<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?><?xml-stylesheet href="http://www.blogger.com/styles/atom.css" type="text/css"?><feed xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom' xmlns:openSearch='http://a9.com/-/spec/opensearchrss/1.0/' xmlns:blogger='http://schemas.google.com/blogger/2008' xmlns:georss='http://www.georss.org/georss' xmlns:gd="http://schemas.google.com/g/2005" xmlns:thr='http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0'><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7404786155204219033</id><updated>2024-10-03T08:26:18.675-07:00</updated><title type='text'>IT Solution</title><subtitle type='html'></subtitle><link rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#feed' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://initsolution.blogspot.com/feeds/posts/default'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7404786155204219033/posts/default?redirect=false'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://initsolution.blogspot.com/'/><link rel='hub' href='http://pubsubhubbub.appspot.com/'/><author><name>IT Solution</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/09354026175299607821</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><generator version='7.00' uri='http://www.blogger.com'>Blogger</generator><openSearch:totalResults>13</openSearch:totalResults><openSearch:startIndex>1</openSearch:startIndex><openSearch:itemsPerPage>25</openSearch:itemsPerPage><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7404786155204219033.post-7534920540597249604</id><published>2010-12-30T05:47:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2010-12-30T05:49:35.425-08:00</updated><title type='text'>Most Popular site for  Movie Download</title><content type='html'>&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; valign=&quot;middle&quot;&gt;&lt;h1 class=&quot;style1&quot;&gt;Best movie sites in India &lt;/h1&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td height=&quot;8&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td align=&quot;justify&quot; class=&quot;bluetext&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot;&gt;In India one can avail a variety of services by the Consultants.  Consultants in India offer a wide array of services like placement,  recruitment, Education, Business, immigration,Finance etc. Each kind of  consultancy have their respective agenda and function,say the the  placement consultancies provide jobs for the job seekers. The list below  will give the names of the best consultants in India:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;table align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;    &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; background=&quot;new-images/left_design2.gif&quot; class=&quot;whitetextbold&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot; height=&quot;37&quot; style=&quot;background-repeat: no-repeat;&quot; valign=&quot;middle&quot;&gt;Popular Categories&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;h2 class=&quot;head3&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;h2 class=&quot;head3&quot;&gt;List Of Best movie sites in India :&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;text&quot;&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;red_links&quot; href=&quot;http://www.imovies4you.com/&quot;&gt;iMovies4you.com :&amp;nbsp;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;It  is one of the top movie sites of India. Just click to get your favorite  movie. It is the one stop destination for the movie lovers. It offers  movies in various categories like Bollywood , Hollywood , Kollywood ,  Live Radio etc. Check out the best movies in this movie site. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;text&quot;&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;red_links&quot; href=&quot;http://www.imdb.com/&quot;&gt;IMDb :&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/h3&gt;It  is one of the major movie sites of  India. The Internet Movie Database  is the ultimate destination for the movie freaks in India. Browse the  wide options like the Tops at the Box Office , Coming soon movies, New  DVDs of the week etc. This movie site is visited by about 57 million  movie lovers.  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;text&quot;&gt; &lt;h3&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;red_links&quot; href=&quot;http://www.moviesfromindia.com/&quot;&gt;MoviesFromIndia.com:&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;It  is one of the leading movie sites of India . You can view all types of  movies like Hindi Movies , Telugu movies ,  Malayalam Movies , Kannada  Movies etc.  Just browse the mouse over the preferred movie category and  enjoy. This site many options for the user.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;     &lt;span class=&quot;text&quot;&gt; &lt;h3&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;red_links&quot; href=&quot;http://www.hiindians.com/entertainment/movies/&quot;&gt;Hi Indians.com:&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;It  is one of the most popular movie sites of India. Download movies or  watch movies through this movie site. Browse the hot movies , Hindi  Movie , Hindi movie trailers ,dvd movies etc in this movie site. It  offers full entertainment for the movie lovers in India.  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;  &lt;td align=&quot;justify&quot; class=&quot;bluetext&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot;&gt;&lt;table align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;    &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; background=&quot;new-images/left_design2.gif&quot; class=&quot;whitetextbold&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot; height=&quot;37&quot; style=&quot;background-repeat: no-repeat;&quot; valign=&quot;middle&quot;&gt;Popular Categories&lt;/td&gt;       &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;text&quot;&gt; &lt;h3&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;red_links&quot; href=&quot;http://www.bollywoodsargam.com/&quot;&gt;Bollywoodsargam:&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;This  movie site in India satisfies all your whims related to movies. All  kinds of movies like Hollywood , Bollywood , Lollywood , Kollywood ,  Tollywood is just awaiting the single click of a mouse. Watch out what  is  the latest and the hottest thing happening in the movies through  this site. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;    &lt;span class=&quot;text&quot;&gt; &lt;h3&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;red_links&quot; href=&quot;http://www.123onlinemovies.com%20/&quot;&gt;123onlinemovies.com :&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;This movie site offers ample tools for the movie freaks. Check out the  sections like Movie Index , Recent Movies in Bollywood , Tollywood  through this site. You can also view the comments on the latest movies  and write comments also. Watch out  for the latest movies in all the  Indian states in this  movie site &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;text&quot;&gt; &lt;h3&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;red_links&quot; href=&quot;http://www.yolike.com/&quot;&gt;Yolike.com:&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;You  can view movies online through this site. The ideal movie site for  Bollywood movies is yolike.com. You can also see the Bollywood news in  this site. Search for  the desired movie and then watch it online. You  can also   download music videos through this site. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;text&quot;&gt; &lt;h3&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;red_links&quot; href=&quot;http://www.filmymantra.blogspot.com/&quot;&gt;Filmymantra.com :&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;In  this movie site , you can get all information related to movies . Check  out the director    and  cast  of any Bollywood movie. You can also  watch the comments about the movies and post comments in the site. It is  very interesting for those who love movies. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;  &lt;span class=&quot;text&quot;&gt; &lt;h3&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;red_links&quot; href=&quot;http://www.moviekhoj.com/&quot;&gt;MovieKhoj.com :&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;It  encompasses a wide range of movie options . Browse the sections like  Hindi , Malayalam , Tamil, Bengali , English and many other movies in  this site. You can also check out the most popular movies according to  years. Visit the site to satisfy your urge for movies. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;  &lt;span class=&quot;text&quot;&gt; &lt;h3&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;red_links&quot; href=&quot;http://www.apnaview.com/&quot;&gt;ApnaView :&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;This  site offers not only movies but also music videos in various languages.  You can watch Hindi movies or Punjabi movies or any other movie online  through this site . So just click in and take pleasure of the movies. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://initsolution.blogspot.com/feeds/7534920540597249604/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://initsolution.blogspot.com/2010/12/most-popular-site-for-movie-download.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7404786155204219033/posts/default/7534920540597249604'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7404786155204219033/posts/default/7534920540597249604'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://initsolution.blogspot.com/2010/12/most-popular-site-for-movie-download.html' title='Most Popular site for  Movie Download'/><author><name>IT Solution</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/09354026175299607821</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7404786155204219033.post-4990491835458129577</id><published>2010-12-30T05:40:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2010-12-30T05:40:13.937-08:00</updated><title type='text'>Linux reset forgotten root password</title><content type='html'>You can reset forgotten root password under Linux by booting system  into single user mode or emergency mode (also known as rescue mode)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;h2&gt;My boot loader is GRUB (see LILO boot loader below)&lt;/h2&gt;)Following is the procedure to reset root password if you are using GRUB as a boot loader:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;ol&gt;&lt;li&gt;Select the kernel&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Press the e key to edit the entry&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Select second line (the line starting with the word kernel)&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Press the e key to edit kernel entry so that you can append single user mode&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Append the letter S (or word Single) to the end of the (kernel) line&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Press ENTER key&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Now press the b key to boot the Linux kernel into single user mode&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;At prompt type passwd command to reset password:&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;You need to mount at least / and other partitions:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;code&gt;# mount -t proc proc /proc&lt;br /&gt;
# mount -o remount,rw /&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/code&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Change the root password, enter:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;code&gt;# passwd &lt;/code&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Finally reboot system:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;code&gt;# sync&lt;br /&gt;
# reboot&lt;/code&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://initsolution.blogspot.com/feeds/4990491835458129577/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://initsolution.blogspot.com/2010/12/linux-reset-forgotten-root-password.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7404786155204219033/posts/default/4990491835458129577'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7404786155204219033/posts/default/4990491835458129577'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://initsolution.blogspot.com/2010/12/linux-reset-forgotten-root-password.html' title='Linux reset forgotten root password'/><author><name>IT Solution</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/09354026175299607821</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7404786155204219033.post-4335323385912221275</id><published>2010-12-30T05:28:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2010-12-30T05:34:38.219-08:00</updated><title type='text'>Most Toppest Free Software Downloading sites</title><content type='html'>Free Software downloading sites&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.download.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;Free Software Downloads and Software Reviews - Download.com&lt;/a&gt; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nonags.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;Freeware World Center - NONAGS -&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.snapfiles.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;SnapFiles - software reviews, download freeware and free trial programs&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;a class=&quot; aptureTMMSelection aptureTMMSelection&quot; href=&quot;http://www.filehippo.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;filehippo.com - Download Free Software&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;a class=&quot; aptureTMMSelection aptureTMMSelection&quot; href=&quot;http://broadbandforum.in/legal-downloads/17041-download-com/&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;Download.com&lt;/a&gt; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;a class=&quot; aptureTMMSelection aptureTMMSelection&quot; href=&quot;http://www.linuxalt.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;The Linux Alternative Project - linuxalt.com&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.linuxappfinder.com/alternatives&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;Windows and OS X Software Alternatives | Linux App Finder&lt;/a&gt; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.osalt.com/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;Open Source Alternative - Find Open Source Alternatives to commercial software&lt;/a&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://initsolution.blogspot.com/feeds/4335323385912221275/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://initsolution.blogspot.com/2010/12/most-toppest-free-software-downloads.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7404786155204219033/posts/default/4335323385912221275'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7404786155204219033/posts/default/4335323385912221275'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://initsolution.blogspot.com/2010/12/most-toppest-free-software-downloads.html' title='Most Toppest Free Software Downloading sites'/><author><name>IT Solution</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/09354026175299607821</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7404786155204219033.post-3714622246187101908</id><published>2010-12-30T05:14:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2010-12-30T05:16:22.631-08:00</updated><title type='text'>Incoming Call Issue in Vtigercrm using Elastix(Solved )</title><content type='html'>General approach to fixing Vtiger CRM incoming calls pop-up is to  compare Logs and AsteriskClient.php logic. It appears some values may  not match or get lost due to Asterisk configuration or version. Not so  importaint why - more importaint to make it working as it is.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;h2&gt;&lt;b&gt;Initial steps&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;A.Webserver&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
1. Have Vtiger installed&lt;br /&gt;
2. Setup php.ini value for 30 seconds or  similiar value (but not 600 seconds) - this will save your time waiting  for logs to appear on screen and enable you to make changes faster.  Restart webserver to apply changes (if necessary).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiq600GIfGc2iGnfEXiN1vtCnDUBjHHuH1VHc17AqXxxsX1iGgqORGj4CpH9CQ07Qs8_ald-6-7X9067lQnXCfBt03FfMYX7JxKWu2yS_r1DINnznGpAui8LOpiJn5uIdnJ5jPJh1XDaQY/s1600/2010-11-04_234410.png&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;187&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiq600GIfGc2iGnfEXiN1vtCnDUBjHHuH1VHc17AqXxxsX1iGgqORGj4CpH9CQ07Qs8_ald-6-7X9067lQnXCfBt03FfMYX7JxKWu2yS_r1DINnznGpAui8LOpiJn5uIdnJ5jPJh1XDaQY/s320/2010-11-04_234410.png&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;h2&gt;&lt;b&gt;Start catching:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;Catching done mainly by analyzing logs. So in order to do it lets approach to logs.&lt;br /&gt;
Plan:&lt;br /&gt;
1. See how event logs looks like when you make no calls.&lt;br /&gt;
2. See how events logs looks like when you make calls.&lt;br /&gt;
3. Understand how AsteriskClient.php analyze this log and make pop-ups (not) pop-up.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Execution:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;1. See how event logs looks like when you make no calls.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
- Start AsteriskClient.php by putting in your web browser similiar address&lt;br /&gt;
like &lt;b&gt;http://vt-test.xx/cron/modules/PBXManager/AsteriskClient.php&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Browser will behave like it keep opening this address with empty screen but keep waiting till php-script &lt;b&gt;AsteriskClient.php &lt;/b&gt;will  be stopped by webserver (you remember we changed php.ini value  max_execution_time to 30 seconds to make this happen faster).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
- Make no calls&lt;br /&gt;
- See what events log looks like&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
This sceen must be something like this - &lt;span style=&quot;text-decoration: underline;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;this is how your log looks like when you make no calls&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-decoration: underline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;b&gt;Right state&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhA4x1p__Tw-8CJWycL-GCsyqCrqZfzIvynVYgEeJ9hV__YfN1ooSAWwLF7pgfqrfd7_NAbXYbphd1q21XZtFDCvOx-A3HwBX1EECaF1gtxVBpvka2J4kBCKGs05lyGVCB_GMr4MuWy5qQ/s1600/2010-11-04_231032ykj.png&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;158&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhA4x1p__Tw-8CJWycL-GCsyqCrqZfzIvynVYgEeJ9hV__YfN1ooSAWwLF7pgfqrfd7_NAbXYbphd1q21XZtFDCvOx-A3HwBX1EECaF1gtxVBpvka2J4kBCKGs05lyGVCB_GMr4MuWy5qQ/s320/2010-11-04_231032ykj.png&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;b&gt;Wrong state&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjSLzHeL_yz3pr6brr9jK4tXRKc56E9PyCmgn3wm_9tA9s2dWZqlo6lL0cIulsUAsp0XBs-w50kKxAaNaGphLbGJNG-OP0HDHANAwBcFtBrqKgUW8ENIp923g7WWnCjNNKaE1kQY_YKRBA/s1600/2010-11-04_231458dfd.png&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;149&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjSLzHeL_yz3pr6brr9jK4tXRKc56E9PyCmgn3wm_9tA9s2dWZqlo6lL0cIulsUAsp0XBs-w50kKxAaNaGphLbGJNG-OP0HDHANAwBcFtBrqKgUW8ENIp923g7WWnCjNNKaE1kQY_YKRBA/s320/2010-11-04_231458dfd.png&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;It means either you have manager.conf (in Asterisk) either Vtiger PBXManager configured wrong here:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJTHEMRtRtrXgU6_flWOs60tyB8Jp0KT2mWp675LHXxNRcszhluBt-ggGrmlg1oGkIeQBQ5zQYH1QIXa8IrMAfvA_k9b18XUsWwESqsLXVYk93S40ZvR5UgPAXcdvxK-6R7lYKXg0M8F8/s1600/2010-11-04_231210dsss.png&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;320&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJTHEMRtRtrXgU6_flWOs60tyB8Jp0KT2mWp675LHXxNRcszhluBt-ggGrmlg1oGkIeQBQ5zQYH1QIXa8IrMAfvA_k9b18XUsWwESqsLXVYk93S40ZvR5UgPAXcdvxK-6R7lYKXg0M8F8/s320/2010-11-04_231210dsss.png&quot; width=&quot;288&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;So we need to achieve &lt;b&gt;Right state&lt;/b&gt; - as described above. Only when you have &lt;b&gt;Right state - it worth to continue.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;2. See how events logs looks like when you make calls.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Now, after php-script is stopped and you have&lt;b&gt; Right state &lt;/b&gt;on  screen, make it run again (can just click refresh in browser) and make  call to your Asterisk number. You must hear the ring, wait few seconds  and denie call (hungup). Now wait till php-script AsteriskClient.php in  your browser will stop and show &lt;span style=&quot;color: magenta;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Calling log&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;. This may look something like this:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgeBFHCPx0Iij7vlomq26jW6F9sh9gWJhyphenhyphenUlLUrSmoO4fek7Br8RG6UyJ1IAJxPKPO-IyB1WZ_C2IImomZkW2LGEsGq4OSRqeRFMoFK6dTHcziAdGggnvhukkirzQDvEoJRpj9ASJM3V4g/s1600/new.png&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;320&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgeBFHCPx0Iij7vlomq26jW6F9sh9gWJhyphenhyphenUlLUrSmoO4fek7Br8RG6UyJ1IAJxPKPO-IyB1WZ_C2IImomZkW2LGEsGq4OSRqeRFMoFK6dTHcziAdGggnvhukkirzQDvEoJRpj9ASJM3V4g/s320/new.png&quot; width=&quot;294&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
In this time I was calling from SIP-client 3898276589 to 008220773653  (associated with 8220773653). This is only one call done. When you have  dozens of calls this turns to real mess. Now If you saw such log - you  can continue to analize.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;3. Understand how AsteriskClient.php analyze this log and make pop-ups (not) pop-up.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Actually popup not appear but 1 main reason - AsteriskClient.php  &quot;loose&quot; some data necessary to generate window. This happens due to some  Asterisk call manager syntax differences (i assume) from version to  version. So to make it working - you need to change AsteriskClient.php  the way not to &quot;loose&quot; this data.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
For the moment I assume you  don&#39;t see popup. So now is time to have a look at AsteriskClient.php and  try to understand why popup not appeared. This quite non linear and  intuitive process of working with log and with php-code. Result you saw  in previour article regarding Vtiger popup. Now just some tips:&lt;br /&gt;
- Assume AsteriskClient.php &quot;sees&quot; the same log as you see on the screen &lt;span style=&quot;color: magenta;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Calling log&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;. It analyzes only this data - not more not less.&lt;br /&gt;
- try to understand logic of AsteriskClient.php and check where it  loose some data by putting php-command &quot;echo&quot; with some text info or  variables like this.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjQpC9saEX0VSIXjJeeJxwcdxe8eX2lmE0N1eKyNlQzMsKjwZ8qKSIl47NEGzrhn6KM14dwOQ4D8eMqg-fdqn3ihLbIecGKPH0pm6OsLV_Gqbr2xAwd0t5ODYvJhsv9XyJKYu_aLadTAu0/s1600/new1.png&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;65&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjQpC9saEX0VSIXjJeeJxwcdxe8eX2lmE0N1eKyNlQzMsKjwZ8qKSIl47NEGzrhn6KM14dwOQ4D8eMqg-fdqn3ihLbIecGKPH0pm6OsLV_Gqbr2xAwd0t5ODYvJhsv9XyJKYu_aLadTAu0/s320/new1.png&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhGEKz9E_i4bYxqWu2OOPOcPeIonHHYQfIvlMef9bmB4ku4IX59eih8nKwjw_ohc1WqYrzuAoVrxZ83e3DkT6tsqUoQdu-XHleDVfyf33HY3paUhuG6klEzWVi6qsZXruNndOjdDsGEK7c/s1600/new3.png&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;161&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhGEKz9E_i4bYxqWu2OOPOcPeIonHHYQfIvlMef9bmB4ku4IX59eih8nKwjw_ohc1WqYrzuAoVrxZ83e3DkT6tsqUoQdu-XHleDVfyf33HY3paUhuG6klEzWVi6qsZXruNndOjdDsGEK7c/s320/new3.png&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
- have a look at Log and this part of code:&lt;br /&gt;
Log&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQ9QS3QYzXCUoDKHjz8T7BVXFMiKSAOb1tCF8wXVz8dw0GPHP6J9WMp0p7VsIwIHof0UZg5AzF-igLu9Eq_nvyao4IyBjp5b_-cBYD8fYZ1cftfGMRYnk3GIerF3iRvcc5MSxub_vtAo8/s1600/new4.png&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;188&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQ9QS3QYzXCUoDKHjz8T7BVXFMiKSAOb1tCF8wXVz8dw0GPHP6J9WMp0p7VsIwIHof0UZg5AzF-igLu9Eq_nvyao4IyBjp5b_-cBYD8fYZ1cftfGMRYnk3GIerF3iRvcc5MSxub_vtAo8/s320/new4.png&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;Similiar values marked by similiar color. So main task to analyze whole  login of AsteriskClient.php and compare it to your Log - may be some  values have different names or may be you don&#39;t have them at all, but  wothout them AsteriskClient.php not pass your request further to so  wanted pop-up.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiq600GIfGc2iGnfEXiN1vtCnDUBjHHuH1VHc17AqXxxsX1iGgqORGj4CpH9CQ07Qs8_ald-6-7X9067lQnXCfBt03FfMYX7JxKWu2yS_r1DINnznGpAui8LOpiJn5uIdnJ5jPJh1XDaQY/s1600/2010-11-04_234410.png&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-decoration: underline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://initsolution.blogspot.com/feeds/3714622246187101908/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://initsolution.blogspot.com/2010/12/general-approach-to-fixing-vtiger-crm.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7404786155204219033/posts/default/3714622246187101908'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7404786155204219033/posts/default/3714622246187101908'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://initsolution.blogspot.com/2010/12/general-approach-to-fixing-vtiger-crm.html' title='Incoming Call Issue in Vtigercrm using Elastix(Solved )'/><author><name>IT Solution</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/09354026175299607821</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiq600GIfGc2iGnfEXiN1vtCnDUBjHHuH1VHc17AqXxxsX1iGgqORGj4CpH9CQ07Qs8_ald-6-7X9067lQnXCfBt03FfMYX7JxKWu2yS_r1DINnznGpAui8LOpiJn5uIdnJ5jPJh1XDaQY/s72-c/2010-11-04_234410.png" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7404786155204219033.post-8686831433612459976</id><published>2010-12-29T05:49:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2010-12-29T05:51:18.312-08:00</updated><title type='text'>Basic Linux Commands</title><content type='html'>&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana; font-size: xx-small;&quot;&gt;     &lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: #cc0066; font-family: Verdana; font-weight: 700;&quot;&gt;     &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;mkdir - make directories&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt;     &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;Usage&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt;     &lt;span style=&quot;color: #cc0066; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;mkdir [OPTION] DIRECTORY&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt;     &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;Options&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt;     &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;Create the DIRECTORY(ies), if they do not already exist.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt;     &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for      short options too.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt;     &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;-m, mode=MODE&amp;nbsp; set permission mode (as in chmod), not rwxrwxrwx -      umask&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt;     &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;-p, parents&amp;nbsp; no error if existing, make parent directories as      needed&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt;     &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;-v, verbose&amp;nbsp; print a message for each created directory&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt;     &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;-help display this help and exit&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt;     &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;-version output version information and exit&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: #cc0066; font-family: Verdana; font-weight: 700;&quot;&gt;     &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;cd - change directories&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;en-us&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;Use cd to change directories.      Type cd followed by the name of a directory to access that      directory.Keep in mind that you are always in a directory and      can navigate to directories hierarchically above or below.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: #cc0066; font-family: Verdana; font-weight: 700;&quot;&gt;     &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;mv- change the name of a directory&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt;     &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;Type mv followed by the current name of a directory and the new      name of the directory.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt;     &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;Ex: mv testdir newnamedir&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: #cc0066; font-family: Verdana; font-weight: 700;&quot;&gt;     &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;pwd - print working directory&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt;     &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;will show you the full path to the directory you are currently      in. This is very handy to use, especially when     performing some of the other commands on this page&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt;     &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: #cc0066; font-family: Verdana; font-weight: 700;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;rmdir     -&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;en-us&quot; style=&quot;color: #cc0066; font-family: Verdana; font-weight: 700;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Verdana; font-weight: 700;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #cc0066; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;Remove an existing directory&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Verdana; font-weight: 700;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #cc0066; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt;     &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #cc0066; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Verdana; font-weight: 700;&quot;&gt;rm      -r&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: #cc0066; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Verdana; font-weight: 700;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;     &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt;      &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;Removes directories and files within the directories      recursively.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: #cc0066; font-family: Verdana; font-weight: 700;&quot;&gt;     &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;chown - change file owner and group&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt;     &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;Usage&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: #cc0066; font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt;     &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;chown [OPTION] OWNER[:[GROUP]] FILE&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: #cc0066; font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt;     &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;chown [OPTION] :GROUP FILE&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: #cc0066; font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt;     &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;chown [OPTION] --reference=RFILE FILE&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt;     &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;Options&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt;     &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;Change the owner and/or group of each FILE to OWNER and/or      GROUP.&amp;nbsp;With --reference, change the owner and group of each      FILE to those of RFILE.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt;     &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;-c, changes like verbose but report only when a change is made&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt;     &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;-dereference affect the referent of each symbolic link, rather      than the symbolic link itself&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt;     &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;-h, no-dereference affect each symbolic link instead of      any referenced file (useful only on systems that can &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;     &lt;span lang=&quot;en-us&quot; style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt;     &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;     &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;     &lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt;     &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; change the      ownership of a symlink)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt;     &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;-from=CURRENT_OWNER:CURRENT_GROUP&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt;     &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;change the owner and/or group of each file only if      its current owner and/or group match those specified here.&amp;nbsp;      Either&amp;nbsp; may &amp;nbsp;be&amp;nbsp; omitted,&amp;nbsp; in which case a match is not required      for the omitted attribute.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt;     &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;-no-preserve-root do not treat `/&#39; specially (the      default)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt;     &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;-preserve-root fail to operate recursively on `/&#39;      &lt;/span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;     &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt;     &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;-f, -silent, -quiet&amp;nbsp; suppress most error messages&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt;     &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;-reference=RFILE use RFILE&#39;s owner and group rather than the      specifying OWNER:GROUP values&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt;     &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;-R, -recursive operate on files and directories recursively&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt;     &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;-v, -verbose output a diagnostic for every file processed&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt;     &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;The&amp;nbsp; following options modify how a hierarchy is      traversed when the -R option is also specified.&amp;nbsp;If more     than one is specified, only the final one&amp;nbsp; takes effect.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt;     &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;-H &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;if a command line argument is a symbolic link to a      directory, traverse it&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt;     &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;-L&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; traverse every symbolic link to a directory      encountered&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt;     &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;-P&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; do not traverse any symbolic links (default)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: #cc0066; font-family: Verdana; font-weight: 700;&quot;&gt;     &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;chmod - change file access permissions&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt;     &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;Usage &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: #cc0066; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;     &lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt;     chmod [-r] permissions filenames&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt;     &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;r&amp;nbsp; Change the permission on files that are in the      subdirectories of the directory that you are currently in. &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;  permission&amp;nbsp; Specifies the rights that are being granted. Below      is the different rights that you can grant in an alpha&amp;nbsp; numeric      format.filenames&amp;nbsp; File or directory that you are associating the      rights with     Permissions&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt;     &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;u - User who owns the file.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt;     &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;g - Group that owns the file.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt;     &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;o - Other.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt;     &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;a - All.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt;     &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;r - Read the file.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt;     &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;w - Write or edit the file.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt;     &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;x - Execute or run the file as a program.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt;     &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;Numeric Permissions:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt;     &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;CHMOD can also to attributed by using Numeric Permissions:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt;     &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;400 read by owner&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt;     &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;040 read by group&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt;     &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;004 read by anybody (other)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt;     &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;200 write by owner&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt;     &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;020 write by group&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt;     &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;002 write by anybody&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt;     &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;100 execute by owner&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt;     &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;010 execute by group&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt;     &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;001 execute by anybody&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: #cc0066; font-family: Verdana; font-weight: 700;&quot;&gt;     &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;ls - Short listing of directory contents &lt;/span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt;     &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;-a&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; list hidden files&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt;     &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;-d&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; list the name of the current directory&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt;     &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;-F&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; show directories with a trailing &#39;/&#39;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt;     &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; executable files with a trailing &#39;*&#39;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt;     &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;-g&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; show group ownership of file in long listing&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt;     &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;-i&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; print the inode number of each file&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt;     &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;-l&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; long listing giving details about files&amp;nbsp; and      directories&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt;     &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;-R&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; list all subdirectories encountered&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt;     &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;-t&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; sort by time modified instead of name&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: #cc0066; font-family: Verdana; font-weight: 700;&quot;&gt;     &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;cp - Copy files&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: #cc0066; font-family: Verdana; font-weight: 700;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: #cc0066; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;     &lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt;     cp&amp;nbsp; myfile yourfile&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;     &lt;/span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt;      &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;Copy the files &quot;myfile&quot; to the file &quot;yourfile&quot; in the current      working directory. This command     will create the file &quot;yourfile&quot; if it doesn&#39;t exist. It will      normally overwrite it without warning if it exists. &lt;/span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: #cc0066; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;     &lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana; font-size: xx-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #cc0066; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt;cp -i myfile yourfile&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt;      &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;With the &quot;-i&quot; option, if the file &quot;yourfile&quot; exists, you will be      prompted before it is overwritten. &lt;/span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: #cc0066; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;     &lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana; font-size: xx-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #cc0066; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt;cp -i /data/myfile &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;     &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt;      &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;Copy the file &quot;/data/myfile&quot; to the current working directory      and name it &quot;myfile&quot;. Prompt before overwriting the&amp;nbsp; file. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: #cc0066; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;     &lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana; font-size: xx-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #cc0066; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt;cp -dpr srcdir destdir&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;     &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt;      &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;Copy all files from the directory &quot;srcdir&quot; to the directory &quot;destdir&quot;      preserving links (-poption), file attributes (-p option), and      copy recursively (-r option). With these options, a directory      and all it contents can be copied to another dir&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: #cc0066; font-family: Verdana; font-weight: 700;&quot;&gt;     &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;ln - Creates a symbolic link to a file.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt;     &lt;span style=&quot;color: #cc0066; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;ln -s test symlink&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt;     &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;Creates a symbolic link named symlink that points to the file      test Typing &quot;ls -i test symlink&quot; will show the two files are      different with different inodes. Typing &quot;ls -l test symlink&quot;      will show that symlink points to the file test. &lt;/span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: #cc0066; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;     &lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Verdana; font-weight: 700;&quot;&gt;     locate&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;     &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #cc0066;&quot;&gt;     &lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt;-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt; A fast database driven file locator.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #cc0066; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt;slocate      -u&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #cc0066; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: #cc0066; font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;     &lt;/span&gt;     &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt;     &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;This command builds the slocate database. It will take several      minutes to complete this command.This command&amp;nbsp;must be used      before searching for files, however cron runs this command      periodically &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;     &lt;span lang=&quot;en-us&quot; style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt;     &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;on      most systems.locate whereis Lists all files      whose names contain the string &quot;whereis&quot;. directory. &lt;/span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: #cc0066; font-family: Verdana; font-weight: 700;&quot;&gt;     &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;more - &lt;/span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;     &lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt;     &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;Allows file contents or piped output to be sent to the      screen one page at a time&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: #cc0066; font-family: Verdana; font-weight: 700;&quot;&gt;     &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana; font-size: xx-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: #cc0066; font-family: Verdana; font-weight: 700;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;less - &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;     &lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt;     &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;Opposite of the more command&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: #cc0066; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;     &lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Verdana; font-weight: 700;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana; font-size: xx-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #cc0066; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Verdana; font-weight: 700;&quot;&gt;cat&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;     &lt;span style=&quot;color: #cc0066;&quot;&gt;     &lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt;-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt; Sends file contents to standard output. This is a way to list      the contents of short files &lt;/span&gt;     &lt;/span&gt;     &lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt;      &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;to the screen. It works well with      piping.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt;     &lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #cc0066; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana; font-size: xx-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #cc0066; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;whereis&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: #cc0066; font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;     -     &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;     &lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt;      &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;Report all known instances of a command&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: #cc0066; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;     &lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Verdana; font-weight: 700;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana; font-size: xx-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #cc0066; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Verdana; font-weight: 700;&quot;&gt;wc - &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;     &lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt;      &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;Print byte, word, and line counts&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana; font-size: xx-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;     &lt;span style=&quot;color: #cc0066; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;     &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt;bg&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #cc0066;&quot;&gt;     &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #cc0066; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;     &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt;bg jobs&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;     Places the      current job (or, by using the alternative form, the specified      jobs) in the background, suspending its execution so that a new      user prompt appears immediately. Use the      &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;     &lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;     &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt;jobs&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;      command to discover the identities of background jobs.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #cc0066; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: 700;&quot;&gt;     &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: #cc0066; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: 700;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt;cal month      year&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;     &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #cc0066;&quot;&gt;-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;     Prints a calendar      for the specified month of the specified year.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #cc0066; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: 700;&quot;&gt;     &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: #cc0066; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: 700;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt;cat files&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;     &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #cc0066;&quot;&gt;-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;     Prints the      contents of the specified files.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;     &lt;span style=&quot;color: #cc0066; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;     &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #cc0066; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt;clear&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #cc0066;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;      - &lt;/span&gt;     &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt;     &lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;Clears the      terminal screen.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;     &lt;span style=&quot;color: #cc0066; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;     &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #cc0066; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt;cmp file1      file2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #cc0066;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;      - &lt;/span&gt;     &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt;     &lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;Compares two      files, reporting all discrepancies. Similar to the &lt;/span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;     &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;     &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt;diff&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;      command, though the output format differs.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #cc0066; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: 700;&quot;&gt;     &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: #cc0066; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: 700;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt;diff file1      file2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;     &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #cc0066;&quot;&gt;-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;     Compares two      files, reporting all discrepancies. Similar to the      &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;     &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt;cmp&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt; command, though the output format differs.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;     &lt;span style=&quot;color: #cc0066; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;     &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #cc0066; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt;dmesg&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #cc0066;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;      - &lt;/span&gt;     &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt;     &lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;Prints the      messages resulting from the most recent system boot.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;     &lt;span style=&quot;color: #cc0066; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;     &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt;fg&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #cc0066;&quot;&gt;     &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #cc0066; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;     &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: #cc0066; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt;fg jobs&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #cc0066;&quot;&gt;      -&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;     Brings the      current job (or the specified jobs) to the foreground.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;     &lt;span style=&quot;color: #cc0066; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;     &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #cc0066; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt;file files&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #cc0066;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;      - &lt;/span&gt;     &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt;     &lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;Determines and      prints a description of the type of each specified file.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #cc0066; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: 700;&quot;&gt;     &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: #cc0066; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: 700;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt;find path -name pattern      -print&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;     &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;     Searches the      specified path for files with names matching the specified      pattern (usually enclosed in single quotes) and prints their      names. The      &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;     &lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;     &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt;find&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;      command has many other arguments and functions; see the online      documentation.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;     &lt;span style=&quot;color: #cc0066; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;     &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #cc0066; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt;finger users - &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;     &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;Prints      descriptions of the specified users.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;     &lt;span style=&quot;color: #cc0066; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;     &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #cc0066; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt;free&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #cc0066;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;      - &lt;/span&gt;     &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt;     &lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;Displays the      amount of used and free system memory.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #cc0066; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: 700;&quot;&gt;     &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: #cc0066; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: 700;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt;ftp hostname&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;Opens an FTP      connection to the specified host, allowing files to be      transferred. The FTP program provides subcommands for      accomplishing file transfers; see the online documentation.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;     &lt;span style=&quot;color: #cc0066; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;     &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #cc0066; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt;head files&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #cc0066;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;      - &lt;/span&gt;     &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt;     &lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;Prints the first      several lines of each specified file.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;     &lt;span style=&quot;color: #cc0066; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;     &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #cc0066; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt;ispell files&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #cc0066;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;      - &lt;/span&gt;     &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt;     &lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;Checks the      spelling of the contents of the specified files.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #cc0066; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: 700;&quot;&gt;     &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: #cc0066; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: 700;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt;kill      process_ids&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;     &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #cc0066; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;     &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: #cc0066; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt;kill - signal process_ids&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #cc0066;&quot;&gt;     &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #cc0066; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;     &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: #cc0066; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt;kill -l&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #cc0066;&quot;&gt;     &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;Kills the      specified processes, sends the specified processes the specified      signal (given as a number or name), or prints a list of      available signals.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;     &lt;span style=&quot;color: #cc0066; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;     &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt;killall      program&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #cc0066;&quot;&gt;     &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #cc0066; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;     &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: #cc0066; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt;killall - signal program&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;     &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;     Kills all      processes that are instances of the specified program or sends      the specified signal to all processes that are instances of the      specified program.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;     &lt;span style=&quot;color: #cc0066; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;     &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #cc0066; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt;mail&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #cc0066;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;      - &lt;/span&gt;     &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt;     &lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;Launches a simple      mail client that permits sending and receiving email messages.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;     &lt;span style=&quot;color: #cc0066; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;     &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #cc0066; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt;man title&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #cc0066;&quot;&gt;     &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #cc0066; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;     &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt;man section title&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #cc0066;&quot;&gt;     -     &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;Prints the      specified man page.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #cc0066; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: 700;&quot;&gt;     &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: #cc0066; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: 700;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt;ping host&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;     &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #cc0066;&quot;&gt;- &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;     Sends an echo      request via TCP/IP to the specified host. A response confirms      that the host is operational.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #cc0066; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: 700;&quot;&gt;     &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: #cc0066; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: 700;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt;reboot&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;     &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #cc0066;&quot;&gt;-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;     Reboots the      system (requires      &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;     &lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;     &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt;root&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;      privileges).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #cc0066; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: 700;&quot;&gt;     &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: #cc0066; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: 700;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt;shutdown      minutes&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;     &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #cc0066; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;     &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: #cc0066; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt;shutdown -r      minutes&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;     &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;     Shuts down the      system after the specified number of minutes elapses (requires     &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;     &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt;root&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;      privileges). The -r option causes the system to be      rebooted once it has shut down.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;     &lt;span style=&quot;color: #cc0066; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;     &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #cc0066; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt;sleep time&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #cc0066;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;      - &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt;     &lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;Causes the      command interpreter to pause for the specified number of      seconds.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;     &lt;span style=&quot;color: #cc0066; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;     &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #cc0066; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt;sort files&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #cc0066;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;      - &lt;/span&gt;     &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt;     &lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;Sorts the      specified files. The command has many useful arguments; see the      online documentation.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;     &lt;span style=&quot;color: #cc0066; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;     &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #cc0066; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt;split file&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #cc0066;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;      - &lt;/span&gt;     &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt;     &lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;Splits a file      into several smaller files. The command has many arguments; see      the online documentation&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;     &lt;span style=&quot;color: #cc0066; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;     &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #cc0066; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt;sync&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #cc0066;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;      - &lt;/span&gt;     &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt;     &lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;Completes all      pending input/output operations (requires &lt;/span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;     &lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;     &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt;root&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;      privileges).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #cc0066; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: 700;&quot;&gt;     &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: #cc0066; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: 700;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt;telnet host&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;     &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #cc0066;&quot;&gt;-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;     Opens a login      session on the specified host.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;     &lt;span style=&quot;color: #cc0066; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;     &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #cc0066; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt;top&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #cc0066;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;      - &lt;/span&gt;     &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt;     &lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;Prints a display      of system processes that&#39;s continually updated until the user      presses the &lt;/span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;     &lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;     &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt;q&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;      key.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #cc0066; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: 700;&quot;&gt;     &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: #cc0066; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: 700;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt;traceroute      host&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;     &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #cc0066;&quot;&gt;-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;     Uses echo      requests to determine and print a network path to the host.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;     &lt;span style=&quot;color: #cc0066; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;     &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #cc0066; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt;uptime&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #cc0066;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;      - &lt;/span&gt;     &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt;     &lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;Prints the system      uptime.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;     &lt;span style=&quot;color: #cc0066; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;     &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #cc0066; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt;w&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #cc0066;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;      - &lt;/span&gt;     &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt;     &lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;Prints the      current system users.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;     &lt;span style=&quot;color: #cc0066; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;     &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #cc0066; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt;wall&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #cc0066;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;      -&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt; Prints a message      to each user except those who&#39;ve disabled message reception.      Type &lt;b&gt;Ctrl-D&lt;/b&gt; to end the message.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://initsolution.blogspot.com/feeds/8686831433612459976/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://initsolution.blogspot.com/2010/12/basic-linux-commands.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7404786155204219033/posts/default/8686831433612459976'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7404786155204219033/posts/default/8686831433612459976'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://initsolution.blogspot.com/2010/12/basic-linux-commands.html' title='Basic Linux Commands'/><author><name>IT Solution</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/09354026175299607821</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7404786155204219033.post-4600798981788454841</id><published>2010-12-28T06:04:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2010-12-28T06:04:57.198-08:00</updated><title type='text'>Network Topology</title><content type='html'>Computer network topologies can be categorized in the  following categories.&lt;br /&gt;
• bus &lt;br /&gt;
• star &lt;br /&gt;
• ring&lt;br /&gt;
• mesh &lt;br /&gt;
• Tree.&lt;br /&gt;
Hybrid networks are the  complex networks, which can be built  of two or more above mentioned  topologies&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;strong&gt;Bus Topology&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Bus topology uses a common  backbone to connect all the  network devices in a network in a linear  shape. A single cable functions as the  shared communication medium for  all the devices attached with this cable with  an interface connector.  The device, which wants to communicate send the  broadcast message to  all the devices attached with the shared cable but only  the intended  recipient actually accepts and process that message. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;table align=&quot;right&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;298&quot; style=&quot;width: 200px;&quot;&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;                                                   &lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               &lt;/td&gt;                                                 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;Ethernet bus topologies  are easy to install and don’t  require much cabling and only a main  shared cable is used for network  communication. 10Base-2 and 10BaseT  are two popular types of the Ethernet  cables used in the Bus topology.  Also, Bus network works with very limited  devices. Performance issues  are likely to occur in the Bus topology if more  than 12-15 computers  are added in a Bus Network. Additionally, if the Backbone  cable fails  then all network becomes useless and no communication fails among  all  the computers. Unlike in the Star topology in which if one computer is   detached from a network then there is not effect on the other computers  in a  network.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;strong&gt;Ring Topology&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
In ring Network, every  computer or devices has two adjacent  neighbors for communication. In a  ring network, all the communication messages  travel in the same  directory whether clockwise or anti clockwise. Any damage of  the cable  of any cable or device can result in the breakdown of the whole   network. Ring topology now has become almost obsolete. &lt;br /&gt;
FDDI, SONET or Token Ring  Technology can be used to  implement Ring Technology. Ring topologies  can be found in office, school or  small buildings.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;strong&gt;Star Topology&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
In the computer  networking world the most commonly used  topology in LAN is the star  topology. Star topologies can be implemented in  home, offices or even  in a building. All the computers in the star topologies  are connected  to central devices like hub, switch or router. The functionality  of all  these devices is different. I have covered the detail of each  networking  devices in the separate portion of my website. Computers in a  network are  usually connected with the hub, switch or router with the  Unshielded Twisted  Pair (UTP) or Shielded Twisted Pair Cables.&lt;br /&gt;
As compared to the bus  topology, a star network requires  more devices &amp;amp; cables to complete  a network. The failure of each node or  cable in a star network, won’t  take down the entire network&lt;br /&gt;
as compared to the Bus topology.&lt;br /&gt;
However if the central  connecting devices such as hub,  switch or router fails due to any  reason,then ultimately all the network can  come down or collapse.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;strong&gt;Tree Topology&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Tree topologies are  comprised of the multiple star  topologies on a bus. Tree topologies  integrate multiple star topologies  together onto a bus. Only the hub  devices can connect directly with the tree  bus and each Hub functions  as a root of a tree of the network devices. This  bus/star/hybrid  combination supports future expandability of the computer  networks,  much better than a bus or star.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;strong&gt;Mesh Topology&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Mesh topology work on the  concept of routes. In Mesh  topology, message sent to the destination  can take any possible shortest,  easiest route to reach its destination.  In the previous topologies star and  bus, messages are usually  broadcasted to every computer, especially in bus  topology. Similarly in  the Ring topology message can travel in only one  direction i.e  clockwise or anticlockwise. Internet employs the Mesh topology  and the  message finds its route for its destination. Router works in find the   routes for the messages and in reaching them to their destinations.The  topology  in which every devices connects to every other device is  called a full Mesh  topology unlike in the partial mesh in which every  device is indirectly  connected to the other devices.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;strong&gt;Summary&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Topologies are the  important part of the network design  theory. A better network can be  built if you have the knowledge of these  topologies and if you know the  difference between each topology. Similarly you  should have the  knowledge of each network device so that you can properly use  them  according to your network needs. A misconfiguration network can result in a   waste of time and energy as well as a lots of troubleshooting methods  to  resolve the issue. So the basic understanding of the network  topologies and  network devices is a must to build a good network.</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://initsolution.blogspot.com/feeds/4600798981788454841/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://initsolution.blogspot.com/2010/12/network-topology.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7404786155204219033/posts/default/4600798981788454841'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7404786155204219033/posts/default/4600798981788454841'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://initsolution.blogspot.com/2010/12/network-topology.html' title='Network Topology'/><author><name>IT Solution</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/09354026175299607821</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7404786155204219033.post-6066426758066672413</id><published>2010-12-28T05:56:00.001-08:00</published><updated>2010-12-28T05:56:11.468-08:00</updated><title type='text'>How to Hide a shared folder in Windows XP</title><content type='html'>If you want to hide a shared folder from the network users,  right click  the folder and click sharing and security and give a shared name of  a  folder plus $ sign e.g. e books$. In this way network users will not be  able  to see the shared folder on the network. For you to see the hidden  shared  folder, map the drive and type in the path including the $ sign  in the folder  box.</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://initsolution.blogspot.com/feeds/6066426758066672413/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://initsolution.blogspot.com/2010/12/how-to-hide-shared-folder-in-windows-xp.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7404786155204219033/posts/default/6066426758066672413'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7404786155204219033/posts/default/6066426758066672413'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://initsolution.blogspot.com/2010/12/how-to-hide-shared-folder-in-windows-xp.html' title='How to Hide a shared folder in Windows XP'/><author><name>IT Solution</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/09354026175299607821</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7404786155204219033.post-5347793951199061599</id><published>2010-12-28T05:55:00.001-08:00</published><updated>2010-12-28T05:55:31.432-08:00</updated><title type='text'>How to Setup Roaming Profiles in Windows 2000</title><content type='html'>The TCP/IP component in the Windows operating systems is  considered a  core component so it cannot be easily uninstalled. Using the  following  commands with the certain switch you can however achieve the same   results and by uninstalling and reinstalling the TCP/IP components.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
netsh int ip reset [logfile]&lt;br /&gt;
Logfile is the name of the file that is used to records the  actions by the netsh command.&lt;br /&gt;
netsh int ip reset iplog.txt is used to create the iplog.txt  in the current directory.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Caution: Be very careful while using these commands because  they can directly damage your system.</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://initsolution.blogspot.com/feeds/5347793951199061599/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://initsolution.blogspot.com/2010/12/how-to-setup-roaming-profiles-in.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7404786155204219033/posts/default/5347793951199061599'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7404786155204219033/posts/default/5347793951199061599'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://initsolution.blogspot.com/2010/12/how-to-setup-roaming-profiles-in.html' title='How to Setup Roaming Profiles in Windows 2000'/><author><name>IT Solution</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/09354026175299607821</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7404786155204219033.post-3862408153543089996</id><published>2010-12-28T05:54:00.001-08:00</published><updated>2010-12-28T05:54:27.581-08:00</updated><title type='text'>How to Setup Roaming Profile in Windows 2000/2003</title><content type='html'>Roaming profiles are saved on the network server. If you  want your  users to access their own roaming profiles then you need to open  Active  directory users and computers, right click on the user, then properties   and then profile tab. In the profile tab type the UNC path of the user  you made  on the server like this \\servername\profiles\%username%.  Profiles folder  should be in the root of the C Drive. Make sure you  have created the profiles  folder on the C drive and shared it with the  same name as the name of the  folder. Next time when the user will log  on from the client computer, his/her  local profile will be saved in the  folder same as the user name and this folder  will be created in the  profiles folder.</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://initsolution.blogspot.com/feeds/3862408153543089996/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://initsolution.blogspot.com/2010/12/how-to-setup-roaming-profile-in-windows.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7404786155204219033/posts/default/3862408153543089996'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7404786155204219033/posts/default/3862408153543089996'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://initsolution.blogspot.com/2010/12/how-to-setup-roaming-profile-in-windows.html' title='How to Setup Roaming Profile in Windows 2000/2003'/><author><name>IT Solution</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/09354026175299607821</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7404786155204219033.post-1973334637427484158</id><published>2010-12-28T05:53:00.001-08:00</published><updated>2010-12-28T05:53:44.860-08:00</updated><title type='text'>How to Install IIS in Windows XP</title><content type='html'>Windows XP Professional edition has the built-in IIS.  Internet  information server is used to host the website on your own computer  and  these sites can be accesses from all over the world. IIS has great   administrative features but it supports only 10 concurrent connections  of the  clients at a time.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
1. Click start&amp;gt;settings&amp;gt;control panel&amp;gt;Add remove  program&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
2. Click Add remove windows components. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
3. Click on Internet information services &amp;gt; Details.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
4. In the IIS check the  boxes SMTP and World Wide Web and  you can also check FTP if you want to  setup it.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
5. In Windows components  selection, make sure that you have  selected IIS and you may need to  insert the CD of Windows XP Professional  during the installation.</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://initsolution.blogspot.com/feeds/1973334637427484158/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://initsolution.blogspot.com/2010/12/how-to-install-iis-in-windows-xp.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7404786155204219033/posts/default/1973334637427484158'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7404786155204219033/posts/default/1973334637427484158'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://initsolution.blogspot.com/2010/12/how-to-install-iis-in-windows-xp.html' title='How to Install IIS in Windows XP'/><author><name>IT Solution</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/09354026175299607821</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7404786155204219033.post-1193313978079220333</id><published>2010-12-28T05:51:00.001-08:00</published><updated>2010-12-28T05:51:59.479-08:00</updated><title type='text'>How to setup Xbox Network Connections</title><content type='html'>Following is the simple configuration methods of Xbox  network connectivity.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
1. Go to the settings of Xbox Dashboard and then network  settings. You will see IP address, DNS and some other settings. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
2. Click IP settings. You  can select to obtain the IP  address and other settings automatically  from the DHCP server or router.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
3. Go to the previous menu  and set obtain the DNS settings  from the Router or DHCP server  automatically</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://initsolution.blogspot.com/feeds/1193313978079220333/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://initsolution.blogspot.com/2010/12/how-to-setup-xbox-network-connections.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7404786155204219033/posts/default/1193313978079220333'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7404786155204219033/posts/default/1193313978079220333'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://initsolution.blogspot.com/2010/12/how-to-setup-xbox-network-connections.html' title='How to setup Xbox Network Connections'/><author><name>IT Solution</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/09354026175299607821</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7404786155204219033.post-6959112564046329041</id><published>2010-12-28T05:49:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2010-12-28T05:49:21.244-08:00</updated><title type='text'>How to Setup Workgroup and Computer Name in Windows XP</title><content type='html'>Computer name is the unique identifier of the computer in  the  network. If you want to setup the computer name and the workgroup in the   Windows XP then follow these steps.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
1. My Computer&amp;gt;Right Click&amp;gt;click on Properties&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
2. Assign unique computer name.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
3. Assign the same workgroup name as of the other computers.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
4. You will be prompted to restart the computer</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://initsolution.blogspot.com/feeds/6959112564046329041/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://initsolution.blogspot.com/2010/12/how-to-setup-workgroup-and-computer.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7404786155204219033/posts/default/6959112564046329041'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7404786155204219033/posts/default/6959112564046329041'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://initsolution.blogspot.com/2010/12/how-to-setup-workgroup-and-computer.html' title='How to Setup Workgroup and Computer Name in Windows XP'/><author><name>IT Solution</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/09354026175299607821</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7404786155204219033.post-7511885403016847287</id><published>2010-12-28T05:46:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2010-12-28T05:46:28.798-08:00</updated><title type='text'>THE FIVE MOST COMMON NETWORK PROBLEMS</title><content type='html'>&lt;b&gt;1. Cable Problem:&lt;/b&gt; Cables that connect different parts of a network            can be cut or shorted. A short can happen when the wire conductor comes            in contact with another conductive surface, changing the path of the            signal. Cable testers can be used to test for many types of cable problems            such as:&lt;br /&gt;
Cut cable, incorrect cable connections, Cable shorts, Interference level,            Connector Problem&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;2. Connectivity Problem:&lt;/b&gt; A connectivity problem with one or            more devices in a network can occur after a change is made in configuration            or by a malfunction of a connectivity component, such as hub, a router            or a Switch.&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;nbsp;         &amp;nbsp;          &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;                 &lt;/div&gt;&lt;b&gt;3. Excessive Network Collisions:&lt;/b&gt; These often lead to slow connectivity.            The problem can occur as a result of bad network setup/plan, a user            transferring a lot of information or jabbering network card. &lt;br /&gt;
NB: A jabbering Network card is a network card that is stuck in a transmit            mode. This will be evident because the transmit light will remain on            constantly, indicating that the Network card is always transmitting.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;4, Software Problem:&lt;/b&gt; Network problems can often be traced to            software configuration such as DNS configuration, WINS configuration,            the registry etc.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;5. Duplicate IP Addressing:&lt;/b&gt; A common problem in many networking            environments occurs when two machines try to use the same IP address.            This can result in intermittent communications.</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://initsolution.blogspot.com/feeds/7511885403016847287/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://initsolution.blogspot.com/2010/12/five-most-common-network-problems.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7404786155204219033/posts/default/7511885403016847287'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7404786155204219033/posts/default/7511885403016847287'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://initsolution.blogspot.com/2010/12/five-most-common-network-problems.html' title='THE FIVE MOST COMMON NETWORK PROBLEMS'/><author><name>IT Solution</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/09354026175299607821</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry></feed>