<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?><rss xmlns:atom="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom" xmlns:openSearch="http://a9.com/-/spec/opensearchrss/1.0/" xmlns:blogger="http://schemas.google.com/blogger/2008" xmlns:georss="http://www.georss.org/georss" xmlns:gd="http://schemas.google.com/g/2005" xmlns:thr="http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0" version="2.0"><channel><atom:id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6454564598885247679</atom:id><lastBuildDate>Wed, 11 Sep 2024 18:30:42 +0000</lastBuildDate><title>ASTRONOMY</title><description></description><link>http://lanimeshastro.blogspot.com/</link><managingEditor>noreply@blogger.com (Animesh Lahiri)</managingEditor><generator>Blogger</generator><openSearch:totalResults>8</openSearch:totalResults><openSearch:startIndex>1</openSearch:startIndex><openSearch:itemsPerPage>25</openSearch:itemsPerPage><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6454564598885247679.post-5550168749248846640</guid><pubDate>Mon, 19 Aug 2013 10:58:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2014-12-12T05:29:21.740-08:00</atom:updated><title>Life Outside Earth</title><description>&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; trbidi=&quot;on&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Garamond, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Is there life outside earth?&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Garamond, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;The famous American designer, architect and futurist Buckminster Fuller once said “Either
we are alone in Universe or we are not. Either way the implications are
staggering”.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Garamond, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;At least from the time human beings became aware that there are worlds
outside earth they are confronted with this fundamental and profound question.
Answer to this question beyond doubt has not been found yet, but we are in an age
where we will be beginning to get it.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;table align=&quot;center&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; class=&quot;tr-caption-container&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjcxj9af3jwabOsih9sVJNPAFd4lEPX7pxbxufCu_wiJYKKC0KkkMnHcxZHsC82haOAfrL9_GPjrWPKMb3dtUd9REGDFAtjCdCmRBUag9-HLDxwbO6XJYPnFzePI-oX9Q73FFBBtlxxhY/s1600/evolution+of+civilization.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjcxj9af3jwabOsih9sVJNPAFd4lEPX7pxbxufCu_wiJYKKC0KkkMnHcxZHsC82haOAfrL9_GPjrWPKMb3dtUd9REGDFAtjCdCmRBUag9-HLDxwbO6XJYPnFzePI-oX9Q73FFBBtlxxhY/s400/evolution+of+civilization.jpg&quot; height=&quot;301&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;tr-caption&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Evolution of science&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Garamond, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;There are a few primary conditions for life to evolve.&lt;br /&gt;
The first condition is existence of other planets other than earth in the solar
system and away from our own solar system. We know that planets evolve from the
gas and dust surrounding a star due to radiation. The gas and dust slowly
accrete to asteroids and then planets itself due to gravitation. It is now
known from scientific observation that is a common and often repeated process
in this universe. Although some new data suggests that this may not be the only
way planets can form. From the recent data we can say that there is almost
uncountable number of planets in cosmos.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;table align=&quot;center&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; class=&quot;tr-caption-container&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjXdg-7daq2VLLQ9oeSv3J4paqS-5rP1KuUxdHD12xngSplJD2B32Op0JXmTixZCWyXAmZYTbFhItMylPYJzioQAb1hXYiFNKphe9GHEtjiuQftFN_-XHyVyoy_wortoWUUjgyktCvdOvc/s1600/planet+forming.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjXdg-7daq2VLLQ9oeSv3J4paqS-5rP1KuUxdHD12xngSplJD2B32Op0JXmTixZCWyXAmZYTbFhItMylPYJzioQAb1hXYiFNKphe9GHEtjiuQftFN_-XHyVyoy_wortoWUUjgyktCvdOvc/s400/planet+forming.jpg&quot; height=&quot;262&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;tr-caption&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Formation of planets&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Garamond, serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Secondly, for life to evolve as we know in our earth there must be
carbon and water in that planet. As we now know both of these are abundantly
available in universe. Carbon is created by nuclear fusion inside a star. Many
stars die with a huge explosion (called supernovas) and carbon created from
them are scattered in the interstellar space. The carbon that has reached earth
has a history of birth and of many many stars. We are mostly composed of carbon
and the history of each carbon atom is different, they were born inside
different millions and billions of stars. The universe was created roughly 13.7
billion years ago with a big bang ( although we cannot say that this theory is
proved beyond doubt).However as more time has passed from creation of this
universe there have been birth and death of more stars and therefore more
carbon atoms have born. Therefore this universe has become progressively more fit
for life with age. The life as we know in earth has the definition of same
genetic code or DNA. Without this cells cannot divide and reproduce itself
which is the definition of life.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;table align=&quot;center&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; class=&quot;tr-caption-container&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg4IGFW1fyikx6tkxgSALiptREmdw2dMa0D4tDHf_z5FdBIyc96nh71oISA2bYZNm2EnpwdqhEvaScpRPHSV_nB6wH6jIiUuM524PZY-xIfXkYTLG1U1bemiaHedZ9M2dKbS1RX_wmyNMw/s1600/abundance+of+carbon+in+cosmos.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg4IGFW1fyikx6tkxgSALiptREmdw2dMa0D4tDHf_z5FdBIyc96nh71oISA2bYZNm2EnpwdqhEvaScpRPHSV_nB6wH6jIiUuM524PZY-xIfXkYTLG1U1bemiaHedZ9M2dKbS1RX_wmyNMw/s400/abundance+of+carbon+in+cosmos.jpg&quot; height=&quot;300&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;tr-caption&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Abundance of carbon in cosmos&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; font-size: medium; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiHj1LoMWs_l3AdgN95-DMg07ysY0nZIybXmqgu04ScINuR9Z1heUs5r3ZuvSxLLOuwm1gVr7vx_Ji3bM-DeNmj023fDU3acw_m-flWvrWSHB6amZ3karciv9QMTK851WOL7si7l7BuHhs/s1600/DNA.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiHj1LoMWs_l3AdgN95-DMg07ysY0nZIybXmqgu04ScINuR9Z1heUs5r3ZuvSxLLOuwm1gVr7vx_Ji3bM-DeNmj023fDU3acw_m-flWvrWSHB6amZ3karciv9QMTK851WOL7si7l7BuHhs/s1600/DNA.jpg&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font-size: medium; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;DNA&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Garamond, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;But when we are talking about life outside earth we must remember that
there can be life whose chief elements may not be carbon and water. Although we
do not know there perhaps can be life without carbon and water. Secondly carbon
may be able create such fundamental element of life which is not DNA. We also
must consider a third possibility. The power and artificial intelligence of
computers and robots run by computers are increasing at a tremendous rate. The
power of smart phones which we use in our pockets for everyday purpose is 50
times more than the first computer ENIAC built in 1946. ENIAC was as big as a
large size apartment (1800 square feet or 167 square meters). According to the
Moore’s Law the intelligence of computers and robots will be equal to the
humans within next 20-30 years (this 2013).There is a high possibility that
those computers and robots will act like a living creature and will reproduce
like a living creature. Therefore these robots will also be called living
beings. When we consider life in cosmos we must remember these possibilities.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgVrTUGsrt7zl-Isvc9C5Q6v3EeLlmbGVVhX1j2f3x2p5MCfTiOMq5IQoG8vvdnTRbuP6IKwONYsNmXMWIcFSuntVTgQFzdNWYGj3pbAHl2rxCIS6YxwC8Xujlnjmt0a8o6L-xciyQ-EvE/s1600/Eniac.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgVrTUGsrt7zl-Isvc9C5Q6v3EeLlmbGVVhX1j2f3x2p5MCfTiOMq5IQoG8vvdnTRbuP6IKwONYsNmXMWIcFSuntVTgQFzdNWYGj3pbAHl2rxCIS6YxwC8Xujlnjmt0a8o6L-xciyQ-EvE/s1600/Eniac.jpg&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
ENIAC&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjiuR0TaVUpzaYl3e9ZJ9_nNzkA41g_5gRVnVUl0c1W1lVThVEiGSS9207oUZPz-5UGDVV3vTJSgJ4PnuoSequIX0AhWLgCiN-eZQUxGyHtJ6PWQCY2rAkdtlb3y3JhRulInb6CHdKwbcg/s1600/smart+phone.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjiuR0TaVUpzaYl3e9ZJ9_nNzkA41g_5gRVnVUl0c1W1lVThVEiGSS9207oUZPz-5UGDVV3vTJSgJ4PnuoSequIX0AhWLgCiN-eZQUxGyHtJ6PWQCY2rAkdtlb3y3JhRulInb6CHdKwbcg/s1600/smart+phone.jpg&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
SMART PHONE&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Garamond, serif;&quot;&gt;Life has earth has evolved within a relatively short time (1 billion
years) after birth of earth (4.6 billion years). At this point of time the
atmosphere of earth was highly hostile for life. Different highly toxic gases,
high volcanic activity, and intensely frequent impacts from outer space were
big deterrent to life. But in spite of all of these life came early in earth.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Garamond, serif;&quot;&gt;Secondly, as I said earlier, that the chief ingredients for life,
carbon and water, are abundantly available in cosmos.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Garamond, serif;&quot;&gt;Thirdly it is observed that life evolves easily when the chief
ingredients of life are available together. We do not know the total process of
making of life entirely. We do not know whether life cells will ever be
generated in laboratory totally, however, we do know that the fundamental
ingredients of life very easily combine with each other to produce life.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Garamond, serif;&quot;&gt;Fourthly, it has been observed that life is created almost in any
natural condition.&amp;nbsp; We need a rather mild
condition to live, that is, humans cannot live in very high or low pressures or
temperature and pressure or in hostile natural conditions. We also need
sunlight for our existence. But there are many species on earth, especially microbes,
which can withstand much more extreme conditions. Microbes are found where rain
has not fallen for last 100 years, there are tremendously toxic elements, the
pressures are too high (1000 times), where there is very high level of nuclear
radiation and where no sunlight ever reaches. So life can evolve in conditions
in much more hostile conditions than we can imagine.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Garamond, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhhS5OdwmkQPo3hG_k3p6XO1yw4j81LErDujin_dg0rVWhKdhg3g-_65LadlfJHnh7Qx2rIA7_bfZpQM8i75y5tTn6i95H5lUOhe9QGTImPvON0JjHuEIfc5mqJLyyx8swUcZEjjFeh7jQ/s1600/Life+in+extrem+heat.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhhS5OdwmkQPo3hG_k3p6XO1yw4j81LErDujin_dg0rVWhKdhg3g-_65LadlfJHnh7Qx2rIA7_bfZpQM8i75y5tTn6i95H5lUOhe9QGTImPvON0JjHuEIfc5mqJLyyx8swUcZEjjFeh7jQ/s400/Life+in+extrem+heat.jpg&quot; height=&quot;292&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Garamond, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
Life in extreme heat&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgfGKVg9gt7Cj3IuEfwCfU01_6cdiscBz42lfGW5oO_fRBttEZ66i_MpTxuYTaALJ_sV6SNLApIWZ4FukBBseDV2TnNWyG1_SVtdEDy0tTaPjZIgNaIf1ZQKwmBby53p0ZzsN6lGUIP_fg/s1600/Life+in+extreme+cold.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgfGKVg9gt7Cj3IuEfwCfU01_6cdiscBz42lfGW5oO_fRBttEZ66i_MpTxuYTaALJ_sV6SNLApIWZ4FukBBseDV2TnNWyG1_SVtdEDy0tTaPjZIgNaIf1ZQKwmBby53p0ZzsN6lGUIP_fg/s400/Life+in+extreme+cold.jpg&quot; height=&quot;318&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
Life in extreme cold&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEie8PXL8rHauv7FjtPQHRb7KcCleVVeiG5b3PT7j-d5hT-r5Y1Hod7zi07kcJVrfPvURsslD2ia6COJj7MXVQgxjaNcHh-7G_BTnyupuk3Hq3fD_-zFLr_Me14AEIc9PFs7bTY7qpx5f_0/s1600/Life+in+extreme+toxicity.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEie8PXL8rHauv7FjtPQHRb7KcCleVVeiG5b3PT7j-d5hT-r5Y1Hod7zi07kcJVrfPvURsslD2ia6COJj7MXVQgxjaNcHh-7G_BTnyupuk3Hq3fD_-zFLr_Me14AEIc9PFs7bTY7qpx5f_0/s400/Life+in+extreme+toxicity.jpg&quot; height=&quot;284&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
Life in extreme toxicity&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjqMg4lfMrgeAeD17GL5maONvuCSTUY73P9EiGVLKGemsFdQhZ8Hqg3kV2NvrDXvhojVBEyjxj9xns11stHQpf3M2pQfL7AsCVAQmQJuDJ3wiJDkXofiMaufSY2lg_XgouHzHDco9bHHC0/s1600/Life+in+extrem+radiation.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjqMg4lfMrgeAeD17GL5maONvuCSTUY73P9EiGVLKGemsFdQhZ8Hqg3kV2NvrDXvhojVBEyjxj9xns11stHQpf3M2pQfL7AsCVAQmQJuDJ3wiJDkXofiMaufSY2lg_XgouHzHDco9bHHC0/s400/Life+in+extrem+radiation.jpg&quot; height=&quot;278&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
Life in extreme radiation&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgyZG6ZepaHUwcUBCAfSOGFOhSD_H4KAAKE9DYbbAw76WK0szXnZOwYLB32B7EdGe7BvWWIgZsINlqbA6RRiQFQ2ts0KtsMVjsVL5HbTfULH1PLX-4XPA5VcydX00nymwCra0vx4oVZM60/s1600/Life+in+extreme+isolation.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgyZG6ZepaHUwcUBCAfSOGFOhSD_H4KAAKE9DYbbAw76WK0szXnZOwYLB32B7EdGe7BvWWIgZsINlqbA6RRiQFQ2ts0KtsMVjsVL5HbTfULH1PLX-4XPA5VcydX00nymwCra0vx4oVZM60/s400/Life+in+extreme+isolation.jpg&quot; height=&quot;281&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
Life in extreme isolation&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Garamond, serif;&quot;&gt;Lastly as per latest estimates the number of places in cosmos where life can evolve (including life like human beings) are almost innumerable.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Garamond, serif;&quot;&gt;So every ingredient and condition for life to be created is present in
the universe we know.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgADn9tVDxsMYztVQLSTgJoROE0etuc4pSqjdI2j-JCOcxiUDIUBTIMGhXdGDwfDCJnfnWH39sLGco0QwD1Ccsf0uVNmnLlm8c753aLvB57LEKugqbpogdQ9NCUmUdWd_jqrl_N24pSHdk/s1600/evidence+and+probability+of+life+as+we+know.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgADn9tVDxsMYztVQLSTgJoROE0etuc4pSqjdI2j-JCOcxiUDIUBTIMGhXdGDwfDCJnfnWH39sLGco0QwD1Ccsf0uVNmnLlm8c753aLvB57LEKugqbpogdQ9NCUmUdWd_jqrl_N24pSHdk/s400/evidence+and+probability+of+life+as+we+know.jpg&quot; height=&quot;302&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
Probability of life in universe&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Garamond, serif;&quot;&gt;Now let us see whether we can find any glimpse of life in our own solar
system. The planet which tantalizes us most is of course Mars. From
observations of telescopes and space missions to Mars we know that its surface
is a desert. At some point of time, 2-3 billion years ago, there was water in
its surface which has since evaporated. Therefore if there is life in Mars it
is in form of microbes beneath its surface. But we have observed something in
Mars which has great implications. It is clear from the photographs taken of
Mars that from beneath sprouts to the surface in considerable quantities even
now. So there is obviously water below the surface of mars. How much below, 5,
10, 15 or 100 meters, we do not know. All the robots those have been sent to
mars till now only can scratch the surface, so at this point of time we cannot
search for life in mars to a great extent. But in near future space missions to
mars will explore it much deeper. Within 2020 mars will be crowded by human
space missions and extensive researches will happen. So we can hope that we
will know about life in mars within next decade.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhstmWsxzh4DODsiZdxa3yjZhweigVRID-XqCydOIokrgoCDmBosZug2lgw1XWxxd3hjxf2z78zar2qNkuQz6VDdVICX7nkmKxIW7PTvJVNxQQXCdm3tU0axLoHueMONEb-iswO66sTSXQ/s1600/evidence+of+water+in+mars.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhstmWsxzh4DODsiZdxa3yjZhweigVRID-XqCydOIokrgoCDmBosZug2lgw1XWxxd3hjxf2z78zar2qNkuQz6VDdVICX7nkmKxIW7PTvJVNxQQXCdm3tU0axLoHueMONEb-iswO66sTSXQ/s400/evidence+of+water+in+mars.jpg&quot; height=&quot;363&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
Evidence of water in Mars&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Garamond, serif;&quot;&gt;The next place that catches our attention is the big satellite of
Jupiter, Europa (Europa is visible even with a small telescope).&amp;nbsp; The surface of Europa is covered with 500 to
1 kilometer thick ice. But beneath it is many kilometer deep ocean of liquid
water. This water is slightly warm by the heat from the interior of the
satellite, although it is still very cold. However it is not so cold that life
cannot exist here. We are getting to know a lot of places which are very cold
as it are but life is possible there. NASA has a plan to explore the interior
of Europa with the help of nuclear energy.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Garamond, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh5SHDJum1u29QH2s2am4ppnVA1pI1gbsO1Y_UOICnO7RKEhXmjb76Ls6CxHfdC59XtRPg4MFAdHL0vwoNIuimzeIVjYvFyCyT-l_WpOHMXVOY9OsmLO7Y2f6_4TXs8RfNzmtCs8jV92v4/s1600/Surface+of+europa.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh5SHDJum1u29QH2s2am4ppnVA1pI1gbsO1Y_UOICnO7RKEhXmjb76Ls6CxHfdC59XtRPg4MFAdHL0vwoNIuimzeIVjYvFyCyT-l_WpOHMXVOY9OsmLO7Y2f6_4TXs8RfNzmtCs8jV92v4/s400/Surface+of+europa.jpg&quot; height=&quot;287&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
Surface of Europa&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi0a595GJqMWZToFwbES7glRCbJ5KiFxLhK6x32qpitjhahv9_IoROfoNDXlOFfYYkEm5SAKkOoKezpKb_yX-gX4AVqBcV98a4QlmUbTHX4hWpDYQqK4I5NLjXzMR4S-LUKaKLKUUuGkVA/s1600/interior+of+europa.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi0a595GJqMWZToFwbES7glRCbJ5KiFxLhK6x32qpitjhahv9_IoROfoNDXlOFfYYkEm5SAKkOoKezpKb_yX-gX4AVqBcV98a4QlmUbTHX4hWpDYQqK4I5NLjXzMR4S-LUKaKLKUUuGkVA/s400/interior+of+europa.jpg&quot; height=&quot;252&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
Interior of Europa&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Garamond, serif;&quot;&gt;Another very exciting place is Titan, satellite of Saturn. There are
intriguing similarities between surface of Titan and earth. There is not only
liquid on the surface of titan but full rivers and lakes. Although those rivers
and lakes are made of liquid methane and ethane. There are active volcanoes
here. It has an atmosphere which is full of nitrogen, a chief component of
atmosphere of earth. It is not impossible that the chemistry of methane,
ethane, ammonia and water (which is beneath the surface) has created some
exotic form of life here. NASA has plans for going to Titan also but that is at
least a decade away from now.&amp;nbsp;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Garamond, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjGpC_h0t869lZ6nFxddV0kSKFOk4QHmdnB88LDA1oiXzbFOizV2-DNfB7RpZCFnwEM4EJGxt13h1Ghl73VxJdwGhjHs6pY63mQgNSnN_uHugcFwpRUYfxYDJveFtGvP1p8GuiQExf4Knc/s1600/Lacus+ontario+of+titan.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjGpC_h0t869lZ6nFxddV0kSKFOk4QHmdnB88LDA1oiXzbFOizV2-DNfB7RpZCFnwEM4EJGxt13h1Ghl73VxJdwGhjHs6pY63mQgNSnN_uHugcFwpRUYfxYDJveFtGvP1p8GuiQExf4Knc/s400/Lacus+ontario+of+titan.jpg&quot; height=&quot;232&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
Lacus Ontario of Titan&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Garamond, serif;&quot;&gt;There is also this small satellite of Saturn, Enceladus. The diameter
of Enceladus is only 500 kilometer. But water and salt is sprouting out from
beneath its surface through geysers. Water is here also below the surface.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Garamond, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi4el8EDJx_6M-oClZ1V-e53LskNUJ3hloIbwy3SVgPAXGnGD6uN_CTHXvPNlGe2Z9eSBI-JuieV81fygzXB4age1s16MRAKn22m-hE0jGkaghSzmxMOVKx7HDdMv2JII3Ral2UIqsuI5k/s1600/encedelus.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi4el8EDJx_6M-oClZ1V-e53LskNUJ3hloIbwy3SVgPAXGnGD6uN_CTHXvPNlGe2Z9eSBI-JuieV81fygzXB4age1s16MRAKn22m-hE0jGkaghSzmxMOVKx7HDdMv2JII3Ral2UIqsuI5k/s640/encedelus.jpg&quot; height=&quot;468&quot; width=&quot;640&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Garamond, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
Enceladus&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Garamond, serif;&quot;&gt;If we only think of the fundamental ingredients of life, that is,
liquid water, organic molecules and required heat and energy then there are a
dozen of places inside our solar system, counting planets and moons of planets.
It is not at all impossible that at least microbes exist in a few of these
places.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Garamond, serif;&quot;&gt;In 1995 scientists first found planets outside our solar system. The
planet is in the constellation of Pegasus and it is revolving around a star
named Pegasi 51.From this time onwards new planets were found quite regularly.
In 2009 NASA sent a space observatory Kepler which can find planets much more
precision in a specific part of the sky. Let me explain a bit how planets
outside our solar system are found. The amount of light from the planets are so
small compared to the luminosity of stars that it is not possible to catch it
with our present telescopes and indirect methods are applied. Stars wobble due
to the gravitational pull of planets. Also when the planets cross the equatorial
plane of the star then there is an eclipse of the star due to the planet. By
calculating the wobble of the star and how much light is reduced during the
eclipse one can get the mass and volume of the planet. From that we get the
density of it. From the density of the planet one can calculate what material
it is made of.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Garamond, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgd0rnxB0_dNFewSslsHua6XevoK8OVatO8mMRqgGscF-Dp2O9j6tKqLD8PxxspFSWqxdwf2LJ7b_Ts_g06WTp2exGYJoQ5_eO4M7zGX6dIE_BWuyJZSpX12PP81wVUixzJgt3MRMsmur0/s1600/Kepler+spacecraft.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgd0rnxB0_dNFewSslsHua6XevoK8OVatO8mMRqgGscF-Dp2O9j6tKqLD8PxxspFSWqxdwf2LJ7b_Ts_g06WTp2exGYJoQ5_eO4M7zGX6dIE_BWuyJZSpX12PP81wVUixzJgt3MRMsmur0/s400/Kepler+spacecraft.jpg&quot; height=&quot;266&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
Kepler spacecraft&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgB45WvB6mB2QVfoO8yHta1doXPaKjKXg-VmstemXg3818c909z-nhWXeLq91MSnmeDECWExaGJtFw_Qv8wzM7MouzQu9QUaoPxfDNPuYyXW99dBzExlcDy2g4HrfWkLcXGyegOWNppJLs/s1600/How+kepler+find+planets.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgB45WvB6mB2QVfoO8yHta1doXPaKjKXg-VmstemXg3818c909z-nhWXeLq91MSnmeDECWExaGJtFw_Qv8wzM7MouzQu9QUaoPxfDNPuYyXW99dBzExlcDy2g4HrfWkLcXGyegOWNppJLs/s400/How+kepler+find+planets.jpg&quot; height=&quot;272&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
Less light from star during eclipse at Kepler&#39;s observation&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
(in the graph below) from which we know about planets&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Garamond, serif;&quot;&gt;The first planets those were found were giant gaseous planets like
Jupiter. Although there may not be life in those the satellites of these
planets may harbor life. With the development of technology and precision of
observation much smaller and almost all sorts of planets (expected and
unexpected) are being found. Planets made of almost totally liquid water, made
of metals and also made of mixture of metals and water are all found. By computer
modeling it has been found that in the solar system of a sun like star there
2-5 planets made of rock and water (like earth) and out of those 10-20% are in
a habitable zone (that is habitable for living beings in earth). How far away
is the habitable zone is from the star depends on the temperature and
luminosity of the star. Some people call this habitable zone as Goldilock Zone.
Computer modeling also tells us that earth like planets which are made of water
and rock is not all rare but quite abundant. Now let us see what observations
from Kepler tells us. Until July 2013 Kepler has found 134 confirmed and 3277
unconfirmed (till now) and 76 other solar systems. It is expected that 90% of
the unconfirmed planets are actually planets (it will take a little time to
confirm them). One must remember that Kepler has searched for planets within
only a limited portion of the sky. The big news is two planets, 1200 light
years away (named Kepler 62E and 62F), were found which are most probably made
of water and rock like earth and also are in Goldilock zone. Even the star when
viewed from the planet looks like our sun. Scientists are of the opinion that
it is a big step forward. The most important thing is from the data sent by
Kepler (by the research on the data till now) it is estimated that there are
100 billion planets like earth which are habitable in our Milkyway galaxy
itself. Since we know there are 500 billion galaxies in visible universe, so
the number of planets fit for life in the universe we know are almost
unimaginable.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Garamond, serif;&quot;&gt;Until now we have tried to know whether there are any other earthlike (constituent
and habitability wise) planets elsewhere. This endeavor will continue. But how
will we know whether there are actually life in them? The planets are so far
away (many light years away) that it will be impossible for us in near or
remote future to go to them. But what can be done and soon we will do is to
analyze the light from those planets through huge telescopes and see whether
the atmosphere of those planets contain the ingredients which should be there
if there is life. These ingredients are ozone, water, oxygen, methane etc. If
there is no life then the possibility of these elements to be present in the
atmosphere, particularly together, is miniscule for scientific reasons. So if
can detect these elements in the atmosphere we can deduce that there is life.
For this reason very big telescopes like VLT in Chile and LBT in Arizona have
just been built which can collect even very minute amount of light. These and
the James Webb telescope which will be sent to space in 2018 will carry out
this kind of research. So we can hope that as a result of this research we will
get an answer to the question whether there is life elsewhere in the next
decade.&amp;nbsp;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Garamond, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgdXvfZqABXczTQ0Z3hnvPv72mffxirXuda7_HE23xRj6I5vwhTDjX0c77rOhIj1hfKJSApXEgILkPRs_LmO0ALGiQqUldhdwzjLKtR98En2JQsXzvANp8YpTwSzoVSwiNgPIRaLAPjR9U/s1600/james+webb+sp.+telescope.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgdXvfZqABXczTQ0Z3hnvPv72mffxirXuda7_HE23xRj6I5vwhTDjX0c77rOhIj1hfKJSApXEgILkPRs_LmO0ALGiQqUldhdwzjLKtR98En2JQsXzvANp8YpTwSzoVSwiNgPIRaLAPjR9U/s400/james+webb+sp.+telescope.jpg&quot; height=&quot;257&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Garamond, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
James Webb space telescope&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Garamond, serif;&quot;&gt;But we have to remember if we get Earth 2.0 it will not be exactly like
earth. Neither can we hope to go and colonize there if there is problem in
earth or for that matter for joy ride in near future. The reason is they will
be a few hundred or more light years away and we do not know when the science
and technology will come, or ever come.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Garamond, serif;&quot;&gt;Well this was a rough estimate of places where there can be life. But
what about advanced lives, who are as or even more intelligent than us, humans?
Are they there and if so in how many places?&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Garamond, serif;&quot;&gt;To get an idea of it we have to do a list of how many intelligent life
are there in our earth. Although we do not think microbes as intelligent beings
their capacity is far more than we assume. Microbes are quite developed bio
factories and they can understand magnetic fields, can produce nano wires and
they have a communal capacity to anticipate the atmosphere and they can also
make friends with other species of microbes.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Garamond, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgEY0lrb21fe0TIRWxhO8VMViE4S4bqeyxyD3qAi9xMcXhKJGHrByUIWah_cqHHstFPXPFLij4IyLw1-XtLYLh6DOIX0pNq-Iluw8jEEs8k7q_EUlilK5cZ4_dZX9u2InwoTvAhyphenhyphenZWf67A/s1600/what+mirobes+did.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgEY0lrb21fe0TIRWxhO8VMViE4S4bqeyxyD3qAi9xMcXhKJGHrByUIWah_cqHHstFPXPFLij4IyLw1-XtLYLh6DOIX0pNq-Iluw8jEEs8k7q_EUlilK5cZ4_dZX9u2InwoTvAhyphenhyphenZWf67A/s400/what+mirobes+did.jpg&quot; height=&quot;307&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Garamond, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Garamond, serif;&quot;&gt;Things microbes can do&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Garamond, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Garamond, serif; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;Next we come to various insects. Termites can build
structures which are huge compared to their own size. Some of the termite
mounds are bigger than biggest of sky scrapers we have built if we compare our
size and the size of termites&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Garamond, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi7kfFseP_DIdDzZ_oDQ-GQuMxLow0L1IIZlk7hwVnnc3WfxKPlMMn37CJW0SIymrS9M2gqjKNVN8sXEh6Muo4Dqf4O9aKzGx5Ci_Bv8UNXprQZuMK0iOUViJdIbbeiTPlp9f1Js-a3Ed8/s1600/what+termites+did.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi7kfFseP_DIdDzZ_oDQ-GQuMxLow0L1IIZlk7hwVnnc3WfxKPlMMn37CJW0SIymrS9M2gqjKNVN8sXEh6Muo4Dqf4O9aKzGx5Ci_Bv8UNXprQZuMK0iOUViJdIbbeiTPlp9f1Js-a3Ed8/s400/what+termites+did.jpg&quot; height=&quot;302&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Garamond, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Garamond, serif;&quot;&gt;Termite mounds&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Garamond, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Garamond, serif;&quot;&gt;In some insects the intelligence is distributed in the hive or colony
instead of within individuals. They have complex social behavior and they are
efficient in specific jobs. Also they can communicate with each other
chemically.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Garamond, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhF1KVzVhyiby15wd00buZcqeou1Amdezv1H-h_e-qCRPMTVktL7ZtlNqvoR1WPoXON9mWcapVbF1dQiwiq-gThNG-NkmXFvmO2p21P3uqCHU_qf4P1ewhLAzOvVD8Tn3ISsxKpn3Dub88/s1600/insects.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhF1KVzVhyiby15wd00buZcqeou1Amdezv1H-h_e-qCRPMTVktL7ZtlNqvoR1WPoXON9mWcapVbF1dQiwiq-gThNG-NkmXFvmO2p21P3uqCHU_qf4P1ewhLAzOvVD8Tn3ISsxKpn3Dub88/s400/insects.jpg&quot; height=&quot;297&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
Ordinary insects&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Garamond, serif; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;Among those which we call pets, parrots are very
playful and talkative, defines new words and can understand the concept of
zero. It has been seen that when a crow is a given food within a bottle and
something similar to a wire, it can take the food away from the bottle by
bending the wire. Rats are also quite complex. They can anticipate sexual
mating and they can reflect upon their own thoughts (meta cognition).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiRF8YcZT1oATobeTnHlINsqyGe-9Y3CqZEv9byo_PBlSWmA2tuhrV6XG36KM67rAWvr7LSDxuz7jcbXbBXjqZynwBiYhawAOtlW-50Dk6Z9m5ymX3Ibpu3wUmJpepvbiLRaz1zMvKgMvY/s1600/rats+birds+intelligence.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiRF8YcZT1oATobeTnHlINsqyGe-9Y3CqZEv9byo_PBlSWmA2tuhrV6XG36KM67rAWvr7LSDxuz7jcbXbBXjqZynwBiYhawAOtlW-50Dk6Z9m5ymX3Ibpu3wUmJpepvbiLRaz1zMvKgMvY/s400/rats+birds+intelligence.jpg&quot; height=&quot;292&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;Rat and parrot&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Garamond, serif;&quot;&gt;There are also beings of whose intelligence we know very little and we
cannot communicate with them. Like the sea living cephalopods (example
octopus). Their brains are distributed in their bodies and when one arm is
severed from the body it acts like a self sufficient creature. The divers have
found out some peculiar abilities of these creatures. These are aliens in our
own planet. If we want to know about aliens we have to know these far better.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjUmk_mXLokladZKNCf0xHgWOLKgS2FiUWyVCoNGBkjgUAYkOzMcKMDTnKCYvXZMJZqfBNokXeF3sxZavpEnGPgsnorzLOQU73uhpDneva2yb651Fp83F5PGzmtyjSWYLccSBraFvDTspQ/s1600/cephalopods.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjUmk_mXLokladZKNCf0xHgWOLKgS2FiUWyVCoNGBkjgUAYkOzMcKMDTnKCYvXZMJZqfBNokXeF3sxZavpEnGPgsnorzLOQU73uhpDneva2yb651Fp83F5PGzmtyjSWYLccSBraFvDTspQ/s1600/cephalopods.jpg&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
Cephalopods&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Garamond, serif; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;If we compare our brain mass with the body mass we
special but not very far above many others.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjDEGrwKJe817b7S3QvTwNsHKt-wnL7g_ZKvUSm6zcVIUn4hE_GAZipxubgxyKvCZRpeu2xyadZxQw9jP-_i0e9HvBVLhzgOIhTJFAgBEbIF9PVbcJ9ESxUB-dKFtjVueaGpIOXi0F-ONs/s1600/brain+body+mass+graph.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjDEGrwKJe817b7S3QvTwNsHKt-wnL7g_ZKvUSm6zcVIUn4hE_GAZipxubgxyKvCZRpeu2xyadZxQw9jP-_i0e9HvBVLhzgOIhTJFAgBEbIF9PVbcJ9ESxUB-dKFtjVueaGpIOXi0F-ONs/s400/brain+body+mass+graph.jpg&quot; height=&quot;298&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
Comparison of brain and body mass of earthlings&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Garamond, serif; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;Like the dolphins called orcas (which are known as
killer whale as well).They do not have any natural enemies except humans, the
brain mass compared to body is big and complex like humans, they talk with each
other in a very complex and developed language, they have their families and
societies, they nurture their offspring (up to a comparative age similar to
humans), they take life partners like marriage. although they do not have cell
phones and internets mostly perhaps because they do not have fingers and
neither do possess cars (which they do not need) or bombs which is not their
loss. Also they are supremely adapted to their environment.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi7l34TKsDAhiguXZEf5mWZEt_XpNwgEUP6ELFuPHrDbHT_ouLHrOKBUZfnMdYDTGGYXgnpnq4zfGWXqeVXkXkKJrHUEb__ZeYLV17YnwDUj8Bu6VqKgC2G2rslp1hF_sky-YyupAW-CsY/s1600/orcas.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi7l34TKsDAhiguXZEf5mWZEt_XpNwgEUP6ELFuPHrDbHT_ouLHrOKBUZfnMdYDTGGYXgnpnq4zfGWXqeVXkXkKJrHUEb__ZeYLV17YnwDUj8Bu6VqKgC2G2rslp1hF_sky-YyupAW-CsY/s640/orcas.jpg&quot; height=&quot;483&quot; width=&quot;640&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Garamond, serif; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Garamond, serif; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;Orcas&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Garamond, serif; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Garamond, serif;&quot;&gt;If we take a look at the increment of intelligence of living beings in
earth it has happened in a much accelerated way in last 2 million years and
particularly last 100,000 years. If we consider the increase in brain mass
compared to the body mass then we see that increase in brain mass compared to
the body of beings like humans have happened comparatively very recently and if
aliens came to this earth in last 50 million years they would have found the
dolphins and whales (or their ancestors) as the most brainy creatures in earth.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Garamond, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjvZ4PYnO5Li18Yl0lbvolTMM2xAh81dP2abGUgMIvEIQ_eQb5fsb3o7vrbdiM8t7e72QQ7Dpt4T7AI6J3x-dVQASDtqhvPzAAVOCqyJx_70c1B3GcLHhugA49cfnDFxC-ojtyrvbSPCUs/s1600/evolution+of+brain+mass.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjvZ4PYnO5Li18Yl0lbvolTMM2xAh81dP2abGUgMIvEIQ_eQb5fsb3o7vrbdiM8t7e72QQ7Dpt4T7AI6J3x-dVQASDtqhvPzAAVOCqyJx_70c1B3GcLHhugA49cfnDFxC-ojtyrvbSPCUs/s640/evolution+of+brain+mass.jpg&quot; height=&quot;489&quot; width=&quot;640&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Garamond, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span id=&quot;goog_1818396372&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;goog_1818396373&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Evolution of intelligence&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Garamond, serif;&quot;&gt;We can do a list of how many types of life is there. Firstly the cells
can be of many types. Secondly the slow change in life forms by natural
selection and mutation that we see in earth can be greatly enhanced by gene
swapping which can happen elsewhere. Also, although the life in earth is
composed of cells. it may not be necessary to have cells to do what life does.
There are things which are not cells but when connected to each other act like
cells. very small bio particles can act like living things by connected to each
through geo engineering, may be in a planetary scale.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Garamond, serif;&quot;&gt;Also there can be new forms of life by changing the genetic code. The
life we know in earth are composed of DNA, RNA, and protein. There can be life
forms which do not require all these. Information equivalent to information
inside a few DVDs are inside our genetic code the principles of bio chemistry
allows for even more compaction which will greatly enhance evolution. There can
be life which evolve without water and carbon. Also there can be life which we
will not recognize as life.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Garamond, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEivYYgPHb-yOzQD4D5Wo73zfSyL8PBEfpoogtNYEpOGGVDHMJgK0wxAWF8rceWq-ZppT3YOAYnXnIIPJkI21X3gPtVd5Ie8PUQ-GjDdlUvTpFtPrUG2voSNk5u9jGL9x2cRVvwOuKUNojM/s1600/weirdness+of+life+macro.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEivYYgPHb-yOzQD4D5Wo73zfSyL8PBEfpoogtNYEpOGGVDHMJgK0wxAWF8rceWq-ZppT3YOAYnXnIIPJkI21X3gPtVd5Ie8PUQ-GjDdlUvTpFtPrUG2voSNk5u9jGL9x2cRVvwOuKUNojM/s1600/weirdness+of+life+macro.jpg&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Garamond, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj0W0OgNmoK-vjuqfnHDjYSisQag5Pxo2lu70vjqZx1lvEQ92g_y92LZO-YZnvycTdf2GovvdFDpSEhFhIQ5CAfB56tbOXZ7fotfnRKBgHQxuxted0FRzPUfffWkAhfID-vfU_M92-4z9c/s1600/weirdness+of+life+in+micro.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj0W0OgNmoK-vjuqfnHDjYSisQag5Pxo2lu70vjqZx1lvEQ92g_y92LZO-YZnvycTdf2GovvdFDpSEhFhIQ5CAfB56tbOXZ7fotfnRKBgHQxuxted0FRzPUfffWkAhfID-vfU_M92-4z9c/s1600/weirdness+of+life+in+micro.jpg&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Garamond, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgMxCTsUoxbXkZfJGbw2Jrr1t5K5gLQU_ro-JEMq6pu2kaSHR3Z5IEyf6qkZ1qe8RhyphenhyphenQpU10aJDtvFTbpDz8kJrmphU7gH2oHfODumbzPI4849sOP3Al_lsOxXrPIBv39zRMMR-tS_76hs/s1600/exobiology.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgMxCTsUoxbXkZfJGbw2Jrr1t5K5gLQU_ro-JEMq6pu2kaSHR3Z5IEyf6qkZ1qe8RhyphenhyphenQpU10aJDtvFTbpDz8kJrmphU7gH2oHfODumbzPI4849sOP3Al_lsOxXrPIBv39zRMMR-tS_76hs/s400/exobiology.jpg&quot; height=&quot;298&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Garamond, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Garamond, serif;&quot;&gt;Possible different types of life elsewhere&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Garamond, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Garamond, serif;&quot;&gt;Although life started in earth at around 3.6 billion years ago it is
the development of humans (a few 100.000 years ago) and then through
civilization and books (a few thousand years) that information sharing gathered
momentum. It has exploded in last few decades in digital age and the steep rise
in information sharing has made it to 10&lt;sup&gt;19 &lt;/sup&gt;times than it originally
was. As I said earlier the intelligence of computers and robots will equal that
of humans within 20-30 years and although we may not go to other planets we
will be able to send these robots to them and even if we travel at one tenth
speed of light without breaking the barriers of relativity theory we will
colonize the Milkyway in 15 million years.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Garamond, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjK8ZotjRe4CCnVrTQkwIR9PYXP-7Vohsw5cqek_HipzzFiFiE5ulzcb-_ySAKvzhMwp5UpaQqn5d2nGEIpJEZUaEG5HUrRj8GkSuUULq4-Dco3cKI6yssFBhuHKDoULEmQjf8lWf0ERAI/s1600/galaxy+colonization+by+robots.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjK8ZotjRe4CCnVrTQkwIR9PYXP-7Vohsw5cqek_HipzzFiFiE5ulzcb-_ySAKvzhMwp5UpaQqn5d2nGEIpJEZUaEG5HUrRj8GkSuUULq4-Dco3cKI6yssFBhuHKDoULEmQjf8lWf0ERAI/s640/galaxy+colonization+by+robots.jpg&quot; height=&quot;438&quot; width=&quot;640&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Garamond, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Garamond, serif;&quot;&gt;Colonization of our galaxy with help of robots&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Garamond, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Garamond, serif;&quot;&gt;In 1950 the famous scientist Enrico Fermi said something very
interesting. he said that our civilization is very young and with the natural
evolution of it we will venture to other planets very soon. He thought of
imaginable uncountable habitable places and said that it is quite possible that
an exact replica is earth is somewhere there in which life has evolved 60
million years earlier. In that case the civilization there has that much head
start to us. To them we might be like anaerobic bacteria to us.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgT0jpJBGpj8kkdkF1ZlcIHsSolS7LXf_F7J0zQQVlfcgtuIGql_3NJd5LHL4e1QeH-shZnK2Sp-JHFTF-tNbmg8EH7w7zcfLy7eyIE7DI3ToUfpgRBU7bN7HPdWw5EBbbbS03MnJLLWFA/s1600/Enrico+Fermi.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgT0jpJBGpj8kkdkF1ZlcIHsSolS7LXf_F7J0zQQVlfcgtuIGql_3NJd5LHL4e1QeH-shZnK2Sp-JHFTF-tNbmg8EH7w7zcfLy7eyIE7DI3ToUfpgRBU7bN7HPdWw5EBbbbS03MnJLLWFA/s1600/Enrico+Fermi.jpg&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Garamond, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Garamond, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Enrico Fermi&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Garamond, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Garamond, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;The answer to Fermi question can be many. 1) We are alone. Nowhere else
has civilization and technology evolved, our civilization is an accident. 2)
Civilizations like us are rare and too far away by apace and time. This cosmos
is a very big place; our own galaxy is a very big place. 3) They are there but
we do not have the capacity to recognize them. 4) They are there and they are
so much advanced compared to us that they have no interest in us. And lastly
the life in earth may be started by some of the aliens.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEidtWEo0cYbcJRusZCvCPwLGC2abF55MctZe2gXyig80C__dDB9Tmab7G2p4-1fH_qk44lJjTnzCCVisX-fW6dlGj6TJc89EPj_Hf2vzYJzh9t4N-zxocRQIu-2NtnfQPu62i-sCxvcVnE/s1600/Responses+to+Fermi+question.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEidtWEo0cYbcJRusZCvCPwLGC2abF55MctZe2gXyig80C__dDB9Tmab7G2p4-1fH_qk44lJjTnzCCVisX-fW6dlGj6TJc89EPj_Hf2vzYJzh9t4N-zxocRQIu-2NtnfQPu62i-sCxvcVnE/s400/Responses+to+Fermi+question.jpg&quot; height=&quot;322&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Garamond, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Garamond, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Answers to Fermi question&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Garamond, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Garamond, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;How can there be communication between earthlings and aliens? There is
this outlandish possibility that they are amongst us right now but we are not
recognizing them. If this is true then by logic you or can be an alien. But if
we for the moment discount this possibility then what we get? To get an idea of
number of places where civilization and technology like ours (or better) have
developed, a scientist named Frank Drake has developed an equation (called
Drake equation). It goes like this&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Garamond, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Garamond, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;N= R* . f&lt;sub&gt;p &lt;/sub&gt;. n&lt;sub&gt;e&lt;/sub&gt; . f&lt;sub&gt;l&lt;/sub&gt; . f&lt;sub&gt;i&lt;/sub&gt; .
f&lt;sub&gt;c&lt;/sub&gt; . L&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Garamond, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Garamond, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;N = The number of advanced civilizations&amp;nbsp; with whom communication is possible&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Garamond, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;R* = Average number of stars in our galaxy per year&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Garamond, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;f&lt;sub&gt;p &lt;/sub&gt;= the fraction of these planets which have planets&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Garamond, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;n&lt;sub&gt;e&lt;/sub&gt; = The fraction among these stars with planets in which
life is possible&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Garamond, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;f&lt;sub&gt;l&lt;/sub&gt; = The fraction in which life have actually evolved among
those planets in which life is possible.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Garamond, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;f&lt;sub&gt;c&lt;/sub&gt; = The fraction among those lives which has developed such
technology that signals sent by them are possible to detect.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Garamond, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;L = The amount of time these civilizations are sending these signals&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Garamond, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;The equation is very easily understandable and a gradually diminishing
number. I will only say a little about the last quantity L. It is possible that
the advanced civilizations may become extinct after some time (because of
things like nuclear bombs or heating up of planet due to green house gases). So
it is a matter of conjecture that even though advanced civilizations happen how
long they will last. The first three numbers in thus equation are already
determined or being determined through scientific data. Remaining numbers are
still totally a matter of personal guesswork.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjIAMqf3LupL2ZJMLo0HVkGGzWkcPaMHJP3Pw17gjJn5h56qqNjRi85O8rzSRMjSAVql2TIzGZ9FBvK5Do9rrER-fKrul5IUqjJjDwMNe1DVPi5tEVls9sV6U34OgfXDvg5HbsOmlqPPL0/s1600/probability+of+intelligent+life+drakes+equation.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjIAMqf3LupL2ZJMLo0HVkGGzWkcPaMHJP3Pw17gjJn5h56qqNjRi85O8rzSRMjSAVql2TIzGZ9FBvK5Do9rrER-fKrul5IUqjJjDwMNe1DVPi5tEVls9sV6U34OgfXDvg5HbsOmlqPPL0/s640/probability+of+intelligent+life+drakes+equation.jpg&quot; height=&quot;436&quot; width=&quot;640&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Garamond, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Drake Equation&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Garamond, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Among the spacecrafts sent by man a plaque containing some symbols in a
bottle in Pioneer 10 and a gramophone record in Voyager has been sent as
information about human civilization and technology. Both of these have left
our solar system and perhaps will reach some other civilization someday.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhenFff19bC5FCMUtJMcsj-eroMCrHAck4NdYwA_zGj7Vmh_ShdOOBETh22OKNOgN6vCryVkxS0CwjScPFJUEaKu1IzgyiGt_N2U2i47yFDnGZ0gWsA2sPLwwjvZ6oTC3GSvtLhcJmog5A/s1600/Pioneer+10+picture.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhenFff19bC5FCMUtJMcsj-eroMCrHAck4NdYwA_zGj7Vmh_ShdOOBETh22OKNOgN6vCryVkxS0CwjScPFJUEaKu1IzgyiGt_N2U2i47yFDnGZ0gWsA2sPLwwjvZ6oTC3GSvtLhcJmog5A/s1600/Pioneer+10+picture.jpg&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Garamond, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Picture sent in Pioneer 10&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgFbJ2qSlVfeykju3OYhMHa_TJX_Al1dqgix3uh6VT1-QtpZw8qa1LovVkDcCLqNgov-n9ZU0OJML1xBtX4if3Hq4S-_6t7uKoZzsHRZocB8zpX29EENHVzZLCUfzxxvj4yyQBUXza3R1A/s1600/voyger+record.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgFbJ2qSlVfeykju3OYhMHa_TJX_Al1dqgix3uh6VT1-QtpZw8qa1LovVkDcCLqNgov-n9ZU0OJML1xBtX4if3Hq4S-_6t7uKoZzsHRZocB8zpX29EENHVzZLCUfzxxvj4yyQBUXza3R1A/s1600/voyger+record.jpg&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Gramophone record sent in Voyager&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Garamond, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;There has been an experiments going on for last 50 years or so to catch
signals from extraterrestrial civilization called Search for Extraterrestrial
Intelligence or SETI. It is made in such a way that signals in radio wavelength
as also optical pulse lasers from outer space can be detected as well as sent.
Although there has been silence for last 50 years the experiment is reaching an
exciting stage within next 20 years because at that time it will be possible to
detect signals from any planet within 3000 light years away (which numbers 100
million) as also we will be able to send signals to them. So there is a
possibility that we will connect with aliens in the lifetime of many living
now. But it must be remembered any civilization we will connect with must
necessarily be very close to ours because not in a very far future from now we
ourselves will not use radio signals or optical pulse lasers.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhDrLeV8RD-6G-eqLaOqxLyy2ZxQ51YEv6BVxwIxZHtsd2d-uCHHu9Y6Y0QuVr-UGhu5KS_GCAOZISJeGubJQ84ZrUsEbbaw0SD0UGFgwvLa-ccdlRHPVq5-EPjpHPA9Rd6pD6tViJCLHY/s1600/SETI.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhDrLeV8RD-6G-eqLaOqxLyy2ZxQ51YEv6BVxwIxZHtsd2d-uCHHu9Y6Y0QuVr-UGhu5KS_GCAOZISJeGubJQ84ZrUsEbbaw0SD0UGFgwvLa-ccdlRHPVq5-EPjpHPA9Rd6pD6tViJCLHY/s640/SETI.jpg&quot; height=&quot;456&quot; width=&quot;640&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Garamond, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Garamond, serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;SETI&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Garamond, serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Garamond, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;There is no guarantee that our connection with aliens will be a happy
experience because 1) they can ignore us, 2) they may think us as their prey
and attack us.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Garamond, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;I will end this article with an example. the number of planets we know
of through Kepler is almost equal to a pinch of sand in our finger tips. The
number is around 3000. I have already told you that the possible number of
habitable worlds according to current estimate is around 100 billion in our
galaxy. Now if we consider 500 billion galaxies in the visible universe then
the number of habitable world will become equal to the number of sand particles
that is visible seating in a sea beach. Now it is your guess in how many of
them living beings are advanced enough that they are searching for life
elsewhere.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgl02V4UGyUE1QKh9MvMgE-jcDYhYZIxAWqse4znoqEqfwV7WTQ3zFGJJeR8Ka8SNeyRa7D3yirIL100M7_7iacJ-yy1fYQHgiuvesnuIs7fa1ZDrR2GaPUh8mJrXkqOF6gcO-SwTw9VPA/s1600/grain+of+sands+on+fingertip.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgl02V4UGyUE1QKh9MvMgE-jcDYhYZIxAWqse4znoqEqfwV7WTQ3zFGJJeR8Ka8SNeyRa7D3yirIL100M7_7iacJ-yy1fYQHgiuvesnuIs7fa1ZDrR2GaPUh8mJrXkqOF6gcO-SwTw9VPA/s1600/grain+of+sands+on+fingertip.jpg&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Garamond, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
No of planets Kepler has detected&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhUz-aLTfnlusTzr0BUuutPg7L4bRLOS3HwhjhbaJX14ZwlpFJwzO2k0d1G24qWzPA6IN_fWTlPowU5Pp8kkWYhTVg728IIwnV8qJQx6QKHCKWCKsuVgQR72xRg7H25yX-QRcLFHX5H4KE/s1600/digha-beach.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhUz-aLTfnlusTzr0BUuutPg7L4bRLOS3HwhjhbaJX14ZwlpFJwzO2k0d1G24qWzPA6IN_fWTlPowU5Pp8kkWYhTVg728IIwnV8qJQx6QKHCKWCKsuVgQR72xRg7H25yX-QRcLFHX5H4KE/s640/digha-beach.jpg&quot; height=&quot;427&quot; width=&quot;640&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;No of habitable planets in universe&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;END&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;This article is inspired by a lecture of eminent cosmologist Professor Chris Impey of University of Arizona. Most of the data given are from his lecture which can be found in You Tube&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_0kz-OxxEkQ&amp;amp;list=FLZlameGr_Rz38ag93ztUjUg&amp;amp;index=8&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: red; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_0kz-OxxEkQ&amp;amp;list=FLZlameGr_Rz38ag93ztUjUg&amp;amp;index=8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
</description><link>http://lanimeshastro.blogspot.com/2013/08/life-outside-earth.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Animesh Lahiri)</author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjcxj9af3jwabOsih9sVJNPAFd4lEPX7pxbxufCu_wiJYKKC0KkkMnHcxZHsC82haOAfrL9_GPjrWPKMb3dtUd9REGDFAtjCdCmRBUag9-HLDxwbO6XJYPnFzePI-oX9Q73FFBBtlxxhY/s72-c/evolution+of+civilization.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6454564598885247679.post-2589939651979337036</guid><pubDate>Fri, 09 Aug 2013 06:12:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2020-11-01T11:41:08.406-08:00</atom:updated><title>MOHA BISHYE PRAN মহাবিশ্বে প্রাণ</title><description>&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; trbidi=&quot;on&quot;&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-large;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;মহাবিশ্বে প্রাণ&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 20pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Ekushey Mohua&#39;;&quot;&gt;এই মহাবিশ্বে ,পৃথিবীর বাইরে কি প্রাণ আছে ? মার্কিন স্থপতি, উদ্ভাবক এবং
ভবিষ্যৎ বক্তা বাকমিন্সটার ফুলার একটি কথা বলেছিলেন যে “ এই পৃথিবীর বাইরে প্রাণ
আছে বা নেই । উভয় ক্ষেত্রেই মানুষের কাছে তার তাৎপর্য অপরিসীম”।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Ekushey Mohua&#39;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;অন্তত পক্ষে যবে থেকে মানুষ জানতে
পারে যে পৃথিবীর বাইরেও একটা জগত আছে তবে থেকে মানুষের মনকে সুদূর এই প্রশ্নের
সম্মুখে দাঁড় করিয়েছে । এ প্রশ্নের একেবারে প্রামান্য উত্তর আজো মেলেনি, কিন্তু
আমরা এই যুগে দাঁড়িয়ে বোধহয় এর কিছুটা উত্তর পেতে চলেছি ।&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh8iiDw1FA9B8uhDoIkgBhm95kpG3m66tR2CJFIt9hqgDcXyDwTjtJZXUVlqGqV5-3sKk5a2AKKNNbTQ6VI7rxVnXWB126OParTskgCc2L3hRHNU2boPx_5Co0hlMPvTJXv3ssoWezVJ7o/s1600/evolution+of+civilization.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;241&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh8iiDw1FA9B8uhDoIkgBhm95kpG3m66tR2CJFIt9hqgDcXyDwTjtJZXUVlqGqV5-3sKk5a2AKKNNbTQ6VI7rxVnXWB126OParTskgCc2L3hRHNU2boPx_5Co0hlMPvTJXv3ssoWezVJ7o/s320/evolution+of+civilization.jpg&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Ekushey Mohua&#39;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;সভ্যতার বিকাশ&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Ekushey Mohua&#39;;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Ekushey Mohua&#39;;&quot;&gt;বিজ্ঞান আমাদের অনেক কিছু প্রশ্নের জবাব দিয়েছে এবং আর কিছুর উত্তর শীঘ্র
দিতে চলেছে&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;HI&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Ekushey Mohua&#39;;&quot;&gt;।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;HI&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Ekushey Mohua&#39;;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Ekushey Mohua&#39;;&quot;&gt;প্রাণ জন্মাতে গেলে কয়েকটি প্রাথমিক শর্ত আছে। প্রথম শর্ত
পৃথিবী এবং সৌরজগতের বাইরে গ্রহের অবস্থিতি, কারন নক্ষত্রে তার অত্যন্ত বেশি
তাপমাত্রার জন্যে প্রাণ থাকা অসম্ভব। আমরা জানতে পেরেছি যখন নক্ষত্ররা জন্মায় তখন
তার চারপাশে যে সমস্ত গ্যাস ও ধূলিকনা মহাকর্ষ বা গ্র্যাভিটেশনের ফলে জমে জমে
ক্রমশ প্রথমে আস্টিরয়েড বা গ্রহাণু ও পরে গ্রহে পরিনত হয় । বৈজ্ঞানিক পয্য&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Ekushey Mohua&#39;;&quot;&gt;‾&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Ekushey Mohua&#39;;&quot;&gt;বেক্ষণের ফলে
জানা গেছে যে এটি একটি অত্যন্ত সাধারণ এবং বহুঘটিত ব্যাপার &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;HI&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Ekushey Mohua&#39;;&quot;&gt;।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Ekushey Mohua&#39;;&quot;&gt; যদিও নতুন তথ্য
যা জানা গেছে তাতে এটাই যে একমাত্র গ্রহের জন্মের উপায় তা নাও হতে পারে । এখন
পর্যন্ত যা তথ্য পাওয়া গেছে তাতে এই মহাবিশ্বে অকল্পনীয় সংখ্যক গ্রহের অবস্থিতিই
সম্ভাব্য ঘটনা।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh7H-MvErmSKaJpIT8TRvGWHCtxvXXTIPqfM79LXarcwhyphenhyphen0v37DsxqRj8VvosJ5aZ09eef5uoeY54SWeLoOvA_Sn8ZOap8EEx40AGRDpf_Ej_Ym95cIQQ_4BpgcYP7VH8VlO_YNq4IEugs/s1600/planet+forming.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;421&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh7H-MvErmSKaJpIT8TRvGWHCtxvXXTIPqfM79LXarcwhyphenhyphen0v37DsxqRj8VvosJ5aZ09eef5uoeY54SWeLoOvA_Sn8ZOap8EEx40AGRDpf_Ej_Ym95cIQQ_4BpgcYP7VH8VlO_YNq4IEugs/s640/planet+forming.jpg&quot; width=&quot;640&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Ekushey Mohua&#39;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;গ্রহের উৎপত্তি&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Ekushey Mohua&#39;;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Ekushey Mohua&#39;;&quot;&gt;দ্বিতীয়ত প্রাণ যে ভাবে আমরা পৃথিবীতে জানি তা থাকতে গেলে সেই গ্রহে
কার্বন ও জল থাকতে হবে । যা জানা গেছে এই দুটোই এই ব্রহ্মান্ডে বহুল পরিমাণে আছে।
কার্বন তৈরি হয় তারার মধ্যে পারমানবিক গলন বা নিউক্লিয়ার ফিউসনের জন্যে। অনেক
নক্ষত্রের মৃত্যুকালে সুপারনোভা বিস্ফোরণের সময় তা মহাজাগতিক শূন্যে ছড়িয়ে পড়ে।
আমাদের পৃথিবীতে যে কার্বন আছে তা অনেক তারার জন্ম ও মৃত্যুর শেষে পৃথিবীতে
পৌঁছেছে&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;HI&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Ekushey Mohua&#39;;&quot;&gt;। &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Ekushey Mohua&#39;;&quot;&gt;আমাদের দেহ মূলত কার্বন দিয়ে গঠিত এবং দেহের প্রত্যেকটি
কার্বন পরমাণুর ইতিহাস আলাদা, তার জন্ম কোটি কোটি ভিন্ন তারার কন্দরে। এই
ব্রহ্মাণ্ডের জন্ম প্রায় ১৩৭০ কোটি বছর আগে একটি মহা বিস্ফোরণ বা বিগ ব্যাং এর
সুত্রে (যদিও এই মতবাদ যে সম্পূর্ণ প্রমানিত তা বলা যায় না)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;HI&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Ekushey Mohua&#39;;&quot;&gt;। &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Ekushey Mohua&#39;;&quot;&gt;যত সময় গেছে তত
বেশি তারার জন্ম ও মৃত্যু হয়েছে অর্থাৎ যত সময় গেছে তত বেশি কার্বন পরমাণুর সৃষ্টি
হয়েছে। অর্থাৎ বয়েসের সঙ্গে সঙ্গে এই বিশ্ব আরো প্রাণের উপযুক্ত হয়েছে। আমাদের
পৃথিবীতে প্রাণকে যেভাবে জানি তার সংজ্ঞা হল একই জেনেটিক কোড বা ডি.এন.এ বা
ডি-অক্সিরিবনিউক্লেইক অ্যাসিডের উপস্থিতি। এটি ব্যতীত প্রাণের প্রাথমিক সেল গুলি
নিজেকে পুনঃ প্রজনন ও বিভাজন করতে পারেনা যা জীবনের সংজ্ঞা&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;HI&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Ekushey Mohua&#39;;&quot;&gt;।&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjHB-JTcAMIqrlSAwZcdoe6Ia97THrOB8FvyHvY3uEOfeivY2KJBEC-2ytxDba8012n5BgnH_HLZHRn3NQ1KeqUi2tpxWllVIG-f-XtFnTFGDQj-QZji8UKTaLaJu9JhQYdZIn5SQ1_5Dk/s1600/abundance+of+carbon+in+cosmos.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;300&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjHB-JTcAMIqrlSAwZcdoe6Ia97THrOB8FvyHvY3uEOfeivY2KJBEC-2ytxDba8012n5BgnH_HLZHRn3NQ1KeqUi2tpxWllVIG-f-XtFnTFGDQj-QZji8UKTaLaJu9JhQYdZIn5SQ1_5Dk/s400/abundance+of+carbon+in+cosmos.jpg&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Ekushey Mohua&#39;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;মহাবিশ্বে কার্বনের প্রতুলতা&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjpZuRF-jnOpcCaR_3A_6FnQ4NHE9smTx9oboK4RVyOruq7R076-0_WUczt1s-EdyR_EJ-O6bKRVjaYsyZFqOOJidoRYhp1TZK7Iyio9ud_HC6IdB1FPhVEiQn4qiuMSxTaBlna_Zv1wT8/s1600/DNA.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjpZuRF-jnOpcCaR_3A_6FnQ4NHE9smTx9oboK4RVyOruq7R076-0_WUczt1s-EdyR_EJ-O6bKRVjaYsyZFqOOJidoRYhp1TZK7Iyio9ud_HC6IdB1FPhVEiQn4qiuMSxTaBlna_Zv1wT8/s1600/DNA.jpg&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Ekushey Mohua&#39;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Ekushey Mohua&#39;;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Ekushey Mohua&#39;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;ডি. এন. এ&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Ekushey Mohua&#39;;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Ekushey Mohua&#39;;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Ekushey Mohua&#39;;&quot;&gt;কিন্তু যখন আমরা পৃথিবীর বাইরে প্রানের কথা ভাবছি তখন এই সম্ভাবনার কথা
মনে রাখতে হবে &amp;nbsp;যে এমন প্রাণও থাকতে পারে
যার প্রাথমিক মূল আধার কার্বন এবং জল নাও হতে পারে।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Ekushey Mohua&#39;;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Ekushey Mohua&#39;;&quot;&gt;দ্বিতীয়ত কার্বন &amp;nbsp;এমন কোনো প্রাণের প্রাথমিক বস্তু কণা করতে সক্ষম
করতে পারে যা হয়তো ডি.এন. এ নয়। আর একটি তৃ্তীয় সম্ভাবনার কথা মনে রাখতে হবে।
কম্পিউটার এবং কম্পিউটার চালিত রোবট এর যান্ত্রিক বুদ্ধি ক্রমশ বেড়ে চলেছে অত্যন্ত
প্রচণ্ড গতিতে। এখনকার স্মার্ট ফোন যা অনেকেরি এখন পকেটে থাকে তার ক্ষমতা প্রথম
তৈরি কম্পিউটার (১৯৪৬ সালে) “এনিয়াক” এর চেয়ে ৫০ গূন বেশি&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;HI&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Ekushey Mohua&#39;;&quot;&gt;। &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Ekushey Mohua&#39;;&quot;&gt;এনিয়াক একটি বড়
বাড়ির সমান বড় ছিল (১৮০০ স্কোয়ার ফিট বা ১৬৭ স্কোয়ার মিটার)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;HI&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Ekushey Mohua&#39;;&quot;&gt;। &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Ekushey Mohua&#39;;&quot;&gt;মূর’স ল অনুযায়ী
আগামি কুড়ি ত্রিশ (এটা ২০১৩ সাল) বছরের মধ্যে কম্পিউটার ও রোবটের বুদ্ধি মানুষের
বুদ্ধির সমান হয়ে যাবে। সেই রোবটের প্রাণীর মত আচরণ করার এবং পরিশেষে প্রাণীর মত
প্রজনন সক্ষম হবার যথেষ্ট সম্ভাবনা রয়েছে। সুতরাং একটি সময় আসবে যে এইসব রোবট
গুলিও প্রাণী আখ্যা পাবে। সুতরাং মহাবিশ্বে প্রাণের কথা ভাবলে এই সব সম্ভাবনা
গুলিও মনে রাখতে হবে।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Ekushey Mohua&#39;; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjr-S4iZQDYrqRL0dXqk-HeU_MLwr_yGcfLTeqdrC4noLH3wNZA4qR05uV31cxM87VHIs6q9ISBcoo1xykk7KHo3vsoFD5InDcPWXBQJm32eTK7QVMvfMACAlU_UkVdnEGLXoSKYrIHvww/s1600/Eniac.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjr-S4iZQDYrqRL0dXqk-HeU_MLwr_yGcfLTeqdrC4noLH3wNZA4qR05uV31cxM87VHIs6q9ISBcoo1xykk7KHo3vsoFD5InDcPWXBQJm32eTK7QVMvfMACAlU_UkVdnEGLXoSKYrIHvww/s1600/Eniac.jpg&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Ekushey Mohua&#39;; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;এনিয়াক&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Ekushey Mohua&#39;; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjQIdeNWq80Zvd4lB7CsqnQUR_bM7ixSXiwiSRFZLzMuO_f1Ne0Wf4a2hrhMI-wBQ2ca5Tyf_Xf0OsCymPUJO4sQNvAY5-G4jZIZZWes-wnSXDGytHyXnoOS7WgKDfG5L_wJW0nuFwYi9M/s1600/smart+phone.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjQIdeNWq80Zvd4lB7CsqnQUR_bM7ixSXiwiSRFZLzMuO_f1Ne0Wf4a2hrhMI-wBQ2ca5Tyf_Xf0OsCymPUJO4sQNvAY5-G4jZIZZWes-wnSXDGytHyXnoOS7WgKDfG5L_wJW0nuFwYi9M/s1600/smart+phone.jpg&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Ekushey Mohua&#39;;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Ekushey Mohua&#39;; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;স্মার্ট ফোন&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Ekushey Mohua&#39;; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Ekushey Mohua&#39;;&quot;&gt;যদি আমরা পৃথিবীতে প্রাণের ইতিহাস দেখি , দেখা যায় প্রাণ সৃষ্টি হয়েছে
পৃথিবীর জন্মের অল্প কিছু পরেই, প্রায় ১০০ কোটি বছর পরে (পৃথিবীর বয়েস প্রায় ৪৬০
কোটি বছর)। এই সময় পৃথিবীর বায়ুমণ্ডল প্রাণের পক্ষে অত্যন্ত বিপদ সঙ্কুল ছিল। নানা
রকম বিষাক্ত গ্যাস , মারাত্মক অগ্ন্যূৎপাত, এবং মহাকাশ থেকে প্রতিনিয়ত আশা বিশাল
বিশাল উল্কা পাত প্রাণের পক্ষে অত্যন্ত প্রতিকূল ছিল। কিন্তু তা সত্তেও পৃথিবীতে
প্রান এসেছে খুব শীঘ্র।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Ekushey Mohua&#39;;&quot;&gt;দ্বিতীয় তথ্য , যা আগেই বলেছি, তা হল যে এই মহাবিশ্বে প্রাণের মূল উপাদান
কার্বন ও জল বহুল পরিমানে সুলভ।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Ekushey Mohua&#39;;&quot;&gt;তৃতীয়ত এও দেখা গেছে যে যখন প্রাণের মৌলিক উপাদান গুলি একসঙ্গে থাকে তখন
খুব সহজেই প্রাণের সৃষ্টি হয়। এটা কি করে সম্ভব হয় তা অবশ্য আমরা এখনও পুরোপুরি
জানিনা। ল্যাবরেটোরিতে এখনও পর্যন্ত একটি জীবন্ত প্রাণ কোষ এর জন্ম দেওয়া সম্ভব
হয়নি যদিও কোষ সৃষ্টির কিছু ধাপ পরীক্ষাগারে সম্পন্ন করা গেছে। পরীক্ষাগারে প্রাণ
সৃষ্টি কোনদিন পুরোপুরি করা যাবে কিনা জানিনা কিন্তু এটুকু নিশ্চিত প্রকৃতিতে
প্রাণের মৌলিক উপাদান গুলি সহজেই মিলে মিশে প্রাণের সৃষ্টি করে। &lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Ekushey Mohua&#39;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;





&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Ekushey Mohua&#39;;&quot;&gt;চতুর্থত এটা দেখা যায় প্রাণ পৃথিবীতে প্রায় যে কোনো প্রাকৃতিক অবস্থায়
উৎপন্ন হয়। আমাদের অর্থাৎ মানুষকে বাঁচবার জন্যে সাধারণত মৃদু ধরনের প্রকৃতির
দরকার হয় অর্থাৎ খুব বেশি বা কম তাপমাত্রা, প্রতিকূল বাতাবরন বা খুব বেশি বা কম
চাপ আমরা সহ্য করতে পারিনা। আমাদের বাঁচবার জন্যে সূর্যালোকেরও খুব প্রয়োজন।
কিন্তু এ পৃথিবীতে এমন প্রাণী আছে বিশেষত বহু অণুজীব (&lt;/span&gt;microbes)&lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Ekushey Mohua&#39;;&quot;&gt; যে গুলো অনেক বেশি
প্রতিকুল অবস্থা সহ্য করতে পারে। এমন অণুজীব আছে যা যেখানে ১০০ বছর বৃষ্টি হয় নি,
যেখানে অত্যন্ত বিষাক্ত গ্যাস বা পদার্থ রয়েছে, যেখানে প্রচণ্ড বেশি বা কম চাপ
(১০০০ গুন), যেখানে তেজস্ক্রিয় বিকিরণ অত্যন্ত বেশি এবং যেখানে কোনো দিন সূর্যালোক
পৌঁছয় না সেই সব জায়গাতে খুব স্বচ্ছন্দে বেঁচে থাকতে পারে। সুতরাং আমাদের সাধারন
ধারনায় যা আসে তার চেয়ে বহু বহু গুণ প্রতিকূল অবস্থাতে প্রাণ বেঁচে থাকতে পারে।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEigo6k2o9aFbGh5P01SixcXAKT1pZzAxIrZ1YwBO1IgU-ZU2scl7ztDGR0958PjQHP3cM4pA7frKildZ2SE9E8OVLy5SIQ649a7o0fVzvb5v52Hf0jvRkSZaJRpR_k4ELfZkxT-xrwt8Uc/s1600/Life+in+extrem+heat.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;292&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEigo6k2o9aFbGh5P01SixcXAKT1pZzAxIrZ1YwBO1IgU-ZU2scl7ztDGR0958PjQHP3cM4pA7frKildZ2SE9E8OVLy5SIQ649a7o0fVzvb5v52Hf0jvRkSZaJRpR_k4ELfZkxT-xrwt8Uc/s400/Life+in+extrem+heat.jpg&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Ekushey Mohua&#39;; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;অত্যন্ত বেশি তাপে প্রাণ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;table align=&quot;center&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; class=&quot;tr-caption-container&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgORCElCPtkGz9r5Tv1JTJfnduUajJucLa-kOEY9mo1mIcOCdNfc064Htv8Zp5LvCQA6SfAkRbjphQkMxqWLnzEEmDXaMuLCVe9w4we-B4bqUfzBZMi04_2j-uB4gCGbb7CDuajNVFDa6o/s1600/Life+in+extrem+radiation.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;278&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgORCElCPtkGz9r5Tv1JTJfnduUajJucLa-kOEY9mo1mIcOCdNfc064Htv8Zp5LvCQA6SfAkRbjphQkMxqWLnzEEmDXaMuLCVe9w4we-B4bqUfzBZMi04_2j-uB4gCGbb7CDuajNVFDa6o/s400/Life+in+extrem+radiation.jpg&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;tr-caption&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Ekushey Mohua&#39;; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;অত্যন্ত বেশি তেজস্ক্রিয় বিকিরণে প্রাণ &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi3TodQ1ewIVbWqRMTsbTamAzETRELpLoZVQ6Dt9szqEKaicSnNiJY2N7LPCOGiglzOvxb4hb-g72d7oWqg3vLciIKvBPwAL_-mUxZRlkPPmCyTVdU-ccDQiRlpwITBc9akzPaDPhqWY7k/s1600/Life+in+extreme+isolation.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;281&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi3TodQ1ewIVbWqRMTsbTamAzETRELpLoZVQ6Dt9szqEKaicSnNiJY2N7LPCOGiglzOvxb4hb-g72d7oWqg3vLciIKvBPwAL_-mUxZRlkPPmCyTVdU-ccDQiRlpwITBc9akzPaDPhqWY7k/s400/Life+in+extreme+isolation.jpg&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Ekushey Mohua&#39;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;খনির অন্ধকারে একাকি প্রাণ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEibbfRRBf6IV3eRWpGPCgKUHSzmA1AwVsVNnyPb3P900fr6WG2MuTm_3cFv_tTCpRhdcxZVMpTPhm8cT5u4ocx4sldg4uR7yL16AWbT5h9Ui_rstwzmP_aTW47_1zGsDldbSpZm7J8ZEaM/s1600/Life+in+extreme+toxicity.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;284&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEibbfRRBf6IV3eRWpGPCgKUHSzmA1AwVsVNnyPb3P900fr6WG2MuTm_3cFv_tTCpRhdcxZVMpTPhm8cT5u4ocx4sldg4uR7yL16AWbT5h9Ui_rstwzmP_aTW47_1zGsDldbSpZm7J8ZEaM/s400/Life+in+extreme+toxicity.jpg&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Ekushey Mohua&#39;; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;অত্যন্ত বিষাক্ত পরিবেষে প্রাণ&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_h6ihv47lcbzKl0_Uz4LM8TWXdg-akA5pkecz6PiWjTXisbzYPSclFJkwlpAJu0D92OFSLThWLNzt98QzJbJ5af5SSHNvZgjvZ-odMF1qq4wExLZr_nXZh2n4WvKj_IbSgjisCHEKMfA/s1600/Life+in+extreme+cold.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;318&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_h6ihv47lcbzKl0_Uz4LM8TWXdg-akA5pkecz6PiWjTXisbzYPSclFJkwlpAJu0D92OFSLThWLNzt98QzJbJ5af5SSHNvZgjvZ-odMF1qq4wExLZr_nXZh2n4WvKj_IbSgjisCHEKMfA/s400/Life+in+extreme+cold.jpg&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Ekushey Mohua&#39;; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;অত্যন্ত ঠাণ্ডায় প্রাণ&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Ekushey Mohua&#39;; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Ekushey Mohua&#39;; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Ekushey Mohua&#39;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;পঞ্চমত এই মহাবিশ্বে যেসব জায়গাতে
প্রাণ বাঁচতে পারে (এমনকি মানুষের মত প্রাণ বাঁচতে পারে) তার সংখ্যা অগণ্য&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;HI&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Ekushey Mohua&#39;;&quot;&gt;।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Ekushey Mohua&#39;;&quot;&gt;সুতরাং প্রাণ থাকার সব কটি উপকরনই এই ব্রহ্মাণ্ডে রয়েছে।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg5Bdc1o1EdpzCl3_G4fuwm8ZEiUSdvziUh5pDwC01R63nAkJI_tmN6aw5Tk-GSCCD57qgKeTfBM1V4WW5aTUCrEmgosPByY6h7NkfMt-oghH71ss2I-dU-cuz3oDaZCVN5l-_hXo82oqk/s1600/evidence+and+probability+of+life+as+we+know.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;302&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg5Bdc1o1EdpzCl3_G4fuwm8ZEiUSdvziUh5pDwC01R63nAkJI_tmN6aw5Tk-GSCCD57qgKeTfBM1V4WW5aTUCrEmgosPByY6h7NkfMt-oghH71ss2I-dU-cuz3oDaZCVN5l-_hXo82oqk/s400/evidence+and+probability+of+life+as+we+know.jpg&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Ekushey Mohua&#39;; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;মহাবিশ্বে প্রাণ থাকার কারণ&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Ekushey Mohua&#39;; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Ekushey Mohua&#39;; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Ekushey Mohua&#39;;&quot;&gt;এবার দেখা যাক এই সৌরজগতে প্রাণের কোনো আভাষ আমরা পাচ্ছি কিনা।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Ekushey Mohua&#39;;&quot;&gt;আমাদের কাছের যে
গ্রহ আমাদের এই ব্যাপারে সবচেয়ে প্রলুব্ধ করে তা হল মঙ্গল। দূরবীক্ষণের সাহায্যে
এবং মঙ্গলে অভিযান চালিয়ে যা দেখা গেছে তাতে জানা গেছে মঙ্গলের ভূস্তর মরুভূমি। এক
সময় আজ থেকে ২০০-৩০০ কোটি বছর আগে মঙ্গলের উপরিভাগে জল ছিল যা অনেক আগেই বিলীন হয়ে
গেছে। সুতরাং মঙ্গলের ওপরে যদিও বা প্রাণী থাকে তা অণূজীবের রূপে মাটির তলায়।
কিন্তু মঙ্গলে একটি অত্যন্ত তাৎপর্য পূর্ণ ব্যাপার লক্ষ্য করা গেছে। মঙ্গলের তোলা
ছবি থেকে এটা স্পষ্ট যে মঙ্গলের ভেতর থেকে মাঝে মাঝেই উল্লেখযোগ্য পরিমানে জল
মাটির বাইরে উঠে আসে। অর্থাৎ মঙ্গলের মাটির নিচে&amp;nbsp;
জল আছে। কত নিচে আছে, ৫,১০,১৫ বা ১০০ মিটার তা আমরা জানিনা। এবং এই জল ওপর
থেকে মাটির চাপে এবং তলা থেকে আসা তাপ বিকিরণে&amp;nbsp;
তরল অবস্থাতেই আছে। এবং এটা নিশ্চিত জল যেহেতু আছে প্রাণের সম্ভাবনাও
সেখানে বেশ ভাল। এখনও পর্যন্ত যে সব যান্ত্রিক রোবট মঙ্গলে পাঠানো হয়েছে সেগুলি
কেবল মঙ্গলের আস্তরের সামান্য কিছু ভেতরে যেতে সক্ষম,সুতরাং এই মুহূর্তে আমাদের
এখানে জীবনের সন্ধান করা সম্ভব না। তবে নিকট ভবিষ্যতে মঙ্গলে পৃথিবী থেকে আরো অনেক
উন্নত যান্ত্রিক অভিযান যাবে যা মাটির অনেক গভীরে গিয়ে পয্য&lt;sup&gt;‾&lt;/sup&gt;বেক্ষন
করতে সক্ষম হবে&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;HI&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Ekushey Mohua&#39;;&quot;&gt;। &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Ekushey Mohua&#39;;&quot;&gt;২০২০ সালের মধ্যে মঙ্গলে
প্রচুর অভিযান যাবে এবং গবেষণা চালান হবে। সুতরাং আশা করা যায় আগামি ১০ বছরের
মধ্যেই হয়ত এই বিষয়ে আমরা সুনিশ্চিত করে কিছু জানতে পারব।&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgebXDEho66vvXK-ZpUNMGt5yHxUoY4mBPjRJra__5pt5GuX2veFhgNsItnzCGI4e4JdE_bEIia4NUXaJT2Bx6oKH9QzIQzXzpJ-G7jdyYQiukUZSxMBk4lngHy1m6bEojNek19lmAVKgY/s1600/evidence+of+water+in+mars.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;363&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgebXDEho66vvXK-ZpUNMGt5yHxUoY4mBPjRJra__5pt5GuX2veFhgNsItnzCGI4e4JdE_bEIia4NUXaJT2Bx6oKH9QzIQzXzpJ-G7jdyYQiukUZSxMBk4lngHy1m6bEojNek19lmAVKgY/s400/evidence+of+water+in+mars.jpg&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Ekushey Mohua&#39;; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;মঙ্গলে জলের চিহ্ন&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Ekushey Mohua&#39;; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Ekushey Mohua&#39;; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Ekushey Mohua&#39;;&quot;&gt;দ্বিতীয় যে জায়গা আমাদের নজর কাড়ে তা হল বৃহস্পতির একটি বড় উপগ্রহ ইউরোপা
(ইউরোপা কে খুব ছোটো দূরবীণের সাহায্যেও দেখা সম্ভব)। যা জানা গেছে ইউরোপার আস্তর
৫০০ মিটার থেকে ১ কিলোমিটার পর্যন্ত মোটা বরফে ঢাকা। কিন্তু এর তলায় আছে বহু
কিলোমিটার গভীর তরল জলের মহাসাগর&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;HI&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Ekushey Mohua&#39;;&quot;&gt;। &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;HI&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Ekushey Mohua&#39;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Ekushey Mohua&#39;;&quot;&gt;এই জল গ্রহের অভ্যন্তর থেকে তাপ পেয়ে খুব সামান্য পরিমানে
উষ্ণ যদিও তা খুবই শীতল। কিন্তু এতো শীতল নয় যাতে প্রাণ থাকতে পারে না। এমন অনেক
জায়গারই কথা জানা যাচ্ছে যা হয়ত এমনিতে খুব ই শীতল কিন্তু যেখানে প্রান থাকা
অসম্ভব নয়। ইউরোপার অভ্যন্তরে পারমাণবিক শক্তির সাহায্যে অভিযান চালানোর পরিকল্পনা
নাসার (&lt;/span&gt;NASA) &lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Ekushey Mohua&#39;;&quot;&gt;আছে ভবিষ্যতে&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;HI&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Ekushey Mohua&#39;;&quot;&gt;।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiPsFjwoxzoI9Nv9gR16cLjAJG93l43-C86KZDFdn4eY5XLLwHiv-_cT_84s1k-lVyfaZTx3LmqzwEg3zFvdKgrT11IV1oi5URrLMvAEoo6fJcV244U45kQR2yQOCLjPxKvSkfxH7Ctnm8/s1600/Surface+of+europa.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;230&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiPsFjwoxzoI9Nv9gR16cLjAJG93l43-C86KZDFdn4eY5XLLwHiv-_cT_84s1k-lVyfaZTx3LmqzwEg3zFvdKgrT11IV1oi5URrLMvAEoo6fJcV244U45kQR2yQOCLjPxKvSkfxH7Ctnm8/s320/Surface+of+europa.jpg&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Ekushey Mohua&#39;; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;ইউরোপার উপরিতল&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Ekushey Mohua&#39;; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjY6PvumwQ8l38v2CuVfFutxGBxGHbDVMN5SD55IP19fNMsF3Kc1WREgRpj_cpHvEyjDTrZAxce-g03_we3PPfNY0G8v-PbEzwGR9jIJporkApIrMEdntVAfP7esoY2vnN7cB5tZhd4wrQ/s1600/interior+of+europa.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;252&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjY6PvumwQ8l38v2CuVfFutxGBxGHbDVMN5SD55IP19fNMsF3Kc1WREgRpj_cpHvEyjDTrZAxce-g03_we3PPfNY0G8v-PbEzwGR9jIJporkApIrMEdntVAfP7esoY2vnN7cB5tZhd4wrQ/s400/interior+of+europa.jpg&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Ekushey Mohua&#39;; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Ekushey Mohua&#39;; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Ekushey Mohua&#39;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;ইউরোপার অভ্যন্তর&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Ekushey Mohua&#39;;&quot;&gt;আর একটি অত্যন্ত কৌতূহলোদ্দীপক জায়গা হোলো শনি গ্রহের একটি চাঁদ টাইটান।
টাইটানের উপরিভাগের সংগে পৃথিবীর উপরিভাগের আশ্চর্য মিল রয়েছে। এখানে রয়েছে শুধু
তরল নয়, একেবারে &amp;nbsp;নদী ও হ্রদ। যদিও সে নদী
ও হ্রদ তরল মিথেন ও ইথেন দিয়ে তৈরি&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;HI&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Ekushey Mohua&#39;;&quot;&gt;। &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Ekushey Mohua&#39;;&quot;&gt;এখানে আছে সক্রিয়
আগ্নেওগিরি। আছে এমন এক বাতাবরন যাতে নাকি পৃথিবীর বাতাবরনের মূল উপাদান
নাইট্রোজেন এ পরিপূর্ণ। এমন কোনো প্রাণী থাকা অসম্ভব না যেটা কিনা টাইটানে যা আছে
অর্থাৎ মিথেন, ইথেন, অ্যামোনিয়া ও জল (যা কিনা টাইটানের অভ্যন্তরে আছে) কোনো এক
বিচিত্র প্রাণের সূচনা করেছে। টাইটানে যাবার পরিকল্পনাও নাসার আছে তবে তা অন্তত
পক্ষে ১০ বছর পরের কথা।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh0i2ZHuxYYR-W82KTZPUpGHcecMjvH7Fc4a-rbUYD7kwLzUIjehyXku6Xi0NZE_f0IOX2n6VvtVeTxtTha2IqaPI-Ia2YNY7T0iGUAE_RxZYk1KXevhEjkrXqnOOGiOsUiJCzH3aiIjnU/s1600/Lacus+ontario+of+titan.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;186&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh0i2ZHuxYYR-W82KTZPUpGHcecMjvH7Fc4a-rbUYD7kwLzUIjehyXku6Xi0NZE_f0IOX2n6VvtVeTxtTha2IqaPI-Ia2YNY7T0iGUAE_RxZYk1KXevhEjkrXqnOOGiOsUiJCzH3aiIjnU/s320/Lacus+ontario+of+titan.jpg&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Ekushey Mohua&#39;; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;টাইটানের লেক&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Ekushey Mohua&#39;; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Ekushey Mohua&#39;; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Ekushey Mohua&#39;;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Ekushey Mohua&#39;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;এ ছাড়াও আছে শনির ছোট্টো উপগ্রহ এন্সেডেলাস। এন্সেডেলাস এর ব্যাস মাত্র
৫০০ কিলোমিটার। কিন্তু এর ভেতর থেকে জাইসার এর মাধ্যমে বেরিয়ে আসছে বরফ এবং লবন। এরও
অভ্যন্তরে আছে তরল জল।&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgKhsYVbFGwNt9vuKa_CgAb_66wUPBLB-CyrqFMHGoLd8tv4mCoyAzSZPEA3o4lXMEVstIn7xXTpzdwqZITrZ23db53X6WK55rmMFlBM3rp-MqrSa-dIAfLUPO6wFfc2Wu5yKUdgafnmSM/s1600/encedelus.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;467&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgKhsYVbFGwNt9vuKa_CgAb_66wUPBLB-CyrqFMHGoLd8tv4mCoyAzSZPEA3o4lXMEVstIn7xXTpzdwqZITrZ23db53X6WK55rmMFlBM3rp-MqrSa-dIAfLUPO6wFfc2Wu5yKUdgafnmSM/s640/encedelus.jpg&quot; width=&quot;640&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Ekushey Mohua&#39;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Ekushey Mohua&#39;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Ekushey Mohua&#39;; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;এন্সেডেলাস&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Ekushey Mohua&#39;;&quot;&gt;যদি আমরা শুধু প্রাণের মৌলিক উপাদান গুলির কথা ভাবি অর্থাৎ তরল জল, জৈব
পদার্থ ও প্রয়োজনীয় তাপ ও শক্তি তাহলে এই সৌরজগতে গ্রহ এবং উপগ্রহ মিলিয়ে এক ডজন
জায়গা পাব। অধিকাংশ ক্ষেত্রেই জল আছে এর আস্তরের নিচে&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;HI&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Ekushey Mohua&#39;;&quot;&gt;।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Ekushey Mohua&#39;;&quot;&gt; এই সব জায়গায়
নিদেন পক্ষে অণুজীব থাকা একেবারেই অসম্ভব নয়। &lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Ekushey Mohua&#39;;&quot;&gt;১৯৯৫ সালের অক্টোবর মাসে বিজ্ঞানীরা প্রথম সৌরজগতের বাইরে একটি গ্রহের
উপস্থিতির প্রমান পান। এটি পেগাসাস তারামণ্ডলে অবস্থিত এবং এটি ৫১ পেগাসি তারার
চারদিকে ঘুরছে। এরপর থেকেই ক্রমশ দ্রুত গতিতে নতুন নতুন গ্রহের সন্ধান পাওয়া যেতে
থাকে। ২০০৯ সালে নাসা কেপলার নামক একটি মহাকাশ যান পাঠায় যেটা অত্যন্ত সূক্ষ্ম
ভাবে আকাশের একটি বিশেষ অঞ্চলে বহিঃসৌরজাগতিক গ্রহের খোঁজ করতে থাকে। সৌরজগতের
বাইরের গ্রহের খোঁজ কি করে পাওয়া যায় একটু বলি।গ্রহ থেকে আলো এত কম আসে যে তারার
বিশাল ঔজ্জল্যের জন্যে তাকে দূরবীনের সাহায্যে ধরা সক্ষম নয়, এর জন্যে অপ্রত্যক্ষ
উপায়ের সাহায্য নিতে হয়। গ্রহ যখন তারার চারপাশে ঘোরে তখন গ্রহের মহাকর্ষ টানের
ফলে তারাটি সামান্য দোলে। এছাড়াও যখন গ্রহটি তারাটির বিষুবরেখার কাছাকাছি দিয়ে যায়
তখন তারাটির ঐ গ্রহের জন্যে গ্রহন হয় (যেমন চাঁদ সূর্যের সামনে চলে এলে সূর্যগ্রহন
হয়)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;HI&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Ekushey Mohua&#39;;&quot;&gt;। &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Ekushey Mohua&#39;;&quot;&gt;তারার এই দোলাচলের হিসেব নিকেশ এবং গ্রহণের সময় তারার আলো
কতোটা কমছে সেই হিসেব করে বুঝতে পারা যায় গ্রহের ভর এবং আয়তন। তার থেকে সহজেই বার
করা যায় গ্রহের ঘনত্ব। এবং গ্রহের ঘনত্ব থেকে সেটি কি পদার্থ দিয়ে তৈরি সেটা সহজেই
হিসেব করে ফেলা যায়।&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Ekushey Mohua&#39;; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Ekushey Mohua&#39;; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Ekushey Mohua&#39;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhbiAY_lELtdT2UM_TgYChQPAe4DNGuK6fVNUyexKgq6vkto6TgE2E0rBLrgoOfjGJrlC2yP-znLpl4EN291CgcDlBuoYxw4RZlYLDXDcnuVRDPlyLDuUBDCaaa3e6bgZSUiIbzVdD2Qak/s1600/Kepler+spacecraft.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhbiAY_lELtdT2UM_TgYChQPAe4DNGuK6fVNUyexKgq6vkto6TgE2E0rBLrgoOfjGJrlC2yP-znLpl4EN291CgcDlBuoYxw4RZlYLDXDcnuVRDPlyLDuUBDCaaa3e6bgZSUiIbzVdD2Qak/s1600/Kepler+spacecraft.jpg&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot;&gt;কেপলার&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj5CUK9wH-i6G6EvvK5r1gUyUqZan6hWbYaJPzAeTl9ZpHSjyhgDFvLIhg8a1PM_fw3_WGtMdOlEyStvygWEpA0vux-XgN-s7tAVSJ5yXUKRR2cP89e3rpMjIRzlWQSg791ZDE6wkWjKkg/s1600/How+kepler+find+planets.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;272&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj5CUK9wH-i6G6EvvK5r1gUyUqZan6hWbYaJPzAeTl9ZpHSjyhgDFvLIhg8a1PM_fw3_WGtMdOlEyStvygWEpA0vux-XgN-s7tAVSJ5yXUKRR2cP89e3rpMjIRzlWQSg791ZDE6wkWjKkg/s400/How+kepler+find+planets.jpg&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Ekushey Mohua&#39;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Ekushey Mohua&#39;; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Ekushey Mohua&#39;; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;কেপলার পয্য&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Ekushey Mohua&#39;; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;‾&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Ekushey Mohua&#39;; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;বেক্ষনে
গ্রহনের সময় কম আলো (নিচের গ্রাফ এ) যার&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Ekushey Mohua&#39;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;থেকে গ্রহ সম্বন্ধে জানা যায়&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Ekushey Mohua&#39;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Ekushey Mohua&#39;;&quot;&gt;প্রথম দিকে যে সমস্ত গ্রহ গুলির আবিষ্কার হয় সেগুলি অধিকাংশই বৃহস্পতির মত
বিশালকায় গ্যাসীয় গ্রহ। এগুলিতে প্রাণ থাকার সম্ভাবনা না থাকলেও এর উপগ্রহগুলিতে
প্রাণ থাকতে পারে। যত কারিগরি দক্ষতা বেড়েছে ও পয্য&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Ekushey Mohua&#39;;&quot;&gt;‾&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Ekushey Mohua&#39;;&quot;&gt;বেক্ষনের
সূক্ষ্মতা বেড়েছে ততই ক্ষুদ্রতর এবং এমন সব রকমের গ্রহ যা কিনা আমাদের কল্পনায়
আসেনি পাওয়া গেছে। প্রায় সম্পূর্ণ জল দিয়ে তৈরি বা ধাতু দিয়ে তৈরি, ধাতু ও &amp;nbsp;জলের মিশ্রনে তৈরি সব রকমই পাওয়া গেছে। একটা কথা
মনে রাখতে হবে যে কম্পিউটার মডেলিং এর সাহায্যে একথা বোঝা গেছে যে একটি সূর্যের মত
তারার সৌরজগতে গড়ে ২-৫ টি গ্রহ পাথর ও জল দিয়ে তৈরি ( অর্থাৎ পৃথিবীর মত) এবং তার
মধ্যে ১০-২০ শতাংশ গ্রহ বাসোপোযুক্ত ( অর্থাৎ পৃথিবীতে যেমন প্রাণী আছে তাদের
বাসোপোযুক্ত) অবস্থানে রয়েছে। কোন তারার কত দূরে বাসোপোযুক্ত অবস্থান হবে তা
তারাটির ঔজ্জ্বল্য ও&amp;nbsp; তাপমাত্রার ওপর
নির্ভর করে। এই বাসোপোযুক্ত অবস্থানকে অনেকে গোল্ডিলক জোন বলেন। কম্পিইউটার মডেলিং
আরো বলে যে পৃথিবীর মত গ্রহ যেখানে জল, পাথর ইত্যাদি আছে তেমন গ্রহের সংখ্যা বিরল
তো নয়ই বরং অত্যন্ত সুলভ।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Ekushey Mohua&#39;;&quot;&gt;এবার দেখা যাক কেপলারের পয্য&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Ekushey Mohua&#39;;&quot;&gt;‾&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Ekushey Mohua&#39;;&quot;&gt;বেক্ষন কি বলছে। জুলাই
২০১৩ অবধি কেপলার ১৩৪ টি প্রমানিত ও ৩২৭৭ টি এখনও পর্যন্ত অপ্রমানিত গ্রহের এবং ৭৬
টি অন্য সৌরজগতের সন্ধান দিয়েছহে। যদিও অপ্রমানিত গ্রহ গুলির প্রায় ৯০ শতাংশই
সত্যিকারের গ্রহ বলে প্রমাণিত হবে বলে আশা করা হচ্ছে। &amp;nbsp;মনে রাখতে হবে কেপলার আকাশের একটি অত্যন্ত
সীমাবদ্ধ এলাকায় তার সন্ধান চালিয়েছে। সবচেয়ে বড় খবর ১২০০ আলোবছর দূরে কেপলার ৬২ঈ
ও ৬২এফ নামক দুটি গ্রহের সন্ধান দিয়েছে যেগুলো খুব সম্ভব পৃথিবীর মতই জল ও পাথর
দিয়ে গঠিত এবং গোল্ডিলক জোনে রয়েছে অর্থাৎ বাসোপোযুক্ত&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;HI&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Ekushey Mohua&#39;;&quot;&gt;। &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Ekushey Mohua&#39;;&quot;&gt;এমনকি এর থেকে যে
তারাটি দেখতে পাওয়া যায় সেটি বলতে গেলে আমাদের সূর্যেরই মত দেখতে লাগবে গ্রহটি
থেকে। এটিকে বিজ্ঞানিরা একটি বিরাট পদক্ষেপ বলে মনে করছেন। সবচেয়ে বড় কথা কেপলার
থেকে পাওয়া তথ্য থেকে বোঝা গেছে (এখনও পর্যন্ত করা গবেষণা থেকে) শুধুমাত্র আমাদের
নিজস্ব ছায়াপথ বা মিল্কিওয়ে গ্যলাক্সিতেই ১০০০০ কোটি পৃথিবীর মত গ্রহ পাওয়া যাবে
যা কিনা মানুষের মত প্রাণীর বসবাসের উপযোগী&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;HI&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Ekushey Mohua&#39;;&quot;&gt;।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Ekushey Mohua&#39;;&quot;&gt; এই বিশ্বে ৫০০০০ কোটির
বেশি গ্যালাক্সির সন্ধান পাওয়া গেছে,সুতরাং প্রাণের উপযোগী গ্রহের সংখ্যা বলতে
গেলে অননুমেয়। &lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Ekushey Mohua&#39;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;



&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Ekushey Mohua&#39;;&quot;&gt;এখনও পর্যন্ত আমরা চেষ্টা করেছি ও করছি জানতে পৃথিবীর মত গ্রহ ( উপাদান ও
তারার থেকে বাসোপযোগী দূরত্বে) আছে কিনা। এই প্রচেষ্টা আরো চলতে থাকবে। কিন্তু এতে
সত্যি সত্যি প্রাণ আছে কিনা আমরা জানব কি করে? এই গ্রহ গুলি এত দূরে ( বহু আলোক
বর্ষ দূরে) যে কোনো নিকট বা দূর ভবিষ্যতেও আমাদের পক্ষে সেখানে যাওয়া সম্ভব না।
তবে যেটা করা যেতে পারে ও শীঘ্রই আমরা করব তা হল বিশাল বিশাল দূরবীক্ষণের সাহায্যে
এই গ্রহ থেকে আসা আলোকে বিশ্লেষন করে জানব যে প্রাণ থাকলে ওই&amp;nbsp; সব গ্রহের বায়ুমন্ডলে যেসব উপাদান গুলি থাকার
কথা সেগুলি আমরা পাচ্ছি কিনা। &amp;nbsp;এই সব উপদান
গুলি হল ওজোন, জল, অক্সিজেন, মিথেন ইত্যাদি। প্রাণ না থাকলে সাধারন বৈজ্ঞানিক
কারণে এই গুলি থাকার সম্ভাবনা, বিশেষতঃ একসঙ্গে, খুব কম ( মনে রাখতে হবে প্রাণ না
থাকলে অক্সিজেন ১০ লক্ষ্য বছরের মধ্যে বায়ুমন্ডল থেকে বিক্রিয়া করে নিঃশেষ হয়ে
যাবে)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;HI&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Ekushey Mohua&#39;;&quot;&gt;। &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Ekushey Mohua&#39;;&quot;&gt;সুতরাং এই গুলি বায়ুমণ্ডলে পাওয়া গেলে ধরে নিতে পারি যে
সেখানে প্রান আছে। এই জন্যে এখন চিলি তে ভি. এল. টি , অ্যারিজোনাতে এল. বি. টি
,যারা অত্যন্ত অল্প আলো সংগ্রহ করতে পারে এমন টেলিস্কোপ সবে তৈরি করা হয়েছে। এই
গুলি এবং জেমস ওয়েব টেলিস্কোপ যা ২০১৮ সালে মহাকাশে পাঠানো হবে এই ধরনের গবেষণা
করবে। এর ফলে আশা করা যায় আগামি ১০ বছরের মধ্যে অন্য কোনো গ্রহ তে প্রাণ আছে কিনা
তার উত্তর আমরা পেয়ে যাব&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;HI&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Ekushey Mohua&#39;;&quot;&gt;।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhrqkDCudvIOeEN5Tyd-wQ0mDt1AGamgt5RHJHxXTTTuz4bBysiVk5YW8qZJlM6i1NUwlIToo_bQrRLKdWDB42E16byVn20r728sG_9EnxN05Fj0lHdEpEWCRZ7GMPeAuzTB1-yrFAlNOA/s1600/james+webb+sp.+telescope.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;257&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhrqkDCudvIOeEN5Tyd-wQ0mDt1AGamgt5RHJHxXTTTuz4bBysiVk5YW8qZJlM6i1NUwlIToo_bQrRLKdWDB42E16byVn20r728sG_9EnxN05Fj0lHdEpEWCRZ7GMPeAuzTB1-yrFAlNOA/s400/james+webb+sp.+telescope.jpg&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;HI&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Ekushey Mohua&#39;;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Ekushey Mohua&#39;; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;জেমস ওয়েব মহাকাশ দূরবীন&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Ekushey Mohua&#39;; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Ekushey Mohua&#39;; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Ekushey Mohua&#39;;&quot;&gt;তবে এ কথা মনে রাখতে হবে যে পৃথিবী ২.০ যখন পাওয়া যাবে তা কিন্তু পুরোপুরি
আমাদের মতন হবে না। দ্বিতীয়ত আমরা যদি ভাবি যে আমাদের পৃথিবীতে কোনো সমস্যা হলে
সেখানে আমরা বসবাস করতে, পারবো বা নেহাৎই বেড়াতে যেতে পারবো তা কিন্তু ভুল ধারনা।
কারন এগুলি কয়েক থেকে কয়েকশ বা তারো বেশি আলো বছর দূরে হবে এবং সেখানে যাবার জন্যে
যে বিজ্ঞান ও কারিগরির দরকার তা কবে আসবে এবং আদৌ আসবে কিনা আমরা জানিনা।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Ekushey Mohua&#39;;&quot;&gt;এতো গেল কত জায়গায় প্রাণ থাকতে পারে তার একটা মোটামুটি হিসেব। কিন্তু
উন্নত মানের প্রাণী, যারা কিনা বুদ্ধিমান আমাদের মতন বা তার চেয়েও বেশি? সেটা আছে
কিনা কিম্বা থাকলে কত জায়গায় থাকতে পারে?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Ekushey Mohua&#39;;&quot;&gt;এর একটা আন্দাজ পেতে গেলে আমাদের পৃথিবীতে বুদ্ধিমান প্রাণী কত আছে তার
একটা ফর্দ করতে হয়। যদিও আমরা অণুজীব বা &lt;/span&gt;microbes &lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Ekushey Mohua&#39;;&quot;&gt;দের বুদ্ধিমান প্রাণী
ভাবি না তাদের ক্ষমতা কিন্তু আমরা যা ভাবি তার চেয়ে অনেক বেশি। অনূজীবরা বেশ উন্নত
জৈবিক কারখানা এবং এরা চৌম্বক ক্ষেত্র বুঝতে পারে, ন্যানো ওয়্যার (&lt;/span&gt; nano wires) &lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Ekushey Mohua&#39;;&quot;&gt;তৈরি করতে সক্ষম,
এদের গোষ্ঠীগত ক্ষমতা আছে বায়ুমণ্ডল কে অনুভব করার এবং এরা অন্য অণূজীবের সঙ্গে
সখ্যতা পাতাতে পারে।&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Ekushey Mohua&#39;; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Ekushey Mohua&#39;; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Ekushey Mohua&#39;;&quot;&gt;

&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiHugZsWanuRQJrS4spOC28WXNTCDQLWzZmy8a7wAMK-sXLX5iTfmYS9BlfhRn87XZiaHpsmizZ1OKTa2YPgVCJSEOSJYPmmbW9tKt4ATDxt3riZ2hYMbJLWy2ahIsjGvmuVY6ItPlWlGA/s1600/what+mirobes+did.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;492&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiHugZsWanuRQJrS4spOC28WXNTCDQLWzZmy8a7wAMK-sXLX5iTfmYS9BlfhRn87XZiaHpsmizZ1OKTa2YPgVCJSEOSJYPmmbW9tKt4ATDxt3riZ2hYMbJLWy2ahIsjGvmuVY6ItPlWlGA/s640/what+mirobes+did.jpg&quot; width=&quot;640&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Ekushey Mohua&#39;; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;অণূজীবের কেরামতি&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Ekushey Mohua&#39;; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Ekushey Mohua&#39;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;এবার নানারকম কীটেদের কথায় আসি। আমরা যাদের উই পোকা বলি তারা তাদের
নিজেদের মাপের তুলনায় বিশাল বড় আয়তনের কাঠামো তৈরি করতে পারে। আমরা যেগুলোকে উই
ঢিপি বলি সেগুলো সময় সময় এত বড় হয় যে যদি আমরা তুলনামূলক মাপের কথা ভাবি তাহলে
এগুলো উই এর মাপের তুলনায় উচ্চতায় মানুষের তৈরি স্কাই স্র্যাপারের চেয়ে উঁচু।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhCQoHanFBe_pqbZmCmdiu_Q2vxP8VRzRz7t6VZwXmLM7krOh3QA3eVALF7SWeRfP3DaqoaJiElJ-i-sM7PQ7jqEQFMmENGTeUbVlQ837z2KDvUm2eoiVwWWtqZrNkmY_eJBXmkVkff_uc/s1600/what+termites+did.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;302&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhCQoHanFBe_pqbZmCmdiu_Q2vxP8VRzRz7t6VZwXmLM7krOh3QA3eVALF7SWeRfP3DaqoaJiElJ-i-sM7PQ7jqEQFMmENGTeUbVlQ837z2KDvUm2eoiVwWWtqZrNkmY_eJBXmkVkff_uc/s400/what+termites+did.jpg&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Ekushey Mohua&#39;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Ekushey Mohua&#39;;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Ekushey Mohua&#39;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;উই ঢিপি&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Ekushey Mohua&#39;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Ekushey Mohua&#39;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Ekushey Mohua&#39;;&quot;&gt;অনেক কীটের তাদের নিজেদের একক বুদ্ধির বদলে চাকের কলোনিতে সমষ্টি গত ভাবে
বুদ্ধি ছড়িয়ে থাকে, এদের বেশ জটিল সামাজিক ব্যবহার আছে, এরা বিশেষ কিছু কাজে দক্ষ
এবং এরা রাসায়নিক ভাবে একে অন্যের সাথে যোগাযোগ রাখতে পারে।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgt53xpUwcoBRDKlZYz-LbMJGK26lO-r5mNLT55WLpPJq7CGf-2xHQ-cQeJ31k29NwWlRfJUkhJio1riR2vPNuFRJWe8SjSMUWfe5le33wFIJWrkXa4AQKAm2RcYQ4-QY5C-JcJlhuVSjM/s1600/insects.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;297&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgt53xpUwcoBRDKlZYz-LbMJGK26lO-r5mNLT55WLpPJq7CGf-2xHQ-cQeJ31k29NwWlRfJUkhJio1riR2vPNuFRJWe8SjSMUWfe5le33wFIJWrkXa4AQKAm2RcYQ4-QY5C-JcJlhuVSjM/s400/insects.jpg&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Ekushey Mohua&#39;; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;সাধারন কীট&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Ekushey Mohua&#39;; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Ekushey Mohua&#39;;&quot;&gt;পোষা প্রাণী দের মধ্যে কাকাতুয়া &amp;nbsp;পাখি জাতীয় প্রাণীর বেশ মজার ব্যক্তিত্ব দেখা
যায়, এরা কথা বলতে পারে এবং শূন্যের ধারণা করতে পারে। দেখা গেছে কাক কে একটি বোতলের
মধ্যে খাবার ও একটি তার জাতীয় কিছু রেখে দিলে সে সেই তার বেঁকিয়ে সেটাকে কাজে
লাগিয়ে খাবার তুলে নিতে সক্ষম। ইঁদুররাও বেশ জটিল। এরা যৌন সঙ্গম আঁচ করতে পারে,
এবং এরা নিজেদের চিন্তার সম্পর্কে ভাবতে পারে (&lt;/span&gt;meta cognition)&lt;span lang=&quot;HI&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Ekushey Mohua&#39;;&quot;&gt;।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjb1L0q_VSPHvLfUmR6i-c859GDJLZ_hgvme_peCSEZgAdfLJNOhMy7WZzo6D8MuW4_Qww5rwhUW4GLelJbHF4jVbqJnRFU18REJ89FmXqYHkCcD4niWxIVo9OIUBIfkZg-OIVACWwlmow/s1600/rats+birds+intelligence.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;292&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjb1L0q_VSPHvLfUmR6i-c859GDJLZ_hgvme_peCSEZgAdfLJNOhMy7WZzo6D8MuW4_Qww5rwhUW4GLelJbHF4jVbqJnRFU18REJ89FmXqYHkCcD4niWxIVo9OIUBIfkZg-OIVACWwlmow/s400/rats+birds+intelligence.jpg&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Ekushey Mohua&#39;; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;ইঁদুর ও কাকাতুয়া&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Ekushey Mohua&#39;; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Ekushey Mohua&#39;; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Ekushey Mohua&#39;;&quot;&gt;আর আছে এমন সব প্রাণী যাদের বুদ্ধির সম্বন্ধে আমাদের কোনো সম্যক ধারণা নেই
এবং যাদের সঙ্গে আমরা যোগাযোগ করতে পারিনা&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;HI&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Ekushey Mohua&#39;;&quot;&gt;। &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Ekushey Mohua&#39;;&quot;&gt;যেমন সামুদ্রিক
প্রাণীগোষ্ঠী সেফালোপড (&lt;/span&gt;cephalopods&lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Ekushey Mohua&#39;;&quot;&gt; উদাহরন অক্টোপাস)। এদের মস্তিস্ক শরীরের বিভিন্ন জায়গায়
ছড়িয়ে থাকে এবং এর একটা হাত কেটে বাদ দিলে সেটা একটা স্বয়ংসম্পূর্ণ জীবের মত আচরন
করে। এছাড়াও সমুদ্রে ডুবুরিরা অনেক সময় এদের অদ্ভুত কিছু ক্ষমতার পরিচয় পেয়েছেন। এরা
পৃথিবীর মধ্যে থেকেও আমাদের কাছে অন্য গ্রহের বাসিন্দা। অন্য গ্রহের প্রাণীর খবর
করতে গেলে এদের সম্মন্ধে আমাদের আরো অনেক জানতে হবে।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg8GX41L8XSOQArTjIrLNxJFoZJpZvQSLK8ktNDRExQ62gipwhhQ1tWKm9SYGZqUUxXVxo4Juei_OyybBrNRb5sRldK7gbunSiLlHJxH8o79ZKU5adbCk83gk5PDh0Y13IEGWSr37avawg/s1600/cephalopods.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;314&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg8GX41L8XSOQArTjIrLNxJFoZJpZvQSLK8ktNDRExQ62gipwhhQ1tWKm9SYGZqUUxXVxo4Juei_OyybBrNRb5sRldK7gbunSiLlHJxH8o79ZKU5adbCk83gk5PDh0Y13IEGWSr37avawg/s400/cephalopods.jpg&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Ekushey Mohua&#39;; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;সেফালোপড&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Ekushey Mohua&#39;; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Ekushey Mohua&#39;; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Ekushey Mohua&#39;;&quot;&gt;যদি দেহের ওজনের সঙ্গে মস্তিস্কের ওজনের তুলনা করি তাহলে আমরা যদিও
বিশিষ্ট কিন্তু অন্যান্য কিছু প্রাণীর চেয়ে দারুন কিছু আলাদা না।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjaXZcUGvCqwFGhDo4Mx5RpbLSl_kmOQejB2eZvRp_zJa9y7gYvyUPx3_DmnlRdvKegVAOEfbp50F9IcS6-wAB2BDJvfiKY9g6kuYXO6UbUT7_CBzaNKXXwqDYX47Ha4p1oDN9Pd6V4J2Y/s1600/brain+body+mass+graph.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;298&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjaXZcUGvCqwFGhDo4Mx5RpbLSl_kmOQejB2eZvRp_zJa9y7gYvyUPx3_DmnlRdvKegVAOEfbp50F9IcS6-wAB2BDJvfiKY9g6kuYXO6UbUT7_CBzaNKXXwqDYX47Ha4p1oDN9Pd6V4J2Y/s400/brain+body+mass+graph.jpg&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Ekushey Mohua&#39;;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Ekushey Mohua&#39;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Ekushey Mohua&#39;; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;বিভিন্ন প্রাণীর দেহ ও মস্তিস্কের ওজনের তূলনা&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Ekushey Mohua&#39;; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Ekushey Mohua&#39;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;যেমন অর্কা নামক ডলফিন যাদের &lt;/span&gt;killer whale &lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Ekushey Mohua&#39;;&quot;&gt;বা খুনি তিমিও
বলা হয়&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;HI&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Ekushey Mohua&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: HI;&quot;&gt;। &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Ekushey Mohua&#39;;&quot;&gt;এদের
কোনো স্বাভাবিক শত্রু নেই (মানুষ ছাড়া), মস্তিস্ক দেহের তুলনায় মানুষের মত বড় এবং
জটিল, বেশ দুরুহ ভাষায় নিজেদের মধ্যে কথা বলে, নিজেদের সংসার এবং সমাজ আছে,
নিজেদের ছেলেমেয়েদের লালন পালন করে (মানুষ ঠিক যতটা বয়েস অবধি করে এদের আয়ুর
অনুপাতে ঠিক ততটা অবধি), বিবাহের মত একজনকে সারা জীবনের সাথী করে ইত্যাদি। এদের
গাড়ি, বোমা, সেল ফোন বা ইন্টারনেট নেই&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Ekushey Mohua&#39;;&quot;&gt;তার একমাত্র কারণ বোধহয় এদের আঙ্গুল নেই এবং
এতে এদের কোনো ক্ষতিও নেই কিন্তু এরা এদের পরিবেশের সঙ্গে অসাধারণ ভালো ভাবে
নিজেদের মানিয়ে নিয়েছে।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgBi-w9OiOZ_1BZoauTVprdeN0k8_RrUiVQECfzLm8Cl9KZncObaI6Sxn31ZI2KCOTyTzSJgH4oMNHVKWcTZhgChKW2QmkWGNsSRyLjsdIBuYl91Wn_d6GvJ1x8cUKjwrqnukCJet3ItTs/s1600/orcas.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;484&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgBi-w9OiOZ_1BZoauTVprdeN0k8_RrUiVQECfzLm8Cl9KZncObaI6Sxn31ZI2KCOTyTzSJgH4oMNHVKWcTZhgChKW2QmkWGNsSRyLjsdIBuYl91Wn_d6GvJ1x8cUKjwrqnukCJet3ItTs/s640/orcas.jpg&quot; width=&quot;640&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Ekushey Mohua&#39;;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Ekushey Mohua&#39;;&quot;&gt;অর্কা&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Ekushey Mohua&#39;;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Ekushey Mohua&#39;;&quot;&gt;আমরা যদি প্রাণীর বুদ্ধি বিকাশের হার দেখি তাহলে তা অত্যন্ত দ্রুততার
সঙ্গে ঘটেছে গত ২০ লক্ষ্য বছরে এবং বিশেষত গত ১ লক্ষ্য বছরে। দেহের ওজনের তুলনায়
মস্তিস্কের ওজনের বৃদ্ধির হার লক্ষ্য করলে বোঝা যায় যে মানুষ জাতীয় প্রাণীর
মস্তিস্কের তুলনামুলক ওজন বৃদ্ধি খুব সাম্প্রতিক ঘটনা এবং বিগত ৫ কোটি বছরের মধ্যে
অন্য জগতের প্রাণী এখানে এলে বুদ্ধিমান প্রাণী বলতে তিমি এবং ডলফিনদেরি ( বা তাদের
পূর্বপুরুষ ) দেখতে পেত।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhzCq2kVtfJpVTrDKZgOGiJKwYtqiGK5janVbflAp-ZEQqjXgG9sT2yZfYeRdUilxtLpyee1KmLvUV2RteRKy9KsWNrlB2oxFZJeh1GE_fTZsPJBTzDxtPymaMxXW6avDXvjQoNndj_xxI/s1600/evolution+of+brain+mass.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;490&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhzCq2kVtfJpVTrDKZgOGiJKwYtqiGK5janVbflAp-ZEQqjXgG9sT2yZfYeRdUilxtLpyee1KmLvUV2RteRKy9KsWNrlB2oxFZJeh1GE_fTZsPJBTzDxtPymaMxXW6avDXvjQoNndj_xxI/s640/evolution+of+brain+mass.jpg&quot; width=&quot;640&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Ekushey Mohua&#39;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;মস্তিস্কের বিকাশের হার&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Ekushey Mohua&#39;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Ekushey Mohua&#39;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Ekushey Mohua&#39;;&quot;&gt;প্রাণ কত রকম বিভিন্ন হতে পারে তার একটা হিসেব করা যাক। প্রথমত প্রাথমিক
কোষ বা সেল গুলি অনেক বিভিন্ন হতে পারে। দ্বিতীয়ত আমরা সাধারানত যে জিনের প্রাকৃতিক
বাছাই&amp;nbsp; ও পরিবর্তন (&lt;/span&gt;natural
selection and mutation)&lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Ekushey Mohua&#39;;&quot;&gt; ধীর গতিতে দেখতে পাই তার বদলে জিন বিনিময়ের&lt;/span&gt; (gene
swapping)&lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Ekushey Mohua&#39;;&quot;&gt; ফলে অনেক দ্রুততর গতিতে জীবনের পরিবর্তন সম্ভব। তৃতীয়ত প্রাণ যা করে তার
জন্যে প্রথাগত সেল বা কোষের প্রয়োজন নাও হতে পারে। প্রাণীর কোষ নয় এমন কিছু
পারস্পরিক যোগাযোগের মাধ্যমে প্রাণীর মত আচরন করতে সক্ষম&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;HI&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Ekushey Mohua&#39;;&quot;&gt;। &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Ekushey Mohua&#39;;&quot;&gt;খুব ক্ষুদ্র
জৈবিক কণা সারা গ্রহে ছড়িয়ে থাকা ভু-প্রযুক্তিতে ( &lt;/span&gt;geo engineering) &lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Ekushey Mohua&#39;;&quot;&gt;প্রাণীর কাজ করতে
পারে।এছাড়া ডি. এন. এর মূল বা জেনেটিক কোডে পরিবর্তন করে অন্য জাতীয় প্রাণের
সৃষ্টি হতে পারে। এমনকি আমরা প্রাণ বলতে যা জানি অর্থাৎ ডি.এন. এ ,আর. এন. এ ও
প্রোটিন এর বাইরেও প্রাণ হতে পারে যা আমরা জানিনা। আমাদের জেনেটিক কোডে বেশ কয়েকটি
ডিভিডি এর সমান তথ্য লেখা থাকে কিন্তু জৈব রসায়নের মৌলিক নীতি অনুযায়ী এর চেয়ে
বেশি তথ্য ঢোকানো যেতে পারে যা অনেক দ্রুততর বিবর্তনের সূত্রপাত করতে পারে। এমন
কোনো প্রাণ হতে পারে যা হয়ত কার্বন ও জল ছাড়াই উদ্ভূত হতে পারে। এবং পরিশেষে এমন
প্রাণ থাকতে পারে যা আমরা প্রাণ বলে বুঝতে পারবো না।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhVKVJTGF3dQEfVeanZcCgJlWljE4myA1BgSCJoMdGS_LQYGVLqmKzPCO7CLcTs3vyQjnqvF0jeIHspM5TFlhB0_hyuxzVoZjLQnCcdCY308NvdK7ZIfPmSFn5BTt5nuGkqbfikmw_eyK8/s1600/weirdness+of+life+macro.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;302&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhVKVJTGF3dQEfVeanZcCgJlWljE4myA1BgSCJoMdGS_LQYGVLqmKzPCO7CLcTs3vyQjnqvF0jeIHspM5TFlhB0_hyuxzVoZjLQnCcdCY308NvdK7ZIfPmSFn5BTt5nuGkqbfikmw_eyK8/s400/weirdness+of+life+macro.jpg&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjySUZGLiHtFD_EqxzlOGvLEhOIbsX8kNF-ba6OqEww0-MQX73JJVUJYsTp435dUaadVT1waNWzcf9AUlDeDwZ6OjsF7Dbw9zbOmlpjhp-gRX627eX-jK6qYlaxz4Sk-x0P8TXpGrlI_Z8/s1600/weirdness+of+life+in+micro.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;324&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjySUZGLiHtFD_EqxzlOGvLEhOIbsX8kNF-ba6OqEww0-MQX73JJVUJYsTp435dUaadVT1waNWzcf9AUlDeDwZ6OjsF7Dbw9zbOmlpjhp-gRX627eX-jK6qYlaxz4Sk-x0P8TXpGrlI_Z8/s400/weirdness+of+life+in+micro.jpg&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwmHY6CFpmY306tlnwiXkzDNCMD2sMA8mVpAdk5XwiNKWrK93rAzauoPnIN_4iRaXZmSh_z0N7twI2oGCRdRDZ1Hc4Xxz21W-scMJlN1RU-w9fa5Z1PytIuwzlwWhELbioNjz2Whkc0Og/s1600/exobiology.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;477&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwmHY6CFpmY306tlnwiXkzDNCMD2sMA8mVpAdk5XwiNKWrK93rAzauoPnIN_4iRaXZmSh_z0N7twI2oGCRdRDZ1Hc4Xxz21W-scMJlN1RU-w9fa5Z1PytIuwzlwWhELbioNjz2Whkc0Og/s640/exobiology.jpg&quot; width=&quot;640&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Ekushey Mohua&#39;;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Ekushey Mohua&#39;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;গ্রহান্তরে
সম্ভাব্য প্রানের রকমফের&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Ekushey Mohua&#39;;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Ekushey Mohua&#39;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Ekushey Mohua&#39;;&quot;&gt;আমাদের জীবনের সূচনা ৩৬০ কোটি বছর আগে হলেও&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Ekushey Mohua&#39;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Ekushey Mohua&#39;;&quot;&gt;তথ্যের বিস্তারের ইতিহাস এরকম -&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Ekushey Mohua&#39;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Ekushey Mohua&#39;;&quot;&gt;মানুষের জন্ম (কয়েক লক্ষ বছর), সভ্যতার বিস্তার
বই এর উদ্ভাবন (কয়েক হাজার বছর ) এবং পরিশেষে গত কয়েক দশকে কম্পিউটার ও
ইন্টারনেটের উদ্ভাবন যা তথ্যের প্রচার জীবনের শুরুতে যা ছিল তার ১০&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Ekushey Mohua&#39;;&quot;&gt;১৯ &lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Ekushey Mohua&#39;;&quot;&gt;গুন
করে দিয়েছে। আমি আগেই বলেছি আর ২০-৩০ বছরের মধ্যে কম্পিউটার ও রোবটের বুদ্ধি
মানুষের তুলনীয় হয়ে যাবে এবং আমরা অন্য গ্রহে নিজেরা না যেতে পারলেও এই সব রোবট কে
পাঠাতে পারব এবং যদি আমরা রিলেটিভিটি তত্ত্বের বেগের গতিবেগের ওপর নিষেধাজ্ঞা
মেনেও আলোর গতির এক দশমাংশ গতিতে বিভিন্ন গ্রহে যাই তাহলে আমাদের পুরো ছায়াপথে
উপনিবেশ গড়তে ১.৫ কোটি বছর লাগবে।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhUzobG8Qhcqp27eM1LC5VQXuDqHq-C_frZgj4RPILcouYe-9Qwb6fBbwtWukgPoF3V9rRf-S99_AZhlFGVeG94uzMUrwyHQ93W-KR7CM29wMC_iAj2zgsUPWsjjvKN2kqZcvDBVt9UU-g/s1600/galaxy+colonization+by+robots.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;438&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhUzobG8Qhcqp27eM1LC5VQXuDqHq-C_frZgj4RPILcouYe-9Qwb6fBbwtWukgPoF3V9rRf-S99_AZhlFGVeG94uzMUrwyHQ93W-KR7CM29wMC_iAj2zgsUPWsjjvKN2kqZcvDBVt9UU-g/s640/galaxy+colonization+by+robots.jpg&quot; width=&quot;640&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Ekushey Mohua&#39;; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;রোবটের সাহায্যে এই গ্যালাক্সিতে উপনিবেশ স্থাপন&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Ekushey Mohua&#39;; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Ekushey Mohua&#39;; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Ekushey Mohua&#39;; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Ekushey Mohua&#39;;&quot;&gt;১৯৫০ সালে বিশিষ্ট বিজ্ঞানী এনরিকো ফারমি একটি সুন্দর কথা বলেছিলেন&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;HI&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Ekushey Mohua&#39;;&quot;&gt;। &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Ekushey Mohua&#39;;&quot;&gt;আমাদের সভ্যতা এখনও খুব স্বল্পবয়স্ক&amp;nbsp;
এবং আমাদের সভ্যতা ও প্রযুক্তির স্বাভাবিক বিবর্তনের ফলেই আর অল্প কিছু
দিনের মধ্যে অন্য গ্রহে পাড়ি দেব। তিনি অনুমেয় অসংখ্য বসবাস যোগ্য জায়গার কথা ভেবে
বলেছিলেন যে এমন হওয়া খুবই সম্ভব যে এমন গ্রহ আছে যা ঠিক আরেকটি পৃথিবীর মত কিন্তু
যা পৃথিবীর চেয়ে ৬ কোটি বছর আগে জন্মেছে। সুতরাং সেখানকার প্রাণী স্বাভাবিক নিয়মে
এতটাই এগিয়ে আছে যে আমরা তাদের কাছে খুব নিম্ন ধরনের আ্যনারোবিক ব্যাক্টিরিয়ার
সমান।&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgG7VBiBeYF1uW8uzHDHpGWNoROKCVsREVXacr2kNlkbnq5S0lxVkB-FZ9hDWTrle-eFyZ5Fd8d0e-_TKZQRxaMcvN7g2F-Pz3CAUbwsSfQJDCmMNNaWs8s21u1o1ItviBBNBuaqt7IqQA/s1600/Enrico+Fermi.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgG7VBiBeYF1uW8uzHDHpGWNoROKCVsREVXacr2kNlkbnq5S0lxVkB-FZ9hDWTrle-eFyZ5Fd8d0e-_TKZQRxaMcvN7g2F-Pz3CAUbwsSfQJDCmMNNaWs8s21u1o1ItviBBNBuaqt7IqQA/s1600/Enrico+Fermi.jpg&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Ekushey Mohua&#39;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;এনরিকো ফারমি&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Ekushey Mohua&#39;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Ekushey Mohua&#39;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;ফারমির কথার নানারকম উত্তর হতে পারে। ১) আমরা একক। আর কোথাও সভ্য ও
প্রযুক্তিতে উন্নত প্রাণ নেই, আমাদের সভতা এক আকস্মিক ঘটনা।২) এরকম সভ্য প্রাণী
খুব বিরল এবং আমরা স্থান ও কালের দ্বারা একের অন্যের থেকে বহু বহু দূরে। এই
মহাবিশ্ব অত্যন্ত বড় জায়গা, এমনকি আমাদের নিজেদের গ্যালাক্সিও খুব বড় জায়গা। ৩)
তারা আছে কিন্তু আমাদের তাদের চিনতে পারার ক্ষমতা নেই। ৪) তারা আছে এবং তারা এতটাই
উন্নত যে তারা আমাদের অত্যন্ত তুচ্ছ ভাবে ও আমাদের সম্বন্ধে কোনো আগ্রহ নেই। পরিশেষে
এও হতে পারে যে পৃথিবীতে প্রাণ সৃষ্টি করেছে আদপে বাইরের কোনো সভ্য প্রাণী।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiTY9it_lBON_BiDMDcOH0zEyWoFCVH07cC_R9NRmSJrDUfJ-8gzaOGjPY4D6VFdmAKwUz2zDBzaVSsx4g4S8O4rFSg4zVlHSMSUf1LPzF5MmzxSMk3uG7oWvJkxmwYFHvNDobf-jt-Qrk/s1600/Responses+to+Fermi+question.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;322&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiTY9it_lBON_BiDMDcOH0zEyWoFCVH07cC_R9NRmSJrDUfJ-8gzaOGjPY4D6VFdmAKwUz2zDBzaVSsx4g4S8O4rFSg4zVlHSMSUf1LPzF5MmzxSMk3uG7oWvJkxmwYFHvNDobf-jt-Qrk/s400/Responses+to+Fermi+question.jpg&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Ekushey Mohua&#39;;&quot;&gt;আমাদের সঙ্গে অন্য জগতের প্রাণীর যোগাযোগ কি ভাবে হবে বা হতে পারে? মনে
হয়না আমরা তাদের লুচি মণ্ডা মিঠাই দিয়ে আমন্ত্রন করতে পারবো। একটা অদ্ভুত সম্ভাবনা
হচ্ছে তারা এখনি আমাদের মধ্যে আছে কিন্তু তাদের আমরা চিনতে পারছি না। এটা যদি
সত্যি হয় তা হলে যুক্তি অনুযায়ী আপনি বা আমিও অন্য গ্রহ থেকে এসে থাকতে পারি।
কিন্তু যদি এটাকে একটু উড়িয়ে দিই তাহলে আমরা কি পাই? এই ছায়াপথে আমাদের মত বা
ততধিক সভ্য ও প্রযুক্তিতে উন্নত প্রাণীর সম্ভাবনা হিসেব করতে ফ্র্যাঙ্ক ড্রেক নামে
এক বিজ্ঞানী একটি সহজ সমীকরনের (&lt;/span&gt;Drake equation)&lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Ekushey Mohua&#39;;&quot;&gt; আবিস্কার করেছেন। এটিকে লিখলে দাঁড়ায়&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEikizYFCar1cui1FDsmYnMg93382gYMhTY30ore1VYFMEqKDknrgG2Cfbu6Ks0xt8FNFrEuZaBdIwdJTUqXJMELGvjJ-wWzraJH6TPIPD007yLQ18U9DexuleP0LVV5p99F7gtYyRWj90s/s1600/drakeEquation2.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;29&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEikizYFCar1cui1FDsmYnMg93382gYMhTY30ore1VYFMEqKDknrgG2Cfbu6Ks0xt8FNFrEuZaBdIwdJTUqXJMELGvjJ-wWzraJH6TPIPD007yLQ18U9DexuleP0LVV5p99F7gtYyRWj90s/s320/drakeEquation2.jpg&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;N=&lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Ekushey Mohua&#39;;&quot;&gt; আমাদের গ্যালাক্স্যিতে উন্নত সভ্যতার সংখ্যা যার সঙ্গে
আমাদের যোগাযোগ সম্ভব&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;R*=&lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Ekushey Mohua&#39;;&quot;&gt; আমাদের গ্যালাক্সিতে বাৎসরিক গড়পড়তা তারার সংখ্যা &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;f&lt;sub&gt;p&lt;/sub&gt;=&lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Ekushey Mohua&#39;;&quot;&gt; এই তারা গুলির মধ্যে যে ভগ্নাংশে গ্রহ আছে &lt;/span&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;n&lt;sub&gt;e&lt;/sub&gt;=&lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Ekushey Mohua&#39;;&quot;&gt; গ্রহ সম্বলিত তারা গুলির মধ্যে যে ভগ্নাংশে প্রাণ থাকা সম্ভব
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;f&lt;sub&gt;l&lt;/sub&gt;=&lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Ekushey Mohua&#39;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; প্রাণ থাকতে পারে
এমন গ্রহগুলির যে ভগ্নাংশে বাস্তবিক প্রাণের সৃষ্টি হয়েছে &lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;f&lt;sub&gt;i&lt;/sub&gt;=&lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Ekushey Mohua&#39;;&quot;&gt; প্রাণের সৃষ্টি হয়েছে এমন গ্রহগুলির মধ্যে যে ভগ্নাংশে সভ্য
উন্নত প্রাণ তৈরি হয়েছে &lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;f&lt;sub&gt;c&lt;/sub&gt;=&lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Ekushey Mohua&#39;;&quot;&gt; সেইসব সভ্যতা গুলির যে ভগ্নাংশ এমন প্রযুক্তি তৈরি করেছে
যাতে তাদের পাঠানো সংকেত ধরা যেতে পারে &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;L=&lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Ekushey Mohua&#39;;&quot;&gt; যে সময় ধরে এই সংকেত এই সভ্যতাগুলি পাঠাচ্ছে &lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Ekushey Mohua&#39;;&quot;&gt;



















&lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Ekushey Mohua&#39;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;এই সমীকরণ সহজবোধ্য এবং এটি ক্রমান্বয়ে ছোট হতে থাকা একটি সংখ্যা। কেবল
শেষ অংশ এল নিয়ে একটু বলি। এমন হতে পারে যে বিভিন্ন কারনে এই সব উন্নত সভ্যতা হয়ত
কিছু দিনের মধ্যেই ধ্বংস হয়ে যেতে পারে ( যেমন পারমানবিক বোমা বা গ্রহের
তাপমাত্রার বিশেষ পরিবর্তন গ্রীন হাউস গ্যাসের জন্যে)। সুতরাং সভ্য প্রাণী উদ্ভূত
হলেও তা কত দিন ধরে টিকে থেকে এই সব সংকেত পাঠাবে তা অনুমানের বিষয়। এই সমীকরণের
প্রথম তিনটি সংখ্যা বিজ্ঞানের সাহায্যে খুব শীঘ্রই নির্ণীত হবে বা ইতঃপুর্বে
নির্ধারিত হয়েছে। বাকি সংখ্যা গুলি নির্ধারণ এখনও পুরোপুরি ব্যক্তিগত অনুমান
ভিত্তিক।&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhEqUB8enqAyGCawlI-QlQ1p2yzLhyc_7Nx1EMY8-0cjgG2zX8AmKhEfNZIBL6WQlrH2Ts6aB-__WsVvKDP9hlRXEq73xgdR8ASMng8uOX7O8Ut_4nW0zl9WDx6p8IDsMASKOs2MpHBhho/s1600/probability+of+intelligent+life+drakes+equation.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;435&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhEqUB8enqAyGCawlI-QlQ1p2yzLhyc_7Nx1EMY8-0cjgG2zX8AmKhEfNZIBL6WQlrH2Ts6aB-__WsVvKDP9hlRXEq73xgdR8ASMng8uOX7O8Ut_4nW0zl9WDx6p8IDsMASKOs2MpHBhho/s640/probability+of+intelligent+life+drakes+equation.jpg&quot; width=&quot;640&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Ekushey Mohua&#39;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Ekushey Mohua&#39;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;ড্রেক সমীকরণ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Ekushey Mohua&#39;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Ekushey Mohua&#39;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Ekushey Mohua&#39;;&quot;&gt;মানুষ যেসব মহাকাশ যান পাঠিয়েছে তার মধ্যে পায়োনীয়ার ১০ এ বোতলের মধ্যে
রাখা মানব জাতির সম্বন্ধে তথ্য সম্বলিত কিছু চিহ্ন&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Ekushey Mohua&#39;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Ekushey Mohua&#39;;&quot;&gt;ও ভয়েজারে একটি গ্রামোফোন রেকর্ড পাঠানো হয়েছে
আমাদের সভ্যতা ও বুদ্ধির নিদর্শন স্বরূপ। এই দুটিই এখন সৌরোজগত ছাড়িয়ে মহাশুন্যে
পাড়ি দিয়েছে এবং কোনো দিন হয়ত অন্য কোনো সভ্যতার হাতে পৌঁছে যাবে।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjJwkpWJXTCON7NbIq2AhVwkeMKAA6JEf1KLpDdAzjqTNCXfyOXEnIyQkWQCcwUf-vp0zBbgfv43goktSEuY7eB844Ae1tr_TpeExnLY9LRf1SwGy8ZzdQa62h2Tf99uIdvE2oxWXNbiUE/s1600/Pioneer+10+picture.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjJwkpWJXTCON7NbIq2AhVwkeMKAA6JEf1KLpDdAzjqTNCXfyOXEnIyQkWQCcwUf-vp0zBbgfv43goktSEuY7eB844Ae1tr_TpeExnLY9LRf1SwGy8ZzdQa62h2Tf99uIdvE2oxWXNbiUE/s1600/Pioneer+10+picture.jpg&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Ekushey Mohua&#39;; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Ekushey Mohua&#39;; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt; &amp;nbsp; পায়োনীয়ার এ পাঠানো ছবি&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Ekushey Mohua&#39;; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhgG9dEDC7AZfjBuzQ6iQW4fD-Tb_n3qjWpU47XTTtUaQ42qmZmEKa1lhKnOYqS3-INeTL5eEuDi-ixc79nUg5YH68lcIH1RMt6Q6BTsPzUKdHlzy_p4XdQqkldVxEKVEWidbL8aSe5Vqg/s1600/voyger+record.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhgG9dEDC7AZfjBuzQ6iQW4fD-Tb_n3qjWpU47XTTtUaQ42qmZmEKa1lhKnOYqS3-INeTL5eEuDi-ixc79nUg5YH68lcIH1RMt6Q6BTsPzUKdHlzy_p4XdQqkldVxEKVEWidbL8aSe5Vqg/s1600/voyger+record.jpg&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Ekushey Mohua&#39;;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Ekushey Mohua&#39;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;ভয়েজারে পাঠানো রেকর্ড&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Ekushey Mohua&#39;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Ekushey Mohua&#39;;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Ekushey Mohua&#39;;&quot;&gt;বাইরের জগত থেকে আসা সঙ্কেত ধরার জন্যে একটি বিশেষ কায্য&lt;sup&gt;‾&lt;/sup&gt;ক্রম
গত ৫০ বছর ধরে চলছে যার নাম সেটি (&lt;/span&gt;SETI or Search For Extraterrestrial Intelligence)&lt;span lang=&quot;HI&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Ekushey Mohua&#39;;&quot;&gt;।&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Ekushey Mohua&#39;;&quot;&gt;এতে&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Ekushey Mohua&#39;;&quot;&gt;বহির্জগত থেকে
আসা রেডিও সঙ্কেত ও অপটিক্যাল পালস লেসার সঙ্কেত ধরার ব্যবস্থা রয়েছে ও সঙ্কেত
পাঠানো হচ্ছে&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;HI&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Ekushey Mohua&#39;;&quot;&gt;। &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Ekushey Mohua&#39;;&quot;&gt;যদিও গত ৫০ বছরে কোনো উল্লেখযোগ্য সঙ্কেত আমরা পাইনি কিন্তু
আগামী ২০ বছরের মধ্যে এই গবেষণা অত্যন্ত উত্তেজক হতে চলেছে কারন ততদিনে আমরা আমাদের
থেকে ৩০০০ আলোবছর দূরত্বের মধ্যে প্রায় ১০ কোটি তারার গ্রহ থেকে আসা কোনো সঙ্কেত
ধরে ফেলতে পারব এবং তারা আমাদের সঙ্কেত ধরতে পারবে&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;HI&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Ekushey Mohua&#39;;&quot;&gt;। &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Ekushey Mohua&#39;;&quot;&gt;সুতরাং এখনকার
অনেকেরি জীবৎকালের মধ্যে বাইরের সভ্যতার সঙ্গে যোগাযোগের যথেষ্ট সম্ভাবনা রয়েছে। তবে
এই বিষয়ে একটা কথা উল্লেখযোগ্য যে আমরা যে সভ্যতা ধরতে পারব তারা আমাদের সভ্যতার
ভীষণ কাছাকাছি হবে এই কারনে যে আমরা আর কিছুদিনের মধ্যেই এত উন্নত হয়ে যাব যে তখন
আর আমরা রেডিও সঙ্কেত বা লেসার পালস ব্যবহার করব না।&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjcx5Rzw4PwZv_Am3VL7gY3SRdFmQFL5K44o9SD1IKooUmEaXVB9wyS9FebiymrYBVMXc4gitaK80cFAadUPg9iiy6EuaxLbkLoGsiqSlOLHeuecHXMCelMHjkHXeX71711L0wsMHYjeLs/s1600/SETI.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;456&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjcx5Rzw4PwZv_Am3VL7gY3SRdFmQFL5K44o9SD1IKooUmEaXVB9wyS9FebiymrYBVMXc4gitaK80cFAadUPg9iiy6EuaxLbkLoGsiqSlOLHeuecHXMCelMHjkHXeX71711L0wsMHYjeLs/s640/SETI.jpg&quot; width=&quot;640&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Ekushey Mohua&#39;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;সেটি&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Ekushey Mohua&#39;;&quot;&gt;বাইরের সভ্যতার সঙ্গে আমাদের যে সুখের হবে তার অবশ্য কোনো নিশ্চয়তা নেই
তার কারন ১) তারা আমাদের অবজ্ঞা করতে পারে, ২) তারা আমাদের তাদের শিকার বা খাবার
হিসেবে ভাবতে পারে ও আক্রমন করতে পারে। &lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Ekushey Mohua&#39;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;

&lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;এই প্রবন্ধ শেষ করব একটি উদাহরন
দিয়ে। আমরা যত গ্রহ কেপলারের সাহায্যে জানতে পেরেছি তার সংখ্যা আমাদের একটি
আঙ্গুলের সামনে এক চিমটে বালুকনার সমান।এই সংখ্যা ৩০০০ এর মত। আগেই বলেছি যে
আমাদের গ্যালাক্সিতেই ১০০০০ কোটি বসবাস যোগ্য গ্রহের সম্ভাবনা দেখা দিয়েছে। এখন যদি
পুরো দৃশ্যমান ব্রহ্মাণ্ডের ৫০০০০ কোটির বেশি গ্যলাক্সির কথা ভাবি তাহলে বাসযোগ্য
গ্রহের সংখ্যা আমাদের দীঘায় বসে যে সমুদ্রসৈকত দেখতে পাই তাতে যত বালুকনা আছে তার
সমান বা বেশি। এখন এর মধ্যে কত গ্রহে প্রাণের উৎপত্তি হয়েছে এবং সেই প্রাণ আমাদের
এই সভ্যতার মত উন্নত হয়ে অন্য জগতের প্রাণের সন্ধান চালাচ্ছে তার সংখ্যাটা আপনি
নিজেই মনে মনে ভেবে আন্দাজ করে নিন।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiTbG21-V9soHoG-I8drR_K_5gQC7OuX_o4TvUpYavEEfHy9BB55TxxC3akTOXXSJAd-9F9yaUjTKy6ZH4F3FiRnBapZtNIByl65ghRdaPQhMvNNsg0f2pDRJMWmDP8Ki7VJSoXufOBNKY/s1600/grain+of+sands+on+fingertip.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiTbG21-V9soHoG-I8drR_K_5gQC7OuX_o4TvUpYavEEfHy9BB55TxxC3akTOXXSJAd-9F9yaUjTKy6ZH4F3FiRnBapZtNIByl65ghRdaPQhMvNNsg0f2pDRJMWmDP8Ki7VJSoXufOBNKY/s1600/grain+of+sands+on+fingertip.jpg&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Ekushey Mohua&#39;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Ekushey Mohua&#39;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;যে কটি গ্রহ কেপলার দেখেছে&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjvuAHFL_vbszhcKH6oZYYoIJIuUJ2VP8VzFdAmJzi-ZtxEWQEzPBTTijE62Oec6i7uFIPc9alKb2H3-zd8wat-TXezhKNb025X_nLZcU9RkkoaW_6eWdRUA5UaMaCH7vRohjz9Yy5SneI/s1600/digha-beach.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;427&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjvuAHFL_vbszhcKH6oZYYoIJIuUJ2VP8VzFdAmJzi-ZtxEWQEzPBTTijE62Oec6i7uFIPc9alKb2H3-zd8wat-TXezhKNb025X_nLZcU9RkkoaW_6eWdRUA5UaMaCH7vRohjz9Yy5SneI/s640/digha-beach.jpg&quot; width=&quot;640&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Ekushey Mohua&#39;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Ekushey Mohua&#39;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;যে কটি গ্রহে প্রাণ থাকতে পারে&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Ekushey Mohua&#39;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Ekushey Mohua&#39;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
</description><link>http://lanimeshastro.blogspot.com/2013/08/moha-bishye-pran_8.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Animesh Lahiri)</author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh8iiDw1FA9B8uhDoIkgBhm95kpG3m66tR2CJFIt9hqgDcXyDwTjtJZXUVlqGqV5-3sKk5a2AKKNNbTQ6VI7rxVnXWB126OParTskgCc2L3hRHNU2boPx_5Co0hlMPvTJXv3ssoWezVJ7o/s72-c/evolution+of+civilization.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>6</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6454564598885247679.post-2528027033443154803</guid><pubDate>Tue, 11 Dec 2012 18:06:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2012-12-25T08:20:50.377-08:00</atom:updated><title>SUPERNOVA  ( সুপারনোভা বা অতি জ্যোতিষ্ক )</title><description>&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; trbidi=&quot;on&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h2 style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;

&lt;table align=&quot;center&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; class=&quot;tr-caption-container&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjkwK_UrNrNCIb0xvlpybJtAtT6koPMYyanbQr1JlkHKKxcO2dc8Nka2wVk8iPXyVbrGJ64R7an3PGUIaa4-lUZ0c7ORB3uZg-6a2ylbc7aMahXxzUxnGxC7u9NMMq6S_6HM6-DR761aDY/s1600/supernova+ball.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjkwK_UrNrNCIb0xvlpybJtAtT6koPMYyanbQr1JlkHKKxcO2dc8Nka2wVk8iPXyVbrGJ64R7an3PGUIaa4-lUZ0c7ORB3uZg-6a2ylbc7aMahXxzUxnGxC7u9NMMq6S_6HM6-DR761aDY/s1600/supernova+ball.jpg&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;tr-caption&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;h3&gt;
সুপারনোভা&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Ekushey Puja&amp;quot;; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-language: BN;&quot;&gt;১৫৭২ খ্রিষ্টাব্দের ১১ নভেম্বর ডেনমার্ক এর জ্যোতিবি&lt;sup&gt;‾&lt;/sup&gt;দ
টাইকো ব্রাহে তাঁর মানমন্দির থেকে আকাশে ক্যাসিওপিয়া তারামণ্ডলে একটি নতুন তারার
আবির্ভাব দেখতে পান। সেই সময় পৃথিবীতে গ্রীক পণ্ডিত টলেমীর মতবাদ প্রতিষ্ঠিত ছিল ।
সেটা অনুযায়ী আকাশে চাঁদ অ বায়ুমণ্ডলের দূরে যা কিছু তা ভগবানের &amp;nbsp;সৃষ্টির আদি থেকে অনড় অচল । টাইকো ব্রাহে এই
নতুন তারাটির প্যারাল্যাক্স অথা&lt;sup&gt;‾&lt;/sup&gt;ৎ কৌণিক দূরত্ব হিসেব করে বুঝতে পারেন
যে এটি অনেক দূরে মানে চাঁদ ও বায়ুমণ্ডলের চেয়ে দূরে অবস্থিত। এরফলে তাঁর মনে
টলেমী প্রতিষ্ঠিত অনড় অচল বিশ্ব দশ&lt;sup&gt;‾&lt;/sup&gt;নের প্রতি সন্দেহ দেখা দ্যায়। এই
তারাটি কিছুদিন উজ্জ্বল হয়ে আকাশে থাকার পর আস্তে আস্তে ম্লান হয়ে শেষে আকাশ থেকে
মিলিয়ে যায়। টাইকো পরবর্তী কালে একটি ছোট বই তে তারাটির কথা বিস্তারিত লেখেন ও
এটিকে ল্যাটিন ভাসায় &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Ekushey Puja&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: BN;&quot;&gt;“&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Ekushey Puja&amp;quot;; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-language: BN;&quot;&gt;নোভা স্টেলা&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Ekushey Puja&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: BN;&quot;&gt;”&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Ekushey Puja&amp;quot;; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-language: BN;&quot;&gt; বা &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Ekushey Puja&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: BN;&quot;&gt;“&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Ekushey Puja&amp;quot;; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-language: BN;&quot;&gt;নুতন তারা&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Ekushey Puja&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: BN;&quot;&gt;”&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Ekushey Puja&amp;quot;; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-language: BN;&quot;&gt; আখ্যা দ্যান। &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Ekushey Puja&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: BN;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Ekushey Puja&amp;quot;; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-language: BN;&quot;&gt;১৬০৪ সালে আকাশে ঠিক এই রকম আরেকটি তারার আবির্ভাব হয় ও এই
সময় আরেকজন বিখ্যাত জ্যোতিবি&lt;sup&gt;‾&lt;/sup&gt;দ যোহানেস কেপলার আকাশে এটির অবস্থান
পুঙ্খানুপুঙ্খ ভাবে নিরুপন করেন।&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Ekushey Puja&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: BN;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;table cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; class=&quot;tr-caption-container&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgUw3kC2EYUUlCxQNoMlvDF_cFM9mzzABSH4fZRxP8i5N6iBGC1Ivrz2kwz2NegUKNLGT4kiRIhlpHtJ2CTB9-q2BUdiyOndVSHrdtcHc3nKJ3V-7gSJBvzp2P1h9c7PA4BPCBT-z7i048/s1600/Tycho+Brahe+courtesy+theworld.org.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgUw3kC2EYUUlCxQNoMlvDF_cFM9mzzABSH4fZRxP8i5N6iBGC1Ivrz2kwz2NegUKNLGT4kiRIhlpHtJ2CTB9-q2BUdiyOndVSHrdtcHc3nKJ3V-7gSJBvzp2P1h9c7PA4BPCBT-z7i048/s1600/Tycho+Brahe+courtesy+theworld.org.jpg&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;tr-caption&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Ekushey Puja&amp;quot;; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-language: BN;&quot;&gt;টাইকো ব্রাহে&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Ekushey Puja&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: BN;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Ekushey Puja&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: BN;&quot;&gt;theworld.org &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Ekushey Puja&amp;quot;; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-language: BN;&quot;&gt;সৌজন্যে&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Ekushey Puja&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: BN;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Ekushey Puja&amp;quot;; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-language: BN;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;goog_1701988764&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;goog_1701988765&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhqMfK61XjmlDe7N1WoPU-69ubnEBAsXlmoaXz5G-zYc2vXp_fkUTLT6nrn4cPaX8PHSajpk6Fi7OtnnIVU7KoGyDS929cBmCq2G0eKSGdqmAyR9-ADIsqt6tSZ1P2DMhKb1QE32CbHXwQ/s1600/Johannes+Kepler+couresyt+en.wikipedia.org.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhqMfK61XjmlDe7N1WoPU-69ubnEBAsXlmoaXz5G-zYc2vXp_fkUTLT6nrn4cPaX8PHSajpk6Fi7OtnnIVU7KoGyDS929cBmCq2G0eKSGdqmAyR9-ADIsqt6tSZ1P2DMhKb1QE32CbHXwQ/s1600/Johannes+Kepler+couresyt+en.wikipedia.org.jpg&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Ekushey Puja&amp;quot;; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-language: BN;&quot;&gt;যোহানেস কেপলার&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Ekushey Puja&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: BN;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Ekushey Puja&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: BN;&quot;&gt;en.wikipedia.org &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Ekushey Puja&amp;quot;; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-language: BN;&quot;&gt;এর সৌজন্যে&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Ekushey Puja&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: BN;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Ekushey Puja&amp;quot;; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-language: BN;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Ekushey Puja&amp;quot;; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-language: BN;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Ekushey Puja&amp;quot;; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-language: BN;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 14pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;মানুষ &amp;nbsp;আধুনিক দূরবীন আবিস্কার হবার পর এই নতুন
তারাগুলির সম্পর্কে ধীরে ধীরে অনেক কিছু জানতে পারে। ১৯৩০ সনে লস এঙ্গেলেসের কাছে
অবস্থিত মাউন্ট উইলসন মান মন্দির থেকে দুরবিন এর সাহায্যে ওয়াল্টার বাডে ও ফ্রিৎস্
ৎজুইকি এগুলিকে বিশেস ভাবে পয্য&lt;sup&gt;‾&lt;/sup&gt;বেক্ষন করে বুঝতে পারেন যে এগুলি
আমাদের ছায়াপথ গ্যালাক্সির বাইরে বহু বহু দূরে তারার বিস্ফোরন। ৎজুইকি এ গুলির নাম
দ্যান &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Ekushey Puja&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: BN;&quot;&gt;“&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 14pt;&quot;&gt;সুপারনোভা&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Ekushey Puja&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: BN;&quot;&gt;”&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 14pt;&quot;&gt; যা বাংলা করলে বলা যায় &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Ekushey Puja&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: BN;&quot;&gt;“&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 14pt;&quot;&gt;অতি জ্যোতিস্ক&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Ekushey Puja&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: BN;&quot;&gt;”&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 14pt;&quot;&gt;। &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Ekushey Puja&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: BN;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Ekushey Puja&amp;quot;; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-language: BN;&quot;&gt;

&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Ekushey Puja&amp;quot;; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-language: BN;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 14pt;&quot;&gt;আমরা এখন জেনেছি যে সুপারনোভা আসলে মহাশূন্যে
ম্রত্যুপথযাত্রি তারার অতিদানবিয় বিস্ফোরন থেকে উৎপন্ন মহাজাগতিক অগ্নিপিণ্ড। এই
মহাজাগতিক অগ্নিপিণ্ড দশ হাজার কোটি সুয্যে&lt;sup&gt;‾&lt;/sup&gt;র বা একটি পুরো গ্যালাক্সির (আমরা যে গ্যালাক্সিতে বাস করি অথা&lt;sup&gt;‾&lt;/sup&gt;ৎ ছায়াপথ, তাতে প্রায় দশ হাজার কোটি
তারা আছে যদিও তাদের ঔজ্জল্লের মান এক নয়)&amp;nbsp;
সমান উজ্জ্বল। কিন্তু এগুলি মাত্র কিছুদিনের জন্য স্থায়ী।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Ekushey Puja&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: BN;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Ekushey Puja&amp;quot;; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-language: BN;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Ekushey Puja&amp;quot;; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-language: BN;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 14pt;&quot;&gt;সব তারার শেষ বিস্ফোরনে হয় না। আমাদের&amp;nbsp; সুয্যে&lt;sup&gt;‾&lt;/sup&gt;র মত একটি তারা তার জীবনের শেষে
তার পারমানবিক জ্বালানি ফুরিয়ে গেলে&amp;nbsp; তার
গ্যাসের অধিকাংশ বাইরে ছেড়ে দিয়ে একটি &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Ekushey Puja&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: BN;&quot;&gt;“&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 14pt;&quot;&gt;শ্বেত বামন&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Ekushey Puja&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: BN;&quot;&gt;”&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 14pt;&quot;&gt; বা হোয়াইট ডোয়াফ&lt;sup&gt;‾&lt;/sup&gt; এ পরিনত হয় ও হাজার
কোটি বছর ধরে তার অবশিষ্ট তাপ বিচ্চূরন করে শেষে একটি মৃত কালো পিণ্ডতে পরিনত হয়। এর
ব্যাস মাত্র কয়েক হাজার মাইলে (মনে রাখতে হবে একটি তারার ব্যাস সাধারণত কয়েক
লক্ষ্য মাইল হয়)।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Ekushey Puja&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: BN;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Ekushey Puja&amp;quot;; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-language: BN;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Ekushey Puja&amp;quot;; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-language: BN;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 14pt;&quot;&gt;কিন্তু যদি একটি তারার ভর (বিশেষত একটি শ্বেত বামনের) যদি সূয্যে&lt;sup&gt;‾&lt;/sup&gt;র
ভরের ১.৪৪ গুন হয় সেক্ষেত্রে&amp;nbsp; অন্য পরিনতি
তারাটির জন্যে অপেক্ষা করে। যখন তারার ভর এই বিশেষ সীমা লঙ্ঘন করে (এই সীমাটির নাম
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Ekushey Puja&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: BN;&quot;&gt;“&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 14pt;&quot;&gt;চন্দ্রশেখর সীমা&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Ekushey Puja&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: BN;&quot;&gt;”&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 14pt;&quot;&gt; কারন ১৯৩০ সালে বিখ্যাত নোবেল পদক জয়ী ভারতীয় পদার্থবিদ ও
মহাকাশ বিজ্ঞানী সুব্রাহ্মানিয়ান চন্দ্রশেখর এটি আবিষ্কার করেন) তখন তারাটির
মৃত্যু অন্য রকম হয়। তখন তারাটির মৃত্যু একটি অতিদানবীয় বিস্ফোরনে হয় এবং তার শেষে
পড়ে থাকে গ্যাস ও মহাজাগতিক ধুলিকনার একটি ক্রম বধ&lt;sup&gt;‾&lt;/sup&gt;মান বলয় ও তার মধ্যে
একটি নিউট্রন তারা অথবা একটি ব্ল্যাক হোল বা &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Ekushey Puja&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: BN;&quot;&gt;“&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 14pt;&quot;&gt; কালো গহ্বর&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Ekushey Puja&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: BN;&quot;&gt;”&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 14pt;&quot;&gt;।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Ekushey Puja&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: BN;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Ekushey Puja&amp;quot;; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-language: BN;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Ekushey Puja&amp;quot;; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-language: BN;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Ekushey Puja&amp;quot;; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-language: BN;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;table align=&quot;center&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; class=&quot;tr-caption-container&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjzgCgNSCin_KTuTMkO7tft7NjVz2atICLkgGFYeyfZtZ4-L46wcL6G9E9hU7HeZCJdE3QZBItPrtBes65THzOPxDvhWVMaUn1ckR7ZhsXtbAZqph-sAVH1Y5ZqA9mvMn1QIrgJ7ibkM0c/s1600/zwicky+withtelescope+swemorphcom.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjzgCgNSCin_KTuTMkO7tft7NjVz2atICLkgGFYeyfZtZ4-L46wcL6G9E9hU7HeZCJdE3QZBItPrtBes65THzOPxDvhWVMaUn1ckR7ZhsXtbAZqph-sAVH1Y5ZqA9mvMn1QIrgJ7ibkM0c/s1600/zwicky+withtelescope+swemorphcom.jpg&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Ekushey Puja&amp;quot;; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-language: BN;&quot;&gt;ফ্রিৎস্ ৎজুইকি&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Ekushey Puja&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: BN;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Ekushey Puja&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: BN;&quot;&gt;swemorph.com&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Ekushey Puja&amp;quot;; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-language: BN;&quot;&gt; এর সৌজন্যে&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Ekushey Puja&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: BN;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;tr-caption&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;table align=&quot;center&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; class=&quot;tr-caption-container&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEioIqpcuKDhMcjGzbxVcQNtAK6CzHCVqdWRUy7Voy_ft5OHK9X95bXWMoP27U_XwnYXULUjb1NVFck5agt4yBFqdQPk6FV2sqQWHMOqUI8wqvUQI5sXLUDId1ySMwbTNPgwfxRQNZ9dQPk/s1600/chandrasekhar2+courtesy+en.wikipedia.org.png&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEioIqpcuKDhMcjGzbxVcQNtAK6CzHCVqdWRUy7Voy_ft5OHK9X95bXWMoP27U_XwnYXULUjb1NVFck5agt4yBFqdQPk6FV2sqQWHMOqUI8wqvUQI5sXLUDId1ySMwbTNPgwfxRQNZ9dQPk/s1600/chandrasekhar2+courtesy+en.wikipedia.org.png&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;tr-caption&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Ekushey Puja&amp;quot;; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-language: BN;&quot;&gt;সুব্রাহ্মানিয়ান চন্দ্রশেখর&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Ekushey Puja&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: BN;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Ekushey Puja&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: BN;&quot;&gt;en.wikipedia.org &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Ekushey Puja&amp;quot;; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-language: BN;&quot;&gt;এর সৌজন্যে&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Ekushey Puja&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: BN;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Ekushey Puja&amp;quot;; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-language: BN;&quot;&gt;সুপারনোভা বিস্ফোরণ তারার অধিকাংশ পদার্থ মহাকাশে&amp;nbsp; ৩০,০০০ কিলোমিটার/সেকেন্ড এর মত ভয়ানক গতিতে
ছুঁড়ে দ্যায় (অথা&lt;sup&gt;‾&lt;/sup&gt;ৎ আলোর গতির এক দশমাংশ) এবং তার ফলে শক্ ওয়েভ বা&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Ekushey Puja&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: BN;&quot;&gt;“&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Ekushey Puja&amp;quot;; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-language: BN;&quot;&gt;আঘাত ঝড়&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Ekushey Puja&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: BN;&quot;&gt;”&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Ekushey Puja&amp;quot;; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-language: BN;&quot;&gt; এর সৃষ্টি হয়। এই শক্ ওয়েভ গ্যাস ও
ধুলিকনার বলয়টিকে নিয়ে মহাশুন্যে ছড়িয়ে পড়ে। &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Ekushey Puja&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: BN;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Ekushey Puja&amp;quot;; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-language: BN;&quot;&gt;সুপারনোভা সাধারণত দু ধরনের হয়। টাইপ-১এ ও টাইপ-২।অনেক
ক্ষেত্রে একটি শ্বেত বামন তারার একটি অন্য বড় তারা সঙ্গী থাকে (অধিকাংশ তারাই জোড়ে
থাকে, অনেক ক্ষেত্রে তিন বা তার বেশি তারার সমষ্টিও একটি সিস্টেম বা সমন্যয়ে
অবস্থান করে)। সেক্ষেত্রে শ্বেত বামন তারা টি তার সঙ্গী তারার থেকে তার মহাকর্ষ
শক্তি বা গ্র্যাভিটেশনের মাধ্যমে পদার্থ টেনে নিতে থাকে। এই রকম চলতে চলতে যখন
শ্বেত বামনের ভর চন্দ্রশেখর সীমা ছাড়ায় তখন তার ভেতরের কারবন্ এর পারমাণবিক গলন
(নিউক্লিয়ার ফিউসন, অথা&lt;sup&gt;‾&lt;/sup&gt;ৎ একাধিক কারবন পরমানু যুক্ত হয়ে অন্য একটি
ধাতুতে পরিনত হয় ) শুরু হয় (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Ekushey Puja&#39;; font-size: 14pt;&quot;&gt;শ্বেত&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Ekushey Puja&#39;; font-size: 14pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;দানব তারা গুলিতে হাইড্রোজেন থাকে না,কারবন ও অক্সিজেন
থাকে)। এই গলন অত্যন্ত মারাত্মক গতিতে ঘটতে থাকে যাতে প্রায় তারাটির সমস্ত
পদার্থের পারমানবিক গলন হয়এবং মাত্র কয়েক সেকেন্ডের মধ্যে অতিদানবীয় শক্তির মুক্তি
ঘটায় তারাটির সুপারনোভা বিস্ফোরণ ঘটে। এগুলি কে টাইপ -১এ সুপারনোভা বলে।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Ekushey Puja&amp;quot;; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-language: BN;&quot;&gt;টাইপ -১এ সুপারনোভা গুলির দুটি বিশেষ বৈশিষ্ট্য আছে।১)
এগুলির স্পেকট্রাম বা আলোক বিশ্লেষণ রেখাতে হাইড্রোজেন লাইন বা বামার সিরিজ এর
অনুপস্থিত। ২)সমস্ত টাইপ-১এ সুপারনোভা গুলি প্রায় এক ভর যুক্ত হবার জন্যে এগুলোর অধিকতম
ঔজ্জ্বল্য প্রায় সমান হয়। সেই জন্যে এগুলোকে ঔজ্জ্বল্যের মানদণ্ড হিসেবে ব্যবহার
করা যায় ও মহাজাগতিক দূরত্ব মাপা যায়।&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Ekushey Puja&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: BN;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;table align=&quot;center&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; class=&quot;tr-caption-container&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgz-_OtRQrEZT-nwj0E2u6QJLW_MBUsJEU3gFE4A5jxfb9VJbVrmfXwcGonZ9QbMrpwRqKJPAvQduLFBAtFD0i112_7Zs4DEB_WsBuU68gorCqVDbP3-K98_RZK_78roxbTufMSlmrPD3c/s1600/binary+white+dwarf+becoming+supernova+courtesy+news.harvard.edu.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;213&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgz-_OtRQrEZT-nwj0E2u6QJLW_MBUsJEU3gFE4A5jxfb9VJbVrmfXwcGonZ9QbMrpwRqKJPAvQduLFBAtFD0i112_7Zs4DEB_WsBuU68gorCqVDbP3-K98_RZK_78roxbTufMSlmrPD3c/s320/binary+white+dwarf+becoming+supernova+courtesy+news.harvard.edu.jpg&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;tr-caption&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Ekushey Puja&amp;quot;; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-language: BN;&quot;&gt;বাইনারি শ্বেত বামন পার্শ্ববর্তী তারার থেকে বস্তু টেনে
নিয়ে সুপারনোভা হতে চলেছে&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Ekushey Puja&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: BN;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Ekushey Durga&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: BN;&quot;&gt;news.harvard.edu &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Ekushey Durga&amp;quot;; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-language: BN;&quot;&gt;এর &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Ekushey Puja&amp;quot;; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-language: BN;&quot;&gt;সৌজন্যে&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Ekushey Puja&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: BN;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Ekushey Puja&amp;quot;; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-language: BN;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Ekushey Puja&amp;quot;; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-language: BN;&quot;&gt;টাইপ -২ সুপারনোভা অন্য ভাবে হয়। অত্যন্ত্য বেশি বড় তারা বা
দানব তারা গুলির সবচেয়ে ভেতরের অংশটির পারমানবিক গলন হতে হতে এমন একটি পযা&lt;sup&gt;‾&lt;/sup&gt;য়
পৌঁছয় যে ওই অংশটি লোহাতে পরিনত হয়।লোহার পারমানবিক গলন আর সম্ভব হয় না কারন এই
গলন এ শক্তির মুক্তির বদলে শক্তির ক্ষয়&amp;nbsp;
হয়।তখন &amp;nbsp;তারার ভেতরের থেকে আর শক্তি
মুক্ত না হওয়ায় এর মহাকর্ষ শক্তিকে আর আটকে রাখা সম্ভব হয় না এবং তারা টির অতি
দ্রুত অন্তিম সংকোচন হয়। এর ফলে অসীম শক্তির মুক্তি ঘটে &amp;nbsp;ও শক ওয়েভ এর সৃষ্টি হয় ও তারাটির উপরিভাগের বিস্ফোরণ
ঘটে। ভেতরে থেকে যায় একটি নিউট্রন তারা অথবা ব্ল্যাক হোল। যেসব ক্ষেত্রে ভেত্ররের
অংশটির মহাকর্ষ শক্তি এত বেশি হয় যে আলো ও বেরিয়ে আসতে পারেনা সেসব ক্ষেত্রে এগুলো
কে আর বাইরে থেকে দেখা যায় না ।তাই এর নাম ব্ল্যাক হোল বা কালো গহ্বর । টাইপ -২
সুপারনোভার বৈশিষ্ট্য হল যে এর আলোক বিশ্লেষণ রেখাতে হাইড্রোজেন রেখা বা বামার
সিরিজ উপস্থিত থাকে।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Ekushey Puja&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: BN;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh5czglcuidLxhVCJ6D49rdz8aUHrcP4TUgPQZ8kQIfadOnlXiwkXOzPJs8zFDlPti7d1TP29-BHHQJcxsRXkeZu2azcto27FgdRDdkzvWxjqYNJRR-XzYLQ0plgSB3qDJpI0UGxzqFSP0/s1600/black+ho1+diuyouknowcom.jpeg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;240&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh5czglcuidLxhVCJ6D49rdz8aUHrcP4TUgPQZ8kQIfadOnlXiwkXOzPJs8zFDlPti7d1TP29-BHHQJcxsRXkeZu2azcto27FgdRDdkzvWxjqYNJRR-XzYLQ0plgSB3qDJpI0UGxzqFSP0/s320/black+ho1+diuyouknowcom.jpeg&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Ekushey Puja&amp;quot;; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-language: BN;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Ekushey Puja&amp;quot;; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-language: BN;&quot;&gt;ব্ল্যাক হোল&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Ekushey Puja&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: BN;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Ekushey Puja&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: BN;&quot;&gt;didyouknow.com &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Ekushey Puja&amp;quot;; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-language: BN;&quot;&gt;এর সৌজন্যে&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Ekushey Puja&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: BN;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh6tsTrKbf88k8gLzC4SgeurGaTvizYVZsx1F-Jkp-cfhEHJnuHwGA9o8i42TaTGXnc1xex1o1WOO7MVvjRWdMqqtwMDj9LIgGiRTpMmBTQMoNtfevTC3wC34d-o8x_p4Uo9pDt6K7wZJ0/s1600/crab+nebula%252Csupernova+remnant+with+a+neutron+star+inside+courtesy+www4.ncsu.edu.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;320&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh6tsTrKbf88k8gLzC4SgeurGaTvizYVZsx1F-Jkp-cfhEHJnuHwGA9o8i42TaTGXnc1xex1o1WOO7MVvjRWdMqqtwMDj9LIgGiRTpMmBTQMoNtfevTC3wC34d-o8x_p4Uo9pDt6K7wZJ0/s320/crab+nebula%252Csupernova+remnant+with+a+neutron+star+inside+courtesy+www4.ncsu.edu.jpg&quot; width=&quot;310&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 14pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Ekushey Puja&amp;quot;; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-language: BN;&quot;&gt;ক্র্যাব নেবুলা সুপারনোভা অবশিষ্ট যার মধ্যে রয়েছে একটি
নিউট্রন তারা&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Ekushey Puja&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: BN;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Ekushey Puja&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: BN;&quot;&gt;www4.ncsu.edu&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Ekushey Puja&amp;quot;; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-language: BN;&quot;&gt; এর সৌজন্যে&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Ekushey Puja&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: BN;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Ekushey Puja&amp;quot;; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-language: BN;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Ekushey Puja&amp;quot;; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-language: BN;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Ekushey Puja&amp;quot;; font-size: 14pt;&quot;&gt;সুপারনোভা বিস্ফোরণের ফলে দুটো ব্যাপার ঘটে যার পরিনাম
সুদুর প্রসারি। সুপারনোভা থেকে নিগ&lt;sup&gt;‾&lt;/sup&gt;ত গাস ও ধুলি কনা অন্য তারা ও গ্রহ
ইত্যাদির জন্ম দ্যায় । এবং পারমানবিক গলন এর ফলে ভারি পদার্থ&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;অথা&lt;sup&gt;‾&lt;/sup&gt;ৎ
সোডিয়াম,ক্যালসিয়াম,অক্সিজেন, লোহা ইত্যাদি পদাথ&lt;sup&gt;‾&lt;/sup&gt;র জন্ম হয়।এই সমস্ত
পদাথ&lt;sup&gt;‾ &lt;/sup&gt;শেষ পয&lt;sup&gt;‾&lt;/sup&gt;ন্ত পৃথিবীর মত গ্রহ ও আমাদের মত জীবের সৃষ্টি
করে। সুতরাং আমরা আমাদের অস্তিত্বের জন্যে সুপারনোভার কাছে ঋণী। &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Ekushey Puja&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: BN;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 14pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Ekushey Puja&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: BN;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Ekushey Durga&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 14pt; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Ekushey Durga&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Ekushey Durga&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; font-size: 14pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Ekushey Durga&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh_8Ovu1ydwXcLfMp1xgh1y0IkySwUcw5vCnR_JHGxzlb_8_My9DvfIYBoNFuwbytyM8yejm6m1TH8_Wd5ym4D_wYyfutfq2XN5v5mPUCuvkpqIN-h0e8j0mDw1gd4Lih1NgVLVkmLvuzc/s1600/supernova-eart-human.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;155&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh_8Ovu1ydwXcLfMp1xgh1y0IkySwUcw5vCnR_JHGxzlb_8_My9DvfIYBoNFuwbytyM8yejm6m1TH8_Wd5ym4D_wYyfutfq2XN5v5mPUCuvkpqIN-h0e8j0mDw1gd4Lih1NgVLVkmLvuzc/s320/supernova-eart-human.jpg&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Ekushey Durga&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; font-size: 14pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Ekushey Durga&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Ekushey Durga&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; font-size: 14pt; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Ekushey Durga&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 14pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Ekushey Durga&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Ekushey Durga&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Ekushey Puja&amp;quot;; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-language: BN;&quot;&gt;যদিও ইতিহাস এর আদি থেকে অনেক গুলি জ্যোতিষ্ক কে সুপারনোভা
বলে আখ্যা দেওয়া হয় তবুও প্রথম সুপারনোভার বিশ্বস্ত পয্য&lt;sup&gt;‾&lt;/sup&gt;বেক্ষন করেন
চৈনিক জ্যোতিবি&lt;sup&gt;‾&lt;/sup&gt;দরা ১৮৬ সালে। কিন্তু আধুনিক শক্তিশালী দূরবীন বা
টেলিস্কোপ আবিস্কার হবার পর সুপারনোভা বিস্ফোরণ &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Ekushey Puja&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: BN;&quot;&gt;“&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Ekushey Puja&amp;quot;; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-language: BN;&quot;&gt;লাইভ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Ekushey Puja&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: BN;&quot;&gt;”&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Ekushey Puja&amp;quot;; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-language: BN;&quot;&gt; দেখার সুযোগ মানুষ ও বিজ্ঞানীরা পান ১৯৮৭
সনে। অস্কার দুহালদে নামক এক টেলিস্কোপ পরিচালক চিলি তে লাস কাম্পামানাস মান
মন্দিরে ১৯৮৭ সালের ২৩এ ফেব্রুয়ারি কফি খেতে বেরিয়ে আকশে বৃহৎ ম্যাগেলানিক মেঘের (লাজ&lt;u&gt;&lt;sup&gt;‾&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/u&gt;
ম্যাগেলানিক ক্লাউড ) মধ্যে একটি অত্যন্ত উজ্জ্বল নতুন তারা দেখতে পান। লাজ&lt;u&gt;&lt;sup&gt;‾&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/u&gt;
ম্যাগেলানিক ক্লাউড একটি ছোটো গ্যালাক্সি যা দক্ষিন গোলাদ্ধ&lt;sup&gt;‾&lt;/sup&gt; থেকে দেখা
যায়। ভালো করে খুঁটিয়ে দেখে বোঝা যায় যে এটি একটি সুপারনোভা । সঙ্গে সঙ্গে সারা
পৃথিবীর মহাকাশ বিজ্ঞানীরা সব রকম যন্ত্রপাতি নিয়ে এটির পুঙ্খানুপুঙ্খ পয্য&lt;sup&gt;‾&lt;/sup&gt;বেক্ষন
করতে থাকেন ও আজো &amp;nbsp;করে চলেছেন।এই বিশেষ
সুপারনোভাটিকে সব রকম ওয়েভ লেন্থের (অথা&lt;sup&gt;‾&lt;/sup&gt;ৎ রেডিও থেকে গামা রশ্মি পয&lt;sup&gt;‾&lt;/sup&gt;ন্ত
) টেলিস্কোপের সাহায্যে বিশ্লেশন করা সম্ভব হয়। এটির নাম দেওয়া হয় এস. এন. ১৯৮৭. এ
(সুপারনোভা কে জ্যোতিবি&lt;sup&gt;‾&lt;/sup&gt;দরা এস. এন নামে আখ্যা দ্যান)।&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Ekushey Puja&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: BN;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Ekushey Puja&amp;quot;; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-language: BN;&quot;&gt;এই সমস্ত আহৃত তথ্য থেকে বিজ্ঞানীরা সুপারনোভা &amp;nbsp;সম্পর্কে অনেক কিছু জানতে পেরেছেন।ইউনিভারসিটি
অফ শিকাগো তে বিজ্ঞানীরা কম্পিউটারে একটি সুপারনোভা বিস্ফোরণকে পুরোপুরি ভাবে
সফটওয়্যারের মাধ্যমে সৃজন করতে সক্ষম হয়েছেন। এটি করতে অবশ্য লেগেছে এমন একটি সুপার
কম্পিউটার জার ক্ষমতা ১২৮,০০০ তি ডেক্সটপ এর সমান ও হিসেব করতে লেগেছে ৬০,০০০
ঘন্টা। সুপারনোভার একটি বিশেষ ব্যাপার হল এটি হবার সময় ইলেক্ট্রন ও প্রোটন যুক্ত
হয়ে নিউট্রন তৈরি হয় এনং এগুলি প্রচণ্ড চাপে&amp;nbsp;
একসঙ্গে জমে থাকে। ইলেকট্রন ও প্রোটন এর সংযুক্তিতে সৃষ্টি হয় এক ধরনের
ভুতুড়ে কণার যার কোণো বৈদ্যুতিক শক্তি নেই কিন্তু ভর আছে । এই সব কণা গুলি প্রায়
সব কিছুর মধ্যে দিয়ে কোনো রকম বিক্রিয়া না করে চলে যায় বলে টের পাওয়া যায় না।
প্রতি মুহূর্তে আমাদের প্রত্যেকের ভেতর দিয়ে তো বটেই, সমস্ত পৃথিবীর ভেতর দিয়ে অগনিত
নিউট্রন চলে যাচ্ছে কিন্তু আমরা বুঝতে পারছি না। এবং শুধু যে মাথা থেকে পায়ের ভেতর
দিয়ে চলে যাচ্ছে তা নয় পা দিয়ে ঢুকে মাথা দিয়েও বেরিয়ে যাচ্ছে। এগুলির কথা অনেক
দিন ধরেই&amp;nbsp; বিজ্ঞানীরা ভবিষৎবাণী করেছিলেন
কিন্তু কোনোদিন এগুলি পরীক্ষাগারে ধরতে পারেন্নি। এন এস ১৯৮৭এ বিস্ফোরণের সময়
কিন্তু পৃথিবীর কয়েকটি জায়গায় (জাপান ও রাশিয়াতে ) মাটির অনেক নিচে ভূগভ&lt;sup&gt;‾&lt;/sup&gt;স্থ
পরীক্ষাগারে বেশ কয়েকটি নিউট্রিনো ধরা পরে। এর ফলে সুপারনোভার জন্মলগ্নে
নিউট্রিনোর উতপত্তি সম্বন্ধে বিজ্ঞানীদের অনুমান সত্য প্রমানিত হয়।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Ekushey Puja&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: BN;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Ekushey Puja&amp;quot;; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-language: BN;&quot;&gt;সুপারনোভার উৎপত্তিতে যে শুধু বস্তু ও কনার সৃষ্টি হয় তাই
নয় ,প্রচুর পরিমানে অত্যন্ত শক্তিশালী ইলেক্ট্রোম্যাগনেটিক ওয়েভ বা বিদুত-চুম্বকিও
রস্মি যেমন এক্স-রে আর গামা রের সৃষ্টি হয়।এই সব রশ্মি যদি পৃথিবীর খুব কাছাকাছি
যথেষ্ট পরিমানে উৎপন্ন হয় তা হলে এগুলি যে শুধু পৃথিবীর বায়ুমণ্ডলের বিশাল &amp;nbsp;পরিবত&lt;sup&gt;‾&lt;/sup&gt;ন ঘটাবে তা নয় জীবনের মূল
ভিত্তি ডি.এন.এ অনুর পরিবত&lt;sup&gt;‾&lt;/sup&gt;ন করে দেবে। তাতে ভালো বা খারাপ দুইই হতে
পারে তবে জীবন কে যেমন জানি তা পরিবতি&lt;sup&gt;‾&lt;/sup&gt;ত হয়ে যাবে।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Ekushey Puja&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: BN;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Ekushey Puja&amp;quot;; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-language: BN;&quot;&gt;মনে করা হয় ৪৫ কোটি বছর আগে সামুদ্রিক প্রানের যে সামগ্রিক
বিনাশ হয়েছিল তার কারন পৃথিবীর কাছে কোনো সুপারনোভার উৎপত্তি। &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Ekushey Puja&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: BN;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Ekushey Puja&amp;quot;; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-language: BN;&quot;&gt;আমাদের ছায়াপথ বা মিল্কিওএ গ্যালাক্সি তে গড়ে ৫০ বছরে একটি
করে সুপারনোভার জন্ম হয়। ছায়াপথে বেশ কয়েকটি তারা আছে যেগুলো যে কোনো সময়
সুপারনোভা তে পরিনত হতে পারে। তার মধ্যে বিশেষ হল ইটা ক্যারিনা (প্রায় ৭৫০০ আলো
বছর দূরে) আর বিটেলজিউস বা আরদ্রা নক্ষত্র ।আরদ্রা নক্ষত্র ওরাওন বা কালপুরুষ
তারামণ্ডলের কাঁধের তারাটি এবং এটি ৫০০ আলো বছর দূরে। এগুলি যেকোনো সময়
সুপারনোভাতে পরিনত হতে পারে।সেটা এই মুহুরতেও হতে পারে বা ১০ লক্ষ্য বছর পরেও হতে
পারে। কিন্তু হবে যে তা নিশ্চিত এবং যখন হবে তা একটা দেখবার মত জিনিষ হবে। দিনের
আলোয় এদের দেখা যাবে এবং হয়তো চাঁদের আলো কে ম্লান করে দেবে।&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh6W6CA-Dw104JKabINTy8MWr8apcXpNGbweu3tpF9AXC2cTcK6qZnpdTUe-xbZjyOlNrRMrSIri6pJrWCy22uYeqfC843qv_WFtBakkiGRV3THJ6k-PfUySX3n_GWyraFcB53_2POfcEk/s1600/Betelgeuse_orion_nebula+coutesy+ancientvisitors.sk.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;173&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh6W6CA-Dw104JKabINTy8MWr8apcXpNGbweu3tpF9AXC2cTcK6qZnpdTUe-xbZjyOlNrRMrSIri6pJrWCy22uYeqfC843qv_WFtBakkiGRV3THJ6k-PfUySX3n_GWyraFcB53_2POfcEk/s320/Betelgeuse_orion_nebula+coutesy+ancientvisitors.sk.jpg&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Ekushey Puja&amp;quot;; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-language: BN;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 14pt; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;আরদ্রা নখত্র &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14pt; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;Betelegeuse&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Ekushey Durga&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: BN;&quot;&gt;ancientvisitors.sk &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 14pt;&quot;&gt;এর &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Ekushey Puja&amp;quot;; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-language: BN;&quot;&gt;সৌজন্যে&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Ekushey Puja&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: BN;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;BN&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Ekushey Puja&amp;quot;; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-language: BN;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Ekushey Puja&#39;; font-size: 14pt; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;টাইপ ১এ সুপারনোভার অস্তিত্ব মানুষ অনেক দুরের দূরত্ব মাপার
এক হাতিয়ার দিয়েছে। আগেই বলেছি এগুলির ভর এবং তার ফলে অধিকতম ঔজ্জ্বল্য প্রায়
সমান। অথা&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Ekushey Puja&#39;; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;‾&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Ekushey Puja&#39;; font-size: 14pt; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;ৎ এর আসল ঔজ্জ্বল্য প্রতি ক্ষেত্রেই প্রায় সমান। তাই এগুলি
কত উজ্জ্বল বা ম্লান দেখাচ্ছে তার হিসেব করে সেটা ঠিক কতটা দূরে রয়েছে তার খুব নিভ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Ekushey Puja&#39;; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;‾&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Ekushey Puja&#39;; font-size: 14pt; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;র
যোগ্য হিসেব করা যায়। এর থেকে বোঝা যায় যে গ্যালাক্সিতে এটি রয়েছে সেটি কতটা দূরে।
এর ফলে গালাক্সির দূরত্ব ও তার আলোক বিশ্লেষণ রেখাতে রেড শিফ্ট বা ডপলার এফেক্ট
বিচার করে তার গতি নির্ণয় করা যায়। গতি ও দূরত্তের তুলনা করে এটা&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Ekushey Puja&#39;; font-size: 14pt; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Ekushey Puja&#39;; font-size: 14pt; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;বোঝা গ্যাছে যে গ্যালাক্সি গুলো যত দূরে তত
বেশী বেগে আমাদের থেকে ও একে অন্যের থেকে সরে যাচ্ছে। আর এও জানা গ্যাছে যে যত
দূরে এগুলো অবস্থিত তার তত ত্বরন বেশী মানে গতিবেগ প্রতি মুহূর্তে তত বেশি করে
বেড়ে চলেছে। গ্যালাক্সিগুলির গতি ও দূরত্ব অনুযায়ী পেছিয়ে গিয়ে (ইন্টারপোলেশন)
বোঝা গ্যাছে এই ব্রহ্মাণ্ড প্রায় ১৩.৭ বিলিয়ন বা ১৩৭০ কোটি বছর আগে একটি বৃহৎ বিস্ফোরণ
বা বিগ ব্যাং এর থেকে সৃষ্টি হয়েছে।স্থান ও সময়্যের সৃষ্টি হয়েছে সেই মুহুত্তে&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Ekushey Puja&#39;; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;‾&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Ekushey Puja&#39;; font-size: 14pt; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;।আরো
বোঝা গ্যাছে যে কোনো অননুভূত শক্তি বা ডাক&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Ekushey Puja&#39;; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;‾&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Ekushey Puja&#39;; font-size: 14pt; text-align: left;&quot;&gt; এনাজি&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Ekushey Puja&#39;; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;‾&amp;nbsp; &lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Ekushey Puja&#39;; font-size: 14pt; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;আছে যা ক্রমবধ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Ekushey Puja&#39;; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;‾&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Ekushey Puja&#39;; font-size: 14pt; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;মান বেগে পুরো
বিশ্ব কে একে অপরের কাছ থেকে দূরে সরিয়ে দিচ্ছে। অথা&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Ekushey Puja&#39;; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;‾&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Ekushey Puja&#39;; font-size: 14pt; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;ৎ নতুন কোনো
আবিস্কার না হওয়া অবধি এটা বলা যায় যে একটা সময় আসবে যে পৃথিবী বা বিশ্বের অন্য
কোন জায়গার আকাশে অন্য কোন জ্যোতিষ্ক দেখতে পাওয়া যাবে না ও&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Ekushey Puja&#39;; font-size: 14pt; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Ekushey Puja&#39;; font-size: 14pt; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;ব্রহ্মাণ্ডের মৃত্যু হবে এক হিমশীতল অন্ধকারে।&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h2 style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;


&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
</description><link>http://lanimeshastro.blogspot.com/2012/12/supernova_11.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Animesh Lahiri)</author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjkwK_UrNrNCIb0xvlpybJtAtT6koPMYyanbQr1JlkHKKxcO2dc8Nka2wVk8iPXyVbrGJ64R7an3PGUIaa4-lUZ0c7ORB3uZg-6a2ylbc7aMahXxzUxnGxC7u9NMMq6S_6HM6-DR761aDY/s72-c/supernova+ball.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6454564598885247679.post-6567604273092053574</guid><pubDate>Fri, 07 Dec 2012 08:10:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2012-12-25T08:02:20.233-08:00</atom:updated><title>SUPERNOVA</title><description>&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; trbidi=&quot;on&quot;&gt;
&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; trbidi=&quot;on&quot;&gt;
&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; trbidi=&quot;on&quot;&gt;
&lt;table align=&quot;center&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; class=&quot;tr-caption-container&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiArXglGAnuIQ6M_mmsBbSUjCNWIVM6qJ1Y1S4v0w26-uWVF6WXBldEekWuo4OcMatiY4U0xnnEgbgSSfLpsn6UFyFfJb_PcERxC7f6T8PeULCaAlxn6wGB_1wRVGDI4k-1V2wSgZ4xkt8/s1600/supernova_1439.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;180&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiArXglGAnuIQ6M_mmsBbSUjCNWIVM6qJ1Y1S4v0w26-uWVF6WXBldEekWuo4OcMatiY4U0xnnEgbgSSfLpsn6UFyFfJb_PcERxC7f6T8PeULCaAlxn6wGB_1wRVGDI4k-1V2wSgZ4xkt8/s320/supernova_1439.jpg&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;tr-caption&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Image of a supernova&lt;br /&gt;
Courtesy &amp;nbsp;psxextreme.com&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
On November 11, 1572 CE (i.e. 1572 AD) Tycho Brahe, the
leading astronomer of that time observed a new star appearing in the
constellation of Cassiopeia. At that time the world view was that the sky was
immutable above moon and atmosphere, that is the sky never changes above moon
and atmosphere and remains same from the time God created it. Tycho Brahe
carefully measured the parallax of this new object but there was none (a
parallax is an angular measurement to find out the distance of an object). This
led him to doubt the so called immutable world. This new star became bright for
some time and then slowly faded away. He wrote about it in a small book and
dubbed it as “nova stella” meaning “new star” in Latin.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
In 1604 another new star appeared in the sky and this time
another great astronomer Johannes Kepler made very systematic observations of
it.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;table align=&quot;center&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; class=&quot;tr-caption-container&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiRsvpnej9E5WDo0gGsR8xzBao8EzCD_o10IQUmvW614W6XXvwLn4riQ1u1daT3YqSJSSBuMFAhQscsiV7OAin2_rXI2U4QQ5Tk5EEH7qbzwAGPtI14bEVUOLPpsGUPK5XQG4HASsBqEhM/s1600/Tycho+Brahe+courtesy+theworld.org.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiRsvpnej9E5WDo0gGsR8xzBao8EzCD_o10IQUmvW614W6XXvwLn4riQ1u1daT3YqSJSSBuMFAhQscsiV7OAin2_rXI2U4QQ5Tk5EEH7qbzwAGPtI14bEVUOLPpsGUPK5XQG4HASsBqEhM/s1600/Tycho+Brahe+courtesy+theworld.org.jpg&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;tr-caption&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Tycho Brahe&lt;br /&gt;
Courtesy theworld.org&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;table align=&quot;center&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; class=&quot;tr-caption-container&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiR3Gq8x-PoeLJ2aPxqJGcLXStyndC_MLwFpsBPM5lxyx_bk1EZk5nxAkOI0nPAx9R4hBONuxfZM4yEPYiQtjVVurz66W6HxlfoO4hzpMh0MoPRgdp-gxe6uRlTaoe4DwDlRaDoiaY0lF8/s1600/Johannes+Kepler+couresyt+en.wikipedia.org.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiR3Gq8x-PoeLJ2aPxqJGcLXStyndC_MLwFpsBPM5lxyx_bk1EZk5nxAkOI0nPAx9R4hBONuxfZM4yEPYiQtjVVurz66W6HxlfoO4hzpMh0MoPRgdp-gxe6uRlTaoe4DwDlRaDoiaY0lF8/s1600/Johannes+Kepler+couresyt+en.wikipedia.org.jpg&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;tr-caption&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Johannes Kepler&lt;br /&gt;
Courtesy en.wikipedia.org&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
It was in 1930s, when the real big telescopes became
available to mankind the real nature of these “new stars” became understood bit
by bit. The first detailed work was done by astronomers Walter Baade and Fritz
Zwicky at Mount Wilson observatory near &lt;st1:place w:st=&quot;on&quot;&gt;Los
  Angeles&lt;/st1:place&gt;. Zwicky coined the name ‘supernova’ for these
objects.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
As we know now they are actually cosmic fireballs caused by
the giant explosion of unbelievably mammoth proportions of a star in its death
throe. These cosmic cataclysms shine 100 billion times brighter than the sun,
equal or more than a whole galaxy for a very brief period. &lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
Not all stars explode at its death. A star like our sun will
let off most of its gaseous atmosphere at its and become a white dwarf , only a
few thousand miles in diameter and radiate its left over heat for billions of
years.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
However when a star (particularly a white dwarf) of mass 1.44
times the mass of sun will die a different thing will happen. When this limit
exceeds (known as Chandrasekhar Limit ,named after the great Indian physicist
Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar , who discovered it in 1930s) the star will die a
different kind of death .It will either explode in to a supernova leaving
behind a remnant and a neutron star at its centre or implode into a black hole.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;table align=&quot;center&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; class=&quot;tr-caption-container&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhwTylY4EZuZipmDEaDSrQD_i5q9cuaf5yMIx8u2Od35O0zvSYKBQbEbCb-snWZUMLYRZ92nbEblwBZ4J7th6CsUjAg7dW6i3iMqGs5mee95XuW4gF0Xo9r2knzUxFrXSioDsXp_Hjg57k/s1600/Fritz+Zwicky+courtesy+ned.ipac.caltech.edu.jpeg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;320&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhwTylY4EZuZipmDEaDSrQD_i5q9cuaf5yMIx8u2Od35O0zvSYKBQbEbCb-snWZUMLYRZ92nbEblwBZ4J7th6CsUjAg7dW6i3iMqGs5mee95XuW4gF0Xo9r2knzUxFrXSioDsXp_Hjg57k/s320/Fritz+Zwicky+courtesy+ned.ipac.caltech.edu.jpeg&quot; width=&quot;241&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;tr-caption&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Fritz Zwicky&lt;br /&gt;
Courtesy ned.ipac.caltech.edu&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;table align=&quot;center&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; class=&quot;tr-caption-container&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgtdDIk4KpOWNPf1S5GihWCrP-WeOC5pPzOpguHm6lhLvN1LXFvfTlRGUJIJfSTV3XDZiO2aaoYEQ-vAEWWGWd2hVtaUhazG_dC57j17Ujh3d3t6X8AVWTBSo6qdzzyAEWtd9MZjJsoNqs/s1600/Subrahmanyan+Chandrasekhar+courtesy+starchild.gsfc.nasa.gov.gif&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgtdDIk4KpOWNPf1S5GihWCrP-WeOC5pPzOpguHm6lhLvN1LXFvfTlRGUJIJfSTV3XDZiO2aaoYEQ-vAEWWGWd2hVtaUhazG_dC57j17Ujh3d3t6X8AVWTBSo6qdzzyAEWtd9MZjJsoNqs/s1600/Subrahmanyan+Chandrasekhar+courtesy+starchild.gsfc.nasa.gov.gif&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;tr-caption&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar&lt;br /&gt;
Courtesy starchildgs.nasa.gov&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
A supernova explosion expels much of the star’s material at
a tremendous velocity of 30000 kilometers /second creating shockwaves in the
surrounding interstellar medium. &lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;&quot;&gt;This shock wave
sweeps up an expanding shell of gas and dust called a supernova remnant &lt;span class=&quot;apple-converted-space&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;.
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
Supernovas are of mainly two categories, Type-1a and Type -2.
Type -1a supernova occurs when a white dwarf accretes mass from a nearby binary
star so that after sometime it crosses Chandrasekhar Limit. At this point the
internal matters are heated to an extent that carbon fusion occurs and in a
runaway nuclear fusion of the substantial mass of the star, it releases
enormous energy within a very very short time and the star explodes.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
The Type-1a supernova is conspicuous by absence of the
hydrogen lines in its spectrum. Also all Type-1a supernovas has almost similar
mass and almost same peak luminosity so that they can be used as standard
candles to measure distances in our universe.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;table align=&quot;center&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; class=&quot;tr-caption-container&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg14oria9DS_vkea1Faqi6037eWLLDl-OMpzphJTMBDrFs8nVsbJegOZrODz9-6zBFf7G_bvWSaQ2sT0kUbKfs3EJzCpMj6cR_WfDG4lPZJfLfB3ZhVJEVV7x_v03PuYMiYeCcchLpLrq4/s1600/binary+white+dwarf+becoming+supernova+courtesy+news.harvard.edu.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;213&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg14oria9DS_vkea1Faqi6037eWLLDl-OMpzphJTMBDrFs8nVsbJegOZrODz9-6zBFf7G_bvWSaQ2sT0kUbKfs3EJzCpMj6cR_WfDG4lPZJfLfB3ZhVJEVV7x_v03PuYMiYeCcchLpLrq4/s320/binary+white+dwarf+becoming+supernova+courtesy+news.harvard.edu.jpg&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;tr-caption&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;White dwarf sucking material from companion star and eventually becoming supernova&lt;br /&gt;
Courtesy news.harvard.edu&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
Type-2 supernovas develop differently. Very massive stars
reach a point of the nuclear fusion of its core that it produces iron and fusion becomes unsustainable because fusion of iron produces a net energy loss.As there is no energy from inside to counteract the gravitational pressure the star collapses creating a massive shock wave which blows the star apart. The collapse causes violent
expulsion of its outer layer into a supernova leaving a neutron star behind. In
certain cases the gravitational force may be too great so that the whole star
collapses in to a tiny little space becoming a black hole. The gravitational
pull of the black hole is such that even the light cannot escape it and remains
invisible to the outer world (hence the name “black hole”).Type-2 supernovas
are conspicuous by the presence of hydrogen lines in their spectrum.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
In the aftermath of a supernova two very interesting thing
happens. The heated gas and dust released from supernova become fuel for births
of new stars. Also the nuclear fusion creates all the heavier elements like sodium,
calcium, oxygen, iron and so on.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
These heavier elements propagate through the interstellar
space and ultimately make a planet like earth and creatures like human beings.
We, who are made of many different elements like sodium, calcium etc and breathe
oxygen, owe our lives to supernovas.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
Although many observations for a long time are attributed to
supernova explosions (the first concrete observations were made by the Chinese
in 185 CE) human beings observed a supernova “real time” in 1987 after modern
telescopes were built.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
Oscar Duhalde, a telescope operator doing regular
observation in &lt;st1:place w:st=&quot;on&quot;&gt;Chile&lt;/st1:place&gt;
at Las Campamanas observatory on February 23, 1987 went outside to have a
coffee break. As he looked at sky he suddenly saw a “new star” in Large
Magellanic Cloud, a nearby dwarf galaxy visible from southern hemisphere.
Subsequent observation detected it to be a supernova. This time all the
astronomical fraternity focused on this event and mankind was able to observe
it not only real time but in a lots of different way; from radio wavelength to
high energy wavelengths like x-rays.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
From all these observations which are going till date
scientists have amassed lots of information about supernovas. In fact in &lt;st1:place w:st=&quot;on&quot;&gt;&lt;st1:placetype w:st=&quot;on&quot;&gt;University&lt;/st1:placetype&gt; of &lt;st1:placename w:st=&quot;on&quot;&gt;Chicago&lt;/st1:placename&gt;&lt;/st1:place&gt; scientist have managed to
simulate a supernova explosion (using supercomputers equivalent to power of
128,000 desktops and using 60,000 hours of computing time). One of the
significant results of a supernova is the birth of a neutron star. In the
neutron stars the protons and electrons are combined to produce neutron stars
and are squished together due tremendous gravity. One tea spoonful of neutron
star stuff would weigh a billion tons on earth. Also births of neutron stars
generate a significant amount of neutrinos, a ghostly particle without
electrical charge invisible and able to pass through about everything (steady
streams of neutrinos are passing through us and earth at every moment). Scientists
have envisaged neutrinos long ago but never able to catch them. However on
February 23&lt;sup&gt;rd&lt;/sup&gt; 1987 the labs made specially to catch neutrinos deep
underground earth caught a number of neutrinos confirming both the existence of
this particle and also the fact that the new star was a supernova giving birth
to a neutron star.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
Supernovas not only eject material space but emit
electromagnetic waves of high energy like x - rays and gamma rays. These rays,
if generated near earth in sufficient proportions have the capacity to alter
the atmosphere of the earth as also the basic structures life like DNA. A sufficiently
close encounter with a supernova will destroy earth; even more distant
supernova will cause our DNA to alter to change irreversibly, so that our basic
properties of life will change, for better or worse. In fact it is believed the Ordovician–Silurian extinction of ocean life which happened
around 450 million years ago is due to a close enough supernova explosion.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
On an average a
supernova occurs in our Milkyway galaxy every 50 years. There are quite a few
candidates in the Milkyway which may explode any day into supernova.
Conspicuous and closest of them are Eta Carinae, 7500 light years away and
Betelgeuse in the constellation of Orion, (Indian names: Ardra Nakshatra at the
shoulder of Kalpurush) 500 light years away from us. These supergiant stars are
due to explode at any moment, but that ‘any moment’ may be now or a million
years away in future. But when it happens will be a spectacular thing on earth,
shining even on day time, out shining perhaps even moon.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;table align=&quot;center&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; class=&quot;tr-caption-container&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEied0CvRkPllLtqcQ9qjhzX0lJmsfOWxj-Ut0UqZ1W-1oY_MvyTZlXnWL5oJkJbg4efGs94aaLszUBop755LrHO379qR1bHfDxkA0esIKZRi6GMwnLt4wdn0o6J7XlV-M4QphcV3EUmatE/s1600/Betelgeuse_orion_nebula+coutesy+ancientvisitors.sk.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;173&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEied0CvRkPllLtqcQ9qjhzX0lJmsfOWxj-Ut0UqZ1W-1oY_MvyTZlXnWL5oJkJbg4efGs94aaLszUBop755LrHO379qR1bHfDxkA0esIKZRi6GMwnLt4wdn0o6J7XlV-M4QphcV3EUmatE/s320/Betelgeuse_orion_nebula+coutesy+ancientvisitors.sk.jpg&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;tr-caption&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Betelgeuse&lt;br /&gt;
Courtesy ancientvisitors.sk&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;The existence of Type-1a supernova has
given us an insight to the distances, early history and nature of universe
which was not there before. As I said, Type-1a supernova has certain same peak luminosity,
that is, their true brightness is same. Measuring how dim it looks to us we can
gage its distance from us and the galaxy it resides in. That is they are
standard candles by which we can measure distances far into the deepest corners
of our universe. By interpolating these distances and their velocity (by the
Doppler Effect in spectrum analysis) scientists arrived at a conclusion that
the existing universe began roughly about 13.7 billion years ago with a Big
bang. Also they have found out that the more distant the galaxies are the more
velocity with which they expand. Most startling is the discovery that the more
distant objects are flying away from us and each other with increasing
acceleration. This means at a distant future everything in this universe will be
alone and at a certain very distant point of time (trillions of years) there
will be nothing to be seen in the sky except darkness and everything in this
universe will die in cold darkness. Also it has given rise to the concept of
dark energy, the invisible energy which is causing these cosmic objects to
accelerate beyond grasp anymore.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;table align=&quot;center&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; class=&quot;tr-caption-container&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjnzaKoZuby-tENhICvOIYLPwr9I5sVVvHgm1gMmWRko27G__OR1v1fNwcX65t2eKriL0Al9pEgDkwcYdLlUrgRbYDTeMPMQJ1g2jB49wF6-1Rk5KZBIH9QvmZupcegHY1myzJDeMg7qYI/s1600/crab+nebula,supernova+remnant+with+a+neutron+star+inside+courtesy+www4.ncsu.edu.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;320&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjnzaKoZuby-tENhICvOIYLPwr9I5sVVvHgm1gMmWRko27G__OR1v1fNwcX65t2eKriL0Al9pEgDkwcYdLlUrgRbYDTeMPMQJ1g2jB49wF6-1Rk5KZBIH9QvmZupcegHY1myzJDeMg7qYI/s320/crab+nebula,supernova+remnant+with+a+neutron+star+inside+courtesy+www4.ncsu.edu.jpg&quot; width=&quot;310&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;tr-caption&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Crab nebula , a supernova remnant with a neutron star inside&lt;br /&gt;
Courtesy www4.ncsu.edu&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;table align=&quot;center&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; class=&quot;tr-caption-container&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEihZaIF8E71-611HRda4rxH0k0Flxf2iHEMCImVeu-e8VPSouFObmpN0SCtxRVxVy5aN8LvWPi_poP0h5QYv32bFacAjz1wOMvv7yo88JmvbBWFnT_6mhHeymknVIha7IBwYVU6OJzqhnk/s1600/Black+Hole+image+courtesy+cetauri-dreams.org.jpeg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;240&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEihZaIF8E71-611HRda4rxH0k0Flxf2iHEMCImVeu-e8VPSouFObmpN0SCtxRVxVy5aN8LvWPi_poP0h5QYv32bFacAjz1wOMvv7yo88JmvbBWFnT_6mhHeymknVIha7IBwYVU6OJzqhnk/s320/Black+Hole+image+courtesy+cetauri-dreams.org.jpeg&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;tr-caption&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Black Hole&lt;br /&gt;
Courtesy centauri-dreams.org&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
</description><link>http://lanimeshastro.blogspot.com/2012/12/supernova.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Animesh Lahiri)</author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiArXglGAnuIQ6M_mmsBbSUjCNWIVM6qJ1Y1S4v0w26-uWVF6WXBldEekWuo4OcMatiY4U0xnnEgbgSSfLpsn6UFyFfJb_PcERxC7f6T8PeULCaAlxn6wGB_1wRVGDI4k-1V2wSgZ4xkt8/s72-c/supernova_1439.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6454564598885247679.post-2531510956089463512</guid><pubDate>Mon, 28 May 2012 05:16:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2012-11-28T12:23:45.807-08:00</atom:updated><title>LINKS TO MY OTHER BLOGS</title><description>&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; trbidi=&quot;on&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://lanimesh.blogspot.in/&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #f4cccc;&quot;&gt;FAITH&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://lanimeshgankobitanatok.blogspot.in/&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #f4cccc;&quot;&gt;GAN KOBITA NATOK&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://lanimeshvariousarticles.blogspot.in/&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #f4cccc;&quot;&gt;VARIOUS ARTICLES&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
</description><link>http://lanimeshastro.blogspot.com/2012/05/links-to-my-other-blogs.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Animesh Lahiri)</author><thr:total>0</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6454564598885247679.post-932296372517576616</guid><pubDate>Sun, 27 May 2012 10:32:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2013-07-28T14:08:16.980-07:00</atom:updated><title>BASICS OF STAR GAZING</title><description>&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; trbidi=&quot;on&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgCdG7M3o27bNmLmV4LFr_wDX6GhMll8CahzFydDCNR_EPN5s-ODELx6Tew_SUtVa996Wg1Mjoaiqo6cPp7rD6tH-pyzB7aQshPED4VTJzqXua3-X8XBQNZIEGjblyldi2FLMTgmuccXig/s1600/astronomyintroductionpabloo.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;320&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgCdG7M3o27bNmLmV4LFr_wDX6GhMll8CahzFydDCNR_EPN5s-ODELx6Tew_SUtVa996Wg1Mjoaiqo6cPp7rD6tH-pyzB7aQshPED4VTJzqXua3-X8XBQNZIEGjblyldi2FLMTgmuccXig/s320/astronomyintroductionpabloo.jpg&quot; width=&quot;316&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 21px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14.0pt;&quot;&gt;Introduction&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
At the very beginning I must tell you that I am an amateur
astronomer and have no pretensions to know astronomy at any great depth.This
article should have been titled basics of star gazing but I have included a few
useful astronomical informations (for a layman)and &amp;nbsp;hence the title.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
Almost everyone of us at some point of time looked at the sky
and watched the stars,the sun and the moon and wondered what they are in
actuality.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
That wonderment in my case has lead to many questions and
view the sky more closely.It started accidentaly one night when I could watch
the sky &amp;nbsp;with a telescope and found the
sky an amazing place of infinite beauty and mysteries.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
It is not a very easy job to watch sky with a telescope
(unless you use very modern computerised go to telescopes) and find objects of
interest.The biggest objects in the sky,the sun and the moon has an angular
diameter of almost half a degree which is very small when you consider the sky
you see has an angular diameter of 180 degree at any point of time (half of the
sky is below horizon, otherwise it would have been 360 degrees.) However to
catch the moon and sun is realtively easy in telescopes.The catch comes when you
want to see the other dim objects which are the things for which you are using
the telescope in the first place.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
To begin with you must be familiar with the sky.The best
thing is just go to your terrace and lie down and look upwards. If you do this
for a few days slowly the patterns of sky will be familiar to you. You need a
basic skymap to guide you.I found a little book in Bengali written by Biman
Bose named Nakshatra Porichoy which hepled me a great deal.You can buy or
download some small star map for your help and gradually develop on that.As a
beginner you can use Star Maps for beginners by I.M.Levitt and Roy K Marshall.Later
on Wil Tirion’s Sky Atlas 2000 may be used for medium and advanced level. In a
computer you can use the free software Stellarium for easy guidance.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
If you look at the sky now ( it is October and place is
India,Kolkata) you will find three bright stars almost at the middle of the
sky.These are Vega, Deneb and Altair.The indian names of Vega nd Altair are
Abhijit and Shravana respectively.These three stars are popularly called summer
triangle. (For your information Vega will be our pole star at around &lt;span lang=&quot;EN&quot;&gt;AD 13,727). Vega is in the constellation
Lyra,Deneb in Cygnus and Altair is in Aquila.For your information
constellations are nothing but groups of stars which form&amp;nbsp; a pattern in sky and named for easy reference
and recognition.These stars may be close together or far from each other and
only their position in the sky which makes them to be in the same
constellation.As you go on familiarizing your self with the sky you will be
able to recognise stars and constellations immediately.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;table align=&quot;center&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; class=&quot;tr-caption-container&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjD-ow2c4TXT2g81DdkX-pMSEbnZNh-eTgromCN_yozY81LstH3T3IdVLlhi-p8uoX7NcFvTldBXHPEVPhyphenhyphenImw7M6gqqR4vDUt20_wu8n6WtH29G08_YbjbUwJkF5AfX_GUCtaD2ZYojrs/s1600/Summertriangle-1.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;320&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjD-ow2c4TXT2g81DdkX-pMSEbnZNh-eTgromCN_yozY81LstH3T3IdVLlhi-p8uoX7NcFvTldBXHPEVPhyphenhyphenImw7M6gqqR4vDUt20_wu8n6WtH29G08_YbjbUwJkF5AfX_GUCtaD2ZYojrs/s320/Summertriangle-1.jpg&quot; width=&quot;216&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;tr-caption&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Summer Triangle&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;&quot;&gt;Type of Telescopes&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN&quot;&gt;Once you know the
bright stars quite easily you can begin to navigate in sky the with your
telescope.There are generally three kinds of telescopes which are available for
visual observation.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN&quot;&gt;1)&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN&quot;&gt;Refractors&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;2)&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN&quot;&gt;Reflectors or Newtonians&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;3)&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN&quot;&gt;Catadioptric (Schmidt or Maksutov -&amp;nbsp; Cassegrain.)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Refractors use
combination of lenses to form a image of an object which is viewed by an eye
piece.These are the oldest kind of telescopes and was used by Galileo&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;table align=&quot;center&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; class=&quot;tr-caption-container&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg52doRhmzOrP8xkZFqZGWUpRm7ctKExIjoF6gYin_StJOxYfay8NmqCR4Mr8QwNkiHy5IsFVT_sMoDWQtaU8k3ssYH5U1d2vHAggEHs-nW047rtcP-7wgqzaQqSCTCs9tbwPZNTlNmSBs/s1600/refractorschematic.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;288&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg52doRhmzOrP8xkZFqZGWUpRm7ctKExIjoF6gYin_StJOxYfay8NmqCR4Mr8QwNkiHy5IsFVT_sMoDWQtaU8k3ssYH5U1d2vHAggEHs-nW047rtcP-7wgqzaQqSCTCs9tbwPZNTlNmSBs/s640/refractorschematic.jpg&quot; width=&quot;640&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;tr-caption&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Schematic Diagram of A refractor&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;table align=&quot;center&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; class=&quot;tr-caption-container&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjycsUdHBLEIa03R1wyoYJRCqB5BJoTy0BtU0p_xfyyhUmYbQNr8WqWrqbfTDAI0gGp3-P5czjmngLJ7QAQKua3wh8qqfOtwe5gjs3vziuWSuQU3uW2O80QYpklXo-68OI2et-Oh64AaOY/s1600/refractor.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;320&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjycsUdHBLEIa03R1wyoYJRCqB5BJoTy0BtU0p_xfyyhUmYbQNr8WqWrqbfTDAI0gGp3-P5czjmngLJ7QAQKua3wh8qqfOtwe5gjs3vziuWSuQU3uW2O80QYpklXo-68OI2et-Oh64AaOY/s320/refractor.jpg&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;tr-caption&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 13px;&quot;&gt;A refractor telescope&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br class=&quot;Apple-interchange-newline&quot; /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
Relectors use parabolic mirrors to form an image of the
object and is viewed by the eye piece lense.This was inroduced by Newton and
hence it is also called Newtonians.These are by far most popular and cheap and
used by most amateurs.These can be built at home with a little patience and
hard work.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;table align=&quot;center&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; class=&quot;tr-caption-container&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhsKhQBctWt3hVu6cSMkZ__er8aMjbOr5wFX01IdRiaNK96PTkshv6DsaoJR9yIdPyNzMRa6u7YxF790YjIf1duxZwEUPURr8f9QOkZcewAtt7OAgzGNK5F9aCLAHv7IKBNQSYmpAjG28A/s1600/Newtoniantelescope.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;185&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhsKhQBctWt3hVu6cSMkZ__er8aMjbOr5wFX01IdRiaNK96PTkshv6DsaoJR9yIdPyNzMRa6u7YxF790YjIf1duxZwEUPURr8f9QOkZcewAtt7OAgzGNK5F9aCLAHv7IKBNQSYmpAjG28A/s400/Newtoniantelescope.jpg&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;tr-caption&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Schematic Diagram of a Netonian Telescope&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;table align=&quot;center&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; class=&quot;tr-caption-container&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhOntx59iYPJD1pFxC6sDS38qvT3k2bisB0M0R2R3w8oJNSnB6Wfiaqs2SVQ69MYK5HSwakJegn3T3Yc-NlAZc3HvnkFMJWoEghOCFDwU-ruJsOKG8BvpTmt5baMEf8HROVnLRLs8B7BbU/s1600/reflector.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhOntx59iYPJD1pFxC6sDS38qvT3k2bisB0M0R2R3w8oJNSnB6Wfiaqs2SVQ69MYK5HSwakJegn3T3Yc-NlAZc3HvnkFMJWoEghOCFDwU-ruJsOKG8BvpTmt5baMEf8HROVnLRLs8B7BbU/s1600/reflector.jpg&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;tr-caption&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 13px;&quot;&gt;A &amp;nbsp;Reflector (Newtonian)&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
Catadioptrics &amp;nbsp;are
more complicated modern version telescopes which uses both concepts and the
light is reflected several times in telescope tube which makes them very
handy,easy to use and very good resolution capabilities.Modern computerised go
to telescopes are mostly of these types. But they are costly.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;table align=&quot;center&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; class=&quot;tr-caption-container&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgTp1xAaPxZZJ36aGFQU-QB0q00ooRnj8epJMME7xZtU1hZoa2KTfPohJPVbGDWv_G2tj83IRU0jqfjcK5BgsbAyiWb9qffEt7T2sDBUiF7ukSjnhHBB1hCi9SOWLAPjVLiTCnrzLc8tFc/s1600/maksutov-cassegrain.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;182&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgTp1xAaPxZZJ36aGFQU-QB0q00ooRnj8epJMME7xZtU1hZoa2KTfPohJPVbGDWv_G2tj83IRU0jqfjcK5BgsbAyiWb9qffEt7T2sDBUiF7ukSjnhHBB1hCi9SOWLAPjVLiTCnrzLc8tFc/s400/maksutov-cassegrain.jpg&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;tr-caption&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 13px;&quot;&gt;Schematic Diagram of a Maksutov Cassegrain Telescope&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;table align=&quot;center&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; class=&quot;tr-caption-container&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9XrHPPkzNQz7cPDfdHvGilTvh6wCWVSTAlF8QtnezTd80vzW-OoKBD-CXRfkGod3UgNauwFuWA8UAeJa4F9cCFSZ7f1-4IVWndDXr5PIbVAQWVSGCxZx9yJurI58cZ1LCx9GbiVo7pes/s1600/Celestron.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9XrHPPkzNQz7cPDfdHvGilTvh6wCWVSTAlF8QtnezTd80vzW-OoKBD-CXRfkGod3UgNauwFuWA8UAeJa4F9cCFSZ7f1-4IVWndDXr5PIbVAQWVSGCxZx9yJurI58cZ1LCx9GbiVo7pes/s1600/Celestron.jpg&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;tr-caption&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 13px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
Maksutov-cassegrain computerised telescope&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
For sky watching you need at least a 3 inch (75 mm)
refractor or a 4 inch Reflector or cassegrain telescope.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14.0pt;&quot;&gt;Type of Mounts&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
Supposing that you have acquired a telescope you have to
choose the mount of the telescope.There are two types of mounts&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;ol start=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-top: 0in;&quot; type=&quot;1&quot;&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;Altitude-azimuth&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;Equatorial&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
In alt-azimuth mounts telescope can be rotated in horizontal
and vertical axis .This is useless for sky watching unless you have
computerised telescope like celestron nexstar.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;table align=&quot;center&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; class=&quot;tr-caption-container&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhbTf7nf3ZL-_fnHQ8yg4zAW3tqlibu061v8m8WrslXD__LwXKr1GGCnj_OiC-VJM07nZnwoq9I6-T-pX67lZvJcjQ-SF9RAWwpM2sAQqBooBm8bxEXDG4X6Q9OIIaaUCeD4MmlxTdaxhc/s1600/altazimuth_mounting.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhbTf7nf3ZL-_fnHQ8yg4zAW3tqlibu061v8m8WrslXD__LwXKr1GGCnj_OiC-VJM07nZnwoq9I6-T-pX67lZvJcjQ-SF9RAWwpM2sAQqBooBm8bxEXDG4X6Q9OIIaaUCeD4MmlxTdaxhc/s1600/altazimuth_mounting.jpg&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;tr-caption&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
Alt-azimuth mount&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
In Equatorial mount one of the axis of the telescope is
parallel &amp;nbsp;with the axis of the rotation
of earth (polar axis). As you know as the earth moves from west to east at a
fixed rate.The celestial objects moves in the sky in the opposite direction
(i.e east to west) at the same rate.Once one of the axis is aligned with axis
of earth’s rotation you can track a celestial object in the sky continuously once
you find it just by rotating your telescope in polar axis.Unless you do that
the object will move away continuously out of field of your telescope.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;table align=&quot;center&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; class=&quot;tr-caption-container&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEht6fIHGSqoWMX93xlT5Lk7osKYL1EYDGTG_-aZAp4txAURNHVC5tWuOK14XP272XX2GEIeZwjPCI3gM4C2QO5SVy_-o16qrib-aK4C_QsjK1OEThQBrbhTKnranMGX-EEHQ6vl1eo9jvU/s1600/equatorialmount.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEht6fIHGSqoWMX93xlT5Lk7osKYL1EYDGTG_-aZAp4txAURNHVC5tWuOK14XP272XX2GEIeZwjPCI3gM4C2QO5SVy_-o16qrib-aK4C_QsjK1OEThQBrbhTKnranMGX-EEHQ6vl1eo9jvU/s1600/equatorialmount.jpg&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;tr-caption&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
Equatorial mount.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14.0pt;&quot;&gt;Right Ascension and
Declination&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
You can imagine the sky as big opaque vault on which
celestial bodies are embedded.As the sky moves from east to west the bodies are
also moving from east to west and their positions are fixed on the
sky.According to its position each body has a celestial coordinate just like
each place on earth has a latitude and longitude.In astronomical jargon they
are called Right Ascension and Declination. Right Ascension or R.A is like latitude
an is measured from an imaginary point of sky known as FIRST POINT OF
ARIES.Declination or DEC is like longitude and is measured 0-90 degrees from
celestial equator( celestial equator is parallel to earth’s equator in
sky).Every celestial body has a fixed R.A and DEC except sun,moon and planets
whose movements are more complicated.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;table align=&quot;center&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; class=&quot;tr-caption-container&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiRGCCiwWRsSv56Jc8C46uuK5Aq6Epkt-bPHZEcdaazC4R48eplMa9s65lftzfuDWBSqPavt-mRhlqAdUQYyEmfzF30R3pa0AdcfGKAxn21Yiz3vKWyzkyjPknH6noodMA-m_lEoaspaVQ/s1600/rightascension.gif&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiRGCCiwWRsSv56Jc8C46uuK5Aq6Epkt-bPHZEcdaazC4R48eplMa9s65lftzfuDWBSqPavt-mRhlqAdUQYyEmfzF30R3pa0AdcfGKAxn21Yiz3vKWyzkyjPknH6noodMA-m_lEoaspaVQ/s1600/rightascension.gif&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;tr-caption&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Right Ascension and Declination&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14.0pt;&quot;&gt;Polar Alignment&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
The next thing to do is to polar align your telescope.If you
are in northern hemisphere it is easy.First you have to identify the pole star
or Polaris.Then make the adjustments so that the RA axis of your mount is so
that your guider scope points at Polaris.Then make further adjustments with
your main eye piece lense so that it is in the centre of eye piece.Actually the
north celestial pole is less than ½ degree away &amp;nbsp;in RA and and less than a degree in DEC and it
is helpful for ordinary viewing.For astrophotography you need much more
rigorous and accurate polar alignment.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
Before I return to star gazing I want to give you an
important information.The bigger the aperture of your telescope objective lense
or mirror the more light gathering power it has and you can see objects dimmer
and farther away in space.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14.0pt;&quot;&gt;Star Hopping&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&amp;nbsp;Now that you have a
telescope and mounted in polar axis you can start finding a celestial object of
your choice. Finding a celestial object in sky is not easy as I told you
earlier because they are very very small.Most celestial objects does not have
an angular diameter more than a few arc second or minute. It is like finding a
pin in a big warehouse.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
The trick is to find it by its neighbourhood.Just like you
go to some unknown place by knowing a landmark near it.Suppose you know a star
and you know a&amp;nbsp; dim object (a nebula or
galaxy) is nearby.You go to the next closest star using your star chart until
you finally arrive to your desired object.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
But to do this you have to know the&amp;nbsp; magnification and true field of view .&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
Magnification = Focal length of telescope (in mm) ÷ Focal
length of eye piece. (in mm)&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
My telescope has a focal length of 1300 mm.If I use a 25 mm
eye piece the magnification will be 1300 ÷25 = 52 that is objects are magnified
52 times.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
Now the True field = Apparent Field of eye piece ÷
magnification&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
Apparent field of eye piece is supplied by the
manufacturer.The 25 mm eye piece has an apparent field of 52 degree. Therefore
the true field = 52÷ 52= 1˚.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;(The following portion of Star Hopping is adapted fom an
article from NIGHT SKY INFO)&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN&quot;&gt;If you don&#39;t know
the apparent field of the eyepiece the matter becomes a little more
complicated... In order to find out the visual field of the eyepiece in this particular
case, you should direct the instrument to a star as close as possible to the
celestial equator, set the star at the edge of the visual field and measure the
time it takes for the star to cross the eyepiece, without moving the
instrument. Knowing that a star near the celestial equator will move one degree
every four minutes, you can calculate the visual field of the eyepiece.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN&quot;&gt;Now
that you know the visual field and the scale of the atlas you can make either
wire or plastic rings that will represent the field. If the eyepiece has a
visual field of two degrees and the scale of the atlas measures 8-mm per
degree, the ring should have a diameter of 16-mm. The ring is extremely useful
when the object to be localized is found in an area of the sky with very few
stars, normally it is not used too often.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN&quot;&gt;In
order to find a celestial object with the star hopping method, the visual field
of your eyepiece should be as large as possible, so don&#39;t use great
magnification. This way you will be able to see several stars in the field, and
will have reference points. Only when you have found the desired object should
you use eyepieces with great magnifying power.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN&quot; style=&quot;color: #003300; mso-ansi-language: EN;&quot;&gt;The finder-scope&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN&quot;&gt;The
finder attached to the main instrument is also very important. It would be
great to have a finder with an aperture as large as possible (50-mm would do
best). With a six to seven degree visual field, such a finder will point far
more stars than visible with the naked eye, thus being very easy to identify
the area where the target is. You can determine the visual field of the finder
with the help of methods described so far.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN&quot; style=&quot;color: #003300; mso-ansi-language: EN;&quot;&gt;Coping with mirror or inverted images&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN&quot;&gt;According
to the type of instrument you are using, the images will be either inverted or
reversed (mirror image). Newtonian telescopes give an inverted image (north
becomes south), while instruments with a diagonal (a small mirror) will give
reversed images.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN&quot;&gt;The
solution every time you use a Newtonian telescope is simple: turn the maps
upside down. The problem occurs with instruments using a diagonal. A solution
is to flip over your sky chart and shine a light behind it to view a mirror
image of the printing through the paper.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN&quot; style=&quot;color: #003300; mso-ansi-language: EN;&quot;&gt;A little theory...&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN&quot;&gt;In
order to start a star hopp the first step would be to identify on the atlas the
area where your aimed object is. After this find a star, or a group of brighter
stars visible with the naked eye and situated as close as possible to the
target.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN&quot;&gt;Without
looking through the finder or telescope, with both eyes opened, look along the
instrument and point it to the area of interest. The point is to center in the
finder, after having consulted the atlas, a group of stars that stand out among
the rest. It is extremely important that this point of reference should fit
into the visual field of the finder so that it may be recognized even if it is
not centered perfectly.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN&quot;&gt;The
more difficult part is to memorize the shape of the pattern formed by the group
of stars, in some cases you may need to return to the group after having passed
by it. Confusions may occur in case you mistake a group for another, only to
finally find yourself a few degrees away from the targeted object. The solution
is to associate a familiar shape to a group of stars (line, triangle, circle or
square), thus you will succeed in memorizing them more easily.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN&quot; style=&quot;color: #003300; mso-ansi-language: EN;&quot;&gt;And the real thing. Star hopping exercise&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN&quot;&gt;M92
is a beautiful globular cluster in Hercules, about 26,000 light years distant
from Earth. It is an easy target even for small telescopes, and on clear nights
it can be spotted with binoculars, if you observe on a dark sky far from city
lights.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN&quot;&gt;For
this star hopping example let&#39;s say that your finder-scope&#39;s field is five
degrees &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
and the eyepiece field is one
degree. The large circle represents the field of the finder-scope and the small
circle is the field of the eyepiece. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
To get to M92 first locate the
bright star Pi Herculis, shining at 3rd magnitude. Center it in the field of
your finder-scope and sweep one more field, following the line drawn from Pi to
Iota Herculis. At the edge of the field look for four stars arranged in a line,
and center them in your eyepice. Move one degree in the direction of Iota
Herculis and M92 will be right in the center of your eyepiece.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;table align=&quot;center&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; class=&quot;tr-caption-container&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgYAf5GaEodYGRzUe0KAwMfTbfKldjsjK02YWv6wGYG23wV1cSA5vJbazoudBYnuBRtRc42B5srQuWb6LEm6WkcKUmFcUJ4JBLXi4YRdJVf06o1vQ3UV752sk6QjGLGQCEqhaUbxDzcSIA/s1600/stargazing_m92.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;640&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgYAf5GaEodYGRzUe0KAwMfTbfKldjsjK02YWv6wGYG23wV1cSA5vJbazoudBYnuBRtRc42B5srQuWb6LEm6WkcKUmFcUJ4JBLXi4YRdJVf06o1vQ3UV752sk6QjGLGQCEqhaUbxDzcSIA/s640/stargazing_m92.jpg&quot; width=&quot;556&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;tr-caption&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Spotting M92&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;&quot;&gt;Modern GO TO Telescopes&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN&quot;&gt; :&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN&quot;&gt;Modern
computerised telecopes has almost made old star hopping techniques as a thing
of past But they are costly and I would suggest that beginners should use old inexpensive
telscopes to begin with.Knowing the sky and discovering objects are half the
fun of stargazing.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN&quot;&gt;GO TO telescopes
computerised software to locate a celestial object.What you have to do is just
have your telescope looking at the sky,align it with some bright stars (unknown
or known to you) and press the button to move the telescope to find your
desired object.This has made astronomy easy and almost child’s play.Some
amateurs are now finding supernovas very soon without much struggle.These
telescopes even do not require them to be on an equatorial mount. They are
mounted on alt-azimuth mounts and once it latches on&amp;nbsp; an object it goes on correcting the alt-azimuth
according to the RA and DEC of the body with time so that it is always in the
field of telescope.Some telescopes include global postioning systems so it gets
its own information about where you are.However for astrophotography accurate
and rigorous polar alignment is needed even with these.But the most modern ones
have all star polar alignment systems which makes it also much easier.However
these are quite costly at present and it is a matter of subjective opinion
whether you should buy it as your first scope.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;&quot;&gt;Apparent magnitude of a celestial body:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;The apparent magnitude&amp;nbsp; of a celestial body is a measure of its brightness
as seen by an observer on earth, normalized to the value it would have in the
absence of the atmosphere. The brighter the object appears, the lower the value
of its magnitude. Celestial objects with apparent magnitude upto 6 is said to
be visible to a naked human eye in a dark ,clear night although genrally we can
see upto 3 rd magnitude stars. The sun has a apparent magnitude of -26.74, full
moon -12.92, Sirius the brightest star -1.47,Vega 0.03, .Polaris 1.97and
Andromeda galaxy 3.44.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;&quot;&gt;Useful formulas :&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; 116&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN&quot;&gt;Resolution = ——
seconds&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; D&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&amp;nbsp;D = Diameter of
telescope in mm.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
Example: A 10&quot; (254 mm) telescope&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
116&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&amp;nbsp;Resolution = ——&amp;nbsp; = 0.5 seconds&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;254&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
The size of an image depends on the focal length of your
telescope. For example, the longer the focal length, the larger the object:&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; fθπ&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; w =&amp;nbsp;
————&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; 180&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN&quot;&gt;w = width of
image&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: -9.0pt; text-indent: 9.0pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN&quot;&gt;f =&amp;nbsp; focal
length&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: -9.0pt; text-indent: 9.0pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN&quot;&gt;θ= apparent diameter ( i.e Moon = 0.5˚ )&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: -9.0pt; text-indent: 9.0pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: -9.0pt; text-indent: 9.0pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN&quot;&gt;How faint an object a telescope can see&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: -9.0pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; m = 2.7 + 5 log D&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: -9.0pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; D = Objective lense diameter&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: -9.0pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
Where m is the limiting magnitude. Example, our 10&quot;
telescope:&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
m=2.7+5 log254&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: -9.0pt;&quot;&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
= 14.7&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
The faintest object a 10&quot; telescope can see is with a
visual magnitude of 14.7 (Pluto has a magnitude of around 13.8).&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;f/number &lt;/b&gt;= Objective Focal Length / Objective
Diameter.&amp;nbsp; Example: A 2000 mm focal length telescope that has 200 mm (8
inch) diameter yields a value of f/10.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Exit pupil&lt;/b&gt; = Objective Diameter / Magnification = Eyepiece
Focal Length / Objective f/number&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;&quot;&gt;Some data about celestial objects:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN&quot;&gt;Moon: This is the
closest of all celestial bodies fom earth and a natural satellite of
earth.Although man has already landed on moon it is the first object a beginner
would like to view from his telescope.Great details of moon are visible even
from a small telescope and it is the easiest object to align.However moon’s
movements are a bit complicated as it goes eastwards almost 12 degrees every 24
hours.Moon filters can be used to increase contrast and bring out details of
moon surface.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;table align=&quot;center&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; class=&quot;tr-caption-container&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhdrxGBA-wQWU2ZJY8pC2ESs8DMac79cnc15aosfe-KM3Lald7-8aWT_tVKBc4o1e9Ftwcz3lbzZvjceJYQ6CpjgQutxdADjwWfBMSIgMk_q4BHlVSRxwlXfMCknNcG3-hRfekYtJr4JhU/s1600/moon.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;320&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhdrxGBA-wQWU2ZJY8pC2ESs8DMac79cnc15aosfe-KM3Lald7-8aWT_tVKBc4o1e9Ftwcz3lbzZvjceJYQ6CpjgQutxdADjwWfBMSIgMk_q4BHlVSRxwlXfMCknNcG3-hRfekYtJr4JhU/s320/moon.jpg&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;tr-caption&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 13px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;Moon’s surface.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Planets&lt;/b&gt;:As we all know our solar system has 9 planets
namely Mercury,Venus, Earth,Mars,Jupiter,Saturn, Uranus Neptune and Pluto.From
a small telescope Venus,Mars, Jupiter and Saturn are quite a view and lots of
time should be spent on that.Viewing mercury is difficult because it is very
small and close to sun but is possible.Uranus and Neptune are small bodies like
stars from small telecopes and it takes a big telescope to get Pluto in the
view.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Venus&lt;/b&gt;: Venus is popularly known in &lt;st1:place w:st=&quot;on&quot;&gt;Bengal&lt;/st1:place&gt;
as Suktara or Sandhyatara according to the time it rises in east and west
respectively.In addition to the movements like star the planets slowly move
from one zodiacal constellation to other because of their motion around the
sun. These sometimes causes viewer to see retrograde motion of planets ( they
seem to move on back gear) .Zodiacal constellations are those which lie within
almost 10 degree north and south of the ecliptic,i.e, the yearly motion of sun.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;table align=&quot;center&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; class=&quot;tr-caption-container&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEioN0PuiYv7Toep9k6-dZCWt1LN8notAO_HdlzjIiGhmFD45SfR6HaLxmvW1R4uRFRXgttELjcPo3AdV5yrGp3RnbEPdHGpzOl9iV6nOXDtrBkPgZTwhvRd0b7mqxYQXCmhpLhc7JaLa3U/s1600/Venus.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;320&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEioN0PuiYv7Toep9k6-dZCWt1LN8notAO_HdlzjIiGhmFD45SfR6HaLxmvW1R4uRFRXgttELjcPo3AdV5yrGp3RnbEPdHGpzOl9iV6nOXDtrBkPgZTwhvRd0b7mqxYQXCmhpLhc7JaLa3U/s320/Venus.jpg&quot; width=&quot;224&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;tr-caption&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 13px;&quot;&gt;Venus&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;br class=&quot;Apple-interchange-newline&quot; /&gt;
&lt;table align=&quot;center&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; class=&quot;tr-caption-container&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgfbz3C6dkxImaAfg9V-UYwebhX6x6H20jkucsBijHAHXRST6iKOgJTQecNtEgc5HFa_eBJRIsdtxK_iRrwDB0Sp4y8A1a8NCRIBObwhFmhXg2Me80qSrV1RmWTSZ_A28mezSf9cg-XNoA/s1600/mars.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;320&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgfbz3C6dkxImaAfg9V-UYwebhX6x6H20jkucsBijHAHXRST6iKOgJTQecNtEgc5HFa_eBJRIsdtxK_iRrwDB0Sp4y8A1a8NCRIBObwhFmhXg2Me80qSrV1RmWTSZ_A28mezSf9cg-XNoA/s320/mars.jpg&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;tr-caption&quot;&gt;Mars&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;table align=&quot;center&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; class=&quot;tr-caption-container&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 13px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZsb7rXaG_6aWhHDxFNB4jLhzoviDak34s7ubIW3KTplfJGGureXlBbpmhXw_42a0bGJbLFFBiF0FTwzX092GxLX8HhUToksLXkVBxTdUlrgRBHWWJgXJmboQq87feKcoC6ILEEOentRQ/s1600/Jupiter_02-01-06.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;274&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZsb7rXaG_6aWhHDxFNB4jLhzoviDak34s7ubIW3KTplfJGGureXlBbpmhXw_42a0bGJbLFFBiF0FTwzX092GxLX8HhUToksLXkVBxTdUlrgRBHWWJgXJmboQq87feKcoC6ILEEOentRQ/s320/Jupiter_02-01-06.jpg&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;tr-caption&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 13px;&quot;&gt;Jupiter&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;br class=&quot;Apple-interchange-newline&quot; /&gt;
&lt;table align=&quot;center&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; class=&quot;tr-caption-container&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 13px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhubygBYlx5tnnwchrC44pO6Hobp0MEpdnq4dWAOgm6iWPXIeMwggPIx5qSddXGVZahYWW2VAYn-AHgrI-s8fCmX0E92Iy_oTUzdtnzpH8uCNjdvbctsUo48a0GtYoI54Xkrwk9uB3OF4Y/s1600/saturn-1.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;227&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhubygBYlx5tnnwchrC44pO6Hobp0MEpdnq4dWAOgm6iWPXIeMwggPIx5qSddXGVZahYWW2VAYn-AHgrI-s8fCmX0E92Iy_oTUzdtnzpH8uCNjdvbctsUo48a0GtYoI54Xkrwk9uB3OF4Y/s320/saturn-1.jpg&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;tr-caption&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 13px;&quot;&gt;Saturn&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN&quot;&gt;&lt;br class=&quot;Apple-interchange-newline&quot; /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;br class=&quot;Apple-interchange-newline&quot; /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Sun:&lt;/b&gt;It is the closest star from earth and even a
small telescope shows sunspots on it.Remember to take special precaution while
watching sun through telescope..use a filter from a reputed company like
celestron to completely cover the objective (the main lense or mirror) of your
telescope (do not use filters which covers the eye piece lense which can be
easily destroyed from the heat gathered by sun’s ray). Do not look at the sun
directly even with the guider scope .Without these precaution you can be
blinded for life time in a fraction of a second.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
• The best time to observe the Sun is in the early morning
or late afternoon when the air is cooler. &lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
• To center the Sun without looking into the eyepiece, watch
the shadow of the telescope tube until it forms a circular shadow.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;table align=&quot;center&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; class=&quot;tr-caption-container&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjKQ0ZS9PBs6FyWApTSHNWjLbXk0RmRYkS-PwyFB2OewgWkyXq7FRMYlUT_bA3Yri2bmue2jEiEIF5pEehRp-2Gjgto-u-oVBXNUrYNvi3bcaANZc4bIR58Fo9Z7Izbx9vdamz2l3vUuwE/s1600/sunspot.gif&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;320&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjKQ0ZS9PBs6FyWApTSHNWjLbXk0RmRYkS-PwyFB2OewgWkyXq7FRMYlUT_bA3Yri2bmue2jEiEIF5pEehRp-2Gjgto-u-oVBXNUrYNvi3bcaANZc4bIR58Fo9Z7Izbx9vdamz2l3vUuwE/s320/sunspot.gif&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;tr-caption&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 13px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
Sun spots&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Double stars&lt;/b&gt;:&lt;span lang=&quot;EN&quot;&gt; a &lt;b&gt;double star&lt;/b&gt; is a pair of stars that appear close to each other in
the sky as seen from Earth when viewed through an optical telescope. This can
happen either because the pair forms a binary star, i.e. a binary system of
stars in mutual orbit, gravitationally bound to each other, or because it is an
&lt;i&gt;optical double&lt;/i&gt;, a chance alignment of two stars in the sky that lie at
different distances.Albireo, which is close to Deneb in Cygnus is a bright
double star,actually a binary.There are also multiple star systems where more
than two stars are gravitationally bound to each other.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;table align=&quot;center&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; class=&quot;tr-caption-container&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiRbjh_Saf2ZjCHsAkMuRpddD8AADhxXphAiCpsafyIYppqV7701EEWFANfLX_MALW2KYrx3Rt6a69h-sG0Bt4BDLL6JAWPafWDvTOpYPIyLcY9r3QTPudfSmNL7BZkNKIehtCjQ93oIJs/s1600/alberio.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;206&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiRbjh_Saf2ZjCHsAkMuRpddD8AADhxXphAiCpsafyIYppqV7701EEWFANfLX_MALW2KYrx3Rt6a69h-sG0Bt4BDLL6JAWPafWDvTOpYPIyLcY9r3QTPudfSmNL7BZkNKIehtCjQ93oIJs/s320/alberio.jpg&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;tr-caption&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 13px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN&quot;&gt;Albireo&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;br class=&quot;Apple-interchange-newline&quot; /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Nebula:&lt;/b&gt; &lt;span lang=&quot;EN&quot;&gt;A &lt;b&gt;nebula&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp; is an interstellar cloud of dust, hydrogen ,
helium &amp;nbsp;and other ionized gases. These
are within our own Galaxy,i.e,Milkyway.Sometimes new stars form in nebulae like
Orion nebula which is visible in the south of orion’s belt.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;table align=&quot;center&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; class=&quot;tr-caption-container&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi64JMOejSpy7OPUcBqh9yVMUpsphAQf2KUwExUykvu1UoQDP4X_Bjh_CBE4iH8s-h1onxxF4gbrfJxXMRV_YdN0p1wy6thwZTNKDW5E97jkKJXBc2N_kMwP8g1pVusUWk94MSfAv_D-yE/s1600/orionnebula.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;319&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi64JMOejSpy7OPUcBqh9yVMUpsphAQf2KUwExUykvu1UoQDP4X_Bjh_CBE4iH8s-h1onxxF4gbrfJxXMRV_YdN0p1wy6thwZTNKDW5E97jkKJXBc2N_kMwP8g1pVusUWk94MSfAv_D-yE/s320/orionnebula.jpg&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;tr-caption&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 13px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
Orion nebula&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Galaxy:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN&quot;&gt; A &lt;b&gt;galaxy&lt;/b&gt;
is a massive, gravitationally bound system that consists of stars and stellar
remnants, an interstellar medium of gas and dust, and an important but poorly
understood component tentatively dubbed dark matter.Our solar system is part of
our own galaxy Milkyway.It is spiral galaxy with diameter about 100,000 light
years and containing 200-400 billion stars.There are billions of galaxies.The
closest spiral galaxy is Andromeda almost 2.5 million light years away and a
naked eye object in a dark clear night and visible with a small telescope.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;table align=&quot;center&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; class=&quot;tr-caption-container&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEigyM-gP3b7Gt-KTO1TQd0sv6LPo-wcBYeyPKd3XgjLDcaz2R677PKHBuburuWFx4FOa53crR5a6mUAoadJWicXQOdDxg9ybXTy95LzmwCYVfmFSckdbIUOxgK__oG41m1KQXHNoBczxXo/s1600/andromedagalaxy.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEigyM-gP3b7Gt-KTO1TQd0sv6LPo-wcBYeyPKd3XgjLDcaz2R677PKHBuburuWFx4FOa53crR5a6mUAoadJWicXQOdDxg9ybXTy95LzmwCYVfmFSckdbIUOxgK__oG41m1KQXHNoBczxXo/s1600/andromedagalaxy.jpg&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;tr-caption&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
Andromeda Galaxy&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Open clusters :&lt;/b&gt; &lt;span lang=&quot;EN&quot;&gt;An &lt;b&gt;open cluster&lt;/b&gt; is a group of up to a few thousand stars that were
formed from the same giant molecular cloud and have roughly the same age. They
are loosely bound to each other by mutual gravitational attraction. Most
notable open clusters are Pleiades (indian name Krittika) and Hyades and are
visible with naked eye and are beautiful viewing objects with a telescope.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;table align=&quot;center&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; class=&quot;tr-caption-container&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhfyAAsXpqCIQqUeTmaigMIhTSNmMfShDy5rC79iAjbSzRZbGj_rb9g9_ILIjvLOpGoHQ3CFa31KQtsz-S6FfxLV5H2A6S6A3B_p-yJEOtI9Bweh_TfA5TJPCARMiulP4UjnYHKvButEDU/s1600/pleiades.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;240&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhfyAAsXpqCIQqUeTmaigMIhTSNmMfShDy5rC79iAjbSzRZbGj_rb9g9_ILIjvLOpGoHQ3CFa31KQtsz-S6FfxLV5H2A6S6A3B_p-yJEOtI9Bweh_TfA5TJPCARMiulP4UjnYHKvButEDU/s320/pleiades.jpg&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;tr-caption&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 13px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
Pleiades.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Globular clusters:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN&quot;&gt; A &lt;b&gt;globular cluster&lt;/b&gt; is a spherical collection of stars that orbits a
galactic core as a satellite. Globular clusters are very tightly bound by
gravity, which gives them their spherical shapes and relatively high stellar
densities toward their centers. Globular clusters, which are found in the halo
of a galaxy, contain considerably more stars and are much older than the less
dense galactic, or open clusters.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;table align=&quot;center&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; class=&quot;tr-caption-container&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgMWrX9485jJleP8CB09GzYt_vuZb7PKmGZ678LkzFeH2-d2YKPfG2BOkMNrQMYurJdSWKfIrrFDpye4FI5_WHH1hbOrU7_45Ne_5BakChybgNYOIAnRcxR9yLTnE3zI7l-fPyIk3fEFMg/s1600/globularcluster.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;262&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgMWrX9485jJleP8CB09GzYt_vuZb7PKmGZ678LkzFeH2-d2YKPfG2BOkMNrQMYurJdSWKfIrrFDpye4FI5_WHH1hbOrU7_45Ne_5BakChybgNYOIAnRcxR9yLTnE3zI7l-fPyIk3fEFMg/s320/globularcluster.jpg&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;tr-caption&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 13px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
Globular Cluster.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;br class=&quot;Apple-interchange-newline&quot; /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14.0pt;&quot;&gt;A few words about
astrophotography&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14.0pt;&quot;&gt;:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
For astrophotography you need to have very accurate Polar
alignment of your telescope.It is done with the help of setting circles (in
modern GO TO telescopes setting circles need not be there) and using the drift
of stars.Photography can be done by DSLR cameras either mounted piggy back on a
telescope or at the back of it using a T-ring and T-adapter to latch your
camera with the telescope. In the latter case telescope itself becomes a big
telephoto lense.To take photographs of very dim objects you need to take long
exposure photographs.&lt;b&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;table align=&quot;center&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; class=&quot;tr-caption-container&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi5H97xNTdZWLiHq9BRT3YD9mmpRjQylvMWrO40rJWbMg6nxkB-AHclBFupHQ6wtWtSgxrIqF-DchKfQIgprchqICYnp6MIYQWsDlQIxQRTtoXu0S8ml63Q2gNXz8RZJbs22mXPfkNyY8s/s1600/cameraatthebackoftelescope.gif&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi5H97xNTdZWLiHq9BRT3YD9mmpRjQylvMWrO40rJWbMg6nxkB-AHclBFupHQ6wtWtSgxrIqF-DchKfQIgprchqICYnp6MIYQWsDlQIxQRTtoXu0S8ml63Q2gNXz8RZJbs22mXPfkNyY8s/s1600/cameraatthebackoftelescope.gif&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;tr-caption&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 13px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
Camera at the back of telescope&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;table align=&quot;center&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; class=&quot;tr-caption-container&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJhEPyLRzCGNi1fr5XJcbuW5cTpE4bpQTv43r5C5XQeDb25770PxusMWqNr0wrn1ringyLTbw9MzVw8zNWdhcxWUaf_lVO8mfKkW7lDuFuZih-O0AelgWTw4IltaE00Iu4RVxnpUjEHIM/s1600/piggybackastrophotography.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;239&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJhEPyLRzCGNi1fr5XJcbuW5cTpE4bpQTv43r5C5XQeDb25770PxusMWqNr0wrn1ringyLTbw9MzVw8zNWdhcxWUaf_lVO8mfKkW7lDuFuZih-O0AelgWTw4IltaE00Iu4RVxnpUjEHIM/s320/piggybackastrophotography.jpg&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;tr-caption&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 13px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
Astrophography with camera mounted piggy back on telescope.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;That’s all folks.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oAVjF_7ensg&quot;&gt;http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oAVjF_7ensg&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br class=&quot;Apple-interchange-newline&quot; /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
</description><link>http://lanimeshastro.blogspot.com/2012/05/basics-of-astronomy.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Animesh Lahiri)</author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgCdG7M3o27bNmLmV4LFr_wDX6GhMll8CahzFydDCNR_EPN5s-ODELx6Tew_SUtVa996Wg1Mjoaiqo6cPp7rD6tH-pyzB7aQshPED4VTJzqXua3-X8XBQNZIEGjblyldi2FLMTgmuccXig/s72-c/astronomyintroductionpabloo.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6454564598885247679.post-9060449953046420948</guid><pubDate>Sun, 27 May 2012 08:04:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2012-11-07T19:10:55.733-08:00</atom:updated><title>Sokher Jyotirbidya,Opar Anondo</title><description>&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; trbidi=&quot;on&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjDxgobVv5iFKq3fmhQ6_Oo7N30Syn72ABvGSda23UcXUdHUnNah50lwX5kEVFIO6JO2KI-7ZdnZUsuOWtIfOc1ktuDh67FfsuB0KMEWx-7segIVu8QXBpZSxr4VDZRRa3xI0_Q-jfa6do/s1600/andromeda.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;231&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjDxgobVv5iFKq3fmhQ6_Oo7N30Syn72ABvGSda23UcXUdHUnNah50lwX5kEVFIO6JO2KI-7ZdnZUsuOWtIfOc1ktuDh67FfsuB0KMEWx-7segIVu8QXBpZSxr4VDZRRa3xI0_Q-jfa6do/s320/andromeda.jpg&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
Andromeda&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;strong&gt;Ami chhotobelay ekta boi peyechhilam,Chotoder
Biswakosh...onek kichhur moddhe mohakash niye ekta chapter chhilo jeta amake
khub akorshon korechhilo.Bhebe chhilam boro hoye aro janbo.Seta 1986
shal.Halley&#39;s comet 76 bohhor pore prithibir kachhe ghure elo.Amar ek bondhu
Rajabajar science college e aste amontron janalo.Bollo telescope lagano
hobe.Telescope sune mota khub chonmon kore uthlo.Gelam.Ratre science collger
chhade dekhi ekta lomba noler moto ki lagano hoyecche.otai telescope..refractor.Halley&#39;s
comet dekhar jonne onek chesta kora holo..dekha gelo na..because nobody had any
clue where to look at.Halleyr comet dekha hoyni bote kintu Saturn ar Jupiter
dekhlam.Ebong se dekha ekhono moner monikothay jege royeche.Shonir boloy er
moto ato chittohari drissyo ar kokhono dekhini.Soptorshi mondol(Great Bear)er
ekta &lt;st1:place w:st=&quot;on&quot;&gt;tara&lt;/st1:place&gt;..telescope diye dekhlam duto &lt;st1:place w:st=&quot;on&quot;&gt;tara&lt;/st1:place&gt;..jodio pore jenechhilam asole &lt;st1:place w:st=&quot;on&quot;&gt;tara&lt;/st1:place&gt;
dutor modhhe onek durotto.Jai hok sedin er obhigyota bholbar noy.Kemon jeno
ghor lege gelo.Thik korlam ekta durbin kintei hobe.Ar holo akash dekhar
nesha.Ami peshay civil engineer..kintu engineering amar konodin bhalo lage
ni.Ami rater por raat chhade jege katate laglam.Ek ek kore sob
taramondol(constellation) gulo chinlam . Akash ta pray mukhosto hoye gelo.Ei
somoy ek bhodroloker songe alaap holo jini durbin banan.Kolkatay telescope
toiri ar keu korten bole tokhon jantam na.Jai hok onake diye ami ekta 3&quot;
refractor banalam.Telescope niyei chhade uthlam..bhablam koto ki dekhbo.Hori
hori.Kebol kalo aksh chhara kichhui dekhte pelam na.Onek koste dhire dhire
dhire telescope diye dekha sikhlam.Ar jog dilam amateur astronomers
club,kolkatay. Dekhlam andromeda galaxy..jeta amader theke 22 lokkho alokborsho
dure royechhe..orthat kina okhan theke alo aste lage 22 lokkho bochor.Ja
dekhchi ta sob 22 lokkho bochhorer purono byapar.Oi andromeda galaxy amder
nijeder Chhayapoth galaxy ba milkyway er tulonay der gun boro.Milkyway tei
achhe 10 hajar koti tara...tar mane oikhane motamuti 15 hajar koti tara
achhe.Milkyway te amader surjyer moto tara achhe pray 10 lokkho.Eder onekeri
sombhabyo ghroho achhe..onek guloi hoito amader dhoritri prithibir moto..tahole
aro koto pran achhe ke jane?E to sudhu milkyway er kotha gelo..Jodi Andromeda
ebong aro billions of galaxies er kotha dhori tahole mon ta ki rokom obhibhuto
hoye pore. Galaxy chharao dekhar royechhe gaseous nebula...jekhane notun tarar
jonmo hochhe.Globular clusters achhe..onek ta chhoto ekta ball er moto dekhte
...kintu millions of stars khub kachhakachhi royechhe.Ekhon ektu raate akashe
dekha jaye Pleiades.Banglay bole krittika..ba saat bhai chompa.Dekhle mone hoy
hajar ta hire joljol korche akashe.Cancer ba korkot rashi te achhe Beehive
cluster.Aro koto ki.Sob bolte gele aj raat kabar hoye jabe.Amar sei purono
refractorta ar nei..ekhon celestron er ekta 4&quot;cassegrain maksutov
computerised telescope diye dekhchi.Etate haat pakachhi.Amar lekhata bodh hoy
boddo boro hoye jaachhe.Tobe eta bollywood ba &lt;st1:place w:st=&quot;on&quot;&gt;&lt;st1:city w:st=&quot;on&quot;&gt;hollywood&lt;/st1:city&gt;&lt;/st1:place&gt; er cheye kharap ki?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
</description><link>http://lanimeshastro.blogspot.com/2012/05/sokher-jyotirbidyaopar-anondo.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Animesh Lahiri)</author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjDxgobVv5iFKq3fmhQ6_Oo7N30Syn72ABvGSda23UcXUdHUnNah50lwX5kEVFIO6JO2KI-7ZdnZUsuOWtIfOc1ktuDh67FfsuB0KMEWx-7segIVu8QXBpZSxr4VDZRRa3xI0_Q-jfa6do/s72-c/andromeda.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6454564598885247679.post-5787069936869468621</guid><pubDate>Sat, 26 May 2012 17:44:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2012-05-27T01:05:33.322-07:00</atom:updated><title>Amateur Astronomy,Infinite Entertainment</title><description>&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; trbidi=&quot;on&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;strong&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgprYysCHr5QIlrr0Sqff7NMFO1_nwqpUeYOCJLIsiOgWFsl6__ePJo79dorZ75FLubNTAg6OeW0TxcRQ8PLl0xmizUFq0NnBkhhRiz9K7px6HecJhO60ckna_tnryeccKlo-Z0U7I969o/s1600/andromeda.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;231&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgprYysCHr5QIlrr0Sqff7NMFO1_nwqpUeYOCJLIsiOgWFsl6__ePJo79dorZ75FLubNTAg6OeW0TxcRQ8PLl0xmizUFq0NnBkhhRiz9K7px6HecJhO60ckna_tnryeccKlo-Z0U7I969o/s320/andromeda.jpg&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
Andromeda Galaxy&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;color: #6fa8dc; font-family: Times,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;&quot;&gt;
&lt;strong&gt;When I was young I got hold of a book called
‘Children’s Encyclopedia’. One of the chapters , which dealt with cosmos,
deeply interested me. I decided I will know more about this when I grow up.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;color: #6fa8dc; font-family: Times,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;&quot;&gt;
&lt;strong&gt;&amp;nbsp;In 1986 there
was some excitement because Halley’s comet returned after 76 years. A friend
called me up and asked me to come to Rajabajar science college saying a
telescope was being set up to view the comet. I was excited. When I arrived
there I saw a pipe like object standing .I later knew it was a 3˝ refractor
telescope. Although we tried a lot to locate Halley’s comet that night we did
not find it because nobody had a clue where to look at the sky. However that
day I had the opportunity to view Saturn and Jupiter. And that view became
etched in my mind forever. I have never seen anything as fascinating as
Saturn’s ring ever before. Also when we looked at a star in the constellation
of Great Bear we found it to be a double star. I later knew it was actually an
optically double star.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;color: #6fa8dc; font-family: Times,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;&quot;&gt;
&lt;strong&gt;Anyway experience of that night was unforgettable. A
strange&amp;nbsp; kind of feverish fascination got
hold of me. I decided I must buy a telescope. I also started sky watching
regularly. At night I would go up to the terrace and spend sleepless nights observing
the sky. I began to know the star constellations. After sometime I knew the sky
by heart. &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;color: #6fa8dc; font-family: Times,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;&quot;&gt;
&lt;strong&gt;At this point of time I met a man who built&lt;u&gt; &lt;/u&gt;telescopes
. I do not know whether at that time anybody else made telescopes at Kolkata.
Anyway , I got a 3˝ refractor made by him.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;color: #6fa8dc; font-family: Times,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;&quot;&gt;
&lt;strong&gt;With a lot of excitement I got up to the terrace
with my new telescope. I hoped to see so many things. Alas, I saw nothing but
blackness. Slowly, after a lot of hard work&amp;nbsp;
I learned how to watch sky through a telescope. Some time later I joined
Calcutta
amateur astronomers club. There we had a 8&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;strong&gt;˝ Newtonian. I began to see so many things.
Like gaseous nebulae where new stars were born. Open clusters of hundreds of
stars. Globular clusters, shaped like a ball where thousands of stars are at
close proximity.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;color: #6fa8dc; font-family: Times,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;&quot;&gt;
&lt;strong&gt;I saw Andromeda galaxy. It is a spiral shaped disk
which you can see during October November . Galaxy is something where billions
of stars are conglomerated .Our own galaxy, Milkyway contains 100 billion
stars. Andromeda is one and half time bigger than Milkyway. So more or less 150
billion stars are there in Andromeda. It is 2.2 million light years away from
us. It means light takes 2.2 million years to reach us from there. So whatever
we are seeing of Andromeda has happened 2.2 million years ago. In our galaxy
Milky way alone there are more or less 1 million sun like stars.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;color: #6fa8dc; font-family: Times,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;&quot;&gt;
&lt;strong&gt;&amp;nbsp;Each day
scientists are finding new planetary systems in our galaxy. So we may well
imagine there so many planets like our mother earth. And that means so many
other planets containing creatures like us, humans. Now think of Andromeda and
billions of other galaxies. The mind boggles.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;color: #6fa8dc; font-family: Times,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;&quot;&gt;
&lt;strong&gt;I do not have that old 3” refractor anymore. Instead
I am working with a new Celestron Nexstar SE. &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;color: #6fa8dc; font-family: Times,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif;&quot;&gt;
&lt;strong&gt;This article is already quite long .However I feel
it is no less entertaining than Hollywood
or Bollywood. What do you think?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;</description><link>http://lanimeshastro.blogspot.com/2012/05/amateur-astronomyinfinite-entertainment.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Animesh Lahiri)</author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgprYysCHr5QIlrr0Sqff7NMFO1_nwqpUeYOCJLIsiOgWFsl6__ePJo79dorZ75FLubNTAg6OeW0TxcRQ8PLl0xmizUFq0NnBkhhRiz9K7px6HecJhO60ckna_tnryeccKlo-Z0U7I969o/s72-c/andromeda.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></item></channel></rss>