TechNetBlog

PROGRAM ON CONDITION NAME TO CHECK THE CHARACTERS

2012-01-25T00:31:00.001+05:30

IDENTIFICATION DIVISION.
PROGRAM-ID "CONDITION-NAME".
AUTHOR "ABC".
DATE-WRITTEN 18/01/2012.
DATE-COMPILED 18/01/2012.

ENVIRONMENT DIVISION.
CONFIGURATION SECTION.
SOURCE-COMPUTER P4.
OBJECT-COMPUTER P4.

DATA DIVISION.
WORKING-STORAGE SECTION.
77 N PIC X.
88 VOWEL VALUE IS "A","E","I","O","U".
88 CONSONENT VALUE IS "B" THRU "D","F" THRU "H","J" THRU "N","P" THRU "T","V" THRU "Z".
88 DIGIT VALUE IS "0" THRU "9".
88 V-CHAR VALUE IS "0" THRU "9","A" THRU "Z".

PROCEDURE DIVISION.
DISPLAY "ENTER THE CHARACTER TO BE CHECKED".
ACCEPT N.
PARA1.
IF VOWEL
DISPLAY "CHARACTER " N " IS A VOWEL"
ELSE IF CONSONENT
DISPLAY "CHARACTER " N " IS A CONSONENT"
ELSE IF DIGIT
DISPLAY "CHARACTER " N " IS A DIGIT"
ELSE
DISPLAY "CHARACTER " N " IS NOT VALID".
END-PARA.
STOP RUN.

PROGRAM TO CREATE SEQUENTIAL FILE

2012-01-24T20:24:00.001+05:30

IDENTIFICATION DIVISION.

PROGRAM-ID "EMPLOYEE".

AUTHOR "DEEPAK".

DATE-WRITTEN 18/01/2012.

DATE-COMPILED 18/01/2012.

ENVIRONMENT DIVISION.

CONFIGURATION SECTION.

SOURCE-COMPUTER P4.

OBJECT-COMPUTER P4.

INPUT-OUTPUT SECTION.

FILE-CONTROL.

SELECT EMPLOYEE ASSIGN TO DISK ORGANIZATION IS SEQUENTIAL

ACCESS MODE IS SEQUENTIAL.

DATA DIVISION.

FILE SECTION.

FD EMPLOYEE

LABEL RECORDS ARE STANDARD

VALUE OF FILE-ID IS "EMP.DAT".

01 EMP-INFO.

02 EMP-ID PIC 9(6).

02 EMP-NAME PIC X(20).

02 EMP-DESIG PIC X(10).

02 EMP-SAL PIC 9(5)V99.

WORKING-STORAGE SECTION.

77 ANS PIC X.

PROCEDURE DIVISION.

OPEN OUTPUT EMPLOYEE.

PARA-1.

DISPLAY "ENTER THE EMPLOYEE ID".

ACCEPT EMP-ID.

DISPLAY "ENTER THE NAME OF EMPLOYEE".

ACCEPT EMP-NAME.

DISPLAY "ENTER THE DESIGNATION".

ACCEPT EMP-DESIG.

DISPLAY "ENTER THE SALARY".

ACCEPT EMP-SAL.

WRITE EMP-INFO.

DISPLAY "DO U WANT TO CONTINUE...Y/N?".

ACCEPT ANS.

IF ANS="Y" GO TO PARA-1.

END-PARA.

CLOSE EMPLOYEE.

DISPLAY "--------------------------------------------------".

DISPLAY "EMP-ID EMP-NAME EMP-DESIGNATION EMP-SALARY ".

DISPLAY "--------------------------------------------------".

OPEN INPUT EMPLOYEE.

READ-PARA.

READ EMPLOYEE AT END GO TO STOP-PARA.

DISPLAY EMP-ID " " EMP-NAME EMP-DESIG EMP-SAL.

END-PARA.

GO TO READ-PARA.

STOP-PARA.

CLOSE EMPLOYEE.

STOP RUN.

Program to check evenness & oddness and bubble sort

2012-01-10T21:52:00.001+05:30

IDENTIFICATION DIVISION.
PROGRAM-ID "EVEN-ODD".
AUTHOR "ABC".
DATE-WRITTEN 04/01/2012.
DATE-COMPILED 04/01/2012.
ENVIRONMENT DIVISION.
CONFIGURATION SECTION.
SOURCE-COMPUTER P4.
OBJECT-COMPUTER P4.
DATA DIVISION.
WORKING-STORAGE SECTION.
77 N PIC 99.
77 Q PIC 99.
77 R PIC 99.

01 AR-DATA.
02 AR PIC 9 OCCURS 5 TIMES.
77 I PIC 9 VALUE IS 0.
77 J PIC 9 VALUE IS 0.
77 K PIC 9 VALUE IS 0.
77 TEMP PIC 9 VALUE 0.
PROCEDURE DIVISION.
START-PARA.
DISPLAY "FOR EVEN ODD".
DISPLAY "ENTER NUM".
ACCEPT N.
DIVIDE N BY 2 GIVING Q REMAINDER R.
IF R=0
DISPLAY N "IS AN EVEN NUMBER"
ELSE
DISPLAY N "IS AN ODD NUMBER".
END-PARA.
DISPLAY "FOR BUBBLE SORT".
DISPLAY "ENTER ELEMENTS".
PERFORM PARA1 VARYING I FROM 0 BY 1 UNTIL I>4.
PERFORM PARA2 VARYING I FROM 0 BY 1 UNTIL I>4
AFTER J FROM 0 BY 1 UNTIL J>3.
DISPLAY "SORTED LIST:".
PERFORM PARA3 VARYING I FROM 0 BY 1 UNTIL I>4.
STOP RUN.

PARA1.
ACCEPT AR(I).
PARA2.
COMPUTE K = J + 1.
IF AR(J)>AR(K)
MOVE AR(J) TO TEMP
MOVE AR(K) TO AR(J)
MOVE TEMP TO AR(K).
PARA3.
DISPLAY AR(I).

Program to check prime number and leap year

2012-01-10T21:50:00.001+05:30

IDENTIFICATION DIVISION.
PROGRAM-ID "PRIME".
AUTHOR "ABC".
DATE-WRITTEN 04/01/2012.
DATE-COMPILED 04/01/2012.
ENVIRONMENT DIVISION.
CONFIGURATION SECTION.
SOURCE-COMPUTER P4.
OBJECT-COMPUTER P4.
DATA DIVISION.
WORKING-STORAGE SECTION.
77 N PIC 99.
77 I PIC 99.
77 Q PIC 99.
77 R PIC 99.

77 YEAR PIC 9(4).
77 QOT PIC 99.
77 REM PIC 99.
77 FLAG PIC 9 VALUE 0.
PROCEDURE DIVISION.
PRIME-PARA.
DISPLAY "TO CHECK PRIME NUMBER".
DISPLAY "ENTER NUM".
ACCEPT N.
PERFORM VARYING I FROM 2 BY 1
UNTIL I>=N
DIVIDE N BY I GIVING Q REMAINDER R
IF R=0 THEN MOVE 1 TO FLAG
END-PERFORM.
IF FLAG=0
DISPLAY N "IS A PRIME"
ELSE
DISPLAY N "IS NOT A PRIME".
END-PARA.

LEAP-PARA.
DISPLAY "TO CHECK LEAP YEAR".
DISPLAY "ENTER YEAR".
ACCEPT YEAR.
DIVIDE YEAR BY 4 GIVING QOT REMAINDER REM.
IF REM=0
DISPLAY YEAR "IS A LEAP YEAR"
ELSE
DISPLAY YEAR "IS NOT A LEAP YEAR".
END-PARA.
STOP RUN.

COBOL compiler

2012-01-10T21:45:00.002+05:30

click below to download

download

Runs fine on windows xp & windows 7 32-bit.
Windows 7 64-bit edition users have to use ms-dos emulator DOS-BOX.
click here to download.

password is: deepaklama90

How to Remove Virus Manually in Windows

2011-12-29T00:21:00.004+05:30

Start->Run->type cmd

in each drive type attrib /s /d it will display the list of all files in that drive along with folders.concentrate on files having SHR attribute.normally virus files have two characteristics

1.SHR attribute

2.Queer name like amvo.exe,r6r.exe,autorun.inf etc.

Note:some system files also have this attribute like MS DOS.SYS,IO.SYS etc so before deleting googling about that file will help.

to delete these files type c:\>del /f /s /a

>> to view the content of files with .inf,.vbs,.c etc i.e files which r not batch files or executables.goto explorer n then goto the required drive or folder n type the filename with extension it wil open up in notepad.

>>there is another method also.goto the required location n type attrib -s -h -r filename
then use gui to see that hiiden file.if it is not n exe or .bat or then open it with notepad.Here you will get some information like a file name or a registry key which the virus affects or a startup item or process.Change this or un check the start up.

if file is not deleted like it says access denied it means it already used by some process.open task manager n find a process of the same name or some process which is not a valid windows process(better google) n end that process.

if not found open msconfig goto statr up tab n look at if a startup items seems queer(u wil have this feeling if u r n experienced windows user otherwise all da startup items may seem queer.)uncheck that.u may also learn about the start up item by googling.after un checking restart the computer then restart the computer.

This method is effective in removing some spywares or some small but annoying virii like maskrider etc. which r sometimes not detected by antivirus softwares.
source is some website and not at all completely written by me.

10 Ways To Access Blocked WebSites

2011-12-29T00:15:00.003+05:30

Websites like facebook, twitter and other social networking sites are generally blocked in schools, colleges and offices. There exist some tricks by which you can bypass the restrictions and access blocked sites, the most obvious is the use of proxies or Anonymizer websites. But using proxies doesn’t always works as they gets blocked by firewall as well . Here I am listing some other methods to access blocked contents.

1. Use IP instead of URL
Each website has its equivalent ip address . This method works best when blocked sites are stored as a list of URLs .You can use ip address to access blocked contents . For example to access facebook you can use ip address 69.63.189.11 in your address bar . You can use ip-address.com to find the ip address of other websites .
2. Use Google Cache
All major search engines like Google yahoo and Bing stores cached pages of websites themselves . You can access blocked websites by viewing their cached copy on search engines .

3. Translations services
Translation services like Google Translate , translate a website from one language to another and display the translated results on their own page .You can access the blocked website by re-translating blocked url using such online translation services .
4. Retrieve web pages via Email
Web2Mail is a free service that sends any websites into your inbox. All you need to do is send an email to www@web2mail.com with the URL as subject title.
5. WayBack Machine
Wayback machine periodically keeps a copy of almost all websites on the internet from the date they have started . You can access your blocked site by fetching its latest copy from archives .
6. Screen-Resolution.com
Screen-Resolution.com allows you to view any website in a different resolution . This could be an interesting tool to access blocked websites .
7. Google Mobile Search
Google Mobile Search displays a web page as if you are viewing it on a mobile phone .You can use it to access blocked websites but javascript and css will be disabled .
8. Redirect with Short URL service
Short URL service are used for converting a long URL in a shorter one . You can convert your blocked url into a shorter one and use it to access blocked websites . This trick dont always works . The two popular url shortening service are bit.ly and adf.ly
9. USB Browsing
You can use this method if you have access to usb port ,you can load usb with your own portable Firefox, with the portable Tor plugin or you can directly use tor-firefox .
10. Proxy Websites
This is the generally known method to access blocked websites . There are thousands of online proxies you can use to surf anonymously or to access blocked websites . Here is 90+ Proxy Websites To Access Blocked Websites

Implement the concept of stack in c++

2011-08-15T21:46:00.002+05:30

PROGRAM:

#include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>
#define MAX 20

class stack
{
private:
int s[MAX];
int top,item;

public:
stack()
{
top=-1;
}

void push()
{
if(top==MAX-1)
{
cout<<"Stack is full"<<endl;
}
else
{
cout<<"Enter the item"<<endl;
cin>>item;
top++;
s[top]=item;
}
}
void pop()
{
if(top==-1)
{
cout<<"Stack is empty"<<endl;
}
else
{
cout<<"Item deleted is:"<<s[top]<<endl;
item=s[top];
top--;
}
}
void display()
{
int i;
if(top==-1)
{
cout<<"Stack is empty";
}
else
{
cout<<"items are:"<<endl;
for(i=0;i<=top;i++)
{
cout<<s[i]<<endl;
}
}
}
};
void main()
{
clrscr();
int ch;
stack s1;
do
{
cout<<"Enter your Choice: 1.push 2.pop 3.display 4.exit"<<endl;
cin>>ch ;
switch(ch)
{
case 1: s1.push();
break;
case 2: s1.pop();
break;
case 3: s1.display();
break;
}
}
while(ch<=3);
getch();
}

//for any errors pls comment.......

Flowchart of single pass assembler

2011-08-08T00:39:00.000+05:30

Implementation of Unary operator overloading using friend function.

2011-08-07T00:56:00.001+05:30

#include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>

class point
{
private:
int x,y;
public:
point(int i,int j)
{
x=i;
y=j;
}

void show()
{
cout<<"point="<<"("<<x<<","<<y<<")"<<endl;
}

friend void operator++(point &p1);

};

void operator++(point &p1)
{
p1.x++;
p1.y++;
}

void main()
{
clrscr();
point p1(2,2);
p1.show();
cout<<"after increment"<<endl;
++p1;
p1.show();
getch();
}

//for any errors pls comment......

Implementation of Unary & Binary operator overloading using member function.

2011-08-06T18:57:00.000+05:30

#include<iostream.h>

#include<conio.h>

class point //class for unary operator overloading

{

private:

int x,y;

public:

point(int i,int j)

{

x=i;

y=j;

}

void show()

{

cout<<"point="<<"("<<x<<","<<y<<")"<<endl;

}

void operator++()

{

x++;

y++;

}

};

class complex //class for binary operator overloading

{

private:

double x,y;

public:

void input()

{

double p,q;

cout<<"enter the real part"<<endl;

cin>>p;

cout<<"enter the imaginary part"<<endl;

cin>>q;

x=p;

y=q;

}

void show()

{

cout<<"complex no. is"<<x<<"+i"<<y<<endl;

}

complex operator+(complex &c)

{

complex z;

z.x=x+(c.x);

z.y=y+(c.y);

return(z);

}

complex operator*(complex &c)

{

complex z;

z.x=x*c.x-y*c.y;

z.y=x*c.y+y*c.x;

return(z);

}

};

void main()

{

clrscr();

point p1(2,2);

p1.show();

cout<<"after increment"<<endl;
++p1;

p1.show();

complex c1,c2,c3;

c1.input();

c1.show();

c2.input();

c2.show();

c3=c1+c2;

cout<<"after addition"<<endl;

c3.show();

c3=c1*c2;

cout<<"after multiplication"<<endl;

c3.show();

getch();

}

//For any errors pls post comment.....

Pen drive blocked-disabled at office or college computer – Unblock it

2011-07-29T01:24:00.000+05:30

Trouble:

We have observed this problem at may places that you need some data on your pen drive but the USB driveor pen drive does not work. Windows gives a notification

“Found new hardware, USB Mass Storage Device, please install drivers for it.”

Windows will now show a New Hardware Wizard to install the drivers. Lets see in details how we can fix this problem.

Fix:

There are more than one ways in which the USB drives are disabled by Administrators at offices or colleges or schools. These methods are:

1. By Disabling USB Ports from Device Manager.

2. By Tweaking Registry values for USB Mass Storage Devices.

3. By Un-installing the USB Mass Storage Drivers.

We will see how to fix all these situations one by one. But before you begin, you must have administrator rights on that computer to fix the issue. If you don’t have the rights, see this post on getting admin rights on windows computer.

Lets go one by one for the solution now.

UNLOCK USB PORTS FROM DEVICE MANAGER:

i) Go to Start > Run, in run prompt type “devmgmt.msc” and press enter. This will open device manager.

ii) Go to Universal Serial bus Controller. See if there are any red colored cross? If yes, right click and enable those USB Ports.

Now try and use the pen drive. If it works fine, then great, else read the next two steps also.

CORRECT REGISTRY VALUE FOR USB MASS STORAGE DEVICE

i) Go to Start > Run , type “regedit” and press enter, this will open registry editor.

ii) Navigate to the keyHKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Services\USBSTOR

iii) Double-click on the “Start” key to modify its value, change the value to 3 and press OK.

Now remove and connect the pen drive again, it should work fine, if it does not, then it means the driversare missing. Follow the steps below to solve the issue.

INSTALL USB MASS STORAGE DEVICE DRIVERS

In case the USB Mass Storage drivers are not installed, windows will prompt you to install the driver. In such a case, windows will launch Hardware Update Wizard. If you have USB Mass storage drivers, you caninstall it and restart the computer, it should work. If not, you can download the USB Mass Storage drivers here. Download and uznip the driver files on your desktop.

i) In hardware update wizard, Select the option to install the driver from a specific location and click next.

ii) Now on this screen, click browse and select the path on which you have un-zipped the drivers and press ok.

NOTE: Windows may give you a warning that the drivers has not passed Windows logo testing, so stop installation or Continue anyway, Select Continue anyway to complete installation.

Now restart your computer and re-insert your pen drive, it should now work.

EMU8086:8086 microprocessor emulator integrated disassembler

2011-07-24T11:59:00.000+05:30

EMU8086

8086 microprocessor emulator
integrated disassembler

Click here to download (3 Mb

Implementation of friend function

2011-07-20T17:05:00.000+05:30

PROBLEM:
create two classes truck and car each containing speed of vehicle,mileage,weight and price.
write a program that can read and compare the values from two classes.use friend function for comparision.

PROGRAM:

#include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>

class car;
class truck
{
private:
float speed,mileage,wt,price;
public:
void input()
{
cout<<"enter the speed"<<endl;
cin>>speed;
cout<<"enter the mileage"<<endl;
cin>>mileage;
cout<<"enter the weight"<<endl;
cin>>wt;
cout<<"enter the price"<<endl;
cin>>price;
}

void display()
{
cout<<"speed is: "<<speed<<endl;
cout<<"mileage is: "<<mileage<<endl;
cout<<"weight is: "<<wt<<endl;
cout<<"price is: "<<price<<endl;
}

friend void compare(truck &t,car &c);
};

class car
{
private:
float speed,mileage,wt,price;
public:
void input()
{
cout<<"enter the speed"<<endl;
cin>>speed;
cout<<"enter the mileage"<<endl;
cin>>mileage;
cout<<"enter the weight"<<endl;
cin>>wt;
cout<<"enter the price"<<endl;
cin>>price;
}
void display()
{
cout<<"speed is: "<<speed<<endl;
cout<<"mileage is: "<<mileage<<endl;
cout<<"weight is: "<<wt<<endl;
cout<<"price is: "<<price<<endl;
}

friend void compare(truck &t,car &c);
};

void compare(truck &t,car &c)
{
if(t.speed>c.speed)
cout<<"speed of truck is greater"<<endl;
else
cout<<"speed of car is greater"<<endl;
if(t.mileage>c.mileage)
cout<<"mileage of truck is greater"<<endl;
else
cout<<"mileage of car is greater"<<endl;

if(t.wt>c.wt)
cout<<"weight of truck is greater"<<endl;
else
cout<<"weight of car is greater"<<endl;

if(t.price>c.price)
cout<<"price of truck is greater"<<endl;
else
cout<<"price of car is greater"<<endl;
}

void main()
{
clrscr();
truck t;
car c;
cout<<"enter the data for truck"<<endl;
t.input();
cout<<"details of truck"<<endl;
t.display();
cout<<"enter the data for car"<<endl;
c.input();
cout<<"details of car"<<endl;
c.display();
cout<<"comparision is: "<<endl;
compare(t,c);
getch();
}

10 reasons why PCs crashes

2011-07-18T01:00:00.000+05:30

Most of us got PC crashes messages or errors related to PC.
Here are 10 major reasons for them

Fatal error: the system has become unstable or is busy," it says. "Enter to return to Windows or press Control-Alt-Delete to restart your computer. If you do this you will lose any unsaved information in all open applications."

You have just been struck by the Blue Screen of Death. Anyone who uses Mcft Windows will be familiar with this. What can you do? More importantly, how can you prevent it happening?

1: Hardware conflict

The number one reason why Windows crashes is hardware conflict. Each hardware device communicates to other devices through an interrupt request channel (IRQ). These are supposed to be unique for each device.

For example, a printer usually connects internally on IRQ 7. The keyboard usually uses IRQ 1 and the floppy disk drive IRQ 6. Each device will try to hog a single IRQ for itself.

If there are a lot of devices, or if they are not installed properly, two of them may end up sharing the same IRQ number. When the user tries to use both devices at the same time, a crash can happen. The way to check if your computer has a hardware conflict is through the following route:

* Start-Settings-Control Panel-System-Device Manager.

Often if a device has a problem a yellow '!' appears next to its description in the Device Manager. Highlight Computer (in the Device Manager) and press Properties to see the IRQ numbers used by your computer. If the IRQ number appears twice, two devices may be using it.

Sometimes a device might share an IRQ with something described as 'IRQ holder for PCI steering'. This can be ignored. The best way to fix this problem is to remove the problem device and reinstall it.

Sometimes you may have to find more recent drivers on the internet to make the device function properly. A good resource is www.driverguide.com. If the device is a soundcard, or a modem, it can often be fixed by moving it to a different slot on the motherboard (be careful about opening your computer, as you may void the warranty).

When working inside a computer you should switch it off, unplug the mains lead and touch an unpainted metal surface to discharge any static electricity.

To be fair to Mcft, the problem with IRQ numbers is not of its making. It is a legacy problem going back to the first PC designs using the IBM 8086 chip. Initially there were only eight IRQs. Today there are 16 IRQs in a PC. It is easy to run out of them. There are plans to increase the number of IRQs in future designs.

2: Bad Ram

Ram (random-access memory) problems might bring on the blue screen of death with a message saying Fatal Exception Error. A fatal error indicates a serious hardware problem. Sometimes it may mean a part is damaged and will need replacing.

But a fatal error caused by Ram might be caused by a mismatch of chips. For example, mixing 70-nanosecond (70ns) Ram with 60ns Ram will usually force the computer to run all the Ram at the slower speed. This will often crash the machine if the Ram is overworked.

One way around this problem is to enter the BIOS settings and increase the wait state of the Ram. This can make it more stable. Another way to troubleshoot a suspected Ram problem is to rearrange the Ram chips on the motherboard, or take some of them out. Then try to repeat the circumstances that caused the crash. When handling Ram try not to touch the gold connections, as they can be easily damaged.

Parity error messages also refer to Ram. Modern Ram chips are either parity (ECC) or non parity (non-ECC). It is best not to mix the two types, as this can be a cause of trouble.

EMM386 error messages refer to memory problems but may not be connected to bad Ram. This may be due to free memory problems often linked to old Dos-based programmes.

3: BIOS settings

Every motherboard is supplied with a range of chipset settings that are decided in the factory. A common way to access these settings is to press the F2 or delete button during the first few seconds of a boot-up.

Once inside the BIOS, great care should be taken. It is a good idea to write down on a piece of paper all the settings that appear on the screen. That way, if you change something and the computer becomes more unstable, you will know what settings to revert to.

A common BIOS error concerns the CAS latency. This refers to the Ram. Older EDO (extended data out) Ram has a CAS latency of 3. Newer SDRam has a CAS latency of 2. Setting the wrong figure can cause the Ram to lock up and freeze the computer's display.

Mcft Windows is better at allocating IRQ numbers than any BIOS. If possible set the IRQ numbers to Auto in the BIOS. This will allow Windows to allocate the IRQ numbers (make sure the BIOS setting for Plug and Play OS is switched to 'yes' to allow Windows to do this.).

4: Hard disk drives

After a few weeks, the information on a hard disk drive starts to become piecemeal or fragmented. It is a good idea to defragment the hard disk every week or so, to prevent the disk from causing a screen freeze. Go to

* Start-Programs-Accessories-System Tools-Disk Defragmenter

This will start the procedure. You will be unable to write data to the hard drive (to save it) while the disk is defragmenting, so it is a good idea to schedule the procedure for a period of inactivity using the Task Scheduler.

The Task Scheduler should be one of the small icons on the bottom right of the Windows opening page (the desktop).

Some lockups and screen freezes caused by hard disk problems can be solved by reducing the read-ahead optimisation. This can be adjusted by going to

* Start-Settings-Control Panel-System Icon-Performance-File System-Hard Disk.

Hard disks will slow down and crash if they are too full. Do some housekeeping on your hard drive every few months and free some space on it. Open the Windows folder on the C drive and find the Temporary Internet Files folder. Deleting the contents (not the folder) can free a lot of space.

Empty the Recycle Bin every week to free more space. Hard disk drives should be scanned every week for errors or bad sectors. Go to

* Start-Programs-Accessories-System Tools-ScanDisk

Otherwise assign the Task Scheduler to perform this operation at night when the computer is not in use.

5: Fatal OE exceptions and VXD errors

Fatal OE exception errors and VXD errors are often caused by video card problems.

These can often be resolved easily by reducing the resolution of the video display. Go to

* Start-Settings-Control Panel-Display-Settings

Here you should slide the screen area bar to the left. Take a look at the colour settings on the left of that window. For most desktops, high colour 16-bit depth is adequate.

If the screen freezes or you experience system lockups it might be due to the video card. Make sure it does not have a hardware conflict. Go to

* Start-Settings-Control Panel-System-Device Manager

Here, select the + beside Display Adapter. A line of text describing your video card should appear. Select it (make it blue) and press properties. Then select Resources and select each line in the window. Look for a message that says No Conflicts.

If you have video card hardware conflict, you will see it here. Be careful at this point and make a note of everything you do in case you make things worse.

The way to resolve a hardware conflict is to uncheck the Use Automatic Settings box and hit the Change Settings button. You are searching for a setting that will display a No Conflicts message.

Another useful way to resolve video problems is to go to

* Start-Settings-Control Panel-System-Performance-Graphics

Here you should move the Hardware Acceleration slider to the left. As ever, the most common cause of problems relating to graphics cards is old or faulty drivers (a driver is a small piece of software used by a computer to communicate with a device).

Look up your video card's manufacturer on the internet and search for the most recent drivers for it.

6: Viruses

Often the first sign of a virus infection is instability. Some viruses erase the boot sector of a hard drive, making it impossible to start. This is why it is a good idea to create a Windows start-up disk. Go to

* Start-Settings-Control Panel-Add/Remove Programs

Here, look for the Start Up Disk tab. Virus protection requires constant vigilance.

A virus scanner requires a list of virus signatures in order to be able to identify viruses. These signatures are stored in a DAT file. DAT files should be updated weekly from the website of your antivirus software manufacturer.

An excellent antivirus programme is McAfee VirusScan by Network Associates ( www.nai.com). Another is Norton AntiVirus 2000, made by Symantec ( www.symantec.com).

7: Printers

The action of sending a document to print creates a bigger file, often called a postscript file.

Printers have only a small amount of memory, called a buffer. This can be easily overloaded. Printing a document also uses a considerable amount of CPU power. This will also slow down the computer's performance.

If the printer is trying to print unusual characters, these might not be recognised, and can crash the computer. Sometimes printers will not recover from a crash because of confusion in the buffer. A good way to clear the buffer is to unplug the printer for ten seconds. Booting up from a powerless state, also called a cold boot, will restore the printer's default settings and you may be able to carry on.

8: Software

A common cause of computer crash is faulty or badly-installed software. Often the problem can be cured by uninstalling the software and then reinstalling it. Use Norton Uninstall or Uninstall Shield to remove an application from your system properly. This will also remove references to the programme in the System Registry and leaves the way clear for a completely fresh copy.

The System Registry can be corrupted by old references to obsolete software that you thought was uninstalled. Use Reg Cleaner by Jouni Vuorio to clean up the System Registry and remove obsolete entries. It works on Windows 95, Windows 98, Windows 98 SE (Second Edition), Windows Millennium Edition (ME), NT4 and Windows 2000.

Read the instructions and use it carefully so you don't do permanent damage to the Registry. If the Registry is damaged you will have to reinstall your operating system. Reg Cleaner can be obtained from www.jv16.org

Often a Windows problem can be resolved by entering Safe Mode. This can be done during start-up. When you see the message "Starting Windows" press F4. This should take you into Safe Mode.

Safe Mode loads a minimum of drivers. It allows you to find and fix problems that prevent Windows from loading properly.

Sometimes installing Windows is difficult because of unsuitable BIOS settings. If you keep getting SUWIN error messages (Windows setup) during the Windows installation, then try entering the BIOS and disabling the CPU internal cache. Try to disable the Level 2 (L2) cache if that doesn't work.

Remember to restore all the BIOS settings back to their former settings following installation.

9: Overheating

Central processing units (CPUs) are usually equipped with fans to keep them cool. If the fan fails or if the CPU gets old it may start to overheat and generate a particular kind of error called a kernel error. This is a common problem in chips that have been overclocked to operate at higher speeds than they are supposed to.

One remedy is to get a bigger better fan and install it on top of the CPU. Specialist cooling fans/heatsinks are available from www.computernerd.com or www.coolit.com

CPU problems can often be fixed by disabling the CPU internal cache in the BIOS. This will make the machine run more slowly, but it should also be more stable.

10: Power supply problems

With all the new construction going on around the country the steady supply of electricity has become disrupted. A power surge or spike can crash a computer as easily as a power cut.

If this has become a nuisance for you then consider buying a uninterrupted power supply (UPS). This will give you a clean power supply when there is electricity, and it will give you a few minutes to perform a controlled shutdown in case of a power cut.

It is a good investment if your data are critical, because a power cut will cause any unsaved data to be lost.

How to Restore a Deactivated / Missing CD/DVD Drive [Troubleshoot ]

2011-07-18T00:54:00.000+05:30

If your CD/DVD drive has disappeared from Windows Explorer and the system folder ‘My Computer’. A glance in the device manager shows that obviously there is some serious problem as the entries are marked with a yellow exclamation mark. This is also confirmed by opening ‘Properties’ in the context menu of the device as it reports “Error code 19” and an error in the registry.

This happens when you accidently deactivate your CD/DVD drive. It can be solved with one change to the registry.

The procedure is as follows..
Open the registry editor with ‘Start > Run’, ‘regedit’ and click ‘OK’

Go to the key HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\System\CurrentControlSet\Control\Class\{4D36E965-E325-11CE-BFC1-08002BE10318}.

In the right side of the window, delete both values ‘UpperFilters’ and ‘LowerFilters’.
To do that, select the successive entries, press [Del], and confirm the security query that will pop up.
After restarting your system, the drive will be available again.

20 Ways To Increase Laptop’s Battery Life

2011-07-18T00:52:00.001+05:30

Mobile computing has got better with lighter components, better chips and faster processors. But the Achilles heel of a laptop has remained its battery. So here are we are going to look at ways to increase laptop battery life.
Modern graphic intensive operating systems and resource hungry applications are cutting down the life of your laptop’s battery every day. The average battery life per continuous use still stands at a maximum of three to four hours. So, a fast depleting battery could very swiftly put the crutches on your ‘mobile’ road trip.
Falling just short of carrying an extra pack of batteries in the back-pack, are several ways to keep the juice flowing through the batteries.

1. Ship shape with a defrag

Regular defragmentation helps to arrange data more efficiently thus making the hard drive work less to access the data. The quicker the moving hard drive works lesser is the load placed on the battery. Thus, your batter can last longer. The effect is minimal, but this efficiency goes hand in glove with hard drive maintenance.

2. Kill the resource gobblers

End the background processes that are not vital. Monitor the resource usage through a ‘Ctrl-Alt-Del’ which brings up the Windows Task Manager (in Windows). If you’re not on the internet, it is safe to shut down the immediate non-essential programs running in the taskbar like the antivirus and the firewall. Weed out unnecessary programs running as start-ups by launching the System Configuration Utility from Run – Msconfig – Tab: Startup. Uncheck the programs which you don’t want to launch and reboot the computer once.

3. Pause the scheduled tasks

It may be a defrag or a virus scan, but make sure it is scheduled for a time when you are near a power outlet. If not then nix them for the moment.

4. Unplug external devices

USB devices are the biggest drainers of battery power. Unplug all external devices like an external mouse, PC cards, Wi-Fi, external speakers, Bluetooth and even an attached iPod.

5. Empty the CD/DVD Drives

Even if you don’t intend to use it, don’t leave any CD/DVDs as leftovers in the drives. A spinning drive sucks battery power like a sponge.

6. Go local

Desist using the DVD/external drives while running on batteries. Shift the content to the hard drive or run using (free) virtual drives like Pismo File Mount or even Microsoft’s Virtual CD ROM Control Panel.

7. Lower the lights

The LCD screen of a laptop is another huge power sink. Calibrate the brightness to the lowest level you can tolerate using the Function key toggles or using the Display Settings applet in the Control Panel.

8. Kill the sounds

Mute the speakers and try avoiding the use of multimedia software to maximize the battery life. Installed sound schemes also drain a battery perceptibly.

9. Rid the screensaver

To maximize battery life by a little, switch off the screensaver.

10. Visit Power Options

Get familiar with power management through the ‘Power Options’ applet in the Control Panel. Both XP and Vista come with advanced power management features which shut off components like the monitor and/or the hard drive after specified intervals. This again depends on the chosen ‘Power Schemes’ (for XP) in the same applet. For instance in XP, ‘Max Battery’ under Power Schemes can be selected for maximum battery optimization.

Similar settings can be found under ‘Mobile PC’ in the Control Panel of Vista.

11. Turn off the looks

Today’s OS’s like Windows Vista come with features like ‘Aero Glass’ which are resource guzzlers. One can turn it off and go for the ‘Classic’ appearance which consumes less power. In Vista, click on Desktop – Preferences – View Colour – Appearance – Classic Appearance and Windows Basic graphical interface. In XP it’s – Display Properties – Theme – Windows Classic.
Linux and even Macintosh are better optimized for longer battery life.

12. Hibernate is better than Sleep

In the Stand By mode (or sleep mode), the computer turns of the hard drive and the display but memory remains active while the CPU slows down. This draws on the battery. In contrast, hibernation mode is better because the computer saves the current state and shuts itself down completely thus saving power.

13. Get the most…work on the least

Working on too many programs while on the battery is a sure fire power drainer. Keep use of graphic intensive applications to a minimum. Working on a spreadsheet consumes much less than playing your favourite game. To increase the life of the battery open just one or two programs concurrently.

14. Ram in more RAM

Adequate RAM reduces the load on Virtual memory which by default resides on the hard drive. Though every extra bit of RAM uses up more power, it increases overall savings by short cutting access to the power hungry hard drive.

15. Keep it clean

A laptop with blocked air vents will generate more heat thus reducing the life of the battery. Clean the air vents regularly to keep operating temperatures low. Allow for open space around the vents for air to circulate freely. Keep the area around the laptop clean to avoid entry of dust.
16. Temperature is a silent killer

Undue heat kills off a battery slowly but surely. Avoid leaving the laptop under direct sunlight or inside a closed car.

17. Avoid the memory effect

A problem more for the older Ni-MH batteries than for Li-Ion batteries on which most modern laptops run. Memory effect relates to the loss of battery charge when they are repeatedly recharged after being only partially discharged. It can be prevented by discharging the battery fully and then completely recharging it. Li-Ion batteries on the other hand have no problems with partial discharges and re-charges and complete discharge is never recommended for this type.

18. Update software and drivers

This sounds a bit incongruous but then newer drivers and software are often designed to be more efficient (and hopefully less resource hungry).

19. Use the right adapter

Ensure that the adapter you use to charge the laptop battery is an original one or one with the correct specifications. A mismatch in the wattage could cause an overload thus damaging the laptop and the battery.

20. Pack it up
If you don’t plan to use the laptop on batteries for quite some time, ensure that the charge is nearly 40 percent – remove the batteries and store it in a cool place.
A typical lithium ion battery has an overall average life of 2-3 years. With some care and caution, its mortality can be delayed.

Increase Hard Disk speed in Windows

2011-07-18T00:50:00.000+05:30

If you like to increase/optimize your Hard Disk I/O - read/write speed without buying expensive software utilities to do that job or changing the HD, just follow next steps. With doing these steps you will increase Hard disk speed (depends of manufacture and specification, but its worth to try). The most speed improvement is visible with IDE drives;

In any case, it won't harm your system, so try it yourself and let me know what you find!

Steps:

1. Run SYSEDIT.EXE from the start & then Run command.
2. Expand the system.ini file window.
3. Scroll down almost to the end of the file untill you find a line called [386enh].
4. Press Enter to make one blank line, and in that line type
5. Irq14=4096 (note: This line IS CASE SENSITIVE)
6. Click on the File menu, then choose Save.
7. Close SYSEDIT and reboot your computer.
8. Restart windows!

The speed improvement will be noticed just after the system reboots, any system info. software can be used to check the improvement.

How to Change Color and Customize Command Prompt

2011-07-18T00:47:00.001+05:30

The typical grey-on-black theme of your command prompt can get boring. There are a few changes that can be made to the command prompt to look a little friendlier. The prompt itself can be customized, which by default displays C:\ or the path you’re currently on. This means you can change the path of the prompt. Here is how you can customize the Command Prompt..

The prompt can be changed by typing PROMPT followed by the parameters. PROMPT $P$G will restore the prompt to the default one.

Some of the parameters that can be used are as follows..

$D – Current date
$T – Current time
$P – Path
$G – >
$V – Windows Version
$M – Network path for mapped drives

You can also have the text on the title bar changed. Enter the command TITLE in the command prompt, followed by the text you want to display on the title bar.

For example, title %username% %date% %time% will display the currently logged in user name followed by the current date and time.

If all this seems unnecessary, and you want a change of color, the simplest way out is to right-click on the command prompt title bar and click on Properties. The fonts, colors and layout of Command Prompt can be changed from here.

program to concatanate two string object using dyanamic constructor

2011-07-17T21:33:00.001+05:30

PROBLEM: create a class string containing name and length as data members include dyanamic constructor to assign memory dyanamically for name. write a program to concatanate two string object and to display string object.

PROGRAM:

#include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<stdio.h>
#include<string.h>

class dstring
{
private:
char *name;
int length;
public:
dstring()
{
name[0]=NULL;
}

dstring(int l)
{
length=l;
name=new char[l];
}

void input()
{
gets(name);
}
void display()
{
cout<<"the string is"<<endl;
puts(name);
}

void concat(dstring &s1,dstring &s2,dstring &s3)
{
s3.name=strcat(s1.name,s2.name);
cout<<"concatanated the string is: "<<s3.name;
}
};

void main()
{
clrscr();
dstring s1(10);
cout<<"enter the 1st string"<<endl;
s1.input();
s1.display();
dstring s2(10);
cout<<"enter the 2nd string"<<endl;
s2.input();
s2.display();
dstring s3(20);
s3.concat(s1,s2,s3);
getch();
}

Hidden Program In Windows

2011-07-17T17:33:00.000+05:30

Go to Start > Run > and type in eudcedit - this will open up a font editor -
allowing you to design your own custom fonts and characters to be used in things like MS Word.
MS Microsoft Word Font Character Hidden Secret Program Windows XP

Top Tips to Maintain a Virus Free Computer

2011-07-17T17:30:00.001+05:30

Top Tips to Maintain a Virus Free Computer
Is your computer infected with virus? Do you often get mysterious error messages? Well this is a common problem faced by almost all the computer users across the globe. There are many viruses and worms out there that could infect your computer. Some are harmless, but, they do have the capacity to do any number of nasty things, up to and including, erasing all data from your computer. However there are ways to keep viruses away from your PC. Here are the 12 tips to maintain a virus free computer.

1. Email is one of the common ways by which your computer can catch a virus. So it is always recommended to stay away from SPAM. Open only those emails that has it’s origin from a trusted source such as those which comes from your contact list. If you are using your own private email host (other than gmail, yahoo, hotmail etc.) then it is highly recommended that you use a good anti-spam software. And finally NEVER click on any links in the emails that comes from untrusted sources.

2. USB thumb/pen drives is another common way by which viruses spread rapidly. So it is always a good habit to perform a virus scan before copying any data onto your computer. NEVER double-click the pen drive to open it. Instead right-click on it and select the option “open”. This is a safe way to open a pen drive.

3. Be careful about using MS Outlook. Outlook is more susceptible to worms than other e-mail programs, unless you have efficient Anti-Virus programs running. Use Pegasus or Thunderbird (by Mozilla), or a web-based program such as Hotmail or Yahoo (In Firefox).

4. As we all know, Internet is the main source of all the malicious programs including viruses, worms, trojans etc. In fact Internet contributes to virus infection by up to 80%. So here are the tips for safe surfing habits so that you can ward off virus infection up to the maximum extent.

Don’t click on pop-up windows that announce a sudden disaster in your city or announce that you’ve won an hourly prize. They are the ways to mislead Internet users and you should never trust them.
You can also use a pop-up blocker to automatically block those pop-ups.

5. Most of us use search engines like Google to find what we are looking for. It is quite obvious for a malicious website to get listed in the search results. So to avoid visiting those untrusted malicious websites, you can download and install the [URL="http://linkscanner.avg.com/"]AVG LinkScanner[/URL] which is a freeware. This tool can become very handy and will help you to stay away from malicious websites.

6. Install a good antivirus software and keep it updated. Also perform full system scan periodically. It is highly recommended that you turn on the automatic update feature. This is the most essential task to protect your PC from virues. If PC security is your first option then it is recommended that you go for a shareware antivirus software over the free ones. Most of the antivirus supports the Auto-Protect feature that provides realtime security for your PC. Make sure that this feature is turned on.

7. Install a good Antispyware program, that operates against Internet malware and spyware.

8. Never open any email attachments that come from untrusted sources. If it is a picture, text or sound file (these attachments end in the extensions .txt, .jpeg, .gif, .bmp, .tif, .mp3, .htm, .html, and .avi), you are probably safe, but still do a scan before opening.

9. Do not use disks that other people gave you, even from work. The disk could be infected with a virus. Of course, you can run a virus scan on it first to check it out.

10. Set up your Windows Update to automatically download patches and upgrades. This will allow your computer to automatically download any updates to both the operating system and Internet Explorer. These updates fix security holes in both pieces of software.

11. While you download files from untrusted websites/sources such as torrents, warez etc. make sure that you run a virus scan before executing them.

12. And finally it is recommended not to visit the websites that feature illegal/unwanted stuffs such as cracks, serials, warez etc. since they contribute much in spreading of viruses and other malicious programs.

Find ip address of the sender of a mail in Gmail, Yahoo and Hotmail

2011-07-17T17:15:00.000+05:30

When you receive an email, you receive more than just the message. The email comes with headers that carry important information that can tell where the email was sent from and possibly who sent it. For that, you would need to find the IP address of the sender. The tutorial below can help you find the IP address of the sender. Note that this will not work if the sender uses anonymous proxy servers.

Finding IP address in Gmail

1. Log into your Gmail account with your username and password.
2. Open the mail.
3. To display the headers,
* Click on More options corresponding to that thread. You should get a bunch of links.
* Click on Show original
4. You should get headers like this:
Gmail headers : name
Look for Received: from followed by a few hostnames and an IP address between square brackets. In this case, it is

65.119.112.245.
That is be the IP address of the sender!
5. Track the IP address of the sender

Finding IP address in Yahoo! Mail

1. Log into your Yahoo! mail with your username and password.
2. Click on Inbox or whichever folder you have stored your mail.
3. Open the mail.
4. If you do not see the headers above the mail message, your headers are not displayed. To display the headers,
* Click on Options on the top-right corner
* In the Mail Options page, click on General Preferences
* Scroll down to Messages where you have the Headers option
* Make sure that Show all headers on incoming messages is selected
* Click on the Save button
* Go back to the mails and open that mail
5. You should see similar headers like this:
Yahoo! headers : name
Look for Received: from followed by the IP address between square brackets [ ]. Here, it is 202.65.138.109.
That is be the IP address of the sender!
6. Track the IP address of the sender

Finding IP address in Hotmail

1. Log into your Hotmail account with your username and password.
2. Click on the Mail tab on the top.
3. Open the mail.
4. If you do not see the headers above the mail message, your headers are not displayed. To display the headers,
* Click on Options on the top-right corner
* In the Mail Options page, click on Mail Display Settings
* In Message Headers, make sure Advanced option is checked
* Click on Ok button
* Go back to the mails and open that mail
5. If you find a header with X-Originating-IP: followed by an IP address, that is the sender's IP address
Hotmail headers : name ,In this case the IP address of the sender is [68.34.60.59]. Jump to step 9.
6. If you find a header with Received: from followed by a Gmail proxy like this
Hotmail headers : name
Look for Received: from followed by IP address within square brackets[].
In this case, the IP address of the sender is [69.140.7.58]. Jump to step 9.
7. Or else if you have headers like this
Hotmail headers : name
Look for Received: from followed by IP address within square brackets[].
In this case, the IP address of the sender is [61.83.145.129] (Spam mail). Jump to step 9.
8. * If you have multiple Received: from headers, eliminate the ones that have proxy.anyknownserver.com.
9. Track the IP address of the sender

8 tweeks to make Firefox ridiculously fast

2011-07-17T17:13:00.001+05:30

Firefox has been outperforming IE in every department for years, and version 3 is speedier than ever.

But tweak the right settings and you could make it faster still, more than doubling your speed in some situations, all for about five minutes work and for the cost of precisely nothing at all. Here's what you need to do.

1. Enable pipelining
Browsers are normally very polite, sending a request to a server then waiting for a response before continuing. Pipelining is a more aggressive technique that lets them send multiple requests before any responses are
received, often reducing page download times. To enable it, type about:config in the address bar, double-click network.http.pipelining and network.http.proxy.pipelining so their values are set to true, then double-click network.http.pipelining.maxrequests and set this to 8.

Keep in mind that some servers don't support pipelining, though, and if you regularly visit a lot of these then the tweak can actually reduce performance. Set network.http.pipelining and network.http.proxy.pipelining to false again if you have any problems.

2. Render quickly
Large, complex web pages can take a while to download. Firefox doesn't want to keep you waiting, so by default will display what it's received so far every 0.12 seconds (the "content notify interval"). While this helps the browser feel snappy, frequent redraws increase the total page load time, so a longer content notify interval will improve performance.

Type about:config and press [Enter], then right-click (Apple users ctrl-click) somewhere in the window and select New > Integer. Type content.notify.interval as your preference name, click OK, enter 500000 (that's five hundred thousand, not fifty thousand) and click OK again.

Right-click again in the window and select New > Boolean. This time create a value called content.notify.ontimer and set it to True to finish the job.

3. Faster loading
If you haven't moved your mouse or touched the keyboard for 0.75 seconds (the content switch threshold) then Firefox enters a low frequency interrupt mode, which means its interface becomes less responsive but your page loads more quickly. Reducing the content switch threshold can improve performance, then, and it only takes a moment.

Type about:config and press [Enter], right-click in the window and select New > Integer. Type content.switch.threshold, click OK, enter 250000 (a quarter of a second) and click OK to finish.

4. No interruptions
You can take the last step even further by telling Firefox to ignore user interface events altogether until the current page has been downloaded. This is a little drastic as Firefox could remain unresponsive for quite some time, but try this and see how it works for you.

Type about:config, press [Enter], right-click in the window and select New > Boolean. Type content.interrupt.parsing, click OK, set the value to False and click OK.

5. Block Flash
Intrusive Flash animations are everywhere, popping up over the content you actually want to read and slowing down your browsing. Fortunately there's a very easy solution. Install the Flashblock extension (flashblock.mozdev.org) and it'll block all Flash applets from loading, so web pages will display much more quickly. And if you discover some Flash content that isn't entirely useless, just click its placeholder to download and view the applet as normal.

6. Increase the cache size
As you browse the web so Firefox stores site images and scripts in a local memory cache, where they can be speedily retrieved if you revisit the same page. If you have plenty of RAM (2 GB of more), leave Firefox running all the time and regularly return to pages then you can improve performance by increasing this cache size. Type about:config and press [Enter], then right-click anywhere in the window and select New > Integer. Type browser.cache.memory.capacity, click OK, enter 65536 and click OK, then restart your browser to get the new, larger cache.

7. Enable TraceMonkey
TraceMonkey is a new Firefox feature that converts slow Javascript into super-speedy x86 code, and so lets it run some functions anything up to 20 times faster than the current version. It's still buggy so isn't available in the regular Firefox download yet, but if you're willing to risk the odd crash or two then there's an easy way to try it out.
Install the latest nightly build (

ftp://ftp.mozilla.org/pub/firefox/nightly/latest-trunk/

), launch it, type about:config in the address bar and press Enter. Type JIT in the filter box, then double-click javascript.options.jit.chrome and javascript.options.jit.content to change their values to true, and that's it - you're running the fastest Firefox Javascript engine ever.

8. Compress data
If you've a slow internet connection then it may feel like you'll never get Firefox to perform properly, but that's not necessarily true. Install toonel.net (toonel.net) and this clever Java applet will re-route your web traffic through its own server, compressing it at the same time, so there's much less to download. And it can even compress JPEGs by allowing you to reduce their quality. This all helps to cut your data transfer, useful if you're on a limited 1 GB-per-month account, and can at best double your browsing performance.

Computer Acronyms

2011-07-17T17:09:00.000+05:30

Here is a list of computer acronyms.

--- A ---
ADSL - Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line
AGP - Accelerated Graphics Port
ALI - Acer Labs, Incorporated
ALU - Arithmetic Logic Unit
AMD - Advanced Micro Devices
APC - American Power Conversion
ASCII - American Standard Code for Information Interchange
ASIC - Application Specific Integrated Circuit
ASPI - Advanced SCSI Programming Interface
AT - Advanced Technology
ATI - ATI Technologies Inc.
ATX - Advanced Technology Extended

--- B ---
BFG - BFG Technologies
BIOS - Basic Input Output System
BNC - Barrel Nut Connector

--- C ---
CAS - Column Address Signal
CD - Compact Disk
CDR - Compact Disk Recorder
CDRW - Compact Disk Re-Writer
CD-ROM - Compact Disk - Read Only Memory
CFM - Cubic Feet per Minute (ft�/min)
CMOS - Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor
CPU - Central Processing Unit
CTX - CTX Technology Corporation (Commited to Excellence)

--- D ---

DDR - Double Data Rate
DDR-SDRAM - Double Data Rate - Synchronous Dynamic Random Access Memory
DFI - DFI Inc. (Design for Innovation)
DIMM - Dual Inline Memory Module
DRAM - Dynamic Random Access Memory
DPI - Dots Per Inch
DSL - See ASDL
DVD - Digital Versatile Disc
DVD-RAM - Digital Versatile Disk - Random Access Memory

--- E ---
ECC - Error Correction Code
ECS - Elitegroup Computer Systems
EDO - Extended Data Out
EEPROM - Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory
EPROM - Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory
EVGA - EVGA Corporation

--- F ---
FC-PGA - Flip Chip Pin Grid Array
FDC - Floppy Disk Controller
FDD - Floppy Disk Drive
FPS - Frame Per Second
FPU - Floating Point Unit
FSAA - Full Screen Anti-Aliasing
FS - For Sale
FSB - Front Side Bus

--- G ---
GB - Gigabytes
GBps - Gigabytes per second or Gigabits per second
GDI - Graphical Device Interface
GHz - GigaHertz

--- H ---
HDD - Hard Disk Drive
HIS - Hightech Information System Limited
HP - Hewlett-Packard Development Company
HSF - Heatsink-Fan

--- I ---
IBM - International Business Machines Corporation
IC - Integrated Circuit
IDE - Integrated Drive Electronics
IFS- Item for Sale
IRQ - Interrupt Request
ISA - Industry Standard Architecture
ISO - International Standards Organization

--- J ---
JBL - JBL (Jame B. Lansing) Speakers
JVC - JVC Company of America

--- K ---
Kbps - Kilobits Per Second
KBps - KiloBytes per second

--- L ---
LG - LG Electronics
LAN - Local Area Network
LCD - Liquid Crystal Display
LDT - Lightning Data Transport
LED - Light Emitting Diode

--- M ---
MAC - Media Access Control
MB � MotherBoard or Megabyte
MBps - Megabytes Per Second
Mbps - Megabits Per Second or Megabits Per Second
MHz - MegaHertz
MIPS - Million Instructions Per Second
MMX - Multi-Media Extensions
MSI - Micro Star International

--- N ---
NAS - Network Attached Storage
NAT - Network Address Translation
NEC - NEC Corporation
NIC - Network Interface Card

--- O ---
OC - Overclock (Over Clock)
OCZ - OCZ Technology
OEM - Original Equipment Manufacturer

--- P ---
PC - Personal Computer
PCB - Printed Circuit Board
PCI - Peripheral Component Interconnect
PDA - Personal Digital Assistant
PCMCIA - Peripheral Component Microchannel Interconnect Architecture
PGA - Professional Graphics Array
PLD - Programmable Logic Device
PM - Private Message / Private Messaging
PnP - Plug 'n Play
PNY - PNY Technology
POST - Power On Self Test
PPPoA - Point-to-Point Protocol over ATM
PPPoE - Point-to-Point Protocol over Ethernet
PQI - PQI Corporation
PSU - Power Supply Unit

--- R ---
RAID - Redundant Array of Inexpensive Disks
RAM - Random Access Memory
RAMDAC - Random Access Memory Digital Analog Convertor
RDRAM - Rambus Dynamic Random Access Memory
ROM - Read Only Memory
RPM - Revolutions Per Minute

--- S ---
SASID - Self-scanned Amorphous Silicon Integrated Display
SCA - SCSI Configured Automatically
SCSI - Small Computer System Interface
SDRAM - Synchronous Dynamic Random Access Memory
SECC - Single Edge Contact Connector
SODIMM - Small Outline Dual Inline Memory Module
SPARC - Scalable Processor ArChitecture
SOHO - Small Office Home Office
SRAM - Static Random Access Memory
SSE - Streaming SIMD Extensions
SVGA - Super Video Graphics Array
S/PDIF - Sony/Philips Digital Interface

--- T ---
TB - Terabytes
TBps - Terabytes per second
Tbps - Terabits per second
TDK - TDK Electronics
TEC - Thermoelectric Cooler
TPC - TipidPC
TWAIN - Technology Without An Important Name

--- U ---
UART - Universal Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter
USB - Universal Serial Bus
UTP - Unshieled Twisted Pair

--- V ---
VCD - Video CD
VPN - Virtual Private Network

--- W ---
WAN - Wide Area Network
WTB - Want to Buy
WYSIWYG - What You See Is What You Get

--- X ---
XGA - Extended Graphics Array
XFX - XFX Graphics, a Division of Pine
XMS - Extended Memory Specification
XT - Extended Technology