing-men-subjects07.png" height="400" src="http://digital-photography-school.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/posing-men-subjects07.png" style="border: none; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" width="600" /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;8. The sideways way of leaning against the same wall. Works very well for both casual and formal shots.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;img alt="posing-men-subjects08.png" height="400" src="http://digital-photography-school.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/posing-men-subjects08.png" style="border: none; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" width="600" /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;9. Very simple pose for a formal portrait. Items held in the hand (e.g. a laptop, books, or even tools) can work as insignia that point at the subject’s occupation.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;img alt="posing-men-subjects09.png" height="400" src="http://digital-photography-school.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/posing-men-subjects09.png" style="border: none; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" width="600" /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;10. Against common belief, it is absolutely fine to make shots of a man sitting partly on a desk. For formal portraits such a pose might counteract rigidness.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;img alt="posing-men-subjects10.png" height="400" src="http://digital-photography-school.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/posing-men-subjects10.png" style="border: none; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" width="600" /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;11. Very simple pose for a portrait with a man sitting at a desk. To reveal the subject’s profession place work related items on the desk that can function as insignia.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;img alt="posing-men-subjects11.png" height="400" src="http://digital-photography-school.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/posing-men-subjects11.png" style="border: none; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" width="600" /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;12. A slight variation of the previous pose. Very appropriate for formal portraits.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;img alt="posing-men-subjects12.png" height="400" src="http://digital-photography-school.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/posing-men-subjects12.png" style="border: none; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" width="600" /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;13. To show the work environment while removing the distance created by a foreground object like a desk, take your shot from the back side. The result will be formal but inviting at the same time.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;img alt="posing-men-subjects13.png" height="400" src="http://digital-photography-school.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/posing-men-subjects13.png" style="border: none; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" width="600" /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;14. A man supporting himself on a desk with arms crossed. Again you could place work related items on the desk to point to the subject’s profession.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;img alt="posing-men-subjects14.png" height="400" src="http://digital-photography-school.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/posing-men-subjects14.png" style="border: none; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" width="600" /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;15. Using a chair as a prop can make a portrait more engaging and interesting. Very suitable when introducing creative people in their work environment.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;img alt="posing-men-subjects15.png" height="400" src="http://digital-photography-school.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/posing-men-subjects15.png" style="border: none; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" width="600" /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;16. Sitting comfortably in a chair usually works for a corporate and formal portraits.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;img alt="posing-men-subjects16.png" height="400" src="http://digital-photography-school.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/posing-men-subjects16.png" style="border: none; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" width="600" /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;17. Easy and natural pose with a man sitting on the ground. Try different shooting directions and angles.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;img alt="posing-men-subjects17.png" height="400" src="http://digital-photography-school.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/posing-men-subjects17.png" style="border: none; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" width="600" /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;18. Another variant of a man’s pose while sitting on the ground. Suitable for outdoor locations.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;img alt="posing-men-subjects18.png" height="400" src="http://digital-photography-school.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/posing-men-subjects18.png" style="border: none; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" width="600" /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;19. An easy and relaxed looking pose for a sitting man.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;img alt="posing-men-subjects19.png" height="400" src="http://digital-photography-school.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/posing-men-subjects19.png" style="border: none; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" width="600" /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;20. Informal pose. The man is sitting on the ground resting his back against the wall or some object.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;img alt="posing-men-subjects20.png" height="400" src="http://digital-photography-school.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/posing-men-subjects20.png" style="border: none; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" width="600" /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;21. Finally, let your subject be the protagonist of your picture. Never be afraid to crop tightly around the model’s face.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;img alt="posing-men-subjects21.png" height="400" src="http://digital-photography-school.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/posing-men-subjects21.png" style="border: none; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" width="600" /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;That should be at least something to use as a starting point. Again, remember that there are no absolutes, each sample pose might and should be adjusted depending on your shooting environment and scenario. There is no need to overdo anything. Actually, all you need for good people portraits is simplicity. Simple backgrounds, simple clothing, simple poses and natural expressions.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
</description><link>http://sais-pourquoi.blogspot.com/2012/10/following-previous-article-on-posing.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Bontor Paolo)</author><thr:total>0</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4475732337211380668.post-548990254479318845</guid><pubDate>Wed, 24 Oct 2012 02:45:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2012-10-23T19:48:04.568-07:00</atom:updated><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">Ekspresi</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">Materi</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">Umum</category><title>Posing Guide Photographing Women Part 1</title><description>&lt;div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;
&lt;em style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;This is the first in a series of Posing Guide posts by Kaspars Grinvalds from&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://posingapp.com/" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;Posing App&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;See below for links to the full series of posing guides including for kids, men, couples, weddings and more. Also check out&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://sais-pourquoi.blogspot.com/2012/10/posing-guide-photographing-women-part-2.html" style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;Part 2 of our Posing Guide for Photographing Women&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;If you ever run out of ideas, get stuck in creativity or simply need some guidance when shooting female subjects, you may use following posing samples as a “posing cheat sheet”. Many pro photographers use such a technique when preparing for and during the photo shoot.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;The poses in this article are selected as initial reference. I would advise to look at the poses together with your subject, especially if she’s inexperienced. During a photo shoot don’t hesitate to discuss with the subject which pose is or isn’t working in any particular situation. It’s usually very productive and you both will feel more confident in what you are doing.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;OK, let’s start, one by one.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;img alt="posing-photographing-female-models01.png" height="400" src="http://www.digital-photography-school.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/posing-photographing-female-models01.png" style="border: none; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" width="600" /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;1. Very simple portrait pose to start with. Have the model look over her shoulder. Note how unusual and interesting a portrait might look, if shot simply from a different angle.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;img alt="posing-photographing-female-models02.png" height="400" src="http://www.digital-photography-school.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/posing-photographing-female-models02.png" style="border: none; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" width="600" /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;2. In portrait photography, hands are usually not visible or at least not dominant. However, you might get creative by asking the model to play around with her hands trying different positions around her head or face. Keep in mind, though: No flat palms, and the hands should only show their sides!&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;img alt="posing-photographing-female-models03.png" height="400" src="http://www.digital-photography-school.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/posing-photographing-female-models03.png" style="border: none; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" width="600" /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;3. You might be familiar with composition rules like the rule of thirds. In a similar way, pleasing effects can be created by using diagonals. Also remember that you don’t need to always hold your camera on a perfectly even level. Don’t be afraid to tilt it, you might achieve some interesting and unusual perspectives.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;img alt="posing-photographing-female-models04.png" height="400" src="http://www.digital-photography-school.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/posing-photographing-female-models04.png" style="border: none; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" width="600" /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;4. A really nice and lovely pose with a model sitting. The knees have to touch each other. Shoot slightly from above.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;img alt="posing-photographing-female-models05.png" height="400" src="http://www.digital-photography-school.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/posing-photographing-female-models05.png" style="border: none; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" width="600" /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;5. Another open and inviting pose with the model lying on the ground. Get down and take your shot nearly from the ground level.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;img alt="posing-photographing-female-models06.png" height="400" src="http://www.digital-photography-school.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/posing-photographing-female-models06.png" style="border: none; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" width="600" /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;6. Just a variation for a pose with the model lying on the ground. Both hands might as well be resting on the ground. Works very well outdoors, on the grass or in a wild flower meadow, for example.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;img alt="posing-photographing-female-models07.png" height="400" src="http://www.digital-photography-school.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/posing-photographing-female-models07.png" style="border: none; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" width="600" /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;7. A basic easy pose, yet looks absolutely stunning. Get down and shoot nearly from a ground level. Then try to move gradually around the model while making shots. Also ask your model to change head and hand positions.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;img alt="posing-photographing-female-models08.png" height="400" src="http://www.digital-photography-school.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/posing-photographing-female-models08.png" style="border: none; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" width="600" /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;8. Another easy yet gorgeous pose for all body types. Try different hand and leg positioning. And remember to focus on the model’s eyes!&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;img alt="posing-photographing-female-models09.png" height="400" src="http://www.digital-photography-school.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/posing-photographing-female-models09.png" style="border: none; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" width="600" /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;9. A really lovely pose. Works well in different surface settings: The model, for example, might lie on a bed, on the ground, in the grass, or on a sandy beach. Shoot from a very low angle and focus on the eyes.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;img alt="posing-photographing-female-models10.png" height="400" src="http://www.digital-photography-school.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/posing-photographing-female-models10.png" style="border: none; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" width="600" /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;10. Gorgeous and easy pose for a model sitting on the ground.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;img alt="posing-photographing-female-models11.png" height="400" src="http://www.digital-photography-school.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/posing-photographing-female-models11.png" style="border: none; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" width="600" /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;11. Another simple and friendly pose for a model sitting on the ground. Try different directions and angles.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;img alt="posing-photographing-female-models12.png" height="400" src="http://www.digital-photography-school.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/posing-photographing-female-models12.png" style="border: none; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" width="600" /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;12. A wonderful way to demonstrate the beauty of a model’s physique. Works very well as a silhouette when shooting against a bright background.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;img alt="posing-photographing-female-models13.png" height="400" src="http://www.digital-photography-school.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/posing-photographing-female-models13.png" style="border: none; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" width="600" /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;13. A simple and casual looking pose. Lots of variations are possible. Ask the model to twist her body, experiment with hand positioning and try different head turns.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;img alt="posing-photographing-female-models14.png" height="400" src="http://www.digital-photography-school.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/posing-photographing-female-models14.png" style="border: none; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" width="600" /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;14. Another very simple and elegant pose. The model is turned slightly to the side, hands in back pockets.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;img alt="posing-photographing-female-models15.png" height="400" src="http://www.digital-photography-school.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/posing-photographing-female-models15.png" style="border: none; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" width="600" /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;15. Leaning slightly forward can be a very attractive gesture. It is a subtle way to emphasize upper body shapes.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;img alt="posing-photographing-female-models16.png" height="400" src="http://www.digital-photography-school.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/posing-photographing-female-models16.png" style="border: none; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" width="600" /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;16. A sensual pose. By holding the hands above the head body curves are emphasized. Works with fit body types.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;img alt="posing-photographing-female-models17.png" height="400" src="http://www.digital-photography-school.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/posing-photographing-female-models17.png" style="border: none; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" width="600" /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;17. Endless variations are possible for posing in full height. This pose is just the starting point. Ask the model to slightly turn her body, change hand positioning, change head and eye directions etc.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;img alt="posing-photographing-female-models18.png" height="400" src="http://www.digital-photography-school.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/posing-photographing-female-models18.png" style="border: none; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" width="600" /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;18. A relaxed pose with the model standing upright and supporting her back against a wall. Remember that the model may use a wall not only to support her back, but also to put her hands on, or resting a leg against it.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;img alt="posing-photographing-female-models19.png" height="400" src="http://www.digital-photography-school.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/posing-photographing-female-models19.png" style="border: none; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" width="600" /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;19. Note that full height settings are very demanding and work well only with slim to athletic body types. Posing guidelines are simple: The body should be arched in an S shape, hands should be relaxed, while the weight finds support on just one leg.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;img alt="posing-photographing-female-models20.png" height="400" src="http://www.digital-photography-school.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/posing-photographing-female-models20.png" style="border: none; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" width="600" /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;20. An exquisite pose for slim to athletic models. Many variations are possible. In order to find the best posture, tell the model to slowly move her hands and twist her body constantly. When you see a good variant, ask your model to hold still and take some pictures. Repeat for a full set.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;img alt="posing-photographing-female-models21.png" height="400" src="http://www.digital-photography-school.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/posing-photographing-female-models21.png" style="border: none; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" width="600" /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;21. An absolutely romantic and delicate pose. Any kind of cloth (even a curtain) can be used. Note that the back doesn’t need to be completely bare. Sometimes as little as a bare shoulder could work pretty well.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;So, there’s something for you to start with. Hope you will find at least couple of poses to work with in different shooting scenarios! Keep in mind that each of the initial sample poses is meant to be only a starting point. Each pose has endless variations! Just be creative and adjust the pose as needed (for example, try different shooting angles and ask your subject to change hand, head and leg positioning etc.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
</description><link>http://sais-pourquoi.blogspot.com/2012/10/posing-guide-photographing-women-part-1.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Bontor Paolo)</author><thr:total>0</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4475732337211380668.post-4487161060135758687</guid><pubDate>Wed, 24 Oct 2012 02:43:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2012-10-23T19:44:58.620-07:00</atom:updated><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">Ekspresi</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">Materi</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">Umum</category><title>Posing Guide Photographing Women Part 2</title><description>&lt;div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;OK, let’s continue.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;img alt="posing-guide-photographing-women-01.jpg" height="400" src="http://digital-photography-school.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/posing-guide-photographing-women-01.jpg" style="border: none; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" width="600" /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;1. Good starting pose. And very nice way to make the model slimmer. The model should push her chin forward and tilt it slightly down while at the same time the shoulder up, but not too much! There should definitely be a little gap between chin and shoulder.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;img alt="posing-guide-photographing-women-02.jpg" height="400" src="http://digital-photography-school.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/posing-guide-photographing-women-02.jpg" style="border: none; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" width="600" /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;2. Most often the best poses are the simplest ones. For female models supporting body on just one leg and curving the body in an S shape is a simple starting rule.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;img alt="posing-guide-photographing-women-03.jpg" height="400" src="http://digital-photography-school.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/posing-guide-photographing-women-03.jpg" style="border: none; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" width="600" /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;3. Very beautiful way to utilize a wall or some object for a portrait pose. Model should gently touch a vertical surface with her hands.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;img alt="posing-guide-photographing-women-04.jpg" height="400" src="http://digital-photography-school.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/posing-guide-photographing-women-04.jpg" style="border: none; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" width="600" /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;4. If your model has long falling hair, try showing them in motion. Ask her to quickly spin her head to a desired position allowing the hair to continue the movement. You might want to experiment with different shutter speeds to either capture or avoid a motion blur. These are usually very positive and rewarding shots.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;img alt="posing-guide-photographing-women-05.jpg" height="400" src="http://digital-photography-school.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/posing-guide-photographing-women-05.jpg" style="border: none; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" width="600" /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;5. Suitable for sitting on a couch or in bed. In order to add some thematic depth, the model could hold a coffee cup in her hands, maybe implying that she is warming her fingers.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;img alt="posing-guide-photographing-women-06.jpg" height="400" src="http://digital-photography-school.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/posing-guide-photographing-women-06.jpg" style="border: none; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" width="600" /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;6. A nice and cozy pose, very suitable for indoors with the model sitting on a couch.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;img alt="posing-guide-photographing-women-07.jpg" height="400" src="http://digital-photography-school.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/posing-guide-photographing-women-07.jpg" style="border: none; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" width="600" /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;7. Another variation for a model sitting on a couch.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;img alt="posing-guide-photographing-women-08.jpg" height="400" src="http://digital-photography-school.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/posing-guide-photographing-women-08.jpg" style="border: none; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" width="600" /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;8. Very nice looking casual pose for a model sitting on the ground. Try different shooting angles, for example, move gradually around the model or change the shooting point’s height.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;img alt="posing-guide-photographing-women-09.jpg" height="400" src="http://digital-photography-school.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/posing-guide-photographing-women-091.jpg" style="border: none; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" width="600" /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;9. Sitting positions are not limited to casual shots. Don’t be afraid to try some sitting poses also for more formal shots.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;img alt="posing-guide-photographing-women-10.jpg" height="400" src="http://digital-photography-school.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/posing-guide-photographing-women-101.jpg" style="border: none; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" width="600" /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;10. According to some popular and commonly exploited body language rules, crossing arms and legs means putting up some barriers etc. Even if such beliefs are widespread, it doesn’t mean they are correct. In pictures crossed arms on the chest don’t send any subconscious signs or warnings at all! Crossing arms and legs in all different ways is absolutely fine for people photography.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;img alt="posing-guide-photographing-women-11.jpg" height="400" src="http://digital-photography-school.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/posing-guide-photographing-women-111.jpg" style="border: none; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" width="600" /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;11. Not always your model needs to “place” hands somewhere specifically. It is absolutely fine to leave them loosely by the sides. The same goes for legs, no exaggerations – one leg supports the weight, that’s the only rule you need.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;img alt="posing-guide-photographing-women-12.jpg" height="400" src="http://digital-photography-school.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/posing-guide-photographing-women-12.jpg" style="border: none; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" width="600" /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;12. Just another sample for a full height shot you can use as a starting point. Thumbs or hands partly in side pockets also work fine.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;img alt="posing-guide-photographing-women-13.jpg" height="400" src="http://digital-photography-school.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/posing-guide-photographing-women-13.jpg" style="border: none; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" width="600" /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;13. A very nice pose for summertime. Let her lose her shoes and ask her to walk slowly. Walk and take your shots slightly from behind.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;img alt="posing-guide-photographing-women-14.jpg" height="400" src="http://digital-photography-school.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/posing-guide-photographing-women-14.jpg" style="border: none; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" width="600" /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;14. Hands behind the back, unusual but very open gesture. She might as well stand and support herself against a wall.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;img alt="posing-guide-photographing-women-15.jpg" height="400" src="http://digital-photography-school.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/posing-guide-photographing-women-15.jpg" style="border: none; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" width="600" /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;15. Very easy and beautiful pose for a formal portrait. Model should turn a little bit sideways, head turned slightly down and towards the camera.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;img alt="posing-guide-photographing-women-16.jpg" height="400" src="http://digital-photography-school.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/posing-guide-photographing-women-16.jpg" style="border: none; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" width="600" /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;16. Placing both hands on the waist is also a very photogenic pose. Works well both for half and full height shots.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;img alt="posing-guide-photographing-women-17.jpg" height="400" src="http://digital-photography-school.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/posing-guide-photographing-women-17.jpg" style="border: none; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" width="600" /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;17. If available, some higher furniture or interior object might be helpful to place an arm on and slightly support the body. This will create a formal but at the same time an open and positive posture.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;img alt="posing-guide-photographing-women-18.jpg" height="400" src="http://digital-photography-school.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/posing-guide-photographing-women-18.jpg" style="border: none; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" width="600" /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;18. Partly sitting on some object is another very nice pose. Works well indoors as well outdoors in a city.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;img alt="posing-guide-photographing-women-19.jpg" height="400" src="http://digital-photography-school.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/posing-guide-photographing-women-19.jpg" style="border: none; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" width="600" /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;19. An example of a feminine and fashionable pose for a full height picture.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;img alt="posing-guide-photographing-women-20.jpg" height="400" src="http://digital-photography-school.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/posing-guide-photographing-women-20.jpg" style="border: none; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" width="600" /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;20. Demanding pose, because indicating model’s movement is not easy. However, if done right, very rewarding for trendy fashion or very elegant full height shots.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;img alt="posing-guide-photographing-women-21.jpg" height="400" src="http://digital-photography-school.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/posing-guide-photographing-women-21.jpg" style="border: none; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" width="600" /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="border: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;
&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;21. Lovely looking pose for the appropriate settings – the model is supporting herself against some fence or bridge railing or some similar object. Shooting from a side with a large aperture provides good opportunities for a shallow depth of field with a nicely blurred background.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
</description><link>http://sais-pourquoi.blogspot.com/2012/10/posing-guide-photographing-women-part-2.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Bontor Paolo)</author><thr:total>0</thr:total></item></channel></rss>