mihir patel

Solar Agricultural Water Pumping System

2019-12-01T15:15:00.001+05:30

INTRODUCTION

Energy plays an important role in the material, social and cultural life of mankind. The energy needs are increasing day by day. This is the result of population growth and increase in the standard of living which is directly proportional to energy consumption.

As we know that mankind will be never lacking in energy. Today, it is liquid fluid, tomorrow it may be uranium with an element of risk. Risk exists wherever there is human activity and production of energy. Just as the supply of fossil fuel is finite thus there will be the supply of uranium. Perhaps, uranium would be exhausted quickly if it is used on a large scale. It is therefore, harnessing the gigantic inexhaustible solar energy source reduces the dependence on fossil fuels.

For the environmental concerned, the solar energy harnessing system offers advantages in that, it emits no pollutants into the atmosphere as they are with the combustion of fossil fuels. Thus, as a long term option solar energy system can be considered as an alternate to all the finite fuel system. Therefore, there is no energy shortage today nor will there be in the near future?

The lifting of water for drinking or irrigation purposes is of great importance in widely distributed villages with little or no rural electrification and where underground water is available. Solar energy is converted to mechanical energy to drive small water pumps it would be of great help to the rural inhibitions.

In our project we use solar photo voltaic cells for pumping water. The photovoltaic modules convert sunlight directly to electricity which is used to run a dc motor pump for bailing of water. It consists of solar photovoltaic modules, power conditioner to protect storage batteries from overcharging during non-sun shine and a dc water pump.

WORKING PRINCIPLE

The panel is kept under the sun for radiation. The photon energy from the sun lights that incident on the top metallic grid causes the electrons in the P-layer and holes in the N-layer to diffuse towards the junction. In this process the electrons collected on the N-side and holes collected on the P-side charge these two sides oppositely. This develops an open circuit voltage across the two terminals. The energy conversion process continues as long as light is incident on the active top surface of the cell.

Fig.Solar Agricultural Water Pumping System

The power developed by these cells are collected and stored in a battery. The power from the battery is sent to the DC motor. It runs the pump coupled to it. The suction head is connected to the well and discharge head is directed towards the field. The water from the well is pumped out and it is used for the domestic or agricultural purpose.

ADVANTAGES OF SOLAR WATER PUMP

Economical aspect:
Least maintenance cost.
No transportation from long distance
No rent for electricity utilized No fuel required for operation

Technical aspect:

No moving parts, thus long life
Noiseless operation
No person required to operate the system

Manufacturing aspect:

Simple in construction, so easy to fabricate
No heavy materials are used

Safety aspect:

Pollution free
Less chance of accidents

LIMITATIONS

High initial installation cost
Care should be taken for batteries
Power production will be lesser in cloudy days

Front Wheel Steering System with Movable Headlights Report Download

2019-12-01T15:08:00.004+05:30

ABSTRACT

The project here is all about Front wheel Steering system with movable headlights with latest electronics technology.
The most conventional steering arrangement is to turn the front wheels using a hand–operated steering wheel which is positioned in front of the driver, via the steering column, which may contain universal joints to allow it to deviate somewhat from a straight line. Other arrangements are sometimes found on different types of vehicles, for example, a tiller or rear–wheel steering. Tracked vehicles such as tanks usually employ differential steering — that is, the tracks are made to move at different speeds or even in opposite directions to bring about a change of course.

Four-wheel steering

Four-wheel steering (or all wheel steering) is a system employed by some vehicles to improve steering response, increase vehicle stability while maneuvering at high speed, or to decrease turning radius at low speed. In most active four-wheel steering systems, the rear wheels are steered by a computer and actuators. The rear wheels generally cannot turn as far as the front wheels. Some systems, including Delphi’s Quadrasteer and the system in Honda’s Prelude line, allow for the rear wheels to be steered in the opposite direction as the front wheels during low speeds. This allows the vehicle
to turn in a significantly smaller radius — sometimes critical for large trucks or vehicles with trailers. An electronic four-wheel steer system is an option available on the JCB Fastrac.

rack and pinion steering system

Many modern vehicles offer a form of passive rear steering to counteract normal vehicle tendencies. For example, Subaru used a passive steering system to correct for the rear wheel’s tendency to toe-out. On many vehicles, when cornering, the rear wheels tend to steer slightly to the outside of a turn, which can reduce stability. The passive steering system uses the lateral forces generated in a turn (through suspension geometry) and the bushings to correct this tendency and steer the wheels slightly to the inside of the corner. This improves the stability of the car, through the turn. This effect is called compliance understeer and it, or its opposite, is present on all suspensions. Typical methods of achieving compliance understeer are to use a Watt’s Link on a live rear axle, or the use of toe control bushings on a twist beam suspension. On an independent rear suspension it is normally achieved by changing the rates of the rubber bushings in the suspension. Some suspensions will always have compliance oversteer due to geometry, such as Hotchkiss live axles or a semi trailing arm IRS.

Description:

This invention relates to a car headlight and more particularly, to a movable car headlight device which, when turning the car, illuminates the area into which the car is turning.

Front Wheel Steering System

Conventional headlights and auxiliary lights are generally fixed at a certain angle to the front of a car body for lighting up the area in front of the car. Therefore, upon turning the steering wheel to change the direction of travel of the car, the front-wheel forms an angle corresponding to the angle at which the steering wheel was turned in relation to the direction of travel of the car. Thus, the car body moves in a direction which is not being illuminated by the headlights and therefore poses a danger because it is turned into a dark area.

It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide a novel headlight device for cars, which is designed so that when turning the car it automatically directs a light in the direction in which the car is turned. More specifically, the movable car headlight device of the present invention comprises a perpendicular main axis fixed to a bracket mounted on an appropriate part of the car body; a receiving table through which the main axis passes; a rotating body with balance weights on either side attached to the main axis the body rotatable resting on the receiving table; and a casing with a lamp at its rear part rotatable supported at the upper end of the main axis. The casing is connected to the rotating body so as to allow the rotating body to rise or fall independently and co-rotates with the casing.

The receiving table and the rotating body are adapted to contact each other in the form of a V-shaped wedge so that the rotating body is allowed to ride up from the contact surface as it is rotated due to centrifugal force exerted by the balance weights caused by the turning of the car, whereby the casing having a lamp is rotated and the rotating body is given a restoring force due to potential energy accumulated by riding up the V shaped surface of the receiving table.

Application

used in all four-wheel vehicles

PNEUMATIC POWER STEERING MECHANICAL PROJECT

2019-12-01T15:01:00.006+05:30

Introduction

Power steering systems have contributed to reduced driver fatigue and made driving a more pleasant experience. Nearly all power steering systems at the present time use fluid pressure to assist the driver in turning the front wheels. Since driver effort required to turns the front wheels is reduced, driver fatigue is decreased. The advantages of power steering have been made available on many vehicles, and safety has been maintained in these systems.

There are several different types of power steering systems, including integral, rack and pinion, hydroboost, and linkage type. In any of these systems, the power steering pump is the heart of the system because it supplies the necessary pressure to assist steering.

The power steering pump drive belt is a simple, but very important, component in the power steering system. A power steering pump in perfect condition will not produce the required pressure for steering assist if the drive belt is slipping.

Integral power-assisted steering system

In the integral power-assisted steering system, the pump is bolted to a bracket on the engine, and the recirculating ball steering gear is mounted on the frame beside the engine. This type of steering system is used on many rear-wheel-drive cars and light-duty trucks. The pump is driven by a belt from the crankshaft and an integral reservoir is mounted on the pump. A high-pressure hose and a return hose are connected from the pump to the steering gear

POWER STEERING

Pneumatic machinery are machines and tools which use air power to do work. Heavy equipment is a common example. In this type of machine, high pressure Compressed air is transmitted throughout the machine to various Pneumatic motors and Pneumatic cylinders. The air is controlled directly or automatically by control valves and distributed through hoses and tubes.

Scope objective

The popularity of Pneumatic machinery is due to the very large amount of power that can be transferred through small tubes and flexible hoses, and the high power density and wide array of actuators that can make use of this power. These machinery are based on the Cylinders, Compressor and Pump.

Working

Pneumatic cylinders are pressurized by Pneumatic pressure and get their power for the Pneumatic air under pressure. They transform the air’s energy to linear work. A Pneumatic cylinders works in a Pneumatic system and is the motor side of this system. The generator side of the air Pneumatic system is the pump or Compressor that brings a fixed or regulated air flow into the system. The Pneumatic cylinder initiates the pressure of the air, which can never be larger than the pressure that is asked by the load. The cylinder consists of a cylinder barrel, in which a piston connected to a piston rod is moving. The barrel is closed by the cylinder bottom at the bottom side and by the cylinder head at the side where the piston rod comes out of the cylinder. Mounting bracket or clevises are mounted to the cylinder bottom as well as the piston rod. The piston has sliding rings and seals. The piston divides the inside of the cylinder in two chambers, the bottom chamber and the piston rod side chamber.

PNEUMATIC POWER STEERING MECHANICAL PROJECT

If the air is pumped into the piston rod side chamber and the air from the piston area flows back to the air reservoir without pressure, the pressure in the piston rod area chamber is Load/(piston area – piston rod area). In such a way the Pneumatic cylinder can push and pull.By pumping Pneumatic air to the bottom side of the Pneumatic cylinder, the piston rod starts moving out. The piston pushes the air in the other chamber back to the air reservoir. If we assume that the air pressure in the piston rod chamber is zero, the pressure in the cylinder is now Force/Piston area.

When the vehicle weight increases, the power required to steer the vehicle also increases. Most of the vehicles are have fluid power for steering.

In this project pneumatic power (compressed air) is used in place of Mechanical power.

Application

1. Used in all light duty vehicles like cars

Design and Fabrication Of Gear and Spline Cutting Attachment for Lathe

2019-12-01T14:56:00.004+05:30

Abstract

Mechanical engineering without production and manufacturing is meaningless and inseparable.

Production and manufacturing process deals with conversation of raw materials inputs to finished products as per required dimensions specifications and efficiently using recent technology.

Our project design and fabrication of spline (gear) cutting attachment is used to cut gear or splines over the cylindrical job. Our main aim is prove lathe is a versatile machine. So this gear cutting operation is done by lathe itself.

3D Assembly Of Fixture

Working

In this project End mill cutter (tool) is fixed in lathe chuck and job is fixed over the compound slide by gear cutting attachment.

Working Of Gear and Spline Cutting Attachment For Lathe

This fixture has spindle with indexing plate, here job is hold rigidly in spindle itself Feed is given by cross slide movement. And depth of cut is given by movement of carriage. When cutter rotate at 1100 Rpm. Angular splines also done by this .indexing can be done with the aid of indexing plate

Advantage

1) Fixture cost is low

2) No need of purchase special machine for this

3) Production cost is low

Disadvantage

1) Accuracy is little bit low

virat kohali

2019-12-01T14:24:00.002+05:30

VIRAT KOHLI PROFILE

Daring, tough and fiercely talented, Virat Kohli is arguably one of the finest batsmen that the country has produced. He has even drawn comparisons with the great Sachin Tendulkar. With a firm bottom-hand grip and the ability to smash balls landing on a particular area to any part of the ground at will and without much risk, Kohli has carved a niche of his own in Indian cricket. The king of chases as many of his fans have christened him, Kohli is a deeply hammered nail across all formats.

Kohli rose to fame when he captained India's victorious World Cup Under-19 side in Malaysia, in 2008. He was immediately propelled into the lucrative Twenty20 tournament - the Indian T20 League in 2008 and has since been a part of the Bangalore franchise. He also went on to become the captain of the team in 2012 and has continued to remain so since then. Devoid of noteworthy performances in the first edition, his domestic form still won him an India ODI cap on the tour to Sri Lanka in the same year.

The Delhi lad was initially deployed at various positions in the batting line-up, from replacing Virender Sehwag as an opener to accelerating in the middle-order. After just 25 ODI innings, he had already amassed 9 fifty-plus scores including two centuries. Kohli has always believed in backing his confidence and with the assurance evident in his shot selection and footwork, he was rarely found wanting with his technique even on bowling-friendly surfaces abroad. Once Kohli grew in maturity, especially in the ODIs, lean patches made way for eye-ball grabbing consistency.

The aggressive right-hander had a marvellous run in 2010 during which he amassed close to 1000 runs. He did not let his guard down in 2011 by scoring a century in his maiden World Cup match against Bangladesh and contributed decently right throughout the tournament. The wait for a Test cap ended when he was selected for the tour of West Indies in 2011. The strongest evidence of his mettle came early in 2012 during his maiden ton in whites on India's tour to Australia; he put in an intrepid batting display while the others failed. His efforts paid off and Kohli was soon handed over the vice-captaincy of the Indian team ahead of the Asia Cup in 2012. He ended the tournament as the highest run-getter which included a whirlwind 183 off 148 balls against Pakistan.

Kohli captained the Indian ODI team for the first time against Sri Lanka in a Triangular ODI series in the Caribbean after an injury ruled MS Dhoni out for three ODIs. He then tasted the success of full-fledged captaincy in Zimbabwe where he marshalled the team in absence of Dhoni, who was rested, and achieved a 5-0 clean sweep over the hosts. He added another feather to his cap when he registered the fastest ODI century by an Indian, off just 52 balls, against Australia in October 2013, Jaipur, helping India chase down a daunting target of 360.

In the following year, Kohli single-handedly took India to the finals of the ICC WT20 in Bangladesh but they lost against Sri Lanka at the last hurdle. The next few months would prove to be a massive learning curve for Kohli who was found wanting in the swinging conditions of England. James Anderson was his tormentor as he exposed a distinct weakness outside Kohli’s off stump. He was embarrassed but continued to remain a part of the Test side. In the five-match ODI series against Sri Lanka in November 2014, Kohli led India to a 5-0 routing of the Lankans, making him the first Indian captain to have affected a 5-0 whitewash home and away in ODI cricket.

In December 2014, Kohli was made the captain of the Test side for India’s first Test against Australia in Adelaide but lost despite scoring centuries in both innings. On 30th December 2014, having saved the third Test for India against Australia at the MCG, Indian captain MS Dhoni announced his retirement from Tests with immediate effect citing too much strain as the reason, handing over the mantle to Virat Kohli for the fourth and final Test match. Kohli ended his disappointment of the England tour by scoring fantastically in the Australian tour, thereby squashing doubts of his class and technique to last in the longest version.

The year 2016 turned out to be Kohli’s best phase by some distance as he plundered runs across formats with his consistency reaching insane levels. He amassed over 2500 international runs at a mind-boggling average of 86.50 with seven centuries and 13 half-centuries from 40 innings. This included a ‘Man of the Tournament’ award in the 2016 World T20 where India made the semifinals. In addition to this, he also racked up a phenomenal 900 runs in the Indian T20 League with an incredible four centuries to his name. During the 2016-17 season, Kohli also became the first batsman to register a double century in four successive Test series, going past the legendary Sir Donald Bradman and Rahul Dravid, both of whom had managed it for three consecutive series. His exploits showed the world that he can dominate in all formats simultaneously without breaking a sweat.

After a dreamy 2016-17 season, Virat carried his form to the tour of South Africa in the early part of 2018. Though India lost the series 2-1, his 153 in the second Test at Centurion proved his potential once again in alien conditions. He even took his side to series wins in the limited-overs format, which was a first for India in South Africa. The lad from Delhi went on to become the fastest to reach 10,000 runs in ODI cricket when he reached it in his 205th innings, beating the record holder and compatriot, Sachin Tendulkar who did it in 259 innings. It has not been all personal feats though, the national team has come leaps and bounds under his captaincy. They created history in early 2019 by becoming the first-ever Indian side to register a Test series win over Australia in Australia.

Virat rather had a modest 2019 World Cup outing as a batsman, he scored 5 consecutive half-centuries but it came as a big surprise that a batsman of his stature didn't convert any into a hundred. Though India led under his leadership finished at the top of the points-table in the group stages of the tournament, India's campaign ultimately ended after a close defeat against New Zealand in the semi-finals.

Drawing comparisons to greats have never made Virat Kohli lose his work ethic. Having in mind his excellent fitness and ability to adapt to all formats without any fuss, it will not come as a surprise if he ends up owning most batting records by the time he brings the curtains down on his career.

Internet history

2019-11-30T20:14:00.003+05:30

Internet History

Research into packet switching, one of the fundamental Internet technologies, started in the early 1960s in the work of Paul Baran,and packet-switched networks such as the NPL network by Donald Davies, ARPANET, the Merit Network, CYCLADES, and Telenet were developed in the late 1960s and early 1970s. The ARPANET project led to the development of protocols for internetworking, by which multiple separate networks could be joined into a network of networks. ARPANET development began with two network nodes which were interconnected between the Network Measurement Center at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Science directed by Leonard Kleinrock, and the NLS system at SRI International (SRI) by Douglas Engelbart in Menlo Park, California, on 29 October 1969 The third site was the Culler-Fried Interactive Mathematics Center at the University of California, Santa Barbara, followed by the University of Utah Graphics Department. In an early sign of future growth, fifteen sites were connected to the young ARPANET by the end of 1971. These early years were documented in the 1972 film Computer Networks: The Heralds of Resource Sharing.

Early international collaborations for the ARPANET were rare. European developers were concerned with developing the X.25 networks. Notable exceptions were the Norwegian Seismic Array (NORSAR) in June 1973, followed in 1973 by Sweden with satellite links to the Tanum Earth Station and Peter T. Kirstein's research group in the United Kingdom, initially at the Institute of Computer Science, University of London and later at University College London. In 1974, RFC 675 used the term internet as a shorthand for internetworking, and later RFCs repeated this use. Access to the ARPANET was expanded in 1981 when the National Science Foundation (NSF) funded the Computer Science Network (CSNET). In 1982, the Internet Protocol Suite (TCP/IP) was standardized, which permitted worldwide proliferation of interconnected networks. TCP/IP network access expanded again in 1986 when the National Science Foundation Network (NSFNet) provided access to supercomputer sites in the United States for researchers, first at speeds of 56 kbit/s and later at 1.5 Mbit/s and 45 Mbit/s. Commercial Internet service providers (ISPs) emerged in the late 1980s and early 1990s. The ARPANET was decommissioned in 1990.

T3 NSFNET Backbone, c. 1992.

The Internet rapidly expanded in Europe and Australia in the mid to late 1980s and to Asia in the late 1980s and early 1990sThe beginning of dedicated transatlantic communication between the NSFNET and networks in Europe was established with a low-speed satellite relay between Princeton University and Stockholm, Sweden in December 1988. Although other network protocols such as UUCP had global reach well before this time, this marked the beginning of the Internet as an intercontinental network.

Steady advances in semiconductor technology and optical networking created new economic opportunities for commercial involvement in the expansion of the network in its core and for delivering services to the public. In mid-1989, MCI Mail and Compuserve established connections to the Internet, delivering email and public access products to the half million users of the Internet. Just months later, on 1 January 1990, PSInet launched an alternate Internet backbone for commercial use; one of the networks that added to the core of the commercial Internet of later years. In March 1990, the first high-speed T1 (1.5 Mbit/s) link between the NSFNET and Europe was installed between Cornell University and CERN, allowing much more robust communications than were capable with satellites. Six months later Tim Berners-Lee would begin writing WorldWideWeb, the first web browser after two years of lobbying CERN management. By Christmas 1990, Berners-Lee had built all the tools necessary for a working Web: the HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP) 0.9, the HyperText Markup Language (HTML), the first Web browser (which was also a HTML editor and could access Usenet newsgroups and FTP files), the first HTTP server software (later known as CERN httpd), the first web server, and the first Web pages that described the project itself. In 1991 the Commercial Internet eXchange was founded, allowing PSInet to communicate with the other commercial networks CERFnet and Alternet. Stanford Federal Credit Union was the first financial institution to offer online Internet banking services to all of its members in October 1994. In 1996 OP Financial Group, also a cooperative bank, became the second online bank in the world and the first in Europe. By 1995, the Internet was fully commercialized in the U.S. when the NSFNet was decommissioned, removing the last restrictions on use of the Internet to carry commercial traffic.

Worldwide Internet users
	2005	2010	2017
World population	6.5 billion	6.9 billion	7.4 billion
Users worldwide	16%	30%	48%
Users in the developing world	8%	21%	41.3%
Users in the developed world	51%	67%	81%

As technology advanced and commercial opportunities fueled reciprocal growth, the volume of Internet traffic started experiencing similar characteristics as that of the scaling of MOS transistors, exemplified by Moore's law, doubling every 18 months. This growth, formalized as Edholm's law, was catalyzed by advances in MOS technology, laser lightwave systems, and noise performance.

Since 1995, the Internet has tremendously impacted culture and commerce, including the rise of near instant communication by email, instant messaging, telephony (Voice over Internet Protocol or VoIP), two-way interactive video calls, and the World Wide Web with its discussion forums, blogs, social networking, and online shopping sites. Increasing amounts of data are transmitted at higher and higher speeds over fiber optic networks operating at 1-Gbit/s, 10-Gbit/s, or more. The Internet continues to grow, driven by ever greater amounts of online information and knowledge, commerce, entertainment and social networking. During the late 1990s, it was estimated that traffic on the public Internet grew by 100 percent per year, while the mean annual growth in the number of Internet users was thought to be between 20% and 50%. This growth is often attributed to the lack of central administration, which allows organic growth of the network, as well as the non-proprietary nature of the Internet protocols, which encourages vendor interoperability and prevents any one company from exerting too much control over the network. As of 31 March 2011, the estimated total number of Internet users was 2.095 billion (30.2% of world population). It is estimated that in 1993 the Internet carried only 1% of the information flowing through two-way telecommunication, by 2000 this figure had grown to 51%, and by 2007 more than 97% of all telecommunicated

AUTOMATIC CRADLE MACHINE

2019-11-29T11:24:00.002+05:30

CHAPTER NO:-1
INTRODUCTION

1.1 INTRODUCTION:

Generally, the baby cradle is used for to make sleep and soothe to baby. For example guardian have to take care of their child till as they asleep. However, conventional cradle does not electronically equipped such like battery or adapter to automate the cradle automatically. In Addition to that, these kind of conventional cradle is used in villages areas or non-developed cities due to its low prices. But the problem of this kind of designated cradle is that you need manpower to take care of your child and your child may not be safe and feel comfortable in the conventional cradle. Thus, we need automatic cradle to take care of child which uses the battery or power source. Besides, there are extra features or function is provided by the newly automatic cradle that is beneficial for parents. Because in the present world people are very busy in their professional life so they do not get ample time to take care of their infants. It will be very difficult control the babies and if someone is hiring professional to take care of their infants. It may increase your expenses from monthly expenditure. Moreover, in today, life it is very hard to even for the homemakers (mummy) to sit nearby their babies and sooth them whenever they feel uncomfortable. Though, it is automatic this application is very useful for the nurses in maternity units of hospital.

Objective of the project

Ø To design the development of an intelligent baby care, which has ability to monitor baby movement, bed-wet condition and body temperature.

Ø To make a baby cradle is safe and comfortable for baby with using PIR sensor to detect the movement of the baby body as well as bed-wet condition to keep away baby from hygienic environment.

Ø To make cradle innovation that is more flexible and less expensive to market.

Ø User friendly- simple and complete with instruction

CHAPTER NO:- 2 SELECTION OF PROJECT

2.1 SELECTION OF PROJECT:

As we are very well familiar with the hurdles faced by Parents to nurture their infant and especially in case if both the Parents are working. To give 24 hours of time in such cases is next to impossible. Thus, we need to develop something unique that can help Parents to have a continuous surveillance/watch on the Baby/Infant and can notify about the same.

Thus, we have come up with an idea to design a Smart Cradle System using IOT which will help the Parents to monitor their child even if they are away from home & detect every activity of the Baby from any distant corner of the world.

It is an innovative, smart & protective Cradle System to nurtue an infant in an efficient way. This system considers all the minute details required for the care & protection of the Baby in the cradle. The design of smartness & innovation comes with the use of technologies/methodologies which include Internet Of Things (IOT) (Modules like Raspberry Pi, Arduino, Humidity & Temperature sensing), Swing Automation, Cry Detecting Mechanism, Live Video Surveillance, Cloud Computing (Data Storage) & User Friendly Android Mobile Application (for User Controls).

In order to detect each & every activity of Baby, different Sensors/Modules are attached to the Cradle: Humidity & Temperature Sensing Module for detection of Wetness of the bed, A Camera on top of the Cradle for live video footage & Cry Detection Circuit to analyse Cry Patterns which eventually triggers the swinging mechanism (if required based on the range of frequency).

CHAPTER NO:- 3
WORKING PRINCIPLE & CONSTRUCTION

3.1 Working Principle

Principle behind cradle swing stays in comparing the baby cry generated sound level in dB 𝑥 with a preset value 𝑦 and it swings if 𝑥 is greater than 𝑦.

The amplified signal is generated from the voice input. This amplified signal is then converted into a digital signal from which sound level 𝑥 is calculated.

𝑠𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑 𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑙 (𝑥) = 20 log 𝑣𝑖𝑛 dB

𝑣0

Where,

Vin = Voltage (ADC count) when baby is crying.

V0 = Average reference voltage (ADC count) when baby is not crying.

The preset value 𝑦 is set initially as part of configuration of the system. It is the least value among the samples of baby cry sound levels and it can be modified in future as and when

necessary.

CHAPTER NO:-4
COMPONENTS

COMPONENTS USED IN AUTOMATIC CRADLE:

4.1-S.S Hollow Pipes

4.2-Caster wheels

4.3-Supported Frame

4.4- Shaft

4.5- Bearing

4.6- Motor

4.7- PIR Sensor

4.8-Arduino UNO

4.1:-S.S Hollow Pipes

Steel pipes are long, hollow tubes that are used for a variety of purposes. They are produced by two distinct methods which result in either a welded or seamless pipe. In both methods, raw steel is first cast into a more workable starting form. It is then made into a pipe by stretching the steel out into a seamless tube or forcing the edges together and sealing them with a weld. The first methods for producing steel pipe were introduced in the early 1800s, and they have steadily evolved into the modern processes we use today. Each year, millions of tons of steel pipe are produced.

4.2:- CASTER WHEEL

Casters are categorized in various ways. For example, a caster may be generally classified as either a plate or stem caster, depending on how it attaches to its load.

Plate caster: This is the most commonly used mounting mechanism. Mounting plates (sometimes called "top plates") typically provide four holes which are used to bolt the caster to the load.

Stem caster: This type of caster has a stem which is inserted into a mating receptacle on the load. Common types of stems include threaded, round or square with mounting holes, grip-ring (also called "friction ring"), and expandable.

Casters are also generally classified as either a swivel or rigid type. A swivel caster pivots around a kingpin to allow it to rotate and roll. The rigid (also called "fixed") caster has its wheel mounted in a fixed frame (also call "housing," "rig," "fork," or "yoke") and it only rolls forward and backward.

4.3:-SUPPORTED FRAME

The supported frame is used to support the components. The total arrangement is depends on this frame. This frame is made stainless steel.

[

4.4:-SHAFT

They are mainly classified into two types.

Transmission shafts are used to transmit power between the source and the machine absorbing por; e.g. counter shafts and line shafts.

Integral part of the machine itself; e.g. crankshaft.

4.5:-BEARINGS

Rotary bearings hold rotating components such as shafts or axles within mechanical systems, and transfer axial and radial loads from the source of the load to the structure supporting it. The simplest form of bearing, the plain bearing, consists of a shaft rotating in a hole. Lubrication is used to reduce friction. In the ball bearing and roller bearing, to reduce sliding friction, rolling elements such as rollers or balls with a circular cross-section are located between the races or journals of the bearing assembly. A wide variety of bearing designs exists to allow the demands of the application to be correctly met for maximum efficiency, reliability, durability and performance.

4.6:-MOTOR

Electric motors may be classified by considerations such as power source type, internal construction, application and type of motion output. In addition to AC versus DC types, motors may be brushed or brushless, may be of various phase (see single-phase, two-phase, or three-phase), and may be either air-cooled or liquid-cooled. General-purpose motors with standard dimensions and characteristics provide convenient mechanical power for industrial use. The largest electric motors are used for ship propulsion, pipeline compression and pumped-storage applications with ratings reaching 100 megawatts. Electric motors are found in industrial fans, blowers and pumps, machine tools, household appliances, power tools and disk drives. Small motors may be found in electric watches.

4.7:- PIR SENSOR

A passive infrared sensor is an solid sensor that measures infrared lighting radiating from objects in its field of view. It is solid sensor or set of sensors made from pyro electric material –material which generate energy when exposed to heat. That’s why it also called pyro electric infrared sensor.

4.8:- Arduino UNO

Arduino is a single board smaller scale microcontroller expected to make the use of intuitive

protests or situations more available (Figure-5 & Figure-6). The equipment comprise of an open

source equipment board outlined around an 8-bit Atmel AVR microcontroller, or a 32-bit Atmel

ARM. Current models highlight a USB interface, six simple inputs pins, and additionally 14

advanced I/O pins which permits a client to connect different augmentation sheets. Arduino Uno

can sense the environment by using the sensor , sensor receive the signal from environment and

send to the input part of Arduino, Arduino give the output from the output part as the

programming burn in the microcontroller. Arduino accept a programming software called sketch.

An Arduino can program infinite time. If a new program burn in the Arduino then previous

program will automatically vanish. We can use multiple of sensor at a time and all the instruction

should be in one program.

CHAPTER NO:-5ADVANTAGES, DISADVANTAGES & APPLICATIONS

5.1:-ADVANTAGES

The requirement of automatic intelligent baby cradle is day by bay increasing.

Especially in metropolitan cities. The benefits of Automatic cradle are:

Ø It is very easy to operate and it’s reduces the manpower work. The user can adjust the cradle according to their comfort and use.

Ø User can adjust the time as per need of the parent’s the how long cradle will move and the parents can finish their household work in that period. 8

Ø The one of the most benefit of this cradle is we can use cradle as a biomedical product in the hospital. Hospital have neonatal and maternity units. It will be helpful for the nurses to take care of infant and sooth whenever they need. They do not have to seat nearby.

5.2:- DISADVANTAGES

Ø It can not work without electricity.

Ø Load carrying capacity of this unit is not very high

5.3:- APPLICATION

ØThis machine is useful for babies in house and hospitals.

CHAPTER NO:-6
ESTIMATION

6.1 :-ESTIMATING TABLE

SR. NO.	PART NAME	QTY.	PRICE
1	Hollow Pipe	-	1600
2	Caster Wheel	4	600
3	Supported Frame	-	800
4	Shaft	-	400
5	Bearing	2	600
6	Motor	1	1200
7	PIR Sensor	1	200
8	Arduino UNO	1	350
			APPROX (₹ 5750.00)

CHAPTER NO:-7FUTURE WORK & FUTURE SCOPE

7.1:-FUTURE WORK

The project can be made for higher capacities by increasing the dimension and improving the design aspects. Based on the required sand particle size, the mesh can be changed. The machine can be operated using solar energy also which is economically useful.

7.2:-FUTURE SCOPE

In future we can add more features to make more efficient and user-friendly. The feature we can add to this device such like parents can monitor their baby live via 3G, rotating toy with music and camera, and the sound detector to detect sound of the baby could be added to enhance the system features. With the development of technology daily routine has been eased for the parents along with the baby care. Otherwise motherlap’s will be the best cradle for baby.

sand filter machine

2019-11-28T14:46:00.004+05:30

ABSTRACT

In daily life sand is used for the construction, and manufacturing for building’s constructions. For this construction we needed more sand filtered and different sizes for different construction process like Column/Beam construction, Plaster, Flooring etc. The conventional sand separation methods required more time and labor, it increase the separation time and labor cost. It is very slow process hence decrease production rate hence Conventional method are not suitable for large production. That’s why we decide to design and fabricate the Multi stage sand separator and filter for a future used. Our designed machine is used for the three different sizes of sand. We used three different sizes of filter and three different compartment to get sand separately This machine works on single slider crank mechanism The AC motor coupled with pulley and V-belt mounted on it. The motor started then belt drive through power and motion transmitted to the next stepped pulley this is attached to the separator and this separator will vibrate and sand will goes down and remaining sand will goes to the next filter This filter will vibrate with first separator steeped pulley through belt drive in this separator the sand will separate and remaining will goes to the third filter it’s also get power from second separator and sand will get separated in three compartment and remaining big Stones, Coal, Wood etc will get outside of machine.

Keywords

Motor, Pulley, Shaft, Belt, Separator, Sand, Sand Filter Machine

INTRODUCTION

Here we demonstrate the design & fabrication system. Sand is used in construction, manufacturing and many industries. Sand needs to be filtered and separated from unneeded particles, stones and other large particles before it is put to use. Our system puts forward a fully automated sand filtering and separator system that automatically filters sand poured on it. Here we use a motorized shaft that is mounted horizontally using mounts. The shaft is connected to a filter frame with mesh below and enclosing frame on the sides. We now have a rod connected from the shaft to the filter frame in a way such as to achieve the best horizontal motion. Also we have a frame to hold the filter frame in place while ensuring proper horizontal motion at the same time. On switching on the motor using our motor controller circuit, the system allows to operate the motor. This allows us to operate the sand filter motion for appropriate sand filtering needs.

Generally while preparing the concrete for construction purpose, the process of sieving are carried out manually. Sieving of sand is carried out using rectangular mesh which is inclined at certain angle. In the present sand sieving method, the sample is subjected to horizontal movement in accordance with the chosen method. This causes a relative motion between the particles and the sieve. Depending on their size the individual particles either pass through the sieve mesh or retained on the sieve surface. There are different machines that are being used for sand Sieving, but we demonstrate the design & fabrication of automatically driven sand sieving machine which have low cost and simple in operation.

This project focuses in design, fabrication of the mechanical part of machine and the system of the sieve machine. To achieve this project objective, this sieve machine body structure and mechanical system needs to concern some other criteria such as strength, safety and ergonomic design. This project flow must start from design, analysis, and lastly fabrication process Before develop the sieve machine, it must compare with other product in market. It is because to study the customer need and to create a new design with new feature.

Working Principle

The Horizontal sieving machine is very easy to construct and can be operated easily. It is very economic among this kind of machines. This project is fabricated with the help of parts like a motor, crank and slider link mechanism, bearing, caster wheels, sieving box. The horizontal sieving machine is worked on the basis of crank and slider mechanism. Here crank is attached to the sieve box the power is given by motor through pulley belt arrangement. The rail track is attached at the base in which the sieving box moves in it. The sieving box fixed with the crank shaft in order to move when the crank shaft is reciprocated. The sieving box is placed inside the rail track and the machine is started. When the sieving box moves in the reciprocating motion the sieving process is performed.

COMPONENTS USED IN SAND FILTER

-Slider crank arrangement
-Caster wheels
-Supported Frame
-Shaft
-Bearings
- Metallic net
-Motor
-Belt
-Pulley

- SLIDER CRANK MECHANISM

Slider-crank mechanism, arrangement of mechanical parts designed to convert straight-line motion to rotary motion, as in a reciprocating piston engine, or to convert rotary motion to straight-line motion, as in a reciprocating piston pump. This mechanism is used in our project to provide reciprocating motion to sieve box

- CASTER WHEEL

A caster is a wheeled device typically mounted to a larger object that enables relatively easy rolling movement of the object. Casters are essentially special housings that include a wheel, facilitating the installation of wheels on objects. Casters are found virtually everywhere, from office desk chairs to shipyards, from hospital beds to automotive factories. They range in size from the very small furniture casters to massive industrial casters, and individual load capacities span 100 pounds (45 kg) or less to 100,000 pounds (45 t). Wheel materials include cast iron, plastic, rubber, polyurethane, forged steel, stainless steel, aluminum, and more.
Casters are categorized in various ways. For example, a caster may be generally classified as either a plate or stem caster, depending on how it attaches to its load.
Plate caster: This is the most commonly used mounting mechanism. Mounting plates (sometimes called "top plates") typically provide four holes which are used to bolt the caster to the load.
Stem caster: This type of caster has a stem which is inserted into a mating receptacle on the load. Common types of stems include threaded, round or square with mounting holes, grip-ring (also called "friction ring"), and expandable.
Casters are also generally classified as either a swivel or rigid type. A swivel caster pivots around a kingpin to allow it to rotate and roll. The rigid (also called "fixed") caster has its wheel mounted in a fixed frame (also call "housing," "rig," "fork," or "yoke") and it only rolls forward and backward.

-SUPPORTED FRAME

The supported frame is used to support the components. The total arrangement is depends on this frame. This frame is made of iron or mild steel.

-SHAFT

A shaft is a rotating machine element, usually circular in cross section, which is used to transmit power from one part to another, or from a machine which produces power to machine which absorbs power. The various members such as pulleys and gears are mounted on it.
They are mainly classified into two types.
Transmission shafts are used to transmit power between the source and the machine absorbing power e.g. counter shafts and line shafts.
Integral part of the machine itself; e.g. crankshaft.

-BEARINGS

A bearing is a machine element that constrains relative motion to only the desired motion, and reduces friction between moving parts. The design of the bearing may, for example, provide for free linear movement of the moving part or for free rotation around a fixed axis; or, it may prevent a motion by controlling the vectors of normal forces that bear on the moving parts. Most bearings facilitate the desired motion by minimizing friction. Bearings are classified broadly according to the type of operation, the motions allowed, or to the directions of the loads (forces) applied to the parts.

Rotary bearings hold rotating components such as shafts or axles within mechanical systems, and transfer axial and radial loads from the source of the load to the structure supporting it. The simplest form of bearing, the plain bearing, consists of a shaft rotating in a hole. Lubrication is used to reduce friction. In the ball bearing and roller bearing, to reduce sliding friction, rolling elements such as rollers or balls with a circular cross-section are located between the races or journals of the bearing assembly. A wide variety of bearing designs exists to allow the demands of the application to be correctly met for maximum efficiency, reliability, durability and performance.

-METALLIC NET

A metal net is a barrier made of connected strands of metal, fiber, or other flexible or ductile materials. A mesh is similar to a web or a net in that it has many attached or woven strands.

-MOTOR

An electric motor is an electrical machine that converts electrical energy into mechanical energy. Most electric motors operate through the interaction between the motor's magnetic field and electric current in a wire winding to generate force in the form of rotation of a shaft. Electric motors can be powered by direct current (DC) sources, such as from batteries, motor vehicles or rectifiers, or by alternating current (AC) sources, such as a power grid, inverters or electrical generators. An electric generator is mechanically identical to an electric motor, but operates in the reverse direction, converting mechanical energy into electrical energy.

Electric motors may be classified by considerations such as power source type, internal construction, application and type of motion output. In addition to AC versus DC types, motors may be brushed or brushless, may be of various phase (see single-phase, twophase, or three-phase), and may be either air-cooled or liquid-cooled. General-purpose motors with standard dimensions and characteristics provide convenient mechanical power for industrial use. The largest electric motors are used for ship propulsion, pipeline compression and pumped-storage applications with ratings reaching 100 megawatts. Electric motors are found in industrial fans, blowers and pumps, machine tools, household appliances, power tools and disk drives. Small motors may be found in electric watches.

-BELT

A belt is a loop of flexible material used to link two or more rotating shafts mechanically, most often parallel. Belts may be used as a source of motion, to transmit power efficiently or to track relative movement. Belts are looped over pulleys and may have a twist between the pulleys, and the shafts need not be parallel.
In a two pulley system, the belt can either drive the pulleys normally in one direction (the same if on parallel shafts), or the belt may be crossed, so that the direction of the driven shaft is reversed (the opposite direction to the driver if on parallel shafts). As a source of motion, a conveyor belt is one application where the belt is adapted to carry a load continuously between two points. The belt drive can also be used to change the speed of rotation, either up or down, by using different sized pulleys.

-PULLEY

Pulley may have a groove or grooves between flanges around its circumference to locate the cable or belt. The drive element of a pulley system can be a rope, cable, belt, or chain.
A pulley is a wheel on an axle or shaft that is designed to support movement and change of direction of a taut cable or belt, or transfer of power between the shaft and cable or belt. In the case of a pulley supported by a frame or shell that does not transfer power to a shaft, but is used to guide the cable or exert a force, the supporting shell is called a block, and the pulley may be called a sheave

mihir patel

Solar Agricultural Water Pumping System

INTRODUCTION

WORKING PRINCIPLE

ADVANTAGES OF SOLAR WATER PUMP

Technical aspect:

Manufacturing aspect:

Safety aspect:

LIMITATIONS

Front Wheel Steering System with Movable Headlights Report Download

ABSTRACT

Four-wheel steering

Description:

PNEUMATIC POWER STEERING MECHANICAL PROJECT

Introduction

Integral power-assisted steering system

Design and Fabrication Of Gear and Spline Cutting Attachment for Lathe

Abstract

virat kohali

VIRAT KOHLI PROFILE

Internet history

Internet History

AUTOMATIC CRADLE MACHINE

CHAPTER NO:-1 INTRODUCTION

CHAPTER NO:- 2 SELECTION OF PROJECT

CHAPTER NO:- 3 WORKING PRINCIPLE & CONSTRUCTION

CHAPTER NO:-4COMPONENTS

CHAPTER NO:-5ADVANTAGES, DISADVANTAGES & APPLICATIONS

CHAPTER NO:-6ESTIMATION

CHAPTER NO:-7FUTURE WORK & FUTURE SCOPE

sand filter machine

ABSTRACT

Keywords

INTRODUCTION

Working Principle

COMPONENTS USED IN SAND FILTER

-Slider crank arrangement -Caster wheels-Supported Frame-Shaft-Bearings- Metallic net-Motor-Belt-Pulley

- SLIDER CRANK MECHANISM

- CASTER WHEEL

-SUPPORTED FRAME

-SHAFT

-BEARINGS

-METALLIC NET

-MOTOR

-BELT

-PULLEY

CHAPTER NO:-1
INTRODUCTION

CHAPTER NO:- 3
WORKING PRINCIPLE & CONSTRUCTION

CHAPTER NO:-4
COMPONENTS

CHAPTER NO:-6
ESTIMATION

-Slider crank arrangement
-Caster wheels
-Supported Frame
-Shaft
-Bearings
- Metallic net
-Motor
-Belt
-Pulley