Land Lines U.S.A.

Happy Holidays !!!

2013-12-28T22:52:00.001-04:00

Happy Holidays !!! to Everyone and a Prosperous New Year 2014 !!!

We thank you for your support and we do not forget !!!

Where the Mountains Talk to You

2013-06-04T21:54:00.002-04:00

In the classic fantasy series The Lord of the Rings, the author J.R.R. Tolkien gives us many enduring and imaginative images. One phrase that stands out in a passage concerning a dangerous passageway is, “the runes were carved into the very living mountains…” You can almost envision those mountains having a life of their own and being able to somehow express themselves to the Hobbits who were on their noble quest.

The magic qualities of Tolkien’s fiction are wonderful to read about. But when you go to spend some time on one of the great mountain ranges of America, you can actually almost see how a gifted writer could ascribe magical qualities to those amazing peaks and rolling hills.

Of the many mountain ranges that grace this great land, Colorado seems to have an extra blessing of mountains that have that magic that we are talking about. And whether you are vacationing in Colorado to enjoy her many great cities or if the mountains are your destination, there can be no question that you will find yourself gazing in silent wonder at the majesty of what God has made in the high lands of Colorado.

There are many delightful ways to make a trip to the mountains of Colorado a memorable and special event for you and your family. If camping is within your abilities, that is one of the finest ways to truly get a feeling of intimacy and oneness with theses powerful mountains. There is nothing like pitching your tent with the towering mountains all around you and the tall trees above knowing that soon you will be virtually alone with the wilderness as the sun sets behind those hills.

Sometimes it is easy to feel a bit fearful of wild beasts that might prowl the mountains. And to be sure, it is not at all uncommon to look up and see an Elk or a wandering family of dear drinking from that mountain stream that gurgles gently near your campsite. There are some camping precautions that you can take to assure that more aggressive beasts such as raccoons or even bear do not take interest in your campsite. But Colorado has some of the finest park rangers in the country. They will work with you to assure that you know how to camp safely to keep curious animals from coming too close.

In addition to camping, hiking can give you an up close and personal look into the wilds of the Colorado mountains in ways that are otherwise unattainable. The National Parks System works hard to provide hundreds of well maintained trails that you can use to explore these mountains in safety. You can easily come upon wildlife or witness a falling tree or tumbling rocks on a prepared trail as much as you can wild hiking on your own. But with a prepared trail, you never have to worry about getting lost and becoming one of those tragic stories we sometimes hear about on the news.

The mountains of Colorado offer many fun and exciting ways for you to explore to your hearts content and come away from your time in the mountains refreshed and feeling that you truly have communed with nature. If a bit of danger is in your blood, white water rafting tours are readily available all over the state. The risk level of these tours can vary from mild for a family with children to somewhat dangerous for the adventuresome in your party. And as your are hurled down the raging rivers that cut through the mountains in Colorado, not only will you be full of adrenaline, you will be having an experience that will bond you with these mountains for the rest of your life.

Along with these great options, fishing, picnics and searching for wild moose are other pastimes that fascinate many a Colorado visitor. You will have no trouble finding a great way for you to come close to the mountains. And as you watch the sun set behind those majestic peaks, it will be hard not to want to pour out your hopes and dreams to them. And when the Colorado mountains talk to you as well, they call to you to come back again and again. It is a call that gets in your soul and will be there forever until you comply and return for another great time in some of America’s greatest mountains.

Computer Training Online-Free

2013-02-10T20:49:00.019-04:00

Best Selling Items

Tips on Finding an Online Computer Course

2013-02-10T20:49:00.017-04:00

The good news is the U.S. economy is losing fewer jobs each month which signals to economists that the recession may be in a slow-down period. The bad news is the U.S. economy is still losing jobs.

To counter the loss of their regular job, many people are considering creative ways to help them make ends meet, and some of these people are looking at computer training courses to launch themselves into a new career.

As they search the Internet for educational opportunities, some of these people are finding the online computer course may require some knowledge or training they do not have. Much of this training is expensive and costs a lot of money; money they just do not have to spare.

So they look for a computer course that is affordable and can get them up and running in as little time as possible. This is when they discover courses that offer to train them in how to repair computers.

With a great majority of the households and businesses in the United States having at least one PC or laptop, and many of the multiple computers, the potential for business is great.

The best computer training courses involved in PC repair will offer a variety of educational methods. They will include handy videos showing step-by-step methods in repairing a computer along with a helpful textbook to use not only while learning, but also as a reference in the future.

A good online computer course will also offer a course on how to set up and manage a computer repair business. This is the one you should seriously consider.

For More Information: Computer Course and Computer Training Courses

Article Source: EzineArticles.com

Online Computer Training Courses including certification education

2013-02-10T20:49:00.015-04:00

Best Selling Items

Learn Today With Online Computer Courses

2013-02-10T20:49:00.013-04:00

It's official whether you Like it or not! Computers are a requisite of our world in these modern times. Big and small companies, corporations, the humble home, schools and colleges, in fact you name it, they're all exploiting PC's and software to the good of the cause. It's not possible to go anywhere these days without seeing a computer and it's operator at work.

Many of us have perhaps become way too dependent on our desktops and notebooks and some could even argue that they have become just too routine in our lives. Personally, I have to have a backup plan should my computer crash, fail, break down or get infected with a virus, as it's almost become an extension of me, who I am and how I function. I guess that's a little unhealthy!

So, now we've established that computers are a part of everyday life in the western world, it is certainly necessary for anyone who wants to participate in the modern world, to acquire some level of computer skills. While many of us are not in-depth computer savvy, we do all need a basic understanding of how to work with computers. Luckily, if you know how to surf the web, you can achieve these skills by taking online computer courses.

It sounds a little strange doesn't it, taking online computer courses to lean how to use a computer! It is however a very effective and convenient method of learning new skills and at a pace that fits in with you. It's perfect for parents that have to stay at home, or for those too busy with their day jobs to attend evening classes at prearranged times. Just think, no battling through traffic, worrying about missing a class, falling behind or needing a faster pace than the local community college or university can offer. Just boot up from home and take the course as and when it suits you. Now that's progress!

There are numerous online computer courses available to suit anyone at any level. Some are free whereas others are paid. Some are for fun and then there are those that issue recognized certificates of achievement. So what are you waiting for? It's time to jump onto that super information highway and sort through your options.

So worry no more. If you're one of those that got left behind in that computer revolution of the 90's, get trained now and improve you future job possibilities, or simply explore just what a wonderful tool a PC can be to assist with everyday life in the twenty first century.

Andy Maingam is a proficient writer for the website DistantSchooling dot com where he has additional articles entitled Home Schooling in the 21st Century and Computer Based Training (CBT). He also has other educational and remote learning pieces throughout the site.

Article Source: EzineArticles.com

Computer Training - See how it works

2013-02-10T20:49:00.011-04:00

Best Selling Items

What Are the Perks of Online Computer Courses?

2013-02-10T20:49:00.009-04:00

In this day and age, people are extremely busy. We all seem to be overscheduled, and there are never enough hours in the day. This is one of the reasons why more people are opting to take online computer courses rather than having to go to a local college or university to learn about different concepts and programs.

Taking an online course to learn computer programs and systems is a much easier way of getting an education. In fact, even regular colleges and universities are offering courses and degrees via the Internet now. Instead of having to drive to a location and sit in a class with an actual instructor, many people find that taking these courses from home fits into their schedule a lot easier.

When you compare the option of having to drive somewhere, use your gas, find a parking space and bend to someone else's schedule versus sitting at your own home computer wearing your pajamas while taking a class, you can see why so many people choose to take online computer courses these days. When you take a class on site at a physical location, you have to do it at specified dates and times to suit the instructor's schedule. With an online class, you can do it at your own pace in your own time.

There are many different courses that you can take online such as Microsoft training programs, real estate courses, continuing education courses and other classes that teach different software programs. Some classes are simply used to teach people the different components of their computer. Some folks don't even understand the mechanics of using e-mail or a word processing program, so these online courses are very effective at teaching them.

Online computer courses are definitely the wave of the future. Some people believe that you will rarely see on site computer classes within the next few years because more people will want to take the courses from the comfort of their own home. In fact, the fees associated with taking classes should also be reduced because the instructor will no longer be needed.

Want To Know More?

If you want more information about computer programming training and about Online Computer Courses then just click the links.

Article Source: EzineArticles.com

Online College Computer Courses

2013-02-10T20:49:00.007-04:00

Best Selling Items

What to Look For in an Online Computer Course

2013-02-10T20:49:00.005-04:00

With the economy the way it is today many people are searching for an online computer course to learn how to fix their own computer. Others are interested in computer training courses so they can begin their own business in computer repair.

Regardless of your reasons, you are sure to find exactly what you are looking for in a computer course.

If you want to start your own business, you will need to find an online computer course that shows you not only how to fix computers but also on how to make money. This course should be able to help you no matter if you have the knowledge on computer repair or just have an interest in learning.

The training course should include a full course on PC repair along with complete laptop repair training. A part of the course should focus on running a computer repair business and how and where to find clients.

The computer course should be designed by experts in the field with more than 10 years experience. This way you can take advantage of the knowledge they have gained from making mistakes that you will not make.

Here is what to expect from an online computer course:

o More than 8 hours of hands-on video.

o A textbook with more than 100 full-color pages.

o Hands-on video on laptop repair.

o A laptop repair textbook.

o A guide on how to run your business.

o A marketing guide.

o Support that provides quick response to your emails.

o Supplemental lessons with video content.

o A lifetime of free updates.

If the online computer course you are considering does not offer these things at a minimum, find the one that does.

For More Information: Online Computer Course and Computer Training Courses

Article Source: EzineArticles.com

Basic Computer Training

2013-02-10T20:49:00.003-04:00

Best Selling Items

Online Computer Courses

2013-02-10T20:49:00.001-04:00

At present, computers are the "in" thing. After all, this equipment can be used to do many things. It is important for people to know how to use and operate a computer since it is actually used in many applications everywhere. To assist people in knowing more about computers, there are online computer courses made available.

What are online computer courses?

Lessons and important information on computers and their applications are two of the major components of online computer courses. Every exchange of information is done through the Internet, which is the main channel through which these online computer courses work. These courses could be compared to the usual courses we take in schools and universities, yet the main difference is that everything is done virtually through the Internet.

How do online computer courses work?

There are some online computer courses that ask its students to attend virtual classes and virtual lectures. However, there are some courses that only ask its students to read through a given literature on the subject or lesson. Also, there are some courses where students must follow strict schedules when it comes to learning lessons. There are also some courses that allow you to learn at your own pace.

Are these online computer courses free?

There are some online computer courses that are offered for free. However, there are also some that are offered for a fee.

What online computer courses are available?

If you try to search the Internet, you will find that there is a wide range of online computer courses made available. In fact, there are courses on the basics of computers like proper encoding and how to use certain programs. Also, there are online computer courses that deal with programming, website design, and troubleshooting.

Online Courses provides detailed information on Online Courses, Online College Courses, Free Online Courses, Online Computer Courses and more. Online Courses is affiliated with Online MCSE Training Courses [http://www.i-OnlineTraining.com].

Article Source: EzineArticles.com

Circuit Skills: Fiber Optics

2012-08-24T20:23:00.019-04:00

Land Lines U.S.A.

Fiber Optic Cable OTDR Basics

2012-08-24T20:23:00.017-04:00

Fiber optic communication systems have become more of a challenge for network operators to strategically and promptly keep them running at top performance in order to meet intense demands for reliable services. Many operators will go through a rigorous fiber optic training course. As the fiber optic communication systems evolve, there become newer and more complex parameters to monitor, more links to install and maintain, and more expected disruptions to track down. A new function in the primary test tool for fiber optic cable plants is the Optical Time Domain Reflectometer, or OTDR. The OTDR is an instrument that uses the inner back scattering properties of an optical fiber to detect and categorize its condition by sending high power pulses of laser light down into the fiber and capture the light that is reflected back. This new tool is of great significance for fiber optic technicians. Fiber optic patch cables are another way to provide the correct amount of light.

Software enhancements are reshaping OTDR testing with potent new data processing capabilities that allow even the least experienced operator to analyze the fiber optics quickly and completely, and to find subtle features easily. While OTDR concepts are basically simple, precise measurements can be complicated. Reflected fiber optical power is a tiny fraction (of basically one-millionth) of transmitted pulse power that eminently varies with wavelength, cable length, fiber optic backscatter co-efficient, along with splice and connector attributes.

Measurement parameters of fiber optics under test have to be carefully selected based on mode, length and attenuation, in order to optimize fiber optic measurements with an older, manual OTDR. The optimal parameters for all fibers, in exception for the shortest optical fibers, vary in relation to the distance of the event from the instrument. The newest OTDR instruments integrate software programs that automatically detect and configure the optimum test parameters and show results in simple formats.

Most fiber optic cables require multiple OTDR measurements by using different parameters to completely and accurately characterize their property ties. These types of tests can take more time than is acceptable during a network emergency or a lengthy commissioning process. When troubleshooting the close-range resolution versus long-range visibility, several sets of waveforms must be acquired by using different OTDR settings as often as necessary. After completing the first scan by using a short-duration optical pulse, the next scan will use a longer-duration optical pulse to provide additional optical power to test further along the optical fiber.

Newer OTDR's incorporate built-in testing programs that automatically characterize the fiber optics in a sequential manner, starting from the instrument-to-fiber connection and working outward. Such programs automatically determine which parameters need to change, based on criteria like signal-to-noise-ratio, length, total loss and elapsed time. They may also increase the number of averages, change the filtering, or adjust the gain of the detection circuitry in order to optimize the test results for each specific cable segment. Many other software enhancements have been introduced to the acquisition , analysis and archiving of fiber optical test data, making the OTDR an even more valuable asset for technicians to meet the challenges of supporting fiber optic cable plants.

James Croydon, Fiber Network Engineer and Fiber Optic Patch Cables [http://www.fiber-optic-test.com] expert - focusing on Fiber Optic Tester [http://www.fiber-optic-light-source.com] and Optic Cable [http://www.fiber-cables-online.com]

Article Source: EzineArticles.com

How It's Made, Fiber Optics.

2012-08-24T20:23:00.015-04:00

Land Lines U.S.A.

How to Determine the Right Fiber Optic Network Backup Switch For Your Application

2012-08-24T20:23:00.013-04:00

1. Questions to Consider in the Design of Your Switch.

A. How many positions does your application require?

i. Two-position and three-position switches are very common. Complex multi-position switches are also required.

B. What type of connector or port preference? The selection of connectors include ST, SC, LC, ESCON and others.

i. ST connectors use a plug and socket that is locked in place with a half-twist bayonet lock.

ii. SC connectors feature a push-pull latching system providing speedy insertion and

removal along with a positive connection.

iii. LC connectors are smaller versions of the SC connectors.

iv. ESCON connectors have two 2.55 mm ceramic ferrules and a robust strain relief design.

C. Fiber Requirement: Simplex or Duplex?

i. In configuring your backup switch, a determination on the fiber type, simplex or duplex needs to be made.

1. Simplex fiber optic cable consists of a single fiber, and is primarily used in applications that only require one-way data transmission. Simplex fiber is available in both singlemode and multimode. Simplex means the cable has only one thread of fiber optic glass inside the single core and one single outer jacket.

2. Duplex cable consists of two fibers, usually in a zipcord (side-by-side) style. Duplex multimode or single mode fiber optic cables are used for applications that require simultaneous, bidirectional data transfer. Workstations, fiber switches and servers, fiber modems, and similar hardware usually require duplex cable. Duplex fiber is available in singlemode and multimode. Duplex fiber cable can be regarded as two simplex cables having their jackets joined by a jacket material. Some duplex fiber optic cables have clips on the two fiber optic connectors at each side of the cable to combine the two connectors together.

D. Mode: Multimode or Singlemode?

i. Multimode fiber optic cable has a large diameter core that is much larger than the wavelength of light transmitted, and therefore has multiple pathways of light. Several wavelengths of light may be used in the fiber core. Multimode optical cable is most commonly used for shorter distances, such as a building or a campus. Typical multimode links have data rates of 10 Mbit/s to 10 Gbit/s over link lengths of up to 600 meters.

ii. Singlemode fiber optic cable has a small core and only one pathway of light. With only a single wavelength of light passing through its core, singlemode realigns the light toward the center of the core instead of simply bouncing it off the edge of the core as with multimode. The glass fiber diameter is usually 8.3 to 10 microns. Single mode fiber provides a higher transmission rate and up to 50 times more distance than multimode.

E. Switch Specifications: Wavelength, Speed, Fiber Size, Simplex, Duplex, Interface Conversion will be unique to your network. Examples of two switches with very different specs follow.

F. Technology Preference: All Optic, Optic/Electronic/Optic, No Preference?

i. All-Optic (O-O-O) - Fiber optic network switches designed with scalable all-optical, O-O-O, MEMS (Micro-Electromechanical System) technology employ control mechanisms to tilt mirrors or direct prisms in multiple directions to manage light signals without converting the signals to electrical and back to optical. This increased level of control minimizes insertion loss and keeps the features of high data rate and protocol transparency.

ii. Optic/Electronic/Optic (O-E-O) Technology - Optic/Electronic/Optic technology is both economical and reliable, however such an architecture prevents the switch from performing with the same speed as an all-optical scheme and is not transparent to network protocols used.

G. Chassis Type: Rackmount or Desktop? - This table lists a variety of switches built to fit equipment racks and desktops.

H. Security Concerns can be addressed in a variety of ways.

i. Off-line positions.

1. External Off-line Position - The block diagram of the Model 4192 Fiber Optic SC Duplex A/B/C/D/Off-Line Switch illustrates a fiber optic switch with an external off-line position. This switch enables a fiber optic device connected to the SC Duplex COMMON connector of the unit to access any of the four fiber optic networks connected to the A, B, C, or D ports, or to disconnect completely from all output ports. The switch position can be changed via a pushbutton or via a device connected to the Remote port. Applying the appropriate voltage to the designated pins of the Remote connector will cause the switch to change position.

2. External Off-Line Position with Switch Position Memory - The Model 4196 4-Way All-Optic Fiber Switch, Multimode, 62.5/125 Microns with a Fully Decoupled Off-Line Capability allows a fiber optic device connected to the unit's SC Duplex COMMON connector to access any of the four fiber optic networks connected to the A, B, C, or D ports, or to disconnect completely from all output ports. Switch position can be changed via front-panel pushbuttons or by a device connected to the rear panel Remote port. Applying appropriate voltage to designated pins of the Remote connector also changes the switch position. The Off-Line pushbutton uncouples all fiber ports from each other. The Model 4196 has Switch Position Memory. When power is lost, the Model 4196 automatically changes to the Off-Line position and decouples all fiber connection in and out of the unit. When power returns, the Model 4196 automatically reads the voltages on the Remote port and looks to the pushbutton activity to select its switch position.

3. Internal Off-Line Position with Options − The Model 6275 ST Duplex Fiber Optic 8-Position Switch with Off-Line Position and Remote Serial Control provides both an Off-Line position and a keylock to lock out the front panel pushbutton controls. The Model 6275 features both local and remote control. The Off-Line position is a valid state to preserve network and data isolation. The user can configure the switch to either maintain its position and data pathways on power failure or to revert to the Off-Line position during power failure. A key is provided to lockout the front-panel pushbutton controls.

ii. Front Panel Lockout - The Model 6293 Fiber Optic Mirror A/B/C Switch, Single Mode LC Duplex with Remote Serial Access allows sharing a fiber optic LC duplex pair connected to the COMMON port among three other sets of LC duplex pairs connected to the A, B, and C ports with local and remote access functionality. The front-panel pushbutton can be locked out using remote ASCII commands.

iii. PassWord Protection - Password protection is another method of providing network security. The Model 4185 Fiber Optic SC Duplex, Multimode Switch/Converter allows accessing two separate fiber optic 100 Base FX ports (ports A and B) from a 100 Base TX Fast Ethernet port (COMMON port). The fiber optic/twisted pair copper conversion is built in. This unit includes an RS232 serial security enhanced Supervisory Remote Port. Upon proper authentication, a terminal or computer in terminal mode connected to this port can communicate with the unit, determine its status, change the switch position as desired, and/or lock out the front panel switching capability. A modem can also be connected to this port to remotely access the switch. Access to the Supervisory Remote Port feature is password protected.

I. Power Loss − How should your switch function during a power loss?

i. Should the switch continue to pass data?

ii. If passing data during a power loss, should data pass through the last selected switch position or go to the default position?

iii. Upon power up, should the switch remain in the last position or start up in default mode?

J. Number of Channels per Chassis - Electro Standards manufactures fiber optic backup switches ranging from Single-Channel to 16-Channel Switches.

K. Multiple channel switch control: Simultaneous or Individual.

Examples of how these switches function follow:

i. Simultaneous Channel Switching:

ii. Individual Channel Switching: All channels are switched individually with the

2. Putting the Switch All Together

3. Summary - Fiber optic switches of various functions are available to add versatility, improve efficiency, and enhance scalability of data networks. They may be operated locally by pushbutton or remotely via a variety of common communication interfaces. The agility that they add to network operational performance is limited only by the innovation of the user and the design expertise of the switch product provider.

Applications include switching to backup data lines, to test equipment, to monitoring equipment, or simply switching to off-line for security. Electro Standards Laboratories is available to provide an optimum switch solution for your application.

Raymond B. Sepe, Sr., is the President of Electro Standards Laboratories, Cranston, Rhode Island. Mr. Sepe holds electrical engineering degrees from the University of Rhode Island. As the President of Electro Standards Laboratories, he has been involved with the design and manufacture of innovative network products for over 30 years, developing state-of-the-art fiber optic network backup switches, interface converters and cable assemblies.

Article Source: EzineArticles.com

Fiber-Optic Technicians Job Description

2012-08-24T20:23:00.011-04:00

Land Lines U.S.A.

The Secret of Maintaining Your Fiber Optic Network

2012-08-24T20:23:00.009-04:00

Why do you need a fiber identifier and what can it do for you?

If you have ever seen a telephone company technician working on the phone jump box outside your house, you should have noticed a special handheld phone like instrument. The technician uses it to identify the incoming telephone wires by tapping onto the wires and listening for a tone. Once he finds the correct wire, he connects the wire into your house.

During fiber optic network installation, maintenance, or restoration, it is also often necessary to identify a specific fiber without disrupting live service. This battery powered instrument looks like a long handheld bar and is called fiber identifier or live fiber identifier.

How does it work?

There is a slot on the top of a fiber optic identifier. The fiber under test is inserted into the slot, then the fiber identifier performs a macro-bend on the fiber. The macro-bend makes some light leak out from the fiber and the optical sensor detects it. The detector can detect both the presence of light and the direction of light.

A fiber optic identifier can detect "no signal", "tone" or "traffic" and it also indicates the traffic direction.

The optical signal loss induced by this technique is so small, usually at 1dB level, that it doesn't cause any trouble on the live traffic.

What kind of fiber cables does it support?

Fiber optic identifiers can detect 250um bare fibers, 900um tight buffered fibers, 2.0mm fiber cables, 3.0mm fiber cables, bare fiber ribbons and jacketed fiber ribbons.

Most fiber identifiers need to change a head adapter in order to support all these kinds of fibers and cables. While some other models are cleverly designed and they don't need to change the head adapter at all. Some models only support single mode fibers and others can support both single mode and multimode fibers.

What is relative power measurement

Most high end fiber optic identifiers are equipped with a LCD display which can display the optical power detected. However, this power measurement cannot be used as a accurate absolute power measurement of the optical signal due to inconsistencies in fiber optic cables and the impact of user technique on the measurements.

But this power measurement can be used to compare power levels on different fiber links which have same type of fiber optic cable. This relative power measurement has a lot of applications as described below.

Sample applications

1. Identification of fibers

The relative power reading can be used to aid in the identification of a live optical fiber.There are several tests that can be performed to isolate the desired fiber cable from a group of fibers without taking down the link(s). Three methods that could be used include comparing relative power, inducing macrobends, and varying the optical power of the source. No single method is best or necessarily definitive. Using one or a combination of these methods may be needed to isolate the fiber.

2. Identification of high loss points

Fiber optic identifier's relative power measurement capability can be used to identify high loss point(s) in a length of fiber. By taking relative power measurements along a section of optical fiber that is suspected of having a high loss point such as a fracture or tight bend, the change in relative power point to point can be noted. If a sudden drop or increase in relative power between two points is noted, a high loss point probably exists between the two points. The user can then narrow in on the point by taking further measurements between the two points.

3. Verify optical splices and connectors

Fiber optic identifier can be used to verify fiber optic connectors and splices. This test must be performed on a lit optical fiber. The optical fiber can be carrying a signal or be illuminated using an optical test source. Attach fiber identifier to one side of the optical connector/splice. Read and record the relative optical power. Repeat the measurement on the second side of the connector/splice. Take the difference between the reading on the second side and the first side. The difference should be roughly equal to the optical attenuation of the optical connector/splice. The measurement can be taken several times and averaged to improve accuracy. If the optical fiber identifier indicates high loss, the connector/slice may be defective.

Manufactures supplying fiber optic identifiers

You can get fiber optic identifiers from Wilcom, Ideal, 3M, Fitel, Noyes and many more manufacturers. We prefer Wilcom and Fitel products since both manufacturers have very high customer satisfaction rate.

Find out even more about fiber identifiers, fiber optic identifiers and optical fiber identifier on Fiber Optics For Sale Co. web site.

Article Source: EzineArticles.com

Fiber Optic Cable Custom Assembly for Installation Pre-Termination

2012-08-24T20:23:00.007-04:00

Land Lines U.S.A.

The World of Fiber Optics

2012-08-24T20:23:00.005-04:00

Principle of fiber optics is based on transmission of data by means of light. Concept of fiber optics was first conceived by Claude Chappe in 1790's. His idea for fiber optics was based on an optical telegraph concept invented by Graham Bell also tried the means to send information by the atmosphere but did not succeed. Finally, fiber optics emerged with the onset of new era based on the principle of total internal reflection which is a distinct quality of light rays.

Fiber optics emerged and grew into more advanced phase due to requirement from radio and telephone engineers. These engineers required more bandwidth for data transmission. Thus these engineers had been looking out for a medium to transmit data in more reliable and faster form rather than copper cables. They also wanted to avoid the hazards of electric shocks and interference which were a constant problem of copper cables.

Fiber optics had attracted some attention because they were analogous in theory to plastic dielectric waveguides used in certain microwave applications. Finally a technology evolved that used glass or plastic threads to transmit data. Cables involved in fiber optics contain several bundles of glass threads which are capable of transmitting data in modulated form.

With the onset of fiber optics and fiber optic cables data started to transfer faster as fiber optic cables have greater bandwidth than metal cables and are more resistant to external interference. Lighter and thinner fiber optic cables readily transfer data in digital form rather than analogue form. This technology is most useful in computer industry which now forms an integral part of telephone, radio and television industry.

Telecommunications applications of fiber optics use flexible low-loss fibers, using a single fiber per optical path. Along with the communication industry fiber optics plays an important role in medical and industrial applications also. Many medical appliances like endoscope use the principle of fiber optics. Industrial applications viz. in television industry use the principle of fiber optics to obtain flattened images in cathode ray tubes.

Fiber optics yield distortion free data transmission in digital form. The audio waves transmitted via principle of fiber optics deliver accurate signal transfer. Fiber optics is also useful in automotive and transportation industry. Traffic lights, organized and scrutinized highway traffic control, automated toll booths, etc. are some of the benefits of application of fiber options in the transportation mechanism.

Cable TV companies and Internet Service Providers equivocally find fiber optics indispensable in their industry. Fiber optics provides tamper free, high bandwidth and larger data carrying capacity to the service providers. This eventually leads to better consumer satisfaction.

Unlike copper wire system fiber optics do not use and electrical form to carry data. The use of light gives a competitive edge to fiber optics over regular data transmission options. But eventually use of fiber optics is very expensive as compared to copper cabling system.

James Croydon, Fiber Network Engineer and Fiber Optic Tester [http://www.fiber-optic-splicing.com] expert - focusing on Fiber Optic Patch Cables [http://www.fiber-cables-online.com] and Fiber Optic Cable [http://www.fiber-optic-tool.com]

Article Source: EzineArticles.com

Fiber Optic Connector Types

2012-08-24T20:23:00.003-04:00

Land Lines U.S.A.

Fiber Optic Cables

2012-08-24T20:23:00.001-04:00

Each fiber optic cable guide includes a radius limiting portion that prevents fiber optic cables from being bent beyond their minimum bend radii. The fiber optic cables have clear advantages over the copper cables. There is more security, and the fiber optic cables are more reliable than any other wire available. The fiber optic cable is in the high voltage environment. Dry-band voltage of the polluted sheath's surface of the all-dielectric self-supporting fiber optic cable is analyzed in this paper.

The fiber optic cable 700, shown in FIG. The FIMT core 702 includes an inner tube 706 surrounding one or more optical fibers 708. The fiber optic cable is the main choice for high speed Internet connections and the primary material used for country to country or continent to continent Internet connections. By moving the connection type from copper to fiber optics it will allow the DisplayPort to achieve higher bandwidths which are necessary for HDTV playback and if you consider that there are a lot of games that you can play over the Internet, streaming them through the DisplayPort directly to your LCD TV might be one option the industry is going to take in the near future. The fiber optic cable can be installed easily from point to point, passing right next to major sources of EMI with no effect. Conversion from copper networks is easy with media converters, gadgets that convert most types of systems to fiber optics.

The fiber optic cable assembly includes a bundle of fiber optic fibers, a tube, a track, a plurality of fasteners and securing means. The tube has a front surface and a rear surface. The fiber optic cable transmits the photon to a second quantum dot that also happens to be sitting between two mirrors. In this case, the mirrors "catch" the photon and bounce it off the quantum dot until it finally absorbs it. The fiber optic cable has an end that is stripped. The stripped end includes a bare fiber that extends into the connector and through the ferrule.

The fiber optic cable carries multiple services throughout campus including: voice, video, cable TV, and data. In addition to having the fiber cable in place, newer fiber cable TV distribution equipment became more readily available at a reduced cost. The fiber optic cable and lens allows the instrument electronics to be kept away from the target environment where it would be subjected to higher temperatures, smoke, dust, steam or powerful electromagnetic emissions such as generated by induction heating. Both the stainless steel lens and rugged cable assembly can be replaced in the field without returning the instrument for calibration (a unique feature). The Fiber Optic Cable Blower is designed for the installation of fiber optic cables with diameters from 0.23" (5.8 mm) to 1.13" (28.7 mm) into innerduct from 0.98" (25 mm) outer diameter to 1.97" (50.0 mm) outer diameter. The correct size cable seals, feed tube and venturi must be determined for the cable being installed.

The fiber optic cable receives input from the reflection off of the internal 3/4 inch diameter sphere surface. The IS1 is ideal for portable color measurements and acts like a cosine receptor for irradiance measurements. The fiber optic cable (20) includes a light carrying center (28), a cladding (30) and a buffer (32). The cladding displacement connector (10) has surfaces (60,62) which can be used for displacing the buffer (32) and cladding (30) to expose (34) the light carrying center (28).

Fiber-optic wires carry information in the form of light . To make a fiber-optic nanowire, engineers first start with a regular fiber-optic cable. Fiber-optic cable is now being used to transport both video and audio signals for short and long distances. This is made possible by modulating a video/audio signal(s) onto a beam of coherent light, which is generated by a solid-state laser.

Fiber-optic cables are not crimped, soldered, or twisted together when they are repaired. If the cable is broken, another cable must be cut to fit between the two connectors. Fiber-optic technology is well known in telecommunications, local area networks, the CCTV security marketplace and in many Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) highway projects. Even CATV (cable) distribution to various local feed points within a residential community is now routine for fiber.

Network operators are looking to recoup the cost of the fiber-optic cable and other infrastructure pieces that make a high-speed Internet possible. They argue that the upgrades are necessary to deliver such innovations as high-definition video-on-demand and high-quality teleconferencing. Our standard fiber-optic ribbon cables provide superior tensile strength and resistance to cut-through and abrasion while maintaining flexibility. Cables are available for aerospace and other demanding applications. The fiber-optic cable did not allow that.

glass,glasses

Fiber Optic cabling is made with glass fibers. Provide very little variation in the signal they carry over long distances. Optical engineers have found that adding different additional chemicals to the basic silicon dioxide they can change the optical properties of the glass. By adding roughly 4% germanium dioxide (GeO2), for example, they can create a glass that has much less attenuation, and much 'flatter' attenuation across various frequencies of light, than silicon dioxide by itself. Although fibers can be made out of either plastic or glass, the fibers used in long-distance telecommunications applications are always glass, because of the lower optical absorption of glass. The light transmitted through the fiber is confined due to total internal reflection within the material.

FYI, fiber optic (the core of it, not shell to cover it) is made of glass and not plastic. The fiber optic strands of glass (optic fibers) within fiber optic cables carry analog or digital signals in the form of light waves. Distance and capabilities will increase even more once the glass becomes more pure.

Remembering the headache and the brilliant white light from high SiO2 glass, Richard knew that the formula would be ultra pure SiO2. Richard also knew that Corning made high purity SiO2 powder, by oxidizing pure SiCl4 into SiO2. NEP Supershooters has adapters that work around the fiber by breaking out the glass, but this means that the camera must be powered from the closest electrical outlet or generator. It's just one more thing to go wrong if the power plug gets pulled or the generator quits. A fibre optic cable consists of a glass silica core through which light is guided. This is covered with a material with a refractive index of slightly less than the core.

The core and the cladding (which has a lower-refractive-index ) are usually made of high-quality silica glass, although they can both be made of plastic as well. Connecting two optical fibers is done by fusion splicing or mechanical splicing and requires special skills and interconnection technology due to the microscopic precision required to align the fiber cores. A type of cable that transmits data as light through strands of glass instead of electricity through copper . Fiber-optic cable is a wonderful thing; it can transmit almost insane amounts of data per second , and it is completely impervious to surge s, magnetic fields , lightning , and all the other EM nasties that can affect copper cable. Fiber optic data transmission uses light in glass fiber cable as a communication medium. It is ideal for spanning areas with severe interference, such as near heavy electrical equipment, welding or radio transmissions.

Fiber optics are thin filaments of glass through which light beams are transmitted. Advantages of fiber include high information carrying capacity (bandwidth), very low error rates and insensitivity to electromagnetic interference. Then, the bare glass (125 mm) is cleaned and set in place under a special laser below a custom photo mask that is set 50 mm above the cable. Once the laser performs its cycle, the assembly is now customized. Abraham Van Heel covered a bare fiber or glass or plastic with a transparent cladding of lower refractive index. This protected the total reflection surface from contamination and greatly reduced cross talk between fibers.

Fiber-optic cable consists of glass fibers, allowing for significantly higher transfer speeds compared to copper. Data are transmitted in the form of light pulses injected by a laser or an LED. The cable uses glass fibers instead of copper wires to transmit conversation and data. AT&T's old cables generally are shark- free because they don't emit much magnetism. Glass cables need to be custom-cut so that they have a nice crisp edge that doesn't scatter the light, but their plastic cousins can be trimmed on the jobsite. Still, no ordinary wire cutter will do.

From a technical standpoint, fiber optic cable consists of a bundle of glass or plastic rods that can transmit data signals. Fiber optic cable can send and receive in both analog and digital formats, and can carry video, voice, and internet packets. Some new cable designers will actually provide built-in bend limits to protect the glass within.

While copper wires can be spliced and mended as many times as needed, it is much harder to fix glass fiber-optic cables. And this time it's not all dependent on one market (though LCD glass is huge). We have the LCD glass, auto/diesel catalytic converter substrates, and fiber. Theoretical work showing that light loss in glass fibers could be decreased dramatically spurred experimental efforts to produce such fibers. Researchers continued exploring techniques to decrease light loss in optical fibers.

The light beam bounces off the side of the glass or plastic fibers in the cable, which are thinner than a human hair. The light does not pass through the wall of the fiber, but is reflected back in and travels along to the end of the fiber.

Feel free to visit Fiber Optics Technology [http://www.fiber-optics-tech.com] for more information about fiber optic

Article Source: EzineArticles.com

Bryokyo vs Binding of Isaac #35- Wrath of the Mother Trucking Lamb BOYS

2012-05-30T19:59:00.009-04:00

Land Lines U.S.A.

Recovering From a Truck Accident

2012-05-30T19:59:00.007-04:00

There are approximately 251 million registered vehicles in the United States alone and in 2004 there were 198.8 million registered drivers with an estimated 6.6 million driver's licenses likely to be issued in 2007-2008, according to information obtained from programs under the U.S. Department of Transportation (USDOT) and the Department of Motor Vehicles (DMV).

In 2005, there were nearly 6.4 million auto accidents resulting in approximately 40,000 fatalities, according to the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA). In 2007, the USDOT reported that:

* There were 236,468 non-fatal large truck accidents.
* 54,961 injury-related large truck accidents.
* 80,752 injuries due to large truck accidents.

Large truck accidents account for a significant portion of vehicle accidents every year and also account for a portion of crash-related injuries and fatalities among drivers, passengers and pedestrians.

According to research conducted by the University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute (UMTRI), fatalities caused by truck accidents are rising and have steadily risen 5.8 percent over a the previous ten-year period. Causes of Truck Accidents There are a plethora of reasons that an individual can become involved in a truck accident, but there are a list of common, reoccurring truck accident scenarios that have been identified by the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA), which conducts research on highway collisions involving an array of motor vehicles.

The following are some of the primary causes for a fatality or injury because of a truck crash:

* Trucks hitting pedestrians.
* The force of the collision between a large truck and a smaller passenger vehicle/vehicles.
* Trucks hitting fixed objects.
* Loss of control (tire blow out, vehicle failure, weather conditions, etc.).
* Animal in roadway.
* Physical driver factor, including falling asleep, heart attack, etc.

Another study conducted by the FMCSA also found that truck accidents will vary based on roadway type, weight of vehicle and cargo body type. The study found that of the three main categories of roadway types (rural, urban and unknown), urban roadways (interstate, freeways, expressways, etc.) accounted for 63 percent of all large truck accidents. Additionally, weight factored into the equation of truck accidents and truck fatalities/injuries.

The study measured truck weight by single unit trucks (two axles, threes axles, etc.) and combination trucks (tractor trucks, truck pulling trailers, etc.). Of these, 62 percent of accidents were made up by combination trucks, specifically the tractor truck pulling a trailer.

Additionally, the study reported an array of truck varieties that had been in an accident:

* Van trucks, including closed van, refrigerated van and open top van.
* Dump trucks (rear dump trucks and bottom dump/hopper bottom).
* Tankers (tank-liquid, tank-dry bulk and tank-compressed gas).
* Garbage refuse trucks.
* Cement mixers.
* Pole/logging trucks.
* Auto carriers.
* Livestock carriers.
* Bobtail units (with no cargo body).
* Other category, which includes tow trucks, etc.
* Unknown category (meaning un-inspected vehicles).

Of these trucks, the van trucks accounted for 46 percent of large truck crashes with dump trucks accounting for 16 percent of accidents and flatbed trucks accounting for 15 percent.

Truck Accident Costs While the percentage of truck accidents varies each year, the UMTRI has noted that there is a steady increase of truck accident fatalities and injuries among passengers.

Accompanying this increase is the rising costs per crash. Research determining the average price for medium as well as heavy truck accidents was conducted by the Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, which was paid for by USDOT.

The study found that: An average truck accident cost $91,112 in 2005.

* Crashes involving truck-tractors with two or three trailers accounted for the most costly crashes averaging $289,549 per crash.
* Truck crashes involving trucks with no trailers and straight trucks cost an average of $56,296 per crash.
* Reports have suggested that it will cost more than $3.6 million per crash for truck accidents involving a fatality.
* Whereas, truck crashes involving injury-only crashes averaged at $195,258 per crash.

While the costs of fatal and non-fatal accidents have been considered shockingly high by some, the study noted that these cost estimates excluded additional factors such as:

* mental health costs.
* roadside furniture repair costs.
* cargo delays.
* it is estimated that even those who are involved in or caring for a victim that was in a truck accident will have lost earnings.
* the value of schoolwork lost was also not factored.

Because of these exclusions, the estimated truck accident costs may even be considerable higher than estimated by the USDOT.

Seeking Assistance after a Truck Accident

It is often difficult for an individual to gauge the devastation that has just occurred after a truck collision. It is important that an individual who has suffered from a truck accident seeks medical attention immediately.

While an individual may feel no pain after an accident, their injuries may be internal and an examination by a medical professional immediately following an accident can ensure that the appropriate safety precautions are taken.

Additionally, it may be necessary for a truck accident victim to consult an experienced truck accident attorney for legal purposes, which may include a legal consultation for a potential truck accident lawsuit.

Developing a truck accident lawsuit may seem to be a drastic measure by some, but when considering the costs associated with a truck accident, whether fatal or non-fatal, it can be deemed a necessary step, one that may provide monetary compensation in return for damages following a truck collision.

To better understand the importance of a truck accident lawsuit, visit LegalView's truck accident portal. Also visit the LegalView legal library at for details on the possibility for a Levaquin recall or to learn about the latest Avandia lawsuit.

Article Source: EzineArticles.com

The Dangers of Trucking 2

2012-05-30T19:59:00.005-04:00

Land Lines U.S.A.