My Knowledge world

कुंजिकास्तोत्रं ( कुंजिका स्त्रोत )

2020-10-18T19:37:00.000+05:30

शृणु देवि प्रवक्ष्यामि कुंजिकास्तोत्रमुत्तमम्।

येन मन्त्रप्रभावेण चण्डीजापः शुभो भवेत् ।।१।।

न कवचं नार्गलास्तोत्रं कीलकं न रहस्यकम्।
न सूक्तं नापि ध्यानं च न न्यासो न च वार्चनम् ।।२।।

कुञ्जिकापाठमात्रेण दुर्गापाठफलं लभेत्।
अति गुह्यतरं देवि देवानामपि दुर्लभम् ।।३।।

गोपनीयं प्रयत्नेन स्वयोनिरिव पार्वति।
मारणं मोहनं वश्यं स्तंभोच्चाटनादिकम।
पाठमात्रेण संसिध्येत् कुंजिकास्तोत्रमुत्तमम् ।।४।।

अथ मंत्रः ,

ॐ ऐं ह्रीं क्लीं चामुण्डायै विच्चे। ॐ ग्लौं हुं क्लीं जूं सः
ज्वालय ज्वालय ज्वल ज्वल प्रज्वल प्रज्वल
ऐं ह्रीं क्लीं चामुण्डायै विच्चे ज्वल हं सं लं क्षं फट् स्वाहा ।।

इति मंत्रः ।

नमस्ते रुद्ररूपिण्यै नमस्ते मधुमर्दिनि।
नमः कैटभहारिण्यै नमस्ते महिषार्दिनि ।।१।।

नमस्ते शुम्भहन्त्र्यै च निशुम्भासुरघातिनि ।
जाग्रतं हि महादेवि जपं सिद्धं कुरुष्व मे।।२।।

ऐंकारी सृष्टिरुपायै ह्रींकारी प्रतिपालिका ।
क्लींकारी कामरूपिण्यै बीजरूपे नमोस्तु ते।।३।।

चामुण्डा चण्डघाती च यैकारी वरदायिनी ।
विच्चे चाभयदा नित्यं नमस्ते मन्त्ररूपिणि ।।४।।

धां धीं धूं धूर्जटेः पत्नी वां वीं वूं वागधीश्वरी।
क्रां क्रीं क्रूं कालिका देवि शां शीं शूं मे शुभं कुरु ।।५।।

हुं हुं हुंकाररूपिण्यै जं जं जं जम्भनादिनी।
भ्रां भ्रीं भ्रूं भैरवी भद्रे भवान्यै ते नमो नमः ।।६।।

अं कं चं टं तं पं यं शं वीं दुं ऐं वीं हं क्षं
धिजाग्रं धिजाग्रं त्रोटय त्रोटय दीप्तं कुरु कुरु स्वाहा।।७।।

पां पीं पूं पार्वती पूर्णा खां खीं खूं खेचरी तथा ।
सां सीं सूं सप्तशती देव्या मंत्रसिद्धिं कुरुष्व मे।।८।।

इदं तु कुंजिकास्तोत्रं मंत्रजागर्तिहेतवे।
अभक्ते नैव दातव्यं गोपितं रक्ष पार्वति ।।

यस्तु कुंजिकया देवि हीनां सप्तशतीं पठेत्।
न तस्य जायते सिद्धिररण्ये रोदनं यथा ।।

।। ॐ तत्सत्।।

नवरात्रि मे कुंजिका स्त्रोत का जाप अत्यंत ही सिद्धिदायक माना गया है ,मात्र कुंजिका स्त्रोत के जाप से ही दुर्गा पाठ का फल प्राप्त हो जाता है। जो लोग नवरात्री में सम्पूर्ण दुर्गा सप्तसती का पाठ नहीं कर पाते हैं वो सिर्फ कुंजिका स्त्रोत का जप कर सकते हैं इसमें न कोई विधि न कोई नियम है सिर्फ भक्ति भाव पूर्वक पाठ करे इसका प्रभाव अनुभव होगा।

नवरात्री के आलावा किसी भी शुभ समय में संकल्प लेकर कुंजिका स्त्रोत का जाप प्रारम्भ किया जा सकता है।

Tips for OTP free Transaction through SBI ATM

2020-10-12T21:00:00.005+05:30

Now a days in India there is rules by SBI from Sept 18, 2020 that if any SBI Customer will withdraw ten thousand or above through SBI ATM then it will ask for OTP which will only receive in your registered mobile number, This feature is enable for the security purpose, it prevent from unauthorized withdrawals, card cloning etc.

OTP based withdrawals only available at SBI ATM.

SBI customer should prefer the SBI ATM for cash withdrawal due to more security features.

SBI ATM Cards have the EMV based transaction means transaction through ATM Card CHIP.

But what if you don't have the number with you or you left the phone at your home.

So😎 ,what you can do in this scenario.

1. Withdraw rupees 9500 , 9900 (if 100 rs deno. available) or 9800 (if 200 rs deno. available), it will not ask for OTP.

2. You can withdraw from any other ATM except SBI ATM, other ATM will not ask for OTP.

3. You can use the YONO app of SBI for cardless cash withdrawal, it will also help if you forget to take your card at ATM

(How to use YONO, Please check my next post, i will explain in details with video)

रवि पुष्य योग || Sunday 11 , 2020

2020-10-11T20:57:00.000+05:30

रवि पुष्य योग ,जब रविवार के दिन पुष्य नक्षत्र होता है तो ऐसे में रवि पुष्य योग होता है |

इस योग में शुभ कार्य संपन्न किया जा सकता है जैसे,

वाहन क्रय

आभूषण क्रय

मंत्रो की सिद्धि

माणिक्य धारण

यंत्रो की सिद्धि

इस दिन सुबह उठकर अरुणोदय काल में स्नान आदि पवित्र होकर ताम्बे के बर्तन में जल लेकर उसमे शहद या गुड़ डालकर सूर्य को अर्ध्य दे उसके बाद आदित्य ह्रदय स्त्रोत का जाप करे इससे कुंडली में सूर्य का प्रभाव अनुकूल होता है।

इस दिन आक की जड़ धारण कर सकते हैं ,एक दिन पहले संध्या में इस पेड़ को आमंत्रण दे आये अगले दिन सुबह में उसका जड़ ले कर आये फिर उसका पंचोपचार पूजन कर के बाजु में धारण करें इससे समाज में प्रतिष्ठा बढ़ेगी और सूर्य का अनुकूल प्रभाव होगा ।

प्रकृति ने दी है चेतावनी

2020-10-11T19:47:00.003+05:30

जिस तरह से दुनिया में कोरोना ने आतंक मचाया उससे पुरे दुनिया को प्रकृति की ओर से एक चेतावनी कहा जाये तो बिलकुल सही होगा मानव जाति ने जिस तरह से इस प्रकृति का दूरउपयोग किया है उससे आने वाले समय में प्रलय आ जाये इसमें कोई शक की गुंजाईश नहीं है , लेकिन मानव जाति महत्वपूर्ण और शक्तिशाली बनने की होड़ में विनाश की ओर बढे चले जा रही है,

सुनो !!

ऐ जिव जो मानव प्रजाति है तुम्हारी,

ना ये जहाँ तुम्हारा न ये धरती सिर्फ तुम्हारी ।

तुम्हे घमंड है किस बात का,

जबकि हिस्से में है सिर्फ दो ग़ज्ज जमीं तुम्हारी।

अनंत फैले इस ब्रह्माण्ड में ,

धूल के कण सा है अस्तित्व तुम्हारा।

खुद को इस संसार का भगवान कहना ,

क्या ये नासमझी नहीं है तुम्हारा ।

अपने स्वार्थ में डूबकर, खुद को सीमाओं में घेरकर ,

कहते हो देश महान है तुम्हारा ।

ये जमी है हर जिव का न की सिर्फ तुम्हारी,

संभल जाओ वक़्त रहते, प्रकृति ने दी है चेतावनी ,

वार्ना न तुम बच पाओगे न ये दिखावे की इन्शानियत तुम्हारी।

My father is my hero

2019-06-16T18:16:00.000+05:30

I still remember the days in childhood, when i used to live at my grandmother home,My father always came to meet me and sometimes they bought lakhto(Sweet snack) from market and gave to me,i become very happy to got lakhto from my father and hide little bit it to my dolchi(Plastic box) for the next day,because it was my favorite. Normally i got lakhto from my grandmother usually daily in evening time when my grandfather return from the market,but i got little bit due to it shared to other children.

Once i was in the class in my school Osho gyan Niketan and i saw the glimpse of my father ,he was coming from somewhere and going to somewhere for their work,i think that he will surely meet me today but not met, but i was not unhappy,because someday he will come to meet again.

Once he came to meet at grandmother home and he somehow know that my school fees was not deposited from last six month,then he went to my school and deposited my school fees.

One day my teacher ask what is your father name and by mistake written on the invitation card of Sarswati pooja,(i was not able to tell him that i live at my grandmother house so write my grandfather name, because teacher was very rude).i take it to my home and gave it to my grandfather but he rejected that his name is not written so he will not go.I kept the invitation card safely and one day i gave it to my father because his name was written on the invitation card.

i don`t live more together with my father but learnt a lots of thing from him,specially
"NEVER GIVE UP , WHATEVER THE SITUATION IS..."
HaPpY FaThEr`S DaY

बिना वीजा के इन देशों में घूम सकते हैं हम भारतीय .

2017-03-25T22:13:00.000+05:30

बिना वीजा के इन 59 देशों में घूम सकते हैं भारतीय ....

नई दिल्‍ली: अगर आपको विदेश घूमने जाना है और वीजा नहीं मिल रहा तो शायद यह खबर आपके लिए बहुत ही फायदेमंद साबित होगी, क्‍योंकि भारतीय नागरिक बिना किसी वीजा के भी इन 59 देशों की यात्रा कर सकते हैं।

ग्लोबल फाइनेंस एडवाइजरी फर्म अर्टन कैप्टिल ने हाल ही में एक रिपोर्ट जारी कर उन देशों की लिस्ट जारी की है, जिनके पासपोर्ट सबसे पावरफुल हैं। ऐसे देश दूसरे देशों में बिना वीजा के अपने नागरिकों को घूमने की इजाजत देते हैं।

इनमें सबसे पावरफुल पासपोर्ट स्वीडन का है, जो अपने नागरिकों को 174 देशों में बिना वीजा के ट्रैवल करने की इजाजत देता है। दुनिया के सिर्फ 59 देश ऐसे हैं, जहां इंडियन पासपोर्ट होल्डर बिना वीजा के ट्रैवल कर सकते हैं। इनमें से कुछ देशों में आपको वीजा ऑन अराइवल की सुविधा भी है।

यह हैं वह देश:
1. बहरीन - ईवीजा
2. भूटान - बिना वीजा
3. बोलीविया - आगमन पर वीजा
4. कंबोडिया - आगमन पर वीजा
5. केप वर्डे - आगमन पर वीजा
6. कोमोरोस -आगमन पर वीजा
5. कोटे डी आइवर - ईवीजा
6. जिबूती - आगमन पर वीजा
7. डोमिनिका - बिना वीजा
8. इकाडोर - बिना वीजा
9. अल सल्वाडोर - बिना वीजा
10 इथियोपिया - आगमन पर वीजा
11. फिजी - बिना वीजा
12. गैबॉन - ईवीजा
13. जॉर्जिया - ईवीजा
14. ग्रेनाडा - बिना वीजा
15. गिनी-बिसाऊ - आगमन पर वीजा
16. गुयाना - आगमन पर वीजा
17. हैती - बिना वीजा

18. इंडोनेशिया - आगमन पर वीजा
19. जमैका - बिना वीजा
20. जॉर्डन - आगमन पर वीजा
21. केन्या - ईवीजा
22. लाओस - आगमन पर वीजा
23. मेडागास्कर - आगमन पर वीजा
24. मालदीव - आगमन पर वीजा
25 मॉरिटानिया - आगमन पर वीजा
26. मॉरीशस - बिना वीजा
27. माइक्रोनेशिया - बिना वीजा
28. माल्डोवा - ईवीजा
29. म्यांमार - ईवाजी
30. नेपाल - बिना वीजा
31. पलाऊ - आगमन पर वीजा
32. रवांडा - ईवीजा
33. सेंट किट्स और नेविस - बिना वीजा
34. सेंट लूसिया - आगमन पर वीजा
35. सेंट विंसेंट और ग्रेनेडाइंस - कोई वीजा
36. समोआ - आगमन पर परमिट
37. साओ टोम और प्रिंसिपे - ईवीजा
38. सेनेगल - आगमन पर वीजा
39. सेशेल्स - आगमन पर वीजा
40. सोमालिया - आगमन पर वीजा
41. श्रीलंका - बिना वीजा लेकिन विशेष अनुमति की आवश्यकता
42. तंजानिया - आगमन पर वीजा
43. थाईलैंड - आगमन पर वीजा
44. टोगो - आगमन पर वीजा
45. तिमोर-लेस्ते - आगमन पर वीजा
46. त्रिनिदाद और टोबैगो - बिना वीजा
47. तुवालु - आगमन पर वीजा
48. युगांडा - आगमन पर वीजा
49. वानुअतु - बिना वीजा
50. जाम्बिया - ईवीजा
51. जिम्बाब्वे - ईवीजा
52. भूटान - बिना वीजा
53. हांगकांग - बिना वीजा
54. अंटार्टिका -आगमन पर वीजा
55. दक्षिण कोरिया - बिना वीजा
56. एवाईआरओ मैसेडोनिया - बिना वीजा
57. स्वालबार्ड - बिना वीजा
58. मोंटसेराट - बिना वीजा
59. तुर्क और कैकोस द्वीप समूह - बिना वीजा

Honour killings"

2013-09-27T13:18:00.001+05:30

Honor killing means killing a family or clan member in the name of family pride or protecting once family’s honor. Human rights watch defines honor killings as “acts of vengeance, usually death, committed by male family member’s usually female family members, who are held to have brought dishonor upon the family. The mere perception that a woman has behaved in a way that dishonors her family is sufficient to trigger an attack on her life.

Creation of "honour” killings?:

Creation of "honour” killings ? History of honor killings Code goes back to 1200BC in the Hammurabi and Assyrian laws Modernized as a core value in Arab-Islamic societies Islamic culture granted women a considerable number of rights. “Honor killing” is first used by the Dutch turkey expert of the university of “Leiden Ane Nauta “in 1978. Also referred to as “ Customary Killing or domestic Public Violence .

Honour Killing: Global Problem:

Honour Killing: Global Problem Large number of cases are reported mostly in parts of the Middle East and South Asia, the issue is a global one where other cases have been reported in Bangladesh, Great Britain, Brazil, Ecuador, Egypt, India, Israel, Italy, Jordan, Pakistan, Morocco, Sweden, Turkey, and Uganda.

Where the problem is:

Where the problem is Pakistan Jordan Israel India Muslim countries In these countries, those who kill for honour are almost never punished. In the rare occasions that they are brought on trial, they would only serve 3 months in prison at the most. But most would be let off.

Situation of honour killing in INDIA:

Situation of honour killing in INDIA More than 1000 honor killings in India every year. Lots of cases are that marriage can be forced to save honor, and women can be murdered for rejecting a forced marriage and marrying a partner of their own choice who is not acceptable for the family of the girl . Expert says that honor killings happen with regularity in Punjab, Haryana and western Uttar Pradesh

India’s Report Says:-:

India’s Report Says:- This happen not only within the Muslim community but also among Sikhs and Hindus. According to the India Democratic Women's Association, Haryana, Punjab and U P account for about 900 honor killings and another 100 to 300 in the rest of the country . Honor Killing Is Strongly Supported In Punjab , Rajasthan , Haryana , Bihar & in U.P.

Cases related to honor killing in India:

Cases related to honor killing in India According to a data compiled by Haryana Police 34 incidents of Honor Killings were reported in the state between 2010 and 2012 . In March 2012 , Haryana court sentenced 5 people to death for murdering a couple on the orders of “Khap Panchayats” a traditional unofficial local council . Imrana , a 16 – year old girl from Buxar , Bihar was set on fire in her house .

Zarghona 15 lies in a Peshawar shelter, burnt by her father-in-law who said she had not cleaned her husband's clothes properly .:

Zarghona 15 lies in a Peshawar shelter, burnt by her father-in-law who said she had not cleaned her husband's clothes properly .

Global Facts

In Pakistan Honor Killing Is Also Known As Karo-Kari Locally. Saudi Arabia:-Saudi Women Was Killed By Her Father For Chatting On Facebook To A Man. India , Egypt , Turkey ,Iraq ,Yemen etc Are Also Responsible For Honor Killing To Give Rise.

JUDICIARY SILENCE !!! :

JUDICIARY SILENCE !!! Why is the judiciary silent ??? Have police investigated these crimes thoroughly? Do we have transparency about how such investigations are carried out? Why Indians families silently endure these killings? In a powerful democracy like India, it is a shame that we have no legal safeguard to address this heinous crime that has steadily increased over the last few decades.

What the United Nation has done.:

What the United Nation has done. The UN issued a press statement condemning “honor” killings. UN organizations will be advocating an awareness campaign project to be conducted. UN have organized meeting of many countries to solve this social issues.

What can we do?:

What can we do? Raise awareness through education. Send letters to relevant heads of countries where this is happening and advise them to act immediately. Set up a fund to raise money to halt domestic violence [violence within a family]. Youth of India should be mobilized. Amendment of IPC(Indian Panel Code) to include honor killings as a separate offence. Public awareness about this issue, and fuel the people about its evil impact on society and country as whole. The Message Is Being Spread Into The Society That Females Are a human being they have the right to live.

Message to the society:-

Stop Killing and Stoning Women !!! They are the human being they have right to live on this earth. Females are the mother ,sister we cannot imagine the existence of universe without them. Be a man respect a women Message To The Society :

A Project Report On UIAD based Financial Inclusion in India

2013-06-11T11:42:00.002+05:30

PREFACE

UIDAI BASED FINANCIAL INCLUSION IN INDIAThe UID will pave the way for a variety of applications that leverage the reliable authentication the

UID offers, within their infrastructure. This document lays out one potential application of the UID — the implementation of a universal, micropayments solution. Implementing the solution will require the collaboration of a variety of stakeholders, including banking institutions, the regulator, and the government.

CHAPTERS OF THE PROJECT REPORT

S. No.	TOPIC	PAGE NO.
1.	INTRODUCTION	5-18
2.	REVIEW OF LITRACTURE	19-43
3.	RESEARCH METHODLOGY	44-48
4.	DATA ANALYSIS & PRESENTATION	49-51
5.	RECOMMENDATION & CONCLUSION	52-53

· BIBLIOGRAPHY

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I take immense pleasure in thanking Mr. Ashok Parikh, Managing Director, and Dr. Deepti Bhargav, our Principal for having permitted us to carry out this project work.

I wish to express our deep sense of gratitude to my project Guide, Mr. Ashish Adholiya Sir (Assistant Professor) Department of Management Studies, Shrinathji Institute of Engineering and Technology, for his able guidance and useful suggestions, which helped us in completing the project work, in time.

I am grateful to the authors and writer who provide the important contents on internet and all the faculty members of, the silent support received from my parents & my friends who stood behind all my even or odds situations to convert any distress into delight, deserves unconditional recognition.

Giradhar Mumar Maurya

CHAPTER-1

INTRODUCTION

If a country’s growth is to be truly transformational, it must come with economic access for the poor. However, enabling access for poor residents — to the economy, its infrastructure, and its institutions — has been a challenge in India, especially in rural areas. The lack of one form of access in particular, access to finance, has deeply constrained India’s poor residents. Financial inclusion gives the poor the resources to migrate for better jobs, invest in entrepreneurship, and insure themselves against bad times and economic shocks. Without this, they often find themselves trapped in their circumstances.

The poor rarely consume everything they earn. Given the uncertainty of employment, and uncertain incomes, they typically save when they can, and borrow when they need to. In their book, “Portfolios of the Poor”, Collins et al. [ ] describe a host of different methods poor households deploy at any given point in time: storing savings at home, with others, or with banks, joining chit funds, borrowing from neighbours, relatives, employers, moneylenders, or financial institutions. Many of these informal financial tools are unreliable and expensive. The UID can play a critical role in enabling access to formal financial mechanisms, by helping the poor to easily authenticate their identity to financial institutions. This in turn, can significantly improve the effectiveness of existing financial inclusion strategies, and address the last-mile challenges residents now face in accessing financial services. All financial services (loans, insurance, pensions, etc.) eventually involve a financial institution making a payment to a customer or vice versa. For example, in a micro-insurance policy, the customer makes periodic payments for the insurance premium, and receives a payment when a specified event occurs. In a micro-pension policy, the pension fund collects contributions from the customer when young, and makes a set of payments to the customer in old age.

This poses the challenge of creating a payment system that can handle a large number of small value transactions. The UID approach to financial inclusion focuses on the creation of such a micropayments platform, addressing the last mile problems, streamlining the delivery of government benefits, and providing Access to finance to those who have so far been excluded.

LIST OF DEFINITIONS:-

1. AADHAAR – Brand name associated with UID.

2. Authentication – The process of verifying the Aadhaar number of a resident with reference to his biometrics and / or other attributes.

3. Authority – Unique Identification Authority of India (UIDAI).

4. Biometric Data – Refers to the facial image, iris scan and fingerprints collected by the Registrar from the enrolees based on the standards prescribed by the UIDAI and by following the process laid down for the purpose.

5. De-duplication – The process of using the Demographic and Biometric data collected from an enrollee to check against existing Aadhaar data so as to avoid duplicate enrolments.

6. Demographic Data – Refers to the personal information collected or verified by the Registrar based on the data fields prescribed by the UIDAI and by following the process laid down for the purpose.

7. Enrolment – Refers to the exercise of collection of demographic data after verification, collection of biometrics, and the allocation of the UID number after de-duplication.

8. Registrar – The Agency of the Central or State Government or Local Government comprising the elected rural and urban local bodies Constitutional/ statutory Village Councils or a recognized Non-Governmental

Organization with whom UIDAI has entered into a Memorandum of Understanding for covering issues related to the implementation of the UID Project. Organizations such as LIC and Public Sector Banks can also be Registrars.

9. Resident – Normal resident of India.

ACRONYMS

1. BC – Business Correspondents

2. IBA – Indian Banks Association

3. KYC – Know Your Customer.

4. KYR – Know Your Resident. Resident’s demographic data captured by Registrar as part of the defined Aadhaar enrolment process.

5. KYR+ – Know Your Resident plus. Additional resident data capture by Registrar during Aadhaar enrolment process for their internal usage.

6. RBI – Reserve Bank of India.

7. UID – Unique Identification.

8. UIDAI - Unique Identification Authority of India.

Account opening process details:-

In the proposed partnership, UIDAI will collect the resident’s information, as part of the Aadhaar enrolment, and pass on to the bank for opening the bank account. The process details of information capture and transfer to bank are mentioned below:

1. The registrars will be responsible for collecting the resident’s information including biometrics and consent for opening bank account. With the proposed change in KYC regulations, the bank officials will not need to be present during this process to sight / verify resident details.

2. The resident’s information hence captured by the registrar will be electronically sent to UIDAI, where the Aadhaar number will be generated

post the de-duplication process to ensure the concerned person has not been issued Aadhaar earlier.

3. The resident’s information along with the Aadhaar number will be transferred to the bank, as chosen by the resident, for opening of resident’s bank account. UIDAI will only send the resident’s following mandatory and conditional/optional ‘Know Your Resident’ (KYR) 20 information to the bank (Optional data may not be available for all residents)

a. Name - Mandatory

b. Date of Birth - Mandatory

c. Gender - Mandatory

d. Address - Mandatory

e. Aadhaar number - Mandatory

f. Photograph Mandatory

g. Father’s/Husband’s Name - Conditional

h. Father’s/Husband’s Aadhaar - Conditional

i. Mother’s/Wife’s Name - Conditional

j. Mother’s/Wife’s Aadhaar - Conditional

k. Introducer’s Name - Conditional

l. Introducer’s Aadhaar - Conditional

m. Mobile Number - Optional

n. Email Address - Optional

The below figure explains the data transfer process in detail.

ACCESS TO FINANCE TODAY:-

In recent years, India has made substantial progress in broadening financial inclusion. The growth of business correspondents (BCs) has expanded banking services in rural India [ , ]. Liberalized branch expansion and ATM policies have encouraged rural banking, and new business models such as mobile banking are rapidly emerging. The notion of reduced Know Your Customer (KYC) norms for no-frills accounts—accounts where bank balances do not exceed Rs.50,000, and credit does not go above Rs.1,00,000 a year—makes easier for

From exclusion to inclusion with micropayments:-

As a result of this policy, 33 million no-frills accounts have been created as of March 2012. This preference among the poor for regular transactions in micro-amounts has led other Indian industries to tailor their products and Services accordingly, to target this income group. These include telecom company offerings of ten rupee prepaid top-ups for mobile phones, and the popular two rupee detergent and shampoo sachets sold by FMCG firms.

National Rural Employment Guarantee Act, which guarantees 100 days of wage employment a year to every rural household. Janani Suraksha Yojna is aimed at reducing maternal and infant mortality rates for Below Poverty Line (BPL) families. It provides young mothers with a cash benefit that is conditional upon them receiving proper ante and neo-natal care. Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan is a program for universalising elementary education across the country.

KYC (Know Your Customer) Challenges:-

Even with reduced KYC norms, banks must corroborate the identity and address of a resident, before they get a bank account. Prospective customers applying for a no-frills account must consequently provide identity documentation or letters from local authorities verifying their identity and residence. These requirements make it difficult for many among the poor to get a bank account. This challenge is further accentuated for the migrant poor, who due to their mobility and transitory work are less likely to have either relevant identity

Documentation or acceptable substitutes.

High Costs:-

Today, despite the network of 82,000 bank branches of commercial banks ( ) across the country, India’s banks cater to only about 5% of the villages. The cost of this financial distance is paid by the poor (Box). A visit to the bank for the poor often means substantial travel and expense, and the loss of a day’s wages. The poor find such costs especially untenable given their preference for micro-transactions.

Limited Accessibility:-

The challenges that people like Ram face are not unique to MGNREGS beneficiaries (Box), but are common across much of rural India, and across government schemes. The lack of a common shared payments infrastructure across government programs means that beneficiaries have little choice in where their accounts reside, and have to collect different payments—GNREGS and Janani Suraksha Yojna (JSY) benefits, Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA) salaries, pensions—from different agencies. The distance beneficiaries are required to travel to various agencies for their money incurs opportunity costs as well as travel costs.

NOTE:-As a result of this policy, 33 million no-frills accounts have been created as of March 2012. This preference among the poor for regular transactions in micro-amounts has led other Indian industries to tailor their products and services accordingly, to target this income group. These include telecom company offerings of ten rupee prepaid top-ups for mobile phones, and the popular two rupee detergent and shampoo sachets sold by FMCG firms.

National Rural Employment Guarantee Act, which guarantees 100 days of wage employment a year to every rural household.

Janani Suraksha Yojna is aimed at reducing maternal and infant mortality rates for Below Poverty Line (BPL) families. It provides young mothers with a cash benefit that is conditional upon them receiving proper ante and neo-natal care.

Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan is a program for universalising elementary education across the country.

Facilitation of Government payment disbursal:-

The Inter Ministerial Group’s report on ‘Delivery of Basic Financial Services

Using Mobile Phones’ published in April 2010 has recommended that all Government payments should be made through linkage to Aadhaar number. For this purpose the group recommended an ‘account mapper’ that would provide linkages between Aadhaar No, mobile number and the linked bank account details. Aadhaar has the potential to become the universal linkage for disbursing

Government payments. All government departments could just issue instructions to their banks with individual’s Aadhaar number and the amount to be transferred. The linkage of Aadhaar number to the designated bank account

(Designated by the individual) could come from the ‘account mapper’.

Figure 1: Facilitating direct transfer to beneficiary account

Receiving a cash payment: 20 kms a way, 15 days late and only once a week:-

The present challenges in financial access are well-illustrated in the case of Ram, who lives in the village Atariya in Bundelkhand.To collect the MGNREG Swages deposited into his bank account, Rammust walk for an hour and a half to the village of Kakarwaha, six kilometres away. Three buses everyday ply from Kakarwaha to Badagaon, 14 kms away,wherethe nearest bank branch is based. Ram can collect his wages only on the Thursday of each week—the bank has divided the days among the surrounding villages so as to manage the workload. MGNREGS beneficiaries must reach the branch before closing time at 2:30 pm, else come again the following week. The bus fare for Ram costs Rs.10, and them one lender gets cut of his wages. The costs Ram pays in order to collect the Rs.500 in wages due to him are substantial. He incurs the loss of a day’s wage, the cost of the bus fare, and additional interest charged by the money lender. In all, Ramincursa cost of more than 20%of the benefit, in his efforts to collect the benefit payment.

Source: IndianExpress,September 9,2012.

The costly processes of cash management, cumbersome identity verification processes and high transaction volumes create inefficiencies across the system, and a web of delayed payments and long waiting times for the ultimate beneficiaries. The information asymmetry between the bank and the beneficiaries on when payments have arrived also gives rise to middlemen, who pass on this information to the beneficiaries for a price. The net costs that beneficiaries pay out to access their payments across government schemes and social programs is estimated to be in excess of Rs.6000 crore. These constraints prevent the poor from using banking services regularly. If a resident moves away from their village, their ability to access their money becomes even more challenging. Today, benefit payments that the poor receive are often tied to their location. This affects residents in a variety of situations — when they migrate for jobs to the city and then return to the village, when pensioners move to the village or town their son/daughter lives in, or when pregnant women move to their parents’ home for delivery.

Storing savings safely:-

The lack of access to banking services for the poor also makes the safety of their savings, which the middle class takes for granted, a challenge (Box). Due to the limited safety of savings stored at home, the poor resort to

3: Paying a premium for safety:-

Rashid Ul Sheikh, a migrant in New Delhi, is employed as a mason in the city, and lives in the Kapashera slum. The migrant workers in the slum are usually housed four people to a room, which makes it difficult for them to store their

Money and valuables where they live. Migrants often do not have the documents for a bank account. The ration card they have is often from the village, and not accepted by bank authorities. Thus, they do not have a means of storing their savings safely. Rashid consequently gives his savings to his landlord for safe keeping, who charges him10%tokeepthe money secure.

Other means to ensure the security of their money, including converting it into investments in gold or livestock, or lending it to friends and family. The lack of access to institutional services for savings means that the poor pay a premium to private agents such as moneylenders to store their cash securely and ensure the safety of their money.

Challenges for banks:-

Banks in India face unique challenges in fulfilling the goals of greater financial accessibility and affordability for the poor (Box ). In much of rural India, unbanked regions are those that are sparsely populated, which lack basic infrastructure, and where large numbers of small transactions is common. As a result, banks face high costs of customer acquisition; high potential transactions costs of micropayments; and large expenditures on infrastructure and IT.

Savings accounts in Cuddlier:-

A study of no-frills accounts in Cuddlier, a district that achieved full financial inclusion, revealed some interesting findings, some of which are consistent with the regulator’s own observations. One aspect that emerged was that reaching the last mile, and financial illiteracy are the larges timpedimentsto achieving financial inclusion. The experience of providing no-frills accounts in this rural district also demonstrated that these accounts are expensive to create and operate, largely due to the process being labour-intensive for banks. Since most no-frills bank accounts have very little balance, banks cannot recoup the account operation costs through float. The study did however, publish one very encouraging fact: accounts that stay active haves teadily increasing balances as time progresses.

Source: Cost-Benefit and Usage Behaviour Analysis of No Frills Accounts : A Study Report on Cuddlier District.

A Tipping Point for Financial Inclusion:-

Today, inclusive growth is a national priority. Much has already been done by banks, non-bank financial institutions, regulators, and the Ministry of Finance to achieve financial inclusion. A tipping point in favour of financial inclusion has now been reached due to the recent alignment of various policy as well as market factors. The National Payments Corporation of India (NPCI) has been setup to manage the national payments infrastructure. It will deploy an interoperable modern payments, clearing, and settlement infrastructure that can handle large volumes of transactions at very low cost.

A Conducive Policy Environment:-

The regulator has expanded the list of entities that can act as Business correspondents (BCs). This list, among others, includes kirana shops, petrol pumps, self help groups, etc. Thus, banks either by themselves or along with retail partners such as FMCG firms, MFIs, telcos can appoint kirana shops, self-help groups, and other similar entities as BCs. The regulator prescribes outsourcing guidelines that ensure that there is no conflict of interest when certain banking activities are outsourced. The Finance Minister, in the 2010 budget speech has indicated converting several subsidies into direct cash benefits. The government has created two funds for financial inclusion , which can be instrumental in Scaling up financial inclusion efforts in the country. Various benefits programs may even be able to bear part of the capital and operations costs, if an effective micropayments system can be put into place. Thus, the last mile, which is expensive to reach, given the country’s large size and geographical diversity, can be serviced effectively.

A Scalable Model with UID-enabled Micropayments:-

The final piece of the micropayments solution is the UID number. Banks can leverage the UID enrolment process and infrastructure to acquire customers and open UID-enabled Bank Accounts (UEBAs). Thus, banks will not have to bear the cost of biometric devices, or pay for enrolment agencies to travel from village to village acquiring customers The Know Your Resident (KYR) verification performed by UIDAI will match the Know Your Customer

(KYC) verification done by banks today. When UID KYR is accepted as KYC for no-frills bank accounts, banks will save on KYC costs. Lastly, since a person’s UID will be tagged to every transaction, the regulator achieves full traceability and accountability. Thus, no trade-off is required between inclusion and security. The UID-based micropayments model is similar to the familiar online PoS/ATM world that banks are already comfortable with. Using similar ideas and infrastructure dramatically brings down operational costs and risks. The real-time online authentication offered by UIDAI also provides secure identification of branchless banking customers to banks at low cost. The current policy and technology environments, combined with the benefits of using the UID infrastructure as an overlay on the existing banking infrastructure can usher in an era of ubiquitous branch-less banking.

CHAPTER-2

REVIEW OF LITRACTURE

In the last twenty years, India has undergone a transformation of its economic and regulatory structures. Policy reforms in this period have led to the increasing maturity of our markets, as well as healthy regulation. The emphasis on de-licensing, entrepreneurship, the use of technology and decentralisation of governance to the state and local level have in particular, shifted India from a restrictive, limited access society to a more empowered, open access economy, where people are able to access resources and services more easily and effectively. But despite these efforts, access to finance has remained scarce in rural India, and for the poorest residents in the country. Today, the proportion of rural residents who lack access to bank accounts remains at 40%, and this rises to over three-fifths of the population in the east and north-east parts of India. This exclusion is debilitating. Economic opportunity is after all, intertwined with financial access. Such financial access is especially valuable for the poor—it offers a cushion to a group whose incomes are often volatile and small. It gives them opportunities to build savings, insure themselves against income shocks and make investments. Such savings and insurance protect the poor against potentially ruinous events—illness, loss of employment, droughts, and crop failures. However due to the lack of access to financial services, many of the Indian poor face difficulties in accumulating savings. To mitigate the lack of financial access in India, the regulator has focused on improving the reach of financial services in new and innovative ways — through no-frills accounts, the liberalization of banking and ATM policies, and branchless banking with business correspondents (BCs), which enables local intermediaries such as self-help groups and kirana stores to provide banking services. Related efforts have also included the promotion of core-banking solutions in Regional Rural Banks; and the incorporation of the National Payment Corporation of India (NPCI) to provide a national infrastructure for payments and settlements in the country.

Advancements in technology such as core banking, ATMs, and mobile connectivity have also had enormous impact on banking. Mobile phones in particular present an enormous opportunity in spreading financial services across India. These technologies have reduced the need for banks to be physically close to their customers, and banks have been consequently able to experiment with providing services through internet as well as mobile banking. These options, in addition to ATMs, have made banking accessible and affordable for many urban non-poor residents across the country. With the poor, however, banks face a fundamental challenge that limits the success of technology and banking innovations. The lack of clear identity documentation for the poor creates difficulties in establishing their identity to banks. This has also limited the extent to which online and mobile banking can be leveraged to reach these communities.

UID-ENABLED MICROPAYMENTS:-

A stable and secure channel for the delivery of micropayments will be central to successful, widespread financial access. A UID-enabled Bank Account (UEBA) linked to a UID number can provide this channel. A customer can access their UEBA through a BC operating a handheld micro ATM device. A UEBA

Provides four basic banking features:

1. It provides a convenient store of cash for savings, with a facility for making electronic deposits and withdrawals in micro-amounts

2. It is a convenient way to make payments

3. It works as a fast channel for sending and receiving remittances

4. It allows balance queries, and provides a history of transactions

Transactions on the UID-enabled bank account function essentially as a prepaid system, similar to that used by mobile operators. This enables local BCs such as self-help groups and kirana shops to offer basic banking services at low risk to the bank. The customers are already familiar with this model and comfortable

With paying for talk-time, an electronic good. The BC starts out by depositing a certain amount with the banking institution. This ‘prepaid balance’ paid up by the BC to the bank changes with every transaction the BC makes. It decreases when a customer makes a deposit transaction, when some part of it is transferred to the customer’s account and increases when a customer withdraws money. When the customer is making a deposit, he pays physical cash to the BC, who subsequently makes an electronic transfer from the BC account to the customer account. When making a withdrawal, the electronic transfer is made from the customer account to the BC account, and the BC hands out physical cash to the customer. This transfer from physical cash to its electronic equivalent has precedence across India—including villages—in the purchase of mobile prepaid cards. The bulk of mobile subscribers have prepaid subscriptions, and each time a customer purchases talk-time for his phone in the form of Rs.10 or Rs.50 prepaid cards, he is exchanging physical cash for electronic cash in the form of talk-time. The primary advantage of this approach is that even as it runs electronic transactions at the account level, thus bringing down the costs of cash management for banks, it also supports physical cash transactions at the local level—which is an important component of rural banking. This approach also substantially reduces the risk to the bank, since the cash transacted at the local level is already paid-up by the BC. The banking institution is consequently protected from fraudulent actions by the BC.

The UID-based micropayments offer stronger compliance with Anti Money Laundering laws, both to the banks and the regulator.

Identity Verification:

Residents will be able to verify their identity to banking institutions easily, in real time and at low-cost, using UID authentication, which will be available even in rural areas through telecom networks.

Access to Finance:

Remote verification of identity will enable local agencies, including self-help groups and kirana stores equipped with mobile bank devices, to act as BCs. This solves the last mile problem for the rural poor in financial access, while simultaneously giving residents choice and mobility. They will have choice among local service providers, and can operate their bank account anywhere through any BC.

Using the Bank Account:

With UID-enabled bank accounts, government can deliver Electronic Benefit

Transfers (EBTs) to the resident’s account. This in turn, will encourage poor residents to get bank accounts in order to receive EBTs and remittances. Having banking facilities at the doorstep will encourage more transactions on th account, rather than withdrawing the full amount, as is observed in many cases today.

Addressing Challenges for Banks:

Traditionally, banks provide a variety of free services to their customers. The bank bears the cost of customer acquisition, the cost of account maintenance, and the cost of all transactions. This is possible because the bank enjoys the float in the customer’s deposit account, which covers the cost of these services. No-frills accounts, however, offer very little float to the bank. Thus, a scalable model for financial inclusion must be built on a low cost infrastructure, with a transparent per-transaction pricing model. Banks will need to address the following major challenges to achieve large-scale financial inclusion.

Customer Acquisition Costs:-

Banks bear an estimated cost of Rs.100 for customer acquisition for a no frills

Account. The cost of account maintenance is estimated at Rs.100 every year.

Aligning reduced KYC requirements of no-frills bank accounts with UID Know Your Resident (KYR) standards and authentication can ensure that anyone with a UID number is eligible for a UID-enabled bank account. Customer acquisition costs can come down substantially by leveraging the UID enrolment and saving the costs of biometric devices and labour. Additionally, UID authentication ensures that only the eligible beneficiary can operate the UID enabled bank account. This simplifies and strengthens the security of transactions, both for the banks and the customer.

Fixed Costs of IT

The existing banking infrastructure is not suited for no-frills banking. For example, Core Banking Systems (CBS) at banks today, which are required for electronic transactions, provide for accounts with a wide range of features, and have formidable fixed and marginal costs for no-frills accounts.

Given the diversity of core banking platforms and IT capabilities of banks, adding hundreds of millions of no-frills accounts to existing core banking systems may be infeasible. A fresh look at hosting no-frills accounts on new platforms that either the banks implement or outsource may be necessary to achieve the desired transactions costs. The cost can possibly be brought down by hosting no-frills accounts on the bank’s existing CBS, or on a separate dedicated system. Alternatively, banks may outsource the hosting to a low-cost depository (much like a stock depository).

Transactions Costs:

Transaction costs are also high — it costs a bank roughly Rs.40 for each teller transaction, and Rs.10 for each ATM transaction. Passbook updates take time, and increase the cost of labour per transaction. Technology can be used to bring down the cost of transactions. For instance, mobile, phone, and internet banking are much cheaper than traditional channels. Further, costs will fall substantially with volumes, as fixed costs get shared over a large number of transactions, as has been observed in mobile telephony. A technology infrastructure that enables a Rs.10 transaction for a cost of say, 10 paisa can help build a high-volume, low-cost model, which is beneficial for all stakeholders.

THE ROLE OF TECHNOLOGY

Technology is a central part of the micropayments infrastructure, and essential to a cost-effective solution. The Report of the Committee on Financial Inclusion chaired by Dr. C. Rangarajan, released in January 2008 made two important observations with regard to the technology for low-cost financial access:

1. Technology has to enable the bank to go where the customer is present, instead of the other way around

2. Technology should allow interoperability among the different systems adopted by different banks.

Technology cannot be an end goal by itself, but a means to an end. Any technology solution that is deployed for micro payments, must have the following features:

Interoperability among Banks: Today, with the ATM network, customers of any bank can withdraw funds from any other bank. Similarly, customers banking through a BC must be able to access their UID-enabled bank account at any bank, and operate it.

Cost-effective BC Network: It must be profitable to create and maintain a BC network for banks. Thus, the devices deployed and the networks created must be cost-effective.

Leveraging Existing Systems: Today, a significant investment in payment networks has been made by banks. The National Payments Corporation of India has been set up to run a pan-India payments, clearing, and settlement network. To the extent possible, existing technology can be used to minimize time to market and bring down costs.

Connectivity: UID-enabled micropayments depends on having online connectivity. This connectivity can be in the form of mobile, fixed line, or internet connectivity. Mobile connectivity is already improving by leaps and bounds. Further, recent Department of Telecom initiatives to connect every Common Service Centre (CSC) and gram panchayat with a high speed fibre optic network over the next few years will make internet access ubiquitous, making micropayments and other UID applications feasible across the country. Keeping the above desirable goals in mind, the following technology solutions have been proposed. Some of them have been standardized and adopted, whereas others are still in the conception phase.

Micro ATM Standardization:-

The micro ATM is a device that will be used by a multitude of Business Correspondents to deliver basic banking services at the last mile. A committee consisting of representatives of IBA, UIDAI, NPCI, IDRBT, RBI and various banks was created to define the specifications and use cases of this device.

The costs of failing to standardize a device like the micro ATM are quite high as large sections of Indian society will continue to be left out of the country’s financial system. The telecom industry is widely regarded for relentlessly driving down costs and bringing coverage to large parts of the Indian population. Similar success is possible in the payments industry. The micro ATM is a first step towards providing an online, interoperable, low-cost payments platform to everyone in the country (See Box ).

The micro ATM device design and system architecture are influenced by the design of debit/credit card processing on point-of-service (PoS) terminals, combined with authentication services that UIDAI will provide.

The micro ATM is deployed by banks either directly, or through service providers The Micro ATM standards are broad-based, standards-based, and generic. They are based on a banked model for financial inclusion, where the UID infrastructure is an overlay on the existing banking infrastructure.

The basic transaction types that the micro ATM will support are:

1. Deposits

2. Withdrawals

3. Funds transfer

4. Balance enquiry and mini-statement

The objectives of these specifications are to:

Ø Bring down transaction costs

Ø Ensure interoperability

Ø Ensure security and transparency of transactions

Ø Bring down the cost by being compatible with existing systems

Ø Provide a uniform customer experience

Ø Reduce agent training needs

A UID-enabled interoperable payments switch:-

Choice and mobility are key to the success of UID-enabled micropayments. A customer should thus be able to go to any BC with a micro ATM device, and access his account, much the same way as an ATM. It should not matter if the BC is appointed by his own bank or by a different bank. Thus, a payments switch that makes this model interoperable is essential. The National Payments Corporation of India (NPCI) has been formed to switch all the retail payments and fund transfer transactions in India to a central Infrastructure. NPCI has defined business lines to process inter-bank transactions for ATM, PoS, 24x7 remittance, and set up an Automatic Clearing House (ACH). NPCI will also offer UID authentication on its switches, and has defined message formats for interoperability. All inter-bank payment messages will be routed using the architecture showed in Figure. This architecture is similar to what already exists for ATM and PoS switching, and is used by several banks. Most transactions in villages are expected to be ON-US transactions, where both the customer and the BC are from the same bank. In urban areas, and when customers travel, the inter-bank OFF-US transactions make it possible for them to access their bank accounts through any BC with a micro ATM. UID-enabled micropayments will only require minor modifications to carry a biometric payload in the messages, and the ability to Authenticate from a central location. The rest of the banking infrastructure remains unmodified.

Figure:-Interoperability architecture for uid-enable micropayments

A critical part of the UID-enabled micropayments architecture is the direct deposit of government benefits into the accounts of the beneficiaries. A government department should be able to disburse benefits by simply generating a list that contains a UID in one column, and the amount in another column. At a certain level, this is no different than the payroll of a firm, where on a given day, money is transferred directly from a firm’s account to its employee’s accounts. However, what makes this process challenging is the scale and complexity. Government benefits programs are typically funded by the Central Government, but implemented by the states. Different state and local governments park their funds in different banks. The beneficiaries, for reasons of convenience and access, have their accounts spread across a number of banks. Two critical pieces of infrastructure are required to implement UID-enabled disbursement of government benefits:

1. Government departments must have IT systems that maintain a list of beneficiaries by UID, and track any program specific information required for disbursing the benefit. At the time of disbursement, a list of UIDs and amounts are generated and sent to the bank servicing the concerned government department.

2. A nation-wide payments infrastructure can then distribute payments into beneficiary’s accounts using their UIDs.

The entire transaction flow is shown. The first piece of the infrastructure, where the government generates the payment instruction needs to be put in place in various government departments.

The second piece of the infrastructure, which is the actual payment, can be handled by a UID-aware Automated Clearing House (ACH) that is being put in place at NPCI.

Bridging the Last Mile with Mobile Connectivity:-

A million local groups and agencies acting as BCs will put the process of financial inclusion into high gear across the country. Further gains are possible by letting customers access their UID-enabled bank accounts through mobile phones owned either by them or the BC. Mobile phones are fast becoming a ubiquitous phenomenon across the country, including in rural India, and can offer people far away from the closest branch of the banking institution affordable access to financial services. They can serve as simple, secure and reliable links for transactions—their utility can range from basic information alerts to more advanced cashless person to- person transactions.

The advantages of such infrastructure are significant:

1. Mobile phones can instantly notify customers of cash transfers from the customer account to the BC account and vice versa, via SMS. If the customer doesn’t own a mobile phone, they can make an IVRS call through any available phone to check if the transaction has been made. Governments can also use the mobile SMS platform or IVRS to inform beneficiaries whenever money has been credited into their accounts.

2. A voice-activated system can be used to let customers control every transaction and be aware of each step in the transaction process. An interactive voice menu activated either by the mobile phone’s handset keys or by the customer’s voice can provide users simplified access to informed banking.

3. A mobile phone will also allow customers to place a complaint against any BC who they think has tampered with the transaction or has short-changed them, and the transaction can be put on hold.

4. The UID-based mobile transaction will offer real time online verification and authentication.

5. By combining the ubiquity of mobile phones with a high volume, low-cost payments network, we will eventually be able to reach a stage of effortless person-to-person cashless transactions.

Economic resources are used up in running the banking infrastructure, and in ensuring the safety of customer deposits. Eventually, indirectly, a customer always bears all the costs. A seemingly innocuous payment is actually a complex operation. For cash payments, costs include cash management, security, and foregone interest, among others. Electronic payments are run by a complex network of service and infrastructure providers, each of which provides value and adds to the transactions cost.

The central emphasis of the UID-enabled micropayment solution is that there must be an incentive for every stakeholder to participate; participation must not be just a social obligation. The pricing structure plays an important role in setting up these incentives. Unlike regular banking, the costs of no-frills banking cannot be recovered by banks through interest income on customer deposits. A transparent transactions based pricing model is necessary for viability and scalability.

For a given transaction, the transactions cost must be borne by someone. Typically, the cost is borne by the participant that derives the greatest utility from that transaction. The cost may also be shared across participants, if more than one participant derives significant utility from the transaction. The cost of a payment transaction includes the following components:

Fixed Cost of Transactions:

There is a fixed cost to setting up a payments infrastructure — retail

networks, devices, servers, communications networks etc. Similar to most IT infrastructure, the fixed costs go down dramatically with volumes; the total cost gets spread across a larger number of transactions as utilization of existing infrastructure increases. IT costs also typically do not increase linearly with increased volumes, making larger volumes more economical to support.

Marginal Cost of Transactions:

The payments infrastructure is indifferent to the ticket size of a

Transaction; the IT costs of a Rs.10 transaction are no different from a Rs.100 transaction. On the other hand, certain transactions may create externalities. For example, if the cost of withdrawing Rs.10 and Rs.1000 from a BC is the same, some customers may withdraw large sums and put the BC at a disadvantage. In such cases, pricing, which takes the BC’s liquidity into account, can align incentives for both, the customer and the BC.

Loss from Fraudulent Transactions:

Electronic transactions often attract fraud. One benefit of the UID is that it can dramatically cut down on identity fraud and reduce the losses from fraudulent transactions. The UID number is thus a public good that helps drive down transaction costs throughout the financial system.

A possible pricing structure:-

Based on an understanding of the cost of transactions and BC economics, a possible pricing structure may be As follows:

1. No fees for account creation and maintenance. Fees are only charged for transactions. Thus, customers receive the benefit of safekeeping of deposits without paying exorbitant fees.

2. Transactions performed through mobile phones or the internet should have fixed transaction fees. In these cases, the customer also bears the cost of accessing the mobile network.

3. A transaction fee can be charged for cash withdrawals performed through BCs. This fee can be split between the BC and the bank.

4. Cash deposits can be free.

5. Remittances and payments performed through a BC should be fixed price as it does not affect the BC’s liquidity. The BC, however, must be compensated for services rendered (such as for labour and operating costs).

6. Remittances and payments can be delivered to the payee after subtracting the fixed transaction fee

The pricing structure here is not prescriptive. Eventual pricing should be determined by market forces.

In the telecom model, the transaction fee paid to local retailers is around 2–4%. This fee may have a fixed and a variable component—such as Rs.2+2%.

This is comparable to free incoming calls. Upon the introduction of free incoming calls, volumes increased dramatically. Cash deposits actually increase the BC’s liquidity and are thus preferable.

Benefits for Stakeholders Besides pricing, a significant consideration for the micropayments solution to work effectively is that there must be clear, tangible benefits to all stakeholders in the system. There are significant potential benefits for each stakeholder within the micropayments solution. The stakeholders — central and state governments, banks, BCs and residents—all stand to gain by coming together and forming a collaborative ecosystem.

Benefits for Residents

An individual can benefit from the UID-enabled Bank Account (UEBA) in a number of ways (Box):

1. Residents will be able to access payments, as well as withdraw and deposit money through any bank or any BC across the country.

2. The UEBA will make it possible for residents to make micro-transactions in a cost effective manner.

3. The UEBA will enable the delivery of benefits and subsidies through a single channel to residents in a manner that is faster, more convenient and transparent.

4. The UEBA allows individuals to send and receive remittances cheaper, faster, more securely and in small amounts.

5. A UEBA may include a small, initial deposit from the government to the resident as an added incentive to sign up for the UID.

6. Today, residents moving from their home village or town find it difficult to access financial services such as loans, because they have no way of establishing their credit worthiness. With the UEBA, residents will be able to establish their financial history to banks and agencies, regardless of where they live.

What changes for Ram, under the UID-enabled micropayments approach?

For Ram of Atariya village, the universal micropayment infrastructure will allow him to easily collect his MGNREGS payment, without travel and the loss of a day’s wages. Here, Ram will have already registered for a UID number and received it along with a UID-enabled Bank Account (UEBA).The MGNREGS process will work as before, with the muster rolls travelling from the panchayat level, to the block level, all the way to the state. However, unlike the previous scenario, where a cheque may be issued, an electronic payment is made directly to Ram’s account. If Ram has a mobile phone, he receives an SMS when his pay is credited to his account

Benefits for Government:-

The inability of the poor to clearly verify their identities to public and private agencies has prevented central and state governments from delivering benefits effectively. The proposed micropayments infrastructure can provide several benefits to the government:

1. The introduction of UID-based verification and authentication will make electronic benefit transfers faster, cheaper and more effective for governments.

2. Benefits can be transferred in smaller and more frequent instalments if necessary, to allow residents to build savings and also enforce conditions within benefits. For example, the Janani Suraksha Yojana (JSY) program provides a conditional cash benefit to pregnant women if they accept proper care. At present, the benefit is delivered in a single amount, at the end of the mother’s participation in the scheme. With the UEBA, the benefit can be delivered directly to the beneficiary’s bank account in small amounts, each time she fulfils a condition for ante-natal or neo-natal care within the JSY scheme.

3. If the micropayments infrastructure makes access to a bank account universal, governments can not only transfer benefits directly to the individual’s bank account, but also tailor different forms of benefits for residents across the country. This can include ‘restricted cash’ conditional benefits such as JSY, as well as digital vouchers, including education vouchers for children to attend the school of their choice, and health vouchers that buy basic forms of health insurance.

Benefits for Banks:-

Taking banking to rural areas has long been considered an expensive proposition. The high customer acquisition costs, the risks of handling and moving cash, as well as the large volumes of low value transactions make the option of setting up rural branches a social responsibility rather than a business opportunity. The proposed micropayments ecosystem can enable banking institutions to overcome these challenges as described below:

1. Banks can rely on BCs to reach the country’s unbanked population, eliminating the need for a physical bank branch in remote areas.

2. ATMs, as they are currently operated by banks require a sophisticated cash management operation. The BC operation is closer to the lower cost, retail distribution model for mobile prepaid subscriptions.

3. The introduction of the micropayments solution and the use of a central switch to make payments electronically will dramatically cut down on the cost of cash management in the system.

4. The KYC costs for banks can be significantly reduced, bringing down the customer acquisition cost, as a resident with a UID may require no further identification to get a UEBA.

5. Every micropayment, remittance and government transfer can be an additional source of revenue for banks. At high volumes, the transaction fees generated can offset the marginal cost of hosting UEBAs.

Benefits for BCs:-

Despite being identified by the regulator as an important route in achieving mass financial inclusion, the BC model faces various challenges that limit its scale and commercial viability. Cash management—the logistics involved in handling large volumes of cash and the operational risks associated with it—remains one of the biggest problems. Non-operational accounts and difficulties in retaining customers after the initial transaction, as well as inadequate commissions from banks are also major setbacks, preventing BCs from recovering their costs. A majority of BCs as a result, have reported losses and some have even suspended their operations.

To function effectively, BCs will need to see clear benefits from participating in banking services, which is an important outcome of the micropayments model:

1. BCs should receive a commission for every transaction.

2. The commission for providing physical cash to the resident can be of the order of 2% of all withdrawals. In the case of government benefits, government can consider bearing the cost so that the beneficiaries receive the full benefit.

3. This is extra income for the BC, who may often run a kirana shop, a petrol pump or is a SHG.

4. Increased footfalls as a result of providing banking services can also translate into more business for the BC.

5. Banks can team up with FMCG firms, telcos and other firms with retail networks to provide logistics support to the BCs, and build a solution that scales.

BENEFITS FOR THE REGULATOR

The online UID-enabled micropayments model offers several benefits to the regulator:

1. Widespread financial inclusion is a target that the regulator has set for itself, and UID-enabled micropayments are a scalable model that can help achieve it.

2. All transactions are done online and they are reflected in the bank’s systems in real-time. This makes all transactions transparent to the regulator and reduces systemic risk.

3. All UID-enabled micropayments have a UID tagged to them, where the UIDAI will have performed KYR verification before issuing the UID. The UID issued is also unique because of biometric de-duplication. Thus, strong compliance with anti-money laundering laws is assured.

4. The real-time online nature of UID-enabled micropayments mean that anomalies are detected quickly. Customer complaints can also be dealt with promptly due to electronic audit trails. The secure biometric authentication provided by UIDAI can greatly reduce fraud, which reduces the reputational risk for banks and the regulator as compared with offline alternatives.

OTHER BENEFICIARIES

Ministry of Finance:

A bank account linked to every UID number will enable the Finance Ministry to

significantly improve the formulation and monitoring of budgets, subsidies and expenditures. The ability to monitor the movement of cash can also curb money laundering, and an electronic trail for transactions will enable bothAMLand FATF compliance.

MFIs:

One of the challenges that MFIs face is in ensuring that the money collected by their field staff is deposited in banks in a timely and safe manner.With very limited bank branches in rural areas, MFIs have had to deal with substantial theft risks. The presence of a BC network and mobile-based, cashless transactions will avert such risks and increase safety for loan officers. It will also add to the local cash circulation and increase transaction revenues for MFI BCs.

CSCs:

100,000+ Common Service Centres are being set up across the country to act as front-end delivery points for Government, private and social sector services to rural citizens. Each of these centres is run by village level entrepreneurs, who can become BCs and gain additional visibility and income opportunities.

Post Offices:

Post Offices can provide their own unique value by either acting as ‘Post Office Banks’ that perform regular banking functions, or be appointed as BCs. Both options will allow Post Offices to increase their customer base and revenues, and technologically upgrade their operations.

Telecom Companies:

If the mobile based transaction model is adopted, telecom firms will benefit from the increased customer base, additional demand and data traffic. The mobile phone companies can also be BC aggregators.

There are many other positive network externalities that come out of the micropayments solution. We have only outlined the broad benefits here.

CHAPTER-3

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

DEFINITION OF RESEARCH –

Research is the systematic and continuing study and evaluation of all factors bearing on any business operation which involves the transfer of goods from production to consumers. “Research is the systematic problem analysis, model building and fact finding for the purpose of improve decision-making and control in marketing of good and service “In words of Clifford Woody –

Management has become a part and parcel of everyday life, be it at home, in the office or factory and in Government. In all organizations, where a group of human beings assemble for a common purpose, management principles come into play through the management of resources, finance and planning, priorities, policies and practice. Management is a systematic way of carrying out activities in any field of human effort.

Research compromises of -

· Defining and re-defining problems,

· Formulating hypothesis or suggested solutions,

· Collecting

· Organizing and evaluating data

· Making deductions and researching conclusions

· At last carefully testing the conclusions to determine whether they fit the formulating hypothesis.

In short, the research is an original contribution to the existing stock of knowledge making for its advancement or the search for knowledge through objective and systematic method of finding solution to a problem is research. Thus to conclude we can say that “The systemic approach concerning generalization and the formulation of a theory is also research”

Methods of Data Collection

The task of data collection begins after a research problem has been defined. While deciding about the method of data collection to be used for the study, the researcher should keep in mind two types of data vise, primary and secondary.

1. Secondary Data: - The secondary data are those which have already been collected by someone else & which have already been passed through the statistical process.

COLLECTION OF SECONDARY DATA

Secondary data means data that are already available i.e. they refer to the data which have already been collected & analyzed by someone else. Secondary data may ether be published data or unpublished data.

PUBLISHED DATA ARE AVAILABLE IN

· Various publications of central, state & local government.

· Publications of foreign government & other organizations.

· Technical & Trade Journals.

· Reports & Publications. Books, magazines & newspapers.

· Reports request by the research scholar universities economic etc. in different field.

· Public records and static historical document and other sources of published information.

Secondary Data possess following characteristics-

1. Reliability of data:

The reliability can be tasted by finding out such things about the said data:

a. Who collected the data?

b. What were the sources of data?

c. Where they collected by using proper method?

d. At what time were they collected?

e. Was there any bias of the compiler?

f. What level of accuracy was desired? Was it achieved?

2. Suitability of data:

In this context, the researcher must very carefully scrutinize the definition of various terms and units of collection used at the time of collecting data from the primary source originally. Similarly, the object, scope and nature of the original inquiry must also be studied. If the researcher finds differences in these, the data will remain unsuitable for the present enquiry and should not be used.

3. Adequacy of data:

If the level of accuracy achieved in data is found inadequate for the purpose of the present enquiry, they will be considered as inadequate and should not be used by the researcher. The data will also be considered inadequate, if they are related to an area, which may be either narrower or wider than the area of the present enquiry.

SIGNIFICANCE OF RESEARCH

· Firstly, it gives us the conceptual knowledge in actual environment and prepares the person to use the knowledge for better way in future endeavors.

· Secondly, this study exposes the researcher about intricacies the consumers, thus bringing them face to face real life problem of handling a consumer.

· Thirdly, the study places a researcher in a better position to fully comprehend the various department techniques, strategic and policies followed by the company.

OBJECTIVES OF RESEARCH:-

· To find the present situation of UID enables micropayments in India.

· To study the trends prevailing in UID enrolment in India.

· To find out implication of UID enables micropayments in India on individuals.

· To study emerging issues of micropayment and its approach towards the development of curriculum needs of financial inclusion.

· From Exclusion to Inclusion with Micropayments

ADVANTAGES OF RESEARCH

· Helps focus attention on objectives

· Aids forecasting, planning and strategic development

· May help to reduce risk of new product development

· Communicates image, vision, etc.

· Globalisation makes market information valuable (HSBC adverts!!)

DISADVANTAGES OF RESEARCH

· Information only as good as the methodology used

· Can be inaccurate or unreliable

· Results may not be what the business wants to hear!

· May stifle initiative and ‘gut feeling’

· Always a problem that we may never know enough to be sure!

CHAPTER-4

DATA ANALYSIS AND PRESENTATION

SWOT ANALYSIS

STRENGTH:-

The unique identification numbers will take into account the database of the poor and the marginalized people, mostly living in the rural areas. The numbers will, for the first time, provide an identity to those who need it the most.

WEAKNESS:-

The Nandan Nilekani led Aadhar project and UIDAI is unconstitutional as it is neither supported by any law nor it has any safeguards for protecting civil liberties of Indians. Initially, UIDAI said that UID number would be optional but now government is making it mandatory both directly and indirectly. Further, by suppressing the public inputs, objections and suggestions, Indian government is just proving the points that Aadhar and UIDAI are most offensive tools of civil liberty violations in India.

OPPURTUNITIES:-
The Aadhar project, running into thousands of crores, offers many opportunities for IT companies, both in terms of hardware as well as software that will run the system on a perpetual basis. The equipment at each enrolment centers costs about Rs. 3 lakh, according to senior sources in the authority. Multiply this by about 350-400 and you get a sense of what it costs for a single district. In effect, enrolment in a single district will cost between Rs. 10 crore and Rs. 12 crore. This does not include the cost borne by the State machinery in actually getting people to enroll, the logistics or the administrative expenses.

Information available from the UIDAI shows that many of the top Indian IT firms have logged on to the Aadhar project in one way or the other. Satyam Computer Services Ltd., the once venerable IT Company that now functions from the Mahindra stable, is supplying “biometric solutions” for the authority. The biometric readers are themselves supplied by L1 Identity Solutions, an American company, which has been supplying similar equipment to the U.S. Department for Homeland Security. Accenture, the global outsourcing solutions major, has also won a contract to implement biometric solutions for the Authority.
Incidentally, advertising company, Percept, is among the entities that have won contracts from the UIDAI for developing “creative content”. Bharti Airtel is to supply space for the authority's data centre in Bangalore. Companies such as Tata Consultancy Services have won multiple contracts. The firm has won a contract to provide “biometric solutions” as well as for “redesigning, development, maintenance and support of the UIDAI's Web portal”. In February 2010, Ernst and Young Consultancy Services won the contract to assist the UIDAI in setting up its Central ID Data Repository and as a provider of managed services.

THREATS:-

1.Every personal detail of individual will be available at a single point. Bad people of society will find it lot easier to steal any personal information of any individual which may use for any wrong purpose.

2. India has been facing various hacking problems from inside and abroad. Many times our government sites were also being hacked by hackers and Indian government has accepted some times that some of secret information has been stolen by hackers. This is very clear that our cyber security is not safe.

3. We are having a lot of corrupted people in India especially in government department. Everyone know that for money, maximum of government official leak any kind of information. Then what will be surety of our privacy.

4. It is proposed that UIN will be used as PAN for income tax purpose. If this happen than PAN will be available easily to any body and one may use other UIN or say PAN for any transaction. Today at least one can't find easily others PAN no.

5. It is also proposed that UIN to be used as mobile no. of individual. It means if one find your UIN any how he may create trouble for you. However I don't personally think that private mobile companies will let it happen.

6. Village people will be offered Rs.100 for getting their Unique Identity Number. Every one know very well how project "Narega" got corruption and to what level. Most of the village people have thinking of just earning money; they really don't care for country. The greediness Rs.100 may bring such people in India which have no existence. Further this may also create slightly problem to our family planning program.

CHAPTER-5

RECOMMENDATIONS, CONCLUSION & BIBILOGRAPHY

RECOMMENDATIONS

This report makes the following recommendations for steps to be taken towards achieving an inclusive, high volume, low-cost micropayments solution:

1. The UID-enabled micropayments plan calls for funding the initial fixed costs of infrastructure to help jumpstart financial inclusion with budgetary help from the relevant government ministries. The initial infrastructure costs may include:

(a) Funding for central payment switches and gateways

(b) Initial costs of micro ATMs in rural areas

2. Funding of start-up costs for the UID and UID-enabled bank account by government or other agencies. This may include a small cash incentive for opening the account and an additional amount for the state as a Registrar to cover the costs of enrolment hardware and labour.

3. The RBI already offers a Rs.50 incentive for no-frills accounts operated with biometric smartcards. This incentive may be extended to the UID-enabled bank account, which would also be a biometric-enabled no-frills bank account.

4. Define the means to host no-frills accounts in conjunction with a consortium of banks, if necessary.

5. Define device standards and communication standards for transactions within the micro ATM network in consultation with IBA, NPCI and the larger ecosystem.

6. Amend rules so that the UID is sufficient to get a no-frills UID-enabled bank account. This activity may be co-ordinated for pro-poor products across all regulators viz. RBI, PFRDA, IRDA, SEBI etc.

CONCLUSION

A UID-enabled micropayments solution can help bridge the existing divide across India in financial services. Today, thanks to the increased focus on financial inclusion in public policy, financial services in most parts of the country have become convenient, accessible and well-networked, particularly for urban, non-poor residents. However, the poor today still face high costs in opening and accessing a bank account, in making transactions and in receiving payments. The result for them is lost income and opportunity — a day’s trip to reach a bank, for example, is a day’s wages lost and expenses on travel that they can ill-afford. UID-enabled micropayments can fill a large gap within existing systems of financial access for the poor. The coordination and support this approach will require from our central institutions, the UIDAI and the central and state governments is significant. However, if successfully done, the result will be a well functioning, truly accessible micropayments system. Access to finance for all — that cherished long-held objective and a turning point for India as it makes developmental strides—is well within reach.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

[1] Financial inclusion by extension of banking services—Use of Business Correspondents (BCs).RBI, January 2011. URL-http://.rbidocs.rbi.org.in/rdocs/Notification/ PDFs/68417.pdf.

[2] Guidelines on managing risks and code of conduct in outsourcing of financial services by banks.RBI, November 2011. URL-http://rbidocs.rbi.org.in/rocs/ notification/PDFs/73713.pdf

[3] Mobile payments in India: Operative guidelines for banks. RBI, June 2008. URL- http://rbidocs.rbi.org.in/rdocs/PressRelease/PDFs/84979.pdf.

[4] Financial inclusion by extension of banking services—Use of Business Correspondents (BCs).RBI, November 2009. URL- http://rbidocs.rbi.org.in/rdocs/Notification/PDFs/IBC301109FV.pdf

[5] Exclusion to Inclusion with Micropayments

http://www.uidai.gov.in/UID_PDF/Front_Page_Articles/Strategy/Exclusion

_to_Inclusion_with_Micropayments.pdf

[6] Daryl Collins, Jonathan Murdoch, Stuart Rutherford, and Orlanda Ruthven.

Princeton University Press, 2009.Portfolios of thePoor: How theWorld’s Poor Live on $2 a Day.

JAVASCRIPT HACK TRICKS

2012-03-30T13:38:00.000+05:30

JAVASCRIPT HACK TRICKS

Hello friends today in my article I'll tell you how can you hack with your browser with just simple JAVA SCRIPTS.These are just simple scripts that works on any of browser and you can also play these scripts on your friends.

Javascript Hack 1 : Edit Any Webpage

javascript:document.body.contentEditable='true';document.designMode='on';void 0

Copy & Paste the code in browser.

Javascript Hack 2 : Reveal Passwords Under Asterisks

javascript: alert(document.getElementById('Passwd').value);

Copy & Paste the code in browser.

Javascript Hack 3 : Shake the Browser

javascript:function Shw(n) {if (self.moveBy) {for (i = 35; i > 0; i--) {for (j = n; j > 0; j--) {self.moveBy(1,i) ;self.moveBy(i,0);self.moveBy(0,-i);self.moveBy(-i,0); } } }} Shw(6)
Copy & Paste the code in browser.

Javascript Hack 4 : Cool message trick Just type your message

javascript: contentBodyEditable="true".DesginMode="Message"
Copy & Paste the code in browser.

Javascript Hack 5 : This is for Orkut Hack

javascript:function reverse() { var inp = " ! dekcah si tnuocca tukrO ruoY "; var outp="";for (i = 0; i <= inp.length; i++) { outp =inp.charAt (i) + outp;}alert(outp) ;}; reverse();

Copy & Paste the code in browser.

Javascript Hack 6 : Rotates images from your web page in a circle

javascript:R=0; x1=.1; y1=.05; x2=.25; y2=.24; x3=1.6; y3=.24; x4=300; y4=200; x5=300; y5=200; DI=document.getElementsByTagName("img"); DIL=DI.length; function A(){for(i=0; i-DIL; i++){DIS=DI[ i ].style; DIS.position='absolute'; DIS.left=(Math.sin(R*x1+i*x2+x3)*x4+x5)+"px"; DIS.top=(Math.cos(R*y1+i*y2+y3)*y4+y5)+"px"}R++}setInterval('A()',5); void(0);

Copy & Paste the code in browser.

Javascript Hack 7 : Shake the Browser

javascript:function Shw(n) {if (self.moveBy) {for (i = 35; i > 0; i--) {for (j = n; j > 0; j--) {self.moveBy(1,i) ;self.moveBy(i,0);self.moveBy(0,-i);self.moveBy(-i,0); } } }} Shw(6)
Copy & Paste the code in browser.

Hope this is informative and if u have any question, query or any suggestion kindly post us.

Be a real hacker - PROFESSIONAL, and change the trend of HACKING.

Rename Recycle Bin

2011-07-26T16:04:00.000+05:30

You can change the name of Recycle Bin Just go to Start click on Run Type regedit a tab of registry editor will be opened now expand HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT \ expand CLSID \ expand {645FF040-5081-101B-9F08-00AA002F954E} \ click on ShellFolder now change the value of Attribute from 40 01 00 20 to 50 01 00 20

and now change the CallForAtributes dword value to 0. After performing these steps close all open tab and refresh once and now right click on Recycle Bin and change the name whenever you want

Interesting News: How to delete Gmail Account

2011-07-26T12:56:00.000+05:30

Interesting News: How to delete Gmail Account

How to delete Gmail Account

2011-07-09T23:34:00.000+05:30

Sometimes we need to delete our gmail account for this just go to the settings shows at the top right

Bottom of the page

Now just click on Account and Import and go to google Account setting

Now you see the My products option just click here on Edit

Here you will see the two major option

1. Delete a product

2. Delete Account

Now click on delete account just tick mark to the squre box as ur services and the yes I want to delete my account just write your password and click on Delete google Account..

That’s all You have deleted your account permanently

How to Recover Hacked Email Accounts

2011-06-11T14:38:00.000+05:30

It can be a real nightmare if someone hacks and takes control of your
email account as it may contain confidential information like bank
logins, credit card details and other sensitive data. If you are one
such Internet user whose email account has been compromised, then this
post will surely help you out. In this post you will find the possible
ways and procedures to get back your hacked email account.

For Gmail:

It can be a big disaster if your Gmail account has been compromised as
it may be associated with several services like Blogger, Analytics,
Adwords, Adsense, Orkut etc. Losing access to your Gmail account means
losing access to all the services associated it with too. Here is a
list of possible recovery actions that you can try.

Step -1: Try resetting your password since it is the easiest way to
get your account back in action. In this process Google may ask you to
answer the secret question or may send the password reset details to
the secondary email address associated with your compromised account.
You can reset you password from the following link

Gmail Password Reset Link-https://www.google.com/accounts/recovery

If you cannot find success from the Step-1 then proceed to Step-2.

Step-2: Many times the hacker will change the secret question and
secondary email address right after the account is compromised. This
is the reason for the Password Reset process to fail. If this is the
case then you need to contact the Gmail support team by filling out
the account recovery form. This form will ask you to fill out several
questions like

1. Email addresses of up to five frequently emailed contacts
2. Names of any 4 Labels that you may have created in your account
3. List of other services associated with your compromised account
4. Your last successful login date
5. Account created date
6. Last password that you remember and many more…

You need to fill out this form as much accurately as possible. It is
obvious to forget the dates of last login, account creation and
similar terms. However you need to figure out the closest possible
date/answers and fill out this form. This is your last chance! The
more accurate the information filled out in the recovery form, the
more the chances of getting your account back. You may reach the
account recovery page form the following link

Account Recovery Form-go to this link
https://www.google.com/accounts/recovery

How to Block Unwanted Emails

2011-06-11T14:31:00.000+05:30

Do you want to block unwanted emails. Do you want to
block those annoying offers and newsletters that reach your inbox?
Well here is a way to block all those unwanted and annoying emails
that you do not want to see or read! With this trick you can block
individual email address or the whole domain from which you do not
want the emails to come from. Here are the step-by-step instructions
to do this.

For Gmail

1. Login to your account

2. At the top-right corner, click on Settings

3. Under Settings, click on Filters

4. You’ll now see an option “Create a new filter“, click on it

5. Now in the From field enter the email address from which you do not
want to receive the emails

For ex. you may enter john@gmail .com in the From field to block all
incoming emails from this address. However if you want to block the
whole domain then use the following syntax: *@xyz.com. Now all the
incoming emails from the domain xyz.com will be blocked.

6. Click on Next Step, select the action you’d like to take on the
blocked emails. You may select the option Delete it so that the
blocked email is moved to trash. To unblock the email, all you need to
do is just delete the filter that you’ve created.

http://www.gohacking.com/2010/03/how-to-block-unwanted-emails.html
--

Download Windows 8 Theme for Windows 7

2011-05-27T17:30:00.000+05:30

Download Windows 8 Theme for Windows 7

For more information visit here

Aero Lite with Glass is a Windows 8 theme for Windows 7. You can install this theme on Windows 7 to get a Windows 8 like look and feel instantly.

Along with the Windows 8 like interface, the theme also implements Windows 9 like back and forward buttons in Windows Explorer. This is done by explorerframe.dll which is included in the theme folder.

The theme also includes Start ORB bitmaps, which puts Windows 8 Start ORB in Windows 7. Download Windows 8 Theme for Windows 7 and install this Theme on window 7 to get a Windows 8 like look and feel.

How to remove background from an image using Photoshop

2011-05-27T17:21:00.000+05:30

Refer To
Do you want to remove background of an image using Photoshop? It can be done in many ways. For instance, you can select the main object using the selection tool, apply feather, and then cut it from the image to paste it on a transparent layer.

But, like the selection method, all other ways to remove background are very long and time consuming. Here’s the fastest way, use the Background Eraser tool.

Background Eraser tool helps you quickly delete the background from an Image by sampling similar colors in the circumference of the brush. Using this tool is very easy. Open your image in Photoshop, and select the Background Eraser tool, in the Eraser section, from the toolbox.

In the Background Eraser tool options at the top, choose the hard round brush, and choose the brush size according to your image size. If your image is large, choose relatively bigger brush. Set the ‘limit’ option to Find Edges, ‘tolerance’ option to 23% and ‘sampling’ to continuous.

That’s it. Now use this Background Eraser tool to click around the desired object and you will see that it deletes the background quite easily. Just make sure that the plus sign in between of the brush don’t get inside of your selected object. Make sure its always on the background you want to delete.

Once the background is removed from an image, you can save it in png or gif format to ensure that the background remains transparent.

!dea,Vodafone,Bsnl,Airtel,Aircel,Reliance,Uninor,Tata DoCoMo,Virgin,S-Tel Manual Gprs Setting

2011-05-04T11:47:00.000+05:30

1-Manual Idea Gprs Setting
To get GPRS settings SMS SET to 54671 (Toll free)

Account Name - idea_GPRS

Username - Blank

Password – Blank

Homepage - http://wap.ideafresh.com

Proxy and Server Port - 8080

Proxy and Server address - 10.4.42.45

Data bearer - GPRS / Packet data

Access Point Name - imis

Proxy - Enabled/yes

Authentication Type - Normal

2-Manual BSNL Gprs Setting(For EAST Zone)

For other Zone click here

sms GPRS to 53733 to get setting

Account Name - BSNL EAST

Username - <Blank>

Password - <Blank>

Proxy - Enabled/yes

Homepage - http://bsnllive.in

Proxy and Server address – 192.168.81.163

Proxy and Server Port - 8080

Access Point Name – www.e.pr

Data bearer - GPRS/ Packet data

Authentication Type – Normal

3- Manual BSNL MMS Setting

Account Name-BSNL MMS
Username – blank
Password – Blank
Port – 8080
Server Address – 10.210.10.11
APN – mmseast.cellone.in
Homepage – http://bsnlmmsc.in

4- Manual Vodafone Gprs/live Setting

SMS ACT VL to 144 after activating Vodafone live SMS VL or WWW to 52586 to get setting(toll free)

Account Name-Vodafone GPRS
Username – Blank
Password – Blank
Homepage – http://live.vodafone.in
Proxy and server port – 9401(or 8080)
Proxy and server Address – 10.10.1.100
Data bearer – Packet Data
Access Point Name – portalnmms
Proxy – Enabled/Yes
Authentication Type - Normal

5- Manual Airtel Gprs Setting

To get GPRS setting sms MO to 52567(toll free)

Account – Mobile Office

Homepage – http://www.google.com

User Name - Blank

Password - Blank

Proxy - Enabled/yes.

Proxy and Server Address - 202.56.231.117

Proxy and Server Port - 8080

Data bearer - GPRS or Packet Data.

Access Point Name - airtelgprs.com

Authentication Type – Normal

6- Manual Airtel Live Setting

Account Name - Airtel_live
Homepage - http://live.airtelworld.com
Username - Blank
Password - Blank
Proxy - Enabled/yes
Proxy and Server Adress - 100.1.200.99
Accespoint Name - airtelfun.com
Proxy and Server Port - 8080
Data bearer - GPRS/ Packet Data
Authentication Type - Normal

7- Manual Aircel Gprs Setting

To get GPRS Setting sms PI or ALL to 121(toll free)

Account Name – Aircel Online
Homepage - http://www.google.com
Username - Blank
Password - Blank
Proxy - Enabled/yes
Proxy and Server Address – 192.168.035.201
Access point Name - aircelwap
Proxy and Server Port - 8081
Data bearer - GPRS/ Packet Data
Authentication Type - Normal

8-Manual Reliance GPRS Setting

SMS ALL to 55100 to receive WAP/GPRS/MMS settings (toll-free).

Account Name – rwap
Homepage - http://wap.rworld.co.in
Username - Blank
Password - Blank
Proxy - Enabled/yes
Proxy and Server Address 10.239.221.7
Access point Name - smartwap
Proxy and Server Port – 8080
Data bearer - GPRS/ Packet Data
Authentication Type – Normal

9-Reliance Manual MMS Setting

Account Name – Smart MMS
Access point Name – MMS
Homepage – http://10.239.221.47/mms/
Proxy IP – 10.239.221.7
Port – 8080
Proxy - Yes

10-Manual Uninor GPRS Setting

sms ALL to 58355, to get automatic settings.(toll free)

Account Name – Uninor Gprs
Username – Blank
Password – Blank
Homepage – http://www.google.com
Server Port – 8080
Server Address – 10.58.10.58
Data bearer – GPRS/Packet data
Access Point – uninor
Proxy – Yes
Authentication Type – Normal

11-Manual TATA DOCOMO GPRS Setting

To get Internet settings SMS INTERNET to 52270

Account Name – TATA DOCOMO INTERNET

Username – Blank

Password – Blank

Homepage – http://tatadocomo.com

Server Port – 8080

Server Address – 10.124.94.7

Data bearer – GPRS

Access Point Name – TATA.DOCOMO.INTERNET

Proxy – Yes

Authentication Type – Normal

12-Manual TATA DOCOMO MMS Setting

Account Name – TATA DOCOMO MMS
Data bearer – GPRS
APN – TATA.DOCOMO.MMS
Home page – http://mmsc/
Proxy Server – 10.124.26.94
Proxy Port – 8799

NOTE:-If you face any Problem call customer care of tata docomo at 121, They will surely assist you.

12-Manual virgin Gprs Setting

To get Gprs setting SMS the word "SET" in uppercase to 738

CCE number-

789 from your mobile, or 0845 6000 789

Account Name-VBYTES
APN-m.vbytes.in
Proxy Server-10.124.94.8
Port-8080
Home Page-http://m.vbytes.in
Password - Blank
User name - Blank
proxy - yes
Authentication type- Normal

13- Manual S-Tel Gprs setting

To get gprs setting SMS ELIFE to 57777 (Toll Free)

The APN for pc connection-gprs.stel.in
Stel adda-

-Account name-Stel Adda
-APN-wap.stel.in
-Proxy Address-10.11.8.5
-Port-9401
-Homepage-http://www.google.com
Authentication Type-Normal

Stel ELIFE-

-Account Name-Stel Elife
APN-gprs.stel.in
proxy Address-0.0.0.0
Port-0
Authentication Type- Normal

For more details call CCE to 1212

What Moles on your body parts means?

2011-04-26T18:35:00.001+05:30

Moleosophy:-

Significance of Twin Moles-

When there are twin moles irrespective of their location,the person possesses a dual nature. The presence of two moles, side by side, is indicative of a person being in love with two people.
Significance of shapes in Moles-
Round - A round mole signifies the goodness in people.
Oblong - An oblong mole depicts a modest share of acquired wealth.
Angular - An angular mole suggests that the individual has both positive and negative characteristics.
Significance of Moles based on color-
Light Colored Moles - Those who have light colored moles are considered lucky.
Black Moles - This denotes that a person would have to surmount obstacles in order to achieve the desired results.

Area	Description
Arms	Moles on arms indicate that the person is polite, diligent and will lead a happy married life.If mole is near the elbow, the man will need to struggle in life, and might also become a young widower. If the woman has the same characteristics, however, her problems relate to her occupation.
Armpits	A mole under the left arm is indicative of great struggle early in life, which is, however, well rewarded. Wealth makes later years equally pleasurable. A mole under the right arm shows that one needs to be alert and cautious in matters of security.
Back	People like this are unreliable, and with them one must ensure that all facts are available before one enters any sort of negotiation for any enterprise.
Breast (mole on breast)	A mole on the right breast is indicative of laziness, which may affect family life. You need to be assertive about your needs to be able to enjoy the love and comfort of the children. A mole on the left breast belongs to active and energetic people, who generally get what they want in life.
Buttocks	People who have a mole on buttocks are un-ambitious, and will be reconciled to any mode of living.
Cheek	A mole on cheek (either cheek) indicates a serious and studious person who has no interest in material pleasures.
Chin (mole on chin)	A mole on either side of the chin is indicative of people who are affectionate and caring. These people adapt easily to any situation. They love travelling and respect the law of the land. They are also dedicated and conscientious workers and willingly accept responsibilities.
Ear	People who are born with a mole on ear are generally considered lucky.
Elbow	People who have moles on elbow love to travel. They are adventurous and spirited.
Eye	If the mole is located on the outer corner of the eye, this indicates that the person is honest, reliable and forthright.
Eyebrow	If a mole is located on the right eyebrow, it signifies that these people will have a highly active life and will be successful in all ventures.
Finger	People who have a mole on finger turn out to be dishonest and tend to grossly exaggerate.
Foot	People with a mole on foot are easy going and laid back. They need to exercise to stay healthy.
Genitals	Mole on genitals lead to sexual addiction.
Forehead	People who have a mole on forehead will be prosperous and well settled in life.
Hand	Those people who have a mole on hand are talented and make a success of their lives.
Heel	People who possess a mole on their heel make enemies easily and are prone to losing friends.
Hip	A mole on any part of the hip except the buttocks signifies that these people are contented, resilient and spirited.
Knee	If you have a mole on right knee, it implies that you are a friendly person. A mole on left knee signifies that these people lead an extravagant lifestyle.
Lips	People with a mole on lips always aspire to get ahead in life.
Navel	A man who has a mole on navel will be lucky in life and a woman who has the same desires children.
Neck	If the mole is on the front of the neck, it signifies unexpected good fortune. If it is on either side of the neck, it indicates an unreasonable temperament. A mole on the back of the neck indicates a person's desire to lead a simple life.
Nipple	If a man has a mole on nipple, it indicates a fickle nature. If a woman has a mole on nipple, it indicates that she is striving for social status.
Nose	A mole on nose belongs to a person who will be a sincere friend and a hard-working individual.
Shoulder	A mole on right shoulder indicates a sensible, industrious individual.
Wrist	A mole on wrist indicates that the person is frugal, ingenious and dependable.

Turn Your Desktop Into a Real 3D Multi-Touch Desktop

2011-04-21T17:29:00.000+05:30

Download BumpTop (Windows) (13.6 MB – Free Version)

The way a Window desktop behaves, has not been changed since thirteen years.

It’s all the same, rough and rigid icons lying dumbly at the cold desktop.

Now is the time you can give your desktop a little extra. Bring your desktop to real

3 Dimensional life like Arrange icons in a pile or groups. It takes just a few clicks or

Your finger movements to do with all the data at your desktop to arrange it in the

Way you want it in a real 3D environment.

Bump Top is a fun, intuitive 3D desktop that keeps you organized and makes

You more productive. Like a real desk, but better. Now with awesome mouse

And multi-touch gestures, you will experience your desktop as never before.

Your desktop doesn’t have to be a boring graveyard for lost and forgotten files anymore!

Transform it with Bump Top. Create the desktop that suits your needs and style.

Desktop 3D Enhancement

Download BumpTop

Download BumpTop (Windows) (13.6 MB – Free Version)

Software Development Life Cycle(SDLC) & All models

2011-04-06T13:48:00.000+05:30

Software Development Life Cycle(SDLC)PPTX

More PowerPoint presentations from banty maurya

Software Development Life Cycle(SDLC)

Definition:-A frame-work that describe the activities performed at each stage of a software development project, It is a logical systematic process used to develop software and information systems through planning, analysis, design, implementation and support. It is an approach that allow for System development to be a lot simplified and easy, less rigid and achieve Stability.

There are five Phases to the software Development life cycle:-

1) Planning

2) Analysis

3) Design

4) Implementation

5) Maintenance

S.D.L.C

Planning- The initial phase starts by defining the need. The purpose of the planning phase is to identify clearly the nature and scope of the business opportunity or problem by performing a preliminary investigation. This entails investigating their current system and what they hope to have in the future.
Analysis- In the analysis phase we get further information about what they want and build more in-depth models of what they can expect to achieve with their new system. Requirement for the software are documented and reviewed with the customer.
Design- when the project really starts to take form, We Engineers plan out all the inputs, outputs, interfaces, processes for the project and create the system design specification from this data. The requirements translated into representation of the Software that can be assessed for quality before coding begins.

Implementation-There are three stage of implementation a)coding : In this process design translated into a machine-readable form & if design is performed in a detailed manner, code generation can be accomplished mechanistically. b)testing : After coding team will make a prototype model to ensure that System will meet the needs of customer. c)Installation : Then after everyone Satisfied that the System is ready they will install the product and convert it into customer existing format.
Maintenance-It refers to the support phase of software development. In this final phase, the team maintains the system and updates it as necessary to keep up to date with its environment. It focuses on change associated with error correction, changes due to enhancements brought about by changing customer requirements.

SDLC Model:-

Definition:-An abstract representation of a process describe the activities performed at each stage of a software development project .

Ø Waterfall Model

Ø RAD Model

Ø Iterative Development Model

Ø The Incremental Development Model

Ø Spiral Model

Ø The Parallel or Concurrent Development Model

Waterfall Model:-

Definition:-This Model also called Linear sequential Development Model, this model suggest a systematic Sequentially approach to Software development that begins at the System level and progress through analysis, design, coding ,testing , and support .It has a lock step fashion, where a stage cannot begin unless the preceding stage is completed.

v Analysis- Defines needed information, function, behavior, performance and interfaces.

v Design- Data structures, software architecture, interface representations, procedural details.

v Implementation- Code generation, database, user documentation, testing.

q NOTE-In waterfall model after all phases Documentation done.

Benefits-

• Easy to understand, easy to use.

• Appropriate for small Software.

• Provide lots of documentation for each phase which is very important for future.

• Important for those system where each phases is considered as discrete phase.

• Good for management control (plan, staff, track).

• Works well when quality is more important than cost or schedule.

• Milestone are well understood.

• Sets requirement stability.

Limitation-

• Not appropriate for large Software.

• Requires lots of documentation which is time consuming.

• When any changes need than we have to go to initial phase.

• Deliverables created for each phase are considered frozen – inhibits flexibility.

• Can give a false impression of progress

• Does not reflect problem-solving nature of software development – iterations of phases

• Integration is one big bang at the end.

• Little opportunity for customer to preview the system (until it may be too late).

RAD Model:-

v Definition- Rapid Application Development (RAD) is a software development methodology. It is a development lifecycle designed to give much faster development and higher-quality results than those achieved with the traditional lifecycle. It is designed to take the maximum advantage of powerful development software that has evolved recently.”

The RAD approach encompasses the following phases:-

Ø Business Modeling

Ø Data modeling

Ø Process Modeling

Ø Application Generation

Ø Testing & Turnover

RAD approaches following phases:

Business model-Here we try to find answer to question like what information is generated? Who generate it? Etc.

Data modeling-It is a method used to define and analyze data requirements needed to support the business processes of an organization.

Process modeling- Process models are processes of the same nature that are classified together into a model.

Application generation-A series of occasional musings on architecting, securing, optimizing and generating web based applications.

Testing & Turnover-Many of the program components have already been tested so this reduce overall testing time.

Benefits:-

• Due to factors like iterative development more client satisfaction. Clients are involved from beginning to end.

• If done right you work out more initial requirement bugs before installation.

• You reduce the moving target syndrome.

• Focalizing data into one view instead of many screens.

• RAD's usual focus is on high return developments. Usually related to the financial sectors of the business. In my experience 10-1 payback in first year is easily obtainable.

• Reusable objects make future developments even faster.

• Time boxing really allows us to focus on deliverable components.

Drawbacks:-

• Not all types of application are appropriate for RAD.

• If the system cannot be properly modularize, building the component necessary for RAD will be problematic.

• RAD is not appropriate when technical risk are high.

• It is like college development projects. we would produce something that performed the required functions, looked good, but usually was not the best quality. Due to time constraints we submit what we have accomplished and take credit.

• The client usually gets a shell of what they want with several sections to be added in future projects(if we get to them).

• Initial project requirements are usually under estimated.

• Client expectations go through the roof. Suddenly they can't wait six months. Even though before RAD we told them two years or more.

Iterative Development Model:-

Definition:-Iterative development is at the heart of a cyclic software development process developed in response to the weaknesses of the waterfall model. It starts with an initial planning and ends with deployment with the cyclic interactions in between.

Benefits:-

• Advantage of this approach is that it can result in better testing because testing each increment is likely to be easier than testing the entire system as in waterfall model.

• The increment model provide feedback to the client.

• It is useful for determining the final requirement of the System.

• This project control list gives an idea of how far the project is at any given step from the final System.

• At each step, extensions and design modifications can be made.

• Useful for testing the system within the development in starting.

Drawbacks:-

• In a customized software development, where the client has to essentially provide and approve the specifications, it is not always clear how this process can be applied.

• Practical problem with this type of development project, comes in generating the business contract-how will the cost of additional feature be determined and negotiated.

• In the latter steps, the design would have stabilized and there is less chances to redesign.

The Incremental Developmental Model:-

Definition:-A software development technique in which requirement definition, design, implementation, and testing occur in an overlapping, iterative manner, resulting in incremental completion of the overall software product.

Benefits:-

• Early increment can be implemented with fewer people.

• Develop high-risk or major functions first.

• Each release delivers an operational product .

• Customer can respond to each build.

• Uses “divide and conquer” breakdown of tasks.

• Lowers initial delivery cost .

• Initial product delivery is faster.

• Risk of changing requirements is reduced.

Drawbacks:-

• A major system might require the availability of new hardware.

• Requires good planning and design

• Requires early definition of a complete and fully functional system to allow for the definition of increments

• Well-defined module interfaces are required (some will be developed long before others)

• Total cost of the complete system is not lower

Spiral Model:-

Definition:-The spiral model is a software development process combining elements of both design and prototyping-in-stages, in an effort to combine advantages of top-down and bottom-up concepts. This model couples the iterative nature of the prototyping with the control and Systematic approach of linear model.

Benefits:-

• Provides early indication of insurmountable risks, without much cost

• Users see the system early because of rapid prototyping tools

• Critical high-risk functions are developed first

• The design does not have to be perfect

• Users can be closely tied to all lifecycle steps

• Early and frequent feedback from users

• Cumulative costs assessed frequently

Limitation:-

• Time spent for evaluating risks too large for small or low-risk projects

• Time spent planning, resetting objectives, doing risk analysis and prototyping may be excessive

• The model is complex

• Risk assessment expertise is required

• Spiral may continue indefinitely

• Developers must be reassigned during non-development phase activities

• May be hard to define objective, verifiable milestones that indicate readiness to proceed through the next iteration

The parallel or Concurrent Development Model:-

Definition:-The concurrent process model defines a series of event that will trigger transition from state to state for each of the software engineering activities. This model is used for designing and developing of client server application.

Component based Development Model:-

This model compose application from prepackage software component called class. Classes created in past s/w project are stored in a class library and the s/w development is done on the basis of reusability by reusing the class from class libraries. The component based development model leads to software reuse, and reusability provides software engineers with a number of measurable benefits although it is very much dependent on the robustness of the component library.

Top 10 Most Amazing Structures of The World

2011-04-02T17:43:00.000+05:30

Amazing Structures of The World

Interesting Facts about India(27)

2011-04-02T17:07:00.000+05:30

India is a country of continental proportions and rich cultural heritage. The civilizational history of India goes back to more than 5000 years. In ancient times India was considered as one of the leading lights of the world and its glory was spread far and wide all across the corners of the earth. Throughout its history, India has evolved and reinvented herself . India is the birthplace and cradle of four popular religions of the world, namely, Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, and Sikhism. The contributions and achievements of Indians in the fields of science & technology, architecture, and culture is widely acknowledged..

1) The name 'India' is derived from the River Indus, the valleys around which were the home of the early settlers.The Aryan worshippers referred to the river Indus as the Sindhu.

2) Until 1896, India was the only source of diamonds in the world.

3) India is one of the largest exporter of computer software products. It exports softwares to over 90 countries.

4) The famous board game called "Chess" was invented in India.

5) The value of "pi" used in mathematics was first calculated by the Indian mathematician Budhayana in 6th century.

6) Yoga has its origins in India and has existed for over 5,000 years.

7) Martial Arts were first created in India, and later spread to Asia by Buddhist missionaries.

8) The largest religious building in the world is Angkor Wat, a Hindu Temple in Cambodia built at the end of the 11th century.

9) The oldest European church and synagogue in India are in the city of Cochin. They were built in 1503 and 1568 respectively

10) The Art of Navigation & Navigating was born in the river Sindh over 6000 years ago. The very word Navigation is derived from the Sanskrit word 'NAVGATIH'. The word navy is also derived from the Sanskrit word 'Nou'.

11) India was one of the richest countries till the time of British rule in the early 17th Century. Christopher Columbus, attracted by India's wealth, had come looking for a sea route to India when he discovered America by mistake.

12) There are 300,000 active mosques in India, more than in any other country, including the Muslim world.

13) The largest employer in India is the Indian Railways, employing over a million people.

14) Algebra, Trigonometry and Calculus also originated in India.Quadratic Equations were used by Sridharacharya in the 11th century.

15) whereas Hindus used numbers as big as 10*53 (i.e. 10 to the power of 53) with specific names as early as 5000 B.C.during the Vedic period.Even today, the largest used number is Terra: 10*12(10 to the power of12).

16) The 'Place Value System' and the 'Decimal System' were developed in India in 100 B.C.

17) India is the largest democracy in the world, the 7^th largest Country in the world, and one of the Most ancient civilizations.

18) The game of Snakes & Ladders was created by the 13th century poet saint Gyandev. It was originally called 'Mokshapat'. The ladders in the game represented virtues and the snakes indicated vices. The game was played with cowrie shells and dices. In time, the game underwent several modifications, but its meaning remained the same, i.e. good deeds take people to heaven and evil to a cycle of re-births.

19) India has the largest number of Post Offices in the world.

20) The world's first university was established in Takshila in 700 BC. More than 10,500 students from all over the world studied more than 60 subjects. The University of Nalanda built in the 4th century was one of the greatest achievements of ancient India in the field of education

21) The four religions born in India - Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, and Sikhism, are followed by 25% of the world's population.

22) The Vishnu Temple in the city of Tirupathi built in the 10th century, is the world's largest religious pilgrimage destination. Larger than either Rome or Mecca, an average of 30,000 visitors donate $6 million (US) to the temple everyday.

23)Indian military is at the 4th position in the world

24) The Indian economy is the world's eleventh largest by nominal GDP and fourth largest by purchasing power parity.

25) It is the 7^th largest country by geographical area.

26) India is the most populous democracy in the world.

27) India is also one of the 2^nd fastest growing economics in the world .

World Military Strength

2011-04-01T18:46:00.000+05:30

Here you can compare Military Strength of two countries..
Details Here

Rank 1-10 Observations: The United States (GFP formula value of 0.184) remains the undisputed leader of our list thanks to their staying "active" in global hotspots, showcasing the world's largest navy and continuing to poor in gobs of money into defense. Our formula sees China edge out Russia but only by the slimmest of margins (0.238 versus 0.241 respectively) with an edge in available manpower and financial capital. France (0.636) and Germany (0.672) are relative equals for the most part but the GFP formula gives a slight edge to France thanks to an aircraft carrier and capable navy as well as a bump in defense spending. Brazil (0.756) is the most powerful South American country on the list thanks to available manpower and a capable navy. Japan (0.920) is a "sleeper" power that sneaks into the top ten with a good navy, strong logistical infrastructure and capital.

Rank 11-20 Observations: Our formula provides for a good disparity between North and South Korea, placing South well-ahead of the North thanks to better infrastructure and capital. Mexico's placement this high on the list is interesting to note - it scored a good balance across the board in all major categories. Israel finally gets a proper placement on this year's list - just out of the top ten - sporting a strong land army with equally strong training, modern equipment and recent combat experience.

Rank 21-30 Observations: No surprises here. A basic collection of modern armies of generally equal strengths.

Rank 31-42 Observations: The bottom of the list features two rebuilding nations (Iraq and Afghanistan) as well as two "recovering" nations (Georgia and Lebanon) along with powers that generally stay relatively quiet.

Airtel 3G services launched in Bihar

2011-04-01T18:28:00.000+05:30

Airtel 3G services launched in Bihar on Thursday(31st March 2011)

Bharti Airtel has started its roll out of 3G services in Bihar telecom circle by launching from Patna. Airtel 3G services will offer Mobile TV entertainment, high definition gaming, video calling, live streaming videos and social networking. Airtel 3G is now present in Bengaluru, Chennai, Coimbatore, Davangere, Delhi, Hosur, Jaipur , Mangalore, Mysore, Udupi, Manipal, Shimoga, Tumkur, Tanjore,Tuticorin, Vellore and Patna.

Airtel mobile customers can now experience mobile internet at never-experienced-before speeds with 3G. For faster internet accessibility for computers and laptop users, Airtel has introduced special HSPA 3G dongles for customers.

Airtel also announced the national launch of a range of video Interactive Voice Response (IVR) products, which will help even non-internet users to use video streaming to enjoy the power of 3G services on their mobile phones. With this, Airtel 3G customers can now also make calls to video IVR to access various video products like live darshan, video talkies and video portal.

To activate 3G on your existing Airtel connection steps are ......

1) Check if your city has 3G available

2) Call 12134 to activate 3G or

SMS 3G to 121

You will get a response saying reply with “1″ to activate 3G. Send 1 to 121. You will receive 3G profile via SMS within 4 hours. Save that and use it for the Internet applications as you do for 2G.

NOTE that your

2G Data Plan will be de-activated.

Make sure your mobile Network setting is set for Dual Mode( 2g/3g UMTS) not just GSM mode.

After the confirmation by subscriber 3G Data Plan “Pay As You Go” will be activated and all data access will be charged at 30p / 20kb.

Airtel 3G Tariffs

The Tariffs are as follows:

PAYG VBC (Pay as you go): For all existing Airtel 2G customers who want to experience the power of Airtel internet on 3G for a short while, this tariff plan is the solution. The customer will pay the same prevailing data rates as on 2G service, but with the advantage of a faster mobile broadband.

Value plans: These plans allow you a 50% discounted rate over the PAYG VBC plan. Applicable only for postpaid users.

Sachet Plans: The objective of these plans is to drive mass trial and adoption of 3G. As part of the Sachet Plans is also a ‘minutes’ based plan wherein customer can access internet on 3G in terms of ‘time’ instead of ‘volume’. This plan is typically suitable for youth wherein lot of internet browsing has traditionally happened through Cyber Cafes on basis of ‘time’.

Standard Plans: These plans are best suited for the mid to high-end users of data.

FlexiShield Plan: This plan has a combination of free data usage and a low inbuilt Volume Based Charging rate. The plan is constructed in a way that it provides the customer the flexibility to start from a relatively lower initial rent and pay as per usage and shields from a bill shock with a bill cap at Rs. 2000.

Airtel has also introduced a first of its kind internet usage calculator (on www.Airtel.in/Airtel3G/) that will help customers monitor and analyse their current internet data usage and choose an Airtel 3G plan accordingly.

Census of India 2011-(1.21bn)

2011-04-01T16:30:00.000+05:30

Current Population of India in 2011

1,210,000,000 (1.21 billion)

Total Male Population in India

623,700,000 (623.7 million)

Total Female Population in India

586,500,000 (586.5 million)

Overall Sex Ratio

940 females per 1,000 males

Age structure

0 to 25 years

50% of India's current population

Currently, there are about 51 births in India in a minute.

India's Population in 1947

350 million

population of India in 2001

1.02 billion

Population of India in 2011

1.21 billion

Of the total population, 623.7 million are males and 586.5 million are females.

Releasing the report, the Registrar General of India and Census Commissioner Dr. C. Chandramauli said the country’s population growth in 2011 is 17.64 per cent in comparison to 21.15 per cent in 2001.

Current Population of India - India, with 1,210,000,000 (1.21 billion) people is the second most populous country in the world, while China is on the top with over 1,350,044,605 (1.35 billion) people. The figures show that India represents almost 17.31% of the world's population, which means one out of six people on this planet live in India. Although, the crown of the world's most populous country is on China's head for decades, India is all set to take the numero UNO position
by 2030. With the population growth rate at 1.58%, India is predicted to have more than 1.53 billion people by the end of 2030.
India's effective literacy rate has recorded a 9.2 percent rise to reach 74.04 percent, according to provisional data of the 2011 census released on 31st March 2011.Effective literacy rate in the 2001 census was 64.83% which improved to 74.04%.Interestingly, literacy rate improved sharply among females as compared to males. While the effective literacy rate for males rise from 75.26 to 82.14 percent marking a rise of 6.9 percent, it increased by 11.8 percent for females to go from 53.67 to 65.46 percent.

Kerala has the highest literacy rate at 93.91 percent followed by Lakshadweep at 92.28 percent. Bihar is at the bottom of the ladder with literacy rate of 63.82% followed by Arunachal Pradesh at 66.95%.Ten states and union territories, including Kerala, Lakshadweep, Mizoram, Tripura, Goa, Daman and Diu, Puducherry, Chandigarh, National Capital Territory of Delhi and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, have attained literacy rate of above 85 percent, the target set by the Planning Commission to be achieved by 2011-12.

India's population grows to 1.21 billion people over the last 10 years — an increase by 181 million, according to the new census released, but significantly the growth is slower for the first time in nine decades.
The population, which accounts for world's 17.5 per cent population, comprises 623.7 million males and 586.5 million females, said a provisional 2011 Census report. China is the most populous nation acounting for 19.4 per cent of the global population. India's population at over 1.20 billion is now bigger than the combined the US, Indonesia, Brazil, Pakistan and Bangladesh.Population of Uttar Pradesh (state in India) almost equals to the population of Brazil. Uttar Pradesh (199.5 million) is the most populous State in the country And 2nd Maharashtra with 112 million,Lakshadweep the least populated at 64,429. The highest population density is in Delhi's north-east district (37,346 per sq km) while the lowest is in Dibang Valley in Arunachal Pradesh (just one per sq km).

Big worry is the child sex ratio(for kids aged 0-6) of 914 female per 1000 males is the lowest since Independence.Positive sign is Overall sex ratio up by seven points since 2001 Census to reach 940 females per 1000 males.It's the highest in all states since 1971(expect Bihar,Gujarat and J&K).Highest sex ratio in Lahul and Spiti(1013/1000) in Himachal and lowest in Jhajjar(774/1000),Mahendragarh(778/1000) in Hariyana.