Online Pharmacy Training

From Warts to Wounds: Paint in pharmacy

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Tue, 03 Sep 2024 08:07:00 +0000

In pharmacy, "paint" typically refers to a topical liquid medication applied to the skin or mucous membranes for therapeutic purposes. Here's an overview:

1. Definition:

Paint in Pharmacy: A medicinal preparation in liquid form that is applied with a brush or swab directly to the skin or mucous membranes. It's used to deliver a specific therapeutic agent to a localized area.

2. Types of Pharmaceutical Paints:

Antiseptic Paints: Used to disinfect the skin or mucous membranes. An example is iodine paint, which contains iodine and is applied to minor cuts or abrasions to prevent infection.
Astringent Paints: These are used to shrink tissues and reduce secretions, often used in conditions like oral ulcers or hemorrhoids.
Antifungal Paints: Used to treat fungal infections, commonly applied to areas like the nails or feet. An example is liquid miconazole.
Analgesic Paints: Contain pain-relieving agents and are applied to areas of pain or inflammation. A common example is menthol or capsaicin-based preparations.
Keratolytic Paints: These contain substances that soften and remove the outer layer of the skin, often used in the treatment of warts or calluses.

3. Applications:

Skin Conditions: Paints are often used for treating localized skin infections, fungal infections, and warts.
Oral and Throat Conditions: Certain paints are designed for application inside the mouth or throat to treat ulcers, sore throats, or fungal infections.
Cosmetic Use: Some paints are used cosmetically, such as nail paints that deliver antifungal agents.

4. Formulation:

Base: The base of a paint is usually alcohol or water, which helps dissolve the active ingredient and allows it to be applied evenly to the affected area.
Active Ingredient: The therapeutic agent, which could be an antiseptic, antifungal, or analgesic, depending on the intended use.
Other Ingredients: These might include stabilizers, preservatives, or agents that enhance the paint’s adherence to the skin or mucous membrane.

5. Advantages:

Targeted Delivery: Paints allow for the localized delivery of medication, which can be more effective for certain conditions.
Ease of Use: They are generally easy to apply and can be used at home without the need for special equipment.

6. Precautions:

Irritation: Some paints can cause irritation, especially if applied to sensitive areas or if used in excess.
Staining: Some paints, like those containing iodine, may stain the skin or clothing.
Allergic Reactions: As with any medication, there's a risk of an allergic reaction to the components of the paint.

7. Examples of Common Paints:

Throat Paints: Used for treating sore throats or oral infections. A typical example is iodine or glycerin-based paints.
Wart Paints: Salicylic acid in a paint form is often used to treat warts by gradually dissolving the wart tissue.
Nail Paints: Antifungal nail paints containing amorolfine or ciclopirox are used to treat nail fungus.

RSV Vaccination and Community Trust

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Mon, 29 Jul 2024 18:32:00 +0000

Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) is a common respiratory virus that can cause serious illness in infants, young children, and older adults. Despite the development of vaccines to protect against RSV, achieving widespread community trust and acceptance remains a significant challenge. This article explores the importance of RSV vaccination, the factors influencing community trust, and strategies to enhance vaccine uptake.

The Importance of RSV Vaccination

Burden of RSV

RSV is a leading cause of respiratory illness in young children, particularly those under the age of two. It can lead to severe bronchiolitis and pneumonia, often requiring hospitalization. In older adults, RSV can exacerbate chronic conditions and lead to severe respiratory complications.

Benefits of Vaccination

Prevention of Severe Illness: Vaccination can significantly reduce the incidence and severity of RSV infections.
Reduction in Hospitalizations: Vaccinated individuals are less likely to require hospitalization, easing the burden on healthcare systems.
Protection of Vulnerable Populations: Widespread vaccination helps protect those who cannot be vaccinated, such as very young infants or individuals with certain medical conditions.

Factors Influencing Community Trust

Historical Context

Previous Vaccine Campaigns: Past experiences with vaccination programs, including both successes and failures, shape public perception and trust.
Misinformation and Disinformation: The spread of false information about vaccine safety and efficacy can erode public trust.

Socioeconomic and Cultural Factors

Access to Healthcare: Communities with limited access to healthcare services may have lower vaccination rates and trust.
Cultural Beliefs and Practices: Cultural attitudes towards health and medicine play a crucial role in vaccine acceptance.

Communication and Transparency

Clear Messaging: Effective communication about the benefits and risks of vaccination is essential.
Transparency in Development and Approval: Openness about the vaccine development process, clinical trials, and regulatory approval can build trust.

Community Engagement

Local Health Initiatives: Community-based programs that involve local leaders and healthcare providers can enhance trust.
Education and Outreach: Providing accurate information through trusted community channels can improve vaccine acceptance.

Strategies to Enhance Vaccine Uptake

Building Trust Through Transparency

Open Communication: Regular updates on vaccine development, safety, and efficacy from credible sources.
Addressing Concerns: Directly addressing common fears and misconceptions about the vaccine.

Leveraging Healthcare Providers

Trusted Voices: Healthcare providers are often trusted sources of information. Training them to effectively communicate about the RSV vaccine is crucial.
Personalized Conversations: Encouraging healthcare providers to have one-on-one discussions with patients about the benefits and safety of the vaccine.

Community-Based Approaches

Engaging Local Leaders: Involving community leaders and influencers to advocate for vaccination.
Culturally Sensitive Outreach: Tailoring messages to resonate with different cultural and socioeconomic groups.

Accessibility and Convenience

Reducing Barriers: Making vaccines readily available and affordable to all segments of the population.
Convenient Locations: Offering vaccinations in easily accessible locations such as schools, community centers, and workplaces.

Education and Advocacy

Public Health Campaigns: Comprehensive campaigns that educate the public about the dangers of RSV and the benefits of vaccination.
School Programs: Integrating vaccine education into school curricula to inform students and their families.

Case Studies and Examples

Successful Initiatives

Flu Vaccination Campaigns: Lessons learned from successful influenza vaccination programs can be applied to RSV.
COVID-19 Vaccination Efforts: Strategies used to promote COVID-19 vaccination can inform RSV vaccine campaigns.

Areas for Improvement

Addressing Disparities: Targeting efforts to improve vaccination rates in underserved communities.
Continuous Monitoring: Ongoing assessment of vaccine uptake and trust levels to adapt strategies as needed.

Conclusion

Achieving community trust in RSV vaccination is essential to protect vulnerable populations and reduce the burden of RSV-related illness. Through transparent communication, community engagement, and targeted education and outreach efforts, we can build a foundation of trust that supports widespread vaccine acceptance and uptake. By learning from past vaccination efforts and addressing current challenges, we can create a healthier, more resilient community in the face of RSV and other infectious diseases.

Injectable Lipid-Lowering Therapies

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Sun, 28 Jul 2024 18:28:00 +0000

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains a leading cause of death globally, with elevated lipid levels being a significant risk factor. Traditionally, lipid-lowering therapies, such as statins, have been the cornerstone of managing dyslipidemia. However, not all patients achieve optimal lipid levels with these treatments, and some may experience side effects. In recent years, injectable lipid-lowering therapies have emerged as an effective alternative or adjunct to oral medications, offering new hope for patients struggling to control their cholesterol levels. This article explores the various types of injectable lipid-lowering therapies, their mechanisms of action, clinical benefits, and potential future developments.

Types of Injectable Lipid-Lowering Therapies

1. PCSK9 Inhibitors

Mechanism of Action

Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) inhibitors work by targeting PCSK9, a protein that degrades low-density lipoprotein receptors (LDLR) on liver cells. By inhibiting PCSK9, these therapies increase the number of LDLRs available to clear LDL cholesterol (LDL-C) from the bloodstream, significantly lowering LDL-C levels.

Examples

Alirocumab (Praluent): Approved for patients with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia (HeFH) or clinical atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD).
Evolocumab (Repatha): Used in patients with HeFH, homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia (HoFH), or established cardiovascular disease.

Clinical Benefits

PCSK9 inhibitors have been shown to reduce LDL-C levels by up to 60% and have demonstrated cardiovascular benefits, including reduced risk of heart attack, stroke, and death from cardiovascular causes.

2. Inclisiran

Mechanism of Action

Inclisiran is a small interfering RNA (siRNA) therapy that targets the messenger RNA (mRNA) for PCSK9, leading to its degradation and preventing the production of the PCSK9 protein. This results in increased LDLR levels and reduced LDL-C.

Example

Inclisiran (Leqvio): Administered via subcutaneous injection every six months, making it a convenient option for long-term cholesterol management.

Clinical Benefits

Inclisiran has demonstrated sustained LDL-C reduction of approximately 50% with just two injections per year, providing a promising option for patients with compliance issues related to more frequent dosing schedules.

3. Bempedoic Acid

Mechanism of Action

Bempedoic acid is an adenosine triphosphate-citrate lyase (ACL) inhibitor that reduces cholesterol synthesis in the liver. Although primarily available as an oral medication, a long-acting injectable form is in development.

Clinical Benefits

Bempedoic acid can lower LDL-C by about 15-25% and is particularly beneficial for patients who are statin-intolerant or require additional LDL-C reduction despite maximal statin therapy.

Emerging Therapies

1. ANGPTL3 Inhibitors

Angiopoietin-like 3 (ANGPTL3) inhibitors target a protein involved in lipid metabolism. These therapies, currently in clinical trials, have shown promise in reducing LDL-C, triglycerides, and other atherogenic lipoproteins.

2. Gene Editing Therapies

CRISPR-Cas9 and other gene-editing technologies are being explored to provide long-term or permanent solutions to dyslipidemia by directly modifying genes involved in lipid metabolism.

Benefits and Considerations

Advantages

Efficacy: Injectable therapies can achieve substantial LDL-C reductions, often beyond what is possible with oral medications alone.
Convenience: Long-acting injectables, such as inclisiran, require infrequent dosing, improving patient adherence and convenience.
Safety: These therapies are generally well-tolerated, with a low incidence of adverse effects compared to some oral medications.

Considerations

Cost: Injectable lipid-lowering therapies are often more expensive than traditional oral medications, potentially limiting accessibility for some patients.
Administration: The need for injections, whether at home or in a clinical setting, may be a barrier for some patients.
Long-Term Data: While short- to mid-term efficacy and safety data are promising, long-term outcomes and potential risks require ongoing investigation.

Conclusion

Injectable lipid-lowering therapies represent a significant advancement in the management of dyslipidemia and cardiovascular risk. By offering powerful and sustained LDL-C reduction, these therapies provide valuable options for patients who cannot achieve target lipid levels with oral medications alone. As research continues and new therapies emerge, the landscape of lipid management will undoubtedly evolve, offering hope for improved cardiovascular outcomes for patients worldwide.

FDA Fast Track Designation for Alzheimer’s Treatment

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Sun, 28 Jul 2024 18:18:00 +0000

Alzheimer’s disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that affects millions of people worldwide, posing significant challenges for patients, caregivers, and healthcare systems. Despite extensive research, effective treatments remain elusive. In this context, the FDA Fast Track designation represents a beacon of hope, accelerating the development and review of potential therapies for Alzheimer’s disease. This article delves into the significance, process, and implications of the FDA Fast Track designation for Alzheimer’s treatments.

Understanding FDA Fast Track Designation

The Fast Track designation is a regulatory process designed by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to expedite the review of drugs intended to treat serious conditions and address unmet medical needs. This designation aims to get promising new therapies to patients sooner, without compromising safety and efficacy standards.

Criteria for Fast Track Designation

To qualify for Fast Track designation, a drug must:

Treat a Serious Condition: The condition must have significant impacts on survival, day-to-day functioning, or the likelihood that the condition, if left untreated, will progress to a more serious state.
Address Unmet Medical Needs: The drug should show potential to improve outcomes over available therapies, either by treating a condition for which no adequate treatment exists or by offering substantial benefits over existing treatments.

Fast Track Process and Benefits

Early and Frequent Communication

Drugs granted Fast Track designation benefit from more frequent interactions with the FDA, including meetings and written communications. This allows the drug developers to receive timely advice and guidance, reducing the risk of delays.

Rolling Review

Typically, a drug company must wait until all sections of its New Drug Application (NDA) are complete before the FDA reviews the submission. With Fast Track designation, the FDA reviews sections of the NDA as they are completed, speeding up the overall review process.

Accelerated Approval and Priority Review

Fast Track drugs are eligible for Accelerated Approval and Priority Review, which can further shorten the review time. Accelerated Approval allows drugs to be approved based on surrogate endpoints that predict clinical benefit, while Priority Review reduces the review period from ten months to six months.

Alzheimer’s Disease and the Need for Fast Track Designation

The Burden of Alzheimer’s Disease

Alzheimer’s disease is characterized by the progressive decline in cognitive function, leading to memory loss, confusion, and an inability to perform everyday tasks. It is the most common cause of dementia among older adults and has a profound impact on patients and their families.

Challenges in Treatment Development

Developing treatments for Alzheimer’s disease is particularly challenging due to the complex and not fully understood pathophysiology of the disease. Many potential therapies have failed in late-stage clinical trials, highlighting the urgent need for innovative approaches and expedited regulatory pathways.

Examples of Alzheimer’s Treatments with Fast Track Designation

Recent Advancements

Several promising Alzheimer’s treatments have received Fast Track designation in recent years, reflecting the growing commitment to addressing this devastating disease.

1. Aducanumab

Aducanumab, developed by Biogen, targets amyloid-beta plaques in the brain, a hallmark of Alzheimer’s disease. In 2021, it became the first new Alzheimer’s drug approved in nearly two decades, despite controversy over its efficacy. The Fast Track designation facilitated its expedited review and approval.

2. Lecanemab

Lecanemab, developed by Eisai and Biogen, is another anti-amyloid antibody that has shown promise in clinical trials. It aims to reduce amyloid plaques and slow cognitive decline. The Fast Track designation has enabled rapid progression through clinical development and review stages.

3. Donanemab

Donanemab, developed by Eli Lilly, targets a modified form of amyloid-beta called N3pG. Early trial results have shown significant reduction in amyloid plaques and a potential slowing of cognitive decline. Fast Track designation has accelerated its clinical evaluation process.

Implications and Future Directions

Accelerating Innovation

The Fast Track designation is critical in accelerating the development of innovative Alzheimer’s treatments. By facilitating early and frequent communication between drug developers and the FDA, and by allowing for rolling reviews, promising therapies can reach patients faster.

Balancing Speed and Safety

While the Fast Track designation speeds up the review process, it does not compromise the rigorous standards for safety and efficacy. Drugs must still undergo thorough clinical testing to demonstrate their benefits outweigh the risks.

Hope for Patients and Families

For Alzheimer’s patients and their families, the Fast Track designation represents hope for new treatments that can improve quality of life and slow disease progression. As more therapies enter the Fast Track pipeline, the future looks brighter for those affected by Alzheimer’s disease.

Conclusion

The FDA Fast Track designation is a crucial mechanism in the fight against Alzheimer’s disease, enabling faster development and review of promising new treatments. As the scientific community continues to unravel the complexities of Alzheimer’s, the Fast Track process will remain a vital tool in bringing effective therapies to patients in need. By expediting the availability of new treatments, the Fast Track designation offers hope for millions of individuals and families grappling with the challenges of Alzheimer’s disease.

Targeted Therapies in Oncology: Precision Medicine for Cancer Treatment

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Sat, 27 Jul 2024 17:23:00 +0000

Targeted therapies represent a significant advancement in cancer treatment, focusing on specific molecular targets associated with cancer. Unlike traditional chemotherapy, which affects all rapidly dividing cells, targeted therapies aim to interfere with specific molecules involved in cancer growth and progression. Here’s an in-depth look at how targeted therapies are revolutionizing oncology:

1. What is Targeted Therapy?

Targeted therapy is a type of cancer treatment that uses drugs designed to “target” cancer cells without affecting normal cells. These therapies work by interfering with specific proteins that control how cancer cells grow, divide, and spread ¹.

Key Mechanisms:

Blocking Cell Signals: Targeted therapies can block the signals that tell cancer cells to grow and divide.
Inducing Cell Death: Some therapies can trigger cancer cells to undergo apoptosis (programmed cell death).
Preventing Blood Supply: Certain drugs can inhibit the growth of blood vessels that supply tumors, effectively starving the cancer cells.

2. Types of Targeted Therapies

There are several types of targeted therapies, each designed to attack cancer cells in different ways:

a. Monoclonal Antibodies Monoclonal antibodies are lab-made proteins that can bind to specific targets on cancer cells. They can work in various ways, such as marking cancer cells for destruction by the immune system or delivering toxic substances directly to cancer cells ¹.

Examples:

Trastuzumab (Herceptin): Used for HER2-positive breast cancer.
Rituximab (Rituxan): Used for certain types of non-Hodgkin lymphoma.

b. Small Molecule Inhibitors These drugs are small enough to enter cells easily and can block the function of proteins inside the cells that help cancer cells grow ¹.

Examples:

Imatinib (Gleevec): Used for chronic myeloid leukemia (CML).
Erlotinib (Tarceva): Used for non-small cell lung cancer.

c. Angiogenesis Inhibitors These drugs prevent the formation of new blood vessels that tumors need to grow ¹.

Examples:

Bevacizumab (Avastin): Used for various cancers, including colorectal and lung cancer.

3. Biomarker Testing and Personalized Treatment

Before starting targeted therapy, biomarker testing (also known as molecular testing or genetic testing) is often performed to identify specific genetic mutations or proteins in the cancer cells. This helps determine if a patient is a good candidate for a particular targeted therapy ¹.

Process:

Biopsy: A sample of the tumor is taken for testing.
Genetic Analysis: The sample is analyzed to identify specific mutations or proteins.
Treatment Plan: Based on the results, a personalized treatment plan is developed.

4. Benefits of Targeted Therapy

Targeted therapies offer several advantages over traditional chemotherapy:

a. Precision

Specificity: They specifically target cancer cells, reducing damage to normal cells.
Personalization: Treatments can be tailored to the genetic profile of the patient’s tumor.

b. Efficacy

Improved Outcomes: Targeted therapies can be more effective for certain types of cancer.
Reduced Side Effects: They generally have fewer side effects compared to traditional chemotherapy.

c. Combination Therapy

Synergy: Targeted therapies can be used in combination with other treatments, such as chemotherapy, radiation, or immunotherapy, to enhance overall effectiveness ².

5. Challenges and Limitations

Despite their benefits, targeted therapies also have some limitations:

a. Resistance

Development of Resistance: Cancer cells can develop resistance to targeted therapies over time, making them less effective.

b. Accessibility

Cost: Targeted therapies can be expensive, and access may be limited in some regions.

c. Side Effects

Adverse Effects: While generally fewer than traditional chemotherapy, targeted therapies can still cause side effects such as skin rashes, diarrhea, and liver problems ².

6. Future Directions

The field of targeted therapy is rapidly evolving, with ongoing research focused on:

a. New Targets

Identifying New Targets: Researchers are continually discovering new molecular targets for cancer treatment.

b. Combination Strategies

Combining Therapies: Developing combination strategies to overcome resistance and improve efficacy.

c. Personalized Medicine

Advancing Precision Medicine: Enhancing the precision of treatments through advanced genetic testing and personalized approaches ².

Conclusion

Targeted therapies are at the forefront of precision medicine in oncology, offering a more personalized and effective approach to cancer treatment. By focusing on specific molecular targets, these therapies provide hope for better outcomes and improved quality of life for cancer patients.

Resources

¹: National Cancer Institute ²: American Cancer Society

Personalized Medicine in Pharmacy: Revolutionizing Patient Care

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Sat, 27 Jul 2024 17:03:00 +0000

Personalized medicine, also known as precision medicine, is transforming the field of pharmacy by tailoring medical treatment to the individual characteristics of each patient. This approach considers genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors to optimize drug selection, dosing, and treatment monitoring. Here’s a closer look at how personalized medicine is making a significant impact in pharmacy:

1. Pharmacogenomics: The Foundation of Personalized Medicine

Pharmacogenomics is the study of how an individual’s genetic makeup affects their response to medications. By identifying genetic variants that influence drug metabolism and efficacy, pharmacists can personalize treatment plans to improve outcomes and reduce adverse effects ¹.

Applications:

Drug Selection: Pharmacogenomic testing helps in selecting the most effective medication for a patient based on their genetic profile.
Dosing: Adjusting drug doses to match a patient’s genetic makeup can enhance efficacy and minimize side effects.
Adverse Effects: Identifying patients at risk of adverse drug reactions allows for safer prescribing practices.

2. Therapeutic Drug Monitoring (TDM)

Therapeutic drug monitoring involves measuring drug levels in a patient’s blood to ensure therapeutic concentrations are achieved. This is particularly important for drugs with a narrow therapeutic index, where small changes in dose can lead to significant differences in efficacy and toxicity ¹.

Benefits:

Optimized Dosing: Ensures that patients receive the right dose for maximum benefit.
Safety: Reduces the risk of toxicity and adverse effects.
Efficacy: Improves treatment outcomes by maintaining drug levels within the therapeutic range.

3. Targeted Therapies

Targeted therapies are designed to specifically target the underlying biological pathways of a disease. These treatments are more effective and have fewer side effects compared to traditional therapies ¹.

Examples:

Oncology: Genetic tests can identify specific mutations driving tumor growth, allowing for the development of drugs that target cancer cells while sparing healthy tissues.
Infectious Diseases: Pharmacists can modify antibiotic regimens based on the identification of resistant microorganisms.

4. Personalized Medicine in Chronic Disease Management

Personalized medicine is particularly beneficial in managing chronic diseases such as cardiovascular disorders, diabetes, and neurological conditions. Genetic testing can assist in medication selection and dosing, leading to better management of these conditions ¹.

Case Studies:

Cardiovascular Diseases: Pharmacogenomic testing can identify individuals who are more likely to experience adverse effects from specific cardiovascular medications, enabling personalized treatment approaches.
Neurological Disorders: Genetic testing can help in selecting the most appropriate medications for conditions like epilepsy, improving patient outcomes.

5. Future Prospects and Challenges

As technology and research continue to advance, the potential for personalized medicine in pharmacy is vast. However, there are several challenges to overcome, including data protection, cost and accessibility, and patient acceptance ¹.

Future Opportunities:

Advancements in Genetic Testing: Continued research and development in genetic testing will enhance the ability to personalize treatments.
Integration with Healthcare Systems: Implementing personalized medicine within healthcare systems will require coordinated efforts and investment.
Education and Training: Pharmacists will need specialized training in pharmacogenomics and personalized medicine to effectively implement these practices.

Conclusion

Personalized medicine is revolutionizing pharmacy by providing tailored treatments that improve patient outcomes and reduce adverse effects. As genetic screening becomes more affordable and pharmacogenetic research diversifies, the role of pharmacists in personalized medicine will continue to grow. By leveraging patient-specific information, pharmacists can optimize drug selection, dosing, and monitoring, ultimately transforming patient care.

Paints in pharmacy| glycerin borax preparation is the first

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Fri, 28 Dec 2018 01:00:00 +0000

(1) GLYCERIN BORAX PREPARATION 13%

Borax 13gm
Glycerin to 100ml

Levigate the borax powder into a suitable amount of glycerin then complete to 100ml.
Glycerin of borax uses:
Used as a soothing agent in mouth ulcers also used in nipple fissures.

(2) GLYCERIN TANNIC ACID PAINT 15%

Tannic acid 15gm
Glycerin to 100 ml

Astringent in spongy gum and sore throat and applied to eyelid in trachoma. 1g of Na-citrate can be added

(3) Glycerin borax and Tr.benzoin SOLUTION

Glycerin borax 20 ml
Tr.benzoin 10 ml

Used in nipple fissure

(4) DENTAL GLYCERIN ( zinc chloride)

ZnCL2 1gm
Glycerin 1.6ml
H2O 0.5ml
Alcohol 1.5ml

used for de-sensation for exposed dentin

(5) GENTIAN VIOLET PAINT (Rosaniline dyes)

Gentian violet 1 gm
Alcohol 70% 100 ml

Used as antiseptic and in moniliasis.
2g of G. V can be used with 100 ml of glycerin borax in breast fissures.

(6) ALCOHOLIC MERCUROCHROME PAINT

Mercurochrome 2gm
Alcohol 70% to 100 ml

(7) Mercurochrome

Mercurochrome 2 gm
Aqua 100 ml

(8) IODINE PAINT 10% (STRONG SOLUTION)

Iodine 10gm
KI 5gm
H2O 10ML
Alcohol 90% to 100ml

Used for TTT of tinea.

(9) Tr. IODINE PAINT 2.5%

Iodine 2.5gm
KI 2.5gm
Dist. Water 10ml
Alcohol 90% to 100ml

Used as antiseptic.

(10) LUGOL’S IODINE SOLUTION

Iodine 5 gm
KI 10 gm
H2O to 100ml

used in the treatment of thyrotoxicosis.

(11) Talbot iodine paint

ZnI 15g
Iodine 10g
Glycerin 50g
H2o to 100ml

Used as paint for teeth and gum ulcer.

KI syrup used in conc. of 1% for the treatment of bronchitis and sodium
Thiosulfate used in conc. of 0.5 g /1g KI to prevent its oxidation.
Iodoform used as a wound dressing
Iodophors (I + Carrier ) liberate free iodine
Iodine incompatible with iron

(12) CASTELLANA PAINT (MAGENTA PAINT)

Basic fuchsine 0.4gm
Phenol 4gm
Boric acid 0.8gm
Resorcinol 8gm
Acetone 4.5ml
Alcohol 8ml
water to 100ml

Used for ttt of tinea pedis

(13) GLYCERIN MAGNESIA PAINT

MgSO4 10 gm
H2O 10 gm
Glycerin to 100 ml

MgSO4 dissolves in the least amount of water by heating (supersaturation) and add glycerin on cold.
Used as wound dressing esp. in diabetics.

(14) PAINTS FOR TINEA

Salicylic acid 8gm

Benzoic acid 8gm

Resorcinol 8gm

Glycerin 20ml

Alcohol 70% to 300ml

Iodine 1gm
KI 0.3gm
Menthol 0.3gm
Glycerin 30ml

C) Sod. Thiosulphate 30%

Sod. Thiosulphate 30gm
H2O 100ml

Used for TTT of tinea versicolor.

(15) SILVER NITRATE PAINTS

AgNO3 5gm
Dist. Water to 100ml

Used as caustic to destroy warts and Compresses soaked in a 0.5% solution of silver nitrate have been applied to severe burns to reduce infection.

(16) BERGAMOT OIL PAINT

Bergamot oil 20 or 25ml
Alcohol 95% to 100 ml

Used for TTT of vitiligo & hypopigmentation.

(17) Tr.BENZOIN. CO (GAWA PAINT)

Ext. of benzoin co 100 ml
Alcohol 95% to 300 ml

Used internally for ttt of bronchitis & sinusitis
Externally for ttt of bed sores.

(18) KERATOLYTIC PAINT

Salicylic acid 16.6gm
Lactic acid 16.6gm
Flexible Collodion to 100 ml

Used for ttt of corns & warts.
N.B.
Collodion (cellulose trinitrate in 1:3 ether and alcohol)
Flexible collodion (Pyrexon + castor oil +Camphor)

(19) GLYCERIN SULPHUR

Sulphur 20gm
Glycerol to 100 ml

Used in scabies.

(20) METHYLENE BLUE PAINT

Methylene blue 0.5gm
Alcohol 70% to 100 ml

Used for mouth ulcers

(21) PODOPHYLLIN

Podophyllin 20gm
Alcohol or liquid paraffin to 100ml

It must be freshly prepared & contraindicated in pregnancy.
left on warts for 1 to 6 hours, and then washed off

(22) Trichloroacetic acid

Trichloroacetic acid 15-20gm
Alcohol to 100 ml

(23) PAINT FOR ACNE

Sulphur 4gm
Resorcinol 2.5gm
Chloramphenicol 3gm
ZnO 15gm
Talc powder 15gm
Glycerin 10ml
Alcohol 50% to 100ml

Drops and washes [glycerin phenol ear drops]

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Thu, 27 Dec 2018 23:13:00 +0000

(1) GLYCERIN BICARBONATE EAR DROPS

Na bicarbonate 5 gm
Glycerin 33 gm
Water to 100 ml

Dissolve bicarbonate in water
Used for washing out ear wax.

(2) HYDROGEN PEROXIDE EAR DROPS

H2O2 vol 10 5 ml
Water to 100 ml

Must be freshly prepared & used as antiseptic.

(3) GLYCERIN PHENOL EAR DROP

Phenol 10 gm
Glycerin to 100 ml

Glycerin phenol ear drops use:
Used as antiseptic, antifungal, antibacterial.
N.B. diluted with the same volume of glycerin to be used for children.

(4) ALKALINE NASAL WASH

NaHCO3
NaCl a.a
Borax

(5) MENTHOL NASAL DROPS (Menthol Paraffin)

Menthol 10gm
Eucalyptus 2ml
Camphor 10gm
Liquid paraffin to 100ml

Used as a nasal decongestant.

(6) ALUMINIUM ACETATE EAR DROPS

13% aluminium acetate in water

used to decrease oedema and inflammation by producing an acidic environment

(7) BORIC ACID EAR DROPS (ALCOHOLIC EAR DROPS)

Boric acid 4gm
Alcohol 90% 100ml

Dissolve boric acid in hot alcohol.

(8) ARGYROL (SILVER PROTEINATE) NOSE DROPS

Silver protein (argyrols) 5 gm
Ephedrine 1gm
Water to 100ml

Used as an antiseptic and nasal decongestant

(9) RESORCINOL EAR DROPS

Resorcinol 1gm
Alcohol to 1000 ml

Used as an antifungal.

(10) ICHTHAMMOL EAR DROPS

Ichthammol 10 gm
Glycerin to 100 ml

Used in the treatment of abscess in the ear.

(11) SALICYLIC ACID EAR DROPS

Salicylic acid 2gm
Alc. 95% 50ml
water to 100ml

Used as keratolytic

(12) EPHEDRINE NASAL ointment

Ephedrine 0.3gm
Menthol 0.3gm
Vaseline to 30gm

Compounding Pharmacy: Ointment

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Sat, 02 Dec 2017 23:30:00 +0000

(1) ICHTHAMMOL OINT

Ichthammol 10gm
Simple oint (Vaseline) to 100gm
Castor oil added to Vaseline & Ichthammol

(2) SALICYLIC ACID OINT

Salicylic acid 5gm
Vaseline to 100gm

Used as keratolytic

(3) WHITFIELD OINT

Benzoic acid 3gm
Salicylic acid 1.5gm
Lanolin to 50gm

Used as antifungal and keratolytic.

(4) WHITE PPT. OINT (Ammoniated Mercury oint)

Ammoniated Hg (pd) 2.5gm
Vaseline to 100gm

(5) BORIC ACID OINT

Boric acid 10gm
Vaseline to 100gm

Used as antiseptic.

(6) SULPHUR OINT

Sulphur 5gm
Liquid paraffin 5ml
Vaseline to 100 ml

Used for scabies and used in acne as antiseptic.

(7) SCOTTS OINT.

(comp. mercury oint)

Strong mercury oint 40gm
Yellow bees wax (lano vaseline) 24gm
Arachis oil (olive oil) 24gm
Camphor 12gm

Used as dressing for large wounds & antirheumatic.

(strong mercury oint)

Hg 30gm
Oleated Mercury 1.5gm
Wool fat 43gm
White bees wax 7gm
White soft paraffin 18.5gm

Oleated mercury consists of:

yellow mercuric oxide 20gm
liq.paraffin 5gm
oleic acid 75gm

(8) HYPERPIGMENTATION OINTMENTS

Bismuth subnitrate 5gm
Zno + ammoniated Hg 5.5 gm
Lano-vaseline 20:80gm
Salicylic acid 1gm
Bismuth subgallate 5gm
H2O2 Q.S
Eucerin or vaseline 50gm
H2O2 30ml
Eucerin 30gm
Cold cream 30gm

( store in cool place)

Hydroquinone 4%
Dexamethasone 1%
Retinoic acid 0.05%
Vitamin c 5%
Eucerin consists of
Lanolin 60 g
Hard white wax 240
Vaslin 100 g
Liquid paraffin 600 ml

(9) KERATOLYTIC OINTMENT

Salicylic acid 10gm
Benzoic acid 12gm
Corticosteroid oint 10gm
Lanolin to 10gm
Salicylic acid 5gm
Glycerin starch 50gm

N.B. glycerin starch preparation (10gm starch and 200 mg benzoic acid levigated with 20 ml of H2O then add this mixture to 60 ml glycerin previously heated to 1400c)

Salicylic acid 2gm
cold cream 20gm
Urea 10gm
Dexpanthenol cream 70gm

N.B. used for TTT of skin fissures.

(10) Zinc oxide ointment and lotion

Ointment:

Zno 25 g
Olive oil 10 ml
Vaslin to 100 g

Lotion:

Zno 15 g
Olive oil to 100 ml

(11) Coal tar ointment

Zno 12.5 g
Calamine 12.5 g
Coal tar 6.25 ml
Vaslin to 100 g
Dermovat 20 g
Coal tar 2 ml
Vaslin to 10 g

Used for ttt of psoriasis.

Compounding Pharmacy: Preparations compounded with Liposome

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Sat, 02 Dec 2017 23:23:00 +0000

What is the Liposome?

It is a lipid bilayer (consists of phospholipids identical to cell membrane phospholipids) surrounding an aqueous space.

Liposome types:

A-Unilamellar consisting of phospholipids bilayer enclosing aqueous layer
B-Multilamellar vesicles (MLV) consist of several (up to 14) lipid layers(in an onion-like arrangement) separated from one another by a layer of aqueous solution

Applications

Release their contents when they reach a specific temperature.
Release their contents at a specific pH value.
Target certain tissues or cell types by changing the types of lipids in the liposome.
Target tissues, cell types or specific proteins by attaching antibodies to the surface.
Avoid certain tissues or cells by attaching complex sugars to the surface.
Evenly distribute fat-soluble (oil-like) compounds such as certain vitamins, antioxidants, antibiotics, flavors, etc. which often can’t be mixed in water-based products including most foods.
Fuse with cells, which is important in delivering DNA to a cell.
Serve as model cell membranes making it easier to study specific cellular processes and how certain molecules, such as drugs, interact with cells.
Protect compounds from acidic and enzymatic degradation in the stomach and intestine by using certain molecules to coat the liposome.
Protect compounds such as vitamins and antioxidants from premature oxidation for increased shelf-life.
Enhance the intestinal absorption of compounds by coating with certain molecules.
Carry drugs across the nasal mucosa (nasal drug delivery).
Deliver drugs directly to lung tissue by inhalation of the liposomes.
Carry fluorescent dyes or other types of molecules which allow the liposomes to be tracked in the system to which they are added.

Dermatological uses

Preparation of liposome micro-encapsulated drugs

1-With cream, ointment, and gel
Liposomes added to cream, ointment or gel and mix till complete solubility occur
2- with tablets
a- Decoating of the tablet if it was sugar-coated with phosphate buffer or saline or distilled water to prevent microencapsulation of sugar particles by liposome
b- Grinding of the tablets
c- Add liposome to the tablet and mixing then leave for 3 hr
(incubation period that allows micro-encapsulation of all the active ingredients in liposome)
d- Add cream, ointment or gel
N.B. liposome increase penetration capacity by 20 to 30 fold

Doses

Ointment 5ml/ 10gm
Creams 7ml/ 10gm
Lotions
1- Alcoholic 10ml/100ml
2- aqueous 20 ml/100 ml
3- PEG 20 ml/100 ml
4- PG 25 ml/100 ml

preparations

1-Wound dressing preparation

Mephincol 2 cap
Liposome base 10 ml

Uses: After surgery and in 1st degree of burn

2-Preparation for 2nd and 3rd degree of burn

Mephincol 4 cap
Verapamil 80 mg 30 tab
Liposomal base 30 ml

N.B. Verapamil is Ca-channel blocker can inhibit IL6 and increase collagenase enzyme activity so it’s effective topically as an anti-inflammatory and fibrinolytic drug.

3-Preparation for 3rd degree of burning

Collagenase oint. 4 tubes
Verapamil 80 mg 30 tab
Liposomal base 30 ml

4-Preparation for Scar and Keloid

1st step (Till degradation of fibrous tissue occur)

5-fluro uracil 4 amp
Liposome 20 ml

2nd step

5-fluro uracil 4 amp
Verapamil 80 mg 20 tab
Liposome 20 ml

5- Preparation for ulcer

Dinitra 5 mg 5 tab
Metronidazole 250 mg 4 tab
Lignocaine 1 tube (if needed)
Liposome 30 ml

uses

Bed Sores
Lepromatous ulcer
Diabetic foot

6- Preparation for anal fissures

Glycerin.T.N 0.2 %
Liposome base 20 ml
Lignocaine 1 tube

7-Preparation for Acne

(A)

Salicylic. a 4 gm (keratolytic)
Sulfur 6 gm (keratolytic with antibacterial)
Resorcinol 4 gm (antibacterial and antifungal)
Zinc oxide 12 gm
Calamine 8 gm
Glycerin 30 ml
Alcohol 70% 35 ml
Liposome base 35 ml

(B)

Benzoyl peroxide 5%
Mephenicol 4 cap
Liposome base 20 ml

Uses

1- Used for Cystic Acne

2- Benzoyl peroxide has a dual action

↑ turnover of epithelial cells
Decompose → oxygen → killing of Propionibacterium acne

8-Preparation for fungal infection T.versicolor

Clotrimazol.oint 20 gm
Liposome base 10 ml

Ciclopirox 1 %(batrafin) 3 bottle
Diprosalic lotion 1 bottle
Liposome base 15 ml

Terbinafine (Lamisil) 20 gm
Liposome base 10ml

9-Preparation for diffuse Alopecia

Minoxidil powder 2%
Liposome base 30 ml

(10)Preparation for Skin aging

A) Male

Testosterone (Sustanon) 8 amp
Phenytoin 100 mg 5%
Eudyna oint 10 gm
Liposome base 25 ml

B) Female

Estrogen (Ovestin) 20 Tab
Phenytoin 100 mg 10 cap
Eudyna oint 10 gm
Liposome base 25 ml

Compounding Pharmacy: Vaginal washes

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Sat, 02 Dec 2017 23:21:00 +0000

(1) ALKALINE VAGINAL WASH

Borax 17.6gm
NaHCO3 76.29gm
Alum. 4.6gm
Thymol 0.25gm
Methyl salicylate 1.25gm
Menthol 0.01gm

(2) ACIDIC VAGINAL WASH

Boric acid 65gm

Alum. 2.5gm

Lactose 6gm

Phenol 1.25gm

Methyl salicylate 1.25gm

Thymol 0.25gm

Menthol 0.01g

Compounding Pharmacy: Pasts & Poultices

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Sat, 02 Dec 2017 16:17:00 +0000

(1) Unna’S PASTE

ZnO 15gm
Gelatin 15gm
Glycerin 35gm
Water 35gm

Used for treatment of bed ulcers.

(2) KAOLIN POULTICES (cataplasma)

Heavy kaolin 527gm
Boric acid 45gm
Methyl salicylate 2ml
Piperment oil 0.5ml
Thymol 0.5gm
Glycerin 425ml

Kaolina heated in sand bath for 1hr to kill spores & bacteria.
Boric acid + glycerin are added to kaolin & heat the mix at 120 for 1hr then cool & add peppermint oil + thymol in methyl salicylate, mix well then store in cold place.

N.B. used to draw the pus from the boils.

Compounding Pharmacy: Syrups

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Fri, 01 Dec 2017 23:18:00 +0000

(1) COMPOUND Tr. OF BENZOIN

Benzoin powder 100gm
Styrax balsam 40gm
Powder Balsam tolu 20gm
Powder aloes 20gm
Alc. 90% to 1000 ml

Mix then let soln.some time then filter.

(2) SIMPLE SYRUP

Sugar 640gm
H2O to 1000 ml

(3) LOBELIA & EPHEDRINE MIXTURE

KI 3gm
Ephedrine HcL 300mg
Tr. Lobelia 10ml
Tr. Stramonium 10ml
Syrup of tolu 40ml
Water to 300ml

Shake before use, used in bronchial asthma.

(4) MgSO4 COMPOUND MIXTURE

MgSO4 30gm
Compound Tr. Of rhubarb 12ml
Tr. Ginger 6ml
H2O to 300ml

Used in GIT disturbance.

(5) CHLORAL HYDRATE MIXTURE(Chloral)

Chloral hydrate 12gm
Orange syrup 20ml
H2O to 150ml

Used as hypnotic

(6) CHLORAL HYDRATE & KBr MIXTURE

Chloral hydrate 3.6gm
KBr 9gm
Liquid extract of liquorice 9ml
Glycerin 60ml
H2O to 300ml

Used as sedative & hypnotic.

(7) PORTION RIVIER

NaHCO3 1.5gm
Syrup 8ml
H2O to 60ml

Citric acid 1.7gm
Syrup 8ml
H2O to 60ml

Mix 5 ml of mixture A & B immediately before use.
Used as antacid,antiemetic and digestant.

Compounding Pharmacy: Lotions

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Fri, 01 Dec 2017 23:05:00 +0000

(1) Calamine lotion

Calamine 8g
ZnO 8g
Glycerin 6ml
Rose(lime)water to 100ml

Used as soothing and antiseptic in sunburn & allergy.

(2) Calamine with sulphur

Sulpher 2 g

Calamine Lotions to 100ml

Sulpher is levigated with a small amount of glycerin then add Calamine lotions.

(3) Calamine with Icthamol

Icthamol 2g
Calamine Lotion to 100ml

Used in ttt of cellulitis.
Also, menthol 0.5 g can be added to calamine lotion to be used as antiseptic.

(4) Lead subacetate Lotions (conc. solutions)

Pb-acetate 250g

Pb-oxide 175g

Dist.water to 1000 ml

Dissolve Pb-acetate in boiling H2O then cool then add Pb-oxide then set aside from 48hr with shaking then filter.

Lead subacetate Lotions

strong soln of Pb-subacetate 12.5 ml

Dist.water to 1000 ml

It must be freshly prepared.
It decreases swelling and inflammation.

Used in hemorrhoids.

(5) Boric acid Lotions

Boric acid 4g
Dist.H2o to 100ml

Used as a skin antiseptic and 2% used as eye lotions.

(6) Acne vulgaris lotion

calamine 2g

salicylic acid 1g

sulphur 1g

ZnO 2g

Resorcinol 2g

Tetracycline 250mg 2 cap

Glycerin Q.S

Alcohol 70% 50ml

(7) Potassium Permanganate Lotions (1/10000 or 1/8000 or 1/5000)

Pot. Permen 1 g

water to 5000 or 8000 or 10000 ML

Used in cleansing applications to wounds, ulcers, or abscesses and as wet dressings and as baths in eczematous conditions.

(8) Eusol Lotions (chlorinated lime & boric acid lotions)

Chlorinated lime 1.25g
Boric acid 1.25 g
Water to 100ml

Triturate chlorinated lime with a part of cold water till smooth paste will produce.
Dissolve boric acid in boiling water, cool
Mix the paste with the cold boric acid solution with vigorous shaking and leave for 24 hr and filter clear solutions.

Used as antiseptic especially in the diabetic foot.

Must be freshly prepared.
Not to be used after 2 weeks.

(9) Alkaline eye lotions

NaCL 9 g

Borax 4g

NaHCo3 20g

Dist.H2O 1000ml

Used as antiseptic.

(10) Driclor

Aluminum chloride 20 gm

Alcohol to 100 ml

used as an antiperspirant in the treatment of hyperhidrosis.
It is applied to dry skin usually at bedtime and is washed off in the morning.

(11) Menthol in calamine lotion

Calamine Lotion 100ml
Menthol 0.5g
Boric acid 3 g

Used as antiseptic.

(12) BENZYL BENZOATE LOTION

Benzyl benzoate 33ml

Softsoap 33ml

Alcohol 70% to 100ml

Used for scabies.

(13) ALOPECIA (Arada) LOTION

Salicylic acid 1gm

Tr. Cantheridis 10ml

Tr.capsicum 10ml

Tr.jaborandi 10ml

Liquid amm. 10ml

Tr.I2 10ml

Glycerin 10ml

(14) HAIR TONIC LOTION

Pilocarpine nitrate 1.5gm

Tr.jaborandi 15ml

Tr.cantheridis 7.5ml

Quinine HcL 1.5gm

Resorcinol 1.5gm

Panthenol 16ml

Salicylic acid 1.5gm

Castor oil 10ml

Lavander oil 1 ml

Alcohol to 100ml

(15) ALCOHOLIC WHITE FIELD LOTION

Salicylic acid 4 gm

Benzoic acid 6 gm

Glycerin 10 ml

Alcohol 70% to 100 ml

Facts about SOVALDI Therapy

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Fri, 01 Dec 2017 22:04:00 +0000

SOVALDI

It is a nucleotide analog polymerase inhibitor, that use in patients with chronic hepatitis C, in combination with ribavirin or interferon plus ribavirin, and the cure rate in clinical trials reached 95%.

Here is some facts about SOVALDI that pharmacist must know:

Active constituent of SOVALDI is sofosbuvir 400 mg.
SOVALDI is effective against the four genotypes of HIV infection, including patients with HCC that in waiting list for liver transplantation, and those carrying HIV-1/HCV co-infection.
SOVALDI not recommended using alone for Chronic Hepatitis C patients.
The dose of SOVALDI is 400 mg once daily, to be taken regardless of food.
Genotype-1 HCV treated for 12 weeks with SOVALDI +Peginterferon alfa +ribavirin, and for 24 weeks if used without peginterferon alfa.
Genotype-2 HCV treated for 12 weeks with SOVALDI +ribavirin.
Genotype-3 HCV treated for 24 weeks with SOVALDI +ribavirin.
Genotype-4 treated for 12 weeks with SOVALDI +Peginterferon alfa +ribavirin.
CHC+HCC in waiting list for liver transplantation, treated with SOVALDI+ribavirin for 48 weeks, or until the operation.
Because SOVALDI not used alone, all contra-indications that applied to interferon and ribavirin extend to affect the combination.
Pregnancy test must be done before initiation of treatment, whether the patient is female or married male, to exclude pregnancy, due to toxic effect of ribavirin to fetus.
Female on ribavirin therapy, or wife of male on ribavirin therapy, must use at least two effective contraceptive methods other than hormonal one, and make pregnancy test every month and continuo for 6 months after stoppage of ribavirin.
There is no modification in SOVALDI dose, but if the other components of its combination are stopped permanently, it must stop.
SOVALDI not used with potent P-gp inducers as rifampicin, due to they decrease plasma concentration of sofosbuvir.
Safety and effectiveness of SOVALDI in children less than 18 years of age have not been established.
SOVALDI has no dose recommendation in case of severe renal impairment, and end stage renal disease that is need hemodialysis.

15 Facts about HARVONI the recent Hepatitis C from Gilead

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Fri, 01 Dec 2017 20:48:00 +0000

HARVONI

It is a combination of ledipasvir (90mg), a (HCV) NS5A inhibitor, and sofosbuvir (400mg), an HCV nucleotide analog NS5B polymerase inhibitor. HARVONI was approved by FDA on 10 October 2014, as first Hepatitis C drug combination, that used alone without need to ribavirin or peginterferon alfa, as in case of SOVALDI.

Harvoni 15 facts:

Used for treatment of chronic hepatitis C (CHC) genotype 1 infection in adults.
HARVONI dose is one tablet to be taken once daily regardless of food.
Treatment duration varies according to the case and presence of liver cirrhosis.
In naive cirrhotic or not, and in experienced non cirrhotic, they treated for 12 weeks.
In naive non-cirrhotic patient with PCR < 6million IU/ml, treatment may reduced to 8 weeks.
In experienced cirrhotic patients the treatment extends for 24 weeks.
Experienced patients who have failed to treat with other medications.
HARVONI used alone without the need to peginterferon alfa or ribavirin.
HARVONI has no contraindication as mentioned in Glead Official prescription information.
Fatigue and headache are the most common adverse effects observed with HARVONI.
Not used with P-gp inducers as rifampin and St. John's wort drugs.
Not used in concomitant with SOVALDI.
No dose recommendation for patient with severe renal impairment and ESRD.
Use in pregnancy and lactation, not recommended because of lake of safety information.
No dose modification in mild, moderate or severe hepatic impairment, but no safety information available for decompensated liver cirrhosis.

For more information read the complete drug information.

Lyrica male-mediated teratogenicity

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Fri, 01 Dec 2017 00:00:00 +0000

Lyrica male-mediated teratogenicity

Pregabalin is an anticonvulsant and neuropathic pain agent. Exactly how pregabalin works is not known. It is thought to bind to certain areas of the brain that help reduce seizures, nerve pain, and anxiety.
Treating fibromyalgia or nerve pain caused by certain conditions (eg, shingles, diabetic nerve problems, spinal cord injury). It is also used in combination with other medicines to treat certain types of seizures.
Men being treated with pregabalin should be informed of the potential risk of male-mediated teratogenicity. Animal studies have reported increased incidences of:

specific skull alterations attributed to abnormally advanced ossification,
retarded ossification,
increased incidences of skeletal malformations,
decreased fetal body weights,
visceral variations.

When offspring were tested as adults, neurobehavioral abnormalities and reproductive impairment were observed.

Serious and Life-Threatening Cases for use Harvoni and Sovaldi with amiodarone

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Thu, 30 Nov 2017 23:30:00 +0000

Serious and Life-Threatening Cases for use Harvoni and Sovaldi with amiodarone

Serious and Life-Threatening Cases of Symptomatic Bradycardia, as well as One Case of Fatal Cardiac Arrest, Reported with Coadministration of amiodarone with either Harvoni® (ledipasvir and sofosbuvir fixed-dose combination) or with Sovaldi® (sofosbuvir) in combination with another direct-acting antiviral.

The specific changes to each label are summarized below.

Harvoni label changes:

WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS

Serious Symptomatic Bradycardia When Coadministered with Amiodarone
Postmarketing cases of symptomatic bradycardia, including fatal cardiac arrest and cases requiring pacemaker intervention, have been reported when amiodarone is coadministered with HARVONI. Bradycardia has generally occurred within hours to days, but cases have been observed up to 2 weeks after initiating HCV treatment. Patients also taking beta blockers, or those with underlying cardiac comorbidities and/or advanced liver disease may be at increased risk for symptomatic bradycardia with coadministration of amiodarone. Bradycardia generally resolved after discontinuation of HCV treatment. The mechanism for this effect is unknown.

Coadministration of amiodarone with HARVONI is not recommended. For patients taking amiodarone who have no other alternative, viable treatment options and who will be coadministered HARVONI:
• Counsel patients about the risk of serious symptomatic bradycardia
• Cardiac monitoring in an in-patient setting for the first 48 hours of coadministration is recommended, after which outpatient or self-monitoring of the heart rate should occur on a daily basis through at least the first 2 weeks of treatment.

Patients who are taking HARVONI who need to start amiodarone therapy due to no other alternative, viable treatment options should undergo similar cardiac monitoring as outlined above.

Due to amiodarone’s long half-life, patients discontinuing amiodarone just prior to starting HARVONI should also undergo similar cardiac monitoring as outlined above.
Patients who develop signs or symptoms of bradycardia should seek medical evaluation immediately.

ADVERSE REACTIONS

Postmarketing Experience

Because postmarketing reactions are reported voluntarily from a population of uncertain size, it is not always possible to reliably estimate their frequency or establish a causal relationship to drug exposure. The following adverse reactions have been identified during post-approval use of HARVONI.

DRUG INTERACTIONS

Added amiodarone information to Table 3, Potentially Significant Drug Interactions: Alterations in Dose or Regimen May Be Recommended Based on Drug Interaction Studies or Predicted Interaction.
Effect on amiodarone, ledipasvir, and sofosbuvir concentrations unknown
Coadministration of HARVONI with amiodarone may result in serious symptomatic bradycardia. The mechanism for this effect is unknown. Coadministration of amiodarone with HARVONI is not recommended; if coadministration is required, cardiac monitoring is recommended.

Sovaldi Label Changes:

WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS

Serious Symptomatic Bradycardia When Coadministered with Amiodarone and Another HCV Direct Acting Antiviral.
Postmarketing cases of symptomatic bradycardia and cases requiring pacemaker intervention have been reported when amiodarone is coadministered with SOVALDI in combination with an investigational agent (NS5A inhibitor) or simeprevir. A fatal cardiac arrest was reported in a patient receiving a sofosbuvir-containing regimen (HARVONI (ledipasvir/sofosbuvir)).

Bradycardia has generally occurred within hours to days, but cases have been observed up to 2 weeks after initiating HCV treatment. Patients also taking beta blockers, or those with underlying cardiac comorbidities and/or advanced liver disease may be at increased risk for symptomatic bradycardia with coadministration of amiodarone. Bradycardia generally resolved after discontinuation of HCV treatment. The mechanism for this effect is unknown.
Coadministration of amiodarone with SOVALDI in combination with another direct-acting antiviral (DAA) is not recommended. For patients taking amiodarone who have no other alternative, viable treatment options and who will be coadministered SOVALDI and another DAA:
• Counsel patients about the risk of serious symptomatic bradycardia
• Cardiac monitoring in an inpatient setting for the first 48 hours of coadministration is recommended, after which outpatient or self-monitoring of the heart rate should occur on a daily basis through at least the first 2 weeks of treatment.

Patients who are taking SOVALDI in combination with another DAA who need to start amiodarone therapy due to no other alternative, viable treatment options should undergo similar cardiac monitoring as outlined above.
Due to amiodarone’s long half-life, patients discontinuing amiodarone just prior to starting SOVALDI in combination with a DAA should also undergo similar cardiac monitoring as outlined above.

Patients who develop signs or symptoms of bradycardia should seek medical evaluation immediately. Symptoms may include near-fainting or fainting, dizziness or lightheadedness, malaise, weakness, excessive tiredness, shortness of breath, chest pains, confusion or memory problems.

ADVERSE REACTIONS

Postmarketing Experience

The following adverse reactions have been identified during post-approval use of SOVALDI. Because postmarketing reactions are reported voluntarily from a population of uncertain size, it is not always possible to reliably estimate their frequency or establish a causal relationship to drug exposure.
Serious symptomatic bradycardia has been reported in patients taking amiodarone who initiate treatment with SOVALDI in combination with another HCV direct-acting antiviral.

DRUG INTERACTIONS

Added amiodarone information to Table 5, Potentially Significant Drug Interactions: Alterations in Dose or Regimen May Be Recommended Based on Drug Interaction Studies or Predicted Interaction.
Coadministration of amiodarone with SOVALDI in combination with another DAA may result in serious symptomatic bradycardia. The mechanism for this effect is unknown. Coadministration of amiodarone with SOVALDI in combination with another DAA is not recommended; if coadministration is required, cardiac monitoring is recommended.

source: https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B5vxpvyLa6CGb21aaDdwMVA0S0g1MHJXSzg3cWw4ZGNTeEFv/view?usp=sharing

How to answer Drug Information Request?

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Thu, 30 Nov 2017 23:00:00 +0000

How to answer Drug Information Request?

Here are the seven steps you can use in a systematic approach to answering a Drug Information Request if you use these steps you will provide the most evidence answer.

Step 1: Secure Demographics of Requestor

Requestor demographics ( Name and profession, physician-pharmacist-nurse-patient).

Appropriate formulation and delivery method (DI Form & DI Answer Form.

Initial question (First question asked by the requestor).

Step 2: Obtain Background Information

Question type (Patient-specific or academic).

Patient background information ( Age-Height-Weight-history-current problem-medication-allergies-laboratory information).

Step 3: Determine and Categorize the Ultimate Question

Convert initial question + background information to the Ultimate Question.

Categorize the ultimate question ( Select the suitable question category from the question categories).

Develop a timeline for the response ( Locate the references that contain question category (drug oriented-disease oriented).

Step 4: Develop Strategy and Conduct Search

Develop a search strategy and select the recourses (Exact resource name).

Conduct a systematic search ( Further search in 2ndry & primary resources).

Step 5: Perform Evaluation, Analysis, and Synthesis

Confirm with other references ( At least two resources confirmation)

Check for the final answer, with professional judgment ( Perform evaluation and double check of the final answer)

Check for all medication doses and interactions before answer the question.

Step 6: Formulate and Provide Response

Drug information answer form must contain:

Ultimate question.

The answer.

Recommendation.

References.

Pharmacist signature.

Step 7: Conduct Follow-Up and Documentation

Follow your answer ( Ask the requestor if it was helpful and what is the action taken).

Save all data ( Store a copy of every DI request in a file and on PC).

Inhalational anesthetic induction

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Wed, 29 Nov 2017 23:30:00 +0000

Inhalational anesthetic induction

Inhalational induction is common in pediatric patients, and the potent inhaled anesthetic agents are excellent bronchodilators. The only exception is desflurane, which has mild bronchoconstriction activity.
The potent inhaled agents decrease skeletal muscle tone in a dose-dependent fashion, which often improves surgical exposure.

Mode Of Action

Acts on GABA-A, glycine, and glutamate receptors.

Disadvantage

Inhalational induction time is longer; therefore, this technique is not suitable for rapid sequence intubation (RSI).

Higher incidence of postoperative nausea and vomiting.

All potent volatile anesthetic agents cause dose-dependent systemic vasodilation and may decrease blood pressure.

All potent inhaled agents cause dose-dependent respiratory depression.

Inhalational anesthetic drugs

Guidelines for anticoagulant use in mechanical valve pregnant woman

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Fri, 13 Mar 2015 19:00:00 +0000

Management of mechanical heart valves in pregnancy is still a clinical dilemma for women and clinician, because of pregnancy itself considers pro thrombotic state and the options available for management of this case still Subject to benefit risk choice.

Warfarin is the most effective anticoagulant used in patient with mechanical valves, but Warfarin exposure during pregnancy causes a recognized pattern of major congenital malformations (warfarin embryopathy), fetal hemorrhage, and an increased risk of spontaneous abortion and fetal mortality.

Warfarin is category X in pregnancy, and category D in pregnant with mechanical heart valves.

There is three major ways to manage this case according to benefit risk consideration:

Use warfarin throughout the pregnancy, decreases thrombotic events, but increase embryopathy events.
Use of LMWH or heparin from the start of gestational week 6 through the end of gestational week 12 and again at term may lessen the risk to the fetus of adverse outcome.
Use of LMWH or heparin throughout the pregnancy, increases thrombotic event, with no embryopathy events.

All options can be adjusted according to level of risk of patient, and the physician must explain to patient the regime he will use.

If LMWH is used, Anti Xa activity must be followed up after 4 hrs of administration, physician can choose from those guidelines according of the case.

FDA has approved Bellafill for the treatment of skin condition scars

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Wed, 07 Jan 2015 22:32:00 +0000

U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved the dermal filler, Bellafill-polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) collagen filler-for the treatment of skin condition scars. Bellafill represents a big clinical advancement because the solely filler on the market approved for this disfiguring skin condition. skin condition is that the commonest skin condition within the U.S., poignant 40-50 million people1 and up to ninety fifth of individuals with skin condition could endure to suffer from scarring.

Bellafill was studied extensively before its office approval and established to be safe and effective for the correction of moderate to severe, atrophic, expansive facial skin condition scars on the cheek in patients over the age of twenty one years.

"These kinds of skin condition scars have an effect on ample individuals and may have a deeply negative impact on their vanity and sureness," same Nicholas L. Teti, Jr., Chairman and Chief military officer at Suneva Medical. "The results of this rigorous clinical study prove that Bellafill reduces the looks of skin condition scars—providing an answer to the current widespread skin condition that antecedently had restricted treatment selections. Bellafill will have a transformational result on a patient's look and successively, we tend to hope associate degree improvement in quality of life."

In associate degree freelance study, quite seventieth of respondents felt their skin condition scars negatively compact their sureness, with ninety two indicating sureness would be remodeled or improved if their skin condition scars were well.3 to assist treat disfiguring skin condition scars, Bellafill adds volume to the skin to raise and smooth faveolate skin condition scars to the extent of the encircling skin. The lasting treatment may be a easy, in-office procedure with tokenish to no period of time.

"In the medicine field, we tend to often see patients UN agency swallow the burden of skin condition scarring—a physical and emotional burden that leads several to feel depressed, less energetic and fewer social. With Bellafill, we've got an amazing chance to remedy skin condition scars and facilitate patients live a happier, healthy life," said Dr. Ava Shamban, Assistant Clinical faculty member of medicine at UCLA, associate degreed an investigator within the Bellafill skin condition scar study. "The level of skin condition scar correction Bellafill achieves is really spectacular and that i greatly forestall to victimization this established treatment possibility with patients."

Joana, a clinical study subject, expressed however treatment with Bellafill has affected her: "Bellafill has improved my skin, it's upraised it up … and that i simply feel additional positive. I feel safer regarding myself. I feel additional lovely going out on the streets and simply mingling with individuals. I feel additional assured."

Clinically and Statistically important Results

FDA approval of Bellafill was supported the outcomes of a double-blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled important study during which subjects were treated with Bellafill at ten U.S. clinical centers. Bellafill was found to be a secure and effective treatment in comparison to subjects treated with a bearing saline injection.

The study needed a high threshold for fulfillment during which the first effectiveness end point was established superior for subjects treated with Bellafill compared to manage at six months. A answerer was outlined as a topic UN agency had five hundredth or additional of treated skin condition scars improve by 2 or additional points on a valid 4-point skin condition Scar Rating Scale (ASRS). At six months, the response rate for Bellafill was sixty fourth vs. thirty third for management (p=.0005). Bellafill continuing to indicate effectiveness by associate degree unblinded assessment at twelve months (71%).

Secondary effectiveness endpoints were evaluated, wherever each investigators and subjects were asked to guage look on a worldwide Aesthetic Improvement Scale that was blind through six months and unblinded at twelve months. each teams rated look as improved, reaching applied math significance at each timepoint when the touch-up amount (at week 4) through six months. On the medical man world Aesthetic Improvement Scale (PGAIS) eighty four of subjects were rated as improved at six months associate degreed ninety eight were improved at twelve months by an unblinded assessment. On the topic world Aesthetic Improvement Scale (SGAIS), seventy seven of subjects rated their look as improved at six months and eighty three rated their look as improved at twelve months. additionally, subjects were asked to rate their level of satisfaction with skin condition scar correction treatment on a topic Assessment of Scar Correction scale (SASC). At six months (blinded), eighty four of subjects were happy whereas ninetieth were happy at twelve months (unblinded).

FDA approved Lynparza for treatment of Advanced Ovarian Cancer

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Sat, 20 Dec 2014 18:17:00 +0000

FDA approved Lynparza for treatment of Advanced Ovarian Cancer

The U.S. Food and Drug Administration nowadays granted accelerated approval to Lynparza (olaparib), a brand new drug treatment for ladies with advanced ovarian cancer related to defective BRCA genes, as detected by associate degree FDA-approved take a look at.

Ovarian cancer forms within the ovary, one in all a try of feminine reproductive glands wherever ova, or eggs, are formed. The National Cancer Institute estimates that 21,980 american girls are going to be diagnosed with and 14,270 can die from ovarian cancer in 2014.

Lynparza is a poly ADP-ribose enzyme (PARP) substance that blocks enzymes concerned in repairing broken DNA. it's meant for ladies with heavily pretreated gonad cancer that's related to defective BRCA genes.

“Today’s approval constitutes the primary of a brand new category of medication for treating gonad cancer,” same Richard Pazdur, MD, director of the workplace of haematology and medicine product within the FDA’s Center for Drug analysis and analysis. “Lynparza is approved for patients with specific abnormalities within the BRCA factor associate degreed is an example of however a larger understanding of the underlying mechanisms of malady will cause targeted, a lot of customized treatment.

Lynparza Approval

The authority approved Lynparza with a genetic take a look at referred to as BRACAnalysis CDx, a companion diagnostic that may observe the presence of mutations within the BRCA genes (gBRCAm) in blood samples from patients with gonad cancer. The BRCA genes are attached repairing broken DNA and unremarkably work to suppress neoplasm growth. girls with mutations leading to defective BRCA genes are a lot of seemingly to induce gonad cancer, and it's calculable that ten to fifteen p.c of all gonad cancer is related to these hereditary BRCA mutations.

The authority evaluated the BRACAnalysis CDx’s safety and effectualness underneath the agency’s premarket approval pathway used for speculative medical devices. Until now, the manufacturer, a clinical laboratory, had been promoting this take a look at, though not specifically to be used as a companion diagnostic, while not authority approval as a laboratory developed take a look at (LDT), that could be a take a look at that's designed, factory-made and utilized in one laboratory. The new take a look at is approved as a companion diagnostic, specifically to spot patients with advanced gonad cancer WHO could also be candidates for treatment with Lynparza.

“The approval of safe and effective companion diagnostic tests and medicines still be vital developments in medicine,” same Alberto Gutierrez, Ph.D., director of the workplace of In Vitro nosology and tomography Health within the FDA’s Center for Devices and tomography Health. “We're terribly excited that the BRACAnalysis CDx is that the FDA’s 1st approval of associate degree LDT underneath a premarket approval application associate degreed is that the 1st approval of an LDT companion diagnostic. the utilization of companion nosology helps wake market safe and effective treatments specific to a patient’s wants.”

The FDA’s approval of the BRACAnalysis CDx is predicated on information from the clinical study wont to support approval of Lynparza. Blood samples from test participants were tested to validate the test’s use for police work BRCA mutations during this population.

Lynparza’s effectualness was examined in an exceedingly study wherever 137 participants with gBRCAm-associated gonad cancer received the drug. The study was designed to live objective response rate (ORR), or the share of participants WHO seasoned partial shrinkage or complete disappearance of the neoplasm. Results showed thirty four p.c of participants seasoned ice-hockey player for a mean of seven.9 months.

Common aspect effects of Lynparza enclosed nausea, fatigue, vomiting, diarrhea, distorted style (dysgeusia), symptom (dyspepsia), headache, shrivelled craving, common cold-like symptoms (nasopharyngitis), cough, joint paint (arthralgia), system pain, muscle pain (myalgia), back pain, rash (dermatitis) and abdominal pain. Serious aspect effects enclosed the event of myelodysplastic syndrome, a condition wherever the bone marrow is unable to provide enough functioning blood cells; acute chronic myelocytic leukemia, a bone marrow cancer; and respiratory organ inflammation.

The most common laboratory abnormalities were inflated creatinine, inflated average volume of red blood cells (mean somatic cell volume elevation), shrivelled red vegetative cell count (hemoglobin), shrivelled white vegetative cell count (lymphocytes and neutrophils) and shrivelled protoplasm levels.

In June, Lynparza was reviewed by the FDA’s medicine medication consultatory Committee for potential use as maintenance medical care (treatment given to stay cancer from returning). The committee suggested the agency in an exceedingly vote of eleven to two that the info didn't support Lynparza’s accelerated approval for this use. when the meeting, the corporate submitted extra info supporting Lynparza’s use for a special use: in patients with gBRCAm-associated gonad cancer WHO have received 3 or a lot of therapy treatments.

The authority is approving Lynparza underneath the agency’s accelerated approval program, that permits approval of a drug to treat a significant or grave malady supported clinical information showing the drug has an impact on a surrogate terminus moderately seemingly to predict clinical profit to patients. This program provides earlier patient access to promising new medication whereas the corporate conducts corroboratory clinical trials. Lynparza’s application was reviewed underneath the FDA’s priority review program, that provides for associate degree facilitated review of medication that ar meant to treat a significant malady or condition and, if approved, would supply important improvement compared to marketed product.

BRAC Analysis CDx application was reviewed underneath the FDA’s priority review program for devices, that provides for priority review of devices that meet bound criteria, as well as that the devices are meant to treat or diagnose a grave or irreversibly debilitating malady or condition and, if approved, would supply important, clinically substantive blessings compared to marketed product.

Top FIFA players initiate "11 Against Ebola" campaign

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Mon, 17 Nov 2014 16:30:00 +0000

Top FIFA players initiate "11 Against Ebola" campaign

This is the primary emergency health campaign of its kind enforced by FIFA and CAF and is galvanized by the dedication of medical personnel at the front line of the fight against Ebola hemorrhagic fever.

The campaign is meant to supply a assuasive, positive message to affected communities with straightforward and clear info which will facilitate to combat the unfold of the Ebola virus.

Through the facility and recognition of soccer, the eleven Against Ebola hemorrhagic fever campaign seeks to succeed in as wide associate audience as attainable within the most affected regions and globally by connexion forces with high international soccer players, the planet Bank, FIFA and CAF member associations, native organizations and also the media.

The “11 Against Ebola” campaign, options World Player of the Year, Real capital of Spain’s Cristiano Ronaldo, Barcelona’s Neymar Jr, Chelsea’s Didier Drogba and Bayern Muenchen’s Philipp Lahm. alternative players concerned at the beginning of the campaign square measure Gareth Bale (Real Madrid/Wales), Raphaël Varane (Real Madrid/France), Neymar Jr. (Barcelona/Brazil), Gerard Piqué (Barcelona/Spain), Xavi (Barcelona/Spain), Jérôme Boateng (Bayern Munich/Germany), John cult Mikel (Chelsea/Nigeria), Saint George Davies (Sierra Leone) and Bayern Munich coach spirit Guardiola.

The eleven straightforward health messages to be promoted through the campaign are elite by doctors and health specialists from continent, the planet Bank and also the World Health Organisation effort the irruption in geographic region.

In thanking FIFA, the planet Bank, the planet Health Organization, the national soccer associations of African country, Guinea and African nation, Real Madrid, Barcelona, Chelsea, Bayern Munich, the soccer players and manager and also the Michael Essien Foundation for his or her support during this campaign, CAF President Issa Hayatou said: “CAF and its govt Committee totally support this vital initiative, and that we can do our utmost to relay all the key messages to the African communities, ranging from the last phases of the qualifiers of the Orange continent Cup of states 2015.”

FIFA President Sepp Blatter said: “We hope that soccer will play its half which this campaign against Ebola hemorrhagic fever will build a true distinction on the bottom because the world comes along to fight the virus and to assist those living in affected communities.”

Said FIFA Chief medical man faculty member. Jiří Dvořák, MD, the instigator of the campaign: “We doctors have older the facility of soccer once it involves hindrance and health, whereas with success implementing the ‘FIFA eleven for Health’ programme in fifteen African countries as a part of the medical gift of 2010 FIFA tournament in African country. currently we tend to square measure victimisation constant system to tackle Ebola hemorrhagic fever, by presenting straightforward instructional messages to forestall the unfold of the unwellness through the voices of soccer stars – ‘When soccer talks, everyone listens’.”

George Davies, the 17-year-old jock from African country presently taking part in in Deutschland said: “It is thus vital that we tend to get the proper info to those laid low with the Ebola hemorrhagic fever irruption. we tend to all hope this positive campaign can improve peoples’ understanding of the Ebola virus and facilitate North American nation to scale back the possibilities of it spreading. Let’s all fall behind this campaign to assist my brothers and sisters within the worst hit regions. Together, we are able to beat Ebola hemorrhagic fever.”

According to the planet Health Organization, as of nine Nov, a complete of fourteen,098 confirmed, probable and suspected cases of Ebola hemorrhagic fever are reportable. There are five,160 deaths. Guinea, African nation and African country have seen the very best variety of cases.

The 11 Against Ebola messages are:

1. Report unusual illnesses

Please report any strange illnesses or deaths in your community.

2. Know the symptoms

Do you have a fever with a loss of appetite, headache, fatigue, pain, vomiting, bleeding or diarrhoea? Know the symptoms of Ebola.

3. Seek immediate medical help

Please seek urgent medical help if you have a fever with additional symptoms.

4. Avoid body contact

Avoid direct, skin and body contact with anyone suffering from Ebola.

5. Wash your hands and disinfect

Wash your hands regularly and disinfect anything touched by suspected or confirmed Ebola sufferers.

6. Wear proper protection

Wear gloves and proper protective clothing if you are caring for an Ebola sufferer, get the appropriate education.

7. Cook meat properly

Cook all meat and animal products thoroughly before consumption.

8. Always practise safe sex

Use protection if you are having sex with anyone recovering from Ebola.

9. Avoid contact with wild animals and bats

Wild animals and fruit bats can carry the Ebola virus. Avoid them or wear protective clothing.

10. Do not touch the dead

Avoid direct contact with dead Ebola victims or anyone who has died from a strange disease.

11. Seek help for safe burials

Please seek help from local authorities to bury any victims of Ebola or strange diseases.

Ebola Virus Complete Fact Sheet

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Sun, 26 Oct 2014 19:23:00 +0000

Ebola virus disease (EVD), better known in past as viral hemorrhagic fever, could be a severe, typically fatal human disease. The Ebola virus causes an acute, serious illness, which is commonly fatal if untreated. Ebola virus disease (EVD) first appeared in 1976 in a pair of coinciding outbreaks, one in Nzara, Sudan, and the other in Yambuku, Democratic Republic of Congo. The latter occurred in an exceedingly village close to the Ebola river, which it takes its name.

The current outbreak in West Africa, (first cases notified in March 2014), is that the largest and most complicated viral hemorrhagic fever outbreak since the Ebola virus was discovered. There are additional cases and deaths during this eruption than all others combined. it's conjointly unfold between countries beginning in Guinea then spreading across land borders to Sierra Leone and Liberia, by air (1 individual only) to Nigeria, and by land (1 traveler) to Senegal.

The most severely affected countries, Guinea, Sierra Leone and Liberia have terribly weak health systems, lacking human and infrastructural resources, having solely recently emerged from long periods of conflict and instability.

World Health Organization Director-General declared this eruption a Public Health Emergency of International Concern on 8 August. A separate, unrelated viral hemorrhagic fever eruption began in Boende, Equateur, an isolated a part of the Democratic Republic of Congo.

Ebola river

Transmission

It is thought that fruit dotty of the Pteropodidae family are natural Ebola virus hosts. viral hemorrhagic fever is introduced into the human population through shut contact with the blood, secretions, organs or alternative bodily fluids of infected animals like chimpanzees, gorillas, fruit bats, monkeys, forest bovid and porcupines found sick or dead or within the forest.

Ebola then spreads through human-to-human transmission via direct contact (through broken skin or mucus membranes) with the blood, secretions, organs or alternative bodily fluids of infected individuals, and with surfaces and materials (e.g. bedding, clothing) contaminated with these fluids.

Health-care staff has oftentimes been infected whereas treating patients with suspected or confirmed EVD. This has occurred through shut contact with patients once infection management precautions are not strictly practiced.

Burial ceremonies within which mourners have direct contact with the body of the dead person can even play a task within the transmission of viral hemorrhagic fever.

People stay infectious as long as their blood and body fluids, as well as cum and breast milk, contain the virus. Men World Health Organization have recovered from the sickness will still transmit the virus through their cum for up to seven weeks once recovery from unhealthiness.

Symptoms of Ebola virus disease

The incubation period is 2-21 days.

Humans are not infectious until they develop symptoms:

Abrupt onset of fever fatigue,
Muscle pain,
Headache
Sore throat
Vomiting
Diarrhoea
Skin rash
Liver and kidney impairment.
Internal and external hemorrhage (e.g. oozing from the gums, blood within the stools).

Diagnosis

It is tough to tell apart EVD from alternative infectious diseases like protozoal infection, infectious disease and infectious disease. Confirmation that symptoms are caused by Ebola virus infection are created victimization the subsequent investigations:

Antibody-capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)
Antigen-capture detection tests
Serum neutralization check
Reverse polymerase enzyme chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay
Electron research
Virus isolation by cell culture.

Samples from patients are an extreme biohazard risk; laboratory testing on non-inactivated samples ought to be conducted beneath most biological containment conditions.

Treatment and vaccines

Supportive care-rehydration with oral or blood vessel fluids- and treatment of specific symptoms, improves survival. There's hitherto no well-tried treatment obtainable for EVD. However, a spread of potential treatments as well as blood product, immune therapies and drug therapies are presently being evaluated. No commissioned vaccines are obtainable nevertheless, however a pair of potential vaccines are undergoing human safety testing.

Prevention and management

Good eruption management depends on applying a package of interventions, specifically case management; police work and get in touch with tracing, a decent laboratory service, safe burials and social mobilization. Raising awareness of risk factors for Ebola virus infection and protecting measures that people will take is an efficient thanks to cut back human transmission.

Risk reduction electronic messaging ought to concentrate on many factors:

Reducing the danger of wildlife-to-human transmission from contact with infected fruit dotty or monkeys/apes and therefore the consumption of their meat. Animals ought to be handled with gloves and alternative acceptable protecting consumer goods.

Reducing the danger of human-to-human transmission from direct or shut contact with individuals with viral hemorrhagic fever symptoms, notably with their bodily fluids. Gloves and acceptable personal protecting instrumentality ought to be worn once taking care of sick patients reception. Regular hand laundry is needed once visiting patients in hospital, furthermore as once taking care of patients reception.

Outbreak containment measures as well as prompt and safe burial of the dead, distinctive people that might are up-to-date with somebody infected with viral hemorrhagic fever, watching the health of contacts for twenty one days, the importance of separating the healthy from the sick to stop any unfold, the importance of fine hygiene and maintaining a clean surroundings.

Controlling infection in health-care settings:

Health-care staff should take customary precautions once caring for patients, no matter their probable designation. These embody basic hand hygiene, metastasis hygiene, use of non-public protecting instrumentality (to block splashes or alternative contact with infected materials), safe injection practices and safe burial practices.

Health-care staff caring for patients with suspected or confirmed Ebola virus ought to apply further infection management measures to stop contact with the patient’s blood and body fluids and contaminated surfaces or materials like consumer goods and bedding. Once in shut contact (within one meter) of patients with Epstein-Barr virus, health-care staff ought to wear face protection (a face defend or a medical mask and goggles), a clean, non-sterile long-sleeved robe, and gloves (sterile gloves for a few procedures).

Laboratory staffs also are in danger. Samples taken from humans and animals for investigation of viral hemorrhagic fever infection ought to be handled by trained employees and processed in befittingly equipped laboratories.