World wide knowledge

G 20 SUMMIT IN INDIA

2023-09-05T22:46:00.000+05:30

WHAT IS G20 ?

The Group of Twenty, commonly known as the G20, is a major international forum consisting of 19 individual countries and the European Union. Established in 1999, the G20 was formed to address global economic challenges, promote financial stability, and facilitate international cooperation on macroeconomic and financial issues. Over the years, its agenda has expanded to include a variety of global challenges related to trade, climate change and sustainable development.

G20 SUMMIT 2023 HOST INDIA

The 18th G20 Summit in New Delhi will be the culmination of all G20 processes and meetings held between ministers, senior officials and civil societies throughout the year. The G20 Leaders' Declaration will be adopted at the conclusion of the G20 Summit, setting out the Leaders' commitment to the priorities discussed and agreed upon during the relevant Ministerial and Working Group meetings.

THEME OF G20 2023.

The theme of India's G20 presidency – "Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam" or "One Earth One Family One Future" – is taken from the ancient Sanskrit text of the Maha Upanishad. Essentially, the subject affirms all forms of life – human, animal, plant and microorganism – and their interrelationships on Earth and the wider universe.

Here are some of the key aspects and features of the G20:

1. Membership:

G20 consists of 19 member countries, which are Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, France, Germany, India, Indonesia, Italy, Japan, Mexico, Russia, Saudi Arabia, South Africa. South Korea, Türkiye, the United Kingdom and the United States. The European Union is also shown as a guest. These countries were selected based on their significant impact on the global economy.

2. Leadership:

The G20 has no permanent secretariat or any fixed leadership structure. Instead, the presidency rotates annually among its member states. The host country for the year assumes the presidency and plays a key role in setting the agenda and hosting the annual G20 summit.

3. Agenda

The primary focus of the G20 is economic and financial cooperation. Member countries discuss issues such as monetary policy, fiscal policy, trade and financial regulation. However, the agenda has evolved to include discussion on broader global challenges such as climate change, sustainable development, poverty reduction and global health, reflecting the interrelationship of these issues with the global economy.

4. Summit:

The G20 summit is the most high-profile event of the grouping. It brings together the leaders of the member countries to discuss and take decisions on various global issues. These summits often result in joint communiqués and agreements on specific actions or policies.

5. Working group and ministerial meetings:

In addition to the annual summit, G20 members hold regular meetings of finance ministers and central bank governors, foreign ministers, labor ministers and others. These meetings help coordinate policies and initiatives at a technical level before they are presented at the summit.

6. Outreach:

The G20 recognizes the importance of engaging with non-member countries and international organizations. It has established outreach mechanisms to involve stakeholders such as guest countries, regional organizations and civil society. The goal of this inclusivity is to gather a wide variety of perspectives and expertise.

7. Impact:

The decisions and agreements of the G20 have had a significant impact on the global economy. For example, during the global financial crisis of 2008–2009, the G20 played a key role in coordinating responses to stabilize the global financial system and promote economic recovery.

8. Criticism:

Despite its importance, the G20 has faced criticism. Some argue that its decision-making processes lack transparency and inclusivity, while others believe that it has not been effective in tackling serious global challenges such as income inequality and climate change.

CONCLUSION

In conclusion, the G20 is a major international forum that plays an important role in addressing global economic challenges and promoting cooperation among the world's major economies. Although it has made significant contributions to global economic stability, it grapples with the evolving nature of global challenges and the need for more inclusive decision-making processes.

10 Largest Deserts In The World

2021-02-05T22:05:00.005+05:30

10 Largest Deserts In The World

Deserts are called geographical areas where waterfall (rainfall and snowfall) is much less than other areas. Often (mistakenly) sandy desert plains are called deserts which is incorrect. It is another matter that the region with lowest rainfall in India (Thar) is a sandy plain. It is not necessary for the desert to be sandy. It is also not necessary to warm the desert. The Antarctic, which is a region covered with snow, is the largest desert in the world! There are many deserts in other countries of the world which are not sandy. Today we will give you information about some of the largest deserts or deserts in the world.

The largest desert in the world:

Rank	Name	Location and Country	Type		Area (km²)
1.	Antarctica	Antarctica	Cold Winter	14000000
2.	Arctic	Arctic	cold winter	13985000
3.	Sahara	North Africa	subtropical	9000000
4.	Arabic Desert	Western Asia	Subtropical	2330000
5.	Gobi Desert	Central Asia (China and Mongolia)	Cold Winter	1000000
6.	Kalahari Desert	Southern Africa	subtropical	900000
7.	Great Victoria desert	Australia	subtropical	647000
8.	Patagonian Desert	South America(Argentina and Chile)	Cold Winter	620000

Antarctica

Antarctica (or Antartica) is the southernmost continent of the Earth, with the South Pole embedded. It is located in the Antarctic region of the Southern Hemisphere and almost entirely to the south of the Antarctic Circle. It is surrounded by the southern ocean. With its 140 million square kilometers (5.4 million square miles) area, it is the fifth largest continent on Earth, after Asia, Africa, North America, and South America, with 98% of Antarctica covering an average of 1.6 kilometers of thick snow. Antarctica, on average, is the world's coldest, driest and strongest winds continent and has the highest elevation of all continents. Antarctica is considered a desert, as its annual precipitation is only 200 mm (8 in), and it is also mostly in coastal areas. There is no permanent resident here but around 1,000 to 5,000 people are present throughout the year at various research centers which are spread all over the continent. Only air-conditioned plants and organisms can survive here, including penguins, seals, nematodes, tardigrades, fleas, various types of algae, and microorganisms, as well as tundra vegetation, although there are many species of terra australis (southern lands) throughout Europe. Various myths and speculations were prevalent for centuries, but the credit for introducing the whole world from this land in 1820 goes to Russian expeditioners Mikhail Petrovich Lazarev and Fabian Gottlieb von Belsinghausen. The continent remained largely neglected in the 19th century due to its heterogeneous climatic conditions, lack of resources and isolation from the mainland. The first formal use of the name Antarctica for the continent was in 1890 by the Scottish cartographer John George Bartholomew. The name Antarctica comes from the Greek compound word ανταρκτική Antarctica which is the feminine form of ανταρκτικός Antarcticos and means "the opposite of the North". Twelve countries signed the Antarctic Treaty in 1959, to date forty-six countries have signed the treaty . The treaty supports scientific research with a prohibition of military and mineral mining activities on the continent and is committed to saving the continent's ecological zone. Currently more than 4,000 scientists from many countries with different research objectives have various experiments are doing.

The arctic desert

The arctic desert uplift is a terrestrial outcrop, covering the islands of Svalbard, Franz Josef Land, Severni Island, and Severna Gemlia in the Arctic Ocean above 75 degrees north longitude. E hard snow environment covered with glaciers, snow and bare rock.

SAHARA DESERT

The largest hot desert in the world. The name Sahara is derived from the Arabic word for desert, Sahara (صحراء) which means desert. It stretches over a width of 1,300 kilometers north of Sudan and south of the Atlas Mountains in the northern part of Africa from the Atlantic Ocean to the Red Sea to a length of 5,600 kilometers. It also includes some coastal areas of the Mediterranean Sea. It is almost equal to Europe in area and more than twice the area of India. The desert is expanded in Mali, Morocco, Muritania, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, Niger, Chad, Sudan and Egypt countries. To the south, it is bordered by the Sahal, a semi-arid tropical savanna region. It separates the Sahara from the rest of Africa. Sahara is a low desert plateau with an average elevation of 300 meters. The intermittent history of this tropical desert is about 3 million years old. There are also some low volcanic mountains in which Hogar of Algeria and Tibesti Mountains of Libya are the main ones. The Eemi Kusi volcano situated on the Tibesti Mountains is the highest point of the Sahara with a height of 3,415 meters. The huge sand dunes and ravines made with air make up its common geological nature. Large sand dunes are found in the west of the Sahara Desert, especially in the Marcinia region. The height of some sand dunes can reach 180 m (600 ft). Green deserts are found somewhere in the Sahara desert due to the convenience of irrigation by a well, river, or waterfall. Kufara, Tuyat, Wedelay, Tinnekuk, Eljuf are the main desert gardens of the Sahara. Sometimes there are dry valleys of rivers called Wadi. Saline water lakes are found here. The climate of Sahara Desert is dry and contrasting. Here both daily temperature and annual temperature are high. There is severe heat in the day and harsh winter at night. In the daytime the temperature reaches 580 centigrade and at night the temperature drops below freezing point. A recent new research has shown that the Sahara region of Africa was transformed into the world's largest desert about two and a half thousand years ago due to continuous greening. The northern regions of Africa were filled with greenery 6000 years ago. Apart from this there were many lakes also. Most of the evidence detailing this physical change has also been destroyed. These studies were done on Lake Yoa located in Chad. According to the scientist Stephen Kroplin here, it took a long time for Sahara to become a desert, while according to the old theory and beliefs, about five and a half thousand years ago, there was a rapid decrease in greenery and this desert was created. The study of Dr.Peter Menocal from Columbia University in 2000 supports the old belief. Harmattam winds from the northeast direction in the Sahara desert. They are hot and dry. In the coastal areas of Guinea these winds are known as Doctor Vayu, as they provide relief to the inhabitants of the region from the humid weather. In addition, in the months of May and September, dusty thunderstorms occur in the areas of North and Northeast Sudan here in the afternoon, especially in the adjacent areas of the capital Khartoum. Due to them, it is also very less visible. These winds named Habub bring heavy rain along with lightning and thunderstorm.

ARABIAN DESERT

There is a vast desert in western Asia that stretches from Yemen in the south to the Persian Gulf in the north and from Oman in the east to Jordan and Iraq in the west. Most of the Arabian Peninsula lies in this desert and the total area of this desert is 23.3 lakh km2, that is, about 70% of the total area of India. In the middle of it is the area named Rub al-Khali, which is the most extensive sandy area in the world. The climate of Arabi Desert is very harsh. There is extreme heat and sun outbreak during the day and at night the temperature sometimes falls below zero. Due to this the fauna diversity is quite low here, although there live animals like ghazals and oryx such as deer, sand cat and prickly tail chameleon. Striped hyena, jackal and hyena were also found here but they have become extinct here due to uncontrolled hunting and other human activities. The earth forms of this region are diverse. Red sand dunes, wide lava rocks, dry mountain ranges, dry plains and sandy areas that sink like swamps are all present in this desert.

Gobi Desert

Gobi Desert is located in China and Mongolia. It is one of the largest deserts in the world. Gobi is one of the coldest deserts in the world, with temperatures dropping to minus forty degrees. The Gobi Desert is spread over much of Mongolia in the continent of Asia. This desert is one of the most desert in the world. 'Gobi' is a Mongolian word meaning 'waterless place'. Nowadays the Gobi desert is a desert, but in ancient times it was not so. The region was inhabited by rich Indian settlements. The Gobi desert stretches from the eastern hills of Pamir in the west to the Khingan ranges in the east and from the Altai, Khangai and Yablonoi ranges in the north to the Altine and Nanshan hills in the south. The western part of this desert is a part of the Tarim Basin. It is the fifth largest in the world and the largest desert in Asia. Like the Sahara Desert, this desert can also be divided into three parts- 1. Takla Maken Desert 2. Alshan Desert 3. Muas or Ordis Desert Most of the Gobi Desert is rocky rather than sandy. Here the climate of the desert changes rapidly. Here, not only does the temperature change very quickly throughout the year, but there is also a wide change in temperature within 24 hours. The average rainfall in the Gobi Desert is 50 to 100 mm. is. Most of the rainfall here is during the summer season. Most of the rivers in the desert flow during the rainy season. Therefore, water remains in the river only during the rainy season. Water currents from the nearby mountains merge into the dry land of the desert. Plants called sacksol are found here in abundance in woody and drought resistant properties. Almost leafless, this plant also grows in areas where the sand is unstable. Due to its special properties, this plant helps in preventing soil erosion. The Gobi Desert is believed to be the habitat for the 'Bakitorian Camel', which has two humps. Donkeys of the Kachlu Jagnali variety are also found here. Special bears of the desert of the world are found in this desert. The species of these bears 'Majalai' or 'Gobi' has now reached the verge of extinction. Apart from this, wild horses, squirrels and small-sized reindeer are also found here. The Gobi Desert, one of the largest deserts of the world, extending about 600 miles from north to south and about 1000 miles from east to west, exists as a shallow trough between the Tibet and Altai ranges. Its natural landscape is similar to that of the sloping plain, around which there are mountainous heights. Due to erosion and corrosion activities, this desert is famous for its distinctive peach. The high water marks on the foothills of dried rivers and the banks of lakes are evidence of the change in climate here. Civilization relics suggestive ruins of various civilizations are also found in this desert. The heat here is very high and strong and the average temperature in summer is 45 ° to 65 ° C. And the temperature of winter is 15 ° C. Stays till. Sometimes snow storms and hot sand mixed storms also come here. Here, grass and prickly shrubs are mainly found in vegetation. There is often a lack of water here. The wells are found on caravan routes from 10 miles to 40 miles. Troubled by the dust of the Gobi desert, China has built a wall of trees through plantations from the outskirts of the capital Beijing to Mongolia. Due to this, China has got rid of this dust storm known as 'Yellow Dragon'. China plans to halt this desert, because it fears that its expansion could create a crisis for its agricultural system. Due to falling groundwater levels, indiscriminate cutting of forests and grazing of livestock, this desert continues to spread.

The Patagonian Desert

Image from google

The Patagonian Desert, also known as the Patagonian Steppi, is the largest desert in Argentina and the 8th largest desert in the world by area, covering an area of 673,000 square kilometers.

Great Victoria

Great Victoria is one of the largest deserts in the world, in Australia.

Kalahari Desert

image from google

Kalahari is a vast desert in the world. The area of the Kalahari Desert is about 9 million sq km in the border of Botswana, Namibia and South Africa countries of South Africa. The Kalahari Valley covering it is spread over some 2.5 million square kilometers. The desert receives 8–19 cm of rainfall annually. Some parts of it receive rain for three months in a year, due to which the population of animals is also seen here. The tribes living here are called Bushmen. There were several measures for wildlife conservation in the 1980s. It is a tropical desert. To the west of it is the Namib Desert. Kalahari also has two large salt marshes. To its northwest is the Okavango River Delta which is rich in wildlife. The sand found in this desert also varies from place to place. Some people do not consider Kalahari as a desert, because the level of rainfall here is quite good. During winter, the temperature here goes below the freezing point. Various species of fauna and flora are found in this desert. This desert is very famous for its minerals, it has ample reserves of diamond, nickel and uranium etc. It is the 'Orange River in the south and the Zambezi River in the north. The word 'Kalahari' is possibly derived from 'kir', which means 'very thirsty'. It is also said that Kalahari is a special tribal word, originating from 'Kalagari' or 'Kalagare', which means 'waterless place'. Like other deserts, this place also has flat areas of sand dunes and gravels. The mounds here are almost constant.

The Syrian Desert

The Syrian Desert (Syrian Desert, Arabic: بادية الشام, Badiyat As-Sham) is an expanse of grassland and desert spread over 500,000 sq km located in the Middle East. It is spread over southeast Syria, northeastern Jordan, northern Saudi Arabia and western Iraq. In the south it can be found by going through the Arabic desert. Most of its area is a dry pebble-gravel ground where there are mounds.

The Great Basin Desert

The Great Basin Desert is part of the Great Basin between the Sierra Nevada and the Wasatch Range.

10 amazing and thrilling secrets of Indian history!

2021-02-04T22:10:00.000+05:30

10 amazing and thrilling secrets of Indian history!

History always teaches something or the other, but it contains innumerable mysteries which humans try to solve at every step. Some secrets are new and some are centuries old! There are many such stories in Indian history, in which there are many secrets hidden, which scientists and historians have always been trying to know.

Let's get to know some of these stories. If you can solve them, then please write in the comment box. Do you know whether any of these unresolved questions can be answered?

Anonymous Indus Valley Civilization

The Indus Valley Civilization is the oldest culture of India. The Indus Valley Civilization is also very old, large, mysterious and full of many unresolved questions from Egypt (Egyptian) and Mesopotamian civilization. There is no concrete evidence about the people who started this civilization. Not only this, even 4000 years old Indus pictorial script used by him could not be understood till date. It is difficult to understand the culture of that era and the innumerable mysteries related to it. There are many theories given about civilization, but no one is decisive.

2.Alien-shaped rock image of Charama

Ancient caves have been found near Charama village in Bastar tribal area of Chhattisgarh, where pictures of people resembling other planets were found on the stones. Archaeologist J.K. R. Bhagat says that the faces in the pictures look different and some pictures are also of flying saucer. This tells a related story of villagers in which people called Rohela come here from flying saucer and kidnap villagers. The Chhattisgarh Archaeological Department has asked the Indian Space Research Organization and the US space agency NASA (NASA) to help in this mission.

3. Sone Bhandar Caves of Bihar

Sone Bhandar Caves of Bihar The Sone Bhandar Caves of Bihar are made of a large stone and it is said that these caves belong to the era of Magadhan King Bimbisara. People believe that Bimbisara king used these caves to hide his treasure. Son Bhandar means 'treasure of gold'. When his son Ajatashatru was imprisoned by Bimbisara, his wife had hidden the kingdom's treasure in the caves by his orders. There is an inscription written in the manuscript found here, which probably has the key to reach this treasure. The British used cannon shells at the door to get the treasure, whose marks are still visible but they could not find anything.

4.Lama Tenzin's 500 year old mummy

There is a small town called Ghuin near Spiti in the Himalayas, where the culture of making mummies, which is prevalent in the old times, is seen. A small room of 500 years old mummy is kept here, which is protected by glass. It is the mummy of the 15th century Mahanta Sangha Tenzin, whose skin and head hair are still intact today. This mummy is the first natural mummy.

5.The royal treasure of Jaigarh Fort

Jaivana Fort of Jaigarh is famous for the world's largest wheeled topo but is also famous for stories of conspiracies and treasures. It is said that after winning the Afghanistan war, Akbar's Defense Minister Man Sing kept the treasure he had won in the war hidden in this fort. In 1977, the then Prime Minister Smt. Indira Gandhi ran a mission to find the treasure and water tank in the fort. But nothing was found in it. The whole story of this mission is read in a book called 'A Princess Remembers' written by Maharani Gayatri Devi.

6.Death of Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose

There are innumerable stories about the death of Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose, which remains a mystery even today. No one knows what happened to him in the plane from Taipei to Tokyo. This is an unresolved question of independent India. After his disappearance, it is said that he came back to India and lived in northern India in the form of a monk. There is no evidence but it is believed that Subhash Chandra Bose was the sadhu Gumnami Baba living in Faizabad, Uttar Pradesh.

7.Untimely death of lalbahadur shastri

Just two years after becoming the Prime Minister of India, the sudden death of Lal Bahadur Shastri in another country was a misfortune for the country and also the biggest mystery. He died of a heart attack in Tashkent in 1966. Blue spots and cuts were on his body, but neither his post-mortem nor any documents related to his death were given to the government. Therefore, there was always a question mark over his death.

8.Secrets of floating stones: Rameswaram

Hindu mythology describes that to save his wife Sita from Ravana, Lord Rama built a floating bridge from Rameswaram to Sri Lanka in the Pak Strait. This bridge is known as Ram Setu or Adam's Bridge. The surprising thing is that some of the stones found around this area float while being put in the water in the presence of normal stones. The reason behind the occurrence of such floating stones has not yet been identified despite being studied by various scientists.

9.Bhangarh Fort (Rajasthan)

Even if you consider the whole concept of souls as rubbish and throw it out of mind, the fort of Bhangarh can change your thoughts. The fort is located in a secluded area and there are many legends behind the suspicious activities taking place here. The fort is adorned with beautiful architecture, havelis, temples, ruins, gardens, and is also open for the general public to visit. However, many tourists have admitted that something suspicious exists in its environment. Many have even spoken of hearing the mysterious sound of spirits directly in it. It is also believed that anyone who went to this place in the night never returned alive. The Archaeological Survey of India has also put a warning board on it, which says that it is prohibited to visit Bhangarh Fort after sunset and before sunrise.

Temples full of mysteries

There are many temples where millions of tons of treasure are buried in the cellars. For example, in the 7 cellars of Sripadmanabha Swamy temple in Kerala, millions of tonnes of gold are pressed. Out of its 6 cellars, a treasury of about 1 lakh crore has been taken out, but the royal family has stayed the order from the Supreme Court on opening the 7th basement. After all, what is it in that basement that by opening there is a possibility of destruction? It is said that the door of that cellar is closed with a particular mantra and it will open only with that mantra.

A temple in Vrindavan opens and closes on its own. It is said that Lord Krishna sleeps in the night in the Rangmahal set up in the Nidivan complex. Even today, Makhan-Mishri is kept as a prasad in Rangmahal. A bed is also put for sleeping. When you look at these beds in the morning, you will know clearly that someone had slept here in the night and has also received Prasad. Not only this, the doors of this temple automatically close as soon as it gets dark, so the temple priests arrange beds and offerings in the temple before it gets dark.

According to belief, no one stays here during the night. Leave humans, not even animals and birds. People have been seeing this for years, but the truth behind the secret has been hidden in front of religious beliefs.

Covid-19 -Symptoms and Precautions

2020-05-26T13:08:00.004+05:30

What is Corona Virus (Covid-19) ?

Corona virus disease (Covid-19) is an infectious disease caused by a recently detected new virus.

Most people in the grip of Covid-19 will experience mild to moderate symptoms and recover from the disease without any special treatment.

The Corona virus is a large virus family that spreads from simple colds and colds to many serious diseases such as mars and sars.

How does Covid-19 (corona virus) spread

The virus of Covid-19 disease is spread by droplets that are caused by coughing, spraying or breathing of an infected person. These drops are very heavy, so they do not stay in the air for long and immediately fall on the floor or surface.

If you are very close to someone who is suffering from Covid-19, then you can also get infected by breathing. If you touch an infected surface and then touch the eyes, nose or mouth, then you can become infected with it.

Symptoms of Covid-19 -

The Covid-19 virus affects different people in different ways. Most of the infected people have mild to moderate symptoms and are cured without being admitted to hospital.

More common symptoms:

• fever

• dry cough

• fatigue

Less common symptoms:

• itching and pain

• sore throat

• diarrhea

• Conjunctivitis

• Headache

Not having taste or smell

• Scratches on skin or discoloration of fingers or toes.

Severe symptoms of Covid-19:-

• difficulty breathing or shortness of breath

• chest pain or pressure

• Can not speak or walk

If you notice severe symptoms, see a doctor as soon as possible. Always call your doctor or call before going to the hospital.

People who are healthy and are seeing few symptoms of the virus, then they should try to keep themselves completely healthy at home.

After being infected with the virus, it usually takes 5-6 days for its symptoms to appear. However, in some cases it may take up to 14 days for symptoms to appear.

To prevent the Covid-19 from spreading:

By keeping knowledge of the facts and adopting necessary precautions, you can protect yourself and those around you. Follow the advice given by the local public health agency.

• Wash hands frequently. To wash hands, use a hand rub with soap and water or alcohol.

• If someone is coughing or sneezing, keep a proper distance from it.

• Do not touch your eyes, nose or mouth.

• When coughing or sneezing, cover your nose and mouth with elbow or tissue paper.

• If you are not feeling well, stay home.

• If you have fever, cough, and have trouble breathing, go to the doctor. Call in advance.

• Follow the instructions of the local health authority.

If you do not go to the hospital / clinic without need, health care services can work much better which you and others keep safe.

WHO Guidelines on COVID-19

When to use mask-

A healthy person should wear a mask only when he / she is looking after a suspected 2019-Novel Corona Virus

You should apply a mask if you cough and sneeze.

Applying a mask will only work if you are thoroughly cleaning your hands with alcohol-containing hand sanitizer or soap.

If you are wearing a mask, then you must have complete knowledge of its use and proper disposal.

Caution in catering

Use different knives and chopping boards for raw meats and cooked food.

You should wash your hands thoroughly before and after cooking.

TREATMENT OF COVID-19

⦁ So far no vaccine or medicine has been made specifically for Covid-19.

⦁ Cures are being found that will be tried with clinical trials.

⦁ Self care.

⦁ If you are feeling ill, then rest, eat fluids, and eat nutritious food. Stay in a separate room from other family members and if possible, use the bathroom separately. Clean and disinfect surfaces that are being frequently touched.

⦁ All the people of the house should adopt a healthy lifestyle. Eat properly, get full sleep, be active and communicate with your people from the phone or internet. In difficult circumstances, children need more love and attention than adults. As much as possible, maintain a regular routine.

⦁ It is normal to feel sad, tense or confused in times of trouble. It can be helpful to talk to trusted people, such as friends or family. If you are feeling nervous, talk to a health worker or counselor.

⦁ Medical treatment

⦁ People who are healthy and are seeing few symptoms of the virus, then they should remain isolated. Also, call the health care organization or Kovid-19 phone number for advice.

⦁ If you have fever, cough, and have trouble breathing, go to the doctor. Call in advance.

Sino-Indian War (Indo-china war 1962)

2019-05-06T15:41:00.000+05:30

Sino-Indian War (Indo-china war 1962)

When India was struggling with economic status while there was a tension between India and China, India had never thought that China would attack India. But China did not say anything on October 1, 1962, on National Solidarity Day. This China-India war is also known as the Sino-Indian War.

Without even speaking, China invaded India, so at that time the Indian army was not well prepared. It was such a time that only 10,000 prepared Indian soldiers were deployed in front of more than 80,000 Chinese soldiers. This war ended almost a month and ended on November 21, 1962, when China announced a Ceasefire.

India was defeated by China in 1962, India had faced defeat in the war, but then Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru did not understand the meaning of diplomacy, but he himself conceded that he is a common argument Understanding what had been done by the negotiation, he had clarified that India was far from reality in its own created realm, to a lesser extent Hama There was evidence against us but this war in the defeat behind the immediate government. The President, Mr. Radhakrishnan, said this allegation on the government, it was clearly said that this war was a consequence of lapse, many pages of history are also called that Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel always had doubts about China's determination, he used to address something like this on his face behind something he himself did Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru did it but Nehru also ignored this matter. Perhaps because of this malignancy, China invaded India and India had to face the defeat, but this move by China had a deep impact on its international image.

When and why did the war between India and China in 1962?

China invaded India on October 20, 1962, The war, which lasted until November 21, India faced defeat in this war, 20th October is remembered annually as the national solidarity day China attacked India on that day, although China Had started small invasions from India since 1959, had begun to grapple the situation on the border, perhaps it was behind the fact that at that time India had given shelter to the Dalai Lama and it did not look good to China.

There are some main reasons behind this war:

1) Only after the independence of India, the People's Republic of China (PRC) was formed in 1949, which used to work in harmony with Chi as well.

2) When China announced that it would occupy Tibet, India sent a letter to China in which India denied it. China had also deployed a lot of its troops on Aksai Chin Border.

3) India was so worried about its relations with China that China was not invited to the peace treaty that was being held in Japan at that time. India also tried to become a representative of China in matters related to the world because China was different from many issues.

4) In 1954, five principles of peaceful cooperation between China and India were brought, according to which India accepts Chinese rule over Tibet. It was a matter of time when the Prime Minister of India was Mr. Jawaharlal Nehru. Nehru also raised the slogan of "Hindi Chinese Bhai Bhai" to maintain peace between the two countries.

5) Later in July 1954, Jawaharlal Nehru told China about some mistakes in the map of India, according to which some 1, 20,000 sq km of India show on China map. But China's first premier, Zhou Enlai, denied that there was no such mistake.

6) A large Chinese leader felt very humiliated when the Dalai Lama left China and lived in India. The tension between the two countries have increased when Mao said that the Lhasa uprising in Tibet was done by Indians.

7) In true sense, if the thought of India and China's survival in war, Tibet was left. After that, there were many military incidents between the Indian Army and the Chinese Army.

8) After that, on July 10, 1962, a total of 350 Chinese soldiers went to the Indian Post Chushul and declared on Mike and tried to convince Gorkhas that they should not fight against India.

9) But later China attacked India on October 1, 1962, about which India was not aware of.

India China war zones

India's differences have started since the independence of the country, the war of 1962 was a border war but many reasons are said to be that this war happened on the northeastern border of India, according to the current situation, this area is the Aksai desert of Arunachal Pradesh and China There was an area where this war happened; Nepal is connected to Bhutan and current Tibetan borders from China, there are three important boundaries in this way.

India's reason for India's defeat in China war

India's reason for India's defeat in the China war

There were many reasons for the defeat from China, but till today those discussions have not been candidly discussed.

Irresponsible behavior of the Defense Minister and Commander

In the first case, finger was raised on Krishna Menon who was the Defense Minister at that time along with Lieutenant General BM Kaul, who was then the commander of the North East region, and received this post due to the Defense Minister, while Kaul had experience for this post. Kaul should have had no experience of any kind of war, despite this, he was made Commander; the Defense Minister was responsible for this matter. In this war, Kaul became ill, but still the responsibility of the war was fulfilled from the house, so many military officers were not happy, but no one had infringed on his face, because Kaul Menon was very special, the war went ahead but when Kaul and When the truth of Menon came in front of everyone, the President himself opposed it, and Menon was also prosecuted against the Kaul, who was removed from the post of Defense Minister.

Intelligence agency chief fails

Malik, who was the head of the intelligence agency at the time, did not properly investigate the behavior of Chinese people in India or found a proper policy. The intelligence agency did not take any action on China's signals, nor did it prior to preparing the military for it. Forced.

Prime minister's negligence

Pandit Nehru was at the same time thinking that China could not fight because its relationship with the Soviet Union was bad, the result of such disobedience was that this big war which had only to fight against India and to face defeat Military officers and intelligence was the biggest hand of the agency because these people could show Pandit Nehru the reality but to give them wrong answers The strength was not in these people, and China used to easily take advantage of it. The reason for the defeat in the war was not to use the proper air force, the American spy wrote that China did not have proper management against air operations if India had The result of the war would have been different. The last reason for this is that it was decided that India had no right war strategy, with which it could control this war.

Action in India after India China War

After this war, the Government of India had to make a very serious criticism of the President; the President himself condemned the policies of the government and defense forces as a result of the repeal of Defense Minister Menon on 9th November. Many soldiers were killed in the war in the country, instability started to come. Due to this war, India was aware of China's determination: Chinese brother's slogan was opposed and India understood the importance of diplomacy The Committee was going which, General Henderson Brooks and including PS Bhagat appropriate action and reasons not fully exposed to the written discover the Henderson-Brooks-Bhagat report today designed to enable.

Some Important Facts about India China War 1962:

1. On October 20, 1962, the People's Liberation Army of China invaded the region of Ladakh.

2. Before the war, the Indian army did not know that war was going to happen, so India had deployed two army troops in the area of tension, but China had kept its 3 Chinese Army Regiment there.

3. Even the army of China used to hide the Indian Army's phone line, so that they could not contact their headquarters.

4. On the first day of the war, the Chinese army also started attacking from the rear. Constant losses forced Indian soldiers to withdraw from Bhutan.

5. On 22 October, the Chinese army set fire to a large tree and kept Indian soldiers in confusion and with the help of the help of more than 400 soldiers; the army invaded the Indian army.

6. The Indian army needed mortar to stop its earlier Chinese invasion, in which more than 200 Chinese soldiers were killed.

7. According to China's official military history, China had acquired the strategic objectives to achieve its western territory boundaries in war.

Nalanda University: Ancient History of India

2019-05-04T00:53:00.000+05:30

Nalanda University

Nalanda University was the most important and famous center of higher education in ancient India. Nalanda is composed of Sanskrit word Nalma + Da. In Sanskrit, 'Nallam' means 'Kamal' (Lotus). Lotus is a symbol of knowledge. Nalma + da means lotus, giving knowledge. There was a Nalanda University in Nalanda district of Bihar, where the students - foreign students came to education. Nowadays its remains are visible. Located 90 kilometers away from Patna and about 12 kilometers south of Bihar Sharif, the world famous ancient Buddhist University, and Nalanda’s ruins are located. There were 2,000 teachers to teach 10,000 students here. The famous Chinese traveler Huansang had spent a significant year of life as a student and as a teacher in the 7th century. The famous 'Buddhist Sariputra' was born here. About two and a half thousand years ago, there were three universities in Asia. Takshashila, Vikramshila, Nalanda On becoming Pakistan, Takshshila University went to Pakistan and found excavation at Vikramshila and Nalanda University in Bihar. Vikramshila is in Bhagalpur district of Bihar. And Nalanda University was found in Nalanda district.

This university also got the help of foreign rulers the monasteries of Nalanda University were constructed from ancient Kushan architecture. It looked like a row of cells around a courtyard. Emperor Ashoka and Harshvardhan built the most monasteries and temples here. Thus it continued to operate successfully until the twelfth century, but after the devastation in the Turks invasion, it did not get restored. Find out its structures after excavation at this place. The remains of this university were found in 14 hectare area. All the buildings here have been constructed with red stone. Even today, we can see the main two-storey building of this university. It is believed that teachers were probably used to address their students. A prayer hall here is still in a safe state. There is a statue of Lord Buddha placed in it but it has become a little fragmented. Apart from this, there are many temples here. Temple number 3 has a panoramic view of this entire area. It is a Buddhist temple in which there are many small stupas and each one has a statue of Lord Buddha installed.

Establishment of university

Site of Nalanda university

Gupta king Emperor Kumar Gupta I, 415-454 BC NalandaUniversity was established.

And developed this place as a university. After that, his successor, other kings, constructed many buildings and university buildings here. Of these, Gupta Emperor Baladitya established a beautiful temple here in 470 AD and installed a statue of 80 feet of Lord Buddha.

Emperor Ashoka built a temple at Nalanda in this place, hence Emperor Ashoka is considered the founder of Nalanda Vihar. In the excavation of Nalanda, a copper plate of Samudragupta and a coin of Kumaragupta got. Hence Nalanda Vihar Kumaragupta is considered to be made of secret monarchs. Raja Harshavardhana of Kannauj (606-47) gave a lot of money to Nalanda University. He gave away the name of this university to about 100 villages. According to the requirement of the University from those villages, rice, ghee and milk etc. started coming. Therefore, full doses of the university students got free from these villages, and they did not have to go for a begging anywhere.

According to some opinions, Emperor Ashok gave 1200 villages to Nalanda University. That the expenses of the university should be spent on the income.

Free studies: No fees were imposed on students of Nalanda University for education, accommodation, food etc. All the facilities were free.

After being associated with the prominence of Buddhist religion, there are indications of studies related to Hindu and Jainism, as well as Vedas, science, astronomy, sankhya, architecture, crafts, sculpture, grammar, philosophy, Surgery, astrology, yoga and medicine were also included in the syllabus. This shows that despite being a Buddhist regime, Buddhists have never discriminated against the followers of other religions.

Rules of Nalanda University

Ruined Building of Nalanda university

In the next 30 years, even after Yuwaanwang, eleven Chinese and Korean travelers had come in Nalanda.

Teachers of Nalanda University were famous for their knowledge in the world. His character was completely bright and flawless. There was a rigid rule for students. Which were necessary to follow. Chinese traveler Hansang studied Buddhist philosophy, religion and literature at Nalanda University. He studied here for ten years. Accordingly, entering this university was not easy. Only students receiving higher education could get admission here. The first student had to take the exam for admission. Entrance was possible only after passing it. The university had six gates. There was a gate at each door. Before admission, he used to take examinations of students there. Only 20 to 30 percent of the students could pass this examination. Even after admission to the university, students had to work hard and it was compulsory to pass several examinations. The student who graduated from here was respected everywhere.

In China, Itings and Huiyi and Haineh from Korea are the main ones in foreign travelers. When the University of Utah came here in 630 AD, the university was at its peak. At this time there were ten Sahastra students and one Sahastra Acharya.

Students were admitted in Nalanda University with a lot of difficulty because only high-quality students were admitted.

The system of education was under the control of Mahasthvir. Sheilabhadra was the Principal at that time. These were famous Buddhist scholars. Among the other well-known educators here, Nagarjuna, Padamasambhava, who promoted Buddhism in Tibet, Shantirakshak and Dipankar are all famous in the history of Buddhism.

Nalanda was the best university in Asia in the 7th century and for several hundred years. To study here, students from other countries such as Champa, Kamboj, Java, Sumatra, Burmadesh, Tibet, Lanka and Iran used to come and studied in the school and considered they blessed.

Corridor of Nalanda university

Through the Nalanda students, there was wide publicity and spread of Indian civilization and culture in Asia. The demand of students and scholars of this region was in all countries of Asia and they had universalisation. On the invitation of the King of Tibet, Bhadanta was kept in the Shilpa Shankar and Padmasambhava Tibb, and there he saw exceptional talent in promoting Sanskrit, Buddhist literature and Indian culture.

Apart from Buddhism in Nalanda, subjects related to ornithology, vocabulary, medical science, Atharvaveda and Sankhya were also taught. Yuvvanchwang had written that one of Nalanda's Sahastra scholars were hundred of the Acharyas, who knew the formula and scriptures, were five hundred, three subjects, and twenty, in 50 subjects. Only Shilabhadra was such that there was equal speed in all subjects.

At the beginning of the new century, at the time of King Devplal of Bengal, Nalanda reached the highest peak of progress. The emperors of Honduria, Java, Sumatra sent money to Devpal by the Ambassadors which made the Vihar there. Emperor Song of Tibet Yang Gumpo acquired knowledge of Buddhist and Brahmin literature with Acharya Devviddhi.

Thereafter, King Kho Deo Utpana called Tang of Tibet. Almost even the fortunes of the same time went to Tibet, and he got great fame as the founder of Lama Panth in Tibet. It was a matter of great pride for the Nalanda university that its scholar gave a special design to Tibetan religion. Nalanda's scholars also went to Korea.

Library of Nalanda university

Nalanda University had three great libraries-

1. Ratnodhadi,

2. Ratnagar

3. Gemstones

Describing the height of their buildings, Yuwanwang has written that 'their peak attic highlights were even higher than the clouds and the snow in the morning had solidified them. From the vellors of the sun, the light of the sunlight made the atmosphere beautiful and attractive. In theselibraries there were handwritten manuscripts. ' Many of these copies were copied by Yuvvwvang. In the Jain book 'Sukrutatang', a beautiful garden named Nalanda's 'Hastian' is described. At the time of the invasion of Muslims in Bihar and Bengal in 1303 AD, Nalanda had to become a victim of his wrath. All the monks here have been killed by the invaders. The Muslims burned the famous library of Nalanda, and burnt down the basin and ruined the beautiful buildings and beautiful buildings in ruins. In this way, the monks who had never thought of Nalanda's house of Indian education, culture and civilization away from the harsh realities of the world, have never imagined, the shock of one attack combined with dust.

Who destroyed the Nalanda University?

Bhaktiyar khilji destroying Nalanda university

This university had international fame from the 4th to the 11th century, but a Muslim Turk Robbers named Ikhtiyaruddin Muhammad bin Bakhtiyar Khilji burnt and destroyed it in 1199 AD. Thousands of rare books were burnt to ashes in this scandal. Important documents were destroyed. It is said that there were so many books that even after the fire; the books kept burning in smoke for three months.

It is said that many teachers and Buddhist monks, hiding in their clothes, saved many rare manuscripts and took them towards Tibet. In the meantime, these knowledge funds converted the Tibetan area into a large center of Buddhism and knowledge.

Surprisingly, the robber came with just 200 horsemen and at least 20,000 students were studying at Nalanda University at that time. Unarmed and non-violent Buddhist monks never imagined that this university would also need protection.

This cruel Turk massacred Buddhists, many religious and Buddhist monks living near the university and captured some areas ruled by Buddhists in North India. Thousands of Buddhist monks were killed and thousands of monks fled Sri Lanka or Nepal.

Khilji had selected all the Buddhist monasteries in Bihar and forced the people to accept Islam. Islamic extremists chose Gaya's Bodhasthal for its attack. Say that if Islam was eradicated by eradicating Buddhism, then there would be no exaggeration in it. History is the witness, the facts are witnesses. Due to the thousands of books burnt to Nalanda, a lot of such knowledge has become extinct, which is the work of the world today.

Bakhtiyar Khilji wreaked havoc on the inferior Nalanda University in the absence of army. Thousands of Buddhist monks were killed even when Khilji could not find peace with the blood of teachers and students, even after breaking the entire land, he set fire to a grand educational institute.

Bakhtiyar Khilji was a fanatic and a fool. After attaining power in Bengal, he tried to occupy Tibet and China, but in this effort, his army was destroyed and he was brought to Devkot in an impious condition. In Devkot, only his assistant Alimardan killed Khaliji.

When and how the ruins of Nalanda University came to know?

In 1812, Bakmanam Hamilton was known as Bargaon, where Nalanda Khandahar is located. From there were some Brahmin sculptures and some Buddhist sculptures. A few years later, Bradley digging on the spot. For twenty years, the Department of Archeology also excavated there, so that the Kandahar of Nalanda University was detected.

Nalanda University Architecture

Seal of Nalanda university

Nalanda University was spread over seven miles long and three miles wide. But it was only done in a square mile that excavated two parts of the university. In one part hostels were fewer colleges which are in one line. And in the second part of the temple found Lord Buddha's temple, eleven Buddhist monasteries found in one line. Now they are called 11 blocks. Whatever is in a block, it is in every block. Their two floors are suppressed below. And we see the third floor. The first floor is on the bottom of the secret period. Harshavardhana was built by the second floor in the seventh century by covering the first floor. And the second floor was made by Devpal for the third floor.

Each block has a lecture hall. Acharya used to teach here there was a black board, there was a well in the lecture hall. There were rooms around the lecture hall. In which students and teachers were living. This college was residential. There were verandas in between the rooms and lecture hall. There was a bathroom on one side. In which the lecture hall used to water the well. There was a terrace for washing clothes. The skylight was also there. The government has made a map here to understand the blocks.

World War I (1914-18)- World History

2019-05-02T16:34:00.001+05:30

World War I (1914-18)

World War I (1914-18) was the first catastrophic war to be fought globally. In this, almost all the influential nations of the world took part. This war happened between the Allies (England, France, Russia, the United States, Italy, Romania and allied nations) and central powers (Germany, Austria - Hungary, Turkey, and Bulgaria etc.). The conquest of the Allies and the defeat of the Central Powers in the First World War.

Reasons of World War I

European power - deterioration of balance-

Germany did not have an important role in European politics prior to the integration of Germany in 1871, but the emergence of a powerful German nation led by Bismarck. From this the European power - balance was disturbed. Germany became a challenge for England and France. This increased the sense of competitiveness among the European nations.

Creation of Secret Sandals and Clans-

After the integration of Germany, Chancellor Bismarck adopted the policies of secret treaties to make his country influential in European politics and to keep France in the politics of Europe uninterrupted. He made the Dual Alliance with Austria-Hungary (1879). Friendship treaty was also done with Russia (1881 and 1887). Bismarck also made friendly ties with England. In 1882, he made a treaty of friendship with Italy and Austria. As a result, a new faction was formed in Europe called the Triple Alliance. It included Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy. England and France remain separate from this faction.

Germany and France hostility-

There was an old hostility between Germany and France. During the unification of Germany, Bismarck had taken over the wealthy France-Alsace-Lauren. French interests were also damaged in Morocco. This was against France's referendum. France always kept trying to undermine Germany. Germany, on the other hand, wanted to keep France as powerless. Therefore, Germany made a three-point agreement to keep France as non-existent. In return France also formed a group of its allies against Germany. By the time of World War I, the enmity of Germany and France had increased so much that it made the war inevitable.

Imperialist competition-

Conflicts of mutual rivalries and interests for the empire expansion of imperialist countries can be considered as the root cause of World War I.

To run tomorrow-factories due to the Industrial Revolution, market needs to be consumed for consumption of raw materials and items produced in factories. As a result, the imperialist powers England France and Russia had made their colonies in Asia and Africa and took possession of them.

Germany and Italy, when the colonists later joined the race, there was little possibility for their expansion. So these countries adopted a new policy of colonial expansion. This policy was forcibly exercising authority over the other colonies of other nations to strengthen their position.

Until the beginning of World War I, Germany's economic and industrial position had become very strong. Therefore, the German emperor got anxious to get the proper place on earth and under the sun. His army was strong and now he started building a strong fleet and trying to challenge the development of his kingdom and ownership of the sea in England.

As a result of the Anglo-German navigator competition in 1911, Agadir's crisis arose. An attempt was made to resolve this, but it failed. In 1912, a huge ship immaculator was built in Germany, which was the largest ship at that time. False: Enragedness and competition increased in Germany and England.

Similarly, Morocco and Bosnia crisis promoted the competition of England and Germany.

To increase its influence area, when France created the Werleen Baghdad Rail Road, with the aim of controlling the economy of the decadent Turkish Empire, England France and Russia opposed it. This increased bitterness.

Militarism-

Militarism similar to imperialism also brought the First World War closer. In order to implement its security and expansionist policy, each nation has been engaged in the manufacture and purchase of arms and ammunition. To protect its own colonies, it became necessary to be strong from the military standpoint. Consequently, new weapons and ammunition were made. A large part of the national income started to be spent on the construction of arms and weapons on the military organization. France, for example France and other major nations were spending 85% of their income on military systems. Compulsory military service was introduced in many countries. The number of soldiers was greatly increased. Military officers dominated the country's politics. Thus, Europe sat down on a pile of ammunition. The blast was delayed in 1914.

Fierce nationalism-

Aggressive or distorted nationalism also became a fundamental cause of World War I.

It has a similar development in all the European countries. This feeling grew rapidly that if people of common caste, religion, language, and historical traditions meet together and works together, they will be separated and their progress will be progressive.

Earlier on this basis, Germany and Italy had been unified on this basis. This sentiment was strong in the Balkan region. The Balkan region was under the Turkish Empire. On the weakening of the Turkish Empire, the demand for freedom in this area began to catch up. In many areas of the Turkish Empire and Austria, Hungary, there was a large majority of Slavic people. They were demanding a different Slavic nation.

Russia believed that after independence from Austria-Hungary and Turkey, Slav would be under the influence of Russia. Therefore, the Russians promoted the All-Slav or Saraswāvāvā movement. Russia and Austria - Hungary have bitter relations with it.

Similarly, the Sarva Jarman movement was also run. People of all, check and pole species were also seeking freedom. This increased the sense of bitterness in European nations.

Lack of international institution-

Before World War I there was no such institution that imperialism maintained cordial relations between different nations by controlling militarism and fierce nationalism. Each nation was independently making its arbitrariness, in Europe, a kind of chaotic situation prevailed in Europe.

Poll and news paper-

The then public opinion for the First World War was also not less responsive. Politicians and writers of each country were advocating war in their articles. The bourgeoisie also became the supporter of the war in its own interest; the most important role in the preparation of war-related opinion was from the newspapers. The newspaper of each country used to publish false and provocative articles against the other nation. This caused bitterness in various nations and the people there. The false propaganda of newspapers made the war inaccessible by poisoning Europe's atmosphere.

Reasons of that time

The immediate cause of World War I was the murder of Prince of Austria Duke Francis Ferdinand of Bosnia in the capital of Sarajevo. On June 28, 1914, a Bosnian man of the All-Known Alliance of Black Hand, a terrorist organization shot Rajkumar and his wife dead. This made Sarah Europe stunned Austria considered Serbia as responsible for this incident. Austria threatened Serbia to clarify the situation and repress the terrorists within 48 hours. Serbia rejected the demands of Austria. As a result, on July 28, 1914, Austria declared war against Serbia. With this, other nations also joined the war in support of their own factions. Thus, World War I started.

First World War Responsibility

It is difficult to determine who was responsible for the First World War None of the parties involved in the war believed in itself as a liability for the war. In contrast, all of them argued that they tried to maintain peace, but the war was due to the policies of the enemy nation. In one section of the Treaty of Versailles, it was mentioned that the war was responsible for Germany and its allies. It was a one-sided decision of the Allies.

In fact, all nations were responsible for World War I only Germany was not the answer for this. Serbia started the war by rejecting Austrian's legitimate demands. Austria announced the war and forced Russia to take military action.

Russia too hurried to Serbia's question Contrary to resolving the problem of Serbia at a diplomatic level; he decided to resolve it through military proceedings. Germany's compulsion was that it could not have left its ally with Austria. Russia, France and England were the fierce enemies of Germany. Germany could not remain quiet when Russia launched military action.

It was necessary for him to take control of France and Russia. France did not try to stop Russia from its side. On the contrary, they assured full support to Russia in the anti-Austria campaign. From this, a small nation like Serbia was ready to fight against Austria, Germany.

England did not take any concrete steps to avoid war situation. He did not ask his allies to separate from the war. Consequently, both groups joined the nation's war. No one could guess that a small war would result in World War.

Thus, all the nations were responsible for World War I for which no one nation can be considered responsible.

Major events of World War I

Initial phase of the war

The war broke out on July 28, 1914 as Austria declared war on Serbia. Russia supported Serbia and Germany started military action in support of Austria. In support of Russia, England and France came. Japan also declared war on Germany. German army crushed Belgium near Paris's capital Paris. At the same time, Russian invasion took place in Germany and Austria. This led Germany to send a detachment of its army to stop the spread of Russia on the eastern front. With France it was safe and the city of Paris survived. In West Asia there were campaigns against Turkey and Germany in Palestine, Mesopotamia and Arab nations. In the Far East, Japan took over the German occupied territories. England and France took control of most German colonies in Africa.

War in the United States

By 1917, the United States sympathized with the Allies, remained firm in the war. In 1915, a British ship from Germany submerged Lusitania, which also used to pass American passengers. America could not stay calm after this incident. He announced the war against Germany on April 6, 1917. The war diverged by the United States joining the war.

Separation of the Soviet Union from War-

Where America joined the war in 1917, the Soviet Union separated from the war. After the Bolshevik Revolution of 1917, the Lenin-led government decided to separate from the war. The Soviet Union signed a treaty with Germany and separated from the war.

Critical phase of war-

America joined World War I in April 1917 simultaneously; the cycle of progress has gone faster. The defeat of the Central Powers and the series of victory of Allies began. By force, Turkey and Austria surrendered in October-November 1918 respectively. Germany fell alone Defeat in war and financial crisis led to rebellion in Germany. In this situation, the German Emperor Caesar William II had to abandon the throne. He ran away to Holland. In Germany, the Weimar Republic was established. The new government signed the Ceasefire Declaration on November 11, 1918. Along with this, the disastrous First World War ended.

Vedas (वेद): The ancient Hindu religion scriptures

2019-04-26T16:29:00.005+05:30

Vedas: The ancient Hindu religion scriptures

Vedas are the oldest written document in the world. 28 thousand manuscripts of Vedas are kept in the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute of Pune in India. Of these, 30 manuscripts of Rigveda are very important, which are included in the UNESCO heritage list. UNESCO from 1800 to 1500 BC of Rig Vedas of 30 manuscripts have been included in the list of cultural heritage. It is notable that in the 158 list of UNESCO, the list of India's important manuscripts is 38.The Vedas are the highest and highest religious scriptures of Hindu religion. In common language, Vedas means knowledge. Indeed, knowledge is the light that destroys the ignorance of the darkness of man-mind. In the Vedas, knowledge related to almost all subjects like Brahma (God), God, Universe, Astrology, Mathematics, Chemistry, Medicine, Nature, Astro, Geography, Religious Rules, History, Rituals etc. have been filled. .The Vedas are said to be such a source of history that is an inexhaustible stock of mythological knowledge. The word Vedas is derived from the word of Sanskrit, that is, in this single word, it contains all kinds of knowledge. The ancient Indian sages who have been called Mantrashtas to understand the mysterious mysteries of the Mantras by thinking of them after understanding and comprehending that knowledge in compiling it to the world, the ancient texts are called Vedas. There is also a belief that their mantras were narrated by God to the ancient sages indirectly. Therefore Vedas are also called Shruti.

Types of Vedas -

It is believed that the Vedas were initially the same and were separated into four parts according to convenience. This is clear only by a stanza mentioned in Srimad Bhagwat. There are thousands of mantras and compositions in these Vedas which may not have been created at the same time nor by a sage. They were composed from time to time by the sages and they got together. According to the Shatabpath Brahman's stanza, Agni Vayu and Sun received the penance and received the Rigveda Yajurveda Samved and Atharvaveda. The first three Vedas have been connected to the fire and the sun. These three names have been related to the sages of their names, because the reason is that the fire ends the darkness which is the darkness of ignorance. For this reason it has become a symbol of knowledge. Air is always running, its work is going to run. It implies that karma or continuing to work. Therefore it is related to karma. The sun is the fastest of all those who bow down and worship Him. It has been said that it is worshipable or worthy of worship. According to one book, four Vedas were formed from the four faces of Brahma.

Ayurveda of Rigveda, Dhanurveda of Yajurveda, Gandharva-Veda of Samaveda and the architectural significance of Atharvaveda are respectively mentioned as sub-Vedas of four Vedas.

1. Rigveda: Rig Veda is the first Vedic language which is Poetical. In its 10th chapter (chapter) there are 1028 Sukta, which contains 11 thousand Mantras. There are 5 branches of this Vedas - Shakalpak, Vaskal, Ashwellan, Shankhayan, Mandukaiyan. There is much more with the geographical position and chants of the invocation of the Gods. In the words of Rig Veda, the description of the deities, praises and their position in Devlok are described. It also contains information on water therapy, air medicine, solar therapy, psychiatry and medical by Havan. In the tenth division of Rig Veda, the mention of medicine is known as sokta. The number of drugs has been reported around 125, which is found in 107 places. Mon is a special description of Som. In the Rig Veda, there is also the story of Chyawan Rishi rejuvenating.

i) Brahmins - Atereya Brahmin and Kaushik Brahmin

ii) Aaranya - Aitareya Aaryaq, Kaushik

iii) Upanishad - Aitareya Upanishad

iv) Sub Vedas - Ayurveda

2. Yajurveda: Yajurveda means: Yat + Jun = Yaju Yat means the meaning of dynamic and the jū means the sky Addition to karma The inspiration of the best karma. In Yajurveda, there are mantras used in yajna and used in yagna. Apart from sacrifice, philosophy is described. Element knowledge means mysterious knowledge. Knowledge of Brahman, Soul, God and Matter This Vedic prose is muay. In this there is a prose mantra for the actual process of sacrifice. The two branches of this Vedas are Shukla and Krishna.

Krishna: Vaishampayana sage is related to Krishna. Krishna has four branches.

Shukla: Yagnavalkya Rishi is related to Shukla. Shukla has two branches. There are 40 chapters in it. In a mantra of Yajurveda, a description of the word is found. Apart from this, the theme of Divine Vaidya and Krishi Vignan is also present.

i) Brahmins - Tatitari Brahmin

ii) Aaranya - Large, tertiary and companionship

iii) Upanishad - Mundak Upanishad, Ishavaasayopanishad, Mandukus Upanishad and Upanishad Question

iv) Sub Vedas : - Dhanurveda

3. Samveda: Samaam means conversion and music. Gentleness and worship This Vedic is the musical form of the Rigveda's Richts. Samweed is in the form of lyrical. This Vedas is considered to be the origin of musical science. In this Veda of 1824 chants, except for 75 mantras, all the mantras have been taken from Rig Veda. In this, there is mention about Savita, Agni and Indra deities. There are mainly 3 branches, there are 75 credits.

i) Brahmins: - Panchavish Brahmins, Zaminy Brahmins and Brahmins of Hinduism

ii) Aranyak: - Tavalkar, Chadogya

iii) Upanishad: - Chhandogya, Jamianyi and Ken Upanishad

iv) Sub Vedas: - Gandharva Veda

4. Atharvadev: Tharva means meaning “Vibration” and Atharva means “silence”. By doing great deeds from knowledge, who remains absorbed in the worship of God, the same person accepts wisdom and attains liberation. This Vedas mentions mysteries, herbs, miracles and Ayurveda etc. There are 5687 spellings in 20 chapters. There are eight segments in which the two names are found in the medicine of Vedas and Vedas.

i) Brahmin - Gupta Brahmin

ii) Aaranya - It has no independent arrivals. A part of the Aaranya of Yajurveda is known as the Aaranya of Atharvaveda.

iii) Upanishad - It has no independent Upanishad as well. Part of the Upanishad of Yajurveda is known as the Upanishad of Atharvaveda.

iv) Sub Vedas: - Architecture

National Park and Wildlife Sanctuary in India

2019-04-23T15:00:00.001+05:30

National Park and Wildlife Sanctuary in India

Sunder Ban of West Bengal Forest in India

They are also called White Tiger's house, full of natural vegetation and wildlife, this forest is spread over an area of about ten thousand square kilometers, the beautiful forest delta, which is also the world's largest delta, is also on the river Ganga. It is also included in the UNESCO World Heritage List. The most important thing here is that in this forest you will find tigers floating in the river and pond, this view rarely look anywhere in the world. more about-

Forest in India

Kanha National Park:

This forest site of Madhya Pradesh is also known for tigers. These are also found in more than 300 species of birds. One thousand km of this forest was approved for the tiger project in the year 1973. Twelve singhs are found in Kanha National Park which are not found in any other part of the world.

Jim Carbet National Park:

Forest in India

Located in the state of Uttarakhand, Jim Carmet is one of the world's famous for fishing cats, Himalayan tahr and sero. In the year 1974, it became the first Tiger Project in the country.

Gir Forest Gujarat

Forest in India

Asian Shiro. A large number of people come to see the Shero in this forest spread around fifteen hundred square kilometers. Wild spotted cat, bear, nilgai, chinkara and wild boar are the special attraction here.

Forest in India

Major National Parks and Sanctuaries of India--

National Park / Reservoir	State	Major wildlife
Palamu sanctuary	Jharkhand	Elephant, deer, leopard, sambhar, wild boar
Dalma Wildlife Sanctuary	Jharkhand	Elephant, deer, leopard, bear, wild boar
Hazaribagh Wildlife Sanctuary	Jharkhand	Cheetah, bear, leopard, chital, sambhar, wild boar
Kaimur Wildlife Sanctuary	Bihar	Tiger, Nilgai, Ghadiyal, Sambar, Wild boar
Gir National Park	Gujarat	Lion, sambhar, leopard, wild boar
Nal Sarovar Reserve	Gujarat	water birds
Jim Corbett National Park	Uttarakhand	Elephants, tigers, leopards, deer, bears, Nilgai, Sambar, wild boar
Dudhwa National Park	Uttar Pradesh	Elephant, tiger, cheetah, deer, nilgai, leopard
Chandraprabha Reserve	Uttar Pradesh	Cheetah, bear, Nilgai, leopard, Sambar
Bandipur National Park	Karnataka	Elephant, cheetah, leopard, deer, chital, sambhar
Bhadra Sanctuary	Karnataka	Bear, elephant, sambhar, leopard, deer
Someshwara Reserve	Karnataka	Leopard, wild dog, deer, leopard, sambhar
Tungbadra Reserve	Karnataka	Leopard, Chital, Black deer, Chouse and Bird
Pakhal Wildlife Sanctuary	Andra Pradesh	Leopard, leopard, sambhar, bear, wild boar
Kavala Wildlife Sanctuary	Andra Pradesh	Cheetah, leopard, sambhar, bear, wild boar, chital
Manas National Park	Assam	Elephant, cheetah, bear, one horny rhinoceros, langur, deer
Kaziranga National Park	Assam	Cheetah, one horny rhinoceros, Hoangli pigs, Buffalo
Ghana bird sanctuary .	Rajasthan	Sambar, black deer, wild boar, rooster, gharial, Siberian crane
Ranthambore Reservoir	Rajasthan	Cheetah, Tiger, Lion, Leopard, Lankavagga, Bear, Nilgai, Sambar
Kumbhalgarh Reserve	Rajasthan	Cheetah, Nilgai, Sambar, Bear, Nilgai
Pench National Park	Madhya Pradesh	Cheetah, Nilgai, Sambar, Bear, Wild boar
Tightening reservoir	Maharashtra	Leopard, sambhar, chaosinga, wild boar, chital, bird
Worivali National Park	Maharashtra	Langur, deer, sambhar, leopard, wild boar
Abohar Reserve	Punjab	Wild boar, deer, nilgai, black goose, pigeon
Chikla reservoir	Odisha	Crane, Water Cove, Pelven, Migratory Birds
Symipal reserve	Odisha	Elephant, tiger, cheetah, leopard, sambhar, deer, crocodile, aquatic birds
Vedantangal Sanctuary	Tamil Nadu	Aquatic
Indira Gandhi Reserve	Tamil Nadu	Elephant, tiger, chital, leopard, sambhar, reed, wild dog, langur
Mudumalai Reserve	Tamil Nadu	Elephant, cheetah, leopard, sambhar, deer, wild dogs
Dampa Reserve	Mizoram	Cobra, cheetah, cat, pigeon
Periyar Reserve	Kerala	Cheetah, Elephant, Leopard, Sambhar, Deer, Bear, Nilgai, Wild Boar
Parambikulam Reserve	Kerala	Cheetah, Elephant, Leopard, Sambhar, Deer, Nilgai, Wild boar
Kanha National Park	Madhya Pradesh	Tiger, chital, leopard, sambhar, reindeer
Panchamari reservoir	Madhya Pradesh	Tigers, leopards, sambhar, nilgai, chital, deer, bear, wild buffalo
Dachigam National Park	Jammu and Kashmir	Leopard, black bear, red bear, deer,
Kishtwar National Park	Jammu and Kashmir	Black deer, wild yak, tibbati ass
Bandhavgarh National Park	Madhya Pradesh	Tiger, Leopard, Sambhar, Bear, Chakor
Nagarhole National Park	Karnataka	Cheetah, elephant, leopard, sambhar, bear, chakore, pheasant,
Pakhui Wildlife Sanctuary	Arunachal Pradesh	Elephant, dragon, deer, sambhar
Sultanpur lake reservoir	Haryana	Various water birds
Rohilla National Park	Himachal Pradesh	Musk deer, brown bear, mountain cock, hill leopard
Sundarbans National Park	West Bengal	Tigers, cheetahs, deer, crocodiles
God Mahavir Park	Goa	Deer, Rat, Saheli, Sambar
Nongkhaileam reservoir	Meghalaya	Elephant, cheetah, tiger, deer, sambhar, bear
Kebul Lamjiao National Park	Manipur	Deer, wild goats, various water birds

Distribution of forests in India Forest in India

According to the collected data, 7,70,078 sq km of Indian land is currently covered by forest area, which is 2,343 percent of the total land area. In fact, forest area is far less than this. According to the Indian Forest Survey, photographs obtained from Land Set and Land Inspection by Dehradun, the actual forest area in India is 6,33,982 square kilometers (19.44 percent of total land area).

Forest in India

Distribution of forests is not uniform in all the states of India, with many main reasons: 3.7% in Rajasthan, 2.7% in Punjab, 1.2% in Haryana and 6.1% in Gujarat. Due to low rainfall in these areas forests are very rare. At the same time, forests were eliminated for cultivation in Haryana and Punjab in the past, thereby reducing the forest area. More than that, Pt. Bengal (9.0%), U.P. (11.4 percent) and Bihar (15.3 percent) are also in the states. Where forest land has been mostly converted into agricultural land, whereas in the hill areas of these states and in the Nagpur plateau region of Bihar, high geographical location is due to excessive forest cover due to excessive rainfall. There are many reasons for the percentage of forests in Jammu and Kashmir (9.0 percent), which is mainly due to low rainfall, severe deserted slopes and snow-covered peaks. Due to lack of forests in these states, Maharashtra (14.3 per cent), Karnataka (16.8 per cent), Andhra Pradesh (17.2 per cent) and Tamil Nadu (13.6 per cent), the majority of the regions are under the scrutiny region. In the coastal areas of Andhra Pradesh and Tamilnadu, where there is intense rainfall, forests have been cleaned and converted to farming land. In the Himalayan region and high plateau parts of central, more forest is found than other states. Due to dense rainfall, high geographical location and other natural conditions, Mizoram (89.4 percent), Nagaland (86.4 percent), Arunachal Pradesh (82.1 percent), Manipur (79.2 percent), Meghalaya (70.8 percent), Sikkim (42.8 percent) Tripura (52.8 percent), Assam (31.3 percent), Himachal Pradesh (21.2 percent), and Madhya Pradesh (30.6 percent) and Orissa (30.3 percent), the percentage of forests is highest in the state.

Forests in India

2019-04-23T13:10:00.002+05:30

Forestry in India

Forests are the main basis of the circumstances as well as the sources of human livelihood. Fuel for cooking, fodder for Animal husbandry etc are obtained from forests. Presently, more than 3.5 lakh people are associated with forest related work and 2 percent of the national income gets us from forests. Nearly 20% of Indian area is surrounded by forest, which is equivalent to 65 million hectare area. India is included in the list of 10 countries which is the most forested country. These lists include China, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Australia, Indonesia, Sudan, Brazil and Russia.

Three types of natural vegetation- 1. Forest 2. Grass and 3. The most important of the bushes is forest. Climate is regulated by the forest itself. Due to the moisture content of the forest, the temperature decreases and changes in climate cause rainfall. Due to the depletion of rainwater due to rainwater, floods, landslides do not occur and it increases the level of ground water. Not only this, forests help prevent cold winds, storm etc. Dry leaves fallen from the trees rot in the ground and give fertilizer work, which increases the fertility strength. Various types of vegetation, herbs and rare organisms are found in forests. The greenery of the forest increases natural beauty, which encourages tourism and national income increases.

Due to the tropical and cold climate in India, there is considerable inequality in rainfall and temperature. In areas with rainfall of more than 200 centimeters, there are evergreen broad-leaf forests, which include lakes, pellets and shrubs. Deciduous monsoon forests are found in parts of 100 to 200 centimeters of rainfall. In these forests, rosary, Saagwan (teak), Pine tree of the year is found, in the arid parts of 50-100 cm rainfall, thorn tree species of acacia species are found. And semi-desert forests are found in an area of less than 50 centimeters. In India's total forest areas, 93% of tropical forests and 87% temperate forests are found. Out of this, 95.7 percent of forest land is in the possession of state governments, 2.8 percent corporations and the remaining 1.5 percent of private institutions.

what is Veto power in UNSC ?

History of forest conservation in India

Gibson tried to enforce the rules for banning the forest's preservation and protection of its agriculture. From 1865 to 1894 forest conservation was established for the materials of imperial needs. Later, planning to produce forest by adopting wild management system, people started to take interest in forest conservation, after which the rulers of Indian state give protection to the people who help in the protection of birds and mammals in the forest. Large scale plantation was done in Punjab and Uttar Pradesh from 1926 to 1947. The construction work of most national parks in India was done. This benefit of conservation has caused many species to survive extinction. read this INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION

After this, the goal of keeping one-third of India's forests under the Forest Policy of 1952 was made. Some activities which have been damaging forests have been banned; this has seen changes in people's thinking and its development over forests in the next 50 years. After that a creative attitude was adopted to preserve it through a five-year plan.
In 1980, the Forest Conservation Act was passed, in this Act it was decided that from now on the central area will have to get central permission for agriculture or forestry and agriculture. If they do not do that, then they will be kept in the category of crime. The aim of this law is to limit the deforestation, conserve biodiversity and preserve wildlife, but this year due to low investment and ignorance there was no significant reduction in deforestation, after which in India, in 1988 Launched its National Forest Policy, which under the joint forest management policy program, proposed that a special forest block will be managed in the villages along with the forest department.
Security of forests and forests will be the responsibility of the people in particular. This kind of initiative was considered positive because as of 1992, seventeen states of India participated in joint forest management and about 20 lakh hectare forests were brought under protection.

From 1990 to 2000 FAO found in a study that India is the fifth largest beneficiary in the field of forest coverage or covered area in the world, which is said to be the third largest beneficiary in FAO study from 2000 to 2010. In this way it managed its policy of preserving forest.

Types of Forests in India

Mangrove forest

These forests are found in those parts of the country, where the average rainfall is more than 200 cm and the annual average temperature is about 24 degree centigrade. It has three major areas.

Western shield of Western Ghats

Andaman and Nicobar Islands

Bengal, Assam, Meghalaya and Tarai Pradesh in North Eastern India.

In this type of forest, mainly trees, mahogany, ebony, wild mango, palm, tree and bamboo etc. and many types of vines are found. The height of these trees ranges from 30 to 45 meters. The concentration of trees is so high that the sun's light does not reach the ground

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Himalayan state or mountain forest

These types of forests are found in the high topography of the Himalayan region. According to different heights in this state, variation in species of forest is also found. In high altitude areas, angular pointing leaf forests are found which 17-18 meters high is. In the lower part, wide-leaf forests are found, whose elevation is generally around 6 to 9 meters. Due to heavy rainfall in the eastern parts of the Himalayas, Assam, Manipur and Pt. Bengal, dense forest is found. These forests of the Himalayas can be divided into eight sub-divisions.

1 1. Tropical evergreen forest

These forests are found in Assam, these forests are quite dense. Among these, the main species are Jamuns, cane, step, Errol, rosewood, haldu, pagar, champa and wild common man etc.

2 2. Tropical dry deciduous forests

These forests are found in the foothills of the entire Himalayan region. Among these, the main species are Sagwan, Rosewood, Amalat, Palash, Bamboo, Satanwood, Haldu etc

3 3 . Wide-leaf forest

These types of forest are found on the lower slopes of Pt. Bengal and Assam Himalayas. Among these, species of Matilus, Malessema and Jamuna etc. are found.

4 4 . Sub-tropics pine forest

In the western Himalayas this forest is found in an average height of 1000 meters to 1800 meters. Forests of pine are found mostly in this type of forest. In addition, species of jamun, oak, bunarash are also found.

5 5. Sub-tropical dry evergreen forest

In this type of forest, small shrubs are found. These types of forest are found in the Shivalik Mountain and in the western Himalayan region, in parts above 1000 meters. The main species found in these forests are Well, Keekar, Acacia etc.

6 6. Mountain moderate humid climate

This type of forest is found in the eastern Himalayan region in the high mountain part of Bengal, including cinnamon, fenugreek, junior, pangar etc.

7 7. Himalaya moderately humid climate

This forest with pointed leaves covers the entire Himalayan part of Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, and Uttar Pradesh. In the mountainous region of Bengal and in Sikkim, between 1500 meters to 3,000 meters high - the important species in this are -fish cedar, fur, sponge, cal, pangar, chilgoza etc are found.

8 8. Alpine forest

These alpine grasslands, popularly known as 'Marg' in Kashmir and Bugyal in Uttarakhand, are found in the Himalayan region at an altitude of more than 3,000 meters, in which various types of shrubs, ferns, grasses, colorful flowers and fragrant herbs etc. are found.

Deciduous Forests in India

Deciduous forest can be divided into two forms, one moisture-rich and the other happy deciduous forest. This type of forest is found in areas where 100 cm to 200 centimeters of annual rainfall occur. Such a forest can be found in most parts of India. It is found in the east from Jammu to West to West Bengal till the Shiwalik hills. In such forests, trees like teak, mango, bamboo, sandalwood and kills are found. Except for the North Eastern regions, dry deciduous forests are found in the northern and southern parts of India. There are many types of animals such as insects, mammals, reptiles found in this forest. This type of forest is found in Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka.

Autumn or monsoon forest

Such forests are found in those parts where the average annual rainfall is from 100 cm to 200 cm. These forests are found in northern mountainous region, lower part, Vidyanchal and Satpura mountains, Chota Nagpur and the hills of Assam, the southern part of the Eastern Ghats and the eastern region of the Western Ghats.

These forests are more dense and the trees are neither taller nor taller. These are major tree years, saagwan, neem, sandalwood, rosewood, amla, mulberry, ebony, mango, rosewood, bamboo etc. Their wood is not very hard. These can be easily cut. Shipments, furniture, etc. can be made from wood.

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Mangal tree forests in coastal areas:

These forests are found on the river delta coast; such plants grow in the mixture of brackish and fresh water; these forests are found in areas with moisture.

Desert Forest in India

These forests are found in parts of less than 50 cm of rain. In the trees there, the leaves are short, short and thorny. Acacia grows abundantly here. Hawthorne, Rambans, Khayedi, Khair, Khajur etc. are the main vegetation here.

These plants are found in southern western Punjab, western Rajasthan, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh etc. They only have local importance.

Tidal forest in India

They are also called as Moorish forests, which are found in the forests of the Mahanadi, Krishna, Godavari, Kaveri, Peninsular rivers, and the deltaai of Ganga Brahmaputra. At the time of tidal breezing, the water of the oceanic waters of the sea is irrigated.

In such states there is mud and swamps, beautiful forests in these forests, Ganga is found especially in the delta of Brahmaputra. Other trees are palm, coconut, Rhizophora etc. The wood of these trees is very soft.

Dry forest in India

These forests are found in those areas, where the average of rainfall lasts from 50 to 100 cm. In these areas, there is abundance of water loss tolerant trees. The roots of these trees are long and thick. This type of forest is found mainly in southern western Punjab, Haryana, eastern Rajasthan and southern western Uttar Pradesh. The main tree is Keekar, Acacia, Neem, Mango, Mahua, Kar, Khayjadi etc. In the absence of rain, trees are less tall. The height of trees is 6 to 9 meters.

UN Security Council Veto power

2019-04-21T17:03:00.001+05:30

What is ‘VETO POWER’?

'Veto' is a Latin word, and this means to register your 'disagreement' on any issue. In Ancient Rome, some elected officials had extra power. They could stop any action of the Rome government by using these powers. Since then, the word used to be used for the power to stop doing something. usually with the special powers obtained by the five permanent members of the'United Nations Security Council'. These countries are America, Russia, Britain, China and France. Any member of this can stop vetting any proposal in the United Nations. This means that "for the resolution of any proposal in the United Nations, these five countries should be cleared. None of them vetted the proposal, and then the resolution will not be passed.

History of United Nations Security Council veto power

In February, 1945 a conference was held in the city of Yalta, Crimea, Ukraine. This conference was known as the Yalta Conference or the Crimean Conference. At the same conference, the then Prime Minister of the Soviet Union Joseph Stalin proposed Veto Power. The Yalta Conference was organized to prepare for post-war planning. In this, UK Prime Minister Winston Churchill, Prime Minister Joseph Stalin of Soviet Union and US President D. Roosevelt took part. However, this concept of veto did not come in 1945. After the establishment of the League of Nations in 1920, Vito Power came to existence. At that time both the permanent and non-permanent members of the League Council had veto power.

When the 'United Nations' was established, and why –

In order to know about the 'United Nations', we have to know about the League of Nations, which was the same organization as the United Nations that was operating before the United Nations was established. After the break of 'League of Nations', the United Nations was established. The United Nations is an altered form of the 'League of Nations'.

'League of Nations' –

It was an intergovernmental organization which was born on January 10, 1920, and came out as a result after the Paris Peace Conference ended. The 'League of Nations' was established after World War I and it meant that there was peace in the world and there would never be such a world war. But this organization failed to do so and the world also suffered from World War II. The members of the League Council from 1920 to 1946 had the power of 'veto' power even if it had only four of their four permanent and four temporary members. In 1936, the number of temporary members of the 'League Council' increased to 11 and with these 15 countries had 'veto' power. The main reason for the failure of the 'League of Nations' was 'Veto' power..

First time used

On February 16, 1946 the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) used Veto Power for the first time. USSR vetoed proposals for withdrawal of foreign troops from Lebanon and Syria. Since that time the veto has been used 291 times.

Purpose of veto-

The purpose of veto power is that it establishes security and peace in the world and if the world poses a threat to peace, and then considers it. It considers the complaint sent to any country and any disputes like it help in resolving the related matter.

The real use of the veto, and the constant possibility of its use, is the central characteristics of the Security Council during the history of the United Nations. From 1945 to 2009, 215 proposals were vetted on actual issues, sometimes more than one in P5. The average number of veto per year was more than five in 1989: since then the average annual number was only above one.

There has been discussion of the increase in the number of permanent members. Countries which have made strongest demands for permanent seats are Brazil, Germany, India and Japan. Japan and Germany are the second and third largest funders of the United Nations, while Brazil, the largest Latin American nation and India, the world's largest Democracy And the second most populous country, two of the biggest contributors to the United Nations mandatory peace-keeping mission.

This proposal has been opposed by a group of countries. Such a proposal will be included in the amendment of the United Nations Charter, and as such, two-thirds of the General Assembly (128 votes), and all the permanent members of the Security Council will also need to be accepted.

If the Indian government's views are considered, then India is fully prepared to join the permanent members of the United Nations, but India may have to wait a bit longer for membership in the United Nations permanent Security Council. The reason for this is to oppose it by friends called by India. America, Russia and China have opposed Indian claims.

Who used the most ‘Veto power’?

In the early years, Soviet Russia used the most veto. So far, it has used the Veto 141 times, which is almost half of the total veto so far.

The US has used veto 83 times so far. It was vetoed on March 17, 1970 for the first time. Since the 1970s, the US has used it most than other permanent members. The US has used most of the veto to protect Israeli interests.

Britain has used 32 times. The first was on October 30, 1956 during the Suez Crisis.

France first used it on June 26, 1946 and has vetoed 18 times so far.

China has used veto 15 times. The first was on December 13, 1955, by the Republic of China (ROC).

Recent Veto Use-

March 13, 2019: China uses veto on the proposal to declare Masood Azhar as a global terrorist.

28 February, 2019: China and Russia veto on a resolution of Venezuelan presidential crisis

June 1, 2018: 2018 US veto on the proposal to criticize Israel's use of force in opposing Gaza borders

April 10, 2018: Russia's veto on the propagation of the use of chemical weapons in the Syrian civil war

28 February 2017: Veto of China and Russia on the Ban on Chemical Weapons in Syria.

INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION

2019-04-08T13:31:00.000+05:30

INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION

The Indus Valley Civilization was a period of time in the northwestern part of the Indian subcontinent, which is presently located in some areas of India, Pakistan and Afghanistan. In all the cultures of this period, the Indus civilization was in the most developed, elaborates and advanced state. It is also called harappan civilization, because in relation to this culture, first from the place called Harappa in 1921 AD. Indus civilization was born between civilization compatibility, whose knowledge is done by excavation and research. Indus civilization was a civil civilization, because its archaeological remains receive elements of transport, trade, technical, production, and planned city system.

One of the ancient river valley civilizations of the world was a major civilization. It is also known as the Harappan civilization and the Indus-Saraswati civilization. About 79 years ago, residents of 'Haryana' located in 'Mantangomari district' of 'Western Punjab province' of Pakistan probably did not even have the slightest impression that they were able to use so many bricks that were buried in nearby lands. Are continuously constructing their houses, it is not any ordinary brick, but remains of approximately 5,000 years old and fully developed civilization. This happened to him when the 'John William Bruntam' in 1856 started excavating these Khakharahs of the supply of bricks to cover the railway line from Karachi to Lahore. During the excavation only the first remains of this civilization were received, which was named the name of this civilization 'Harappa civilization'.

The geographical expanse of Indus civilization ranged from Kashmir (Manda) in the north to the Narmada River in the south and from Sutkagandor in the west to Alamgirpur (Meerut) in the east. https://skyflyworld.blogspot.com/

Geographic Expansion of Indus Valley Civilization

1. Early Harappan civilization (3500 BC - 2350 BC)https://skyflyworld.blogspot.com/

2. Mature Harappan Civilization (2350 BC - 1750 BC)

3. North Harappa Civilization (Ahead of 1750 B.C.)

The Indus civilization was spread over a vast area, in which Sindh, Punjab was the region head of the Ghagghar River. Most Sandwali settlements were in this area. In these areas symmetry is found. The nature of civilization was fully developed and urban. The means of business, transport, animal husbandry, technical and production is an indicator of the superiority of this civilization.

Important places of Indus Valley Civilization

Harappa

At present, Harappan comes to the Montgomery region of Punjab province of Punjab, it is situated on the banks of river Ravi. Daya Ram Sahni, first of all, excavated this place in 1921 AD. A lot of things have been received in Harappa, such as 6 food grains, pots made from sugar mud, shivling, copper items etc.

https://skyflyworld.blogspot.com/

Mohenjo-Daro

Mohenjo-Daro is currently located in the Larkana region of Pakistan's Sindh province; it is situated on the banks of the Indus River. It was first excavated by Rakkal Das Banerjee in 1922. Mohenjo-Daro has a huge bathhouse, ananagar, etc. The seal of Pashupatinath, the bronze statue of the dancer, statue of a person made of steatite, statue of goddess made of sugar mud, 2 seals of Mesopotamia etc. have been received.https://skyflyworld.blogspot.com/

Chunhudo

Chanhudo is located on the bank of the Sind River in Pakistan's Nawabshah region of Sindh province. It was first discovered by McKay in 1925 AD. This place is related to people working in metal, people working in the bead. The marks of dog claws have been found on a brick here. The figure of bullock carpet made from terracotta has also been received from Chanhudaro.https://skyflyworld.blogspot.com/

Lothal

Lothal is located on the banks of Bhogava river in Kathiawar area of Gujarat. It was first discovered by S R Rao in 1954. Lothal is a major port of Indus Valley civilization. Lothal received important things like horse-shaped horse and sea-shaped terracotta, Iranian seal, Bahrain's seal.

Kalibanga

Kalibanga is situated on the banks of Ghaggar river in Hanumangarh, Rajasthan. Evidence of land raised by Hull was found in Kalibanga. Along with this, toy bullock cart wheels and mesopatomic stamps have also been received in Kalibanga.https://skyflyworld.blogspot.com/

Banwali

Banwali is situated on the banks of river Ghaggar in Hissar, Haryana, it was first discovered by RS Bishat in 1973. Sculptures made in Banwali and drainage system, toy hull and goddess ceramic have been obtained.https://skyflyworld.blogspot.com/

Dholavira

Dholavira is situated on the banks of Luni river in Kutch of Gujarat. Evidence of the presence of water collection system in Dholavira is also found. There was also a large playground, well and zalaash.https://skyflyworld.blogspot.com/

Surkodha

Horse residues and elliptic tomb have been found in Surkotada.

The Place

Name of Rivers

Year of excavation

Excavator

Present situation

Harappa	Ravi	1921	Dayaram Sahni and Madhumogita Vatsa	West Punjab's Montgomery District (Pakistan)
Mohenjo-Daro	Indus	1922	RD banerjee	Larkana district of Sindh province (Pakistan)
Silhouette	Indus	1931	Gopal majumdar	Sindh Prefecture (Pakistan)
Kalibanga	Ghagghar	1953	B.B.Lal and B.K. Thapar	Hanumangarh District of Rajasthan (India)
Kotadi	Indus	1953	Fazal Ahmed	Sindh Prant's Khairpur (Pakistan)
Rangpur	Measure	1953-54	Ranganath Rao	Kathiawar region of Gujarat (India)
Ropar	Sutlej	1953-56	Yajnadatta Sharma	Ropar district of Punjab (India)
Lothal	Bhogawa	1955 to 1962	Ranganath Rao	Ahmadabad district of Gujarat (India)
Alamgirpur	Hindan	1958	Yajnadatta Sharma	Uttar Pradesh's Meerut District (India)
Bunavali	Rangoai	1974	Ravindranath vishta	Hissar district of Haryana (India)
Dholawira	-----	1990-91	Ravindranath vishta	Kutch District of Gujarat (India)

Trade in Indus Valley Civilization

The trading of Indus Valley Civilization was mainly with Mesopotamia or Sumeria (currently Iraq) and Bahrain.https://skyflyworld.blogspot.com/

Import

Gold was imported from Kolar (Karnataka), Afghanistan and Iran.

Silver was imported from Afghanistan, Iran and southern India.

Copper was imported from Khetri (Rajasthan) and Balochistan.https://skyflyworld.blogspot.com/

Export

People from Sindhu Valley civilization were mainly exported goods made from agricultural products, cotton, taracotta made of beads, bead, copper and ivory.

Religious Life is Indus Valley Civilization

Indus society can be called as the worshiper of the mother goddess due to the female monuments and marking of female figures on seals received from a large number from the Indus Civilization. An idol obtained from Harappa showing the plant coming out of her womb, is said to be the mother goddess or the goddess of fertility.https://skyflyworld.blogspot.com/C

In addition to the ravi, a seal received from Mohan Jodar, on which a yogi is sitting in the Padmashan posture of yoga and on the right side of which cheetah and elephant and the rhinoceros and chestnuts on the left are called Pashupati or Rudra Deity. The huge bathrobe used to be used in religious rituals and sun worship. On the basis of the evidence of Agni Kunda received from Kalibanga, it can be said that fire, dog etc. was worshiped. Based on the realization of the talisman, the belief in magic and some seals are also assumed to be based on the visual notation of sacrificial practice.https://skyflyworld.blogspot.com/

1. Complete flooding: bury the whole body in the ground. This was the most popular method.https://skyflyworld.blogspot.com/

2. Partial salvage: bury after some parts of the body are destroyed.

3. Kalash pulse: To burn the dead body and keep the ashes in a barn and bury it.

Social Life of Indus Valley Civilization

A large number of women and women from excavation indicate that probably the Indus Civilization Society was the mainstay of matrilineal and social system. Harappas were aware of fashion. Jewelry also used to wear men, both men and women used to have large hair and there were innumerable ways to make hair. Women used vermilion and lipstick. Sandhavas used to eat both vegetarian and non-vegetarian food. The main food crops were wheat, barley, rice, sesame, mustard, pulses etc. Sandwiches also used sheep, goats, snorkers, poultry and fish.https://skyflyworld.blogspot.com/

What is the model code of conduct and what is its rule? ( आचार संहिता क्या है ?)

2019-03-31T12:00:00.001+05:30

What is the model code of conduct and what is its rule?( आचार संहिता क्या है ?)

In India, the Code of conduct was first introduced during the assembly elections in 1960 in the state of Kerala.

Under Article 324, the Election Commission lays it for conducting peaceful, fair and transparent elections and gives the public the right to test the behavior of the government and the people of the party at the time of election.

Code of Conduct is implemented only after the announcement of elections. You have heard many times about it that the code of conduct has been implemented but why and why it is implemented. This is a great question. The Code of Conduct applies with the announcement of the date of election and the results continue till the end. What is the code of conduct?

The most important part of Indian elections is the guideline created by the Election Code of Conduct that all political parties have to accept. आचार संहिता क्या है ?

These guidelines ie the code of conduct are applied to all the political parties of the country. The purpose of which is to avoid differences between the parties, to make peaceful and fair elections. It is ensured by the code of conduct that no political party, misuse of funds for the benefit of elections in the elections of their official positions of central or state. Achar sanhita kya

What are the consequences of not accepting the Code of Conduct What is the code of conduct?

Election Code of Conduct means the instructions of the Election Commission, which are to be followed by every party and its candidate till the election is over. If a candidate does not follow these rules, the Election Commission can take action against him, he can be stopped from contesting the elections, an FIR may be lodged against the candidate and he may also have to go to jail if convicted. Achar sanhita kya आचार संहिता क्या है ?

In addition to the announcement of dates of elections in the states, election code of conduct is also applicable in that state. As soon as the Election Code of Conduct comes, there are many curbs on the state government and administration. Government employees become the Election Commission's employees until the election process is complete. They work under the direction of the Commission and work on its guidelines. What is the code of conduct?

It becomes important here to know that as soon as the code of conduct comes into effect, the Chief Minister or the Minister of the State cannot make any announcement to the public. During this time neither the foundation stone nor nor the Bhumi Pujjan is done in the state. आचार संहिता क्या है ?

During this period, no such organizing is done by the government expenditure so that any party can benefit. The EC supervises the observers to monitor the conduct and activities of political parties.

In 2000, there was considerable debate about the code of conduct between the central government and the election committee. As soon as the announcement of the date of the Central Government election, the Supreme Court has also gone to the Election Committee's decision to implement the Code of Conduct. What is the code of conduct?

The government had said that code of conduct should be implemented only after formal notification. The Election Committee gathered all political parties to resolve the matter and later all the political parties of the country including the BJP supported the Code of Conduct and since then the election date has been declared and the code of conduct is applicable in the country and the state. Is given.

Rule of Code of Conduct

v Respecters of political parties respect the private life of their opponents and do not disturb them by performing some kind of road show or performance in front of their home.

v In the election campaign, any political party and their candidates are required to take permission from the local authorities before using the loud speaker. Prior to any type of campaign, the candidate must notify the local police so that security arrangements can be made.

v Political parties have to keep in mind that the rallies and road shows organized by them should not affect the traffic.

v The most important instruction of the Code of Conduct is that the candidates cannot give any temptation at any cost to the voters. Often, it is revealed by the candidates giving liquor distribution and gift-type gifts to voters. It is totally taboo to do.

v According to the Code of Conduct, use of public places such as public spaces, meeting grounds and helipads should be used in equal measure between candidates of all political parties. Do not be monopolized on it.

v On the day of election, candidates can not show the sign of their political party around the polling booth. None of the voters given by the election committee can enter the booth without a pass.

v There will be a person near the election booth who may be given information of any kind of complaint. What is the code of conduct?

आचार संहिता क्या है ?

v The ministers of the ruling party can not specifically appoint any officer who votes and votes to voters for their party.

v One more thing has been added in 2013. There will be no promises made in the election manifesto which, it seems, that the government or the leader is trying to seek the votes by only laughing after the public. What is the code of conduct?

Russian Revolution (रूस की क्रांति )

2019-03-26T18:25:00.000+05:30

Russian Revolution

Russian Revolution of 1917 was an important event in the history of the twentieth century, in the French Revolution of 1789, where independence influenced European life by promoting the spirit of equality and fraternity, the Russian Revolution not only in Russia and Europe but all over the world In this revolution, not only did the autocratic dictator, the voluntary, the Jar Imperial rule, but the elite landlords feudal By eliminating the economic and social power of the capitalists etc., for the first time, the establishment of the power of the workers and the peasants in the world has given the scientific revolution of Marx exactly as the Russian Revolution itself. This revolution established the socialist system. This ideology became powerful after 1977, almost half of the world had attained it by the year 1950. The Russian revolution 1917

In 1905, Japan attacked Russia on Russia's defeat of the public, opposing the ruling classes, the dissatisfaction of the masses and resistance to the working class made the revolution necessary in the oppressed situation of the mass dissatisfaction and the working class. Russia ki kranti 1917, The Russian revolution 1917

In order to save the country from falling into the flames of revolution, the liberal leaders of the autonomous institutions had put forward some demands before the government, who did not accept Jar and refused administrative reform. At such a time, the strike workers submitted a memorandum to the Russian jar in support of their demands. Jar had shot down bullets on innocent and disciplined people, known as bloody Sunday, January 22, 1950. From here, the workers of the Revolution started with the workers, the railway employees also rebelled, the flood of the people's indignation Not being able to, and forced to take the right of the people to the right and freedom and on the basis of the franchise, Pledged to become a curse that was the most important result of this revolution. Russia ki kranti 1917, The Russian revolution 1917

Major Reasons for the Russian Revolution-

The rule of autocratic and voluntary jar -

Russia had long ruled the autocratic monarchy who believed in the divine principle of revenue. And believed that Jar is his only husband and is not liable to anyone Jar Nicholas was the second at the time of the revolution, there was no freedom of the press at this time. The citizens were not given any kind of rights and had strict control over the intellectual activities. The royal ruler was present at that time. Political changes were taking place in Europe and constitutional monarchy and republic were being established. In such a situation, the despair of the jar became unbearable for the people and they were organized against Jar Shahi. Russia ki kranti 1917

Ineligible and corrupt bureaucrat -

The bureaucracy that Jaro had established in Russia was unskilled. In the high positions of governance, the elite was appointed, who himself was autocratic and willingly. This bureaucrat was in the hereditary form, in this way, in the governance, the merit and corrupt bureaucracy In this, the people became even more angry. Russia ki kranti 1917, The Russian revolution 1917

The miserable condition of the farmers -

In the 18th century, there was an industrial revolution in Europe, due to which it was used to increase the production of agricultural means to work in the new industry, but Russia remained backward despite being an agricultural country, the condition of the farmers was extremely painful. In 1861 the farmer Das's liberation was arranged, there was no special change, still 68% of land landlords had possession of 13% of the land under the control of the land. They used to hire laborers who were called Korvi. It made the situation of the farmers even more miserable. Farmers were unable to adopt the advanced cultivation of farming because they were lacking in capital by taking out their taxation and landlords tax. Therefore, their condition became more miserable in the farming done in the ancient ways, they demanded the reduction of tax and the termination of special rights. Taking advantage of the condition of the discontent farming class, the revolutionary Samajwadi Party raised them against the rule. Russia ki kranti 1917

Inadequate labor of workers -

In the pursuit of freedom from the situation of industrialization in Russia, in the search for the freedom of unemployment in rural areas and people who came to work in the rural areas, the value of their hard work was reduced in the crowd of workers who came to work in the industries towards the cities. With this, the tendency of taking maximum work in exchange for minimum wages increased in the industrialists. Hours of workers were not fixed. Even wages were not fixed. There was no provision of physical compensation. There was no arrangement for the workers' housing, health, education, entertainment, etc. These workers could not establish union. Their condition was extremely pathetic. The Social Democratic Party formed in 1898 transformed discontent among workers into a socialist revolution. Russia ki kranti 1917

Social and economic inequality –

Inequality Russian society was divided into two skies –

The first privileged class in which it was a noble, feudal, graceful of jars and a big bourgeoisie.

The second was a non-working labor class, in which farmer laborers were middle class teachers. The first class was autocratic and selfless. And all the means of production were in their hands and in favor of socializing the means of producing classless classes. The class created due to this economic and social disparity forms the basis of the struggle for conflict. Russia ki kranti 1917

The development of socialist ideology –

Socialist ideology came into being as a result of the industrial revolution in Europe. The purpose of socialists was to improve the work and resident status of the laborers and socialist ideology grew rapidly in Russia, resulting in the establishment of the Social Democratic Party in 1898 and the Social Revolutionary Party in 1902. The Socialist Revolutionary Party wanted to bring revolution by organizing the farmers while the Social Democratic Party believed to be the basis of the proletariat's revolution. The Social Democratic Party split into two classes in 1903. The Bolshevik, which was in majority and the second Maneshwix, which was in the minority, these socialist parties formed the basis for revolution by uniting the farmers and the workers by removing their dissatisfaction. Russia ki kranti 1917

The policy of dandruff of jar –

Russia, Judaism, Uzbek, Poll, Tartar etc. were different. Those who had their own social and cultural traditions, Jar had been forced to leave their own culture and to force them to do the Russian jar Alexander 3 had given a slogan: A church and a Russia made Gere Russian ethnicity became the staunch opponents of Jar Shahi. The novel story and theatrical writer did an important work in the development of intellectual consciousness. The effect of all this led to the emergence of a strong intellectual class. Russia ki kranti 1917

Russia Japan War –

In Russia, Japan War in 1905, badly beaten by Russia. This defeat proved its greatness to be false. A small Asian country was defeated by Japan. This defeat of the Russian public to blame the governance system of the country for the country's governance, this debacle has inspired the Russian public for the public a liberal revolution whose main demand was to establish a representative meeting and to make governance liberal. Russia ki kranti 1917

Revolution of 1905 –

On 9th January 1905, on the streets of Saint Peter's Square, peaceful peace procession was leaving for the palace of the jar, when the royal army opened fire on bullets in which thousands of workers were killed. Bloody Sunday is known by this event. This incident resulted in the dissemination of dissent against Jar Zarashahi across the country, and Nicholas was forced to accept his demands. Mr. and had to announce administrative reforms accepted.Earlier is the first time that the Duma was the establishment of Parliament. The Revolution of 1905 can not be called a real revolution, it can be said to be a stop to success. Russia ki kranti 1917

Immediate reason:

Russia's involvement in World War I's imperial ambition of Jar pushed him into the First World War of 1914. He participated in behalf of the Allies. Germany took control of Russian territories in the war; In Russia, forcibly recruitment of farmers in Russia Due to the absence of proper training arms arms and factory shortage due to lack of iron and coal and Nam format financially depleted Russian soldiers and the people continued defeat of Russian armies reached the decline began to see it as a national humiliation. I came to the brink of demolition and his court scattering; I was able to see the power of governance because of all the hardships, thus speeding up the revolution in Russia in World War I. Russia ki kranti 1917

Results of the Russian Revolution-

The Russian Revolution of 1917 ended the 300 years of Zarashahi in Russia, the end of the rule of the elite and the church also ended, and the world's first socialist government came into being, in which the farmer workers were involved and supported by this revolution. The success of anti-government wave started in Europe, and in many countries the monarchy ended, Russia made a treaty with Germany and separated itself from the war in 1918. As a result of this, Marxist ideology became popular in Russia and the success of the Russian Revolution spread all over the world organized the workers and the success of labors worldwide was achieved by the establishment of the International Labor Union even by the United Nations, after this This socialist system of socialist government was established, the means of production like land industry etc. Become radicalized and personal property was nationalized and laid down the foundation of the planned economy, which protected the Russian economy from the economic recession of 1929, women voting rights in Russia, equal rights to all religions and equal rights to all citizens, The revolution is complete. Russia ki kranti 1917

Bolshevik Revolution-

In the temporary government of the currency, the landlord capitalist was an industrialist and the government supported the middle class. On the contrary, Lenin leader of the Bolshevik party had ascertained the situation that soldiers and farmers do not want war anymore, then Bolshevik distributed the land to stop the war. In the hands of the laborers and the workers promised to give it Lenin became very popular after the people of Bolshevik party government Occupied the post trains buildings and Kerenski fled the country and went to full Russian Revolution in October-November. Russia ki kranti 1917

Effects on the world -

Communist ideas spread in the world; Communist government was established in many countries.

-The new approach towards the workers, the effort of full delivery of the importance of labor and the justice of its remuneration.

- The establishment of labor organizations and the development of movements in many countries such as the establishment of ILO.

-The beginning of economic planning system in the economy

- The division of the world's two factions which led to the Cold War. The Russian

revolution 1917 note s for IAS PCS ssc cds and other copetition exam

THE FRENCH REVOLUTION -WORLD HISTORY (फ्रांस की क्रांति)

2019-03-15T17:31:00.000+05:30

THE FRENCH REVOLUTION -- WORLD HISTORY

TIME LINE: THE BASTILLE

17170s-1780s--- Economic decline: French government in deep dept. in 1774 Louis XVI ascends to the throne.

1788-1789--Bad harvest, high prices food riots.

1789, May 5—Estates-general convened, demands reforms.

1789, July 14---National assembly formed Bastille stormed on July 14 Bastille starts

1789 August, 4 --- Night of August 4 end the rights of aristocracy surrender feudal rights.

1789 August, 26--- declaration of rights of man.

1790 --- Civil constitution of clergy Nationalised the church .

1791--- Dissolution of national constituent assembly.

1792--- Constitution of 1791 converts absolute into a constitutional monarchy Limited powers.

1792--- Australia and Prussia attacks Revolutionary France, Robespierre, elected first Deputy for Paris the national convention.

1793 Louis 16 and Marie Antoinette are executed.

1792- 1794 --- In 1793 the reign of terror starts. Austria Britain, the Netherlands, Prussia and Spain are at war with France.

---Robespierre's committee of public safety repels back foreign invaders

---Executes many "Enemies of the people" in France itself.

1794 Robespierre is executed. France is governed by directory, a committee of 5 men the reign of terror ends.

1795--- National convention dissolved.

1799--- Napoleon Bonaparte becomes the leader France revolution ends.

In the 18th century, in the 70-80s for many reasons, the spirit of protest against the civilian and civilian state system was flourishing, the feeling of opposition was gradual and it was gradually rendered and in 1789 Louis 16th The name of this advice was called General State. This meeting was not convened for a number of years. It included representatives of ordinary classes in addition to the Samantha’s. The debate on the result was a result of this disquiet, after a few days of this gathering, a group of ordinary citizens reached the prison called Bastille and all the prisoners present in the bus put in the door went out. Believed to be a symbol of oppression of the masses, a few days later a group of women went out to besiege the King of Versailles, resulting in the King being forced to leave Paris. Meanwhile, the General State began to take many revolutionary steps, as the human authorities announced the introduction of the metric system, the closing of the influence of the church, the end of the slave system of the end of feudalism was announced, there were a lot of differences among members of the General State. People wanted to insure this revolution. Some people wanted to move faster at it. There were lots of quarrels which led to their leadership. Rein followed by Maximilian Robespierre, a leader who killed thousands of people, his 1 year leadership is still called the rule of terror, culminating in the murder of the royal family of Louis XVI himself and the murder of his queen Wrath took place among other kings and they formed a joint army and started fighting against the revolutionaries, the revolutionaries also formed an army in which general Because of the new enthusiasm of the Revolution that was included by the people of C, the forces of revolutionaries were successful and their enthusiasm continued to grow. This army started to be like a movie outside of France, meanwhile, a commander of this army whose name was Napoleon Bonaparte the reason for victory was very popular; there were revolutionaries inside France, taking advantage of it and creating its popularity, Napoleon captured power. Or 1 began to govern by consulate this rule runs on revolutionary principles eventually Napoleon gave himself emperor of the title and returned by the monarchy in France; we can say it was the Bastille at its peak

The Bastille of 1789 AD was an important event of the modern era. The Revolution was liberated from the monarchy, the feudal exploitation class privilege and against the rulers' apathy for the good of the people, at that time not only the exploited and dissatisfied classes were scholars in France, And in the political framework, the contradiction could also be seen; the political power was centralized; The only state was that the leadership of the society was coming in the hands of a variety of intellectuals. The king was the supreme authority of the rule. Only by the will of the king was the law of the state that people did not receive any kind of civil rights, the injustice of the king and the atrocities The public was disturbed by the speech writing speech on the sky restrictions people were not even religious freedom, the King's personal authority on the whole income of the nation Was full earnings King Queen and enjoyment courtiers luxury legend was admitted to King executives to high positions in the king's cost Kolkata recreation was a lack of local self-government French society was left by but in two pieces

The effect of the Revolution of France on the whole of the world, the autocratic regime and the feudal system ended the democratic governance system; significant reforms were made in the socio-economic religious system so that the citizens of the country get full control.

Political reasons

1. Autocratic monarchy

The autocracy of the monarchy The main reason for the Bastille was the supreme authority of the Radha regime. I used to act as per my wishes. I used to consider myself as a representative of God, who had criticized the actions of the king, was put in jail for no reason and the injustice of the king The general public was disturbed by atrocities, he started trying to get rid of these problems

2. Lack of Freedom

France was very central to governance. All the sources of governance were in the hands of the king. Speech, writing and publication were strictly prohibited. There was a complete lack of political freedom, people did not even have religious liberty, habeas corpus rule was not there, due to this naked obsession of justice and freedom, people were gradually taking the form of revolution!

2. Capital of luxury - French ruler was the center of luxury. The money that was recovered from the public was ruthlessly spent on the King's own pleasures - Vilas and Amod - Pramod.

3. Administrative corruption - Raja's advisors, servants and officials were corrupt His sole purpose was to straighten his owl by adapting the king. Raja's chief posts were appointed on the basis of merit but not on lobbying. The office-bearers and courtesy were busy in conspiracy to show each other down. This had a bad effect on the administration.

4. Highly Administered Administration - One of the major weaknesses in the administrative system of France was that all the powers of administration were centered in the hands of the king. Without his wish and consent, no work could have been done. There was no circulation of autonomous administrative institutions. In this situation, the administrative arrangements got looser, because the king was forced to go out of luxury and administer administration.

5. Administrative disorder - The absence of administrative uniformity in France, the administration of it was unmanageable and unsatisfactory. Different laws were prevailing in different provinces, districts and other administrative units. Measures - There was a lack of uniformity in the system of weighing, judicial system and law and currency practice.

6. Infirmity of the system - Many defects exist in the French justice system. The judicial system was extremely expensive. Extra money was spent in small cases too. There were not even the appropriate judges. That is why it was very difficult to get justice. The most strange system of judicial process of France was the decree or letter by the catered by any noble, courtiers or emperor or loved one could punish his opponents. Based on this, any person could be arrested without being prosecuted. Apart from this, class discrimination in penal law was different. Less punishment to the upper class for the same crime, but the public was severely punished.

7. Lack of individual freedom - There was no place for freedom of the person in the political-administrative system of France. Speech or articles against the king could not be voiced through. There was strong control over speech, writing and publication. The king could also be arrested and punished without being prosecuted. There was no religious freedom too. The royal religion of France was Catholicism. Therefore strict punishment was made for Protestant religious people.

Social reasons

France's society class - was divided. The position of each class was different from the other. Society was divided into three sections or estates. There were also subclasses of each class. The first class was of clergy and the second class was from the elites. In the third category, all other people of the society used to come. The number of priests was the lowest. But their social status was the highest. They did not have to pay any kind of taxes. In contrast, the social status of the farmers was pathetic and they had to bear the burden of taxes most. For these reasons, The spirit of opposition was flourishing.

Commercial purpose-

Many financial reasons were also responsible for the French Revolution of 1789. It is important for the following reason -

1. Systematic Economy - France's economy was disorganized. There was no difference in the state income and the personal income of the king. It was not certain from the source of how much money to come and what items to spend in them. In the absence of a definite plan, France had financial constraints.

2. Dysfunctional tax system - The French tax system was faulty. The first two classes of society were tax free. The entire tax burden was on the third class, especially the farmers. That is why it was said that in Parses worship in France, elite wars and the public makes it. It was natural to have dissatisfaction in such a system.

3. Taxation system - Taxes in France were not fixed. They could be extended as desired. Tax collection was given at the place. These coins used to levy the maximum tax and they also oppressed the farmers for this.

4. Commercial and commercial constraints - The development of business and commerce in a disorganized economy also stalled. There were many types of restrictions on businessmen and businessmen. They had to pay different taxes from each province, district, city and place. It’s bad influence was on the economy of France.

5. The problem of unemployment - the problem of unemployment also made the economic situation miserable. Due to industrialization, the domestic industry has closed down businesses. Workers and laborers working in them became useless, so they became supporters of the revolution.

6. Civil Disobedience - The military class of France, which was mostly farmers, was dissatisfied with the then system. They did not receive regular pay during the revolution, the soldiers had to pay the salaries for many days. There was not even proper arrangement for food clothes of the soldiers. Promotion was not given on the basis of merit in the army. Only the elite people were appointed on higher posts. The army was dissatisfied with it.

Intellectual reason

France's intellectual class had an important role in the French Revolution. In France there were many philosophers, thinkers and writers. These people smashed on the current system. The public was deeply impressed by his ideas and became ready for revolution. The philosophers who shouted out French people, the names of Montesquieu, Walter and Rousseau are notable.

Impact of foreign events

Foreign events also affected the Bastille. Before the revolution of France, there was a complete revolution in England in 1688. As a result, the autocratic and voluntary rule ended in England and the public rights of the public were protected. Even in France, people like to seek a constitutional regime like England.

The American freedom struggle had a major impact on France. In this war, France provided economic and military assistance to the United States. French soldiers took part in this conflict from the United States in this war. When the soldiers and volunteers returned home after the war, they realized that they were struggling for the principles of freedom and equality; they lacked them in their own country. So they also became anti-monolithic. Apart from this, America that helped France's economy deteriorates. The government reached the brink of bankruptcy. These incidents played an important role in the revolution of the French in 1789.

American Revolution (1776 AD)

2019-03-12T13:59:00.002+05:30

American Revolution (1776 AD)-

American Revolution (1776 AD)->

The American freedom struggle is an important place in the history of the world. In addition to this war, a series of revolutions has begun in Europe. This revolution has for the first time demonstrated the democratic governance system in front of the world, as well as it gave the world the first written constitution.

After the discovery of America, competing among Europe's major powers to establish their own colonies in Europe took place. In that order, England established its 13 colonies in North America.

Reasons for American Revolution of 1776

The widespread American colonization and the American independence-war that was the result of those circumstances which came in the wake of the Saptari War. After the end of the Saptari War in 1763, England was the ruler of a broad colonial empire. The British had the prevalence of 13 colonies in America, and there were prevailing political institutions and traditions like England. By the middle of the eighteenth century, just like in England, because of the favorable environment in the American colonies, colonizers made considerable and progressive choices than England. In the American colonies, revolutionary political experimentation and change were possible as religious status was favorable because of the majority of Puritan in America; America's social and economic status also proved to be very helpful and geographical conditions also contributed significantly to political changes. The control of the American colonies by the government of England was not easy. The Government of England adopted the policy of intervention and control of trade and commerce of American colonies with the intention of increasing the economic, industrial and business interests of England. Although the policy of England's government was unfavorable to American interests, but for many reasons, the American colonies had tolerated it for a considerable time, because for quite a while England's policy of control was not implemented fully; Due to England's assistance against possible French invasion, the American colonies endorsed economic control, and for a long time the British colonies remained dependent on England due to their weakness. But, after the end of the Saptari War, the conditions of the Paris of 1763 CE changed completely to the American conditions. Now the American colonies are not afraid of fraternal fears. Therefore, there is no need for them to be dependent on the government. During the era of the seventeenth war, the American colonization had not only ended in wealth and population, but had also become quite self-reliant. So now the control of the government of the house becomes unbearable.

2. In the year 1763 AD, George Grenville created the ministry, in his view, the American colonies had to bear the burden of economic security and the responsibility of national security, because England had protected the American colonies against French invasions, Therefore, new taxes should be imposed on American colonies and thus there should be a solution to the financial crisis of England. Therefore, British Parliament passed two important Acts for the purpose of meeting England's Empty Fund and facing the financial crisis. The first sugar act was the -1764 AD and the second was the Stamp Act-17765 AD, but soon the American colonies expressed their dissatisfaction with these two acts. He raised the slogan that "taxing without representation is injustice and tyranny" and "can not be taxed without representation". Because the Stamp Act filled the countryside in all the colonies, so the American people 'right' Announcement "of those who started riots and boycott British goods. Hence, in 1766 AD, the Home Government canceled the Stamp Act.

3. In 1767 AD, the Government of India decided on many things of the colonization of import of colonies, such as glass, lead, color, paper, tea, etc. Soon there was a fierce opposition in the American colonies and in 1770 AD there was a massacre in Basanton Nagar. Impressed by these incidents, although the Home Government removed the choice from other things, but chose four to remain undone. Thus, the American colonists came to Krupa and entered a ship carrying tea on the port of Basanti and threw the tea leaves and threw them into the ocean. This incident is famous in history as the Boston Tea Party. In response to this incident, the Home Government passed five act in 1774 AD. By these, the port of Boston was closed for trade and the bodies of Massachusetts were broken. In 1774 AD, the continental cork was set up in Philadelphia and sent its application to Emperor Jazz III, but it did not work. Now the emperor George III, the British Parliament and the American colony became committed to their own policy. There is no possibility of agreement between England and American colonists now. Initially the protest against taxes started, now it has turned into a political uprising.

4. Fed up with England's suppression policy, the US Congress began the revolutionary work on July 4, 1779, on 4th July i.e. declared it the independence of the American colonies, which the American patriots welcomed the same. In England both the King and the Parliament condemned the declaration of this independence and gave the title of anti-superstitions as anti-colonialists.

Events of the 1776 American Revolution

The American independence war lasted from 1774 AD to 1783 AD and there was often a fight in each colony. Fortunately, those who participated in the American Independence War received a skilled leadership of the great person of solidarity, determination and serious nature such as George Washington. There was strong enthusiasm and strength in George Washington, with strong determination, stability and concentration. In this war, the French assisted the American colonies against Great Britain with the aim of securing the defeat of the last century's defeat. In fact, French assistance proved to be the main cause of American success. After the declaration of independence and war, the colonies initially faced great failures or defeats. The British took control of New York and Philadelphia, but at the end of 1777 AD, American colonizers won a great victory in the Battle of Straatoga and British commander Burangui had to surrender. Encouraged by this British debacle, France and Spain also came to war in support of the American colonies. As a result, this freedom war turned into an international war. Now Holland has declared war against England. From this time on, England had to face terrible hardships and defeats in space wars and water wars. In 1778, the British emptied Philadelphia, and in 1781 AD the British general had put arms in York Town. Thus the war ended. According to the Treaty of Versailles of 1783 AD, England accepted the independence of the American colonies and returned Francis to its colonies.

The effect of the 1776 American Revolution

The real significance of the American Independence War was neither the territorial gains of Spain or France, nor the downfall of the Netherlands business dealings and the decline of England's empire, but its real significance is found in successful editing of the American Revolution. It did a fatal blow to the monarchy and aristocratic monopoly based on divine authority.

The theory developed by 'bloodless revolution' in England was further developed by the war of American independence. It established the prestige of parliament, representative body, public authority and democracy, that is, it laid the foundation of the British Janantra.

There was a terrible impact on the friction of this war. The French soldiers who participated in this war were heavily influenced by American living and governance. So, on his return home, he demanded arrangements like American institutions in France. As a result, the French Revolution started in 1789 AD. Because of this war, the financial condition of France has become very bad. This economic situation led to the bankruptcy of France and the explosion of state revolution.

As a result of this war, the Anglo-Saxon Kingdom was divided into two pieces, which resulted in confusion between England and the United States. This mindset continued for a long time.

The American war had a major impact on Europe's politics. The flame of freedom in the heart of the American people, and the way they set up a democracy, independent of England, had a profound influence on the ideas and imagination of the French. Therefore, the French also imagined a democracy and consequently the revolution in France began soon.

The success of American war on Ireland also had significant impact. The British government was frightened by its defeat in the United States, so it fulfilled the demands of the Irish people. Thus, in the year 1800, Ping Peng passed the Act of Union and joined the British Parliament with the British Parliament and thus resolved the problem of Ireland.

Due to the American Independence War, many administrative and legislative reforms were done in different parts of the British Empire. There were various types of control over the works of the East India Company located in India, so that India could not get independence like America.

As a result of the American War of Independence, the British government had to face many financial problems.

Treaty of Paris

According to the Treaty of Paris in 1783, the British government recognized the independence of the 13 colonies of America. Thus the emergence of the United States of America. The boundary of the United States and Canada was determined by the Treaty of Paris, the MCCP River.

BLACK HOLE THEORY

2019-03-11T00:20:00.000+05:30

BLACK HOLE THEORY

A German astronomer, Karl Schwarzschild developed the Black Hole concept in 1916. Black hole is a form of dead star. It is one of the wonderful phenomenon discovered in the universe. A star dies by shrinking until it is white dwarf, about the size of the earth or by shrinking until it is a neutron star about 20 miles across. The density of a neutron star is unbelievingly high. It is about a million tons per square inch. If a star continues to shrink in the sky and becomes a point of infinite density, it is called Black hole.A black hole sucks in the everything with a certain distance is known as the event horizon. Anything that is inside the event horizon enters the black hole.
Albert Einstein developed this gorgeous theory, it completely was accomplished that his equations have solutions in closed type. One naturally initial tries to search out solutions with greatest symmetry, being the radically even case. Much later, additionally a lot of general Solutions, having less symmetry, were discovered. These solutions, however, showed some options that, at first, were troublesome to understand. There looked as if it would be singularities that might not presumptively be accepted as physical realities, until it completely was realised that a minimum of a number of these singularities were due only to appearances. Upon nearer examination, it had been discovered what their true physical nature is. It clothed that, a minimum of in theory, an area soul would possibly go all the style in such a “thing” but ne’er comes. Indeed, additionally lightweight would not emerge out of the central region of these solutions. it had been John Archibald Wheeler World Health Organization dubbed these strange objects “black holes”
Astronomers found that black holes can exclusively kind from ancient stellar objects if these represent a stripped amount of mass, being again and again the mass of the Sun. For Mass black holes, no credible formation technique is believed, so no indications ar found that black holes easy lighter than this “Chandrasekhar limit” exist anywhere within the Universe. quantum physics depends on the thought that every physically allowed configuration ought to be surrounded as collaborating throughout a quantum technique. Failure to need these into thought would basically cause inconsistent results. mini black holes unit of measurement truly physically allowed, nonetheless we've an inclination to do not intelligence they're going to be intentional in apply. they'll be shaped in theory. Therefore, theoretical physicists have sought for ways in which to clarify these, and in particular they tried to include them inside the final image of the quantum mechanical interactions that occur within the sub-atomic world. a noteworthy piece of insight was obtained by man of science, World Health Organization did associate elementary mental exercise: but got to one describe relativistic quantity fields inside the neighbourhood of a black hole? His conclusion was astonishing. He found that the excellence between particles and antiparticles goes awry. totally different observers can observe particles in several ways in which. the sole manner one could reconcile this with logic was to merely settle for the conclusion that black holes actually do emit particles, as shortly as their physicist wavelengths approach the size of the region itself. This alleged “Hawking radiation” would be a property that each one black holes have in common, although for the astronomical black holes it'd be way too weak to be ascertained directly. The radiation is only thermal. The Hawking temperature of a region is specified the Wien wave length corresponds to the radius of the region itself.

BLACK HOLE generally scientific theory :-

1. 1915: Einstein formulates the overall theory of scientific theory.

2. 1916: Karl Schwarzschild publishes his precise spherically biradial and static resolution, showing a singularity at r = 2M .
3. 1924: Sir Arthur Stanley Eddington introduces coordinates that square measure well behaved at r = 2M .

4. 1930: victimization Einstein's theory of relativity, Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar calculates that a non-rotating body of electron-degenerate matter higher than one.44 star plenty (the Chandrasekhar limit) would collapse.

5. 1933: LeMaˆıtre realizes the importance of Eddington’s result: r = 2M could be a fictitious singularity.

6. 1958: David Finkelstein introduces the concept of the event horizon by presenting Eddington-Finkelstein coordinates, that enabled him to point out that ”The Schwarzschild surface R = 2M isn't a singularity, however that it acts as an ideal unidirectional membrane: causative influences will cross it in just one direction”. All theories up to this purpose, together with Finkelstein’s, coated solely non-rotating black holes.
7. 1960: Kruskal and Szekeres get the largest extension of the Schwarzschild resolution.

8. 1960: Penrose introduces world strategies within the study of Einstein's theory of relativity.

9. 1963: Roy Kerr finds a generalization of the Schwarzschild metric and interprets it because the field of a “spinning particle”.

10. 1967: John Wheeler uses the words “black hole” during a talk. on the side, the phrase has been used earlier by others. region individuality theorems create individuals believe that black holes cannot type, as a result of time reversal unchangeableness of Nature’s laws would then imply that solely absolutely biradial initial states might collapse gravitationally. Roger Penrose saw the flaw of that argument: there's additionally perturbations among the half metric among the sort of multipole components, however all of them die out or radiate away exponentially.

11. Late 1960’s - early 1970’s: Bekenstein, Bardeen, Carter, Penrose and Hawking explore the structure and properties of black holes. Bekenstein proposes that black holes ought to carry entropy, proportional to the horizon space. Bardeen, Carter and Hawking prove the first theorems on half mechanics.

12. 1974: Hawking discovers region evaporation. Quantum fields on a vicinity background arrangement radiate thermal (i.e. black body) spectrum of particles, with a temperature of kT = ~κ/2π .

13. 1982: Bunting and Mazur severally derive a generalized individuality theorem: any isolated, time-independent region generally scientific theory is delineate by the Kerr metric. therefore the equilibrium state of every (uncharged) half is completely portrayed by entirely a pair of parameters: mass and momentum (represented by M and J).

14. 1995: Strominger, Vafa, Maldacena et al. discover the way to describe the region microstates in terms of D -branes in string theory. the outline is particularly detailed at or about to the acute limit, and usually the half is taken into consideration in further than four dimensional arrangement.

Universe and its facts

2019-03-08T16:44:00.001+05:30

Universe and its fact

We know that our universe is infinite and above our think. When we look up at the sky that we thought and realize how tiny a speck we are in the grand Magnums opus that space.

The Universe is an unsolved secret that is very beautiful and full of adventure! But the story behind it has been searching for scientific research for many years after all how it was composed. There are many types of constellations galaxies in the universe etc. In these we have our earth and sun and other planets.

Know about many mysterious facts of the universe

Ø You cannot cry on space because your tears will not ever fall

Ø In 2006, Pluto was reclassified as a dwarf planet after 76 years classified as the outermost planet in our solar system since it’s discover in 1930.

Ø A day on mercury lasts longer its year! Mercury moves around the sun like earth faster than any other planet making its year equivalent of 88 earth days. While on day mercury- the interval between one sunrise and the next last 176 earth days!

Ø In our solar system, there are eight planets, but there are several other planets outside the solar system. these many planets discovered as hot gas giant planets.astronauts have discovered a lava-filled planet which is mostly like the earth.

Ø There are billions of galaxies and astronomers use to estimates the number of star within our Galaxy. The milky way so it is quite impossible to count the number of stars due to the large size of space.

Ø In 840 D Emperor Louis of Bavaria died of fright when experience an eclipse of the sun this is when the moon moves between the earth and the sun a shadow falls on part of the Earth.

Ø The reason of tides and waves on Earth is moon along with sun, it moves billions of water each day.

Ø Astronauts on the international space station witness around 15 sunrise and 15 sunset every day.

Ø A sample of sir Isaac Newton’s apple tree was sent into space to defy gravity.

Ø In 1977, we received a signal from deep space that lasted 72 seconds. But scientist still don’t know how or where it came from.

Ø There is a water reservoir floating in space that is equivalent to 140 trillion times all the water in the world’s ocean.
Ø The international space station is about the size of football field.

Ø According to astronauts, space smells like seared , hot metal and welding fumes.

Ø Most astronauts become 2 inches taller in the space station.some theories have proposed that every black hole contains a universe so it means that right now we are in black hole.

Ø Depending upon their mass, there are three types of black holes that are stellar, super massive and miniature.

Ø A black hole is crested when big star explode. Its gravitational force is so strong that nothing can escape from it- luckily the closest back hole is about 10,000 light-years from Earth.

Ø The universe has no center and is constantly expanding every second-making it impossible to reach the edge.

Ø The earth is about 4.5 billion years old but that’s only a third of the age of the universe which is 13.5 billions years old!

Ø The earth is tiny in comparison with the rest of universe it could fit into the sun 1.3 million times.

Ø On the international space station, urine passes through a special water treatment plant that turns it into drinking water.

Ø ‘NASA’ developing 3D printed pizzas for astronauts.

Ø Saturn’s rings are not solid, they are made up of ice, dust and rock.

Ø Floating cities above the clouds of Venus may be our best bet for

becoming a two planet species. Condition there are so similar to earth a human wouldn’t need a pressurized suit, the gravity is similar and transit times are shorter than to mars.

Ø In 1962, the U.S blew up a hydrogen bomb in space that was 100 times more powerful than Hiroshima.

Ø If you fell in a black hole you would stretch like spaghetti. Black holes stretch anything that who dares to close them. The nearest black hole to the earth is about 16,000 light years away.

Ø According to the Einstein theory of relativity, black hole slows down the time by its gravitational pull.

Ø Light cannot escape from black holes due to their high gravitational force, but they emit radiation. The existence of first time theorized by Stephen hawking, so it is also known as hawking radiation.

Ø Black holes can come into existence when stars collapse after death. They keep on growing by eating gas and dust around them.

Ø The misconception about black holes that they suck. They are not cosmic vacuums suction is caused by pulling something into the vacuum, which they are not object fall into them.

Ø There are quite a few planets that have solar eclipses not with all their moons, but all planets beyond Earth have solar eclipses, just not as often as we do, and not with each of their moons.