DENTAL PLANET

Dental Glossary

2010-01-09T02:16:00.000-08:00

A B C D E F G I L M N O P Q R S T V W X

Abscess - A localized inflammation in the bone or soft tissue, usually caused by an infection.

Abutment - A tooth or implant used to support a prosthesis. A crown unit used as

part of a fixed bridge.

Alveoloplasty - A surgical procedure used to recontour the supporting bone structures in preparation of a complete or partial denture.

Antibiotic Prophylaxis - refers to using antibiotics, on patients who are at high risk for bacterial endocarditis, to help kill the bacteria that may enter the bloodstream during dental procedures.

Amalgam - A dental filling material, composed of mercury, silver, tin, etc. used to fill decayed teeth.

Anesthetic - Drugs that eliminate or reduce pain.

Anterior - Refers to the teeth and tissues located towards the front of the mouth (upper or lower incisors and canines).

Apex - The tip of the root of the tooth.

Apicoectomy - The amputation of the apex of a tooth to treat an infection.

Bicuspid - A two-cusped tooth found between the molar and the cuspid also called a canine tooth.

Biopsy - A process of removing tissue to determine the existence of pathology.

Bitewing x-rays - X-rays taken of the crowns of teeth to check for decay.

Bleaching - The technique of applying a chemical agent to the teeth to whiten them.

Bonding - adhering a tooth colored substance to repair and/or change the color or shape of a tooth.

Bone loss - The breakdown and loss of the bone that supports the teeth, usually caused by infection or long-term occlusal (chewing areas of the teeth) stress.

Bridge - A nonremovable restoration that is used to replace missing teeth.

Bridges - a partial denture which is a prosthetic replacement of one or more missing

teeth cemented or attached to abutment teeth or implants adjacent to the space.

Bruxism - The involuntary clenching or grinding of teeth.

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Calculus - The hard deposit of mineralized plaque that forms on the crown and/or root of the tooth. Also referred to as tartar.

Canine tooth - The second tooth from the big front tooth, commonly called the cuspid.

Cap - Another term for crown; usually referring to a crown for a front tooth.

Caries - The correct technical term for decay which is the progressive breaking down or dissolving of tooth structure, caused by the acid produced when bacteria digest sugars.

Cavity - A layman's term for tooth decay. Also, the dental term for the hole that is left after decay has been removed.

Cement - A special type of glue used to hold a crown in place.

Cementum - The very thin, bonelike structure that covers the root of the tooth.

Clenching - The forceful holding together of the upper and lower teeth.

Composite - A tooth-colored filling made of plastic resin or porcelain.

Cosmetic dentistry - Any dental treatment or repair that is solely rendered to improve the appearance of the teeth or mouth.

Crown - the portion of the tooth covered by enamel. Also a type of restoration that covers all or most of the natural tooth.

Crown lengthening - A surgical procedure exposing more tooth for restorative purposes.

Curettage - A deep scaling of that portion of the tooth below the gum line. Purpose is to remove calculus and infected gum tissue.

Cuspid - See canine tooth.

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BDS - Doctor of Dental Surgery. Degrees given to dental College graduates.

Decay - See caries.

Deciduous - See primary teeth.

Dental hygienist - A dental professional specializing in cleaning the teeth by removing plaque, calculus, and diseased gum tissue. He/She acts as the patient's guide in establishing a proper oral hygiene program.

Dental Implants - A manufactured material placed in or on the jawbone to aid in replacing missing teeth.

Dentin - The part of the tooth that is under both the enamel which covers the crown and the cementum which covers the root.

Dentures - an artificial set of teeth that is removable.

Direct pulp cap - The procedure in which the exposed pulp is covered with a dressing or cement that protects the pulp and promotes healing and repair.

Dry socket - A localized inflammation of the tooth socket following an extraction.

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Enamel - The hard, calcified portion of the tooth which covers the crown. Enamel is the hardest substance in the body.

Endodontist - a specialist who performs root canal and treats diseases and infections of the pulp.

Excision - Surgical removal of bone or tissue.

Exostosis - The overgrowth of normal bone.

Extracoronal - The outside of the crown of the tooth.

Extraction - Removal of a tooth.

Extraoral - The outside of the mouth.

Filling - Material used to fill a cavity or replace part of a tooth.

Floss - A thin, nylon string, waxed or unwaxed, that is inserted between the teeth to remove food and plaque.

Fluoride - A chemical compound used to prevent dental decay, utilized in fluoridated water systems and/or applied directly to the teeth. Fluoride makes the tooth surface stronger so that teeth can resist acid attacks.

Frenectomies - removal of the frenum ( the thin cord of tissue that attaches the upper or lower lips to the gum or the tongue to the floor of the mouth.

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General Anesthesia - a controlled state of unconsciousness, accompanied by a partial or complete loss of pain sensation, protective reflexes, including loss of ability to independently maintain airway and respond purposefully to physical stimulation or verbal command.

General Dentist - A general practitioner of dentistry

Gingiva - The soft tissue that covers the jawbone. Also referred to as the gums.

Gingivectomy - The removal of gingiva (gum).

Gingivitis - inflammation of gum tissue; the initial stage of gum disease.

Gingivoplasty - A surgical procedure to reshape or repair the gingiva (gum).

Graf - A piece of tissue or synthetic material placed in contact with tissue to repair a defect or supplement a deficiency.

Gum disease - See periodontal disease. ________________________________________

Immediate denture - A denture constructed for immediate placement after removal of the remaining teeth.

Impacted Tooth - an unerupted or partially erupted tooth that is positioned against another tooth, bone, or soft tissue so that complete eruption is unlikely.

Implant - An artificial device, usually made of a metal alloy or ceramic material, that is implanted within the jawbone as a means to attach an artificial crown, denture, or bridge.

Incision and Drainage - making an incision in an abscess to drain out the pus.

Incisors - The four front teeth referred to as central and lateral incisors, located in the upper and lower jaws and used to cut and tear food. The central incisors are the two large teeth in the middle of the mouth and the lateral incisors are next to the central incisor, one on each side.

Indirect pulp cap - A procedure in which the nearly exposed pulp is covered with a protective dressing to protect the pulp from additional injury and to promote healing and repair via formation of secondary dentin.

Inlays - a cemented type of restoration which is made to fit an internal/external preparation resulting from the loss of healthy tooth structure.

Interproximal - The area between two adjacent teeth.

Intracoronal -The area within the crown of a tooth.

Intraoral - The inside of the mouth.

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Labial - The area pertaining to or around the lip.

Lingual - The area pertaining to or around the tongue.

Local anesthetic - An injection given in the mouth to numb the areas where a tooth or area needs a dental procedure.

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Malocclusion - The improper alignment of biting or chewing surfaces of upper and lower teeth.

Mandible - The lower jaw.

Maryland bridge - The trade name that has become synonymous with any resin bonded fixed partial denture (bridge).

Mastication - The act of chewing.

Maxilla - Upper jaw.

Molars - The broad, multicusped back teeth, used for grinding food are considered the largest teeth in the mouth. In adults there are a total of twelve molars (including the four wisdom teeth, or third molars), three on each side of the upper and lower jaws.

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Nitrous oxide - A controlled mixture of nitrogen and oxygen gases (N2O) that is inhaled by the patient in order to decrease sensitivity to pain. Also referred to as laughing gas.

Novocaine - A generic name for the many kinds of anesthetics used in the dental injection, such as Xylocaine, Lidocaine, or Novocaine. See local anesthetic.

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Occlusal x-ray - An intraoral x-ray taken with the film held between the teeth in biting position.

Occlusion - Any contact between biting or chewing surfaces of upper and lower teeth.

Onlay - A cast gold or porcelain filling that covers one or all of the tooth's cusps.

Oral & Maxillofacial Surgeon - a specialist who deals with the diagnosis & treatment of diseases, injuries, and deformities of the mouth and supporting structures.

Oral surgery - The removal of teeth and the repair and treatment of other oral problems, such as tumors and fractures.

Orthodontics - A specialized branch of dentistry that corrects malocclusion and restores the teeth to proper alignment and function. There are several different types of appliances used in orthodontics, one of which is commonly referred to as braces.

Overbite - A condition in which the upper teeth excessively overlap the lower teeth when the jaw is closed. This condition can be corrected with orthodontics.

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Palate - The hard and soft tissues forming the roof of the mouth.

Palliative - Treatment that relieves pain but is NOT curative.

Panorex - An extraoral full-mouth X-ray that records the teeth and the upper and lower jaws on one film.

Partial denture - A removable appliance used to replace one or more lost teeth.

Pediatric dentistry - The specialized branch of dentistry that deals solely with treating children's dental disease. Also referred to as pedodontics.

Periapical - The area that surrounds the root tip of a tooth.

Pericoronitis - An inflammation of the gum tissue around the crown of a tooth, usually the third molar.

Periodontal disease - The inflammation and infection of gums, ligaments, bone, and other tissues surrounding the teeth. Gingivitis and periodontitis are the two main forms of periodontal disease. Also called gum disease or pyorrhea.

Periodontal pocket - An abnormal deepening of the gingival crevice. It is caused when disease and infection destroy the ligament that attaches the gum to the tooth and the underlying bone.

Periodontal surgery - A surgical procedure involving the gums and jawbone.

Periodontal - Relating to the tissue and bone that supports the tooth (from peri, meaning "around," and odont, "tooth").

Periodontics - The dental specialty that deals with and treats the gum tissue and bone that supports the teeth.

Periodontist - a specialist who treats the gums and supporting structures of the teeth.

Periodontitis - Inflammation of the supporting structures of the tooth, including the gum, the periodontal ligament, and the jawbone.

Periradicular - The area which surrounds a portion of the root

of the tooth.

Permanent teeth - The thirty-two adult teeth that replace the baby, or primary teeth. Also known as secondary teeth.

Pit - A recessed area found on the surface of a tooth, usually where the grooves of the tooth meet.

Plaque - a sticky substance that accumulates on teeth composed largely of bacteria and salivary substance.

Pontic - An artificial tooth used in a bridge to replace a missing tooth.

Porcelain Crowns - a porcelain cap which covers the crown of the tooth to repair it or change the shape and/or color.

Porcelain Veneers - A thin layer of porcelain adhered to a surface of a tooth to repair or change the color and/or shape.

Premolar - Another name for bicuspid.

Preventive dentistry - Education and treatment devoted to and concerned with preventing the development of dental disease.

Primary teeth - The first set of teeth that humans get, lasting until the permanent teeth come in. Also referred to as deciduous teeth or baby teeth.

Prophylaxis - The scaling and polishing procedure performed to remove calculus, plaque, and stains from the crowns of the teeth.

Prosthodontics - The dental specialty dealing with the replacement of missing teeth and other oral structures.

Prosthodontist - a dentist who specializes in the restoration of teeth, replacement of missing teeth and maintaining proper occlusion.

Pulp - The hollow chamber inside the crown of the tooth that contains its nerves and blood vessels.

Pulpectomy - Removal of the entire pulp from the canals in the root.

Pulpitis - An often painful inflammation of the dental pulp or nerve.

Pulpotomy - The removal of a portion of the tooth's pulp.

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Quadrant - The dental term for the division of the jaws into four parts, beginning at the midline of the arch and extending towards the last tooth in the back of the mouth. There are four quadrants in the mouth; each quadrant generally contains five to eight teeth.

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Rebase - The process of refitting a denture by replacing the base material.

Receded gums - A condition characterized by the abnormal loss of gum tissue due to infection or bone loss.

Reline - The process of resurfacing the tissue side of a denture with a base material.

Replantation - The return of a tooth to its socket.

Restoration - Any material or devise used to replace lost tooth structure (filling, crown) or to replace a lost tooth or teeth (bridge, dentures, complete or partial).

Retainer - A removable dental appliance, usually used in orthodontics, that maintains space between teeth or holds teeth in a fixed position until the bone solidifies around them.

Retrograde filling - A method of sealing the root canal by preparing and filling it from the root tip, generally done at the completion of an apicoectomy.

Root Canal - removal of the pulp of a tooth and filling with an inert material.

Root canal - The hollow part of the tooth's root. It runs from the tip of the root into the pulp.

Root planing - The process of scaling and planing exposed root surfaces to remove all calculus, plaque, and infected tissue.

Root Resections - removal of a root of a tooth while retaining the crown.

Root - The part of the tooth below the crown, normally encased in the jawbone. It is made up of dentin, includes the root canal, and is covered by cementum.

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Scaling - A procedure used to remove plaque, calculus and stains from the teeth.

Sealant - A composite material used to seal the decay-prone pits, fissures, and grooves of children's teeth to prevent decay.

Six-year molar - The first permanent tooth to erupt, usually between the ages of five and six.

Sleep Apnea - a disorder which is potentially fatal in which a person who is asleep may stop breathing multiple times for more than 10 seconds.

Socket - The hole in the jawbone into which the tooth fits.

Space maintainer - A dental appliance that fills the space of a lost tooth or teeth and prevents the other teeth from moving into the space. Used especially in orthodontic

and pediatric treatment.

Stainless steel crown - A pre-made metal crown, shaped like a tooth, that is used to temporarily cover a seriously decayed or broken down tooth. Used most often on children's teeth.

Subgingival scaling - The removal of calculus and plaque found on the tooth below the gum line.

Supra gingival scaling - The removal of calculus and plaque found on the tooth above the gum line.

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Tartar - also called calculus. A hard deposit containing bacteria which adheres to teeth. Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) - The connecting hinge mechanism between the upper jaw and the base of the skull.

Third molar - The last of the three molar teeth, also called wisdom teeth. There are four third molars, two in the lower jaw and two in the upper jaw, one on each side. Some people are born without third molars.

TMJ Disorder - A disease process of the jaw join

t and or its muscles.

Tooth whitening - a process to lighten the color of teeth.

Torus - A bony elevation or protuberance of normal bone. Usually seen on the upper palate behind the front teeth or under the tongue inside the lower jaw.

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Veneer - An artificial filling material, usually plastic, composite, or porcelain, that is used to provide an aesthetic covering over the visible surface of a tooth. Most often used on front teeth.

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Wisdom teeth - See third molar.

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xerostomia - dry mouth or decrease in the production of saliva

STUDENT CAREER GUIDE

2010-01-09T00:55:00.000-08:00

DENTIST

The World Health Organization defines Dentistry as "the science and art of preventing, diagnosing and treating diseases, injuries and malformations of

the teeth, jaws and mouth".

Dentistry is an ethical profession and practicing dentists are expected

to place the welfare of their patients before any other consideration.

What does a Dentist do?

Primarily a dentist aims to treat oral disorders.

A dentist provides preventive treatment such as scaling, cleaning and fluoride therapy.

A dentist repairs teeth damaged by decay or trauma, rebuilding tooth structures for functional or cosmetic reasons and providing crowns and bridges.

A dentist also treats diseases of the roots, gums and soft tissues of the mouth and carries out various surgical procedures, from routine extractions to far more complex operations on the jaws and soft tissues.

o X-rays are used to detect abnormalities and plan treatment.

o Malformation and misalignment of teeth and jaws are corrected by providing 'braces' or other appliances.

The need to extract teeth has considerably decreased due to improved knowledge and education and the development of conservative techniques, materials and equipment.

A dentist also designs dentures by taking impressions, recording jaw relations, selecting color and mould of teeth and correctly fitting dental appliances manufactured by dental technicians to dentists' prescriptions.

Training required becoming a Dentist

Dental courses last 4 years and lead to a bachelor's degree (BDS). The courses include a sound academic education combined with theoretical and practical training in all aspects of dental practice. Subjects studied include:

1st Professional
Anatomy, Biochemistry, Physiology, Applied Dental Materials.

2nd Professional
Oral Anatomy, Pharmacology, Pathology.

3rd Professional
Oral Pathology and Oral Medicine, Periodontics, General Medicine, General Surgery

4th Professional (Final)
Operative, Peadodontics, Endodontics, Orthodontics, Oral Surgery, Prosthodontics

The academic requirements for entrance to dental school are high. They vary according to the school and so should be checked individually.

Once qualified, dentists continue to update and further their knowledge, through a wide range of short courses. There is also the possibility of studying for further postgraduate qualifications, sometimes on a part-time basis.

Applying to Dental College

An admission in dental colleges usually requires a minimum of two years of college (Intermediate, Pre-Medical). Prepare for and take the Aptitude Test before you anticipate entering dental college. The Aptitude Test is one of several measures of a person's potential for academic success in dental college.

Most dental schools require personal interviews with candidates to assess attributes such as desire to help people, ability to get along well with others, self-confidence, ability to meet challenges and capacity to work independently. The personal interview also allows you to ask questions about the school and its services.

Entrance in the dental profession

To practice dentistry in Pakistan you must have qualifications acceptable to the Pakistan Medical and Dental Council (PM&DC) in which you intend to reside and practice. It is illegal to practice dentistry in Pakistan without registering with the PMDC.

Note: Foreign dentist contact PM&DC for registration as a dental surgeon in Pakistan to get the regulation/instructions for registration examination for foreign dental graduate.

Types of dental practice options

Dentists may work in private practice, as a solo practitioner or as an assistant, an associate, or a partner. Alternatively, a dentist may be employed in government service.

On graduation, dental colleges are sometimes able to provide appointments as demonstrators or lecturers.

Each of the armed services maintains dental units which provide treatment for members of the service and in some circumstances their families.
To be able to set up a specialist practice you must be registered as a specialist with the PMDC. In general, you are required to have a degree, diploma or award of high standing which testifies to your ability in the specialized area, plus demonstrate you have been practicing exclusively, or with considerable emphasis in that field for a reasonable time.

Recognized dental specialties

The following list describes the various specialist dentists.

An Endodontist treats diseases and injuries to, and associated with the dental pulp, i.e. the soft tissues in the hollow core of the tooth.

An Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeon surgically treats injuries, abnormalities and diseases of mouth and adjacent parts.

An Orthodontist prevents and treats badly aligned teeth and jaws.

A Pediatric Dentist treats children or adolescents who need special care because of behavioral problems, trauma, medical status or disability.

A Periodontist prevents and treats diseases of the tissues which support the teeth, i.e. the gums and underlying bone.

A Prosthodontist restores and/or replaces teeth and their associated parts.

DENTAL ASSISTANT

A dental chairside assistant (sometimes known as a Dental Nurse) works

closely with the dentist in all stages of the patient's treatment.

Duties include reception of the patient and preparation for treatment,

sterilizing instruments and setting them out for the dentist, mixing materials, developing and mounting x-rays and chairside assistance by passing instruments and using suction apparatus.

A dental assistant may also be involved in the administration of the practice by answering telephones, making appointments, maintaining patient records, ordering supplies, preparing accounts and collecting payments.

Personal Requirements

Manual dexterity.
Good communication skills and interpersonal skills.
Ability to concentrate and follow instructions.
Good organizational ability and time management skills.
Interest in Health Care work.

Related Jobs

Dental Therapist

Dental Technician

Dental Hygienist

What training is required to become a dental assistant?

Much training is received 'on the job', but training courses are available and recommended.

Employment Opportunities

Most dental assistants are employed by dentists in private practices and clinics. Some dental assistants undertake further study to become dental hygienists.

Additional Information

At present, dental assistants are not required to be registered with the PMDC or PDA in which they intend to work.

DENTAL HYGIENISTS

Dental hygienists assist dentists in treating patients. They use preventive, educational and therapeutic methods for the control of oral diseases to aid individual patients and groups in achieving and maintaining oral health.
Dental hygienists are trained to do specific clinical procedures which aim to prevent dental disease. They work under the supervision of a dentist.

Dental Hygienists may perform the following tasks:

Educate and counsel children and adults on dental health, plaque control, oral hygiene and nutrition;
Remove deposits and stains from teeth by scaling and root planning;
Assist in the prevention and control of dental caries (decay) and gum disease;
Select and use appropriate fluoride treatments and polish tooth restorations;
Expose and process dental x-rays;
Make impressions of patients' mouths for the construction of study casts and mouth guards;
Select and size orthodontic bands (braces), and remove orthodontic wires;
Apply and remove periodontal packs; and
Instruct patients on how to look after teeth and mouth after operations.

Personal Requirements

o Able to perform precise accurate work

o Good communication skills

Related Jobs

Dental Therapist
Dental Technician
Dentist
Dental Assistant

Education and Training

One year certificate course from reputed and registered dental institute.

Employment Opportunities

Dental hygienists are not permitted to set up in private practice, but must work under the supervision and direction of a dentist. They work in private practices, community health centers, dental hospitals and regional clinics. Qualified dental hygienists should not experience difficulty in finding employment.

There is currently a shortage of hygienists for the perceived needs of the work force, due mainly to the shortage of training facilities.

DENTAL TECHNICIAN

Dental technicians construct and repair dentures (false teeth) and other dental appliances including crowns and bridges.
Dental technicians work closely with dental prosthetists and dentists in the construction, modification and repair of dentures and other dental appliances.

Dental technicians may perform the following tasks:

Make models of the mouth and teeth from impressions of the patient's mouth (taken by the dental prosthetist [clinical dental technician] or dentist);
Build up wax replicas of part of all of the mouth and/or teeth on the model;
Encase the wax in a mould material and melt away the wax;
Replace the wax with either plastic, metal or ceramic materials to make the replacement appliance;
Polish and finish the appliance prior to it being placed in the patient's mouth and
Make appliances for patients with cleft palates, braces and plates for correcting irregular teeth and mouth guards.

Dental technicians work in dental laboratories on their own or in small groups. They use a wide range of materials and techniques in their work. Dental technicians use a high degree of technical ability, training and skills involving a diversity of techniques. These include plaster casting, electro-spot welding, metal casting, metal polishing, wax modeling, ceramics, wire bending, electroplating and sandblasting.

Dental technicians usually have no direct contact with patients.

Dental technology may be divided into the following areas:

General Prostheses - the largest field in dental technology in which partial or full dentures (metal and non-metal) are constructed to replace the partial or total loss of natural teeth;
Crown and Bridge - used in the restoration of the natural teeth and fixed in the patient's mouth;
Orthodontics - the manufacture of fixed or removable appliances for the correction of dental irregularities in the child and young adult mouth.
Maxillo-Facial - prostheses are made to replace missing facial and body tissues due to injury, disease or development abnormality; and
Implantology - implants are placed directly into the patient's jawbone and prostheses are made to fit these implants. This system can be used for single, multiple or complete restorations.

Personal Requirements

Good communication skills
Manual dexterity and ability to do precise and detailed work
Able to judge form and design
Able to concentrate

Ancient teeth shed new light on human evolution

2010-01-08T23:33:00.000-08:00

A researcher produces laboratory samples based on the new material. (DTI/Photo courtesy of Fraunhofer ISC)

Nov 16, 2009 | EUROPE

Scientists in Germany develop hybrid composite for endodontics

by Claudia Salwiczek, DTI

LEIPZIG, Germany: Materials used in root canal procedures are not always compatible with each other or do not bond properly with the hard dental tissue. Root filling materials, for example, should not shrink as they harden and be visible in x-rays. On the other hand, materials used to rebuild the tooth should mimic the properties of the tooth itself. Researchers at the Fraunhofer Institute for Silicate Research ISC in Würzburg, Germany, now have said to have developed a new material that can be used for all components applied in root canal treatment.

The material which was developed in collaboration with researchers from VOCO, a German manufacturer of dental restorative materials, is based on organic-inorganic hybrid substances, so-called, ORMOCERs, that are combined with various nano- and microparticles. While standart material shrink by 2-4 per cent, ORMOCERs only shrink by 1.3 per cent as they harden. The can also be adapted to adhere to the different parts of the tooth, the researchers said.

ORMOCERS are already in use for optical functional coatings for glass and ceramic components or easy-to-clean coatings for metals and leather. According to ISC officials, the launch of a final product for dentistry will be in a few years.

ruction of four deciduous and one permanent teeth assessed for linear, surface, and volumetric tissue proportions. a: deciduous upper right central incisor (Ui1, labial view); b: deciduous lower right lateral incisor (Li2, labial view); c: deciduous lower right canine (Lc, labial view); d: deciduous lower right second molar (Lm2, oblique mesio-buccal view); e: permanent lower right first molar (LM1, oblique mesio-buccal view). The volumes of the virtually reconstructed teeth are rendered in transparency and each tooth component (enamel cup, dentine, and pulp chamber) is shown in different colours. Scale bar is 1mm. (DTI/Photo University of Bristol)

Jan 8, 2010 | EUROPE

Ancient teeth shed new light on human evolution

by University of Bristol

BRISTOL, UK: The teeth of a 30,000-year-old child are shedding new light on the evolution of modern humans, thanks to research from the University of Bristol published this week in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

The teeth are part of the remarkably complete remains of a child excavated in 1998–9 in the Abrigo do Lagar Velho, Portugal. Classified as a modern human with Neanderthal ancestry, the child raises controversial questions about how extensively Neanderthals and modern human groups of African descent interbred when they came into contact in Europe.

The Lagar Velho skeleton. (DTI/Photo University of Bristol)

‘Early modern humans’, whose anatomy is basically similar to that of the human race today, emerged over 50,000 years ago and it has long been the common perception that little has changed in human biology since then. When considering the biology of late archaic humans such as the Neanderthals, it is thus common to compare them with living humans and largely ignore the biology of the early modern humans who were close in time to the Neanderthals.

With this in mind, researchers from France, the US and Portugal, reanalysed the dentition of the Lagar Velho child (all of its deciduous – milk – teeth and almost all of its permanent teeth) to see how they compared to the teeth of Neanderthals, later Pleistocene (12,000-year-old) humans and modern humans.

Employing a technique called micro-tomography, which uses x-rays to create cross-sections of 3D-objects, the researchers investigated the relative stages of formation of the developing teeth and the proportions of crown enamel, dentin and pulp in the teeth. They found that, for a given stage of development of the cheek teeth, the front teeth were relatively delayed in their degree of formation. Moreover, the front teeth had a greater volume of dentin and pulp but proportionally less enamel than the teeth of recent humans. The teeth of the Lagar Velho child thus fit the pattern evident in the preceding Neanderthals, and contrast with the teeth of later Pleistocene (12,000-year-old) humans and living modern humans.

“This new analysis of the Lagar Velho child joins a growing body of information from other early modern human fossils found across Europe (in Mladeč, Czech Republic; Peştera cu Oase and Peştera Muierii, Romania; and Les Rois, France) that shows these ‘early modern humans’ were ‘modern’ without being ‘fully modern’. Human anatomical evolution continued after they lived 30,000 to 40,000 years ago,” co-author Prof. João Zilhão, University of Bristol, commented.

(Edited by Claudia Salwiczek, DTI) Link.....

Oral Cancer

2009-12-18T03:50:00.000-08:00

* I have a white patch in my mouth?
* How can I prevent oral cancer?

I recently noticed a white patch in my mouth that won't seem to go away.
Should I be concerned?

Any mouth sore that persists for more than a week should be examined by your dentist. Leukoplakia is a thick, whitish-color patch that forms on the cheeks, gums or tongue and is caused by excess cell growth. It is common among tobacco users and can also result from irritations such as ill-filling dentures or a habit of chewing on one's cheek. The danger of leukoplakia is that it can progress to cancer. Your dentist may want to take a biopsy if the leukoplakia appears to be threatening.

How can I help prevent oral cancer?

Eliminate any risk factors such as tobacco and alcohol and regularly visit your dentist. Periodic dental exams allow early detection and appropriate treatment if cancer develops. If at any time you notice any changes in the appearance of your mouth or any of these signs and symptoms, contact your dentist at once:

" A persistent sore or irritation that does not heal
" Color changes such as the development of red and/or white lesions
" Pain, tenderness or numbness anywhere in the mouth or lips
" A lump, thickening, rough spot, crust or small eroded area
" Difficulty in chewing, swallowing, speaking or moving the jaw or tongue
" Change in bite

Infection Control

2009-12-18T03:47:00.000-08:00

* I've heard about universal precautions. Can you tell me what they are?
* Do you sterilize the instruments including the handpiece (drill) after each
patient?
* How do you sterilize the instruments? Can you show me how it's done?
* How do you clean and disinfect the examining room, and how often is this
done?
* What are the things to look for?

I've heard about universal precautions. Can you tell me what they are?

Universal precautions are safety procedures. They are used for each and every patient to prevent the transmission of the AIDS virus and other infectious diseases.
These precautions require all dental staff involved in patient care to use appropriate protective garb such as gloves, and sometimes masks and eyewear.

After each patient visit, the gloves are discarded, hands are washed and a new pair of gloves is used for the next patient.

Do you sterilize the instruments including the handpiece (drill) after each patient?
According to a recent study, virtually all dentists sterilize their handpiece (drill) between patients. Dental offices follow specific heat sterilization procedures. Disposable items, such as needles and saliva ejectors, cannot be sterilized and are discarded in special containers.

How do you sterilize the instruments? Can you show me how it's done?

Dental instruments are cleaned and sterilized at very high temperatures after each time they are used on a patient. Recommended sterilization methods include: an autoclave (steam under pressure), a dry heat oven, or chemical vapor (commonly called a chemiclave). The sterilization equipment usually is not in the treatment room, but if you'd like to see how and where it's done, ask the dental staff to show you.

How do you clean and disinfect the examining room, and how often is this done?
Before you enter the examining room, all surfaces, such as the dental chair, dental light, drawer handles and countertops have been cleaned and decontaminated. Some offices may cover this equipment with protective covers, which are replaced after each patient. Sharp items and anything contaminated with blood or saliva are disposed of in special containers.

Things to Look For

" Is the dental office clean and orderly?
" Is the dental staff helpful and willing to answer your questions?
" Do the dentist and staff wear gloves and other appropriate
protective gear during all actual patient treatment?
" Do the dentist and staff wash their hands before donning a clean pair of gloves?
" Do all surfaces and equipment in the treatment room appear clean?
" Are needles and other sharp items disposed of in special puncture-resistant
containers?
" Is everything that is used in the patient's mouth either heat sterilized or
disposable?

Gum Disease (Periodontal Disease)

2009-12-18T03:40:00.000-08:00

* What Is gum disease?
* What are the signs of gum disease?
* How can I prevent gum disease?

What Is Gum Disease?

Gum disease (also called periodontal disease) is an infection of the tissues surrounding and supporting the teeth. It is a major cause of tooth loss in adults. Because gum disease is usually painless, however, you may not know you have it.
Gum disease is caused by plaque, a sticky film of bacteria that constantly forms on the teeth. These bacteria create toxins that can damage the gums.

In the early stage of gum disease, called gingivitis, the gums can become red, swollen and bleed easily. At this stage, the disease is still reversible and can usually be eliminated by daily brushing and flossing.

In the more advanced stages of gum disease, called periodontitis, the gums and bone that support the teeth can become seriously damaged. The teeth can become loose, fall out or have to be removed by a dentist.

What are the signs of gum disease?

If you notice any of the following signs of gum disease, see your dentist immediately:

" gums that bleed when you brush your teeth
" red, swollen or tender gums
" gums that have pulled away from the teeth
" bad breath that doesn't go away
" pus between your teeth and gums
" loose teeth
" a change in the way your teeth fit together when you bite
" a change in the fit of partial dentures

Normal, healthy gums

Healthy gums and bone anchor teeth firmly in place.

Periodontitis

Unremoved, plaque hardens into calculus (tartar). As plaque and calculus continue to build up, the gums begin to recede (pull away) from the teeth, and pockets form between the teeth and gums.

Advanced periodontitis

The gums recede farther, destroying more bone and the periodontal ligament. Teeth - even healthy teeth - may become loose and need to be extracted.

How can I prevent gum disease?

The good news is that you can help prevent gum disease by taking good care of your teeth every day and having regular dental checkups. Here's how to keep your teeth and gums healthy:

" Brush your teeth well twice a day.

This removes the film of bacteria from the teeth. Be sure to use a soft-bristled toothbrush that is in good condition. Toothpastes and mouth rinses containing fluoride strengthen the teeth and help prevent decay.

Choose products that bear the American Dental Association Seal of Acceptance, your assurance that they have met the ADA's standards for safety and effectiveness. The ADA reviews all advertising claims for any product bearing the Seal.

The Seal on a product is an assurance for consumers and dentists against misleading or untrue statements concerning a product's safety and effectiveness.

" Clean between your teeth every day.

Cleaning between your teeth with floss or interdental cleaners removes bacteria and food particles from between the teeth, where a toothbrush can't reach. Early gum disease can often be reversed by daily brushing and flossing. If you use interdental cleaners, ask your dentist how to use them properly, to avoid injuring your gums.

" Eat a balanced diet. Choose a variety of foods from the basic food groups, such as breads, cereals and other grain products; fruits; vegetables; meat, poultry and fish; and dairy products, such as milk, cheese and yogurt. Limit between-meal snacks.

" Visit your dentist regularly. It is important to have regular dental checkups, and professional cleaning is essential to prevent periodontal diseases.

What Are Scaling and Root Planing?

Sometimes, no matter how careful you've been about brushing and flossing, your dentist has bad news for you. You have gum disease.

Depending on how extensive the condition is to your gums, the recommended treatment may be a special kind of cleaning called scaling and root planing.

Starting with a local anesthetic to reduce any discomfort.
Your dentist or hygienist uses a small scaler or an ultrasonic cleaner to clean beneath your gumline and remove plaque and tartar. Then the root surfaces on the tooth are planed and smoothed. This lets the gum tissue heal and reattach itself to the tooth again.

Once you and your dentist are sure that healing is well underway, be sure to practice good oral hygiene to keep your teeth healthy for years to come.

Forensics in Dentistry

2009-12-18T03:34:00.000-08:00

* What is dentistry's involvement in forensic medicine?
* How is technology changing the way dentists can help identify the remains of
crime victims and missing persons?
* What is the main goal?
* What can be learned from studying a set of teeth?
* How great is the need for this identification help?
* What is on the horizon?

What is dentistry's involvement in forensic medicine?

Forensic medicine is a science that deals with the relation and application of medical facts to legal problems. Dentists who work in forensics now can establish a positive identification of human remains -- sometimes in a matter of minutes, even without dental records.

How is technology changing the way dentists can help identify the remains of crime victims and missing persons?

Where no dental X-rays are available, digital photographs taken of the teeth can be used to compare a smiling photograph taken during the victim's life.

What is the main goal?

Quick identification is the main goal.

Can be learned from studying a set of teeth?

The arrangement of each person's teeth is virtually unique, and almost all of us have had some kind of dental treatment. Where dental records are available, it is possible to study a set of teeth and compare the teeth with dental records. This comparison allows dentists to establish the identity of a body, just like fingerprints or DNA evidence.

Where are dentists who work in forensics needed?

Dentists who work in forensics often are called to the most brutal death scenes. Those can be difficult cases, especially when dental records are not available.

How great is the need for this identification help?

As long as this trend continues, dentists who work in forensics will keep playing a critical role in helping identify victims.

What is on the horizon?

In the near future, 3D computer technology will make it possible to reconstruct a reasonable likeness of a person's face during life, using dental and physical information from skeletal remains.

Early Childhood Tooth Decay

2009-12-18T03:27:00.000-08:00

Baby Bottle Tooth Decay

* What Is baby bottle tooth decay?
* What causes baby bottle tooth decay?
* Why are baby teeth important?
* How to prevent baby bottle tooth decay?

What is baby bottle tooth decay?

Decay in infants and children is called baby bottle tooth decay. It can destroy the teeth and most often occurs in the upper front teeth. But other teeth may also be affected.

What causes baby bottle tooth decay?

Decay occurs when sweetened liquids are given and are left clinging to an infant's teeth for long periods. Many sweet liquids cause problems, including milk, formula and fruit juice. Bacteria in the mouth use these sugars as food. They then produce acids that attack the teeth. Each time your child drinks these liquids, acids attack for 20 minutes or longer. After many attacks, the teeth can decay.

It's not just what you put in your child's bottle that causes decay, but how often - and for how long a time. Giving your child a bottle of sweetened liquid many times a day isn't a good idea. Allowing your child to fall asleep with a bottle during naps or at night can also harm the child's teeth.

Why are baby teeth important?

Your child's baby teeth are important. Children need strong, healthy teeth to chew their food, speak and have a good-looking smile. Baby teeth also keep a space in the jaw for the adult teeth. If a baby tooth is lost too early, the teeth beside it may drift into the empty space. When it's time for the adult teeth to come in, there may not be enough room. This can make the teeth crooked or crowded.

How to prevent baby bottle tooth decay?

Sometimes parents do not realize that a baby's teeth can decay soon after they appear in the mouth. By the time decay is noticed, it may be too late to save the teeth. You can help prevent this from happening to your child by following the tips below:

" After each feeding, wipe the baby's gums with a clean gauze pad. Begin brushing your child's teeth when the first tooth erupts. Clean and massage gums in areas that remain toothless, and begin flossing when all the baby teeth have erupted, usually by age 2 or 2½.

" Never allow your child to fall asleep with a bottle containing milk, formula, fruit juice or sweetened liquids.

" If your child needs a comforter between regular feedings, at night, or during naps, fill a bottle with cool water or give the child a clean pacifier recommended by your dentist or physician. Never give your child a pacifier dipped in any sweet liquid.

" Avoid filling your child's bottle with liquids such as sugar water and soft drinks.
" If your local water supply does not contain fluoride (a substance that helps prevent tooth decay), ask your dentist how your child should get it.

" Start dental visits by the child's first birthday. Make visits regularly. If you think your child has dental problems, take the child to the dentist as soon as possible.

Diet and Dental Health

2009-12-18T03:24:00.000-08:00

* How does the food you eat cause tooth decay?
* How to choose foods wisely?
* What are tips for better dental health?

How does the food you eat cause tooth decay?

When you eat, food passes through your mouth. Here it meets the germs, or bacteria, that live in your mouth. You may have heard your dentist talk about plaque. Plaque is a sticky film of bacteria.
These bacteria love sugars and starches found in many foods. When you don't clean your teeth after eating, plaque bacteria use the sugar and starch to produce acids that can destroy the hard surface of the tooth, called enamel. After a while, tooth decay occurs. The more often you eat and the longer foods are in your mouth, the more damage occurs.

How do I choose foods wisely?

Some foods that you would least expect contain sugars or starches. Some examples are fruits, milk, bread, cereals and even vegetables.

The key to choosing foods wisely is not to avoid these foods, but to think before you eat. Not only what you eat but when you eat makes a big difference in your dental health. Eat a balanced diet and limit between-meal snacks. If you are on a special diet, keep your physician's advice in mind when choosing foods. For good dental health, keep these tips in mind when choosing your meals and snacks.

What are tips for better dental health?

" To get a balanced diet, eat a variety of foods. Choose foods from each of the five
major food groups:

1. breads, cereals and other grain products
2. fruits
3. vegetables
4. meat, poultry and fish
5. milk, cheese and yogurt

" Limit the number of snacks that you eat. Each time you eat food that contains sugars or starches, the teeth are attacked by acids for 20 minutes or more.

" If you do snack, choose nutritious foods, such as cheese, raw vegetables, plain yogurt, or a piece of fruit.

" Foods that are eaten as part of a meal cause less harm. More saliva is released during a meal, which helps wash foods from the mouth and helps lessen the effects of acids.

" Brush twice a day with a fluoride toothpaste.

" Clean between your teeth daily with floss or interdental cleaners.

" Visit your dentist regularly. Your dentist can help prevent problems from occurring and catch those that do occur while they are easy to treat.

Nutrition

A balanced and nutritious diet is good for your general health and your dental health. Without the right nutrients, your teeth and gums can become more susceptible to decay and gum disease. Sugar is one of the main causes of dental problems.

Here are a few ways to cut down & avoid harming your teeth:

" Try to choose sugar-free snacks - Some great-tasting snacks that won't harm your teeth are plain milk and buttermilk, fruit, raw vegetables, nuts, plain yogurt, hard boiled or devilled eggs, sunflower or pumpkin seeds, cheese and cottage cheese, melba toast, juice, salads

" Add less sugar to coffee or tea - (or use sugar substitutes). Avoid sugar-sweetened soft drinks. Look for fruit juices and drinks with no added sugar.

" Read lists of ingredients - when you're grocery shopping. Honey, molasses, liquid invert sugar, glucose, and fructose are all types of sugar.

" Avoid sticky sweets - they cling to teeth and are harder to brush away.

" Eat sweets with a meal - not as a snack. The increased flow of saliva during a meal helps to wash away and dilute sugar.

" Carry a travel-size toothbrush - and use it after eating sweets. If you can't brush, at least rinse your mouth with water or eat a fibrous fruit or raw vegetables. Or chew a piece of sugarless gum.

Dentures

2009-12-18T03:18:00.000-08:00

* What's the difference between conventional dentures and immediate dentures?
* What is an overdenture?
* What will dentures feel like?
* Will dentures make me look different?
* Will I be able to eat with my dentures?
* Will dentures change how I speak?
* How long should I wear my dentures?
* Should I use a denture adhesive?
* How do I take care of my dentures?
* Can I make minor adjustments or repairs to my dentures?
* Will my dentures need to be replaced?
* Must I do anything special to care for my mouth?
* How often should I schedule dental appointments?
See also: Removable Partial Dentures
_____________________________________________________

What's the difference between conventional dentures and immediate dentures?

Complete dentures are called "conventional" or "immediate" according to when they are made and when they are inserted into the mouth.

Immediate dentures are inserted immediately after the removal of the remaining teeth. To make this possible, the dentist takes measurements and makes the models of the patient's jaws during a preliminary visit.

An advantage of immediate dentures is that the wearer does not have to be without teeth during the healing period. However, bones and gums can shrink over time, especially during the period of healing in the first six months after the removal of teeth. When gums shrink, immediate dentures may require rebasing or relining to fit properly. A conventional denture can then be made once the tissues have healed. Healing may take at least 6-8 weeks.

What is an overdenture?

A removable denture that fits over a small number of remaining natural teeth or implants. The natural teeth must be prepared to provide stability and support for the denture. Your dentist can determine if an overdenture would be suitable for you.

What will dentures feel like?

New dentures may feel awkward for a few weeks until you become accustomed to them. The dentures may feel loose while the muscles of your cheek and tongue learn to keep them in place.

It is not unusual to experience minor irritation or soreness. You may find that saliva flow temporarily increases. As your mouth becomes accustomed to the dentures, these problems should diminish. One or more follow-up appointments with the dentist are generally needed after a denture is inserted. If any problem persists, particularly irritation or soreness, be sure to consult your dentist.

Will dentures make me look different?

Dentures can be made to closely resemble your natural teeth so that little change in appearance will be noticeable. Dentures may even improve the look of your smile and help fill out the appearance of your face and profile.

Will dentures make me look different?

Dentures can be made to closely resemble your natural teeth so that little change in appearance will be noticeable. Dentures may even improve the look of your smile and help fill out the appearance of your face and profile.

Will I be able to eat with my dentures?

Eating will take a little practice. Start with soft foods cut into small pieces. Chew slowly using both sides of your mouth at the same time to prevent the dentures from tipping. As you become accustomed to chewing, add other foods until you return to your normal diet.

Continue to chew food using both sides of the mouth at the same time. Be cautious with hot or hard foods and sharp-edged bones or shells.

Will dentures change how I speak?

Pronouncing certain words may require practice. Reading out loud and repeating troublesome words will help. If your dentures "click" while you're talking, speak more slowly.

You may find that your dentures occasionally slip when you laugh, cough or smile. Reposition the dentures by gently biting down and swallowing. If a speaking problem persists, consult your dentist.

How long should I wear my dentures?

Your dentist will provide instructions about how long dentures should be kept in place. During the first few days, you may be advised to wear them most of the time, including while you sleep. After the initial adjustment period, you may be instructed to remove the dentures before going to bed. This allows gum tissues to rest and promotes oral health. Generally, it is not desirable that the tissues be constantly covered by denture material.

Should I use a denture adhesive?

Denture adhesive can provide additional retention for well-fitting dentures. Denture adhesives are not the solution for old, ill-fitting dentures. A poorly fitting denture, which causes constant irritation over a long period, may contribute to the development of sores. These dentures may need a reline or need to be replaced. If your dentures begin to feel loose, or cause pronounced discomfort, consult with your dentist immediately.

How do I take care of my dentures?

Dentures are very delicate and may break if dropped even a few inches. Stand over a folded towel or a basin of water when handling dentures. When you are not wearing them, store your dentures away from children and pets.

Like natural teeth, dentures must be brushed daily to remove food deposits and plaque. Brushing helps prevent dentures from becoming permanently stained and helps your mouth stay healthy. It's best to use a brush designed for cleaning dentures. A toothbrush with soft bristles can also be used. Avoid using hard-bristled brushes that can damage dentures.

Some denture wearers use hand soap or mild dishwashing liquid, which are both acceptable for cleaning dentures. Avoid using other powdered household cleansers, which may be too abrasive. Also, avoid using bleach, as this may whiten the pink portion of the denture.

Your dentist can recommend a denture cleanser.
The first step in cleaning dentures is to rinse away loose food particles thoroughly. Moisten the brush and apply denture cleanser. Brush every surface, scrubbing gently to avoid damage.

Dentures may lose their shape if they are allowed to dry out. When they are not worn, dentures should be placed in a denture cleanser soaking solution or in water. Your dentist can recommend the best method. Never place dentures in hot water, which could cause them to warp.

Ultrasonic cleaners are also used to care for dentures. However, using an ultrasonic cleaner does not replace a thorough daily brushing.

Can I make minor adjustments or repairs to my dentures?

You can seriously damage your dentures and harm your health by trying to adjust or repair your dentures. A denture that is not made to fit properly can cause irritation and sores.

See your dentist if your dentures break, crack, chip, or if one of the teeth becomes loose. A dentist can often make the necessary adjustments or repairs on the same day. A person who lacks the proper training will not be able to reconstruct the denture. This can cause greater damage to the denture and may cause problems in your mouth. Glue sold over-the-counter often contains harmful chemicals and should not be used on dentures.

Will my dentures need to be replaced?

Over time, dentures will need to be relined, rebased, or remade due to normal wear. To reline or rebase a denture, the dentist uses the existing denture teeth and refits the denture base or makes a new denture base. Dentures may need to be replaced if they become loose and the teeth show signs of significant wear.

Dentures become loose because a mouth naturally changes with age. Bone and gum ridges can recede or shrink, causing jaws to align differently. Shrinking ridges can cause dentures to fit less securely. Loose dentures can cause health problems, including sores and infections. A loose denture also makes chewing more difficult and may change your facial features. It's important to replace worn or poorly-fitting dentures before they cause problems.

Must I do anything special to care for my mouth?

Even with full dentures, you still need to take good care of your mouth. Every morning, brush your gums, tongue and palate with a soft-bristled brush before you put in your dentures. This removes plaque and stimulates circulation in the mouth. Selecting a balanced diet for proper nutrition is also important for maintaining a healthy mouth.

How often should I schedule dental appointments?

Your dentist will advise you about how often to visit. Regular dental check-ups are important. The dentist will examine your mouth to see if your dentures continue to fit properly. The dentist also examines your mouth for signs of oral diseases including cancer With regular professional care, a positive attitude and persistence, you can become one of the millions of people who wear their dentures with a smile.

Dental Technology

2009-12-18T03:16:00.000-08:00

* I've heard about laser whitening. Is it safe?
* How do dental X-rays work?
* How often should X-rays be taken?
* What are the benefits of a dental X-ray examination?

Lasers in Dentistry

I've heard about laser whitening. Is it safe?
Lasers, like other light sources, can be used to enhance the effectiveness of in-office peroxide bleaching agents. This technique may be safe, but the ADA has not seen published data on the safety and effectiveness of laser whitening.

Dental X- rays

How do dental X-rays work?

When X-rays pass through your mouth during a dental exam, more X-rays are absorbed by the denser parts (such as teeth and bone) than by soft tissues (such as cheeks and gums) before striking the film. This creates an image on the radiograph. Teeth appear lighter because fewer X-rays penetrate to reach the film. Cavities and gum disease appear darker because of more X-ray penetration. The interpretation of these X-rays allows the dentist to safely and accurately detect hidden abnormalities.

How often should X-rays be taken?

How often dental X-rays (radiographs) should be taken depends on the patient's individual health needs. It is important to recognize that just as each patient is different from the next, so should the scheduling of X-ray exams be individualized for each patient. Your dentist will review your history, examine your mouth and then decide whether you need radiographs and what type. If you are a new patient, the dentist may recommend radiographs to determine the present status of the hidden areas of your mouth and to help analyze changes that may occur later.

The schedule for needing radiographs at recall visits varies according to your age, risk for disease and signs and symptoms. Recent films may be needed to detect new cavities, or to determine the status of gum disease or for evaluation of growth and development. Children may need X-rays more often than adults. This is because their teeth and jaws are still developing and because their teeth are more likely to be affected by tooth decay than those of adults.

What are the benefits of a dental X-ray examination?

Many diseases of the teeth and surrounding tissues cannot be seen when your dentist examines your mouth. An X-ray examination may reveal:

" small areas of decay between the teeth;
" infections in the bone;
" abscesses or cysts;
" developmental abnormalities;
" some types of tumors.

Finding and treating dental problems at an early stage can save time, money and unnecessary discomfort. It can detect damage to oral structures not visible during a regular exam. If you have a hidden tumor, radiographs may even help save your life.

Dental Phobias

2009-12-18T03:15:00.000-08:00

* What can I do if I'm scared about dental treatment?

The best way to overcome your fear is to discuss your concerns with your dentist.
Experiences as a child may become distorted by time and reinforced by outdated media presentation of stereotypes.

Much has changed, thanks to technology and education, and dentists are skilled professionals in dealing with patients who are apprehensive about seeking treatment.

There are various forms of anaesthesia and relaxation which can be used effectively to change your negative thoughts into a positive experience.

Dental Implants

2009-12-18T03:11:00.000-08:00

* Is there another way I can have a tooth replaced other than a bridge?
* What is involved in placing implants?

Is there another way I can have a tooth replaced other than a bridge?

Yes. Dental implants can provide artificial teeth that look natural and feel secure. Dental implants can also be used to attach full or partial dentures. Implants, however, are not an option for everyone. Because implants require surgery, patients must be in good health, have healthy gums, have adequate bone to support the implant and be committed to meticulous oral hygiene and regular dental visits. If you are considering implants, a thorough evaluation by your dentist will help determine if you would be a good candidate.

What is involved in placing implants?

First, surgery is performed to place the anchor. Surgery can take up to several hours, and up to six months may be required for the bone to grow around the anchor and firmly hold it in place. Some implants require a second surgery in which a post is attached to connect the anchor to the replacement teeth. With other implants, the anchor and post are already attached and are placed at the same time.

After the gums have had several weeks to heal, the next step is begun. The artificial teeth are made and fitted to the post portion of the anchor. Because several fittings may be required, this step can take one to two months to complete.
Implant surgery can be done either in a dental office or in a hospital, depending upon a number of factors. A local or general anesthetic may be used. Usually pain medications and, when necessary, antibiotics are prescribed. Your dentist will give you instructions on diet and oral hygiene.

Dental Emergencies/Injuries

2009-12-18T03:02:00.000-08:00

* What to do if you have a toothache?
* What to do if you have a broken tooth?
* What to do for a bitten lip or tongue?
* What to do if objects get caught between the teeth?
______________________________________________________

What to do if you have a toothache?

Rinse the mouth out with warm water to clean it out. Gently use dental floss or an interdental cleaner to ensure that there is no food or other debris caught between the teeth.

Never put aspirin or any other painkiller against the gums near the aching tooth because it may burn the gum tissue. If the pain persists, contact your dentist.

What to do if you have a broken tooth?

Rinse your mouth with warm water to clean the area. Use cold compresses on the area to keep any swelling down. Call your dentist immediately.

What to do for a bitten lip or tongue?

Clean the area gently with a cloth and apply cold compresses to reduce any swelling. If the bleeding doesn't stop, go to a hospital emergency room immediately.

What to do if objects get caught between the teeth?

Try to gently remove the object with dental floss; avoid cutting the gums. Never use a sharp instrument to remove any object that is stuck between your teeth. If you can't dislodge the object using dental floss, contact your dentist.

Crown and Bridge

2009-12-18T02:59:00.000-08:00

Crown & Bridge

* What is a crown?
* What is a bridge?
* Why are crowns/bridges more expensive than fillings?

What is a crown?

A crown is an artificial cover or cap that is fitted to a decayed, discoloured or broken tooth to improve its strength, function and appearance.

The type of crown your dentist recommends will depend on the tooth involved and sometimes on your preference. They include porcelain crowns, porcelain-bonded-to-metal crowns, which combine the appearance of tooth coloured material with the strength of metal, gold alloy crowns and acrylic crowns.

What is a bridge?

A bridge is an appliance permanently fixed in the mouth to replace missing teeth. It uses remaining teeth to support the new artificial tooth or teeth.
A conventional fixed bridge consists of crowns that are fixed to the teeth on either side of the missing teeth and false teeth rigidly attached to these crowns.
An enamel bonded bridge uses a metal or porcelain framework., to which the artificial teeth are attached, then resin bonded to supporting teeth.

Why are crowns/bridges more expensive than fillings?

A crown is more complicated than a filling. Laboratory fees are incurred in its preparation and the materials used are more expensive than normal filling materials.
Two or three visits are usually required for the dentist to reduce the size of the existing tooth, make a mould, fit a temporary crown and finally adhere the permanent crown in place.

Cleaning Your Teeth and Gums (Oral Hygiene)

2009-12-18T02:55:00.000-08:00

* What is plaque?
* What are some tips for daily oral care?
* How do I brush my teeth ?
* How do I floss my teeth?

What is plaque?

Many of the foods you eat cause the bacteria in your mouth to produce acids. Sugared foods, such as candy and cookies, are not the only culprits. Starches, such as bread, crackers, and cereal, also cause acids to form. If you snack often, you could be having acid attacks all day long. After many acid attacks, your teeth may decay.

Plaque also produces substances that irritate the gums, making them red, tender or bleed easily. After a while, gums may pull away from the teeth. Pockets form and fill with more bacteria and pus. If the gums are not treated, the bone around the teeth can be destroyed. The teeth may become loose or have to be removed. In fact, gum disease is a main cause of tooth loss in adults.

One way to prevent tooth decay and gum disease is by eating a balanced diet and limiting the number of between-meal snacks. If you need a snack, choose nutritious foods such as raw vegetables, plain yogurt, cheese or a piece of fruit.

What is daily oral health care?

The best way to remove decay-causing plaque is by brushing and cleaning between your teeth every day. Brushing removes plaque from the tooth surfaces.
Brush your teeth twice a day, with a soft-bristled brush. The size and shape of your brush should fit your mouth, allowing you to reach all areas easily. Use a toothpaste that contains fluoride, which helps protect your teeth from decay.

Cleaning between the teeth once a day with floss or interdental cleaners removes plaque from between the teeth, areas where the toothbrush can't reach. It is essential in preventing gum disease.

By taking care of your teeth, eating a balanced diet and visiting your dentist regularly, you can have healthy teeth and an attractive smile your entire life. Follow these tips to keep your teeth and mouth clean:

How do I brush my teeth?

Regular, thorough brushing is a very important step in preventing tooth decay and gum disease. Brushing removes the bacteria that promote tooth decay and the plaque that can cause gum disease.

Ideally, you should brush after every meal, because the bacterial attack on teeth begins minutes after eating. At the very least, brush once a day and always before you go to bed.

Brushing your teeth isn't complicated, but there is a right and a wrong way.
" Brush at a 45 degree angle to your teeth - Direct the bristles to where your gums and teeth meet. Use a gentle, circular, massaging motion, up and down. Don't scrub. Gums that recede visibly are often a result of years of brushing too hard.

" Clean every surface of every tooth - the chewing surface, the cheek side, and the tongue side.

" Don't rush your brush - A thorough brushing should take at least two to three minutes. Try timing yourself.

" Change your usual brushing pattern - Most people brush their teeth the same way all the time. That means they miss the same spots all the time. Try reversing your usual pattern.

" The right toothbrush cleans better - Use a soft brush with rounded bristles. Choose a size and shape that allow you to reach all the way to your back teeth. There are many different types of brushes, so ask your dentist to suggest the best one for you. The Pakistan Dental Association recommends you replace your toothbrush every three months.

How do I floss my teeth?

" Break off about 18 inches of floss and wind most of it around one of your middle fingers. Wind the remaining floss around the same finger of the opposite hand. This finger will take up the floss as it becomes dirty. Hold the floss tightly between your thumbs and forefingers.

" Guide the floss between your teeth using a gentle rubbing motion. Never snap the floss into the gums.

" When the floss reaches the gum line, curve it into a C shape against one tooth. Gently slide it into the space between the gum and the tooth.

" Hold the floss tightly against the tooth. Gently rub the side of the tooth, moving the floss away from the gum with up and down motions.

" Repeat this method on the rest of your teeth.

" Don't forget the back side of your last tooth.

People who have difficulty handling dental floss may prefer to use another kind of interdental cleaner. These aids include special brushes, picks or sticks. If you use interdental cleaners, ask your dentist about how to use them properly, to avoid injuring your gums.

Braces

2009-12-18T02:51:00.000-08:00

Braces

* At what age can people have orthodontic treatment?
* What causes orthodontic problems?
* How are orthodontic problems corrected?
* Are there less noticeable braces?
* How long will treatment take?

At what age can people have orthodontic treatment?

The biological process involved in moving teeth is the same at any age. Children and adults can both benefit from orthodontics. It is recommended that every child receive an orthodontic evaluation by age seven. Treatment may take a little longer for adults. Because an adult's facial bones are no longer growing, certain corrections may not be accomplished with braces alone.

What causes orthodontic problems?

An orthodontic problem is called a malocclusion, meaning "bad bite." Some examples of causes of malocclusion are crowded teeth, extra teeth, missing teeth or jaws that are out of alignment.

Most malocclusions are inherited, although some can be acquired. Acquired malocclusions can be caused by accidents, early or late loss of baby teeth, or sucking of the thumb or fingers for a prolonged period of time.

How are orthodontic problems corrected?

First, pretreatment records are made. These records are important tools for the dentist to use in making an accurate diagnosis. They include medical/dental history, clinical examination, plaster study models of teeth, photos of your face and teeth and x-rays of your mouth and head. This information will be used to decide on the best treatment.

A custom treatment plan is outlined for each patient. The specific treatment appliance best suited to correct the patient's orthodontic problem is constructed. There are a variety of different orthodontic appliances that may be used.
When the orthodontic appliances are in place, this is considered the "active treatment" phase. Appliances are adjusted periodically so that the teeth are moved correctly and efficiently.

The time required for orthodontic treatment varies from person to person. An important factor in how long a patient wears braces is how well the patient cooperates during treatment - for example, by following instructions to wear rubber bands or head gear.

After active treatment is completed, the "retention" phase begins. A patient will need to wear a retainer so that the teeth stay in their new positions. For severe orthodontic problems, surgery may be recommended.

Are there less noticeable braces?

Today's braces are generally less noticeable than those of the past. Brackets, the part of the braces that hold the wires, are bonded to the front of the teeth. These brackets can be metal, clear, or tooth-colored. Wires that are used for braces today are also less noticeable. In some cases, brackets may be put on the back of the teeth (lingual appliances). Modern wires are also less noticeable than their predecessors. Today's wires are made of "space age" materials that exert a steady, gentle pressure on the teeth, making the tooth-moving process faster and more comfortable for patients.
How long will treatment take?
Although the average treatment time is about 24 months, this varies with individual patients. Usually, adult treatment takes a little longer than a child's treatment. Other things to keep in mind are the severity of the problem, the health of the teeth, gums and supporting bone and how closely the patient follows instructions. While orthodontic treatment requires a time commitment, most people feel the benefits are well worth the time invested.

Bad Breath

2009-12-18T02:48:00.000-08:00

Bad Breath (Halitosis)

* What causes bad breath?
* What can I do about bad breath?
* How do I find a dentist who treats bad breath?
* What is the treatment for bad breath?
* Where can I get products that will be useful in treating bad breath?
* How effective are "halitosis kits" and other products that claim to treat
bad breath?

What causes bad breath?

What you eat affects the air you exhale. Certain foods, such as garlic and onions, contribute to objectionable breath odor. Once the food is absorbed into the bloodstream, it is transferred to the lungs, where it is expelled. Brushing, flossing and mouthwash will only mask the odor temporarily. Odors continue until the body eliminates the food. Dieters may develop unpleasant breath from infrequent eating.

If you don't brush and floss daily, particles of food remain in the mouth, collecting bacteria, which can cause bad breath. Food that collects between the teeth, on the tongue and around the gums can rot, leaving an unpleasant odor. Dentures that are not cleaned properly can also harbor odor-causing bacteria and food particles.

One of the warning signs of periodontal (gum) disease is persistent bad breath or a bad taste in the mouth. Periodontal disease is caused by plaque, the sticky, colorless film of bacteria that constantly forms on teeth. The bacteria create toxins that irritate the gums. In the advanced stage of the disease, the gums, bone and other structures that support the teeth become damaged. With regular dental checkups, your dentist can detect and treat periodontal disease early.

Bad breath is also caused by dry mouth (xerostomia), which occurs when the flow of saliva decreases. Saliva is necessary to cleanse the mouth and remove particles that may cause odor. Dry mouth may be caused by various medications, salivary gland problems or continuously breathing through the mouth. If you suffer from dry mouth, your dentist may prescribe an artificial saliva, or suggest using sugarless candy and increasing your fluid intake.

Tobacco products cause bad breath, stain teeth, reduce one's ability to taste foods and irritate gum tissues. Tobacco users are more likely to suffer from periodontal disease and are at greater risk for developing oral cancer. If you use tobacco, ask your dentist for tips on kicking the habit.

Bad breath may be the sign of a medical disorder, such as a local infection in the respiratory tract (nose throat, windpipe, lungs), chronic sinusitis, postnasal drip, chronic bronchitis, diabetes, gastrointestinal disturbance, liver or kidney ailment. If your dentist determines that your mouth is healthy, you may be referred to your family doctor or a specialist to determine the cause of bad breath.

Eliminating periodontal disease and maintaining good oral health is essential to reducing bad breath. Schedule regular dental visits for a professional cleaning and checkup. If you think you have constant bad breath, keep a log of the foods you eat and make a list of medications you take. Some medications may play a role in creating mouth odors. Let your dentist know if you've had any surgery or illness since your last appointment.

Brush twice a day with a fluoride toothpaste to remove food debris and plaque. Brush your tongue, too. Once a day, use floss or an interdental cleaner to clean between teeth. If you wear removable dentures, take them out at night. Clean them thoroughly before replacing them the next morning.

Mouthwashes are generally cosmetic and do not have a long-lasting effect on bad breath. If you must constantly use a breath freshener to hide unpleasant mouth odor, see your dentist. If you need extra help in controlling plaque, your dentist may recommend using a special antimicrobial mouthrinse. A fluoride mouthrinse, used along with brushing and flossing, can help prevent tooth decay.

What can I do about bad breath?

Regular checkups will allow your dentist to detect any problems such as gum disease, a dry mouth or other disorders that may be the cause. Maintaining good oral hygiene, eliminating gum disease and scheduling regular professional cleanings are essential to reducing bad breath.

Regardless of what may be the cause, good oral hygiene is essential. Brush twice a day and clean between your teeth daily with floss or interdental cleaners. Brush your tongue, too. If you wear dentures, be sure to remove them at night and clean them thoroughly before replacing them the next morning.
How do I find a dentist who treats bad breath?
Dentists are taught in dental school about the oral causes of bad breath (halitosis). If you have bad breath, you may want to start by talking to your general dentist about treatment options.

What is the treatment for bad breath?

If your dentist determines that your mouth is healthy and that the odor is not of oral origin, you may be referred to your family physician or to a specialist to determine the cause of the odor and for treatment. Of course, if the odor is of oral origin, as it is in the majority of cases, your dentist can treat the cause of the problem.

If the odor is due to gum disease, your general dentist can either treat the disease or refer you to a periodontist, a specialist in treating gum tissues. Gum disease can cause gum tissues to pull away from the teeth and form pockets. When these pockets are deep, only a professional periodontal cleaning can remove the bacteria and plaque that accumulate. Sometimes more extensive treatment is necessary.

If you have extensive build-up of plaque, an invisible layer of bacteria, your dentist may recommend using a special antimicrobial mouthrinse. Your dentist may also recommend that when you brush your teeth, you also brush your tongue to remove excess plaque.

Where can I get products that will be useful in treating bad breath?
After determining the cause of your halitosis, your dentist will be able to prescribe or recommend those products that can be helpful for you.

How Effective Are "Halitosis Kits" and Other Products That Claim to Treat Bad Breath?
If you are concerned about the product safety and effectiveness, you can ask your dentist if the products in the kit will be useful for you.

Anesthesia

2009-12-18T02:12:00.000-08:00

Anesthesia

* What should every patient know about dental anesthesia?
* What are analgesics?
* What is local anesthesia?
* What is sedation and general anesthesia?
_____________________________________________________

Understanding Dental Anesthesia: What Every Patient Should Know
Advances in dental techniques and medications can greatly reduce - even eliminate - discomfort during dental treatment, and your dentist and the PDA want you to know about them. Here are some of the options available to help alleviate anxiety or pain that may be associated with dental care:

Analgesics

Non-narcotic analgesics are the most commonly used drugs for relief of toothache or pain following dental treatment. This category includes aspirin, acetaminophen and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs such as Ibuprofen.
Narcotic analgesics, such as those containing codeine, act on the central nervous system to relieve pain. They are used for more severe pain.

Local Anesthesia

Topical anesthetics are applied to mouth tissues with a swab to prevent pain on the surface level. Your dentist may use a topical anesthetic to numb an area in preparation for administering an injectable local anesthetic. Topical anesthetics also may be used to soothe painful mouth sores.
Injectable local anesthetics, such as Novocain, prevent pain in a specific area of your mouth during treatment by blocking the nerves that sense or transmit pain and numbing mouth tissues. They cause the temporary numbness often referred to as a "fat lip" feeling. Injectable anesthetics may be used in such procedures as filling cavities, preparing teeth for crowns or treating gum disease.

Sedation and General Anesthesia

Anti-anxiety agents, such as nitrous oxide, or sedatives may help you relax during dental visits and often may be used along with local anesthetics. Dentists also can use these agents to induce "conscious sedation," in which the patient achieves a relaxed state during treatment but can respond to speech or touch. Sedatives can be administered before, during or after dental procedures by mouth, inhalation or injection.

More complex treatments may require drugs that can induce "deep sedation," causing a loss of feeling and reducing consciousness in order to relieve both pain and anxiety. On occasion, patients undergo "general anesthesia," in which drugs cause a temporary loss of consciousness. Deep sedation and general anesthesia may be recommended in certain procedures for children or others who have severe anxiety or who have difficulty controlling their movements.

Dentists use the pain and anxiety control techniques mentioned above to treat tens of millions of patients safely every year. Even so, taking any medication involves a certain amount of risk. This includes knowing your health status and telling your dentist about any illnesses or health conditions, whether you are taking any medications (prescription or non-prescription), and whether you've ever had any problems such as allergic reactions to any medications.

It also includes understanding the risks and benefits involved in dental treatment, so that you and your dentist can make the best decisions about the treatment that is right for you.

Understanding the range of choices that are available to relieve anxiety and discomfort makes you a well-informed dental consumer. If you have questions or concerns about your oral health care, don't hesitate to talk to your dentist. If you still have concerns, consider getting a second opinion. Working together, you and your dentist can choose the appropriate steps to make your dental visit as safe and comfortable as possible, and to help you keep a healthy smile.

Amalgam

2009-12-18T02:08:00.000-08:00

Amalgam

* Are dental amalgams safe?
* Is it possible to have an allergic reaction to amalgam?
* Is it true that dental amalgams have been banned in other countries?
* Is there a filling material that matches tooth color?
* If my tooth doesn't hurt and my filling is still in place, why would the
filling need to be replaced?
_____________________________________________________
Are dental amalgams safe?

Yes. Dental amalgam has been used in tooth restorations worldwide for more than 100 years. Studies have failed to find any link between amalgam restorations and any medical disorder. Amalgam continues to be a safe restorative material for dental patients.

Is it possible to have an allergic reaction to amalgam?
Only a very small number of people are allergic to amalgam fillings. Fewer than 100 cases have ever been reported. In these rare instances, mercury may trigger an allergic response. Symptoms of amalgam allergy are very similar to a typical skin allergy.

Often patients who are truly allergic to amalgam have a medical or family history of allergies to metals. If there is a confirmed allergy, another restorative material will be used.

Is it true that dental amalgams have been banned in other countries?
No. Erroneous news reporting has confused restrictions in a few countries with outright bans. Dentists around the world are using dental amalgams (silver fillings) to restore teeth that have dental decay. Studies have not shown a link between dental amalgam and any medical disorder.

Is there a filling material that matches tooth color?

Yes. Composite resins are tooth-colored, plastic materials (made of glass and resin) that are used both as fillings and to repair defects in the teeth. Because they are tooth-colored, it is difficult to distinguish them from natural teeth. Composites are often used on the front teeth where a natural appearance is important. They can be used on the back teeth as well depending on the location and extent of the tooth decay. Composite resins are usually more costly than amalgam fillings.

If my tooth doesn't hurt and my filling is still in place, why would the filling need to be replaced?

Constant pressure from chewing, grinding or clenching can cause dental fillings, or restorations, to wear away, chip or crack. Although you may not be able to tell that your filling is wearing down, your dentist can identify weaknesses in your restorations during a regular check-up.

If the seal between the tooth enamel and the restoration breaks down, food particles and decay-causing bacteria can work their way under the restoration. You then run the risk of developing additional decay in that tooth. Decay that is left untreated can progress to infect the dental pulp and may cause an abscess.
If the restoration is large or the recurrent decay is extensive, there may not be enough tooth structure remaining to support a replacement filling. In these cases, your dentist may need to replace the filling with a crown.

Oral Hygiene Products

2009-12-17T04:06:00.000-08:00

Oral Hygiene Products

Anfords Pakistan (Pvt.) Ltd
E-29, S.I.T.E, Karachi
Tel: (92-21) 2563106, 2576491, 2579415
(92-21) 4542266 (Marketing Office)
Product: Actol Toothpaste

FORHANS (PVT) LTD.
V.M. House, West Wharf Road, Karachi
Phone: 9221-2311368 / 2311365
/ 2311366 / 2311367
Fax: 9221-2310602

FORHANS (PVT) LTD.
V.M. House, West Wharf Road, Karachi
Phone: 9221-2311368 / 2311365
/ 2311366 / 2311367
Fax: 9221-2310602

Navid & Co
C-302, Block-6, F.B.Area, Karachi.
Ph: 6362451

Marriana International
Abdullah Square, 43/1/H, Block-6,
Main Razi Road, P.E.C.H.S. Karachi-75400
Tel: 021-4536424-30
Fax: 021-4531717 & 4557379
E-Mail: info@mgcpakistan.com

Marriana International
Abdullah Square, 43/1/H, Block-6,
Main Razi Road, P.E.C.H.S. Karachi-75400
Tel: 021-4536424-30
Fax: 021-4531717 & 4557379
E-Mail: info@mgcpakistan.com

Marriana International
Abdullah Square, 43/1/H, Block-6,
Main Razi Road, P.E.C.H.S. Karachi-75400
Tel: 021-4536424-30
Fax: 021-4531717 & 4557379
E-Mail: info@mgcpakistan.com

English Laboratories (Pvt) Ltd
230/E, Block-2, P.E.C.H.S Karachi 75400
Phone: 9221-4312281-2 / 4312281
Fax: 9221-4312283

Shield Corporation Ltd.
401, Business Avenue, Block-6,
PECHS, Karachi
Ph: 4385003 – 4 Fax: 4556344

Colgate Palmolive
Lekson Square Building,Karachi.
Ph: 5685135 – 8 Fax: 5684712

Ala Chemicals
F-60, SITE, Off Hub River Road, Karachi.
Ph: 2582061 - 5 Fax 2582068
E-Mail: dentonic@cyber.net.pk

Ala Chemical (Dentonic Tooth Paste)
F-60, SITE, Off Hub River Road, Karachi.
Ph: 2582061 - 5 Fax 2582068

GlaxoSmith Kline, Consumer Health Division,
Skyes Building,Dockyard Road, West Wharf,
Karachi. Ph: 2315478-82 Ph: 2315101-7
Fax: 2201855 E-Mail: nida.n.zubair@gsk.com

Roomi Enterprises (Pvt) Ltd.
Plot No.16, Sector 23, Korangi Industrial Area,
Karachi- 74900 Karachi Pakistan
UAN: 0092-21-111-016-023
Tel No. +92-21-5058401-03, 5063041-42.
Fax. +92-21 -5060418 & 5061001
E-Mail: mail@roomi.com.pk romses@cyber.net.pk

Hamdard Laboratories (Waqf) Ltd
E-5/8, Nazimabad, Karachi
Tel: 6616001, 6616004, 6620949, 6620945
Fax: 021-6611755
E-Mail: hamdard@khi.paknet.com.pk

Close Up Tooth Paste
Unilever Pakistan Ltd
Awari Tower, Fatima Jinnah Road, Karachi.
Tel: 021-5660062-9 5673021-9
Fax: 021-5681705
E-Mail: hammad.habib@unilever.com

Platinum Pharmaceuticals (Pvt) Ltd.
A-20, North Western Industrial Zone,
Bin Qasim, Karachi.
Ph; 4750112 - 3, 4750225, 4750479 - 81
Fax: 4750229 pdl@super.net.pk

Himont Laboratories (Pvt.) Ltd.
222, Justice Inamullah Road,
Off Shaheed-e-Millat Road,
Near Hillpark, Karachi.
Tel: (92-21) 4542460
E-mail: himontk@cyber.net.pk
Products: Lacer Oros Mouthwash,
Gingi Lacer Toothpaste, Chlorhexidine Gel)

Himont Laboratories (Pvt.) Ltd
Lahore Office Address:
17-KM, Ferozpur Road, Lahore
Tel: (92-42) 5814391-3, 5811868
Fax: (92-42) 5814394
E-mail: himont@shoa.net

Neo Nexus Pakistan (Pvt) Ltd.
Health Care Division
1st Floor, 117-C, 12th Street, Phase-1,
D.H.A Karachi-75500
Tel: (92-21) 5384923-4 Fax: (92-21) 5384925
E-Mail: neonexuspakistan@hotmail.com
Products: Neonex Toothpaste/Mouthwash,
Tricride Mouthwash/

Pfizer Laboratories,
West Wharf Road, Karachi.75700
E-Mail: ContactPakistan@pfizer.com
Product:

Pfizer Laboratories,
West Wharf Road, Karachi.
Ph: Dir 2205316 / 2316671 - 5
E-Mail: ContactPakistan@pfizer.com
Product:

Pfizer Laboratories,
West Wharf Road, Karachi.75700
E-Mail: ContactPakistan@pfizer.com
Product:

Avicenna Pharmaceuticals & Dental Pvt Ltd
1st Floor, 68-C, Pyramid Chamber,
Tauheed Commercial, 25th Commercial Street,
Phase V, DHA,Karachi Tel: 5375461 – 4, 6040930
Cell: Dr Sadia 0300 2012345 Mr Asad 0346 2012345
E-Mail: khalid.siddiqui@avicenna-pharma.com

Adamjee Pharmaceutical (Pvt) Ltd
Plot No.39 Sector 15.
Korangi Industrial Area, Karachi 75190
Tel: 021- 5060685-86 5050113-5050121
Fax: 021- 5060686 E-Mail:adamjeep@cyber.net.pk
SHERSHA Office Tel: 2550136-7
Product: Benzirin Mouthwash

Bristol-Myers Squibb Pakistan (Pvt) Ltd.
Korangi Industrial Area, Krachi.
Ph: 5015007 - 11

Brookes Laboratories
58, Sector 15, Korangi Industrial Area,
Karachi.
Product: Payodine Mouthwash

Continental Chemical Co.
Suite No 5 1st Floor,Razia Sharif Plaza,
Blue Area Jinnah Avenue,
Islamabad.

Continental Chemical Co.
C-92 KDA Scheme No 1,
Karachi.

Gillette Pakistan Ltd. C/o Proctor & Gamble
Bahria Complex , M T Khan Road, Karachi.
Ph: 5686120

Gorey International,
6/5, Sector-15,
Korangi Industrial Area, Krachi.
5050073 – 5050225 fax; 5057731
Cell: 0300 8259258
asifayub@goreyint.com

ICI Pakistan Ltd,
5 West Wharf Road, Karachi.
Cell: 0300 2408195
Ph: 111 100 200 Fax: 2313431

Merck Marker (Pvt) Limited,
Shaheed-e-Millat Road, Karachi.

PharmEvo (Pvt) Ltd.
402 Business Avenue,
Block 6 PECHS, Karachi.

PharmEvo (Pvt) Ltd.
402 Business Avenue,
Block 6 PECHS, Karachi.

PharmEvo (Pvt) Ltd.
402 Business Avenue,
Block 6 PECHS, Karachi.

Spirex International, Tariq Road , Karachi
0300 8939139 03212403304
Amirnaved@yahoo.com

Spirex International
Tariq Road , Karachi
0300 9211263

Uniprom Healthcare
AK 164, 31/25, Samad Compound,
Syed Mahmood Shah Road,
Karachi.
Ph: 2775762 Fax: 2775762
Email: unipromhealthcare@hotmail.com

Pharmakon Trading Corporation
202, Amber State Extension,
KCHSUL, Karachi
Ph: 4523141 Cell: 0300 2392399

Majsons Corporation (Pharmaceutical Division)
Address: 171/1-C-A, Off. Tariq Road,
Block #. 3, P.E.C.H.S. Karachi 75400
Tel: (92-21) 4314434-35 Fax: (92-21) 4314437
Product: Maxisal Tab (For Dry Mouth).

Kmint Ltd
Address: 43-L, Block-6, PECHS,
Karachi-75400.
Tel: (92-21) 4540253, 4540254
Fax: (92-21) 4540254
E-Mail: shussain@kmint.com
Product: Dirol Sugar free Chewing Gum)

Prism Health Pakistan
705 – 706, Anum Bleesings,
Block 7/8, KCHSU, Shahra-e-Faisal
Karachi Ph: 4537546 – 4325283
Fax: 4316467 Cell: 0300 2104162
E-Mail: asif.ghafoor@prismhealth.com.pk

Dentsl Suppliers

2009-12-17T03:37:00.000-08:00

3M ESPE Pakistan (Pvt) Ltd.
Islamic Chamber of Commerce Building,
ST-2/A, Block 9,
KDA Scheme 5, Clifton,
Karachi.

Akhai Galenika
103-K, Block 2, PECHS
Karachi
4311601 - 4

AestheticLife
16-E, Block 6, PECHS, Karachi.
Tel: 4534568/9 Fax : 4536393
Mobile 0300 8256322
E-mail: ghazanfar@aestheticlife.com

Mehran Dental Supplies
15 - FL-4, Block –5
Gulshan-e-Iqbal, Near Nipa Chorangi
Karachi. Tel: 4816767-4834658
Cell 0300 2275667
khanazharali@hotmail.com
mehrandentalsupplies@yahoo.com

Ashraf Trading Company,
721-725, Regal Trade Square,
Preedy Street, Saddar,
Karachi.
Ph: 2726100 fax: 2725457
Cell: 0301 2384736

Chughtai Dental Supply
406-Arames Tower (Old Kawish Crown)
Shahrah-e-Faisal-Karachi
Tel: 021-5420998-4386556
Fax: 021-4386557

Combined Engineers
Suite # 131, Al-Amna Plaza
M A Jinnah Raod
Karachi
Ph 2785647-2781825 Fax: 2781825

Dentsply Ltd
C – 66, Ishaqabad,
Sir Shah Sulaiman Road
Federal B Area Block 1,
Karachi
Cell 0300 2152835
nadir@dentsply-pak.com

General Dental & Laboratory Supplies,
14 Fidvi Chambers
Opp. Luximi Building, M.A. Jinnah Road,
Karachi.

Glow Pak International
126/O/II, PECHS, Karachi
Ph: 4314475 – 6 Fax: 4314476
0321 2993994
gpik@yber.net.pk

Hospital Supply Corporation,
42 Darul Amam Housing Society,
Shahrae Fasal,
Karachi.
03008224641 / 111472472 / Fax: 4547493

International Sales & Services
302, Noor Estate Building
Shahrae Faisal, Karachi.
Ph: 4522400 –4382623 Fax: 4548648
Cell: 0300 2118855
intsalsv@cyber.net.pk

Karachi Dental,
Sadia Manzil, 25/3,
Sehwani Co-operative Society,
Jigar Muradabadi Road, Karachi.
Ph: 4131246-7, 4916323
Fax: 4916323
sales@kdplonline.com kds@kdplonline.com
implants@kdplonline.com

Kodak Limited
4th Floor, Bahria Complex,
M.T.Khan Road, Karachi

Mina Corporation,
27, Japan Corporation,
Preedy Street, Saddar, Karachi

Ramzan Enterprises
Regional office
Noorani Building, Campbell Street
Karachi. 74200
Ph: 2628702 Fx 2418132

M & C Dental
M.2 Rahat Jo Daro
172/L, Block 2, Main Tariq Road,
PECHS, Karachi.
Ph: 4315158 - 9 Cell 0321 2422365

Hilbro International (Pvt) Ltd
Fatima Arcade SC-31, Chandni Chowk, Stadium Road, Near LNH, Karachi.
Ph: 4132343 – 4, Fax: 4938182
Cell 0300 7003983 hilbrokhi@hilbrointl.com

Shigri Dental Supplies
Shop No. 13, 1-K-4,
Gulzar Centre, Nazimabad
Near Agha Juice, Karachi
Ph: 6684881 Cell 0300 2165343

Mehran Dental Supplier
M # 44, al Noor Centre,
Randle Road, Near Ankle Saria Hospital
Karachi.
2751826 – 2730560
mehrandental@gawab.com

Dr Salman Asif
Seldent Dental Supply
B -3, Block - 8,
Gulshan-e-Iqbal, Karachi
Tel: 4966719 Fax: 4992049
Cell: 03002214342
seldentpvt@hotmail.com

Dental Source
33, Zaibunissa Market,
Opp. NJV School
M A Jinnah Road, Karachi
Tel / Fax: 2775879-2778479-2000295
Cell: 03002153098
dentalsourcepak@gmail.com

Dentco
A - 560, Block C,
North Nazimabad,
Karachi
Ph / Fax: 6672162 Cell 03009293980

Feroze & Company
Nusrat Manzil,
Gawali Lane # 2, Rattan Talao,
Near Urdu Bazar,
Karachi.
Ph: 2721951 Fax: 5363525 Cell: 0300 258823
medaid@fascom.com

Feroze & Company
24E/1-1, Ali Square, Mezznine Floor
6th Zamzama Street,
Zamzama Boulevard, DHA, Karachi.
Ph / Fax: 5363525 Cell: 03009205393

Global Dental Supply
28-29 Ground Floor,
Al amna Plaza, M A Jinnah Road, Karachi.
Tel: 2781694-2790095
Cell: 0300 3573660
Globaldentalsupplies@hotmail.com

Pakland International
Suite G-1, Ground Floor, Hasin Residency Plot B-9, Opp PIA Planetarium, Behind Bank Al-Habib, Main University Road, Gulshan-e Iqbal
Karachi.
Cell: 0321 2006658
Ph: 4823563, 4821557, 4976701 Fax: 4976701
dentalco2001@yahoo.com
mrkhan1972@hotmail.com

Three -S (Pvt)Limited
C-19, Block -7, Main University Road
Gulistan-e-Jauhar
Karachi-75300
Tel # 426-5403 463-4574 401-7773
Cell: 0302 8243-9150
khalidqavi@hotmail.com

Fabson International
26/C, 3rd Floor,
Tauheed Commercial Area,
Street 26, Phase-V, Karachi.
Ph: 5860404, 5823812-4
fabnos@cyber.net.pk

Western International
66-A, Block-2, Kashmir Road
PECHS, Karachi,
021-4553632-4557911
Cell: 0300-8226591

Medkraft Orthodontics
152-E, Block 2, PECHS
Karachi
Ph: 4553762 fax: 4556622
amahmood@fascom.com

Prism Health Pakistan
705 – 706, Anum Bleesings,
Block 7/8, KCHSU,
Shahra-e-Faisal
Karachi Ph: 4537546 – 4325283
Fax: 4316467
Cell: 0300 2104162
asif.ghafoor@prismhealth.com.pk

United Technologies
Dental Care Centre
Ali Daulat Square Phase II
Block G, North Nazimabad
Karachi.
0300 9293372

United Technologies
C-148, Block I, North Nazimabad
Karachi.
0300 9293372

Spine Marketing Services
R-92, Salman Garden
Bostan-e-Rafi Malir City,
Karachi
021 5450161 Fax: 5450161, 0300 3686401
zabbas@spinemarketing.com zabbas71@hotmail.com

M K Dental Company
Flat A1-013, Block C3,
Phase III, Haroon Royal City,
Gulistan-e-Johar, Block 17,
Karachi.
0300 7034715 mktdental@cyber.net.pk

C/o Ozone
Flat # 201, 2nd Floor,
Plot 10-C, Badar Commercial , DHA,
Karachi
0300 2697696 / 0333 2256707

C/o Ozone
B-1, Sana Avenue, Block 12,
Gulistan-e-Jauhar, Karachi.
0300 9254924

Total Technologies (Pvt)Ltd
BRANCH OFFICE:
116/E, Block-2, P.E.C.H.S.
Karachi.
Ph / Fax: +92 (021) 60246
0321-3769037

Access to Dental Care

2009-12-17T03:18:00.000-08:00

Sources for Charitable and Accessible Dental Care

1. How can I find out about charitable or low-cost dental care for persons in need?
2. Where can people with special needs obtain dental care?
Tips for Choosing a Dentist
1. How do you find a dentist?
2. What should I look for when choosing a dentist?

Sources for Charitable and Accessible Dental Care

How can I find out about charitable or low-cost dental care for persons in need?
Assistance programs vary from state to state, so you may want to contact your state dental society to see if there are programs in your area.

Another possible source of lower-cost dental care is a dental school clinic. Generally, dental costs in school clinics are reduced and may include only partial payment for professional services covering the cost of materials and equipment.
Where can people with special needs obtain dental care?

On Access, Prevention and Interprofessional Relations, suggests the following tips:
" Inform the dentist about your special health or financial conditions
" Ask if the dentist has training and/or experience in treating patients with your
specific condition
" Ask if the dentist has an interest in treating patients with your specific
condition
" Find out if the dentist participates in your dental benefit plan (dental insurance
program)
" Ask if the dental facility is accessible to the disabled

Tips for Choosing a Dentist
How do you find a dentist?

The American Dental Association offers these suggestions:

" Ask family, friends, neighbors or co-workers for recommendations.
" Ask your family physician or local pharmacist.
" If you're moving, your current dentist may be able to make a recommendation.
" Call or write your local or state dental society. Your local and state dental societies also may be listed in the telephone directory under "dentists" or "associations."

" Use PDA.org's PDA Member to search for dentists in your area.

You may want to call or visit more than one dentist before making your decision. Dental care is a very personalized service that requires a good relationship between the dentist and the patient.

What should I look for when choosing a dentist?
You may wish to consider several dentists before making your decision. During your first visit, you should be able to determine if this is the right dentist for you. Consider the following:

" Is the appointment schedule convenient for you?
" Is the office easy to get to from your home or job?
" Does the office appear to be clean, neat and orderly?
" Was your medical and dental history recorded and placed in a permanent file?
" Does the dentist explain techniques that will help you prevent dental health
problems? Is dental health instruction provided?
" Are special arrangements made for handling emergencies outside of office hours?
(Most dentists make arrangements with a colleague or emergency referral service if
they are unable to tend to emergencies.)
" Is information provided about fees and payment plans before treatment is
scheduled?

You and your dentist are partners in maintaining your oral health. Take time to ask questions and take notes if that will help you remember your dentist's advice.

Dental Jokes

2009-12-17T02:45:00.000-08:00

Dental Jokes

Collections from the web

1- A young Dentist had just started his own Clinic. He rented a beautiful office and had it furnished with antiques. Sitting there, he saw a man come into the front office. Wishing to appear the "busy dentist", the gentleman picked
up the phone and started to pretend he had to give an appointment.
Finally he hung up and asked the visitor, "Can I help you?"
The man said, "Yeah, I've come to activate

2- A patient sits in the dental chair with severely fractured front teeth. After discussing how they will be restored and what the fee would be the patient says, " Before we begin, Doc, I gotta know: Will I be able to play the trumpet
when you are finished? " The dentist replies " Sure you will! "
The patient replies " Great, I couldn't play a note before! "

3- Dentists can be frustrating. You wait a month-and-a-half for an appointment, and they say, "I wish you'd come to me sooner."

4- "Happiness is your dentist telling you it won't hurt and then having him catch his hand in the drill." -- Johnny Carson

5- Toothaches always start on Friday night right before the weekend when the Dental Office will be closed.

6- A little boy was taken to the dentist. It was discovered that he had a cavity that would have to be filled.
"Now, young man," asked the dentist, "what kind of filling would you like for that tooth?" "Chocolate, please," replied the youngster.

7- Last week Grace went to the dentist's office for a checkup and music was playing.
She was early for her appointment, but after waiting ten minutes, an elderly woman
sitting beside her said, "isn't that just like a dentist? A waiting room jammed with people,and the dentist is in there playing the piano."

8- A woman phoned her dentist when she received a huge bill. "I'm shocked!" she complained. "This is three times what you normally charge."
"Yes, I know," said the dentist. "But you yelled so loud, you scared away two other patients."

9- A woman and her husband interrupted their vacation to go to the dentist. "I want a tooth pulled,and I don't want Novacaine because I'm in a big hurry," the woman said. "Just extract the tooth as quickly as possible, and we'll be on our way." The dentist was quite impressed. "You're certainly a courageous woman," he said. "Which tooth is it?" The woman turned to her husband
and said, "Show him your tooth, dear."

10- Simon said...
Why did the guru refuse Novacaine when he went to his dentist?
He wanted to transcend dental medication.

11- Man: "Darling, your teeth remind me of the stars"
Woman: "Because they gleam and sparkle"
Man: "No, because they come out at night!"

12-Actual Names of Practicing Dentists
Dr.Pullman, Dr.Filler, Dr.Fear, Dr.Rensch (pronounced wrench), Dr.Pick, Dr.Tusk, Dr. Drewel (pronounced "drool"),
Dr.Tucek (2thChk), Dr.Chu, Dr.Shugar, Dr.Pic, Dr.Pang, Dr.Butcher, Dr.Harm, Dr.Hurter, Dr.Toothaker, Dr.Lynch,
Dr.Root, Dr.Nasti, Dr.Paine/Payne/Pain (15 entries but notably Dr.Daryl B Payne = "There Will Be Pain"),
Dr.Smiley, Dr.Schotz, Dr.Hale (pronounced "hell" in southern), Dr.Bliss, Dr.Lancit, Dr.Gager, Dr. Eke

13- An elderly patient went to have her teeth checked.
"Mrs. Hopgood, your teeth are good for the next 50 years." the dentist beamed.
To which she replied, "What will they do without me?"

14- Bible verse hanging in a dental office:
Psalms 81:10:" . . . open thy mouth wide, and I will fill it."

15- A young man saw an elderly couple sitting down to lunch at McDonald's. He noticed that they had ordered one meal,
and an extra drink cup. As he watched, the gentleman carefully divided the hamburger in half, then counted out the
fries, one for him, one for her, until each had half of them. Then he poured half of the soft drink into the extra
cup and set that in front of his wife. The old man then began to eat, and his wife sat watching, with her hands
folded in her lap.The young man decided to ask if they would allow him to purchase another meal for them so that
they didn't have to split theirs. The old gentleman said, "Oh no. We've been married 50 years, and everything has
always been and will always be shared, 50/50." The young man then asked the wife if she was going to eat, and she
replied... "Not yet...It's his turn with the teeth!"

16- When a new dentist set up in a small town he quickly acquired a reputation of being the latest kind of "Painless" dentist.
But a local lad quicky disputed this. "He's a fake ! " he told his mates. "He's not painless at all. When he stuck his
finger in my mouth I bit him - and he yelled like anyone else."

17- A man went to his dentist because he feels something wrong in his mouth. The dentist examines him and says,
"that new upper plate I put in for you six months ago is eroding. What have you been eating?" The man replies,
"all I can think of is that about four months ago my wife made some asparagus and put some stuff on it that was
delicious...Hollandaise sauce. I loved it so much I now put it on everything --- meat, toast, fish, vegetables,
everything." "Well," says the dentist, "that's probably the problem. Hollandaise sauce is made with lots of lemon
juice, which is highly corrosive. It's eaten away your upper plate. I'll make you a new plate, and this time use
chrome." "Why chrome?" asks the patient. To which the dentist replies, "It's simple. Everyone knows that there's
no plate like chrome for the Hollandaise!"

18- Patient: Doctor, I have yellow teeth, what do I do?
Dentist: Wear a brown tie...

19- Dentist says to the patient: Could you help me? Could you give out a few of your
loudest, most painful screams?
Patient: Why? Doc, it isn't all that bad this time.
Dentist: There are so many people in the waiting room right now and I don't want to
miss the 7 o'clock tennis game.

20- A husband and wife entered the dentist's office. The husband said,
"I want a tooth pulled.I don't want gas or Novocain because I'm in a terrible hurry.
Just pull the tooth as quickly as possible." "You're a brave man," said the dentist. "Now, show me which tooth it is." The husband turns to his wife and says,
"Open your mouth and show the dentist which tooth it is, dear."

21- Did you hear about the dentist who planted a garden?...
A month later he was picking his teeth

22- Dentists are incapable of asking questions that require a simple yes or no answer.

23-What does the dentist of the year get?...A little plaque

24- What game did the dentist play when she was a child?...Caps and robbers

25- What does a dentist do on a roller coaster?...He braces himself

26- What did the dentist see at the North Pole?...A molar bear

27- hat was the dentist doing in Panama?...Looking for the Root Canal

28- Where does the dentist get his gas?...At the filling station

29- Why didn't the dentist ask his secretary out?...He was already taking out a tooth

30- What did the dentist say to the computer?...This won't hurt a byte

31- Mother: Has your tooth stopped hurting yet?...Son: I don't know. The dentist kept it

32- What did the tooth say to the departing dentist?...Fill me in when you get back

33- Anyone know the six most frightening words in the world ??? "The Dentist will see you now."

"Open wider." requested the dentist, as he began his examination of the patient.
"Good God !" he said startled. "You've got the biggest cavity I've ever seen
the biggest cavity I've ever seen." "OK Doc !" replied the patient.
"I'm scared enough without you saying something like that twice."
"I didn't !" said the dentist. "That was the echo."

34- While I was waiting to see the dentist, a woman came out of his inner office smiling.
Nodding to me, she said, "Thank goodness my work is completed.
I'm so glad to have found a painless dentist and one who's so gentle and understanding too."
When seated in the dentist chair, I related the incident to the doctor. He laughed and explained,
"Oh, that was just my Mother."

35- I came in to make an appointment with the dentist." said the man to the receptionist." "I'm sorry sir." she replied.
"He's out right now, but..." "Thank you." interrupted the obviously nervous prospective patient.
"When will he be out again ?"

36- A patient sits in the dental chair with severely fractured front teeth. After discussing how they will be restored
and what the fee would be the patient says, " Before we begin, Doc, I gotta know: Will I be able to play the trumpet
when you are finished? "
The dentist replies " Sure you will! "
The patient replies " Great, I couldn't play a note before! "

37- Patient: Doctor, I am very nervous. You know, this is my first extraction.
Young dentist: Don’t worry, it's my first extraction too.
Dentist: There goes the only woman I ever loved.
Assistant: Why don't you marry her?
Dentist: I can't afford to. She's my best patient.
Dentist: Just let me finish and you will be another man after these cosmetic procedures.
Patient: Okay doc, but don't forget to send your bill to the other man.

38- When a new dentist set up in a small town he quickly acquired a reputation of being the latest kind of
"Painless" dentist. But a local lad quickly disputed this. "He's a fake ! " he told his mates.
"He's not painless at all. When he stuck his finger in my mouth I bit him - and he yelled like anyone else."

39- Dentist to parsimonious patient "No, we give no discount for empty spaces when cleaning and polishing teeth Mrs. Borde!"

40- Young Charlie to dentist's sexy chariside assistant "Aha ! Are you the lady orthodontist ?".
The lady replied "No, but I'll straighten anyone's teeth "

41- Mother: Has your tooth stopped hurting yet? Son: I don't know. The dentist kept it

42- A guy and a girl met at a bar. They started getting along really well and they decide to go to the girl's place
for a drink. A few drinks later, the guy took off his shirt and washed his hands.
He then took off his socks and washed his hands. The girl looked at him and said, "You must be a dentist!"
Flabbergasted, the guy responded, "Why yes. That's amazing. How did you determine that?"
The woman replied, "Easy... you keep washing your hands."

43- Young lady to father "Daddy, when I grow up shall I become a heart-doctor or a tooth-doctor "
"Dentist" "Why father ?" "We have only one heart, but 32 teeth!"

44- Patient to Dentist: "How much to get my teeth straightened?"
"Twenty thousand bucks" Patient heads for the door.
Dentist to patient: "Where are you going?"
"To a plastic surgeon to get my mouth bent."

45- A particularly voluptuous lady entered the dentists surgery in an obvious state of agitation.
The dentist tried to calm her down assuring her that he would do nothing to hurt her.
She sat down in the chair and started fidgeting nervously as the dentist began sterilizing all the
required equipment. When he asked her to open her mouth, she screamed.
So he tried to calm her down again even though he was losing patience.
Almost immediately the lady threw a hysterical fit, then realizing that the dentist had begun glaring at her,
she said, "Oh doctor, I'm so nervous. I hate dentists. Why, I think I'd rather have a baby than have a tooth drilled."
Replied the dentist " Well Miss, better make up your mind fast so that I can accordingly adjust the chair."

46- A dinner speaker was in such a hurry to get to the hotel that when he arrived and sat down at the head table,
he suddenly realized that he had forgotten to get his false teeth. Turning to the man next to him he said,
"I forgot my teeth." The man said, "No problem." With that he reached into his pocket and pulled out a pair
of false teeth.
"Try these," he said. The speaker tried them. "Too loose," he said. The man then said,
"I have another pair...try these." The speaker tried them and responded, "Too tight."
The man was not taken back at all. He then said, "I have one more pair...try them."
The speaker said, "They fit perfectly." With that he ate his meal and gave his address.
After the dinner meeting was over, the speaker went over to thank the man who had helped him.
"I want to thank you for coming to my aid. Where is your office? I've been looking for a good dentist."
The man replied, "I'm not a dentist. I'm the local ."

47- Patient: How much to have this tooth pulled?
Dentist: With pain $200 and without pain $100.
Patient: Well, without pain it's cheaper. Pull it WITHOUT pain.
Without anesthesia neither anything, the dentist begins to extract the tooth,
when the patient outcry: Aaaahhhhhhhh !!!!!

48- Hey, WITH pain it costs $200 !!!, replies the dentist.
Patient: How much to have this tooth pulled?
Dentist: $200
Patient: $200 for just a few minutes work???
Dentist: I can extract it very slowly, if you like.

49- A patient asked the dentist, if it wasn’t nasty to be all the day with the hands in someone's mouth.
The dentist answered "I just think of it as having my hands in their wallet."

50- DENTIST is the most suitable male profession - the only man that can tell a
woman when to open and when to shut her mouth, and get away with it.

51- MY ELDERLY NEIGHBOR was promised a brief appointment with a dentist to have
her new dentures fitted. After waiting over an hour in the dental chair, she
complained to him about the long delay. "I guess you haven't noticed I have only
two hands," he answered curtly. Unmoved by his excuse, she replied, "You knew that
when you put me in the chair." --Contributed to "All In a Day's Work" by Darlene
Jackson

51- IN MY BUSY DENTAL OFFICE, I see several patients at the same time. As soon as
I finish with one, I run to the next room to resume treatment on another. One day,
I returned to a second patient without saying good-by to the first. As my first
patient was leaving, she gave a friendly wave. Acknowledging her, I said loudly,
"By." My other patient obediently chomped down and bit my fingers.
- Contributed to "All In a Day's Work" by Stiew Tan

52- A patient sits in the dental chair with severely fractured front teeth.
After discussing how they will be restored and what the fee would be the
patient says, " Before we begin, Doc, I gotta know: Will I be able to play the
trumpet when you are finished? "
The dentist replies " Sure you will! "
The patient replies " Great, I couldn't play a note before! "

Dental Links

2009-12-17T02:40:00.000-08:00

DENTAL LINKS

About Dentistry
http://dentistry.about.com/

Academy of General Dentistry
http://www.agd.org

Academy of Laser Dentistry
www.laserdentistry.org

A Complete Dental Resource
http://www.dentist.net/

American Association of Dental Schools
http://www.aads.jhu.edu

Animated Dental Education Site -
Patient Guide, Dental Anatomy, Movie Studio.
http://www.dentalwisdom.com/

Beyond Fear - Make Dental Phobia a
Thing of The Past.
http://www.beyondfear.org/

Dental information for doctors and patients.
http://www.dentalsite.com/

Dental Directory – Link to the
Dental Community
http://dentaldirectory.virtualave.net/

Dental Hygiene and Dental Technology
Web Sites
www.lib.siu.edu/hp/divisions/sci/health/dental.html

Dental Links. This Site is permanently
under construction
www.denticle.com

Dental & Orthodontics Links for
Orthodontists
http://www.bracesinfo.com/orthlink.html

Dental Related Internet Resources
http://www.dental-resources.com/

Dental-Resources
http://www.dental-resources.com/

Dental Sites
http://www.dental-sites.com/dental/

Dental Web Site Design
http://www.dentalwebsites.com/

Dental World
http://dentalw.com/ingles.htm

Dentistry @ Nature.com
http://www.nature.com/dentistry/

Dentistry as a Business - How to
succeed in practice, now.
www.dentistryconfidential.com

Dentistry.co.UK
www.dentistry.co.uk

Dentistry.Com – The official
Dental Resource
http://www.dentistry.com/

E-Dental – Market Place for
Industry Professionals
http://www.e-dental.com/

Educational Websites – Students Info
http://www.nyu.edu/Dental/ed.html

Links to Dental Sites & Pages
http://web.idirect.com/~klg/dental.html

Pet Dental Home
http://www.petdental.com/pet_dental/pet_index.jsp

Sports Dentistry on Line
www.sportsdentistry.com

Suvison Dental World
http://www.suvison.com/

The Teeth Web – Dental Directory
http://www.teethweb.net/

The World of Dentistry Online
http://floss.com

Tooth Info - The Dental Consumer Advisor
http://www.toothinfo.com/

US National Organizations
http://www.sc-ds.org/related.htm

Welcome to Dentistry Online
www.dentistryonline.com

Yahoo! Directory Medicine > Dentistry
http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Medicine/Dentistry/