HEAVY NETWORK

chelsea vs liverpool 2-1 the facup

2012-05-05T13:50:00.003-07:00

chelsea vs liverpool 2-1

2012-05-05T13:50:00.001-07:00

Chelsea's FA Cup final talisman Didier Drogba was the match-winner once more as they overcame Liverpool to lift the trophy at Wembley.

2012-05-05T12:39:00.001-07:00

Chelsea vs Liverpool. FA Cup Final 2012 Wembley Stadium 05.05.12
They meet again. During the last 10 years Chelsea and Liverpool has produced some of the most classic games I can remember, especially in cup games. Lets hope will get another epic games between these two cup nemeses.

Chelsea 2 - 1 Liverpool. Goals: Ramires (11) Drogba (52) Caroll (65)

Song: Brand X Music - Rise of the Avenger

Petr Cech Branislav Ivanovic Ashley Cole David Luiz Michael Essien Oriol Romeu Ramires Frank Lampard Fernando Torres Didier Drogba John Mikel Obi Florent Malouda Jose Bosingwa Salomon Kalou Ross Turnbull Daniel Sturridge John Terry

Reina Glen Johnason Martin Skrtl Jamie Carragher Daniel Agger Jose Enrique Charlie Adam Jordan Henderson Steven Gerrard Craig Bellamy Stevart Downing Maxi Rodriguez Lucas Dirk Kuyt Luis Suarez Andy Carroll

He met Luis Suarez's cross at the far post, only for Chelsea keeper Petr Cech to show brilliant reflexes to deflect his header on to the bar. Carroll turned away to lead Liverpool's insistent protests that the ball had crossed the line but referee Phil Dowd and assistant referee Andrew Garratt waved play on, with even a succession of replays proving inconclusive.
Chelsea survived and can now turn their attentions to the Champions League final against Bayern Munich in Germany later this month as they face an increasingly arduous task to finish in the Premier League's top four.
As Di Matteo celebrated and captain John Terry raised the trophy, the Italian increased his claims to become the permanent successor to Andre Villas-Boas by landing a trophy.
For Liverpool, their season will now be regarded as a relative disappointment after failure to add the FA Cup to the Carling Cup and not mounting a challenge to reach the Champions League places.
The final started with £85m worth of striking talent on the bench as Carroll was a Liverpool substitute and Chelsea's Fernando Torres missed out on a starting place against his former club.
The Reds were on the back foot early on when a catalogue of defensive errors led to Ramires giving Chelsea the lead. Jay Spearing conceded possession in midfield and Ramires escaped Jose Enrique far too easily before scoring at the near post with a shot Reina should have saved.
Chelsea were coping comfortably as Liverpool left Luis Suarez too isolated. Steven Gerrard was also being forced to drop too deep to offer support to the beleaguered Jay Spearing and Jordan Henderson rather than add attacking potency alongside the Uruguayan.
Liverpool did have one moment of danger in the first half when Chelsea failed to clear Glen Johnson's cross and Branislav Ivanovic blocked Craig Bellamy's goalbound shot.
Chelsea doubled their lead seven minutes after the restart, with the second coming from their most reliable source of Wembley goals. Frank Lampard escaped Spearing with ease and fed Drogba inside the area, who controlled before sending an angled left-foot finish across Reina.
Liverpool introduced Carroll for Spearing and were rewarded after 64 minutes when he put them back in contention. Stewart Downing blocked Jose Bosingwa's attempted clearance, which fell into the path of Carroll. He turned John Terry superbly before firing high past Cech.
At last Liverpool had impetus and were getting the dangerous Suarez into threatening positions, allowing him to force Cech to save low to his right with an effort from the edge of the area.
Carroll thought he had equalised with his header against the bar with eight minutes left. Liverpool claimed the ball had cross the line and Chelsea were grateful for a miraculous intervention from Cech to turn his effort on to the woodwork.
He was then denied by a magnificent tackle from captain Terry as Liverpool continued to press - but Chelsea survived as the memories of the nightmare under Villas-Boas faded even further into the background
Was Andy Carolls header in?

Biography of Keith Haring

2012-05-03T20:52:00.005-07:00

profile

Artist. Born on May 4, 1958, in Reading, Pennsylvania. During his all-too-brief life, Keith Haring became a sensation in the art world with his bold, cartoon and graffiti influenced works during the 1980s.

Growing up in Kutztown, Pennsylvania, he spent many hours drawing with his father. Haring was fascinated by the popular cartoon art of Walt Disney and Charles Schultz.

Haring briefly attended the Ivy School of Professional Art in Pittsburgh after graduating high school in 1976. He dropped out after two semesters. In 1978, Haring decided to return to school, moving to New York City to become a student at the School of Visual Arts. With its thriving underground art scene, New York seemed to be the perfect fit for the young artist. He began using the city as his canvas, making chalk drawings of barking dogs and babies in subway stations. He also befriended such other emerging artists as Jean-Michel Basquiat and helped organize exhibitions at nightclubs and other alternative locations.

In 1982, Haring had his first New York one-man show at the Shafrazi Gallery. Not only did he create paintings and sculptures for the show, he engulfed the entire gallery with his bold color choices and frenetic designs. A critical success, he soon became one of most popular artists of the time with exhibits in Japan, Brazil, and many other countries. Haring collaborated with other artists and performers, including Andy Warhol and William Burroughs.

Wanting to make his art more accessible, Haring opened Pop Shop in New York City in 1986. The store sold posters, t-shirts, and other items baring his artwork and designs. He was also interested many social causes, painting an anti-drug mural that same year. In all, he did more than 50 public works and held numerous workshops for children. In 1988, Haring discovered that he had AIDS. The next year he created the Keith Haring Foundation to support AIDS organizations and children’s programs.

31-year-old Keith Haring died on February 16, 1990, of AIDS-related complications. His works continues to be exhibited around the world and many are owned by such prestigious museums as the Art Institute of Chicago, the Museum of Modern Art in New York City, and the Centre Georges Pompidou in Paris.

keith haring pictures and arts

2012-05-03T20:51:00.000-07:00

hardware concepts

2012-04-20T16:55:00.002-07:00

Hardware Concepts

Scottish Qualifications Authority

Candidate Logbook

HN Unit: DG0K 33 - Hardware Concepts

Candidate Name	xxx.xxx
Candidate Number:	xxx
Center:	xxxxx
Start Date:	12 Th October
Finish Date:	11Th November
Tutor/Mentor:	xxx.xxx

Summary

In order to successfully complete this Unit, the candidate must carry out the specified practical tasks relating to Outcomes 1, 2 and 3. There are no practical tasks relating to the remaining outcomes. There may be a degree of overlap between tasks depending on the tasks chosen, so a single task may allow more than one log book entry to be completed. The tutor should fill in the date of completion against each completed task.

Outcome 1	The candidate must complete Task 1.1 and at least two others.
Task 1.1	Completed in October 28-2009
Task 1.2
Task 1.3	Completed in October 28-2009
Task 1.4	Completed in October 28-2009
Task 1.5
Task 1.6
Outcome 2	The candidate must complete both tasks.
Task 2.1	Completed in November 2-2009
Task 2.2	Completed in November 2-2009
Outcome 3	The candidate must complete two of the three tasks.
Task 3.1	Completed in November 3-2009
Task 3.2	Completed in November 3-2009
Task 3.3

I certify that all the work detailed in this logbook has been carried out unaided by the candidate named above.

Signed:xxx.xx Date: 11/11/ 2009

Outcome 1: Installing, configuring and upgrading PC hardware.

You must complete Section 1.1 (System Modules) and at least two of the remaining sections (1.2 – 1.6) to obtain a pass in Outcome 1.

1.1 System Modules: use this section to keep a record of the System Modules you have installed successfully. It is not necessary to install every device listed, but you must install at least five.

Module	Date	Description (Manufacturer, Model No., Characteristics)
Motherboard	12 Th October 2009	Manufacturer : Asus Model: P5N-D Form factor : ATX Bus Speed: 1333MHz Socket Type : LGA775 Ram : DDR2 SDRAM non ecc max 8 GB Storage Ports: 1 x ATA ,4 x SATA USB Ports: 8 x USB Expansion slots: 2 PCI express 2.0 x16 2 PCI express x 1 Integrated Audio Integrated G BPS Ethernet
Processor/CPU	12 Th October 2009	Manufacturer: Intel Processor Type: Intel Core 2 Duo Model No: E8200Socket type: 775 Clock speed: 2.66GHz Front Side Bus : 1333 MHz Cache: 6 MB L2
Memory	28ThOctober 2009	Manufacture: Kingston Model: KXH8500 D2/2G Capacity: 2 GB DDR2 S DRAM PC2-8500 non ecc
Storage Devices (FDD, HDD, CD/CDRW, DVD/DVDRW, tape drive, removable storage)	28Th 0ctober 2009	HDD Manufacturer: Segate Model No: ST3500320N5 Form Factor : 3.5 inches Capacity: 500GB Interface: SATAII Cache: 32 MB Speed: 7200rmp DVD Manufacturer: Pioneer Model No: DVR-S18LBK Speed: 22xDVD+RW Interface: SATA
Display Devices	28 Th October 2009	Monitor Manufacture: Samsung Model No: T220 Size: 22" Type: TFT Resolution: 1680x1050 Connectivity: VGA/DVI

1.3 Ports and Cabling: use this section to keep a record of the cables you have installed successfully. It is not necessary to install every cable listed, but you must install at least three.

Port	Cable Description	Connectors
Serial	It is used to connect external modem to computer.	It is DB25 male connected to modem and DB9 female connected to computer.It is 1 meter in length
Parallel	It is used to connect the printer to the computer	It isDB25 male connected to computer and 36 pin centronics connected to the printer It is 10 meter in length.
USB	It is used to connected scanner to my computer through USB cables.	It is type A male connector that i connected to scanner and type b male connector that i connected to computer.

1.4 Storage Devices: use this section to keep a record of the System Modules you have installed successfully. It is not necessary to install every device listed, but you must install at least two.

Device	Date	Description (manufacturer, model, interface type, capacity, configuration and cabling)
IDE Hard Disk	28 Th October 2009	Manufacturer: Western Digital Model No: WD5000AAJB Interface: IDE Capacity: 250GBForm factor: 3.5 inches Speed: 7200rpm Cache: 8 MBCabling And Configuration: The hard disk was connected to mother board using 40 pin IDE cable and configured as master.
DVD R/RW	28 Th October 2009	Manufacturer: Sam sung Model No: SH-S222A Interface: IDE Speed: 22xType: DVD+RWCabling And Configuration: I attached the DVD drive ,was connected to same IDE cable and configured it as slave.

This is the end of Outcome 1. Make sure that you have completed Section 1.1 and at least two other sections.

Outcome 2: Diagnose and troubleshoot hardware problems.

You must complete BOTH of the tasks listed below in order to obtain a pass for this Outcome.

2.1 Problems associated with each module and their symptoms.

You must keep a record of the procedures you used to isolate and troubleshoot two specified problems in different system modules, interpret the observed symptoms and infer the most likely cause.

Module 1: Monitor

Observed symptoms:

There is no display on the monitor while computer is on.

Interpretation of observed symptoms / inferred cause:

1.Monitor might be switched off.

2.Computer might not be working properly.

3.There might be the power cable disconnected from the monitor.

4.The connected power cable to the monitor might be damaged one.

5.The display setting of the monitor might be too dark.

6.Monitor might not be working properly.

Procedures followed:

Firstly i checked all switches to the monitor.It was OK.

Then i checked the power cable and i found it was properly connected with monitor.

After then i checked the condition of the power connector it was fine and in proper condition.

Then i checked the display setting and it was all right.

And then i replace that monitor with another working monitor in my computer.

To make sure that whether my monitor is working on on my computer

Then i found my computer is working fine but monitor was not working.

Finally i replaced my monitor.

Resolution of problem:

I changed my monitor.

Now my monitor is displaying properly.

Module 2: Hard Disk

Observed symptoms:

I observed it that hard disk not recognized by my computer.

Interpretation of observed symptoms / inferred cause:

1.The adapter might be bad.

2.In BIOS setting there might not be correct setting chosen for hard disk.

3.The hard disk might be bad.

4.The hard drive power cable connector and ribbon cable might not be connected.

Procedures followed:

I checked the adapter and it was working properly.

After that i check the BIOS setting chosen for hard disk .It's chosen correctly.

Then i checked whether my hard disk is bad or not.

And i found it is good and working properly with another computer.

Then i look around hard drive power cable connector and ribbon cable .

And i found they are not connected properly.

Finally i connected the power cable connector and ribbon cable properly.

Resolution of problem:

After i connected power cable connector and ribbon cable properly,

my computer can communicate with hard disk.

Now i can recognized my hard disk.

2.2 Basic troubleshooting procedures and tools. You must keep a record of the questions you used to elicit problem symptoms from customers, including the justification for asking particular questions in a given scenario. *The user cannot recognize hard disk.*
Question asked:	Justification for asking question:
Is the power cable connector and ribbon cable properly connected?	I asked this question because the connected cables might become loose. And the connected computer may not able to detect the hard disk.
Have you made BIOS setting chosen for hard disk properly.?	I asked this question because, it is important to made correct BIOS setting for chosen hard drive.
Did you check the hard disk in another working computer?	I ask this question to make it sure whether the hard disk is detected in anther working computer or not. If it is not detected i can make sure that hard disk is damaged.
Have you checked other computer components?	I asked this question because though the hard disk is working it might not be working as it is if other computer components are not working properly.

Outcome 3: Carry out preventive maintenance.

You must complete at least TWO of the THREE tasks listed below in order to obtain a pass for this Outcome.

3.1 Preventive maintenance measures, products and procedures. You must keep a record of at least two preventive maintenance measures or procedures you have carried out.

Preventive maintenance measures and procedures 1:

I used liquid cleaning compound including soapy water

and different forms of alcohol to remove dirt from the

outer surface of the computer components such as monitor ,

outer case of the system unit, keyboard and mouse.

Make sure that liquid cleaning agent should not be used for internal purpose.

Preventive maintenance measures and procedures 2:

I install adequate fan in power supply to avoid excessive heat.

To prevent computer from spikes ,surges,brownouts,blackout i used uninterruptible power supply(UPS)

3.2 Safety measures and procedures. You must keep a record of at least two safety measures or procedures you have carried out.

Safety measures, products and procedures 1:
If have to open the computer to change computer parts,

first i make it sure that my machine is turn off.

I did so to make safety with power supply.

Safety measures, products and procedures 2:I don't use antistatic wrist strap while working inside

the monitors, power supply and laser printers etc.

As it contain high voltage capacity which may be very dangerous to our body.

References: A+ student guide 2003

By David Groth

A + Exam Cram 2, Second Edition.

By James G Jones and Craig Landes

www.ebuyer.com

facts about wazzub

2012-03-17T17:46:00.000-07:00

LONON A PLACE FOR RIOTS!!

2011-08-08T19:04:00.000-07:00

PLEASE ...CLICK ON THE PIC TO SEE THE PLACE..EFFECTED BY RIOTS AUGUST 8 2011

LONON A PLACE FOR RIOTS!!

2011-08-08T19:02:00.001-07:00

LONON A PLACE FOR RIOTS!!

2011-08-08T19:01:00.001-07:00

Managing Local and Network Print Devices

2011-02-04T19:37:00.000-08:00

You manage print devices in Windows XP Professional from the Printers And
Faxes folder, which is accessible from the Control Panel, or by clicking Start|Printers
And Faxes. When working with printing in Windows XP, you need to fully understand
the following printing terminology as defined by Microsoft:
➤ Printer—A software interface between the operating system and a print device.
It defines ports through which print jobs get routed. Printer names direct
print jobs to one or more print devices.
➤ Print device—A piece of equipment (hardware) that physically produces printed
documents. A print device may be attached to a local computer or connected
via a network interface.
➤ Printer port—A software interface through which print jobs get directed to
either a locally attached print device, or a network-connected print device.
Windows XP supports local line printer terminal (LPT), COM (serial), and
Universal Serial Bus (USB) ports. It also supports network-connected printer
port devices such as the Intel NetPort and the Hewlett-Packard (HP) JetDirect.
➤ Print server—A computer that serves as the host for printers that are associated
with print devices.
➤ Printer driver—Software specific to each print device (designed to run in
Windows XP) that translates printing commands into printer language codes
for each print device. PCL5 and PostScript are examples of two types of printer
languages.
➤ Print job—The actual document to be printed along with the necessary print
processing command.
➤ Print resolution—What determines the quality and smoothness of the text or
images that the print device will render. This specification is expressed in dots
per inch (dpi). Higher dpi numbers generally result in better print quality.
➤ Print spooler—The process (service) that runs in the background of Windows
XP that initiates, processes, and distributes print jobs. The spooler saves print
jobs into a temporary physical file on disk. Print jobs are then despooled and
transferred to the appropriate print device.
➤ Print queue—A logical “waiting area” where print jobs are temporarily stored
until the print device is available and ready to process each job according to
the job’s priority level, and according to its order within the queue.

Troubleshooting Internet Information Services

2011-02-04T19:35:00.000-08:00

Troubleshooting Internet Information Services
If users are experiencing problems connecting to the default Web site, to the
default FTP site, or to a new virtual directory that you have created, you can
follow the steps listed in the next few sections to attempt to rectify the problem(s).
99
Internet Web Site
To isolate problems that may be preventing users from connecting to the Internet
Web site:
➤ Check that the Web server contains HTML files in the drive_letter:\inetpub\
wwwroot folder.
➤ Attempt to connect to the Web server’s home directory using a browser on a
computer that has a live connection to the Internet. Your Web site must have a
public IP address that is registered with the InterNIC, and that public IP address
must be registered with the Internet’s DNS servers. For example, if your registered
domain name is QuePublishing.com and you want to view a virtual directory
on that Web site named “aboutus”, you would type “www.
QuePublishing.com/aboutus” in the Address line of your Web browser. The Web
page that you requested should appear within your Web browser’s window.
Intranet Web Site
To isolate problems that may be preventing users from connecting to an intranet
Web site:
➤ Check that the Web server and the client computers have active network
connections.
➤ Verify that a Windows Internet Naming Service (WINS) and/or DNS server
is available and functioning on your network for computer name to IP address
name resolution.
➤ Go to a client computer, launch a Web browser, and type in a valid URL for
the Web server computer. Intranet URLs can take the format of http://
computer_name/home_page_name.htm or http://computer_name/
virtual_directory_alias_name. Examples of this syntax are http://computer1/
myhomepage.htm and http://computer1/myvirtualdirectory.

Web Folders and the WebDAV Protocol

2011-02-04T19:32:00.000-08:00

You can share folders with other computers by making them available as Web

Folders instead of, or in addition to, sharing them as network shared folders. To

share a folder on a Windows XP Professional system as a Web Folder, right-click

the folder, select Properties, and click the Web Sharing tab. Click the Add button

to assign an Alias name for the Web Folder, specify the permissions for the Web

Folder, and click OK to create the Web Folder on the default Web site. The

WebDAV (Web Distributed Authoring and Versioning) protocol acts as a

redirector that enables users to open and save documents via Hypertext Transport

Protocol (HTTP) port 80. As long as the Web server host computer is

running IIS 5 or above, and as long as an application program supports saving

and retrieving documents via HTTP, you can take advantage of WebDAV. To

use WebDAV, simply type in the URL path plus the document name in the

Open or Save As dialog box for an application.

Users can encrypt files stored in Web Folders without fear of compromising the

data whenever the files are transmitted across the network wire. Encrypted files

are always encrypted and decrypted on the local computer before being sent over

the network. Encrypted files are transferred in cybertext over the network—even

if encrypted files get intercepted as they are sent over a network connection, the

encrypted files cannot be interpreted.

Managing Printers and Print Jobs

2011-02-04T19:26:00.000-08:00

From the Printers And Faxes folder, you manage print jobs by double-clicking the printer icon that you want to work with. After you have opened the printer’s print queue window, you can pause printing or cancel all documents from the Printer menu. You can also take the printer offline from the Printer menu. If you select an individual print job that is listed, you can Pause, Resume, Start, or Cancel that job by selecting one of these options from the Documents menu. The print queue window itself displays the document name, the status, the document owner, the number of pages for each print job, the size of the job, the time and date that the job was submitted, and the port used. Members of the Administrators group and members of the Power Users group have permissions to manage print jobs that are listed in the print queue. At the time that users print one or more documents, they get the built-in security principal Creator Owner applied to their user accounts so that they are granted permission to manage documents as well. Users may manage only their own print jobs,

unless they are members of the Administrators group or the Power Users group (if the computer is standalone or a member of a workgroup), or members of the Print Operators group or the Server Operators group (if the Windows XP print server is a member of a Windows domain). Users can also manage other users’ print jobs if they have been granted the Allow Manage Documents permission.

Browser Cache Settings

2010-04-17T14:36:00.000-07:00

Most Web browsers have adjustable settings that specify how Web pages should be updated. (At any time, however, a user can manually update a Web page, typically by clicking on a button named Refresh or Reload.) For example, Internet Explorer provides several options for specifying when the browser will go back to the originating page to check for a newer version than the one stored in the browser cache. These options, which are shown in Figure 6.4, include:
• Every visit to the page—Every time you visit a page, the browser checks to see if the page has changed since the last visit. If the page has changed, the browser displays the new page and stores a copy in the cache. This option increases the time it takes for Web pages to appear between pages you have already viewed.
• Every time you start Internet Explorer—The browser checks to see if the page has changed only when the page was viewed in an earlier session. Otherwise, all visits to the same page, in the same work session, pull data from the browser cache. This option increases performance for pages you have already viewed in a single session.
• Automatically—The browser checks to see if the page has changed only when the page was viewed in an earlier session. The browser also determines if images on the page are changing infrequently over time and check for newer images even less frequently. This option provides the best performance for pages you have already viewed.
• Never—The browser pulls all previously viewed pages from the cache and never checks to see whether pages have changed. This option increases performance for pages you have already viewed. To see the most current version of a page when using this option, you will be required to refresh the page.

Most browsers also provide an option to quickly clear the cache. Deleting the cache slows performance upon each initial visit to a Web page but provides the advantage of restoring disk space that was being used to store the cached pages.

The Protocol

2010-04-17T14:20:00.000-07:00

The protocol portion of the URL specifies the Internet protocol used to access network resources. Most common is the HTTP protocol, which is used to access Web pages, but other Internet protocols are also supported. Table 6.1 lists many of these protocols. This lesson focuses on the HTTP protocol because it is the most common, but you do need to know how to specify the use of other Internet services in a URL. The next two lessons offer detailed information on other Internet services.
The protocol portion of our sample URL is shown in boldface type:
http://www.comptia.org:80/certification/inetplus/faqs.htm
Note: When you're typing Web addresses, you can usually omit the "http://" because Web browsers accept this as the default.

The Uniform Resource Locator (URL)

2010-04-17T14:12:00.000-07:00

The Uniform Resource Locator (URL)
The ability to easily locate and link to resources on the Web is made possible by the Uniform Resource Locator (URL)—also called an address. The general format for a URL is:
protocol://hostname:port/path/filename.ext
The following is an example address that points to the page containing Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) about the i-Net+ certification. This page is located on CompTIA's Web server:
http://www.comptia.org:80/certification/inetplus/faqs.htm
Next, we will use this example to examine each part of a URL.

Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)

2010-04-17T14:09:00.001-07:00

The Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) is the protocol used over TCP/IP to carry requests and responses between a Web server and a Web client. It can be said that HTTP is to the Web what TCP/IP is to the Internet.
Note: HTTP is not a secure protocol. There are, however, a couple of variations of HTTP that provide for encrypted transmission. These variations include the Secure Hypertext Transfer Protocol (SHTTP) and Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure (HTTPS).
HTTP is a stateless protocol, which means that it cannot remember what occurred previously. (Programs that are stateful can remember what happened the last time the program was run and keep track of various configuration settings.)
HTTP uses a series of requests and responses to transfer data. Basically, the client sends a request, and the server responds to the request. This transfer of data on the Web, using HTTP, usually occurs in the following four stages:

1. Connection—The client connects to the Web server.
2. Request—The client sends a resource request message to the server.
3. Response—The server delivers a response to the client.
4. Close—The connection is closed between the client and the server.
Note: Under the original HTTP specifications, the connection closes after the server response. However, a newer version of HTTP introduces persistent connections; this version maintains the connection and continues to exchange multiple requests until the connection is explicitly closed.
In addition to HTTP, another Web standard called Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) plays a crucial role in the Web's functionality. After the client makes its request and the server responds, the client uses a Web browser to interpret and display the information

The Client/Server Model

2010-04-17T14:07:00.001-07:00

Web services, as well as most other Internet services, use a client/server model. The server provides the services, which are usually requested by the client. A Web client typically uses a Web browser to make requests, and the server responds to those requests by delivering Web pages, for example. While end users (the clients) are generally concerned only with what's going on at their end, you, as an Internet professional, may need to be knowledgeable about both ends. Figure 6.1 shows an example of a Web server responding to client requests.

ftp

2010-04-16T06:01:00.001-07:00

FTP (File Transfer Protocol) is the most widely used file-transfer mechanism. First defined in RFC 959, FTP runs on port 21. To use FTP to send or receive files, your systems must meet the following requirements:
• The client computer must have FTP client software.
• The user must have a user name and password on the remote system. In many cases, a user name of anonymous with no password is used.
• The remote system must be running an FTP daemon (Unix, VMS, etc.) or service (Windows NT/2000, etc.).
• Both systems must be running the TCP/IP protocol.
Figure 8.1 shows an FTP utility (WS_FTP Pro) that can transfer files between remote and local locations.
You can use FTP in either a command-line mode or a command-interpreter mode. The following options are available from the command line:
• -a—Use any local interface when binding data connections.
• -d—Enables debugging.
• -g—Disables file-name globbing (globbing permits the use of wildcard characters such as the asterisk and question mark in local file or path names).
• -i—Turns off interactive prompting during multiple file transfers.
• -n—Suppresses auto-login upon initial connection.
• -s:filename—Specifies a text file containing FTP commands; the commands will automatically run after FTP starts.
• -v—Suppresses the display of remote server responses.
• -w:buffersize—Overrides the default transfer buffer size of 4096K.

server i locate in nepal

2010-04-16T05:51:00.000-07:00

Swap files

2010-04-01T15:44:00.001-07:00

A swap file (or swap space or, in Windows NT, a pagefile) is a space on a hard disk used as the virtual memory extension of a computer's real memory (RAM). Having a swap file allows your computer's operating system to pretend that you have more RAM than you actually do. The least recently used files in RAM can be "swapped out" to your hard disk until they are needed later so that new files can be "swapped in" to RAM. In larger operating systems (such as IBM's OS/390), the units that are moved are called pages and the swapping is called paging.
One advantage of a swap file is that it can be organized as a single contiguous space so that fewer I/O operations are required to read or write a complete file.

In general, Windows and Unix-based operating systems provide a default swap file of a certain size that the user or a system administrator can usually change.

Subnet Design Considerations

2010-03-28T02:35:00.000-07:00

Subnet Design Considerations

The deployment of an addressing plan requires careful thought on the part of the

network administrator. There are four key questions that must be answered before any

design should be undertaken:

1) How many total subnets does the organization need today?

2) How many total subnets will the organization need in the future?

3) How many hosts are there on the organization's largest subnet today?

4) How many hosts will there be on the organization's largest subnet in the future?

The first step in the planning process is to take the maximum number of subnets

required and round up to the nearest power of two. For example, if a organization needs

9 subnets, 23 (or 8) will not provide enough subnet addressing space, so the network

administrator will need to round up to 24 (or 16). When performing this assessment, it

is critical that the network administrator always allow adequate room for future growth.

For example, if 14 subnets are required today, then 16 subnets might not be enough in

two years when the 17th subnet needs to be deployed. In this case, it might be wise to

allow for more growth and select 25 (or 32) as the maximum number of subnets.

The second step is to make sure that there are enough host addresses for the

organization's largest subnet. If the largest subnet needs to support 50 host addresses

today, 25 (or 32) will not provide enough host address space so the network

administrator will need to round up to 26 (or 64).

The final step is to make sure that the organization's address allocation provides enough

bits to deploy the required subnet addressing plan. For example, if the organization has

a single /16, it could easily deploy 4-bits for the subnet-number and 6-bits for the host

number. However, if the organization has several /24s and it needs to deploy 9 subnets,

it may be required to subnet each of its /24s into four subnets (using 2 bits) and then

build the internet by combining the subnets of 3 different /24 network numbers. An

alternative solution, would be to deploy network numbers from the private address

space (RFC 1918) for internal connectivity and use a Network Address Translator

(NAT) to provide external Internet access.

Subnet Example #1

Given

An organization has been assigned the network number 193.1.1.0/24 and it needs to

define six subnets. The largest subnet is required to support 25 hosts.

Defining the Subnet Mask / Extended-Prefix Length

The first step is to determine the number of bits required to define the six subnets. Since

a network address can only be subnetted along binary boundaries, subnets must be

created in blocks of powers of two [ 2 (21), 4 (22), 8 (23), 16 (24), etc. ]. Thus, it is

impossible to define an IP address block such that it contains exactly six subnets. For

this example, the network administrator must define a block of 8 (23) and have two

unused subnets that can be reserved for future growth.

Since 8 = 23, three bits are required to enumerate the eight subnets in the block. In this

example, the organization is subnetting a /24 so it will need three more bits, or a /27, as

the extended-network-prefix. A 27-bit extended-network-prefix can be expressed in

dotted-decimal notation as 255.255.255.224. This is illustrated in Figure 11.

Prefix Length

A 27-bit extended-network-prefix leaves 5 bits to define host addresses on each subnet.

This means that each subnetwork with a 27-bit prefix represents a contiguous block of

25 (32) individual IP addresses. However, since the all-0s and all-1s host addresses

cannot be allocated, there are 30 (25 -2) assignable host addresses on each subnet.

Extended-Network-Prefix

2010-03-28T02:30:00.000-07:00

Extended-Network-Prefix

Internet routers use only the network-prefix of the destination address to route traffic to a

subnetted environment. Routers within the subnetted environment use the extendednetwork-

prefix to route traffic between the individual subnets. The extended-networkprefix

is composed of the classful network-prefix and the subnet-number.

The extended-network-prefix has traditionally been identified by the subnet mask. For

example, if you have the /16 address of 130.5.0.0 and you want to use the entire third

octet to represent the subnet-number, you need to specify a subnet mask of

255.255.255.0. The bits in the subnet mask and the Internet address have a one-to-one

correspondence. The bits of the subnet mask are set to 1 if the system examining the

address should treat the corresponding bit in the IP address as part of the extendednetwork-

prefix. The bits in the mask are set to 0 if the system should treat the bit as part

of the host-number. This is illustrated if Figure 9.

The standards describing modern routing protocols often refer to the extended-networkprefix-

length rather than the subnet mask. The prefix length is equal to the number of

contiguous one-bits in the traditional subnet mask. This means that specifying the

network address 130.5.5.25 with a subnet mask of 255.255.255.0 can also be expressed

as 130.5.5.25/24. The / notation is more compact and easier to

understand than writing out the mask in its traditional dotted-decimal format. This is

illustrated in Figure 10.

However, it is important to note that modern routing protocols still carry the subnet

mask. There are no Internet standard routing protocols that have a one-byte field in their

header that contains the number of bits in the extended-network prefix. Rather, each

routing protocol is still required to carry the complete four-octet subnet mask.

subbnetting

2010-03-28T02:15:00.000-07:00

In 1985, RFC 950 defined a standard procedure to support the subnetting, or division, of

a single Class A, B, or C network number into smaller pieces. Subnetting was

introduced to overcome some of the problems that parts of the Internet were beginning

to experience with the classful two-level addressing hierarchy:

- Internet routing tables were beginning to grow.

- Local administrators had to request another network number from the Internet

before a new network could be installed at their site.

Both of these problems were attacked by adding another level of hierarchy to the IP

addressing structure. Instead of the classful two-level hierarchy, subnetting supports a

three-level hierarchy. Figure 6 illustrates the basic idea of subnetting which is to divide

the standard classful host-number field into two parts - the subnet-number and the hostnumber

on that subnet.

Subnetting attacked the expanding routing table problem by ensuring that the subnet

structure of a network is never visible outside of the organization's private network. The

route from the Internet to any subnet of a given IP address is the same, no matter which

subnet the destination host is on. This is because all subnets of a given network number

use the same network-prefix but different subnet numbers. The routers within the

private organization need to differentiate between the individual subnets, but as far as the

Internet routers are concerned, all of the subnets in the organization are collected into a

single routing table entry. This allows the local administrator to introduce arbitrary

complexity into the private network without affecting the size of the Internet's routing

tables.

Subnetting overcame the registered number issue by assigning each organization one (or

at most a few) network number(s) from the IPv4 address space. The organization was

then free to assign a distinct subnetwork number for each of its internal networks. This

allows the organization to deploy additional subnets without needing to obtain a new

network number from the Internet.

In Figure 7, a site with several logical networks uses subnet addressing to cover them

with a single /16 (Class B) network address. The router accepts all traffic from the

Internet addressed to network 130.5.0.0, and forwards traffic to the interior subnetworks

based on the third octet of the classful address. The deployment of subnetting within the

private network provides several benefits:

- The size of the global Internet routing table does not grow because the site

administrator does not need to obtain additional address space and the routing

advertisements for all of the subnets are combined into a single routing table entry.

- The local administrator has the flexibility to deploy additional subnets without

obtaining a new network number from the Internet.

- Route flapping (i.e., the rapid changing of routes) within the private network does

not affect the Internet routing table since Internet routers do not know about the

reachability of the individual subnets - they just know about the reachability of the

parent network number.

HEAVY NETWORK

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Managing Local and Network Print Devices

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Web Folders and the WebDAV Protocol

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The Protocol

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Subnet Design Considerations

Extended-Network-Prefix

subbnetting