Mysterious All

The largest pterosaur teeth.

2012-02-18T11:21:00.000+06:00

The largest known toothed pterosaurs: wingspan reaching seven meters. The first two teeth of each jaw are directed forward and may have been a 7 cm long, and two teeth behind them - a little more than 10 cm - says co-author David Martill of the University of Portsmouth (UK). - Together they form a sort of rosettes, and suitable for fishing, and in order to intimidate a competitor. " Mr. David Martill and Unwin University of Leicester (UK) have analyzed the fragmentary fossil from the collection of London's Natural History Museum. He was found in the Albian age Lower Cretaceous layer (about 100 million years ago) geological formation Grinsend Cambridge in eastern England. In those days the neighborhood of Cambridge, were under water, but perhaps in south London has a small island. In these latitudes, tropical climate prevailed. Based on other findings, the region was teeming with fish, ichthyosaur, plesiosaurs, crocodiles, turtles, dinosaurs (including primitive birds). A new pterosaur yields the largest toothless fellow named Quetzalcoatlus - the penalty with his wingspan.

The Catholic Church has recognized the existence of aliens

2012-02-17T19:28:00.000+06:00

The Vatican recognized the possible existence of extraterrestrials. "If there are extraterrestrial beings somewhere, they should be treated as our brothers and creation of God," - said the director of the Vatican Astronomical Observatory, Jose Gabriel Funes. Until now, the Catholic Church avoided simple answers to the question of the existence of extraterrestrials. Changing its position due to the fact that the observatory may have information about the existence of extraterrestrial life. On his own initiative, the Vatican astronomer has long been engaged in this issue. According to the Vatican scientists, the existence of extraterrestrials does not contradict the teachings of the Church of Jesus - the savior of the universe, not just the Earth.

The mystery of the brain is the secret of creation - The Power thought

2012-02-17T09:19:00.000+06:00

The Science and technology made it possible to overcome the formula Tyutchev and transfer thoughts from one person to another or from person-to-computer (robot) directly, without a word. Arises whether this new civilization that avoids speech and muscular effort, very soon find out. And yet - the first steps along the way exploring Explorer "Week", Peter Designs. I recently caught the eye of the famous site of illusionist David Copperfield. I have before me four cards of different suits - jack, queen, king, queen yet. We must look closely at any of the cards, remember it and click on the "button". Copperfield promises that he will remove it from the map screen, though he does not know me and just know how to read the thoughts of a computer. And, oh my God, the card actually disappears, it is the same! I was brought up on the rule of thumb, and the only true Marxist-Leninist doctrine of the classics ... I mean, ugh you class! - The focus is cast into despair.
How is it done? It can not be!

And, indeed, thought-reading was not. Around 15 minutes after I repeated the trick (in favor of Copperfield!) Ten times, all became clear. In fact, magician removes the four cards, and to place the remaining three poses the same jack-queen-king, but other colors, although the same red or black. Of course, if you remove all cards removed and my - any conceived card. And note that the remaining three places he put three very different but very similar cards, can not at once. And, after all. Is it possible to control the flow of events, different devices or individuals with only a thought? Now that's an interesting question. The brain of any man shows electromagnetic activity. This activity has been quite a long time to fix in the form of electroencephalogram. And if in some point to enter the brain electrodes, or even bring them into contact with the skull, the electromagnetic waves can be strengthened in the form of electrical current to transmit signals to the brain in any instruments and apparatus. Since each team is supplied to the brain to the muscles and organs of the body corresponds to a particular signal, we can learn to give the appropriate signals and connected to individual devices. The design of the "man - thought - electrodes - wires - the device" has already been implemented. This is currently the only existing way to control the power of thought. Constructions of "the man - thought - the device" does not exist as yet there is no scheme "man - thought - man", although examples of telepathy (and this is telepathy) written thousands of articles in pale and dark yellow press. "I was in the hall, where the experiments were set, and the scene was" telepayuschy ... "
Telepathy addicted to the middle of last century.

American scientists have discovered an unusual planet

2012-02-16T09:21:00.000+06:00

The astronomers from the University of Pennsylvania in the United States, led by Dr. Kevin Looman using Hubble Space Telescope has discovered an unusual planet that does not fit the accepted view of how the formation of these celestial bodies, reports Space.com. Public scientists object rotates around a red dwarf CHXR 73 at a distance of 500 light years from our solar system. He was named CHXR 73 B. The object mass of 12 Jupiter masses is from the parent star at a distance of 31.3 billion miles - 200 times farther than Earth from the Sun. According to existing theories, protoplanetary disks have a diameter of red dwarfs are not more than 16 billion kilometers. Moreover, the theory predicted that gas formed at a distance of about 5 billion miles from the star. Thus, CHXR 73 B, probably was not formed from the gas-dust disk stars and clusters independently of the interstellar gas - like stars and brown dwarfs. Studies amazing planet will continue with a telescope James Webb (James Webb Space Telescope).

Earth's ozone layer recovers

2012-02-15T09:30:00.000+06:00

The scientists led by Yoon Young-soo of the Georgia Institute of Technology (

USA

) reviewed the independent observations made at different altitudes in Earth's atmosphere over the past 25 years. There is strong evidence of recovery of the ozone layer, "- said the press service of the U.S. National Administration (NASA). Researchers found that depletion of the ozone layer of the planet outside the polar regions, which began in 1979, does not occur in 1997. "About half of the changes in the ozone layer has occurred in the stratosphere at an altitude of 17.7 kilometers, and other changes - in the lower stratosphere at altitudes of 10 to 17 kilometers" - the press-service.

To measure the level of ozone at different altitudes, scientists used meteorological data probes, independent of ground stations, five NASA satellites and meteorological USA. The data obtained were compared with computer model of recovery of the ozone layer. In the calculations take into account various factors that may affect the ozone layer, for example, solar activity or the change of seasons. For the first time, scientists have paid attention to the problem of ozone holes in 1980. Seven years later for the Preservation of the Ozone Layer was adopted by the Montreal Protocol. "Research has shown that the Montreal Protocol and its amendments have succeeded in stopping the destruction of the ozone layer. Judging by today's pace of recovery, the global ozone layer, the most optimistic projections, may recover to 1980 levels in the middle of this century "- quoted by Professor Yang NASA's press office.

Resuscitation of dead

2012-02-14T19:11:00.000+06:00

The Scientists, clinicians and engineers in the intensive care center at Pennsylvania State University, is working on finding methods of resuscitation of patients, after spending a long time in a state of clinical death. It all starts at the cellular level. According to an associate professor of critical care medicine doctor Honglina Zhou, you can fairly accurately determine the cells are alive or not, in contrast to larger systems, which consist of them. Each cell has a tight outer membrane that serves to separate the content from the environment and filter molecules necessary for its existence. As we approach the death of the cell, its membrane becomes weaker. If you violate the integrity of cell membranes are killed. According to Dr. Chow, when the "cross" the membrane reaches a point where the contents of the cell comes out, its fate is predetermined. Combine the dead cells, science is not able to.

However, it became clear that some cells may remain alive for a long time, even though the abrupt loss of access to oxygen and nutrients. Most susceptible to loss of power are the brain cells - irreversible changes in the organ begins after only 5-10 minutes after cardiac arrest. Moreover, the sharp intake of oxygen and nutrients to cells deprived of them for a long time, those leads to the inevitable self-destruction. The reasons are not fully understood, but scientists have found a way to extend the lifespan of cells. In 1999, a Swedish student-physician Anna Bagenholm fell through the ice. More than 40 minutes trying to get her friends and the girl's heart had stopped. After another 40 minutes, medics arrived at the scene that the girl was loaded on the helicopter and began CPR. Anna's heart began to beat again only after 3 hours and 55 minutes after the stop, and eventually it is almost fully recovered. Researchers have studied her case and concluded that, despite such a long time in a state of clinical death, biological death occurred due to low temperature (on arrival at hospital her body temperature was only 13 degrees). Thus, rapidly reducing the patient's body to 33 degrees with the help of a special intravenous solution, physicians have more time for resuscitation. It turned out that way you can revive patients whose hearts stopped beating for a few tens of minutes. Physicians do not care whether it is a return to the life of the dead or not, it is important result. Dr Chow said that he talked with survivors of a relatively long clinical death. And while their brains survived, they do not remember what they felt or experienced during cardiac arrest. By the way, scientists at the nonprofit organization "Bureau of Population" (Washington, DC), set out to count the number of people who lived on this planet ever. Demographers have presented the organization, they said, "polunauchny" method of counting. Results of the study are approximate banal reason for the "complete lack of demographic data over a period of time 99% of human existence." It turned out that the history of our species was born more than 107 billion people.

Mass extinction of all life on planet Earth

2012-02-14T12:11:00.000+06:00

The Earth has entered into another period of extinction of the biosphere, which resulted in thousands of species disappear, President of the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), Ashok Khosla. "We are witnessing the 6th mass extinction, which takes place on the planet Earth from the moment of her life. Last - the fifth - led to the extinction of the dinosaurs, "- said Khosla in a meeting with reporters in Moscow. In particular, the human race be without risk of fishery resources by 2050. Every day the world is cut down and burnt about 50 hectares of forests every day about 20 thousand hectares of farmland turning into desert, and broken by ravines. Every day in the atmosphere 60 million tons of carbon dioxide, which is reflected in all corners of the earth.

For example, some island nations may be flooded in the next century due to rising waters in the oceans. Currently, scientists recognize five major mass extinctions. The latter led to the disappearance of 65 million years ago dinosaurs. His reasons still not fully understood. The death of the dinosaurs could have caused the fall of the meteorite, a supernova explosion, powerful volcanic eruptions, or climate change. Now on the brink of extinction are 19.6 thousand species of animals and plants - a third of all species that exist on Earth. Over the past two decades, the number of species threatened with extinction, has doubled. If the predatory attitude toward nature will continue, then, as some pessimists, 2050 Planet empty.

A storm is raging in the Crimea ...

2012-02-14T11:11:00.000+06:00

The Crimean peninsula remain difficult weather situation, the air temperature -14 degrees, the speed of the north wind 23 - 26 meters per second, gusts up to 35 m / s. De-energized 82 settlements with a total population of people, 56 000 people. Storm raging on February 6 off the coast of Alushta, partially destroyed not only the central waterfront resort, but its south-western part, a well-known "Professor's Corner."Here, in addition to most of the damage to various beach structures, retaining walls due to washing away the failures appeared paved road. Part of the center of the promenade, close to schools, "Castel" and rest homes "Sea" and partly sank into the ground in a hole in a length of about 35 meters, a width of about 10 meters and a depth of about 10 meters.

Entry of vehicles into the territory of the western part of the waterfront view of what is happening is prohibited. February 8 in Alushta has been a meeting of the commission of an emergency, which was attended by the entire leadership of the city and all the emergency services. The key now - to prevent loss of life," - said in his speech before the public utilities, law enforcement officers and rescue workers first secretary of the City Council Soloviev. He also appealed to the City Attorney, that he took personal control of work processes for all services in the aftermath of the hurricane. Previously, suffered extensive destruction of the city of Alushta central promenade and coastal zone Partenit. At the same time a little earlier due to strong gusty winds were torn from the roofs of buildings covering four new schools in Simferopol .. But hotels and motels hardly affected, probably affected the quality of public space has the Soviet era. What can I say, if built on the conscience and therefore stay in Alushta hotel in good order and within a fortnight to the beginning of spring, will receive its first visitors - those, for then the numbers are not easily scared .. According to the press center of the city council in Simferopol, in these schools zanyatiya suspended, while other schools and kindergartens are attended as usual. In the area of Kerch in a number of streets in the form of permanent leakage of water from the culvert on the road broken through the solid ice crust formed, and about 200 meters of road surface turned into a pile of ice ridges, alternating with complete wells as water leaks, and immediately frozen. The Prime Minister of Crimea Anatoly Mogilev was said that the situation on the Crimean peninsula today is under control and therefore the state of emergency will not be.

Eight reasons to hate Valentine's Day

2012-02-14T10:08:00.000+06:00

Valentine's Day - February 14 - is able to inflict a severe blow to emotional health. Those of us who have not yet found his other half, may have deep feelings and suffering, because awareness of one's being alone that day acute as ever. Experts clarify that people who already have bad enough of agony about the lack of family experience February 14 even more upset - Festive boom forces them to once again make sure that the thousands of pairs (unlike them) would be fun.But love, as it turned out, threaten the problem. stress caused by troubles in connection with the organization of events and the need to buy a gift, tangible effort on the psyche. In addition the mood is deteriorating because of the tangibility of financial expenditure, it is no secret that Valentine's Day romantic attributes prices jump at an incredible rate.

A study in the UK study, incidentally, shows that more women in this day refuse to settle for "trivial" in the form of gifts of flowers and chocolates. According to one of the local media, "in the form of candy hearts, stuffed animals with the inscription" I love you "and colored valentine school ... only to impress" the fairer sex are unwittingly participating in the competition, who are smarter all day, Valentine said. They show off ornaments, which they presented and restaurants in which they were taken. And for those who could not celebrate this holiday at a high level of excitement and tears are inevitable.
What do the opponents of Valentine's Day
WOMEN:
- The harder depict perfect furry family happiness, the more vile feeling that everything is in love with each other unlike the stronger and thousands of times more likely to afford good sex.
- Valentine's Day .. in February! Yes, this is the most gloomy, cold and a bad time of the year!
- On this day, a man whom you call "favorite" is particularly pathetic. There is no doubt - tables of all decent places are already booked.
- Of course, a chance to get a gift that would, there is always the case. But it is usually overlooked.
MEN:
- This holiday makes men do stupid - to light candles and all that jazz.
- It's a real robbery! Flowers, dinner at a restaurant, a taxi ... Maybe, just give her money?
- Buy her underwear, you should not just choose the right size, style and color - you have to pretend that it is not pyalites on the chest of the other girls.
- And where gifts for men? We have something that we get from this holiday?
FACT IN THE SUBJECT
In Germany, February 14 - the day the mentally ill. The Germans spetskliniki visit, bringing gifts to patients, and decorating their homes sad colored ribbons and flowers. Contrary to popular belief, Valentin in Germany - not the patron of lovers, and a personal saint insane.

The lake, where 20 million years ago

2012-02-13T14:01:00.000+06:00

A depth of 2.5 km below the surface of Antarctica is a lake, which according to conservative estimates about 20 million years. But the whole sensation of an important discovery is that within those 20 million years ago the lake had no contact with the external environment. 20 years at Vostok Station in Antarctica, Russian scientists have carried out the drilling and preparation of access to the lake and further penetration into it. According to scientists, the lake, which is also called the East, contains more fresh water than any other well-known lake in the world. The lake water is in liquid state for the reason that is heated by a warm core of our planet. Scientists believe that once they manage to get to the lake, they will be able to monitor the life that was hidden for 20 million years, and the lake was part of the continent, which was part of Australia.

Some scientists held their breath and expect the first results of research, because, in their opinion, the lake and part of the ancient continent may be nothing more than the lost Atlantis. The discovery has already managed to make some noise in the scientific community, because who does not expect such discoveries to the coldest continent on the planet. But there is a negative scenario relating to access to the underground lake. Some scientists believe that if not properly drilled when the drill penetrates into the lake, could cause an explosion of gas which accumulated in the depths of millions of years. As a result, you can get a split of the icy continent, erupting geysers, and then access to the lake will be impossible. But, if all goes well, and attempt to penetrate into the lake will be successful, scientists will be able to answer the question: what is concealed under the ice moons of Jupiter and Saturn, will answer questions about the composition of the icy surface of exoplanets. So this discovery makes it possible to make a breakthrough not only in earthly life, but also in terms of life on other planets. The results can also be a significant and positive for earthlings and negative, but it will comment on the scientists in achieving the goal.

What is death?

2012-02-12T19:01:00.000+06:00

A member of the Royal Geographical Society, Sir William Barrett issued a printed work on the visions of the dying. According to information gathered by it the general public to learn that before his death, people are watching other worlds, listen to music and often see dead relatives.But only in the early 70s of the twentieth century, an American professor of philosophy and psychology, MD, Raymond Moody has become one of the first medical professionals who took up the study a little-known phenomenon, which has been called their "near death experience." According to the research scientist, published in 1975 book "Life After Life." Immediately after the publication, it became a bestseller. Suffice it to say that before the end of 1999 had sold over three million copies of this publication. The above mentioned facts fundamentally change all preconceived notions about a person's death.

The book analyzed 150 accidents feeling trapped in a state of clinical death, but then returned to life. We remind the reader that clinical death is reversible stage of dying, which occurs within minutes after cessation of circulatory and respiratory systems. Length of stay of man in this state at normal body temperature is typically less than 8 minutes in the cooling conditions may slightly lengthen. In carrying out resuscitation (Latin re - re + animatio - recovery) measures a person can be derived from a state of clinical death and returned to life.
Raymond Moody found that the near-death experiences people peace, out of body experiences, flying inside the "tunnel" approach to the light source, and more. Printed work gave impetus to further American followers in this direction.
Of course, scientists have tried to give a scientific explanation of the phenomenon. As it turned out, not only the dying experience a similar range of experiences. Similar visions are inherent, for example, drug addicts after taking LSD, people engaged in meditation, patients with epilepsy. They were not in the arms of death, but saw the tunnel and at the end of his light.
The famous American scholar, chairman of the International Association of Transpersonal Psychology, Stanislav Grof, MD, and John Halifax hypothesized: a flight departing from life through the tunnel - is not nothing but a "memory" about the first moments of birth. In other words, this movement the baby through the birth canal at birth. Bright light at the end - it is the light of the world, which gets a little man.
Another hypothesis suggested neuroscientist Jack Cowan. According to the researcher, the tunnel vision of a dying cause areas of the cerebral cortex responsible for processing visual information. The effect is dizzying flight through the pipe occurs when brain cells die from lack of oxygen. At this time, the so-called visual cortex of the brain waves of excitation occur. They are concentric circles and are seen as a man flying through the tunnel. At the end of the 90s researchers from Bristol University was modeled on a computer visual process of dying brain cells. It was found that at this moment in the human mind every time a picture of a moving tunnel. So, Susan Blackmore and Tom Prosyanko confirmed the rightness of the hypothesis D. Cowan. There is also a theory that "posthumous" vision caused by fear of impending death, or the influence of drugs administered to the patient. And yet, in spite of the persistent attempts of scientists to understand the phenomenon, a number of phenomena has no answer. Indeed, as, for example, explain that the person is unconscious, is able to see what is happening around him? According to the number of intensive care physicians are often patients who have returned from the "other world", told in detail what actions are producing doctors with their lifeless bodies, and even that was the place to be at this time in neighboring wards. How do you explain the incredible vision? Answer by science could not provide.
Post-mortem consciousness - not fiction
And finally sensation. In early 2001, was published study conducted by Peter Fenwick of London Institute of Psychiatry and Sam Parin Central Hospital Southampton. Scientists have been obtained compelling evidence that human consciousness is not dependent on the activity of the brain and continues to live when all the processes in the brain has ceased. The scientific work of experimentalists have studied the medical history and personally interviewed 63 cardiac patients who survived clinical death.
It was found that 56 had returned from the dead do not remember anything. They lost consciousness and came to life in a hospital bed. However, seven remained distinct memories of what they experienced during the period of clinical death. The four claim that they possessed a sense of peace and joy, time ran faster, feeling his body has disappeared, the mood was upbeat, even sublime. Then came a bright light, indicating a transition to another world. A little later there were mythical creatures like angels or saints. All respondents were for a time in a different world, and then came back to reality.
It should be noted that these patients were not pious. For example, the three admitted that they do not attend church. Thus, to explain these stories religious fanaticism does not work.
But the sensational trials in the British scientists have been quite different. Carefully studying the medical records lively, doctors verdict - the traditional view of the termination of the brain due to oxygen deficiency is erroneous. No one has visited in the state of clinical death, there have been no significant reduction of life-giving gas in the tissues of the central nervous system.
Rejected was another hypothesis - if the vision can be caused by irrational combination drugs used in resuscitation. Everything was done strictly according to the standard.
Sam Parin claims that proceeded to research, being a skeptic, but now am one hundred percent, "there is something there." "Our patients have experienced their amazing state at a time when the brain is no longer able to function, and therefore was not able to play any of the memories." According to the researcher, human consciousness is not a function of the brain. And if so, says Peter Fenwick, "consciousness may well continue to exist after the physical death of the body."
When we examine the brain, - writes Sam Parin - that is clearly visible: the cells of gray matter in their structure, in principle, no different from other cells. They also produce proteins and other chemicals, but they can not produce subjective thoughts and images which we define as human consciousness. In the end, our brains need us just as a receiver-transmitter. He works as a sort of "live TV", first sees the waves that come into it, and then convert them to images and sounds that make up a holistic picture. "
Later, in December 2001, three Dutch researchers from the hospital Riyensteyt led by Pim van Lommel spent most extensive study to date of survivors of clinical death. Results were published in his article "The experience of surviving Okolosmertelny" after cardiac arrest: a targeted study of specially formed groups in the Netherlands "in the British medical journal" The Lancet ". Dutch scientists have come to conclusions similar to the findings of their British colleagues from Southampton.
Based on statistical data collected over a decade, scientists have established that the vision is not visited by every person who has survived clinical death. Only 62 people (18%) of 344, 509 underwent intensive care, kept clear memories of what they experienced during the time between death and "resurrection."
During the period of clinical death, more than half surveyed have experienced positive emotions. Awareness of the fact of his own death was noted in 50% of cases. In 32% of so-called "near-death experience" meeting took place with the dead people. On the flight through the tunnel told me one third of dying. Pictures of an alien landscape seen almost as many respondents. The phenomena of out of body experience (when a person sees himself on the side) experienced a 24% returned to life. Brilliant flash of light was fixed the same number of respondents. In 13% of people saw rushing succession of pictures of past life. They said that they had seen the border between the living and the dead, at least 10% of the people. No one visited the other world is not reported frightening or unpleasant sensations. Particularly impressive is that the visual experiences told congenitally blind people, they just repeated word for word narration sighted.
It is interesting to note that some time before an American researcher Dr. Ring made an attempt to clarify the contents of dying visions of the blind. He together with his colleague Sharon Cooper has recorded evidence of 18 people, blind from birth, who for some reason were in states that are close to death.
According to the respondents, the vision began dying for them the only way to understand what it means to see. One had been in a state of clinical death, Vicki Yumipeg experienced "out of body" in the hospital. Vicki looked at from above himself, lying on the operating table, and the team of doctors who conducted the intensive care unit. Since she first saw and understood what the light.
Blind from birth Marsha Martin, experienced a similar deathbed visions, remember most of all variety of colors in the world. Martin believes that near-death experience helped him understand how they see the world of sighted people.
But back to the study of Dutch scientists. They set a goal - to determine exactly when a person has visions during near-death or during the brain. Van Lammel and colleagues claim that they managed to do. The conclusion of researchers is that the vision was observed at the time "off" of the central nervous system. Thus, it was shown that consciousness exists independently of the brain.
Perhaps the most striking Van Lammel said case, which has recorded one of his colleagues. The patient, who is in a coma, was taken to hospital emergency rooms. Measures to revive were unsuccessful. Brain dead, encephalogram was a straight line. We decided to use intubation (the introduction of the larynx and trachea tube for artificial ventilation and airway patency). In the mouth of the victim was a dental prosthesis. The doctor took it and put it on the table. After half an hour the patient's heart beat and blood pressure returned to normal. A week later, when the same employee of the patients carried the drugs, who returned from the dead, said to her: "You know where my dentures! You took out my teeth and stuck them in the drawer of a table on wheels! "During a thorough survey found that the victim saw myself lying on the top bunk. He described the ward and the doctors at the time of his death. The man was very afraid that doctors will stop the revival, and every effort would make it clear to them that he is alive His belief that consciousness can exist apart from the brain, Dutch researchers confirm the purity of the experiments. In order to exclude the possibility of so-called false memories (a situation where people, hearing stories from others about the postmortem visions, and suddenly "remembers" what he never had), religious fanaticism, and other similar cases, researchers have carefully studied all the factors that could affect reports on the victims.
All respondents were mentally healthy. These were men and women from 26 to 92 years of age with different levels of education, believing and not believing in God. Some people heard before about the "near-death experience", others - no.
Dutch general conclusions are as follows: after-death visions people have for the period of suspension of the brain and can not be explained by lack of oxygen in the cells of the central nervous system, at a depth of "near-death experience" is greatly influenced by gender and age of the person. Women tend to have stronger feelings than men, the majority of patients who had the most profound experience of "death", die within a month after resuscitation, postmortem visions of the blind from birth do not differ from the impressions of the sighted.
All this gives grounds to say that at the present time, scientists have come close to the scientific substantiation of the immortality of the soul.
What we need to do just a little bit to realize that death is just a transfer station on the border of two worlds, and to overcome the fear of the inevitable.
Heaven and hell
The question arises: where does the soul goes after death?
If you died, having lived the life of unrighteousness, then you fall into hell, and always will be on Earth during the worst of humanity. If your life was perfect, even in this case will be on Earth, but in the century, where there is no place for violence and cruelty.
So says a French therapist Michelle Lere, author of "Forever in a past life." In this he was persuaded numerous interviews and hypnotic sessions with survivors of the state of clinical death. The researcher concludes that the dead go mainly in the last century.
"During the hypnosis sessions all my observations of 208 objects (with the exception of three), describing the departure from this life, point to past periods in history. They remembered how to go through a long tunnel where the light and peace. They were welcomed by familiar people, and then they again found themselves on the earth, though in earlier centuries. "
First Lere thought that it receives information about the previous incarnation (the birth of another soul on the physical plane) surveyed. However, the accumulation of facts of the scientist came to the conclusion that the objects of his study - those who died and found himself in pleasant circumstances for themselves and those who find themselves in a terrible period of history.

Mysterious phenomena

2012-02-12T14:01:00.000+06:00

Mysterious phenomena which can not explain the finding has been for many centuries. At one time they were referred to the area "devilry" and now for them to come up with the term "unknown". Recently, researchers have made a regular annual ranking of these phenomena on the basis of their frequency of mention in the press. First place was taken by the so-called "taossky noise." For many years residents of the town of Taos in the U.S. state of New Mexico heard a strange noise that is heard from the desert. The source of his has not yet been established. In second place - the phenomenon of Bigfoot. Being, like not a huge ape, half a man now and then see the different people in different parts of the world and talk about it ... strange things, however, no one can really answer the question, what kind of development and there Does it really is.

In third place - intuition. Too many people "hear" an inner voice that tells them what to do in any given situation. And some are even able to predict future events. But the scientific explanation of this "sixth sense" is not found.
Fourth place belongs to the mysterious disappearances. Every day in the world disappear, dozens of people and their traces can not be found. Put forward a different version - from crime to the supernatural, such as alien abductions, or failure to another dimension. But the show while it is not possible.
In fifth place - a ghost. Many people claim to have seen ghosts, but serious research on this topic almost none. It is possible that this kind of vision due to mental disorders, effects of radiation on the brain or some mass hallucination.
In sixth place - the so-called phenomenon of déjà vu, which in French means - "already seen". People in some situations often feel that they have experienced it, for example, have been to some place where they actually got the first time. There may be many explanations: some researchers of anomalous phenomena believe that people learn before he had seen in a dream, others - that we are talking about reincarnation - the transmigration of souls. Still others - that we live one after another, like life and learn some excerpts from his former life ...
Seventh place is occupied by a UFO. Despite the fact that UFOs are quite common, no one can explain their nature. Most likely, these objects of different nature, and there are UFOs as man-made and natural origin. After all, someone talks about "flying saucers", and some of the "glowing balls". Another thing is that where are they both, until clear. For some reason, usually associated with the activity of UFO extraterrestrial civilizations, but there is a version of the plasma processes, as well as secret military experiments.
In eighth place - the phenomenon of "life after death." People who have experienced clinical death or close to her condition, describe the different vision - a light at the end of a narrow dark tunnel, a being of light, which says to them, their deceased loved ones, who meet them on the other side ... According to doctors, then blame lack of oxygen in the brain. But it is difficult to explain why, in such moments, a man sometimes sees himself floating above his body, sometimes in different places, and then describes what he saw, and sometimes gives information that he was told there.
In ninth place - the so-called extrasensory perception (ESP). How a person can see and hear what is happening at a great distance from him, and see pictures of past and future, read minds, to feel the physical condition of another person and describe his illness? Scientists exposed the existence of the phenomenon of ESP big question, and those who argue that it has such a property, often referred to as charlatans and hoaxer. However, there are recorded in written records of experiments to identify these skills in different people.
On the tenth place - the connection of body and mind. For example, if you convince the person that he picks up a hot object, in most cases it will burn when in fact the subject is not hot. A phenomenon of the placebo? If a sick person to, say, a tablet from the usual chalk and say that this is a very strong drug, it can significantly improve well-being. So, our thought can directly control the physiological processes of the body?
Of course, each of the above phenomena is some explanation, but perhaps it lies outside the traditional paradigms of scientific knowledge. Maybe sooner or later we will open it yet.

How did the universe

2012-02-11T19:01:00.000+06:00

Surrounding people became interested in the dawn of civilization. Naturally, his first view of the world were very naive. However, in the thoughts of ancient philosophers, priests, and very little came of their labors. The ancient library, almost all were killed in natural disasters, fires and wars, as a result of ignorance of the conquerors, and then the clergy. The mention of the plurality of inhabited worlds and life on distant stars, scientists today have found in ancient Egyptian texts, the sacred books of ancient India and Tibet, as well as in the legends of the peoples of Peru. On the sphericity of the Earth know the Egyptians and the Aztecs. The idea of the heliocentric system of planets in his writings expressed the Greek philosopher Aristarchus of Samos (310 - 250 years. BC), who is called the Copernicus of antiquity. However, other ancient Greek philosophers, his idea is not supported.

From the ancient philosophers, we should mention the name of Titus Lucretius (99 - 55 years. BC. E.). In his writings he developed the idea of an infinite universe and the existence of multiple worlds our pozhobnyh. The land, he believed, not only has a beginning, but the end, but life in the universe will never cease. For his progressive ideas he had been persecuted.
The Fall of the Roman Empire, Europe has led the way gloomy outlook of the Catholic church of the Middle Ages (from the dominion theology and the Inquisition), the rule which lasted for ten centuries. At this time, the book Greek and Roman philosophers, theologians carefully destroyed in order to "protect" humanity from heresy. And thanks to Arab scholars, who began about the ninth century to collect such books, some of them have survived.
With the development of scientific ideas about the world improved. Currently, most scientists believe that the whole universe is limitless. It is proved that the universe is expanding. Most of the scientists stick a hot mozheli expanding universe.
Now, most scholars are of the opinion that in the past 10 ~ 20 billion years ago the universe at great speed out of the obscure and unknown to us the state, called the state of singularity - when its density and temperature were infinitely large. Under these conditions not only make no sense for us ordinary representations of space and time, but the concepts themselves may lose meaning, as well as the understanding of past and future.
The main chemical composition of the universe was formed at the time of the Big Bang, when the temperature reached billions of degrees. During this early period of the universe was hot and filled with high-energy photons.
Despite the fact that the period of superdense state of the universe lasted a relatively short time, he obviously played a very important role in its development. Based on data from the CMB, it is believed that the universe is in the past in a state of equilibrium between the plasma and radiation.
The chemical composition of the universe was formed within 3 minutes after the singularity.
Thus, near the beginning of the expansion of the density of matter in the universe was much bigger than today's, and individual galaxies, stars, etc., could not exist as a separate body. All matter in a state of continuously distributed homogeneous substance. Only later, during the expansion, it has broken up into separate chunks, which led to the formation of certain celestial bodies. But how true is the conclusion of the early expansion of the universe, about the state of enormous density of all matter? What are the processes proceeded in the superdense matter? What caused the universe to expand? And, finally, that was before the expansion, up to the moment of singularity? Of course this is all very interesting and important, we continue to try to understand these problems.

The virus, "666"

2012-02-11T14:03:00.000+06:00

Impossible to imagine modern society without a computer, but ... recently there is growing concern that the computer of the person may become an assistant to his killer. And if before such concerns were considered more fiction writers of science fiction, but now they can become a terrible reality. We are talking about computer viruses - the creation of human hands, the creation that is able to destroy its creator.
Unlike their counterparts tangible and intangible computer viruses are small-sized programs written by professional programmers. For these viruses, there are no borders and geographic distances. They are able to independently navigate a computer and modem networks, disguise, to multiply and cause irreparable harm, while remaining invisible to humans.

In the U.S., reported a case where a computer virus has become an indirect cause of infant death. Jokes for a specialist in computer technology came up with a new virus that has built it into the antivirus program and sent it to "walk" through electronic networks. The virus got into the computers of two children's hospitals, where as a result, there have been failures in computer systems diagnosis. As a result, had been misdiagnosed.
But the virus can also be a direct killer, as happened in France.
The operator died right around the computer screen of a brain haemorrhage. At first glance - strain, an accident, but an investigation failed to establish that the cause of death is a computer virus with the ominous name of "666" (length corresponded to 666 bytes), created specifically to kill.
On the computer screen, as well as on film and television, images are changing at a constant 24 frames per second. According to experts, 666-D displays an 25th-scenes special color combination that changes the livelihoods of the observer. Subliminal perception of the changing patterns leads to a change of heart activity. Blood pressure in the pulmonary circulation is rapidly increasing, then drops sharply.
The load on the vessels of the brain increases, and, ultimately, they do not stand up.
No one yet knows how it was possible to pick up this devilish combination of colors. It is possible that it did not man. The fact that some experts believe that computer viruses are a form of life. Although they do not have their own metabolism, but it can parasitize on the infected computer to adapt to anti-virus programs and become immune to it and, moreover, self-evolving.
People have created a new form of life in his own image and likeness, destined, alas, only for destruction. It is possible that the 666-d appeared in the process of self-development of a hitherto unknown computer virus, or maybe it was written by a programmer crazy. The fact is that writing a virus, you must be a good specialist in programming. According to some experts, 666 th is almost the height of perfection. It is 666 bytes, is realized not only the system of human destruction, but the mechanism of rapid reproduction. If a virus enters a computer screen saver, so popular on television today, the consequences after the scroll can be scary.

New information about the Voynich Manuscript

2012-02-10T19:02:00.000+06:00

The University of Arizona (USA), headed by Greg Hodzhinsom radiocarbon dating carried out the so-called Voynich manuscript - one of the most mysterious monuments written in the history of mankind.It turned out that the parchment dates from the beginning of the XV century, it is the book may have been created on a century earlier than previously thought.The document is a collection of texts written in unknown characters in an unknown language. Some characters look like letters. There are words and sentences. They frame some intricate artwork, which you can find plants, astronomical maps and images of people, swimmers, probably the source of youth. In general, it seems that we are talking about alchemy.

The manuscript, now owned by Yale University Library (USA), was discovered in 1912 in a villa near Rome Mondragone antiques dealer Wilfried Voynich. He had to disassemble the box of books for sale by the Jesuits. The balance of the spouse's life, "Gadfly," dedicated to solving the mystery of the origin of the document and its explanation. Antiques died 18 years later, and receiving no answer to the plaguing of his questions.
Of course, the beginning of XV century, the only manufacturer of parchment. The book itself could be written later. Alas, the radiocarbon dating of the ink is not possible, because they contain only trace amounts of carbon. In addition, there is not technology for collecting samples of ink from the surface of the parchment. Finally, many species have their inorganic origin, that is, carbon-look at them is useless. Established only that the ink color palette corresponds to the Renaissance.

Mysterious Science of Nanotechnology

2012-02-10T14:01:00.000+06:00

The science has its own mystique and much more abruptly normal. Even scientists sometimes have to apply physics to the help of mystical forces. Plucking up courage, and after reading about a mystical creature almost century and a half old, the scientists went to work and - crazy researchers was a demon! Fortunately, the situation was kept under control.Nature is rich in all sorts of technological wonders. It is often used in important biological processes, mechanisms that can be called molecular motors.These "natural motors" inspire scientists to create something similar in their laboratories.But to create such a device at the molecular level is not so simple. Thermal energy in the microcosm reveals itself not as familiar to us in macroconditions. At the micro level, the heat is converted into kinetic energy of the smallest particles, which are constantly twitching, being in a continuous Brownian motion. Rate of these movements is so great, the trajectory of the molecules due to the constant clashes so unpredictable, and themselves so much that these particles will not be able to grab any pair of tweezers. However, to control the movement of molecules in some cases, researchers would like very much. This problem is quite old and worried minds of the middle of the XIX century, although significant breakthroughs in this area has been done enough.

The velocity of the molecules associated with the heat. If scientists will be able to manage them, it means that they can control the temperature and the different systems.
Reflecting on these problems, the English physicist James Clerk Maxwell (James Clerk Maxwell) proposed a simple way to "manage" the behavior of molecules. It is just a thought experiment, which, however, left a huge mark on the science, and went in all textbooks of physics.
Maxwell invented the system consists of two vessels, filled with gas and communicating with each other. The hole, which connects the tank may be closed and opened with a very light zatvorki run by a daemon (this mystical subject had to admit in theory). However, it is a demon, where he and his name - did not specify, so later (to comply with the scientific sequence) and the demon called - Maxwell's demon.
The demon must ensure that what the molecule result in a chaotic motion of flies to the hole. Depending on their speed demon opens the flap, "sorting" of the molecule so that one vessel remained "cold" (slow), and in another - the "hot" (fast).
If such a demon could exist in reality, his work would lead to a violation of the Second Law of Thermodynamics. Recall, the law states that heat can not spontaneously pass from a cold to a hot body.
And in fact, breaking a taboo, it was possible to create a heat engine that would work without the fuel and energy consumption ...
Of course, Maxwell did not have any plans about the destruction of thermodynamics, and to build a perpetual motion, he did not want. Physicist just something conceived to illustrate the statistical nature of the Second Law. Subsequently, however, this "demonic model" are often inspired many - from inventors to the philosophers, though it remained aloof from the practice of "big science".
But the demon was tenacious, and declared himself exactly 140 years later. Maybe it's not even a demon, and some genie that can languish in obscurity for centuries, patiently waiting in the wings. It is a pity that Maxwell will not admit it.
However, one way or another, chemists of the University of Edinburgh (University of Edinburgh) of the research group of David Leigh (David A. Leigh) have created a molecular machine, whose operation is based on the work of a demon.
This nanomachine is a rotaxane. Rotaxanes - a molecular structure consisting of a closed circular molecule, strung on a linear molecule, in which the ends are bulky groups, which do not give a jump ring molecule. Recently, these structures have become very popular in various nanotechnology experiments.
Typically, in previous experiments used moving molecules of the ring. This movement is random, and now scientists have decided to come up with a way to somehow manage it. To do this, they did a modified rotaxane.
First, a linear molecule "inserted" hydrocarbon molecule stilbene. Stilbene molecule separates into two parts and serves as a gateway (on this later).
In addition, in each compartment of a linear molecule is a "sticky site" - the area to which the molecule "sticks" that is more likely to find it there. And in one "piece" of the molecule, this area is closer to the gate, and in the other - towards the end.
Plus, the system is able to react to light.
Initially, the gates are closed-stilbene. If the radiation is incident on a circular molecule, it signals this goal. This is reflected in the fact that the ring passes the gates of some energy, which is enough to them to open and close in a short period of time.
As part of the molecule in one ring is closer to the gate, the higher the probability that a molecule will open the gate it is from this part, and that the energy of the signal it comes to the gate.
Working with a large number of such systems, the researchers saw that and expect: in the end most of the circular molecules found in one of the rotaxane. The balance was shifted.
Cyclic molecules, as they expected, vary - as they have some kind of thermal energy (the experiment was conducted at 25 degrees Celsius). This means that, together with the displacement of molecules in space and the shift happened thermal equilibrium.
If such a balance will be shifted to, say, a large number of rotaksanovyh structures, the shift will be very noticeable. And the result - the same one that Maxwell had predicted only in theory - a violation of the Second Law of Thermodynamics is one part of the system will be colder than the other.
However, with such hasty conclusions are not going to rush. The wording of the law says about the impossibility of the transition, which occurs spontaneously. That is - without summing up the energy.
In this experiment, a flow of energy was - light radiation. So for the thermodynamics can be quiet - she was left unscathed.
In addition, the implemented project is not even very much like a perpetual motion machine - after all, reached the ratio of energy between the two parts of the rotaxanes averaged 7:3, no more. This, of course, a very impressive value for experimental physics, but far from all fantasy. Well, rejoice again, and this time no infringement of the classical physics did not happen.
It is interesting that the behavior of the developed system is described by a model with a Maxwell's demon. Though not with the all-powerful, but with the most, about which the great physicist, said in the XIX century mystic science of nanotechnology.

Mystery-Medicine of the skull ...

2012-02-09T19:03:00.000+06:00

Condemning cannibalism among the savage tribes, we should not forget that in the Middle Ages in Europe, a human skull was considered an important part of many magical medicinal remedies. For example, in England, enjoyed great popularity elixir of "The Spirit of a human skull." His skull was prepared from executed criminals ... Pharmacists even entered into a special contract for the supply of necessary raw materials to the butchers ... Interestingly, even the English King Charles II believed in the efficacy of this elixir, and applied for an alcohol infusion of bone disease of the skull shavings.

Medieval magicians believed that the human skull is concentrated all his power, so use it as a necessary component for their drugs. Even in the XIX century in Ireland, many earn their living by digging graves and selling the skull healers. Special demand old skull with lichens on the surface. Shavings with such skulls were sold everywhere and in great demand as the population considered them a miraculous cure for many diseases.

How then do not recall a particular love for the human skulls of wild tribes of cannibals! Most likely, the magicians and medieval Europe, and the consumers of their "miracle" potion of skulls in the genetic memory remained distant memories of cannibalistic past.

Why do vampires live long?

2012-02-09T14:01:00.000+06:00

A startling discovery. It turns out that all (well, almost everything) that we saw about vampires in Hollywood films - the truth. Scientists from Stanford University concluded that the one who is constantly updating their blood by a stranger can live a very long time.Blood cells of another organism still able to restore old organs.

However, it happens only if the old juices feed the young.These conclusions were reached after numerous experiments in mice. Scientists have sensational results, making the transfusion of blood from young to old individuals. The most beneficial way to influence young blood to the muscles. After the sessions, blood transfusions are better and faster healing are restored (if previously had been damaged). Rejuvenate the blood cells and liver. The effect of transfusions on other bodies of data have been reported yet.

Scientists say that by itself "fresh blood" is not an elixir of youth, but do not doubt that in the foreseeable future, new research will help develop best practices for rapid healing of wounds in the elderly.

Says the head of the research team from Stanford neurologist Thomas Rando, has long been a mystery why the muscles of elderly people recovering bad: despite the fact that it received all the necessary components, the process was very slow. Now the answer is known: It's all in the stem cells that are present, including, in the blood. The older the organism, the less it such cells.

Mysterious-Ate the enemy and become stronger

2012-02-08T19:01:00.000+06:00

According to recent reports of archaeologists in ancient times was inhabited by cannibals almost everywhere, even in the modern territories of the United States, Scotland, Switzerland, Austria and France. The only justification for our ancestors, cannibals may be only that they were engaged in cannibalism largely because of hunger, but because of their primitive mystical ideas about the world.Most likely, scientists have learned very little about cannibalism and its causes, if the Earth were not kept until the middle of the twentieth century, the areas where the researchers were able to communicate with the real cannibals. "Journey to the Stone Age," called his book a brave Danish writer and explorer Arne Falk-Rønne, who in the 50-60s made several trips to New Guinea.

Danish travelers had to endure a lot of risky adventures. Sometimes it happened and rather curious cases. So, to communicate with the Asmat tribe, whose members consider themselves the only true human beings on Earth, Arne had to go through a fairly original ceremony yeu - to crawl between the legs of women of the tribe ... only after it was thought that he was more or less close to the present status of man and men tribe with him will be interviewed.

As luck would have Asmat women were stocky and short, and all the way between their feet to the men at home, the center of the main ritual of the tribe, ran on solid mush of mud and stinking mud ... To its credit, the researcher adequately coped with it fell to his share of the test.

What was in the men's house Asmat, where children and women were strictly forbidden entrance? Falk-Rønne could not see in a man's home of the exotic, which is observed in the early twentieth century, another traveler - Frank Gerli, yet civilization has left its mark on this nation. Now Asmat did not flaunt his terrible relics.

In the 20 years, Frank Gerli is on the way to the village he saw a small group of skulls impaled on stakes. "These kind of pretty terrible relics were removed with great taste with thick rows of palm leaves, the edges were bent in the form of snail shells, so the leaves rustled continuously, even when a light breeze. The skulls were decorated with very long noses that resemble large trunks and beaks. Depression eyes were smeared with clay, and the pupils are made of small red seeds. "Cheeks" were plastered with rouge. From a distance, produced a terrible impression of a number of Merv persons skalyaschih teeth. "

In the men's house as the researcher observed the first room on the sides of a small closet, each of which had a cage with skulls and images of the spirits of ancestors, these small premises belonged to the tribe of warriors. In the very same big room house located along the walls of a huge cage with skulls and giant masks "Kywe-ku-ku".

Gerli has learned that the skull belonged to slain and eaten by the enemy. According to type of the number captured in the battles of the skulls was determined by the position and rank of a warrior in the tribe, respectively, and a place in the men's house was given to him according to his dignity and rank. "Needless to say, - writes Frank Gerli - that a universal point of view it is difficult to imagine anything more disgusting and repulsive than these trophy hunters the skulls."

When the Asmat were separated from the victims head and tried to cut her from the neck as low as possible

Their cannibalistic tendencies savages explained quite simply. First, they said, the more enemies will be killed and eaten by someone in this life, the less they will be in the future life. It is clearly seen definite belief in the afterlife.

Second, it was believed that eating the enemy soldiers become certain of its quality. If the enemy was a valiant warrior, the better, cannibals passed part of his strength and courage.

Thirdly, the head of the enemy is vital for the initiation ceremony the boy into a man, without her presence he could not marry.

Fourth, in some tribes it was customary to eat the corpse sentenced to death by tribesmen, their evil spirits could not harm the living. And ate the corpses of the dead old people, it was considered a manifestation of sympathy for the deceased ... Cannibals believed that by doing so they shall inherit the best qualities of their dead relatives.

Many researchers believe that it is the belief of the tribe of cannibals in the transmission power of man is eaten by solving the mystery of the disappearance in the jungles of New Guinea in 1961, Michael Rockefeller, son of Nelson Rockefeller, governor of New York. He headed an ethnographic expedition, and very generously rewarded for the Asmat warriors jackpots - decorated human skulls and other relics of the tribe. It has brought fame to Michael Savages of a very powerful man. It is believed that the Asmat not resist the temptation to decorate the head of a powerful white man's own house, hoping to acquire such portion of his forces.

Similar to the tribes of New Guinea mystical ideas that lead to the use of human flesh, cannibals have existed in other parts of the world. For example, some tribes in the Amazon jungle boiled the corpses of dead relatives to uglevidnoy mass, then it was ground into a powder that is mixed into a drink that drink. It was thought that with all the best qualities of the deceased transferred the tribe. In Venezuela, the Indians were prepared from the corpses of the magic drink that local witches used to treat patients. On the island of Borneo dayyaki ate the hearts of his enemies to be more brave and courageous. Tribe mambilov in Nigeria in the early twentieth century was engaged in cannibalism in full. Some African witch doctors were preparing their magic potions made of human flesh.

Why does the rainbow

2012-02-08T14:01:00.000+06:00

A rainbow appears, you need to remember high-school physics, specifically the section - optics. Now go specifically to the question of why a rainbow appears. First, know what is light. Light is electromagnetic radiation perceived by the human eye. From physics we know that the wavelength of the radiation is very small, it is in the range: 0.38 - 0.77 microns. From this we can conclude that the length of the waves is not a constant number, it happens because the light is different and has different wavelengths. Color can be not only white, but color, which is why a rainbow appears. Next, let us remember the lessons of physics, what is the spectrum. And this kind of rainbow, composed of a set of colored light. To it was formed, it is necessary to skip the white light through a glass prism. As is well known indicator of a hall of matter increases with the oscillation frequency of the light wave.

In this case, if a beam of white light of a "mixed" light waves with different frequency vibrations to pass through a glass prism, then the light rays with a higher frequency vibrations are moving away from its initial direction at a greater angle than the rays of the lower-frequency vibrations. So there is a rainbow. Let's see how and why?
As a result of this procedure with the white beam is obtained by the color set, which has seven colors of the rainbow: red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo and violet. First, why a rainbow appears Newton proved, to prove he only missed through the prism of sunlight and this has colored bar - a rainbow.
Now, specifically about the rainbow. Why is there a rainbow? At first, it always appears just after a rain. And a rainbow sparkles not after, and during rain, when the summer storm comes to an end, this means that the rain clouds away just blown away.
Rainbow appears when the rain goes away in the direction of the sun. This is because the droplets split sunlight white light, and they have a small prisms, projecting these bright colored rays in the sky.
That's why a rainbow appears, nothing complicated. This is the whole secret of this beautiful natural phenomenon like a rainbow. During a thunderstorm, rain dot the sky small droplets, prisms, and the sunlight passing through them, is split into a spectrum, then there is a rainbow. As a consequence, we can observe in the sky a wonderful picture - a large seven-color rainbow!

Mystery - skull hunters

2012-02-07T19:55:00.000+06:00

We are accustomed to reports that the recent calm in the world of ogres live her days are in the wilds of Brazil, the Pacific Islands or New Guinea. Many people think that it is these areas on the Earth is always limited and the spread of cannibalism, but it is not so ...Their cannibalistic tendencies savages explained quite simply. First, they said, the more enemies will be killed and eaten by someone in this life, the less they will be in the future life. It is clearly seen definite belief in the afterlife.Second, it was believed that eating the enemy soldiers become certain of its quality. If the enemy was a valiant warrior, the better, cannibals passed part of his strength and courage.Thirdly, the head of the enemy is vital for the initiation ceremony the boy into a man, without her presence he could not marry.

Why the Earth is round

2012-02-07T14:01:00.000+06:00

The world today knows that our planet Earth is round. Ancient people believed that it is flat and is located on the backs of elephants standing on a huge turtle. As it turned out, the world is much bigger than previously thought. And the more we know, the more questions arise. Why the Earth is round? Try to deal with this issue. Our Earth is round, like the rest, we know the planet. Also, are round and their moons and stars. The whole answer is gravity pulling in force. From physics we know that every object has its own gravity, they attract other bodies, and of course, their own part. The larger the body, the greater the force of attraction. The earth is very large, because of this it has a huge force of gravity, which makes all attracted to its center. If a person jumps on the spot, it still falls back on his feet the earth, because it attracts us. If the experiment is to hold a liquid, you get the same thing.

I would also like to say that the mirror of the oceans and seas is not a plane, it depicts the circle of the earth.
So why the Earth is round? As mentioned above, the attractive force occurs in all solids. That it makes the body, in this case Earth, transformed into a ball. If for some reason failed to change the globe and give it a different shape, not round, then after some time the Earth would be spherical again. From the living bodies on the ground that the process does not happen, because their strength is small, on the strength of Earth's gravity prevents it. But if we take, for example, a drop of water, run it into space - it immediately becomes round. In this transformation, play an important role of surface tension forces that are inherent in the liquid.
Now we have learned about why the Earth is round. Of the molecules in solids are large and they become harder to round, and often even impossible. Therefore, asteroids, whose structure is solid, does not have a round shape, they are shapeless. Here is why the Earth is round, it consists mainly of magma, the liquid, which is why it is easy to take a round shape.
All the planets and stars are born round, the reason for their constant lies in the same form pulling force, gravity. Just want to clarify that the Earth is not round like a ball.
It actually has a roughness: it has mountains, valleys, etc. Then why do they say that the Earth is round? Why is this? Responses to the questions a lot, on the start from the beginning.
The equatorial radius of the earth is six thousand three hundred seventy-eight kilometers, the polar - six thousand three hundred five of seven of ten kilometers. The difference comes in as many as nineteen miles. It turns out that the Earth is not really round, and the ball, flattened at the poles. This is because the Earth's motion around its axis. I think everyone felt in transport, as the body turns on randomly starts blowing away.
This is due to the manifestation of centrifugal forces. So it is with the Earth, with its fast movement slightly flattened poles. People and objects on the surface of the equator just plow with supersonic speed. This, of course, is not noticed, since there is a theory of relativity. High speed leads to centrifugal forces, which are slightly blow the Earth at the equator. On this earth is not round, but oval.
Understand why the earth is not perfectly round. The reason is simple - though not united. By the fact that the solid crust, the Earth can not be perfectly round. If the entire surface was covered with liquid, then it would make the Earth a full round. The mountains, plains and valleys on Earth were formed not by themselves. Because of the hills and hollows The earth can not be completely round.
On the irregularities in the Earth affect the Moon. Moon - the natural satellite of the Earth, it also has great size, and since the body has gravity, the moon, and it has. The distance from the Earth it is not so great on this, it slightly changes the shape of the Earth. Exactly how the moon affects the Earth and why the Earth is round? That mountains and valleys and are the work of Moon and of course the sun. It attracts the magma under the cover of the Earth and its movements alter the earth's crust, but it should not be afraid, because these changes are minor, and changes are taking place for more than one millennium.

The dinosaurs look for another

2012-02-06T15:08:00.002+06:00

Over the years, the publication of textbooks on biology and popular science books there was a certain tradition to depict dinosaurs. Ancient giant lizards draw leathery creatures with huge fangs - if it is a predator, and with a tiny head, sitting high on a thin neck - if the lizard was a herbivore. Recent paleontological data suggest that it was not so, and dinosaurs were, literally, soft and fluffy.
Appearance
The reconstruction of the appearance of dinosaurs is very difficult because of the scarcity of surviving occupation remains. Sometimes, paleontologists can find the skeletons of ancient dinosaurs almost entirely, and even with fragments of soft tissue. But more often scientists come across some bones, or parts thereof. To recreate the look of a person or a dinosaur, professionals need to determine how the bones were attached to the muscles and tendons, to determine the approximate amount of soft tissue, placed on the resulting "semi-finished product" to cover all the cartilage and skin is. To perform these procedures, the researchers first need to spend a lot of calculations and to determine the most probable hypothesis of the anatomical structure of the object.

If paleontologists are lucky to find so far not found fragments of dinosaur bones, they can refine existing models of their appearance. Sometimes you make the amendment does not greatly alter the overall picture, but sometimes they force scientists to revise substantially the exterior view of the ancient reptiles.
It was such a radical restructuring has occurred with the model sauropods. These giant herbivorous dinosaurs are the largest animals that ever lived on land. The length of the smallest members of this group of ancient reptiles was about 6 meters. The length of the record holders approaching 60 meters. The scientists who discovered the first fossils of sauropods, have suggested that their gigantic body rested on four stout legs and a tiny head was on the thin neck extended upwards. Due to their size sauropods could easily eat leaves from tall trees like modern giraffes.
In order to ensure normal blood flow to the head, giraffes, which are much inferior to the length of the sauropod neck, one has to resort to a variety of tricks. They have got a very strong heart, which creates pressure are three times greater than human, and giraffes in the blood three times thicker than that of Homo sapiens. Without these adaptations the animals have died immediately from the differential pressure when raising or lowering the head.
Sauropods have difficulty maintaining blood pressure would have been even greater. According to recent calculations, the researchers, the mass of dinosaurs heart was not less than five percent of their body weight (for comparison, a human figure is about half a percent). Therefore, scientists have concluded that the neck of the ancient giants was not directed upward and forward. That's right - stretched horizontally through the head-tail - sauropods are shown in most publications. However, recently published a work, the results of which could force paleontologists to return to the original point of view on the anatomy of the sauropods.
The authors of a new study based on the assumption that the colossal dinosaurs were "arranged" as well as other animals, moving on four limbs. In the course of evolution they have acquired precisely those features that provide the best adaptation to terrestrial life. There is no evidence to suggest that sauropods were the exception, scientists have not. Analysis of the structure of the skeleton of a large number of vertebrates, which included cats, rabbits, turtles and crocodiles, showed that their neck is a characteristic S-shaped curve, which is directed upwards. The researchers concluded that sauropods are likely to keep the neck in an upright position.
The new data changed the representation not only of the herbivorous lizard. Predatory Dinosaurs were also not quite so, as it was considered. Looking at pictures of huge bipedal theropods - the dinosaurs of the suborder yascherotazovyh to which the famous Tyrannosaurus rex, - many paid attention to their forelimbs. Based on these figures, the tiny feet dangling helplessly predators palms down somewhere in the chest.
A detailed analysis of the anatomy of theropod forelimbs showed that, despite the unpresentable appearance, they were very strong. Scientists have put forward several hypotheses to explain the function of the front paws. Most agree that the most likely use them to predators caught prey held for greater convenience "treatment" jaws. The authors of a recent paper suggested that the limb is slightly ridiculous theropods were underdeveloped wings. Based on the analysis of fossilized footprints, scientists have concluded that the palm of the front feet are not looked down, and each other.
The findings of researchers move the beginning of the evolution of bipedal predator birds. It was considered that the characteristic anatomical features with theropod began to appear in the late Jurassic period (just before 145 million years ago). The new data are shifting the event to 45 million years ago, at the very beginning of the Jurassic.
What happened during the evolution of reptiles into birds, you can watch every day. Appearance of winged dinosaur researchers are not so obvious. For a long time, paleontologists have thought that the pterosaur wings are smooth and leathery wings and resemble modern bats. At the end of September 2009 a team of researchers has brought the scientific community to prove that this view is incorrect.
The authors studied the work of a new well-preserved remains of winged dinosaurs discovered in Inner Mongolia. On the bones of reptiles of the Cretaceous period were even pieces of soft tissues. Their analysis showed that the skin of pterosaurs were covered with fine hairs, which can thicken to the surface of the body lizard. At the moment it is not clear whether they resembled the coat of mammals, and reminded protoperya some dinosaurs. What does a hair - is unclear.
Habits
Lifestyle dinosaurs to recover even more difficult than appearance. Scientists are judged on habitat, feeding methods, reproduction, and place in the ecosystem is largely based on the alleged appearance of dinosaurs. Accordingly, as the refinement or rejection of certain ideas and conclusions change research on the ecology of ancient dinosaurs.
For example, recently a group of paleontologists Tokyo said that the pterosaurs, which are considered Mesozoic storm sky, flying very mediocre. Scientists have analyzed the way to the flight of several species of birds and determined the maximum possible mass of a body in which the bird is able to effectively move around in the air. According to calculations by the authors, pterosaurs were about six times heavier than the critical limit (weight of these dinosaurs could reach 250 kilograms).
On the other hand, overweight pterosaurs could be compensated by a special respiratory system. The group of paleontologists from the U.S. and the UK studied the bones of flying reptiles with the help of computed tomography and X-rays. Scientists have discovered in them the characteristic of the cavity. In modern birds in the cavities are air bags - the bodies, which gets part of the inhaled air. The presence of air sacs allow oxygen-enriched air to pass through the lungs as you inhale and exhale.

Recent data indicate that another characteristic of the dinosaurs was estimated incorrectly. The Last Predator T. rex, may have been not so formidable, and preferred not to hunt for adult herbivorous giants, but on a defenseless young. Such a conclusion scientists made based on the analysis of bones of herbivorous dinosaurs, paleontologists discovered to date. Found fossils rarely testified that the lizard was killed, and "to cut" a predator. But the half-digested bones of young herbivorous dinosaurs and their embryos were found much.
Other predators of the late Cretaceous period also differed atypical behavior. Small, but nonetheless dangerous velotseraptory loved waiting for their prey, hiding in the branches of trees. This conclusion was the result of modeling biomechanical claws of the ancient predators.
In addition to trees, ancient reptiles have mastered another ecological niche - hole. And dinosaurs were digging their own and experienced the harsh underground environment. Burrows have been found in Australia and North America. At the time of the dinosaurs, these territories were located at higher latitudes than at present, as the continents in their present form have not yet formed. During cold periods the temperature at night fell below freezing, and the dinosaurs had to cover. Even some of the data collected in recent years suggest that the ancient reptiles were significantly more frost than generally thought.
The discrepancies between the traditional ideas about dinosaurs and new evidence can be listed for a long time. It may be mentioned that the smell of dinosaurs was comparable to scent bloodhounds that the eggs of some of the ancient giants hatched males, and dinosaurs, "teenagers" going in gangs and self-hunted for food.
With the accumulation of new facts and verify the authors of textbooks will have to order new pictures and rewrite the old texts. So, the next generation of children will be very different ideas about dinosaurs than we do. What really happened on Earth in the era of giant lizards, we will likely never know.

How to determine the nature of human anatomy or physiognomy

2012-02-05T14:15:00.002+06:00

When meeting with someone, we first pay attention to the face. It vividly conveys the emotional states and feelings, even the inscrutable "stone" a person can not completely hide the emotional symptoms and character traits. Still less can those same people to hide anything from us, as we have once again continue to comprehend the mysteries of science called "physiognomy." And now we turn our eyes to the chin.
First, ask yourself, which means that the so-called "large" chin. And it means the following: firstly, it is a sign of a strong-willed nature, and sometimes the tendency to solve many problems by force, to suppress the opponent. Secondly, the owner of a wide chin can be abrupt and rude. And if he is also a big head, his character, probably not without traits of stubbornness and persistently.
People with the same "square" chin quite mercantile and often fixated on material issues. Prominent cheekbones, combined with a square chin indicates rebellious nature, rebellion, determination and courage.
If you watch yourself in the mirror, you finally did notice that you have a "rounded" chin - rejoice, because it usually happens in people sensitive and intelligent.

But if you have found the so-called "sharp" chin - this is a great excuse to go into business quickly, as this chin is quite unmistakably speaks of stealth and the ability to entrepreneurship.
Outstanding person can learn to "outstanding" chin. That such is not the intricate science of physiognomy. Man with the chin can be described as strong-willed, and assertive nature. This, incidentally, is also manifested in the behavior: if a person demonstrates the confidence and determination, he usually "pushes" chin, "jerking" it.
Well, finally, the rush to please the owners of the so-called "bifurcated" Chin. The men - an indicator of a passionate nature, that's why these men are very popular among women.

Nine twins

2012-02-04T16:05:00.000+06:00

Charming young woman surrounded by infants - immediately and do not count how many kids hug her hands - went around the entire world press.
It can truly be called a miracle! At Spaniard Anna Garcia was born at once ... nine children. Six boys and three girls.
Sensational devyaternya (word, then what!) Was immediately taken under the close watch of doctors. Fortunately, the health of babies does not cause concern among doctors. Both boys and girls develop normally, only trouble his parents are added to 9 times greater.
Births occurred two months before the due date. The doctors decided on caesarean section, because there was a threat to the life of babies. The average weight of each newborn does not exceed one kilogram. After birth, Anna spent five days in hospital rehabilitation. She laughs: "That was the last time I was resting."
The share of the spouses has fallen a great challenge, since the care of nine babies require a lot of time and effort, and parents with this alone can not cope. But the attention of a unique family surrounded not only physicians, but also power.

"In the first few months we have spent a fortune on diapers, food and all sorts of little things necessary to children - says Anna. - My husband is still working to provide us, and I do not have this capability. Our relatives help, but because they have their own lives. The manual states had to be very helpful. "
Yet 28-year-old mother is pleased: "My husband and I have long wanted a child, and that God sent to us from a full heart. It's just great! ".