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2024 challenge Crypto trading protocol

noreply@blogger.com (Md Ferdous) — Wed, 27 Dec 2023 15:21:00 +0000

2024 challenge Crypto trading protocol

Cryptocurrencies Price Prediction: Bitcoin, Ethereum & Terra – European Wrap 27 December

2024 challenge Crypto

Bitcoin ETF, or Exchange Traded Fund, has been the main driver of crypto markets since June 2023. So, we answered the top BTC ETF questions to help you prepare for a historic decision.

The latest update in the Bitcoin ETF approval is the shift in Grayscale Investment’s approach toward the settlements of ETFs. Grayscale was bent on keeping the ETF settlements “in-kind”, but after the US Securities and Exchange Commission’s (SEC) latest announcement, the investment company has agreed to amend their ETF filing to accommodate a “cash” settlement.

The team also assured affected users that their funds would be refunded and that they would be given 0% fees. The crypto market witnessed another hack before the year ended as trading platform Thunder confirmed an exploit on December 27. The DeFi protocol running on Ethereum, Solana, and other chains has been threatened by the exploiter of potentially deleting users’ private keys’ data, although the team denied the possibility, reassuring the safety of assets.

Crypto trading protocol Thunder took to X, formerly Twitter, to confirm a suspected exploit on December 27. The team addressed the suspicious withdrawals that began early in the morning and put a halt to the same in the next nine minutes.

The crypto space had a bullish year, considering the total market capitalization grew by 117% year to date. During this time, many cryptocurrencies had a stellar run, such as Solana, Render, Avalanche, even Bitcoin. However, with the year coming to an end, a rather specific category of tokens seems to be falling into the bear's claws before 2024 begins.

Luna Classic price might have witnessed volatility over the past year, noting ups and downs and periods of rallies and corrections, but today, the value of the asset is virtually unchanged in regards to what it was worth at the beginning of 2023.

After a brutal stretch, a remarkable thing is happening: Cryptocurrencies are surging

After a tumultuous period, cryptocurrencies are staging a big recovery.

Crypto had been rocked since the collapse of several major companies in 2022, including FTX, which had become one of its biggest and best recognized players.

Its failure deepened a so-called "crypto winter" that sent bitcoin to around $16,500, a sharp decline from its record high of around $68,000 on Nov. 8, 2021.

But something remarkable has happened since FTX CEO and founder Sam Bankman-Fried was convicted in November: bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies have staged an impressive comeback. Bitcoin, for example, has surged to above $43,000.

"There has been tumult," says Helen Gugel, a partner at the law firm Ropes & Gray. "But I think that there is also reason for optimism."

Here's a look at crypto's turbulent period — and why things appear to be looking better.

Weeding out the bad actors

It was a blockbuster trial — and it ended badly for Bankman-Fried.

He was convicted of all seven charges he was facing, marking a stunning fall from grace for someone who was once heralded as "crypto's golden boy." Bankman-Fried now faces the prospect of spending the rest of his life in prison.

Then, just weeks later, Attorney General Merrick Garland announced a major plea deal with another crypto giant as part of a continued crackdown of the sector by regulators and law enforcement.

Getty Images

Former FTX CEO Sam Bankman-Fried arrives for a bail hearing at Manhattan Federal Court in New York City on Aug. 11, 2023. Two of the most prominent crypto players faced legal trouble this year. Bankman-Fried was convicted of all criminal charges and faces the prospect of a lifetime in prison. Meanwhile Binance CEO Changpeng Zhao pleaded guilty to violating anti-money laundering rules.

Under the settlement, Binance agreed to pay $4.3 billion in fines, while its founder, Changpeng Zhao, widely known as CZ, relinquished his CEO title and pleaded guilty to violating anti-money-laundering laws. He also agreed to pay a $50 million fine.

Bankman-Fried's conviction and regulators' pledge to continue to crack down on an industry they see as rife with fraud could have been seen as a negative spotlight on an entire industry.

Instead, many crypto advocates saw this moment as a good thing — a moment when confidence in crypto could return now that prominent bad actors had been weeded out

Cryptocurrencies surged soon after Bankman-Fried's conviction, and the survivors of the crypto winter also benefited: Shares of Coinbase, another major cryptocurrency exchange that is under regulatory scrutiny, are up more than 400% this year.

Turning bitcoin into a mainstream investment

There's another critical reason behind crypto's comeback.

This year, several prominent financial firms, including BlackRock and Fidelity, have asked the Securities and Exchange Commission to approve a spot bitcoin ETF.

Exchange-traded funds have surged in popularity with regular investors. They are funds that track the performance of a particular index or asset.

An S&P 500 ETF, for example, simply tracks the S&P 500's gains and losses. These funds are meant to lower commissions since investors don't generally pay fees to fund managers.

A spot bitcoin ETF would track the price of the cryptocurrency and allow investors to have it in their portfolios through an investment fund instead.

Best Mobile Computing || Mobile Cloud Computing in 2020

noreply@blogger.com (Md Ferdous) — Sun, 06 Feb 2022 17:37:00 +0000

Best Mobile Computing || Mobile Cloud Computing in 2020
Best Mobile Computing

mobile computing

What is mobile computing?

Mobile computing is one of the latest and evolving technologies that allow the transmission of data in the form of voice, images, videos through Internet-enabled or rather wireless devices without a physical connection, such as computers, IoT devices, etc.

Mobile computing components

The important component verticals involved in Mobile Computing or Mobile Cloud Computing technology are:

hardware components
software component
communication layer
hardware components

Hardware components have different types, such as device components or mobile devices that provide mobility services. They can be classified into various segments like smartphones, laptops, IoT devices, tablets, etc.

What role do hardware components play:

These hardware devices have a mini component called a receiver capable of detecting, receiving, and sending data signals. It is configured to operate in full-duplex mode, that is, sending and receiving signals at the same time.

The receivers operate on an existing established wireless network.

software component

The mobile component is the software application program, it runs on the mobile hardware component. It is the operating system of the device.

This component ensures portability and mobility and operates on wireless communications and secures computing in distributed locations and not connected to a single physical location.

Mobile communication layer:

The communication layer represents the underlying infrastructure to ensure smooth and reliable communication. It consists of factors such as protocols, services, bandwidth, and portals needed to facilitate and support. This layer is based on the radio wave. The signals are transmitted over the air and communicate with receivers through software components.

The data format is also defined at this layer to ensure collision-free communication between existing systems providing the same service.

HISTORY OF MOBILE COMPUTING

During the period of the 1980s:

In 1981: The Osborne Computer Corporation releases the world's first consumer laptop, The Osborne 1, even though its main limitation was with its 52 characters per line of text display with a small 5″ screen.

Then in 1982: Epson's HX-20, a portable computer with a small 120 x 32 resolution monochrome LCD screen.

mobile cloud computing

In 1984: The first touch screen system was developed in the Gavilan SC, which is the first to be marketed under the term "portable".

multiplexing in mobile computing

In 1989: The Apple Macintosh laptop is one of the first to feature a 640 x 400 active matrix display. This is Apple's first contribution to the mobile computing movement.

history of mobile computing

During the 1990 period:

1990: Intel announces its 386 MHz 20SL processor and it was the first CPU to be explicitly designed with mobile computing in mind, with power management features and sleep modes to conserve battery life.

1992: Windows 3.1.1 is released and later becomes the standard operating system for laptops.

Best Mobile Computing || Mobile Cloud Computing in 2020

1993: The personal digital assistant was introduced in the United States by Apple.

Best Mobile Computing || Mobile Cloud Computing in 2020

1994: IBM's Thinkpad 755 introduced the CD-ROM drive.

Best Mobile Computing || Mobile Cloud Computing in 2020

During the period of the 2000s and beyond:

2000: Microsoft introduces a new operating system, ushering in the Pocket PC era.

Best Mobile Computing || Mobile Cloud Computing in 2020

2002: Research in Motion introduces the first BlackBerry smartphone.

2007:

Apple released its first iPhone which was integrated with the best web browsing experience and a touch screen.

Also, at that time Google introduces Android.

2009: Motorola introduces the Droid, which was the first Android-based smartphone.

2010:

Apple launches the iPad, a line of tablets designed and developed primarily as a platform for audiovisual media, including books, periodicals, movies, music, games, and web content.

Samsung released the Galaxy Tab, an Android-based tablet to compete with Apple's iPad.

With this path, mobile computing evolved and there were other inventions and contributions made from multiple different organizations from the time it started around 1980 and up to now. We still see tremendous development in these areas, and in this way, mobile computing will continue its path of revolution.

Mobile Computing - Ranking

Mobile computing is widely distributed across different types of devices that support mobile computing. It is not just limited to computers or mobile phones, as we saw in the history of mobile computing

We can classify these mobile computing devices into the following segments:

Personal Digital Assistant (PDA)

The Personal Digital Assistant, ie PDA, is an extension or module of the PC, not a substitute, and is mainly used as an electronic organizer. This type of device is capable of sharing data with computer systems through a process called synchronization.

In this process, both devices will access and communicate with each other to check for updates on the individual devices using Bluetooth or infrared connectivity.

With PDA devices, users can access audio clips, video clips, update office documents, and many more services through Internet connectivity.

Smartphones

Smartphones are a combination of PDA and phone with a camera and other features like running multiple programs at the same time.

The most widely used mobile operating systems (OS) are Android by Google, Apple IOS, Nokia Symbion, BlackBerry OS by RIM, etc.

Tablet and iPad

This type of device is larger than a mobile phone or PDA and also integrates a touch screen and is operated by touch-sensitive movements on the web. E.g. iPads, Galaxy Tabs, Blackberry Playbooks, etc.

They provide the same functionality as laptops and also support mobile computing in a much superior way and have the tremendous processing power.

Multiplexing in mobile computing

Multiplexing is a process where multiple simultaneous digital or analog signals are transmitted over a single data link channel.

In addition, it can be distributed into four types. These are:

A. Multiplexing by spatial division or SDM

Time Division Multiplexing or TDM

Frequency division multiplexing or FDM

Code division or CDM multiplexing

Multiplexing: Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM):

In frequency division multiplexing, the frequency spectrum is diversified into smaller frequency bands. Through FDM, multiple frequency bands can work simultaneously without any time limitation.

Advantages of FDM

This process applies to both analog and digital signals.

The simultaneous dimension of the signal transmission function.

Disadvantages of FDM

The probability of bandwidth loss is high and it has less flexibility.

Multiplexing: Time Division Multiplexing (TDM)

The time-division approach uses the entire spectrum over a period.

Advantages of TDM

The dedicated user at a given time.

Flexible and less complex architecture.

Eg Integrated Digital Network Telephone Service.

Multiplexing: code division multiplexing (CDM)

In CDM techniques, a unique code is reserved for each channel, so that each of these channels can use the same spectrum simultaneously at the same time.

Advantages of the CDM

Highly efficient.

Disadvantages of the CDM

The data transmission speed is lower.

E.g.: Cell phone spectrum technology (2G, 3G, etc.).

Multiplexing: space-division multiplexing (SDM)

Space partitioning can be considered to have both FDM and TDM properties. In SDM, a particular channel will be used against a certain frequency band for a certain period.

Advantages of SDM

High-speed data transmission with optimal use of frequencies and time bands.

Disadvantages of SDM

High losses by inference.

For example, global service for mobile technology or GSM.

mobile cloud computing

MCC or Mobile Cloud Computing uses cloud computing to deliver and integrate applications to mobile devices.

Using these mobile cloud computing techniques, mobile applications can be deployed remotely using speed and flexibility and using the suite of development tools.

Cloud mobile applications can be built or updated, and adding a new feature to the existing application could also be achieved quickly and efficiently using cloud services.

These mobile applications can be delivered to many different devices that have different operating systems, computing tasks, and data storage mechanisms.

These apps in this approach require fewer device resources because they are cloud-aware architecture, and reliability is also improved because the data is backed up and stored in the cloud, which in turn provides more security and solidity.

Advantages of mobile cloud computing:

Mobile applications that are being built based on this cloud architecture acquire the following advantages:

Improved data storage capacity and processing power.

a higher battery time

Better data synchronization thanks to the "store in the cloud, access them from anywhere" methodology.

Improved reliability, scalability, and security thanks to replicas and secure cloud infrastructure.

Easy integration

Hostel: I was sent to a hostel

noreply@blogger.com (Md Ferdous) — Sat, 05 Feb 2022 16:25:00 +0000

Hostel: I was sent to a hostel when I was only nine years old
Hostel: I was sent to a hostel

Hostel Salta was ninety-nine. Mobile was not available at that time. Our hostel did not have a phone system. It would take ten to fifteen days to write a letter and get an answer to that letter.

As a result, I never heard of a close relative dying. My parents would not let me know. The boy stays away, he will suffer alone when he hears the news of death. They did not want to give this child this pain. Hostel

This method in my case - completely backfires. Three or four months later, I found out that the relative whom this child loved so much, who used to play on his lap, is no more. In my absence, he has been reduced to ashes by the fire of the cheetah. Now I can't see him even if I want to.

The helplessness of that child - my personal defense mechanism against the news of the death was born in me. I learned to take death for granted. One man died - this matter became Dalvat to me.

Then time moved on. My thoughts, personal philosophy have all been transformed. However, I never felt disturbed by the news of his death. There are many indigenous communities who, when someone dies, organize a final farewell ceremony by playing drums, dancing, and singing. This practice is also seen in Baul-Darvesh-Sadhus. They consider death to be a union with Paramatman.Hostel

I also had that stage. Standing in front of the corpse gives me absolute peace. It seems that a glimmer of smoke is rising from the body of this man in front of me towards the sky. The man is becoming part of the great age. A spiritual thing works in me.

The day my grandfather died, it was winter. The cheetah was burning. I remember - standing a short distance away as I watched the fire, I had a soft smile on my face. It seemed to me that a meaningless life, after which there is no rebirth or heaven-hell, etc., gave up all the sorrows, misery, fatigue of that life and made a happy journey to eternity.

This is how the word death has become synonymous with "eternal peace" for me. I am not at all ashamed to admit that seeing death works a heavenly peace in my mind. I can laugh, joke, and joke about death, and no matter how close the dead person is to me, I don't think this feeling will ever change.

The subject can be deadly cruel to others. People rejoice at the death of a person, people may come to beat me with a stick - but there is nothing to do. This is what happens to me spontaneously, and I can't be too emotional about forcing someone to die. I could never cry. There were no tears.

But my brain "only" gives me this peaceful self-defense in human death. When our pet dog Kira died, I howled and cried like a baby. The human brain is a strange thing. In the case of animals other than humans, I do not understand why my eternity mode is not activated.

Now, that's why you can call me Psycho. Don't matter. I'm not saying it's normal. I know I'm an exception, and that's OK.

Mr. Abu Mohsin Khan shot himself in the head on Facebook Live today. I watched that video over and over again. Everyone said it was unbearable, the body was shaking, and so on. I did not have any disorder in it. I dragged and watched that video. When he was speaking slowly, I know why the words seemed impossible to me.

People exercise their supreme power by deciding where to end their lives. Nature is also helpless here, God is also helpless here, and in this one place, man becomes more powerful than Azrael. I have found peace in seeing the great application of this power.

I have some contradictory thoughts here, that is: death is easy for me, but I do not want anyone to die. I have peace of mind when someone dies, but I can't kill someone for my own peace. I mean, it's a matter of national contradiction, at the same time suffering from animal slaughter and enjoying eating meat.

Recently, has anyone noticed - how much suicide has increased? Now almost every day you will see on Facebook that someone has committed suicide. The number of those who are not on Facebook will surely be huge.

But we have not taken any measures to prevent or reduce suicide deaths. The National Red Alert needs to be issued to the extent that people are committing suicide. Hostel

Why is it not enough to campaign against suicide? Why don't we have a National Suicide Preventive Helpline? Would it cost the government too much to keep fifty psychologists or counselors seated 24 hours a day in a 999 type call center? What has this state done to help those who are suicidal?

Remember, suicide is not a one-day affair. A man tries to commit suicide many times. One of these attempts goes "a little" too far - and that is death. It is not possible to prevent one hundred percent, but it is possible to minimize suicide if you want.

Australia has a very nice support system called "Lifeline". Only 20 million people live in Australia. Even then, the Lifeline number receives a call every thirty seconds, for help. What a horrible situation, can you imagine? People want to live even the moment before they die, but we don't give them that chance to live.

Notice: We didn't see as many suicides in the nineties as we do today. There was no epidemic of suicide like today.

In the last twenty years, somewhere
There has been a deadly noise.
Our job is to find out where the noise is.

Those who are supposed to take this responsibility in the state, but are not taking it, I raise my hands and pray that the gun of Abu Mohsin Khan should rise in the hands of these people.

Zahir Raihan lost at the age of just 36, has always

noreply@blogger.com (Md Ferdous) — Sun, 30 Jan 2022 16:21:00 +0000

Zahir Raihan lost at the age of just 36, has always
Zahir Raihan lost at the age

Zahir Raihan seemed to be the invaluable asset of world history in his story "In Need of Time". I told the story, must-read - in need of time -

Zahir Raihan A few days ago I went to a front base of the freedom fighters to collect news. The camp commander was very busy. In that busy moment, he handed me a notebook and said, "Sit down." Read this book while sitting. I got some work done. Then I will talk to you. I reached for the book. A notebook bound in a red cover. Dust, ink, and oil stains have become dirty here and there. I opened the book. Feminine type handwritten. Occasionally a little random. I started reading. The first time I saw someone die, I was in pain. It was as if I was getting a little weak. Sometimes a tear may be born in the corner of the eye. Now it has become a lot easier. I don't know, maybe the feelings have become dull, that's why. News of the death comes. I see dead people. I put the body in the grave. I immediately forgot.

Carrying the rifle on my shoulder, I stood on the small tiller. I look ahead. Great sky. A laurel loft. The young gourd is hanging. Gently swaying in the wind. A few paddy fields. Two palm trees. Another village away. News has come that they are getting bases there. One day those were our part. Staying together. I slept. I ate. I fell asleep. I sat at a table and talked. I have fought when I feel the need. Loved it. Seeing them today, the blood of the body gets hot. The eyes became irritated. The hand itches. Shoot like crazy. I became desperate to kill. When I can kill someone, I burst into joy. Spit of hatred on the face of the corpse.

Paddy field in front. A few cows on top of Al. A goat. Constantly calling A flock of birds flew away to a distant village. The key seemed to move there. At that moment the vision became fixed. I informed the camp commander.

Sir, it looks like they can move on.

He was leaning on a map and doing calculations. He looked up. A pair of red eyes. Didn't sleep the last two nights. Says he didn't get left. He looked up. Said, what did you see?

I said, it seemed like a movement.

You got it wrong. He stopped me in the middle. They are not supposed to go ahead in a day or two. Take a good look.

I went to my place. I kept looking. Occasionally there is drowsiness. The vision becomes blurred. Maybe that's why I'm wrong.

But the view I saw in the spacious restroom of the launch ghat next to the Buriganga is not to be mistaken. I heard that many people took refuge there. When I went, I saw no one.

I saw.
Blood clots like pudding on the floor.
Boot stains.
Lots of bare footprints.
Short legs. Big legs. Young legs.
Some girl's hair.
Fingers of both hands.
A ring.
Blood pressure blood.
Black blood. Red blood.
Human hand Feet Ankle
Blood like pudding.
A piece of skull.
One bite brain.
Slippery footprints on the blood.
Many small and big streams. Blood flow.
A letter
Wallet
Towels.
One side slipper.
A few biscuits.
Blood clots.
A nose ring.
A comb.
Boot stains.
A white ribbon that has turned red.
Haircuts.
Desalaiya stick.
The impression of dragging a man.
In the middle of the blood scattered here and there.
The side drain is closed.
The blood flow is frozen there like lava.
I was watching.
Seeing that, I sighed and ran away from there.
I'm not alone. Countless people.
Countless people were running like ants.

Suitcase on the head, a bundle of clothes on the armpits. Hurricane in hand. Baby at the waist.

What a restless panic in the eyes.
No talking. Silent everyone.

Suddenly someone said, don't go there. Military. People were fleeing on all sides by boat. The military fired on them. Two or three hundred people died there. Don't go.

It was as if someone had tied a few stones to his feet.

Not alone. Countless people. Thousands of eyes. Shocking moment. Where are we going? There is no way back. That path is blocked under the pile of corpses.

Let's move forward. You can't trust. There may also be dead bodies standing in the way of the hill.

Where to go?

At the last moment, I heard the sound of a helicopter. And almost immediately we all started running. He is running wherever he can. Everyone is scattering around like a squid.

The helicopter landed overhead.
Then.

Then it seemed as if a lot of lightning struck at once. I fell face down on the ground. I can't see anything. Just a lot of words. The sound of machine guns. The cries of the children. How many people scream. Yawn A few dogs barking. Crying. The sound of machine guns. People's lament. A teenager's voice. You know. You know. He is calling the lost father. You know. You know. Then the silence of the crematorium. Pain in the chin near the neck. I slowly looked up. I saw. No, I didn't see anything. Everything became blurry. It seemed that darkness was coming down all around. I realized I was losing consciousness. Or dying.

Paddy field in front. A laurel loft. The young gourd is hanging. A few bamboo forests in the back. Four or five tents behind. An old building. That's where we live.

A total of twenty-seven people.

I was the first nineteen. Eight people were killed by mortar fire. When I dropped them off and returned to the camp, we were eleven.

One escaped that night. Gone, never came. Another died of a sudden illness. Before realizing the disease, he stretched his arms and legs and lay down. And did not get up. I found a letter in his book pocket. Written to mom. Mom. Don't worry about me, Mom. I'm fine

I gave the letter to his grave. Stay. Stay there There were nine of us then. Now I have reached Stash again.

Twenty-seven people.

Of different ages. Of religion. Of opinion.

Never talked to anyone before. There was no identity. I never saw the face.

Someone was a student. Someone is a day laborer. The farmer. Or a middle-class clerk.

Jute brokers. Or the fisherman of Padmapar.

Now everyone is a soldier.

Live together Eat. Sleep.

Carrying the rifles on one's shoulders and going out in search of an enemy, it seems as if we have known each other for a long time. I know. I feel like a very close person.

It seems that we are bound by an inseparable bond of long-standing kinship. Our existence and goal are the same. Sometimes we sit in a circle and talk at rest.

Stories of the past.

Current story.

Future stories.

Tukitaki various discussions.

The medicine is gone. Have to bring Only pulses and rice have been running for a few days now. It would not be bad to get some fish and meat. We are twenty-seven people. Only nine rifles. If only I could get a weapon. If everyone had a rifle in their hands, I would not have let any of their soldiers escape that day.

They came in a total of two hundred people. Forty-five bodies were left behind and fled. We chased. Until the ferry. I came back because the shots were gone.

When I came, I saw that the wives of innumerable boys, old men, and girls from the surrounding villages had come there.

Sweep in someone's hand. Photos. Ax. Pickaxe

They are sweeping the bodies.

Their hands are being cut to pieces with an ax. Feet Head. Chest ribs. An old man was screaming and crying while chopping a corpse into hundreds of pieces. You are marching on my paladar. You took it to Boudar. You're driving me crazy. You have burned my golden family.

I will read the wrath of Allah. I will read the wrath of God. Hate. Anger. Pain.

We resisted. And almost immediately they started crying. The sad lament began. At the end of the lament began to narrate the history of thousands of their sorrows.

No boy. No husband. Raped his wife. The young girl was taken away. It's been three months. Recent cows. Round rice. Body ornaments. Nothing. All looted.

Hate. Anger. Pain.

How can they live with so many chests? If everything had been shattered in an explosion, they might have tried to survive.

They are not alone. Lots of people. Seven and a half crore. One crore people have fled their homes and lands, three crore people are constantly fleeing from one village to another.

Fear. Panic. Panic

When I regained consciousness, I too ran away. Take the scent of terracotta. Lots of dead bodies. Black smoke pierces the coil.

I took refuge in a jewelry boat. The boy-old-girl-child was giggling. Villages on both sides are on fire.

A while ago, a few planes came and bombed continuously.

Nearby is a loose ball town. Still burning. Black frozen smoke is billowing into the sky. There is no man. No dogs. There are no animals. The empty houses stand like ghosts. Suddenly the voices of many girls were heard. I looked up. Some girls were standing together on the bank of the river, shouting and calling for the boat to be taken ashore. They want to get shelter in the boat.

No, no, beware, the boat will not sail. An old woman looked at them and snorted.

Why, what happened?

What will happen next? Bad girl. Market girl.

What does the market girl mean?

What do you mean, sir? Whore. Don't know whore? Her eyes wrinkled with hatred.

He is not alone. Many.

Many people looked at the prostitutes standing on the shore. No no no need to stop the boat. Let the dangers die. It is better to die.

Stop the boat. Suddenly a boy shouted from inside the crowd. A full-bodied beard. Red eyes like blood clots. Get them on the boat soon. He ordered in a hard voice. The old man replied annoyed. No, the boat will not stop.

Immediately the boy jumped up and grabbed the old man by the throat. Puppy I will pick you up and throw you into the river. What the hell is going on here?

Boat sheep and boatman. Pick them up.
A few silent moments. The boat capsized.
Frightened, the half-dead prostitutes came into the boat like sheep.
Little whore. Medium whore. Big whore.
Teenage whore. Young prostitute. The old whore.

The elite passengers of the boat moved to one side in hatred. The prostitutes said nothing. He sat huddled in a corner.

Lots of faces.

A face to look like my mother.

What is mom doing now?

My chest ached when I remembered my mother's words.

Younger brother Sister Studi. How are they?

Is he alive or dead?

I don't know. Maybe I won't know for a long time.

Yet one thing kept popping up in my mind.

Will I be able to sit at the breakfast table with them again?

Will my mother come to my closed door every morning and call me? Kiri, are you still sleeping? It's been a long time.

Get up. Don't drink tea?

Or.

Everyone is playing Keram on the roof of the house as a team. Can I do it again?

Or.

Leaving the mother as a witness, all together killed the father's pocket? Maybe. I don't know.

When you know, you think. The thought is a pain. But to think I once loved so much. Especially with Jaya.

Jaya of China Bhabhi. How I thought of him.

Ever in the rough background of the sea.

Sometimes in the middle of a wave-waking procession.

Sometimes in the privacy of a small house. During the day. At night.

In the darkness.

Or at noon. On the corner table of a restaurant. In solitude. Put two cups of tea in front of you for a long time without saying a word. It was nice to think.

Ichhamati, Karatoya, Muurakshi say the name of the river, the two of them swim in the water to play hanamachi with the waves.

Jaya has never seen the sea. He had a great desire to see the sea.

One day he smiled and said: You know, I saw the sea. When! Where? I was surprised.

Why in this city? Jaya said wiping the sweat from her forehead. Have you ever seen so much sea scattering in the streets of the city?

Deeper than the sea.
Roarier than the sea.
Moving.

It seemed that no matter how many obstacles came in front, everything would be swept away.

Billions of faces. The appearance is carved in stone. Fisted hands cross borders.

The sound of millions of thunderbolts or the sound of waves is meaningless to the roar of the procession.

I have never seen it before.

In February. Fifty-four. I have seen a lot in sixty-two, sixty, or seventy-nine.

But I have never seen so much tide of life.

I have never seen so many deaths before.

I look ahead. Great sky. A few laurel fish. The young gourd is hanging. A few paddy fields. Two palm trees. Another village far away.

I see it every day.

I have never seen Jaya so intense. A few bamboo forests in the back. Four or five tents behind. An old building. We have drawn many small lines with charcoal on that building. Those are the accounts of the dead.

Not ours.
Theirs.

Whenever I killed an enemy, I drew a new line on the wall. So it is convenient to keep accounts. I see often. Guni. Three hundred and seventy-two, seventy-three, seventy-four. I am waiting for the whole wall to be filled.

Those of us who have died. I also keep an account of them. But I remember that. Many spots in the mind. That too sometimes counts.

One day.

Several days ago. The Sector Commander came to our camp to see. We stood in line. I greeted him.

He asked us a question.

We gave almost the same answer.

I said, for the country. I am fighting for the motherland. I am fighting to liberate the country.

Bangladesh.

No, later it seemed that the answer was not right. We have talked for a long time. Is the answer correct? The country is a matter of geography. Whose boundaries change thousands of years. Changed. It will change in the future.

So what are we fighting for?

Friends made various statements to various people.

Someone said we are fighting for revenge. They beat our mothers and sisters like dogs and cats, that's why. I want to take his revenge.

Someone said we are fighting against injustice. Those bastards have tortured us a lot. Exploited. So I am fighting to drive them away.

Someone said I don't understand so much Maria. I am fighting for Sheikh Saheb.

Someone said, do you know why I am fighting? To kick the ass of all the thugs, thugs, brokers, scoundrels, moneylenders, and religious businessmen in the country.

I was listening to them. I was thinking. Sometimes I was arguing while taking part in the discussion.

But the mind was not full.

What are we fighting for? Giving so much life, so much bloodshed?

Maybe for happiness. For peace. To fulfill one's desires.

Or just to survive. To protect one's existence. Or in need of time. We are fighting to meet the needs of the time.

I can't think so much. I don't think so much in my little head anymore. It hurts. What I understand is straightforward. We have to drive them out of the ground. This is what is needed now.

The lines on the walls are growing.

The scars on the mind are also increasing every day.

He was shot in the wrist yesterday. It could have touched the chest without touching it. Only two fingers apart.

Rest for a few days now.

If he was near his mother, he would turn his hand on his head. Crying. He used to say with rebuke, Bahadur. Why did you go so far ahead? Couldn't stay behind everyone? And there is no need for such bravery, father. Son of a bitch, let's go home now.

The house?

Honestly, the human imagination is big weird.

When did they burn the house to ashes? Yet the mind wants to think about the house.

I got the news that my mother, father, brother, sister have all gone somewhere. Maybe in a village, in a village. In any refugee camp. Or:

No. I don't want to think that.

Jaira has no news. Where did the girl go?

I don't know. It is scary to know.

Just know, we will win this war today, not tomorrow. Or the day after tomorrow.

One day I will go back again. In my town, in my village. Then maybe many familiar faces will not be there. I will never see them again. I will love those whom I find.

I will tell the story of those who are not there but one day.

The story of that boy. He jumped in front of the tank with a mine strapped to his chest.

Or that old farmer. He picked up the rifle and said with a soft smile, "Let's go." He never came back. Or the five million dead children in the refugee camps.

One crore dead bodies in tens of thousands of villages.

Not one crore, maybe the calculation has reached three crores then.

One thousand and one night may pass. My story will not end.

Paddy field in front. Great sky. A pumpkin loft, young pumpkin hanging. Two palm trees. Another village away. The name of the village is Rohanpur. They are getting bases there, one day those who were part of us.

There is nothing else written in the diary.

I handed the book to the camp commander and asked, "Whose writing is yours?"

No. A freedom fighter with us.

Can I talk to him a little? I asked again.

He looked at me for a few moments while answering.

Then he said, he was caught in their hands in an operation a few days ago.

Then?

I can't say the next news. Maybe killed. He may have survived.

Unbeknownst to him, his eyes fell on the book again. I saw it upside down for a long time. Then I turned my face towards the outside.

Great sky. A gourd fish, a young gourd is hanging. A few paddy fields. Two palm trees. Another village away. There is a fire burning.

In a hedonistic country, do people enjoy life?

noreply@blogger.com (Md Ferdous) — Sat, 29 Jan 2022 16:48:00 +0000

In a hedonistic country, rice suffers As there is joy in human life
In a hedonistic country

In a hedonistic, As there is joy in human life, there is also suffering. But what is the excess of sorrow more than happiness? Yes, that's right you can now become known as a Lord of the Rings. Happiness comes here in Kayaklesh. And there is sorrow in the king's house, in the existing tabulate. The pain of rice is mixed with thousands of smells in that sorrow. Some people say with an open mouth, get hands. And most of the rest endure the hardships of rice. Well, do you understand the pain of rice?

It's a pain that you can't react to if you don't feel it. No, no, I'm not talking about not eating one meal out of pride. Think about it, have you ever been forced to eat for lack of money? The helplessness of that empty pocket cannot be imagined. Whoever it is, just understand. The form of such misery in the class of wealth changes color again like a chameleon. The lowest class of the rich can get their hands on all the shame. But the middle class can't do that either. This class wanders around on empty stomachs with empty pockets, looking for work. And after the sun sets, I feel indifferent, aha, one day is gone! Will it be the same tomorrow?

The search for rice started to fill the stomach. Rice is to be found in abundance. Yeah Al that sounds pretty crap to me, Looks like BT ain't for me either. We live on empty stomachs. We have chosen this rule. We have learned to understand, ‘this is science’. The state, society, school-college books, and almost the whole world have taught us this since childhood. Of course, we have made some changes in copying the other one. And the whole thing was not more brutal but humane. Who is an animal and who is a human being? Instead, Md. Let's smell the pain of Alamgir Kabir's rice. No matter what, there will be severe discrimination.

Alamgir also embarked on a search for rice. We hear the news of the disappearance of his pasted rice as the ear bugs move while listening to the talk of self-sufficiency in various subjects. Recently, such notification has flooded social media. It says, "I only want to teach for two meals a day." According to today's newspaper news, a student of Bogra Government Azizul Haque College has put up a poster to get tuition. Alamgir Kabir. He graduated from the Department of Political Science. Now he is fighting for a job. But the fight is not just for the job, it is clear in the whole poster. After a

while the eyes become blurred, this is what!

Alamgir Kabir wrote in his poster, ‘I want to teach only for two meals in exchange for rice.’ He will teach in exchange for breakfast and lunch. Besides, he wrote, he will teach everything except mathematics from first to twelfth class. In that poster, he wrote 'Baker' as his profession. It has his name and mobile number.

He was born in a peasant family in Panchbibi, Joypurhat, according to the newspaper 'I want to teach only for two meals a day. He is the youngest of five siblings. There was already tension in the world. In Corona, it has become more and more intense. So much so that a highly educated young man has to look for a job as well as rice. But not in the hotel, in the people's room. Only the smell of smoked hot rice can fly the white flag of peace in this war of filling the stomach with the support of that ancient exchange system.

You may be thinking, ‘Hey boy, what’s so poetic about this?’ Not poetry, a little crying, and a lot of ‘anger’. This anger is not high. Gobet head solid anger. That goblet head swallows the news of bumper harvest of baby lemon at regular intervals. It comes to the ears, at present the per capita income of the people of the country has increased to 2 thousand 554 dollars, which is 2 lakh 17 thousand 570 in terms of money. In addition, the gross domestic product (GDP) stands at à§ª 411 billion. Meanwhile, the country's foreign exchange reserves are à§«à§¦ 50 billion. The literacy rate is 75.2%. The poverty rate has come down to 20.5 percent. And after hearing so many words, one has to look at the poster of a postgraduate to find rice twice a day. And to avoid going down the street, you have to eat more and extend your hand.

Why did he have to put up such a poster? Alamgir has given several hints. He has shown the reality of the deadly biscuit race behind the government job. In the form-gestures, he explained the issues of financial transactions, identity, lobbying, etc. in recruitment. It is easy to guess why the 'unemployed' written on the poster were forced to take up the profession. And people do not take private jobs without experience. Nebei or why? A lot of inexperience can be swallowed up by the twist of experience on paper.

So only tuition is available in front of Alamgir. There you can at least ask for rice instead of breakfast. But one meal of rice does not satisfy the hunger of three hours! So you have to stick the poster helplessly. Because the burning of hunger is an obstacle to survival and forgets the social shame. And this is where the pride of millions of rupees per capita income is lost. What will happen to him? Alamgir's stomach is not full of it!

Yet there is happiness in this country. Because we are now in a system of hedonism, where the GDP rises and the canal of praise flows. Even if thousands of crores of rupees are smuggled, it sounds like, ‘What else is this!’ Being happy is like coming here ‘in line’. The trouble of rice is the noise of the untouchables here. Even after that, in the crowd of Bedam Damama of the jug of happiness, the melody of the cry of the hungry is heard in a low voice. There, ‘self-sufficiency’ cuts off the ugly. In the lines of Jatindranath Sengupta's poem 'Sukhbadi', it has to be said,

solar energy systems Learn about the 3 different

noreply@blogger.com (Md Ferdous) — Thu, 27 Jan 2022 15:38:00 +0000

Solar energy systems Learn about the 3 different solar energy systems that exist
Solar Energy Systems

Solar Energy Systems Within the list of renewable energies that generate electricity, solar energy is the one that has advanced the most in recent times in developed countries. The key to this growth is that the source of energy is one of the most abundant and simplest resources to take advantage of the sun.

The sun is in the sky every day. Every day it lights up and sends its heat to the planet through its rays. Therefore, photovoltaic energy is destined, in the not-so-distant future, to be responsible for the largest amount of electricity consumed on the face of the Earth.

How does Solar Energy Systems

The solar panels that can be seen more and more frequently everywhere absorb the energy of the sun's rays. Through a chemical process, these panels convert that light into volts. That energy will be stored in 12v batteries and then converted to usable 120v voltages.

The different solar technologies can be classified as passive or active. This separation is based on the way solar energy is captured, converted, and distributed.

Active technologies are those that use photovoltaic panels and solar thermal collectors to collect the energy that reaches the planet from its closest star. Solar Energy Systems

Among the passive techniques, different techniques are governed by the rules of bioclimatic architecture. For example, the way to orient buildings facing the Sun. Or also the choice of materials with a favorable thermal mass or that have properties for light dispersion. And also, the design of environments through natural ventilation.

What are Solar Energy Systems panels?

Photovoltaic panels or modules are made up of a set of photovoltaic cells. These produce electricity from the light they receive on their surface through what is called the photoelectric effect.

Depending on the type of cell that the panel is made of, this fundamental element for generating electricity from solar energy can be:

Monocrystalline: These are Solar Energy Systems panels that are made up of sections of a single silicon crystal. These panels are easily detectable due to their circular or octagonal shape. Furthermore, if one closely observes the four short sides of the octagonal panels, one can see that they are curved since it is cut-out circular cell.

Polycrystalline: is when the solar panel or plate is made up of small crystallized particles.

Amorphous: this is the case when the silicon has not crystallized.

The effectiveness of these panels is greater the larger the crystals. However, other factors also play a role: weight, thickness, and cost.

The different connections to the central electrical network

off-grid

These are the systems of solar installations completely disconnected from the electrical network. Off-gray systems are generally installed in isolated locations that do not have access to the main power grid.

Being completely isolated, these regions need to accumulate energy so that it can later be used when the sun no longer shines.

An off-grid system is made up of solar panels, controllers, inverters, and batteries with sufficient capacity to cover a calculated time of consumption without receiving power.

If as users we choose this photovoltaic solar system to power our home, we must bear in mind that it is the one with the highest cost due to the integration of batteries. In addition, the off-grid installations have larger dimensions to cover the possibility of several days without being able to generate energy due to bad weather conditions.

On-grid

On-grid systems are those that use solar panels and inverters that are mounted on the existing electrical network and contribute their products to it.

The great advantage of these types of installations in the short term is that they help achieve great savings in the cost of the bill. When the electrical production of our panels exceeds what is consumed by the home, the "excess" energy can be delivered to the main network to be used.

These systems, as they are connected to the network, do not need batteries. It is that when the panels do not produce energy, the home will use the traditional flow that it receives from the original electrical network.

This on-grid system has the advantage of its low cost and a much cheaper installation than in the case of off-grid systems. In addition, solar panels can be installed in different sections according to our needs and possibilities of time and money.

These systems do not work in the event of a power outage. Being connected to the main network, if a power outage is detected, for safety, the system will stop contributing its production.

hybrids

Hybrid systems are the worldwide trend in places with access to the network where it is desired to lower the costs of electrical energy.

A hybrid system combines the best of the two previous systems. For example, it incorporates the batteries to function as off-grid but takes advantage of the network as an on-grid installation.

A benefit that cannot be enjoyed in the off-grid system appears when there is an “excess” of generated energy. The surplus of energy production of the panels can be turned over to the existing electrical network to be used by other people.

An advantage over the off-grid system is that hybrid installations tend to be smaller. In this way, this system can be installed in small departments. But the main problem is economic: the inverters used have a higher cost than on-grid and off-grid inverters.

Tags: Solar Energy Systems

Industrial Automation: What it is and how it works

noreply@blogger.com (Md Ferdous) — Mon, 24 Jan 2022 17:00:00 +0000

Industrial Automation: What it is and how it works
Industrial Automation: What it is

Industrial automation works When we talk about industrial automation we refer to the use of control systems, such as computers, programmable robots, robots, and information technologies to manage different production processes and machinery in the industry, eliminating the intervention of the workforce as much as possible and replacing the dangerous assembly operations by automated operations.

Automation is an evolution of mechanization in industry, which uses devices with high control capacity to achieve efficient manufacturing or production processes.

Due to rapid technological advances, industrial processing systems with the so-called industry 4.0 or fourth industrial revolution are changing the way companies produce. The computerized control of production to increase the precision, quality, and performance of industrial processes has become the main actor of manufacturing and production companies.

In this article we will analyze in detail the components involved in the automation of production processes, we will detail the most used types of industrial automation systems, as well as we will know their importance in service and manufacturing companies.

What is meant by Industrial Automation?

Automation is a broad term that applies to any mechanism that is self-moving or self-determined. The word `automation' derives from the ancient Greek words Auto (meaning: by itself) and Matos (meaning: movement).

Compared to manual systems, automation systems offer superior performance in terms of accuracy, power, and speed of operation.

In industrial automation control, a wide number of process variables such as temperature, flow rate, pressure, distance, and liquid levels can be detected simultaneously. All these variables are acquired, processed, and controlled by microprocessor systems or data processing controllers.
An automated system uses special hardware and software elements and components dedicated to implementing control and monitoring systems. In recent years, the number of these products has been developed from various vendors offering their specialized products.
Some of these providers are Siemens, ABB, AB, National Instruments, Omron, etc.

How Industrial Automation works

The structure of an industrial automation system serves to explain the different levels of its operation. There are several ways to describe the levels of an industrial automation process, but the simplest of all and the most common to understand is the following hierarchical triangle representing the three levels of a typical industrial automation system.

levels-of-industrial-automation
Industrial automation process levels
Below I will describe the hierarchical triangle representing the three levels of a typical industrial automation application.

supervisor level

The supervisor level consists of a computer or industrial computer, desktop PC type, Control Panel, or rack format, depending on the needs of the company. This central computer uses a standard operating system with special software, usually provided by the supplier for the control of industrial processes.

The main objective of the software is the visualization and parameterization of the process. For communication, the Industrial Ethernet protocol is used, which can be Gigabit LAN or any wireless topology (WLAN).

control level

The Control Level is the middle level of the hierarchy and is the level where all automation-related programs are executed. For this purpose, programmable logic controllers, or PLCs, are generally used, which provide real-time computing capability.

PLCs are typically implemented using 16-bit or 32-bit microcontrollers and run on a proprietary operating system to meet real-time requirements. PLCs can also be interfaced with various I/O devices and can communicate through various industrial communication protocols.

field level

Data terminal equipment such as sensors and actuators are what form the field level. Sensors such as temperature, optics, pressure, etc., and actuators such as motors, valves, switches, etc. are connected to a PLC via a Fieldbus, and the communication between a field-level device and its corresponding PLC is normally based on a point-to-point connection.

Both wired and wireless networks are used for communication, and by using this communication, the PLC can also diagnose and parameterize various components.

In addition to these three hierarchical levels, and industrial process automation system also requires two main systems such as the industrial power supply and the security and protection protocols.

The power requirements of different systems at different levels of the hierarchy can be extremely different. For example, PLCs typically run on 24V DC, while heavy-duty motors run on single-phase or three-phase alternating current.

Therefore, a wide range of suitable input power supplies is required for trouble-free operation. In addition, there must be security for the software used to control PLCs, as it can be easily modified or hacked.

Considering all the levels mentioned and their corresponding components, a Basic Industrial Automation System will have the following structure:

scheme-diagram-basic-industrial-automation-system

Industrial automation equipment or tools

Industrial automation is an integrated systems platform consisting of various equipment and elements that perform a wide variety of functions such as detection, control, supervision, and monitoring related to industrial processes.

Sensors and actuators

Sensors convert physical process variables, such as flow rate, pressure, temperature, etc., into electrical or pneumatic variables. The signals from these sensors are used to process, analyze and make decisions to produce the control output.

The various control techniques are implemented to produce the required output by comparing the process variable sensed by the current with the setting values.

Finally, the controllers produce the calculated outputs and apply them as electrical or pneumatic signal inputs to the actuators. Actuators convert electrical or pneumatic signals into physical process variables. Examples of actuators are control valves, relays, motors, etc.

A special category is that of intelligent instruments, which are integrated detection or actuation systems with the ability to communicate with field buses. These smart devices have internal signal conditioning circuitry and facilitate direct connection to the communication link in the industrial bus system.

Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA)

Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) is a type of application that obtains operational data from the system to control and optimize the system. Applications may include actions of a petrochemical distillation process, a water filtration system, a pipeline compressor, etc.

All businesses depend on the need to improve asset performance through operational excellence. Staying ahead of the competition means you can find ways to work faster and with less effort.

Programmable Logic Controller (PLC)

The programmable logic controller (PLC) is one of the most important automation devices. As its name suggests, it is a programmable logic controller. We can control the devices and easily switch from one process to another through it.

It is primarily designed for multiple input and output configurations and can withstand extreme temperatures with vibration and impact resistance.

Human Machine Interface (HMI)

The Human-Machine Interface (HMI) includes the electronics necessary to signal and control the status of industrial automation equipment. In turn, it helps control industrial automation equipment. However, these interface products can range from a basic LED status indicator to a 2-inch TFT panel with a touch screen interface.

Artificial Neural Network

It is a mathematical model and is responsible for processing information from communication networks and information processing. ANN structures can be modified based on external and internal data that is entered in the system configuration phase.

Distributed Control System (DCS)

The Distributed Control System (DCS) is one of the most widely used industrial automation systems for various processes in the manufacturing industry. Contains one or more driver elements distributed in the system.

DCS applications include electrical power grids and generation plants, traffic signals, water management systems, environmental control systems, oil refineries, and chemical plants, pharmaceutical manufacturing, oil transport vessels, and grids. of sensors.

robotics

Robotics as technology evolves has begun to be used in various fields. From surgical robots to entertainment robots, they help people perform complex tasks. They can be used to perform various application tasks, such as mapping, painting, welding, repairing, etc.

The role of industrial robotic systems in the production process ranges from assembly and internal treatments to testing.

Types of industrial automation

Now that we have seen a little about the design and elements of a typical industrial automation system, it is worth highlighting the different types of industrial automation systems most used today by companies in their manufacturing and production processes. Industrial automation systems are usually classified into four types:

Fixed automation system
Programmable automation system
Flexible automation system
Integrated Automation System
Fixed Automation System

Fixed automation systems are special equipment used to streamline specific processes. In fixed automation, it is nearly impossible to facilitate product design changes. Industries that have to produce stable and sustainable product designs over a long period opt for stationary automated systems.

Programmable Automation System

This type of technology is used to manufacture batch products. A production system has to be programmed several times to obtain a new batch of products with different specifications.

Programmable automated devices are designed to make product changeover easy. However, the process of rescheduling a production machine is time-consuming.

Flexible automation system

It is a more sophisticated and refined form of programmable automation. Its difference is that flexible automation allows the equipment to be changed automatically and quickly. A mixture of different products can be produced consistently without wasting time.

Integrated Automation System

An Integrated Automation System is a set of independent machines, processes, and data, which work synchronously under the command of a single control system to implement an automation system for a production process: CAD (Computer-Aided Design), CAM (Computer-Aided Manufacturing), computer-controlled tools and machines, robots, cranes and conveyors can be integrated using programming and production control.

Why is Industrial Automation important? Advantages and disadvantages

Manufacturers today face many challenges in a highly competitive business landscape. Some of these challenges include sustainable manufacturing environments (in an increasingly security-focused world) and increasingly complex supply chains, meeting the latest energy efficiency standards and competing with lower-cost companies.

Many of these reasons lead manufacturers towards industrial automation and the digital transformation of their production processes. Due largely to technological advances in analog and digital control systems, microprocessors, PLCs, and various sensors, synchronizing multiple independent machines and processes to achieve true industrial automation have become more agile.

With the rise of the industrial economy, business strategies for industrial automation have also changed over time.
The advantages of Industrial Automation include:
Increased labor productivity

Automation increases the speed of production by generating more and better products. New technologies work for long hours without losing accuracy. Hence the increase in productivity and efficiency per hour of work.

Improved product quality

One of the main advantages of automation is the reduction of the fraction rate of defective units. Automation systems perform operations with greater conformance and consistency to quality specifications. Therefore, industrial processes are controlled and monitored at all stages to produce a quality final product.

Lower labor or production cost

Automated systems help industries save big in the long run by replacing labor with automated machinery to reduce unit production costs. Automation equipment that runs smoothly or consistently (24 hours × 7 days) not only increases productivity, but also results in an excellent return on investment by saving wages, labor costs, and employee absenteeism. the employees.

The automated system also reduces labor shortages by substituting automated operations for this labor.

Reduction of routine manual tasks

In many industrial applications, process variables such as temperature, liquid level, pressure, etc. must be monitored periodically as a routine task to maintain the established levels.

Thus, an automation system creates the automatic working condition by employing closed-loop control systems.

Enhanced Security

By implementing an automated system, work is made safer by transferring the worker from a place of active participation in the process to a supervisory role. Automated machines are capable of working in hazardous and other extreme environments.

Furthermore, these systems use industrial robots instead of human workers, especially in life-threatening conditions (high temperature and chemical conditions). In this way, an industrial automation system prevents accidents and injuries to workers.

Help remote monitoring

Most industrial operations have to be remotely controlled for convenient long-distance monitoring and control of process variables. For these cases, automated systems provide a communication link between the process area and the supervision (monitoring and control) area, allowing operators to control and monitor industrial processes from a remote location.

The best example of this remote control is the automatic control of the electrical network.

But on the other hand, and despite their importance, industrial automation systems entail a series of disadvantages for companies and society.
Disadvantages of Industrial Automation include:
job loss
Since most of the work is done by machines, the need for manpower is much less.
More pollution
Different types of machines are powered and operated by engines that may require polluting gases or chemicals to run.
less versatility
Having a machine that can perform a certain task limits the flexibility and variety of tasks an employee can perform.

Not all desired tasks can be automated with today's technology. For example, products with irregular shapes and sizes are best left for manual assembly. (This trend seems to be changing with advanced computers and algorithms.)

Automation can not be applied in all cases but in certain processes, that is, high volume production, repeatable and consistent products.

high costs
The initial cost of implementing an automation system is very high.

The costs of research and development of the automation of a process, those of preventive maintenance and those of training employees to operate automated machines is one more addition that has to be taken into account and added to the initial cost. As well as for their maintenance and service.

What is the future of industrial automation?

Although industrial automation in manufacturing is not without its detractors (such as the unsubstantiated claim that it will lead to mass unemployment), its future looks very promising. The industrial robots of the future will be multifunctional so that the same machine can be used for several different uses.

They will have many associated capabilities, such as the ability to make decisions and work autonomously.

They will also have self-diagnostic and predictive maintenance capabilities.

Thanks to the industrial automation of production, the factory of the future will be more efficient in the use of energy, raw materials, and human resources. Also, contrary to popular belief, experience so far has shown that automation will not cause mass unemployment.

On the contrary, the massive use of robots will create more jobs. Humans and robots will work together to create a more efficient and productive workplace.

INDUSTRIAL AUTOMATION WHAT IS INDUSTRIAL AUTOMATION?

noreply@blogger.com (Md Ferdous) — Sun, 23 Jan 2022 10:03:00 +0000

INDUSTRIAL AUTOMATION WHAT IS INDUSTRIAL AUTOMATION?
INDUSTRIAL AUTOMATION WHAT IS

Industrial automation can be defined specifically as the use of mechanical or electronic industrial systems to generate dynamic and controlled behavior, through commands and rules that manage to maintain the production operation in a certain service, and that implies the reduction of work. human resources and simplification of work processes.

Automation of industrial processes
Historical background

For many centuries, human beings have sought a remarkable and precise way to achieve work with a significant reduction in physical effort, when using various types of tools and machinery.

In the first stage, the machines created reduced the enormous human effort, simplifying the work by being handled by themselves through some techniques as simple as pulleys and levers.

With the arrival of the Industrial Revolution, work paradigms were broken that led to displacing the use of human and animal energy, due to the incorporation of other resources that helped automation, such as the wind, the sea, and the flow of water.

During the 19th and 20th centuries, the first automated systems appeared that incorporated mechanical systems that used channeled flows of water and steam to generate repetitive actions in the production of various objects, such as mechanical looms and steam machines.

The deepest automation has been carried out since the 1960s, with the arrival of computers that led to the creation of equipment that is required and to achieve control of electronic processes, with an emphasis on automation engineering, already allowing in our century more efficient use of robots and devices that guarantee industrial automation with the incorporation of aspects such as the programmable logic controller (PLC).

OBJECTIVES OF THE AUTOMATION OF INDUSTRIAL SYSTEMS

Industrial automation seeks to consolidate and achieve various objectives by incorporating processes through automation engineering, process pyramid, technologies, techniques, and instruments. Among the main objectives of industrial automation are:

Rationalize the various production processes and generation of inputs.
Carry out corrective actions and improvements in work processes within the human environment.
Minimize failures and reduction in execution time of various tasks.
Reduce costs in processes through the use of robots, mechanical devices, controllers, and sensors. Generating a fast return on investment.
Avoid possible significant occurrences of human errors and reduce labor problems due to stress.
Increase traceability in aspects related to the creation, management, and distribution of activities in the production lines, standardizing processes.

WHERE IS AUTOMATION APPLIED IN INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES?

Industrial automation can be applied in various areas such as basic industries, production industries, goods, and services industry, services and automation and agricultural, automotive industrial processes, among many others.

Industrial automation can also include services in some financial entities, the oil industry, power generation companies, communications companies, telematics product companies, medical supply industries, to mention the most relevant and high-impact ones.

Components and equipment that are implemented

Generally, among the main aspects that are incorporated into the activities of automation, control of electronic processes, control of machines, systems, and industrial processes, a series of fundamental equipment is required, such as sensors, pre-actuators, actuators, controllers, machine interfaces (HMI), programmable logic controller (PLC) panels, power, and command circuits, to mention those related to the process pyramid and the automation pyramid.

Advantages and disadvantages

Automation has many advantages depending on considering the notable aspects of help and improvement through technologies, techniques, and instruments that are incorporated into industrial processes:

Significantly increases the production of any service or product
Productivity is improved at accelerated levels
Provenly reduces production costs by basing much of the activities on automation engineering
Electronic process control can be maintained
Improve job security
The quality of the various products is increased
Reduce production times
It favors the incorporation and generation of automated factories

When referring to the most obvious possible disadvantages of automation, we can consider the following aspects:

Investment costs in system installation processes can be considered high.

In some aspects, there may be too much technological dependency according to the choice of suppliers.
Technological obsolescence can manifest quickly depending on the time between amortization and return on investment that has occurred.
In some areas it is more difficult to find professionals specializing in industrial automation processes, and if they are found they will be more expensive to hire.
In the event of starting automation processes with erratic operations, the succession of errors that manage to include a deterioration in service quality and execution times in processes can become very evident.
It has always been considered that the instruction of industrial automation processes is perceived to create environments of uncertainty due to possible job losses.
industrial automation

TYPES OF INDUSTRIAL AUTOMATION

Currently, there are various types of automation in all activities that require the use of a process pyramid associated with industrial automation, they are mainly related at management levels, planning levels, supervision levels, control level, and field-level...

Fixed

Fixed automation corresponds to that used to standardize various operations repetitively and fixedly, to achieve high levels of production, they are closely related to assembly operations with fixed sequences such as the automotive industry since it mainly requires that the product not be changed.

Flexible

It is a type of automation that implies that automatic control operations may have variability in their flexibility to execute possible changes in the production or design of the products.

It is very useful in the case of automation systems for guided vehicles or machines with numerical control.

Programmable

It is a process that is closely related to important changes that can be made at the processing and assembly level through changes in the control orders of the automated equipment.

It is widely used to reconfigure or adapt in processes that involve volume and batch production.

Hybrid

Hybrid automation is related to the incorporation of the assignment of tasks according to requirements or needs. Generally, under a back-office format. It is widely used in various business processes such as a call center and purchase orders.

In many cases, a robot directly executes a programmed action and can guide a certain user to fulfill its requirements. It is very useful to complete processes that could be very long or tedious.

types of industrial automation

IMPORTANCE OF ROBOTICS IN INDUSTRIAL AUTOMATION

The incorporation of robotics has been a fundamental element for the growth of industrial automation and its projection as part of creating a high level of productivity and generating greater applications of high repetitiveness that has led to a reduction in human errors. It has led to improving the quality levels of many products for substantial money savings and faster return on investment.

EXAMPLE OF INDUSTRIAL AUTOMATION

There are several examples related to industrial automation, a very obvious one is what happens in the automobile industry, where various robots are in charge of the production and integration cycles of the various parts of a car. Therefore, great performance is generated in aspects ranging from the manufacture of the chassis to the automobile engines, using various Modular PLCs, HMI interfaces, servo amplifiers, numerical controls, and software that have allowed many companies to achieve greater profit return. by reducing operating costs.

conclusion

In conclusion, industrial automation with the arrival of new technologies has allowed its incorporation in large, medium, and small industries, making industrial processes efficient, competitive, and very safe.

Industrial automation has generated the ability to have many necessary resources through computerized elements to be able to effectively control and improve many tasks with a reduction in errors, causing an increase in production efficiency with a reduction in direct costs for supplies and stock expenses...

Energy Systems Technologies to accelerate decarbonization

noreply@blogger.com (Md Ferdous) — Wed, 19 Jan 2022 17:48:00 +0000

Energy Systems Technologies to accelerate decarbonization
Energy Storage Systems

Energy Systems (SAE) are key to the decarbonization of energy systems since they are a very versatile tool to provide flexibility to systems. the greater share of renewable energies also implies greater solar photovoltaic and wind generation. These variable technologies require greater flexibility in electrical Energy Systems to maintain the continuous balance between generation and demand. In this sense, SAEs play a very important role, thanks to the fact that they can act as a load or as a source of electricity alternately, to compensate for variations in both generation and demand.

According to the International Energy Systems Agency, in a scenario of zero net emissions, SAE will become the main source of flexibility for electrical systems, replacing generation with coal and natural gas, which today occupy the first place for this function. , along with large-scale hydroelectricity. SAE is capable of providing multiple services to electrical systems, beyond the arbitration between times of lower and higher price, such as primary, secondary, and tertiary frequency regulation, voltage regulation.

Likewise, they can improve cost efficiency and postpone investments in the expansion of energy transmission and distribution networks by reducing the peaks of the maximum demand of the networks. At a global level, the penetration of SAE is still in an incipient stage. Their full use depends largely on the regulatory frameworks that enable their participation in the markets to provide these electrical services, their economic value is recognized and they are adequately remunerated.

Different technologies of storage Energy Systems

SAE innovation has enabled the development of a variety of technologies and will continue to be a key element in gaining market share. In terms of technologies, there are various alternatives such as lithium-ion electrochemical batteries, which are the fastest-growing in use. Its versatility, response times, and technology maturity make it the most attractive solution for SAE. Their costs have dropped significantly in the last decade from US$1,000 in 2010 to US$137 in 2020, and are expected to continue falling in the coming years.

Another growing technology is flow batteries, also electrochemical, such as vanadium redox batteries, which have advantages such as longer useful life, easier component recycling, and better performance in terms of safety and temperature.

There are also mechanical SAEs, such as pumped hydroelectric plants, which are the technology with the largest installed capacity in the world. Today it is estimated that they store around 9,000 GWh globally (IHA). This technology has the advantage of being able to store energy for longer periods of time, something that limits lithium batteries whose duration reaches 4 or 6 hours.

On the other hand, hydrogen promises to give a very strong boost to the decarbonization of systems, according to the IEA. To reach net-zero emissions in 2050, a capacity of 3,000 GW of electrolyzers will be required. Finally, there are also electrical and thermal storage systems, such as molten salt solar thermal power plants. The latter is still in the development phase.

Thus, the panorama SAE constitutes a market where development and research will set the standard for which technologies will be more competitive in cost and which will be better adapted to the services that energy systems require in their decarbonization process. Energy Systems

SAE penetration is low in the region, but it is possible to find projects in operation

Table 1 shows some emblematic projects in the region, among which is the Rio Grande pumping station in the Province of Córdoba, Argentina, with 750MW. This is the largest SAE in the region, with 35 years of operation. In Chile is the Cerro Dominador thermo-solar power plant, recently inaugurated with a capacity to store 110 MW in molten salts. And several projects with lithium batteries, where innovative schemes stand out, such as the “virtual reservoir” of the Alfalfa I run-of-the-river power plant, also in Chile, and other projects that accompany renewable and non-renewable generation plants.

There are also initiatives to install SAE as part of transmission and distribution Energy Systems.

A tender is currently open in Colombia to incorporate an SAE for batteries into the national transmission system to improve the quality of service in the north of the country. In Uruguay, the IDB, through the IDB Lab, is supporting the electricity company UTE for the installation of a battery pilot in distribution systems to improve the quality of service to users and optimize the use of variable renewable energies, mainly wind.

Emblematic energy storage projects in Latin America and the Caribbean
PROJECT NAME LOCATION TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION

Rio Grande Córdoba Hydroelectric Complex, Argentina Pumping Hydroelectric Power Plant It has a capacity of 750 MW and can operate in generation or pumping mode. It has an upper and a lower reservoir located 12 km downstream, with a drop of 185 m. It transforms base energy and low marginal cost into peak energy during the hours of greatest demand. More information

Cerro Dominador Thermosolar Plant Antofagasta, Chile Concentrating Solar Power (CSP) with molten salts 110 MW tower thermosolar plant with a storage capacity of 17.5 hours through a molten salt system (cold and hot salt tanks), which allows managing the energy produced and inject energy during the night. More information

Alfalfa I Hydroelectric Plant San José del Maipó, Chile Lithium Ion Batteries The 10MW/50MWh storage system accompanies the 178 MW run-of-the-river hydroelectric plant, constituting a virtual reservoir. More information

Albireo 1 and 2 Usulután Photovoltaic Plants, El Salvador Lithium Ion Batteries The 3 MW/1.5 MWh lithium-ion battery system accompanies two photovoltaic plants with a total installed capacity of 140 MWp. The system provides frequency regulation services, required by regulations. More information

Aura Solar III Baja California Sur, Mexico Lithium Ion Batteries The 10.5 MW SAE accompanies the 32MWp photovoltaic solar plant provides primary frequency regulation, and is capable of providing other complimentary services. More information

Andrés and the DPP Dominican Republic Lithium-Ion Batteries Two storage systems of 10 MW each and 30 minutes duration. They provide primary frequency regulation to two gas-based power generation plants. More information energy systems

Termozipa Zipaquirá, Colombia 7 MW and 3.9 MWh SAE Lithium-Ion Batteries to improve the performance of the Termozipa thermal power plant and maximize its electricity delivery. More information energy systems

At the technological level, Latin America and the Caribbean also have the opportunity to increase their participation in the value chain for the manufacture of batteries. Argentina, Bolivia, and Chile add up to about 60% of the identified lithium reserves.

The use of batteries in microgrids, a key role in improving access to energy systems in isolated areas

The use of lead-acid and lithium-ion batteries in microgrids for electrification in isolated areas is the application with the greatest experience regarding the installation of SAE in the region. The introduction of SAE to accompany solar power plants in isolated areas and on islands has made it possible to eliminate or at least reduce the need for the use of diesel generators. This has made it possible to increase the efficiency of the systems, reduce operating costs and the complex logistics of fuel supply, as well as CO2 emissions and other local polluting gases, such as carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, and nitrous oxides. Table 2 presents some micro-grid projects financed by the IDB in the region.

Expand understanding of SAE technologies and services

Taking advantage of the benefits of SAE in LAC for greater incorporation of variable renewable energies, decarbonizing energy systems, and presenting a better service to users requires several actions by policymakers, planning regulators, and private companies. A regulatory framework that enables SAE participation in the markets and that recognizes the value of the services it provides to the network.

Likewise, it is necessary to invest in knowledge of the technology, its performance, through the development of pilots and sharing the experience of projects that are already in operation. Also invest in science and technology to develop value chains around SAE, in particular lithium batteries. In the short term, it is possible to continue with the installation of SAE where they are economically viable, such as in microgrids and in those installations that do not require an enabling regulatory framework, such as the case of batteries located behind the meter that accompany generation plants.

Energy Systems The increasingly intense use of technology

noreply@blogger.com (Md Ferdous) — Sat, 15 Jan 2022 09:44:00 +0000

Energy Systems: Technologies for the smart electrical networks of the future
Energy Systems The increasingly intense use of technology

Energy Systems The increasingly intense use of technology, in applications such as smart homes, electric vehicles, and a legion of sensors of various types connected to the network, tends to reflect a vertiginous increase in the energy demand. At the same time, the concern with sustainability and environmental preservation leads to research for solutions that allow greater operational and energy efficiency through the use of distributed and renewable energy sources.

CPQD works in the development of technologies, methodologies and algorithms applied to energy systems, intending to expand the capacity, reliability, availability, and quality of electricity supply.

It develops innumerable R+D+i projects covering topics such as:
Batteries and charging and traction systems for electric vehicles

Evaluation of the performance of components for electrical mobility (electric vehicle, electrolier, electrical infrastructure, etc.).

Impact assessment of electric vehicles, distributed generation, and advanced measurement infrastructure in the distribution network.

development oF advanced batteries for use in distributed generation

Development of methodologies for improvements in real-time operations, planning, and maintenance of distribution systems.

The developments are subdivided into technological components that cover the areas of energy storage, advanced measurement, advanced automation, methodologies and algorithms, energy conversion, architecture and topology of energy systems, compliance, and regulation. The set of skills guidelines allows CPQD to carry out research, development, and innovation projects covering topics such as electric mobility, renewable sources, distributed generation and planning, maintenance, and real-time operating systems.

The main competencies of CPQD on this platform are:
ENERGY STORAGE

Technologies applied to energy storage systems (Energy Storage System – ESS) for peak-shaving, energy quality, security copy systems, electric vehicles, energy harvesting, among others. Examples of technology are:

Electrochemical storage (promo-acid, alkaline, lithium-ion, hydrogen CAC, etc.)
Electrical storage (supercapacitors/ultracapacitors)
Thermal storage (cryogenic, steam/molten salt)
Mechanical storage (compressed air, water pump, flywheel, GMG)
Mechanical and thermal packaging

ADVANCED ENERGY AUTOMATION

Technologies for advanced automation of energy systems with a focus on the evaluation of electrical networks in different applications. Competencies involved

Power system automation protocols (eg ICCP, DNP3, IEC 61850, etc.).

Protection systems that make it possible to detect defects or other dangerous or intolerable conditions in equipment, check system conditions, etc.

Power Line Communication (PLC) for data transmission using the transmission and distribution lines of the electrical energy network.

ADVANCED ENERGY MEASUREMENT

Allows information, data, and command interactions, readings, and technology for measuring, controlling, and managing utility resources. These are examples of skills

Measurement protocols (eg ABNT, SIBMA, DLMS, etc.)

multi measurement
micro measurements
electrical energy quality
Electrical energy measurement

ADVANCED METHODOLOGIES AND ALGORITHMS

Specialized methodologies and algorithms for different applications in energy systems, such as:

Mathematical modeling and optimization techniques for solving problems of operation and planning of electrical networks (self-healing, equipment dispatch, Volt-VAr control, fault location, etc.)

Energy quality assessment
Interconnection and interoperability between electric and electric vehicles
Meter security
Battery life check or battery degradation
Energy management for Battery Management System (BMS)

ARCHITECTURE/TOPOLOGY OF ENERGY SYSTEMS

Technologies for architectural design of generation networks, transmission and distribution of energy, and new equipment that comprise the system (distributed generation, electric vehicle).

ENERGY CONVERSION

Technologies for energy conversion and control (AC/DC, DC/DC, DC/AC) using switching devices in low, medium, or high power and frequency. Some examples:

Electroliners for AC and/or DC charging of electric vehicles (slow, semi-fast, and fast)
Management and control systems
Inverters and Converters/li>
Battery management system (BMS)

COMPLIANCE AND REGULATION

Techniques and methods for evaluating the conformity of products that aim to establish and comply with quality standards suitable for function, operation, and use. Some examples: acoustic analysis, batteries, mechanical vibration analysis, compliance of battery charge controllers for photovoltaic systems. Compliance with regulations and technical standards of ABNT, Anatel, and Inmetro.

How do the Solar energy systems work?

noreply@blogger.com (Md Ferdous) — Sun, 09 Jan 2022 14:57:00 +0000

How do the Solar energy systems work? Solar power systems are energy produced by the sun

How do the Solar energy systems work?

Solar energy systems The energy produced by the sun is a very valuable natural resource, as it can generate enough electricity for human consumption. To achieve this, various solar energy systems make it possible for a computer or any other device in a house to have a sufficient battery charge. would you like to know how this mechanism works Do not miss our blog or, learn professionally with the Master in Photovoltaic Solar Energy?

What are solar energy systems?

A photovoltaic system is a whole process and joint mechanism of certain electrical components that transform solar energy into usable electrical energy. The objective of this is that any type of device that is in a home, office, or industry works.

For this type of renewable energy to be generated, the essential electrical elements of solar energy systems are solar panels, inverter, load center, and bidirectional metering.

Operability of a solar energy system

The operation of a photovoltaic system is due to solar panels where, thanks to the photoelectric effect, solar energy is transformed into direct current electrical energy. This cannot be used commonly if it is not converted into alternating current. At this point, the inverter, which is the fundamental piece of the system, changes the current so that it goes according to any kind of installation. Then, depending on the type of energy system, you can have charge controllers that moderate the use of energy and a battery drawer that facilitate its storage.

Another essential element is the load center because it is usually the connection point for solar energy. Thanks to this, the bidirectional meter records the energy that is returned to the utility grid when the system is interconnected to the electricity grid.

Types of solar energy systems

Depending on the needs of the people, the photovoltaic system changes according to the type of capacity or the specifications indicated. For this reason, the types of solar energy systems are divided into two: isolated systems or interconnected systems.

Isolated systems

In both systems, photovoltaic solar panels are used to transform solar energy into electricity. However, in isolated systems, the generated energy is stored in a battery bank. This means that the system is completely independent and that you can use it on cloudy nights and days thanks to the fact that you save energy. These types of systems are very common in places where the power grid does not reach.

Interconnected systems

Interconnected systems are known in this way because all the energy generated by solar panels is injected directly into the electrical distribution network of your locality. These systems can be cheaper since they do not require a battery bank, which is sometimes the most expensive device in the system.

Generally, interconnected systems are used from a contract with your electricity company that verifies that your entire system complies with the regulations. This is so since the energy you generate is sent to the national grid and it is important to guarantee its quality.

Only through the proper operation of solar energy systems in which a professional team participates, energy from the sun can be generated safely and efficiently. All for sustainable use and protection of the environment.

Solar energy in Spain: what are its benefits and how does

noreply@blogger.com (Md Ferdous) — Fri, 07 Jan 2022 05:00:00 +0000

Solar energy in Spain: what are its benefits and how does it work?
Solar energy in Spain

Solar energy installations are increasingly popular in Spain, it is not surprising since the country has an average of 3,000 hours of sunshine per year. In this article, we will tell you how it is obtained, what types exist according to the technology used, what it is for, and what are its main benefits and drawbacks.

How is solar energy obtained?

Solar energy is a renewable energy that is obtained from the capture of solar radiation (heat light and ultraviolet rays) to generate heat and electricity.

The sun is a waiting that is made up of helium, hydrogen, and carbon and behaves like a reactor that converts nuclear energy into solar radiation, which is what reaches the earth.

Not all solar energy reaches the earth. Once through the atmosphere, radiation loses intensity due to absorption, diffusion, and reflection from gases and particles suspended in the atmosphere. For this reason, solar radiation is divided into:

Direct solar radiation: it passes through the atmosphere without any change of direction.

Scattered or diffuse radiation: it is the one that reaches the earth after the phenomena of reflection and diffusion.

Direct, diffuse, and scattered solar radiation

The use of solar energy systems will be higher the more they are oriented towards the sun and the fewer obstacles there are (such as clouds). Likewise, it will also be greater in those places that have more hours of sunlight per year.

What types of solar energy are there?
Depending on the purpose and the technology used, we distinguish three types of solar energy:
Photovoltaic solar energy: to produce electricity by photovoltaic conversion.
Solar thermal energy: to produce heat and sanitary water by thermal conversion.
Passive solar energy: use of solar energy without extra technology to transform it.
what is photovoltaic energy?

Photovoltaic solar energy uses a technology to transform solar rays into electricity thanks to the silicon of the photoelectric cells that make up the photovoltaic panels, which we know as the photovoltaic effect. When the modules receive sunlight, the electrons move and the electrical current is generated.

The components of the system will depend on the type of photovoltaic installation: connected to the grid or isolated self-consumption system. The transformation of solar energy into electrical energy in a self-consumption system is carried out without mobile mechanisms and chemical reactions. It is one of the simplest renewable energies.

How does solar thermal energy work?

Solar thermal energy absorbs sunlight through solar collectors, also called thermal solar panels, whose function is to receive and concentrate solar radiation to heat a fluid and that is used for heating, sanitary water, or electricity through a thermosolar plant.

Sanitary hot water (DHW) is that intended for human consumption (drinking) and has been heated to use for sanitary purposes, such as for showering or cleaning dishes and glasses.

We distinguish three types of solar thermal energy based on their temperature:
â–• Low-temperature thermal energy: if the temperature is below 90ºC.
â–• Medium temperature thermal energy: if the temperature oscillates between 90 and 250 ºC.
â–• High-temperature thermal energy: for applications that require temperatures above 250 - 300 ºC.

The classification of solar thermal energy based on the working temperature is important since depending on this, the application will be different. For low temperatures, its application is focused on heating domestic hot water in homes; for medium temperatures, it is applied in industrial processes and for high temperatures, it is applied in power generation plants that we know as solar thermal power plants.

What are solar thermal power plants?

Solar thermal power plants are installations that take advantage of solar energy to generate electricity (once the solar radiation has been transformed into heat energy). We distinguish two types:

1. Central tower plants: they have a set of large volume mirrors that concentrate solar radiation at one point.

2. stations distributed collector: used to amplify concentration collectors solar radiation on a surface. These collectors obtain temperatures of up to 300ºC to produce steam.

Differences in photovoltaic solar energy vs. thermal

Transforms solar radiation into electricity.
It is possible to self-consume.
It uses accumulators to store energy (essential in isolated self-consumption facilities ).
More expensive.
Transforms solar radiation into heat.
It generates domestic hot water in homes.
It uses tanks to store heat.
More economical.
Self-consumption is not possible.
What is passive solar energy?

Passive solar energy takes advantage of heat and sunlight without using mechanical devices. This energy consists of applying an architectural design that improves natural lighting through facades, glass surfaces, and a south orientation. Therefore, it does not use extra components to produce energy (as is the case with solar panels), it is based on the design and use of natural resources.

Uses of photovoltaic and thermal solar energy
The most common uses are shown below depending on the technology used to capture solar energy:
Photovoltaic solar energy uses

â–• Electricity: this is the main use. The installation of photovoltaic panels makes it possible to produce electricity to satisfy the energy consumption of a home or business. There are two possible ways to supply energy demand: isolated self-consumption (it is essential to install photovoltaic batteries for time zones in which there is no solar radiation) and with grid connection with or without surpluses.

If users avail themselves of the surplus compensation mechanism, they will be able to receive financial compensation for their energy surpluses at the end of each billing period.

â–• Transport: manufacturers in the automotive industry have been working for some time on the development of cars that circulate thanks to solar energy. This practice has been very well accepted and is being extended to other vehicles such as solar panels in motorhomes, trains, and even roads.

â–• Public lighting: the lighting of entrances in towns, roads, etc. through the use of photovoltaic solar panels is one of the cheapest alternatives.

â–• Agricultural and livestock farms: photovoltaic solar energy is also used for solar irrigation systems in these types of farms. This technique is becoming very popular, as the vast majority of these areas are rural and often do not have access to the electricity grid.

Solar thermal energy uses

â–• Sanitary hot water: this application is the most common, this is because the demand for drinking water is stable throughout the year, which means a rapid amortization of these facilities.

â–• Pool heating: this is one of the most widespread uses of thermal energy to heat all types of pools: in villas, community pools, and for public and private use. This option can be done without a specific installation or used as a plug-in.

â–• Solar heating: thermal panels take advantage of solar energy to satisfy the heating demand in buildings and thus reduce the total energy cost.

What are the advantages and disadvantages of solar energy?

Once we know the methods of obtaining solar energy and its uses, the multiple benefits it has are indisputable. If you are thinking of installing solar panels in your home or business, below we present both the main advantages and disadvantages so that you can value if it is worth it.

Advantages

Spain is an ideal country to bet on solar energy due to the large number of hours of sunlight it has.
Solar energy is an inexhaustible source, as it is renewable energy we cannot run out of it.
Clean energy: does not generate waste.

It allows you to produce electricity live where you live, that is, solar energy systems can be installed in places where the electricity grid does not reach.

It is profitable: although it is true that installing solar panels requires a certain initial outlay, it is a bet that pays off more and more soon and in the medium-long term it is beneficial in economic terms. There are more and more alternatives that allow facilities to be amortized sooner. An example of this is the shared photovoltaic self-consumption in communities of owners, residential areas, and industrial estates.

The maintenance of solar power systems is scarce. Normally, solar panels only need certain preventive care per year to guarantee their proper functioning during their 20-25 years of useful life.

Disadvantages

The cost of solar energy systems requires some initial investment.
The places with more solar radiation are places far from the big cities and deserts.
Isolated self-consumption systems require solar accumulators, which have a high cost.
Solar energy is not constant, since it varies throughout the day and depends on the weather conditions of the place.
Pollution has negative effects on solar energy, this is because its performance is lower in polluted cities.

Computer security for mobile devices MDM or EMM

noreply@blogger.com (Md Ferdous) — Thu, 06 Jan 2022 05:00:00 +0000

Computer security for mobile devices MDM or EMM: Some companies have
mobile devices

Computer security for mobile devices MDM or EMM Some companies have, in one way or another, initiated changes in their processes in order to start a true digital transformation, and have implemented different technologies, thus making information one of their most important assets. In that sense, computer security is one of their top priorities.

In this regard, in the computer security protocols of a company there are three items of great importance due to the role they play in the technological ecosystem of the same:

MDM or EMM mobile device security

Personal mobile devices in companies are a reality because they can be quite useful for the development of different workflows and it is difficult for the organization to equip each employee with a smartphone or tablet. However, they are clear threats to the computer security of the company.

The computer security protocols of companies with respect to these devices become important because if employees access corporate systems from their mobiles, the integrity of the data is more vulnerable.

Mobile Device Management ( MDM, in “Spanish mobile device management”), is a software that allows you to control this risk by allowing you to:

Install apps in bulk and run updates remotely.
Apply control policies on the applications that mobile devices can run.
Track devises satellite.
Synchronize files stored on mobile devices with the server.
Block functionalities on the device, such as camera, microphone, USB, among others.
Restrict the amount of data transmitted.
Delete data remotely, essential when the device is lost.
Control the information that is stored in them.
Create backup copies and manage encryption.

Information containers, which are responsible for separating corporate data from the user's personal information on the computer, in order to prevent sensitive information from ending up being leaked to third parties.

In general terms, MDM allows you to secure, monitor, and manage the mobile devices that are used within your company, especially when they are linked to its systems in a way that substantially improves computer security.

All this is possible through an exclusive API for this purpose and provided by mobile operating systems. Without a doubt, an excellent solution to optimize the company's IT security plans.

It should be noted that MDM is part of a much broader IT security strategy, called Enterprise Mobility Management ( EMM, in Spanish “business mobility management”). It is a collection of services focused on computer security, managing the entire corporate mobile environment, including applications linked to the Internet of Things and identity management and endpoints (UEM), including desktops, computers laptops, and servers.

Security for computer equipment

The computer equipment of your company houses valuable information for its commercial management. If you lose it, your business can run into serious problems, ranging from trouble ensuring continuity of workflows to total bankruptcy. The level of threat to the computer security of the company depends on the quality and quantity of data lost.

For this reason, both desktops and laptops, and even external hard drives and USB devices, should be part of the company's comprehensive IT security plan.

What would happen, for example, if a computer where you have all the information of prospects and clients were stolen? Surely, you would have serious problems executing the marketing and sales plans already planned and you would have to start over with the construction of the said database. Not to mention the serious risks to the company's IT security.

The information on your computer equipment is exposed to multiple threats, such as loss due to theft or damage to the equipment and infection and hijacking by viruses or malicious software. The computer security protocol for them should include everything from backup copies in different formats and locations to third-party access restrictions and protection against cyber attacks.

Audit and data retention

The data retention policy is key in the computer security of a company. It is a protocol established in a company to retain the information required for the operational needs of the business and/or for compliance with regulations regarding the preservation of information, especially in fiscal and financial matters.

Having this computer security protocol is essential to progressively eliminate records or data that are no longer relevant to the company. In addition, it allows you to keep important information to audit users in case it is necessary.

If you do not implement it, you have no control over the information that is stored or that is deleted, making it complex to search for key data when you need it.

Data loss Prevention (DLP)

Data Loss Prevention solutions are used to prevent and correct vulnerabilities in a system when they are diagnosed and reduce threats related to lack of computer security. They also allow you to define policies so that confidential data does not leave the company. In this regard, there are three types of DLP solutions that you should know:

Network DLP: Monitors, tracks and generates reports on all traffic data on the company network. In general terms, it allows you to know what information is being used, by whom it is being accessed, and where it is going or where it comes from.

Storage DLP: This allows you to view confidential files stored and shared by employees who have access to the company network. Thus, you can identify sensitive points and prevent information leaks.

Endpoint DLP: It is installed on all workstations and devices used by collaborators to monitor and prevent the output of sensitive data on removable storage devices, sharing applications, or transfer areas.

The implementation of DLP solutions must be after a consultancy that tells you what are the vulnerabilities of the corporate system in terms of computer security. Not using them can result in your relevant data being easily lost or ending up in the wrong hands, even when you implement other security solutions such as those mentioned above.

In fact, DLP solutions should be the starting point for any action or implementation of IT security solutions. If you don't know what risks you run, you can't know what to hire.

Do not forget that the computer security of your company is not a game. You must give it the attention it deserves. A loss of information can be more damaging than the loss of money or machinery in a theft. Therefore, it is important that you do more research on the solutions outlined here and their implementation.

PHOTOVOLTAIC SOLAR ENERGY SYSTEMS AND THEIR COMPONENTS

noreply@blogger.com (Md Ferdous) — Wed, 05 Jan 2022 15:15:00 +0000

PHOTOVOLTAIC SOLAR ENERGY SYSTEMS AND THEIR COMPONENTS
SOLAR ENERGY SYSTEMS

Solar energy Solar power technology can further reduce your carbon footprint, help you lower your monthly energy costs, and increase the resale value of your home. Benefits of solar panels and battery storage systems for the home

We recommend that you optimize the energy efficiency of your home before installing solar panels with battery storage systems. This will help you determine how many solar panels you will need to save the most with the least energy consumption. To learn more about how you can save money with solar energy and home storage systems,

visit cpuc.ca.gov/nem. Battery storage systems allow you to accumulate the energy generated during periods of less use and use it at night to avoid the consumption of electricity from the grid during peak hours.

In multi-family properties, solar energy systems can also be installed in apartments and common areas, such as community rooms, laundry rooms, parking lots, etc. Landlords can coordinate with the local utility company to establish a “virtual metering system”

whereby bill credits from on-site solar power production are divided between tenants and landlords. Californians can produce solar energy to help lower their monthly energy costs, regardless of the type of home.

Beyond how good this is to your budget, the electricity generated by solar energy systems with battery storage will help you cover your energy use, reduce your carbon footprint and help California eliminate gas emissions from the greenhouse effect from electricity generation by 2045.

How do they work

Solar energy systems harness the energy in the sun's rays and convert it into electricity. During the solar electricity production process, solar panels capture particles of sunlight, called photons, and convert them into electrons or direct current (DC). The electrons then go through an inverter and convert direct current (DC) into alternating current (AC),

which is the type of power found in wall outlets. Systems that combine solar panels with battery storage work as follows: During daylight hours, when they generate additional electricity, solar panels charge the batteries. This stored energy can then be used at night when the panels are not producing enough electricity to meet the property's demand.

Programs for solar energy and batteries

To help with access to solar power and batteries, programs are available to support the introduction of new technologies, expand low-income access, and increase climate resilience. Learn more about current offerings at

PHOTOVOLTAIC SOLAR ENERGY SYSTEMS AND THEIR COMPONENTS:
photovoltaic-off-grid solar energy

A photovoltaic solar energy system, also called a solar energy system or even a photovoltaic system, is a system capable of generating electrical energy through solar radiation. There are two basic types of photovoltaic systems: Isolated Systems (Off-grid) and Grid-Connected Systems (Grid-tie).

Isolated Systems are used in remote locations or where the cost of connecting to the power grid is high. They are used in country houses, refuges, lighting, telecommunications, water pumps, etc. Grid-Connected Systems, on the other hand, replace or supplement conventional electrical energy available on the grid.

A photovoltaic system has four basic components:

Solar panels - play the role of the heart, "pumping" energy into the system. They can be one or more panels and are dimensioned according to the energy required. They are responsible for transforming solar energy into electricity.

Charge Controllers – Act as valves to the system. They serve to avoid overcharging or over-discharging the battery, increasing its useful life and performance.

Inverters – System brains, are responsible for transforming the 12 V of direct current (DC) of the batteries into 110 or 220 V of alternating current (AC), or another desired voltage. In the case of connected systems, they are also responsible for synchronizing with the electrical network.

Batteries – Work like lungs. They store electrical energy so that the system can be used when there is no sun.

solar-photovoltaic-grid-tie

While an isolated system requires batteries and charge controllers, grid-connected systems only work with panels and inverters, as they do not need to store energy

Wireless Mobile Computing ?: What does it mean?

noreply@blogger.com (Md Ferdous) — Wed, 05 Jan 2022 05:00:00 +0000

What is wireless mobile computing?: refers to any type of computer
Wireless mobile computing?

Wireless mobile computing refers to any type of computer hardware that a user can take to different locations without requiring the use of cables to connect to a network. Some common examples of devices that use wireless mobile computing are notebook computers or notebook computers, smartphones that allow Internet use, and personal digital assistants (PDAs), which are small computers that often fit in the hands of a person. the users. The typical device using this type of computing can be thought of as having three main components: software, communication, and hardware.

The software includes applications and features that are available on a wireless mobile computing device. For example, many of these devices come with or can be used to download games, interactive programs, and even applications that provide users with the content of newspapers, books, and magazines. Many types of software have certain requirements, which means that not all programs or applications can be used on all mobile devices. Similarly, most wireless mobile devices have memory and compatibility limitations.

Communication usually refers to capabilities such as Internet connectivity and the use of the telephone. Common among wireless mobile computing devices is the ability to act both as a conventional telephone and as a device for accessing the Internet. In some cases, the device must be able to access a specific local network to connect to the Internet. Other models may be on the so-called "3G" or "4G" networks, which are wide-area telecommunications networks that can be accessed from many locations and can provide connectivity for telephone and Internet use.

The hardware of a device that uses wireless mobile computing can be the telephone, PDA, or computer that the user operates. Items such as headphones, keyboards, and other accessories are also considered hardware components. Users who take advantage of this type of computing power typically interact directly with hardware, while other components, such as software and communication, are considered device functions.

Wireless mobile computing is used in several different contexts. Many consumers use their wireless mobile devices for entertainment and recreation by downloading or streaming games, movies, and television shows. From a business point of view, many think that this type of computing increases productivity since it can allow users to communicate with colleagues and clients through email, phone, and social media sites and applications at any time and from almost any place. Some social theorists and critics believe that the ease of access to mobile computers can contribute to changing the way many people think and behave, especially in social contexts.

MOBILITY

The mobility service is the specific part of the computing environment that provides a solution to the needs of people who, for work reasons, move from one place to another, constantly traveling. This service allows users to establish a remote connection to corporate applications from any environment and device.

From Icot we analyze the need of each client to be able to offer a mobility service following the fundamental requirements. Thus, we provide the client with the material with the necessary characteristics.

We define a plan of need: According to the requirement of each company, a scheme of the devices that are required will be drawn, including the quantity and type of material. Through this study, the equipment that is most favorable for the client will be considered.

Personalization: Understanding that specific functions are required for each job, a device model will be designed that has functionality, robustness, and adequate size. The requested device will be expressly customized according to the customer's needs.

Protection: We will provide each device with the necessary security for the company itself and the worker. Thus, each device will contain encrypted information to prevent possible data theft, while the device will be managed to be a work tool, incorporating the programs and systems that are required.

Direct collaboration: Communication with the client is vital to design devices that adapt to the desired functionalities.

Devices: After having carried out the study, the client will be granted the type of device that is necessary, including any type of electronic device such as computers, tablets, laptops, and mobiles, among others.

Mobile computing solution

Through mobile devices such as PDA, TabletPC, etc., and its connection with the company's ERP, the Mobile Computing solution allows maximizing the performance of the company's sales, service, or distribution forces, achieving a drastic reduction in costs and operational response times.

To do this, it notably increases agility in order processing, the introduction of visit and breakdown reports, etc. offering users all the business information they require (before, during, and after the customer visit), as well as the necessary skills to carry out their work. It also allows users to communicate with the center from anywhere.

It is simple and intuitive handling through a menu with differentiated areas guarantees the optimization of the work allowing the user to obtain, at any time and place, all the information they need about customers, products, and other aspects related to their commercial activity.

Allows you to instantly make accurate and correct decisions based on the information obtained.

Thus, for example, through the mobile device, the user can find up-to-date information related to the client employing a simple query, being able to view all the data stored on the same concerning sales, accounting, consumption, etc.

It also allows the mobile user the possibility of printing tickets for the orders generated as proof for the customer. Finally, it should be noted that this solution is multi-company, multi-delegation, and multi-language, that is, the user can define their company and delegation by default.

In short, the Mobile Computing solution brings multiple benefits to the company, among which are:

1. Considerable improvement in employee productivity
2. Elimination of the possibility of errors and loss of information when uploading to the on-site system.
3. Great time saving
4. Remarkable cost savings
5. Greater number of visits to clients
6. Reduction of paper documentation with the consequent savings in material
7. Database update
8. Reduction of administrative staff costs
9. Minimization of the logistics process by accelerating the delivery of orders
10. Greater agility and efficiency in commercial management
11. Greater customer satisfaction, with the consequent loyalty of the same.

communication technology: Mention all new media

noreply@blogger.com (Md Ferdous) — Tue, 04 Jan 2022 05:00:00 +0000

The New communication technology: Mention all new media
communication technology

communication technology The new technologies refer to all the new media that, in recent years, have facilitated the flow of information (internet, digital video disc [DVD], portable computers, and all the technological devices used to produce,

develop and carry out communication). Concerning the media, new technologies have made possible the existence of digital newspapers, Internet advertising, the broadcast of music and videos without the need for radio or sound equipment, as well as communication instantaneous between people of different countries with an economic cost much lower than that implied by conventional telephone services.

History

Talking about new media means referring to the Internet, electronic media, and all forms of communication derived from these media, which have revolutionized information and communication processes while growing by leaps and bounds throughout the world. Although the history of the new media in Colombia is quite short, its enormous influence has already begun to be felt and understood.

Before they had the enormous impact on the social structure that they have had today and for a few decades, both the Internet and electronic communication took time to develop and mature; However, once they succeeded, and despite the great amount of criticism, it has become evident that these media recover certain aspects of oral societies, such as the simultaneity of action,

perception, and reaction; They have also made the sensory experience once again an essential form of communication, although in a different way from how it was previously understood, since physical contact between people is no longer needed to feel the body and the sensations of the other: communication electronics does not think about the physical limitations of time or space (an example of this is electronic messages,

Internet

communication technologies It is the interconnection of different computer networks at a global level, all computers that are connected to this world network can connect with any other computer that is also connected. This is why we can easily access the computer networks of companies,

educational institutes, officials, etc. The need to interconnect between different computer networks was born in the United States when the Department of Defense decided to have a communications network that could be operated from different sites in a secure way,

this creation was called ARPA, which connected computers located in different places, although they worked under different operating systems. For this communication to be possible, codes called protocols had to be developed, which were in charge of Vinton Cerf and Robert Kahn who presented their creation in 1973, seeing its functionality,

this connection ceased to be of strict military use and began to link different educational and research centers. A short time later, networks belonging to European organizations joined, giving rise to the connection called World Wide Web or World Cobweb in 1990. At present this type of connection is not only used for educational or research purposes,

but it is also an important commercial tool where Any company can present its products or services and in some cases, visitors can access them through online purchases. This connection ceased to be of strict military use and began to link different educational and research centers. A short time later, networks belonging to European organizations joined,

giving rise to the connection called World Wide Web or World Cobweb in 1990. At present this type of connection is not only used for educational or research purposes, but it is also an important commercial tool where Any company can present its products or services and in some cases, visitors can access them through online purchases. This connection ceased to be of strict military use and began to link different educational and research centers.

A short time later, networks belonging to European organizations joined, giving rise to the connection called World Wide Web or World Cobweb in 1990. At present this type of connection is not only used for educational or research purposes, but it is also an important commercial tool where Any company can present its products or services and in some cases, visitors can access them through online purchases.

The Internet arrived in Colombia in 1993 thanks to the need that the Universidad de Los Andes had to remain connected with other universities in other countries that decided that they would only exchange data over the Internet. This entity assumed the necessary costs to start this type of connection in our country,

some time later other universities joined the project. Telecom was the telecommunications company that commercially led the coverage of the Internet at the national level, launching it to the general public in 1998, the first Internet connections were made through telephone lines, so in 2001 the same rate was regulated to make it easier to access this communication technology network.

In Colombia, not many people have this and other electronic resources (in 2002, only about 2.6% of the population had access to the Internet), mainly due to economic issues, even even though current education seeks to sensitize students to this new multimedia medium that integrates elements of the media such as radio, video, sound,

text, etc. Nowadays, in Colombia, the use that is made the most of the Internet is that of generating e-mails and that of rapid search of specific information (it is evident that there is a lack of education in this regard, and that the vast majority of people are unaware of the enormous capabilities offered by electronic media).

More and more attractive and better-designed portals proliferate online, shopping sites for all kinds of things that promise to change the lifestyle of today's societies and that seek to make life easier for consumers.

In our country, we are still far from these great changes, because according to theorists such as Jesús Martín Barbero, Latin America is still an area where human contact is necessary. communication technology

Satellite antenna

The satellite antenna is a device located on the earth, which is used to receive any type of information sent by a satellite located in space by sending radio frequency signals, no matter how much distance there is between the two.

The first satellites were put into orbit in 1960 and from that date, the satellite antennas installed by the United States government began to be used. The triumph of satellite communication was on July 21, 1969, when 600 million people saw astronaut Neil Armstrong set foot on the Moon, under the control of the Houston station. The Home Box Office (HBO) company was the first to use a satellite network for transmission. communication technology

The first satellite signal seen by Colombians, in 1968, was motivated by the visit of Pope Paul VI to the country, for which the installation of an antenna was requested. This process was led by the only telecommunications company that existed at that time, TELECOM, which was in charge of acquiring two more antennas. Sometime later, the national government approved that other telecommunications companies have the opportunity to manage these resources.

Computer

Contributing to modern scientific advances, the computer is a machine or electronic device capable of receiving instructions for storing and ordering data and computing information at high speeds. The first mechanical calculating machine was invented by Blaise Pascal in 1642 and from then on advances were made that provided more complex machines each time,

in the 19th century Charles Babbage elaborated the principles of the modern computer. Analog computers began to be built at the beginning of the 20th century and during the Second World War what is considered the first fully electronic digital computer was built. Year after year,

advances have been made in the computer industry until we have the powerful and inexpensive (taking into account what they do) equipment that we have in our homes. At present, computers are a fundamental part of the articles of a house and are used for the presentation of written and graphic works, facilitating their preparation. Its component elements are getting smaller and smaller, this is a trend to continue for the future. communication technology

DVD

The acronym DVD stands for versatile disc or digital video disc, and the player can read CD`s and DVD`s since both are optical discs but a DVD can store up to 25 times the amount of information that a CD, which has done that the systems that used CDs are being changed by those of new technology. They were originally used to playback laser video quality movies, other than CD movies, with pixels, where the images are not as sharp. With a very high sound and image quality, simulating a home theater, DVDs are at the top of the list of products to be purchased as entertainment appliances.

Scanner

Optical scanners are devices that, connected to a computer, allow through a beam of light to capture the colors, shapes, lights, and shadows of an image on a sheet of paper or other surface located on it, similar to a photocopier, converting the image in digital signals and from the computer screen, employing special programs to make changes and adaptations in the image. There are scanners of various sizes and capabilities to convert images of better quality, but in essence, they are very similar.

Printer

It is a device connected to a computer, capable of transferring the images or text observed on the computer screen to a sheet of paper, acetate, cardboard, etc. employing a print of them. With different technologies, methods, and printing capacities (inkjet, laser, thermal, dot, etc.),

and data transmission, there is a great variety of them, but in the market, they are usually identified by their speed and print quality. They are used in different situations since if a large amount of data is required for review, it is better to use a dot, which appeared in 1974 and cheaper than lasers, appeared around 1984 (in black and white), which provide a print quality high, more for working with images and for the presentation of final documents.

Optical fiber

Optical fiber is a very fine thread, made of high-quality materials, which is responsible for transporting a tiny ray of light, each thread of these can transmit one of the elements that make up an image or sound quickly and completely, surpassing the transmission channels existing until now.

In 1970, fiber optics were introduced to the market after the latest breakthrough made by Donald Keck, Robert Maurer, and Peter Schultz, who manufactured the first batch of fiber optics with the quality and dimension necessary to meet the communication needs of the moment.

This technological development officially arrived in Colombia in 1988, when the International Telecommunications Center was created in Barranquilla, whose function was to connect our country with the fiber optic cable located in Puerto Colombia.

Industrial Automation? : Industrial automation is the use of

noreply@blogger.com (Md Ferdous) — Fri, 31 Dec 2021 05:00:00 +0000

Industrial Automation? : Industrial automation is the use of computerized
Industrial Automation? : Industrial automation is the use of

Industrial automation is the use of computerized, electromechanical, electro-pneumatic, and electrohydraulic systems for industrial purposes,

It is a broader engineering discipline than a control system, it encompasses industrial instruments :

Sensors: It is an object capable of regulating properties in the face of physical or chemical magnitudes, called instrumentation variables, and converting them with a transducer into electrical variables.

Field transmitters: They are controlled by microprocessors for the measurement and recording of variables, such as gauge pressure and differential pressure, and are used for the automation of operations in a plant.

Control systems: characterized by the presence of a series of elements that allow influencing the operation of the system.

Supervisory systems or SCADA systems (Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition): it is a concept used to make software for computers that allows remote control and supervision of industrial processes.

Transmission systems: it is a set of interconnected elements that is used to transmit a signal from one place to another and in different directions.

Data collection system: It is the activity of collecting data from a piece of information and processing it.

Software applications: It is software designed to perform a group of coordinated functions for the benefit of the user. In real-time to monitor and control the operations of factories or industrial processes.

WHAT ARE INDUSTRIAL AUTOMATION AND CONTROL FOR?

Every day it presents more demand in the industrial field since there is a rapid technological advance presented by the production processes that companies have.

The areas where automation and industrial control are developed include mining, cellulose, oil, petrochemical, electrical energy, metalworking, automotive, textile, food sectors, among others that require optimization in their production system.

AUTOMATION AND INDUSTRIAL ROBOTICS?

The various models of industrial automation that are used today are the human factor, providing less margin of error and the process is more precise.

Automation and industrial robotics are the pillars that made the consolidation of Industry 4.0 possible, and they bring with them many benefits for the productivity and efficiency of production resources, and at the same time, they free the human hand from repetitive or dangerous tasks.

A feature that industrial robotics has very good acceptance and applicability in the process industry is because they are machines that perform tasks repetitive and tedious so continuous and without reducing their effectiveness, so they are elementary for proper operation of a chain of frictionless mounting.

The automated system is capable of carrying out an activity without the need for human intervention and external supervision and guidance tasks.

This increases a world of possibilities for the applications of different types of industrial automation and the improvement of many processes.

Mentioning the word automation also implies talking about industrial robotics, about the use and design of robots to carry out automatic and controlled processes in the industrial field.

According to the demands and needs of the industry and production model, there are usually three automation models that can be applied:

Flexible automation: It is the type of industrial robotics articulated in a series of stations connected, but that work independently. This type of automation makes it possible for robots to work interconnected and for the exchange of information to coordinate their actions.

Fixed automation: This type of automated system may appear to be limited as it understands that the robot is programmed to perform a task consecutively. However, it is the type of industrial automation that is most beneficial and that achieves considerable efficiency improvements, thanks to the fact that a robot can perform repetitive tasks without losing precision.

Programmable automation: It is the type of automation in industrial robotics in which it is possible to reprogram the software that houses a robot. This reprogramming makes it possible for a robot to be reconfigured and perform various tasks, in which its automated action is very useful in productions where different variants or models have to be covered.

It can be confirmed that when the industry implements the automation of a process compared to manual work, it obtains benefits and economic, social, and technological advantages, and allows the company to develop in the market and has systems that make it more competitive.

Here you will find information about the types of machines, types of transistors, and what is CNC, PNP transistor, NPN transistor

NEWS Ashraf Ghani Told How He Escaped From Afghanistan

noreply@blogger.com (Md Ferdous) — Thu, 30 Dec 2021 17:22:00 +0000

NEWS Ashraf Ghani Told How He Escaped From Afghanistan
NEWS Ashraf Ghani

NEWS Ashraf Ghani claims to have left Afghanistan to save Kabul from 'destruction'. In his words, after waking up, he never thought that this would be the 'last day' for him in the country.

After occupying one city after another when the Taliban are near the Afghan capital Kabul; That's when Ashraf Ghani, the then president of Afghanistan, fled the country.

The moment of leaving the country, the situation, the fears, and how he crossed the borders of the country in various crises; He made the remarks in a report on BBC Radio 4's BBC News on Thursday.

Ashraf Ghani claims to have left Afghanistan to save Kabul from 'destruction'. In his words, after waking up, he never thought that this would be the 'last day' for him in the country.

Ashraf Ghani said, 'When the plane left; Then I just thought I was leaving the country. '

The Taliban captured Kabul on August 15. At the time, it was known that President Ashraf Ghani had left the country to escape the Taliban. He is now based in the United Arab emirates.

Recalling the day the Taliban took over Kabul, Ashraf Ghani said, "The Taliban fighters were not supposed to take over Kabul. But after a couple of hours, there was a clash between the two sides of the Taliban. This is the beginning of the crisis.

In the words of the former president, "the two sides of the Taliban were receiving two kinds of instructions from two sides. The situation reached such a stage that a clash between the two sides could have destroyed a city of 5 million people. Many people would have died. '

Ashraf said many people close to him had left Kabul. His wife was also on the list. His national security adviser also left. But he was waiting for a car; Which could take him to the Ministry of Defense.

That car never came back. Instead, the national security adviser returned the president's security chief in a state of "panic." Ashraf Ghani was then called; If he were here, they would 'kill everyone.

"He (the security adviser) did not give me more than two minutes," said Ashraf Ghani. My instruction was to prepare for the city of Khost in the country. He told me; Khost and Jalalabad have been evicted.

'I still didn't know where we were going. When the plane took off, it became clear that we were leaving Afghanistan. It happened very suddenly. '

President Ashraf Ghani is now in the United Arab Emirates, Mohammad Zahir Akbar, ambassador to the Afghan embassy in Tajikistan, told a news conference after Ashraf Ghani left the country. He left with about à§¬ 18 million.

Former Afghan President Ashraf Ghani has denied the allegations in a statement issued Friday stating "Similar, baseless allegations concerning Russia's intelligence have been made more than once. Everyone knows the process of my life. What do I do with the money? '

The Taliban took control of the capital Kabul on August 15, capturing one city after another. Then they said they would sit in power. At the time, President Ashraf Ghani was widely criticized for fleeing the country.

What Happens In The Brain At The Time Of Death

noreply@blogger.com (Md Ferdous) — Thu, 30 Dec 2021 16:47:00 +0000

What Happens In The Brain At The Time Of Death

What Happens In The Brain At The Time Of Death Within 20 to 40 seconds after the oxygen supply to the body is cut off, the brain goes into 'energy-saving mode'. In the brain, the flow of electrical signals becomes paralyzed and the neurons stop communicating with each other.

Scientists have been trying for a long time to find out exactly what happens to the brain at the time of death. However, this research did not go very far.

The biggest problem is that the chances of human death being closely examined do not match very well. In such a situation, the doctors are busy fighting to keep the patient alive.

As a result, as much research is being done by researchers or scientists on the process of brain death, it is being done on other common animals. Added to this is a description of the experiences of people returning from death.

However, a study on the human brain has shown that tsunami-like events occur in the brain at the time of death. This causes the death of one brain cell after another.

The study found that within 20 to 40 seconds of the body's oxygen supply being cut off, the brain goes into 'energy-saving mode'. In the brain, the flow of electrical signals becomes paralyzed and the neurons stop communicating with each other.

After a few minutes, the ion formation in the cell becomes random and the brain begins to break down. Simultaneously a wave of electrochemical energy spreads to other parts of the brain, including the cortex. Scientists call this wave spreading depolarization or brain tsunami. And this tsunami causes irreversible damage to the brain.

A team of scientists led by Jens Dreier, a neurologist at the German University of Medicine Berlin, observed the process in nine patients with severe brain injuries.

According to them, ways to stop this brain tsunami may be found in the future. The study was published in the journal Annals of Neurology.

"After the (oxygen) flow stops, the electrochemical energy stored in the brain through the depolarization wave decreases and a toxic process begins," says Dryer. This eventually led to brain death.

"The important thing is that it is possible to change the speed of this process up to a certain stage, and if this is done, the activity of the brain will return to normal."

This study identified the process of depolarization in the brains of patients using neural observation techniques such as subdural electrode strips and intraparenchymal electrode arrays.

As long as there is a flow of oxygen to the brain, the tsunami does not behave like a one-way destructive wave, scientists say.

In a related research article, scientists have hinted at the possibility of preventing brain death. "It is possible to reverse the depolarization that started due to the blockage of oxygen flow," he said. During depolarization, neurons begin to be destroyed. The beginning of this process is called the commitment point. If the supply of oxidative substrate can be restored at this time, it is possible to prevent brain death tsunami.

The study could save the lives of patients who are at risk of death or brain damage due to cerebral ischemia (loss of oxygen due to decreased blood flow) or any other type of stroke.

However, researchers say there is still much work to be done.

Dreyer says: 'This discovery does not affect the way patients are treated now. Acquiring a thorough knowledge of the process of depolarization is essential for the development of medical systems. And if that is possible, the level of nerve cell damage can be reduced as a result of disruption of blood circulation.

What is industrial automation? : The process of automation

noreply@blogger.com (Md Ferdous) — Thu, 30 Dec 2021 05:00:00 +0000

What is industrial automation? : The process of automation is our way of life
What is industrial automation? : The process of automation

industrial automation For years, the process of automation has generated exponential changes in the way we live and work. It seems incredible to imagine that much of what we know today is closely linked to technological advances, as we live in an era in which automatic tools facilitate every aspect of our lives and daily activities.

Without a doubt, technological evolution represents an increasingly indispensable advance, not only in our lives but also in the world of companies, industries, and sales. All these changes and progress are an imminent response to the needs of human beings. Currently, industrial automation is an increasingly common method in the contemporary world, since the mechanical and computerized work of some machines is more in demand to perform different tasks daily.

If you still do not know well what industrial automation is, in this post, you will see its fundamental aspects. We are also going to explain the functionality of this tool to you today.

What is industrial automation?

Historically, the need to create effective tools to improve and drive the production, distribution and marketing of products has been constant work for humans. For these reasons, industrial automation is an indispensable tool when it comes to manufacturing several high-quality products in record time since its main function lies in creating machines and technological systems capable of performing repetitive and mechanical tasks that can replace human intervention and increase production. The automation of industrial processes, therefore, allows manufacturing time to be reduced, operators to reduce their workload and the margin of error to be less and less in the production area.

What is industrial automation for?

Although industrial automation has quite a wide functionality, it is important to emphasize some benefits of this process: allows not only increases the production of different products but also makes their manufacture more homogeneous and of high quality.

Being a computerized process, the margin of error that exists in production is very low, so that the manufacture of products will always be constant and without interruptions.

For companies or industries, this mechanism allows reducing both manufacturing times and material and labor costs.

Although industrial automation is thought to pose a threat to operators of industries or companies, it is important to note that its functionality has made it possible to reduce the use of people in polluting or harmful environments. In the same way, this tool has been essential to carry out jobs that require the transferor loading of large goods and that, logically, an operator cannot do.

The truth is that industrial automation companies not only have a fairly broad functionality in the production sector, but it is also a profitable tool for any company or industry, which can make the investment profitable in record time.

Now that we know what industrial automation is and its functionality, let's see where this process can be applied.

what is industrial automation for
Application of industrial automation

Since we understand that this mechanism's main objective is to increase production while improving the quality of products and reducing costs and risks, it is possible to intuit that industrial automation and robotics are integrated with companies or sectors of food, metallurgy, pharmaceutical, automotive, and even chemical industries. Let us remember that although there are automatic machines that allow moving objects and goods, it is also possible to find technological tools capable of differentiating between volume, weight, and the elements that make up a product, therefore, industrial automation can be applied in different areas.

Types of industrial automation

Being a fairly broad and innovative field of study, it is important to differentiate between the types of industrial automation that exist. Logically, the type of automation will depend on the objective of the company or industry when it comes to manufacturing its products.

If you want to produce identical parts in large volumes, fixed automation is the ideal tool to carry out this action. This type of automation is designed to carry out a specific task that can also be carried out at a very low cost.

On the other hand, programmable automation is more useful when looking for low-volume production of different types of objects, as this tool allows machines and software to be configured according to the needs of the programmer.

Finally, flexible automation could be considered the best option, since it incorporates the functionalities of the previous two. Its production level is medium and allows adjustments in the production line.

New trends in industrial automation

This year marks the beginning of a new decade, so it is logical that in an increasingly globalized and interconnected world, technologies change exponentially. In the area of industrial automation, there will be multiple transformations that we will witness thanks to the advancement of Industry 4.0.

The manufacture of new tools connected to intelligent technologies will allow industrial automation to expand and reach new levels of production. The blockchain, for example, is a key technology for machines to be able to make decisions independently and communicate with each other. In other words, they will be able to carry out different actions such as ordering a missing part or controlling the production chain.

In the same way, machine learning will open new horizons in this area, since with this the machines will be able to learn automatically and act in consequence of the learned patterns.

On the other hand, robotics will also make its leap to stardom in the world of industrial automation thanks to the creation of collaborative robots, that is, robots designed to work in collaboration with a person, and to exoskeletons, robotic suits that fit the body of the operator so that it can perform greater functions and tasks.

There is no doubt that in these times, industrial automation is a process that will allow achieving an improvement and optimization in the production areas of any company or industry and that will bring with it an even greater range of opportunities and advantages.

Mobile computing: the next wave A large part of computer

noreply@blogger.com (Md Ferdous) — Wed, 29 Dec 2021 05:00:00 +0000

Mobile computing: the next wave A large part of computer
Mobile computing: the next wave

Mobile computing A large part of computer manufacturers is committing a large part of their technological and corporate development in the new wave of the industry, which has been called mobile computing. The spirit of the users most determined to adopt the latest technological trends, those for whom time is real money, is especially predisposed to the adoption of mobile computing, although they themselves admit that this technology is still in its infancy.

In order to find out the state of the opinion of future corporate users, an American consulting firm and Computerworld magazine recently brought together executives from various industries, from banks to airlines, in New York. The vast majority of attendees are eager to adopt and implement technology in their companies, which can mean, in the words of one of the attendees, president of a real estate company with a presence throughout the United States, increase our volume of daily operations, from the current $ 300 million to one trillion. This shows the expectations placed on mobile computing, about whose possibilities few doubt, what is it that prevents the race from the beginning?

The lack of an adequate level of security, the absence of an adequate range of applications, and the radio frequencies, still insufficient, are the main obstacles that the new mobile computing has to face. These pitfalls also arose at a time when desktop office automation began to gain a foothold and was struggling to displace typewriters, telexes, and accounting calculating machines; the aspects related to security, weighed in the minds of the users like slabs. Not long ago the problems have been solved, and yet the introduction of information technology in companies is far from so recent. There is more, even today, the installation of local networks poses many headaches and more and more users are demanding them.

Returning to the subject at hand, one of the most commonly heard complaints among users is that which refers to the capacity of current telecommunications infrastructures, to accommodate the increased circulation that will necessarily occur when they begin to be used en masse. PDA's, pen computers, etc. One of the attendees wondered what response capacity operating companies may have in the future, if even today, and in a country where the use of cell phones is common, on many occasions communications have interference or are simply cut off. No company can base its sales structure on technologies of this type if it runs the risk of losing essential data for the commercial network or to fulfill its orders.

However, despite everything, the evolution of this new way of working with computers has become unstoppable and unavoidable. This is demonstrated by the commitment of most manufacturers to increasingly smaller, safer, and less cabled devices. In addition, and according to another user, the implementation of this type of computing can be a valid alternative to client/server architectures. The installation of client/server technology - he explained - is leading companies to fill up with connection cables, and with people who install, test, and maintain them. Wireless computing can be of great help to us.

Energy Systems Physiological: Regarding anaerobic

noreply@blogger.com (Md Ferdous) — Tue, 28 Dec 2021 05:00:00 +0000

Energy Systems Physiological: Regarding anaerobic energy systems
Alactacid Energy Systems

Energy System, Regarding anaerobic energy systems; We must point out that the phosphagen (known as ATP-CRP) shows its action in fast-strength sports activities that are characterized by their explosiveness (in general, those that do not exceed a few seconds, in which maximum force and as quickly as possible), for this reason, it is the system with the highest energy power, but instead the one with the least energy capacity. We could add that with the same speed that ATP is degraded during muscle contraction, it is resynthesized from CRP (that is why it is known as the ATP-CRP system, since each mole of degraded CRP resynthesizes one mole of ATP, providing its hydrolysis an energy equivalent to approximately 10.5 Kcal.)

The immediate source of energy for muscle contraction is ATP. However, the total amount of ATP inside the muscle cell is limited, so it only allows a 2-second exercise at 70% of maximum oxygen consumption or a single vertical jump.

Therefore, inside the muscle, a series of processes take place to resynthesize the decomposed ATP. The first process that starts when there are energy needs to re-form ATP is the destruction of phosphocreatine (which is also a high-energy compound):

The use of phosphocreatine, in the formation of ATP, does not begin when the ATP stores have been depleted but begins as ATP begins to be used.

The rate of ATP resynthesis in this type of metabolism is very high (the energy per unit of time that it is capable of forming is very high), but the total amount of energy that it is capable of forming is very small. The depletion of this system is due to the decrease in the energy substrate so that if the phosphocreatine deposits are depleted, the process cannot continue. The muscle reserves of PrC can be fully used (those of ATP, not), which represents a sufficient capacity to maintain the level of ATP production for about 20-30 seconds at 70% of maximum oxygen consumption. However, for maximum sprinting exercise, those reserves are depleted in less than 10 seconds.

This anaerobic pathway of ATP resynthesis allows us to carry out sporting events with maximum power and of short duration, such as a 100-meter race, long jump, high jump, discus throw, javelin, hammer, among other events. Therefore, it allows us to break inertia, that is, to quickly go from rest to exercise, suddenly change the rhythm of the exercise, and accelerate to reach the goal.

Lactacid Energy Systems

On the other hand, the second anaerobic energy system is glycolytic, which in fact, because is constituted by a complex chain of reactions that consists of 11 (or 10 steps) depending on how it begins with glycogen (or glucose, respectively), is logically a slower mechanism than the previous one (since it resynthesizes ATP in a single step); and for this reason, it is characteristic of anaerobic efforts but more sustained that can exceed 30-40 seconds and remain between 1-3 minutes, its terminal product being lactic acid (or lactate), for which it is also known as the so-called lactacid mechanism. If we compare its energy power with the previous one, that is, the so-called flaccid is approximately 3 times less; but instead, its energy capacity is approximately 2.5 times greater,

In this energy system, energy (ATP) is obtained from anaerobic glycolysis, that is, from the breakdown of glycogen and glucose, obtaining 3 moles of ATP from glycogen and 2 ATP from glucose and lactate is produced. Its application to exertion can be carried out for 150 ". It is not a profitable route due to its short duration and the production of lactate, which interferes with neurometabolic function, rapidly leading to a state of fatigue.

From the beginning of muscular work together with the creatine phosphokinase reaction, the glycolysis process begins under anaerobic conditions, that is, with low partial pressures of oxygen in muscle, but with the difference that the speed of this second process at the beginning is very small. , so the energy contributions (at the beginning) are not considered. There comes a time when the energy intake of the phosphagen pathway begins to decrease and the amounts of energy produced from the lactacid pathway are already considerable.

From this process, an energy balance already studied is derived and lactic acid is obtained as a final product. The accumulation of lactic acid depends on the power and duration of the exercise. This dependence is linear, which means that as energy is being produced at a higher speed, at a higher speed lactic acid will be being formed, which increases its content in the muscle.

Lactic acid fulfills the property of dissociating in an aqueous medium:

Accumulating in large quantities, this acid varies the concentrations of H + in the intracellular medium. The variation in pH towards less basic or slightly acidic values activates the enzymes of the respiratory cycle in the mitochondria, but if the variation in pH is very large, the action of the enzymes of anaerobic processes is inhibited, for example, ATPase, creatine phosphokinase, phosphofructokinase, hexokinase, among others.

The increase in lactic acid concentrations in the sarcoplasm varies the osmotic pressure, so water reaches the interior of the muscle fibers from the intercellular medium, causing them to swell and stiffen.

Large changes in osmotic pressure in the muscles cause pain sensations.

Lactic acid diffuses easily through cell membranes, depending on the concentration gradient. The blood reaches the working muscles, which allows the lactic acid to contact the sodium bicarbonate buffer system (NaHCO3), and then a release of CO2 occurs.

The chemical reaction occurs as follows:

The greater the accumulation of lactic acid, the greater the development of muscle fatigue in the muscles. This process is important for those events of sub-maximum intensity in conditions of an inadequate supply of oxygen to the muscles, it provides us with energy from approximately 30 seconds to 2.5 minutes, reaching its maximum speed

between 20 and 40 seconds, to carry out sporting events such as swimming 200 meters, 400 and 800 meters flat, times of a basketball game, among others. With the energy contribution of this, we can also vary the speed of the exercise and accelerate when reaching the goal.

Aerobic Energy Systems
Energy Systems Physiological: Regarding anaerobic

When a muscle must maintain a prolonged activity performing an exercise of more than three minutes, it needs a new energy production system, which is the aerobic system and is so-called because it needs oxygen to function. The more oxygen reaches it, the more energy that muscle will be able to produce through this system, and the more performance it will develop.

In relation to the aerobic energy system, represented mainly by the aerobic oxidative processes of carbohydrates and fats, since the use of proteins is infrequent, it is necessary to clarify that in general in aerobic efforts the consumption of O2 is increased to the extent that increases the intensity of the physical load (since there is a direct relationship between the power of the load and the speed of oxygen consumption), hence why the importance of determining VO2 max. (Maximum O2 consumption) in aerobic efforts. In this case, it should be noted that regarding energy potency, as is logical to assume it is very low (4-10 times less than the phosphagen system and approximately 1.5 times less than the glycolytic system), however,

In the typical activities of resistance efforts, we can see that aerobic training induces improvements in the resistance of the body in general, which are the result of various adaptations to the stimulus of constant and systematic training, many of which occur inside the muscles and largely depend on changes in energy systems. It is necessary to highlight the fact that the particularities of aerobic training impose repeated energy demands on muscle reserves, both glycogen and fat, in such a way that it is incalculable to what extent the body adapts to this repeated stimulus to do more efficient obtaining of energy, as well as to reduce the risk of fatigue.

The longest exercise (greater than 10 minutes) requires the oxidation of carbohydrate, fatty acid, and protein reserves in the mitochondria, but always in the presence of oxygen.

Finally, it is necessary to point out the way in which each of these energy systems interacts with each other during muscular effort, and this constitutes a very important aspect to take into account because it can be modified depending on the particularities of the effort made. That is, each system is determined by its own conditions in relation to the metabolic conditions of its execution, which are defined by 2 factors:

1st. Modification of the distance (or duration) of the exercise.
2nd. Modification of the power (or speed) of the exercise.

Hence, to analyze the behavior of each energy system, it is necessary first of all to establish a correlation between the variations in the speed of the effort and the variations in the duration of the effort (that is, as the intensity of its execution increases, it will decrease the time of its execution and vice versa).

To facilitate this, 4 different areas have been defined that define the interaction between the 3 energy systems, and they are:

Area 1 (Alactacid): Corresponds to activities that require very short execution times (t

Energy Systems: The three This article or section does

noreply@blogger.com (Md Ferdous) — Mon, 27 Dec 2021 05:00:00 +0000

Energy Systems: The three This article or section does
The three This

Energy Systems This article is not intended to be a masterclass in biology or physiology, mostly because I am not the right person for that. However, it is a topic that I find very interesting, and that has helped me understand how my body demands and produces energy depending on the intensity of the exercise. So I'm going to tell you what it is about, and if you already want to go deeper into the subject, then better for you. Do not be overwhelmed if you read terms that are a bit technical, I only include them to give a little more precision to the article.

But why is it important to know what the three main energy systems of the human body are and how they work? Well, by general culture, it never hurts to know how we work, but, above all, to know how and from where our body gets energy when we exercise according to its duration and intensity. Energy systems, which are nothing more than the different ways in which the human body produces energy, can also be trained to be more efficient. So if we know how they work, our training plans will be better and accurate, as we will seek to optimize them for better performance. And in addition, we will be aware in the race of how we are spending the available resources of our body to obtain energy.

The human body is a wonderful and complex machine, that is clear to us. But like any machine, it also needs the energy to do work, technically speaking. Have you ever wondered where the energy comes from so that you can move an arm? Or take a step? Or scream? As it turns out, the human body has three main energy systems, or ways of producing energy: the phosphagen system (or immediate), the oxidative (or aerobic), and the glycolysis (or anaerobic) system. In the first place, it must be said that all these energy systems are always in operation, although one will predominate over the others depending on the type of activity, duration, and intensity. That is, one does not stop working and another starts up.

But how do these systems produce energy? For all use ATP Adenosine Triphosphate coming from (or adenosine triphosphate ), which is a molecule used by all living organisms as a primary energy source. The human body stores these ATP molecules, but in low and limited amounts, so it has to constantly replenish them. The faster the replenishment speed, the more efficient we will be energetically speaking. In this article I am not going to explain in detail how ATP is synthesized or used, I leave that to you in case you want to delve into the subject. But broadly speaking, we can say that what happens in our body is a chemical process on the ATP molecule called hydrolysis releases energy, producing a molecule of ADP (or Anedosine Diphosphate) as a result, which is then recycled by the body to transform it back into ATP. This process is known as the ATP / ADP cycle. But going back to the three energy systems mentioned above, how and when is each one more relevant?

The phosphagen system, or immediate

It is the system used in explosive exercises such as jumping, or a sprint, or weight lifting. It is the one that mainly supplies the energy Usain Bolt needs when he runs the 100 meters in less than 10 seconds. Or Lidia Valentin on a weight lift. It is called the immediate system because the obtaining of energy comes from the reserves of ATP and CP (Creatine Phosphate or Creatine Phosphate) stored directly in the muscle. Being stored in the muscle, this system does not have to resort to or process other slower sources, such as fat, to obtain ATP. The only problem with this system is that the ATP storage capacity in the muscles is very low. Of course, we can generate almost all the energy that is available at once in a high-intensity exercise of a maximum of 10 seconds. This system does not produce ATP but uses the one generated by the other two systems that we will see below.

The oxidative, or aerobic system

It is the main system that the human body uses to produce energy. It uses as fuel the carbohydrates, fats, and proteins that are available. It is a very efficient system because it does not produce waste during the process as does the anaerobic system, which we will talk about later. The mitochondria - and this is when I put on my biologist's coat - are the cells that are going to do the combustion, together with oxygen, to generate ATP. If you imagine mitochondria as in Once upon a time the human body, they would be like tiny power plants that are in the muscles.

Oxygen is the key for this system to work, hence its oxidative name. Surely you have heard endurance athletes, such as marathoners or cyclists, talk about VO2Max and other terms related to oxygen consumption, and above all that they say that the greater the capacity to consume and process oxygen, the better it will be for the patient. runner performance. Well,

they are talking about neither more nor less than the efficiency of the oxidative system to meet the energy demand without reaching the lactate threshold, which we will talk about now. The main objective in the training of endurance athletes is to increase the amount of oxygen that their bodies can obtain and process, thus improving the efficiency of their oxidative system. These pieces of training achieve an increase in mitochondrial density, that is, the number and size of mitochondria. And that makes sense, doesn't it? The larger the number and size of these tiny power plants, the greater the amount of energy that can be generated per minute.

As we increase the intensity, this system will provide more ATP to meet the demand, requiring more and more oxygen. But what happens when the energy demand is greater than the oxidative system can generate? Or put another way, what happens when we cannot inject enough oxygen into the system for the oxidative system to do its job? Well, we reach what is known as the lactate threshold, and the following energy system comes into play. The anaerobic system.

The glycolysis, or anaerobic system

When the oxidative system cannot produce more energy than is demanded due to lack of oxygen, hence the anaerobic name of this system, the body uses a "shortcut" called anaerobic glycolysis. to meet that demand. Putting it simply, what it does is produce the necessary ATP by converting glucose into lactate (or lactic acid). Under normal conditions, the body recycles lactate at a certain rate that varies from person to person. But when doing high-intensity exercise, above the lactate threshold, the rate at which lactate is created is greater than the rate at which it is reabsorbed, and it ends up accumulating in the muscles and blood. When lactate levels are very high, muscle fibers become acidic, which stop working properly, limiting their ability to exercise correctly.

A difference of this system concerning the oxidative system is that it can only use carbohydrates as fuel, and not fats or proteins. That is why you have heard that to burn fat you have to exercise below our lactate threshold or anaerobic threshold. Although that statement is not very precise because as I pointed out at the beginning of this article, the three energy systems are always in operation. Even when we exercise anaerobic we will be burning fat because the aerobic system continues to work. On the other hand,

it would be correct to say that exercising above the anaerobic threshold is not recommended if the goal is to burn fat. But not because it does not burn fat, but because we will not be able to sustain the intensity of the exercise for a long time. And it is that the anaerobic system also has a limitation of approximately one minute when providing energy in a high-intensity exercise, such as a 400m run. From there, muscle fatigue due to the accumulation of lactate will limit the ability to perform the exercise. That is why exercise below the anaerobic threshold is better to burn fat, because we can do it for a longer time and, therefore, get the aerobic system to burn more fat.

Conclusions

I hope I did not let go of the role. In my opinion, it is important to know how my body produces and manages the energy it has available. This makes me more aware of why it is important to train the oxidative system and the glycolysis system, especially the oxidative one for trail running and cycling, which are the endurance sports I do.

Energy Systems: Physiological characterization

noreply@blogger.com (Md Ferdous) — Sun, 26 Dec 2021 05:00:00 +0000

Energy Systems: Physiological characterization of energy systems in athletics
Introduction

Energy Systems, Introduction According to Canete (1991) It is known to everyone that athletics has its emergence with man's existence, since the natural movements that he performed for his subsistence such as walking, running, jumping, or throwing, today are part of the competitive system of this sport; with their corresponding technical requirements and duly regulated " Energy Systems

The field and track have been called "Sports King" and it is because the rest of the sports or sports games take from it, essential elements for their preparation.

Athletics is a sport that is made up of a total of 47 disciplines that take place on the field or track as the case may be. This large number of disciplines are grouped according to characteristics in 5 areas which will be detailed below. Energy Systems

But to achieve results in each of these areas, adaptive changes are needed. Unlike other spheres of human activity that are characterized by the necessary adaptation to extreme conditions, the athlete adapts to increasingly complex conditions. Each stage of the improvement of the long sport, during the year during a macrocycle, each of the competitions poses to the athlete they need to jump, to dialectically deny the level already achieved in the adaptation reactions, this places special demands on the human organism. Energy Systems

In the typical muscular activities of the so-called “sprints”, characterized by a production of force close to the maximum, such as sprinting, as well as in the modalities of swimming of short distances (50 and 100 meters), it is obvious that that most of the energy needs can be satisfied at the expense of the phosphagen system, as well as by the Lactaid.

Developing

According to Platonov (1974), “the prolonged maintenance of a high level of the adaptation reactions of modern sport characterizes the final stage of a long preparation where it is necessary to maintain the highest level achieved and carries a specific character. The highest level of adaptation of the functional systems of organisms in response to exciting, prolonged,

intense, and diverse can be maintained only by applying heavy maintenance loads. And at this point, the problem arises that consists of looking for a load system that allows maintaining the level of adaptation reached and that at the same time does not cause exhaustion and wear on the structures of the body that are responsible for adaptation. Energy Systems

In this approach, we observe the importance of knowing the physiological characteristics of each athletic modality and the energy sources necessary to ensure muscular activity.

According to Beldarrain (2005), “the organism needs the continuous contribution of chemical energy to carry out its different functions. All sports gestures are performed thanks to the ability we have to obtain energy from nutrients (nutrient is any chemical substance usable by the body), which are extracted from food, to convert them into mechanical energy in the muscles involved ".

The muscular system transforms chemical energy into mechanical energy. But for it to carry out muscle contraction, two things are necessary: the existence of a nervous stimulus that excites the muscle and the presence of chemical energy that can be used by the muscle fiber, according to Pancorbo (2002). See figure 1.

Muscle contraction is only possible through this transformation of energy.

The first law of thermodynamics says that energy is neither created nor destroyed, it only transforms. Depending on the activity that we are going to develop, the energy needs will take one form or another. For example, when we move, energy is in its mechanical and thermal form, and rest allows the reconstruction of chemical energy.

Fundamentally in the area of vertical jumps, where the high jump and the pole vault are found for both sexes, in addition to horizontal jumps such as the long jump and the triple jump, the discipline of throws, such as the impulse of the bullet. , the hammer and the javelin are sports according to Zimkin (1975), acyclic with the use of rapid force, because in them there is a difference in the sequence of movements to be performed. In these events, energy is obtained anaerobically, through the flaccid energy system, or phosphagens.

According to Pancorbo (2002), when an activity is very vigorous, the stored ATP and CRP are used first, (Anaerobic flaccid), if the exercise is prolonged, the anaerobic lactacid formation of ATP is used, finally, if the duration is longer. , we proceed to the oxidation of fat and glucose (aerobic).

In the speed area which is divided into hurdles and flat races, within flat races we find the 100 meters, 200, 400 flat meters, in addition to the 4x100 meters, 4x400 meters relay admitted for both sexes, from the physiological point of view they are classified as cyclical according to Zimkin (1975), as are the races of the background area since they are characterized by a strict continuity of movement, which is formed according to a dynamic motor stereotype, conditioned by a system of nervous processes that control movements.

In hurdles races, we find the 100 meters with hurdles for women, the 110 meters with hurdles for men, and the 400 meters with hurdles for sexes, these races are classified from the physiological point of view as a combined cycle, since in their structure they have races, that is to say, consecutive movement, and jumps. In these races, energy is obtained by the anaerobic route through the lactacid and lactacid energy systems.

As in the background area where in the first moments of initiation of the activity the energy will be obtained through the anaerobic route, but the aerobic route will predominate in the extension of the exercise. In this area, we can find the semi-distance races such as 800 meters, and 1500 meters and the long-distance races that range from 3000 meters onwards.

Finally, the multiple event areas combine several athletic disciplines with differences according to sex, this area is classified as a combined cycle due to the variety of events that we observe in them, where the energy will be obtained by the two known metabolic pathways.

Based on the above and following Pancorbo (2002) we can say that when the duration increases and the intensity decreases, as occurs in short-duration tests, 400-800 meters, it depends on the anaerobic metabolism of the lactacid, followed immediately by the lactacid. . When the duration exceeds 90 "(seconds), aerobic metabolism is also used. See table 1.

Mobile computing: What is wireless mobile computing?

noreply@blogger.com (Md Ferdous) — Sat, 25 Dec 2021 05:00:00 +0000

Mobile computing: What is wireless mobile computing?

Mobile computing What is wireless mobile computing? Mobile computing Wireless mobile computing refers to any type of computer,

hardware that a user can take to different locations without requiring the use of cables to connect to a network. Some common examples of devices that use wireless mobile computing are notebook computers or notebook computers, smartphones that allow Internet use, and personal digital assistants (PDAs), which are small computers that often fit in the hands of a person. the users. The typical device using this type of computing can be thought of as having three main components: software, communication, and hardware.

Communication usually refers to capabilities such as Internet connectivity and the use of the telephone. Common among wireless mobile computing devices is the ability to act both as a conventional telephone and as a device for accessing the Internet. In some cases, the device must be able to access a specific local network to connect to the Internet. Other models may be on the so-called "3G" or "4G" networks, which are wide-area telecommunications networks that can be accessed from many locations and that can provide connectivity for telephone and Internet use.

Energy Systems - All your desire technologies

2024 challenge Crypto trading protocol

2024 challenge Crypto trading protocol

Cryptocurrencies Price Prediction: Bitcoin, Ethereum & Terra – European Wrap 27 December

After a brutal stretch, a remarkable thing is happening: Cryptocurrencies are surging

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Best Mobile Computing || Mobile Cloud Computing in 2020

Best Mobile Computing || Mobile Cloud Computing in 2020Best Mobile Computing

Best Mobile Computing

Mobile computing components

What role do hardware components play:

The receivers operate on an existing established wireless network.

software component

Mobile communication layer:

HISTORY OF MOBILE COMPUTING

During the period of the 1980s:

mobile cloud computing

multiplexing in mobile computing

During the 1990 period:

Also, at that time Google introduces Android.

Mobile Computing - Ranking

Improved data storage capacity and processing power.

Hostel: I was sent to a hostel

Hostel: I was sent to a hostel when I was only nine years oldHostel: I was sent to a hostel

Hostel: I was sent to a hostel

Notice: We didn't see as many suicides in the nineties as we do today. There was no epidemic of suicide like today.

In the last twenty years, somewhereThere has been a deadly noise.Our job is to find out where the noise is.

Those who are supposed to take this responsibility in the state, but are not taking it, I raise my hands and pray that the gun of Abu Mohsin Khan should rise in the hands of these people.

Zahir Raihan lost at the age of just 36, has always

Zahir Raihan lost at the age of just 36, has alwaysZahir Raihan lost at the age

Zahir Raihan lost at the age

Suitcase on the head, a bundle of clothes on the armpits. Hurricane in hand. Baby at the waist.

What a restless panic in the eyes.No talking. Silent everyone.

Where to go?

The helicopter landed overhead.Then.

A total of twenty-seven people.

Twenty-seven people.

Boat sheep and boatman. Pick them up.A few silent moments. The boat capsized.Frightened, the half-dead prostitutes came into the boat like sheep.Little whore. Medium whore. Big whore.Teenage whore. Young prostitute. The old whore.

Deeper than the sea.Roarier than the sea.Moving.

Not ours.Theirs.

One day.

Bangladesh.

So what are we fighting for?

Jaira has no news. Where did the girl go?

I handed the book to the camp commander and asked, "Whose writing is yours?"

In a hedonistic country, do people enjoy life?

In a hedonistic country, rice suffers As there is joy in human lifeIn a hedonistic country

In a hedonistic country

while the eyes become blurred, this is what!

solar energy systems Learn about the 3 different

Solar energy systems Learn about the 3 different solar energy systems that existSolar Energy Systems

Solar Energy Systems

How does Solar Energy Systems

What are Solar Energy Systems panels?

Amorphous: this is the case when the silicon has not crystallized.

The different connections to the central electrical network

off-grid

On-grid

hybrids

Tags: Solar Energy Systems

Industrial Automation: What it is and how it works

Industrial Automation: What it is and how it worksIndustrial Automation: What it is

Industrial Automation: What it is

What is meant by Industrial Automation?

Compared to manual systems, automation systems offer superior performance in terms of accuracy, power, and speed of operation.

How Industrial Automation works

levels-of-industrial-automationIndustrial automation process levelsBelow I will describe the hierarchical triangle representing the three levels of a typical industrial automation application.

supervisor level

control level

field level

scheme-diagram-basic-industrial-automation-system

Industrial automation equipment or tools

Sensors and actuators

Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA)

Programmable Logic Controller (PLC)

Best Mobile Computing || Mobile Cloud Computing in 2020
Best Mobile Computing

Hostel: I was sent to a hostel when I was only nine years old
Hostel: I was sent to a hostel

In the last twenty years, somewhere
There has been a deadly noise.
Our job is to find out where the noise is.

Zahir Raihan lost at the age of just 36, has always
Zahir Raihan lost at the age

What a restless panic in the eyes.
No talking. Silent everyone.

The helicopter landed overhead.
Then.

Boat sheep and boatman. Pick them up.
A few silent moments. The boat capsized.
Frightened, the half-dead prostitutes came into the boat like sheep.
Little whore. Medium whore. Big whore.
Teenage whore. Young prostitute. The old whore.

Deeper than the sea.
Roarier than the sea.
Moving.

Not ours.
Theirs.

In a hedonistic country, rice suffers As there is joy in human life
In a hedonistic country

Solar energy systems Learn about the 3 different solar energy systems that exist
Solar Energy Systems

Industrial Automation: What it is and how it works
Industrial Automation: What it is

levels-of-industrial-automation
Industrial automation process levels
Below I will describe the hierarchical triangle representing the three levels of a typical industrial automation application.

Fixed automation system
Programmable automation system
Flexible automation system
Integrated Automation System
Fixed Automation System

With the rise of the industrial economy, business strategies for industrial automation have also changed over time.
The advantages of Industrial Automation include:
Increased labor productivity

high costs
The initial cost of implementing an automation system is very high.

INDUSTRIAL AUTOMATION WHAT IS INDUSTRIAL AUTOMATION?
INDUSTRIAL AUTOMATION WHAT IS

Automation of industrial processes
Historical background

Energy Systems Technologies to accelerate decarbonization
Energy Storage Systems

Emblematic energy storage projects in Latin America and the Caribbean
PROJECT NAME LOCATION TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION

Energy Systems: Technologies for the smart electrical networks of the future
Energy Systems The increasingly intense use of technology

It develops innumerable R+D+i projects covering topics such as:
Batteries and charging and traction systems for electric vehicles

The main competencies of CPQD on this platform are:
ENERGY STORAGE

Electrochemical storage (promo-acid, alkaline, lithium-ion, hydrogen CAC, etc.)
Electrical storage (supercapacitors/ultracapacitors)
Thermal storage (cryogenic, steam/molten salt)
Mechanical storage (compressed air, water pump, flywheel, GMG)
Mechanical and thermal packaging