Virtual University Of Pakistan (Study & Work) VUflankerz

Cheque Book Issuance In Bank 2023

2023-10-10T11:08:00.002+05:00

Following requisites shall be ensured before issuance of cheque book to the customer: 1. For issuance of first cheque book, AOF will be considered as Cheque Book Issuance Request, whereas for subsequent issuance of cheque book, customer shall submit cheque book requisition leaf inside the existing cheque book. 2. Manual cheque book may be issued once to the new borrowers for withdrawal of loan amount, whereas for any other customers, personalized cheque books shall be issued. 3. Branch shall issue personalized cheque book to deposit customer. In exceptional cases, manual cheque book may be issued to deposit customer after getting approval from concerned AOM/ ROM/MBBO/SMBO. 4. Branch shall issue only personalized cheque book to all existing customers (2nd cheque book or lost cheque book/requisition). In exceptional cases, manual cheque book may be issued to a customer after getting approval from concerned AOM/ROM/MBBO/SMBO. 5. Cheque book shall preferably be delivered to the customer in person.

A. Process - Issuance of Manual Cheque Book Account Holder: Shall visit the branch and fill in the Cheque Book Request and present to Designated Officer. Designated Officer: i. Shall verify the signatures of the customer. Before processing of cheque book designated officer should ensure that sufficient funds are available in account for charges deductions. ii. Shall get a Cheque Book from Stock and complete formalities regarding its issuance by noting the details in Cheque Book Issuance Register, furthermore at each cheque book leaf the account number will be mentioned whereas the account title will be written on the covering page. iii. Will post cheque book into system with due care. Authorized Officer: Will authorize cheque book into system with due care with respect to serial number & number of leaves. Designated Officer: i. Cheque Book will be issued to the customer by taking customer acknowledgement (signature /thumb impression / as per SS card) in the Cheque Book Issuance Register. ii. Handover the cheque book to the customer after activation in the CBS.

B. Process - Issuance and Delivery of Personalized Cheque Book Account Holder or His/her Representative: Shall visit the branch and submit the Cheque Book Request duly filled and signed by account holder to Designated Officer. Designated Officer: i. Will receive the cheque book requisition and confirm the following information: a) Cheque Book requisition is properly filled and Customer’s signatures are verified as per SS Card. b) Before processing of cheque book designated officer should ensure that sufficient funds are available in account for charges deductions. i. After confirming all above, designated officer will accept the cheque book request and intimate the customer to collect cheque book after 3 to 5 working days. ii. Allot serial number of the cheque book as per sequence issued to the branch. Serial number shall also be mentioned on the cheque book requisition slip. Once serial number for cheque book has been issued from cheque books issuance register, designated officer will post the cheque book serial in CBS. Authorized Officer: i. Will authorize cheque book serial in the system after verification of original request. ii. Will ensure to process all requests for personalized cheque books before the cut off time by 4:00 pm daily. Account Holder or His/her Representative: Shall: i. Visit branch for receipt of cheque book. ii. Where account holder sends his/her representative, representative must possess an authority letter duly signed by the account holder along with valid copy of CNIC of the representative. Designated Officer: Shall i. Confirm from the stock whether cheque book of that particular customer has been received at branch. ii. Verify the signature of customer on authority letter and will obtain copy of CNIC of representative. iii. Bio-metric and Call Back Confirmation (CBC) must be conducted to establish the identity of the authorized representative. Where Call Back Confirmation (CBC) is unsuccessful, BM shall decide whether to process the case keeping in view the history of the customer. iv. Make entry in the “Cheque Book Issuance Register” along with signature of account holder (verified with SS Card) where the account holder comes to collect the cheque book himself otherwise signature of his/her representative shall be obtained and verified. v. Handover the cheque book to the account holder or his/her representative after activation in the CBS. vi. All cheque book requisitions for personalized cheque books will be kept separately in a file named “Cheque Book Requisitions (PCB)”

Zakat Management In Bank Full Info

2023-10-10T11:06:00.005+05:00

Savings and other similar accounts On 1st of Ramadan every year, Zakat is deducted at source on all categories of PLS saving and other similar accounts except those fulfilling the exemption criteria as per Zakat & Usher Ordinance 1980.

Term Deposits Receipts (TDRs) On 1st of Ramadan every year, Zakat will be calculated on all Term Deposits except those fulfilling the exemption criteria as per Zakat & Usher Ordinance 1980. Please note that all term deposits that are liable for zakat, there will be no actual deduction of zakat on 1st of Ramadan from principal amount of term deposits. The amount will be calculated against each eligible term deposit and Zakat will be deducted upon maturity or premature encashment. Sahib-e-Nisab Means a person who owns or possess assets not less than “Nisab” as announced by the Administrator General Zakat each year before the start of Ramadan Rate of Zakat 2.50% Valuation Date 1st of Ramada.

2 Zakat Exemptions Following categories are exempted from zakat as per Zakat & Usher Ordinance 1980: 1. A person who is not a “Sahib-e-Nisab”; 2. Current accounts; 3. All Non-Muslims & All Foreign Nationals; 4. Customers who died on or before 1st of Ramzan; 5. Federal Government, Provincial Government or a Local Authority; 6. Any organization which is owned wholly, directly or indirectly, by the Federal or Provincial Government or a Local Authority; 7. Subsidiary of any organization which is owned wholly, directly or indirectly, by the Federal or Provincial Government or a Local Authority; 8. A company where majority shares are owned by foreign entity; 9. National Investment (Unit) Trust/ Investment Corporation of Pakistan & its Mutual Fund; 10. Recognized Provident Fund; 11. Any Unit Fund maintained by Defense Services including Civil Armed Forces; 12. Zakat Fund; 13. All registered charitable organizations; 14. Deeni madrassah registered by Zakat Department; 15. Mosque; 16. Registered orphanage; 17. Workers Participation Fund; 18. Customers who have submitted the certificate/affidavit of Zakat Exemption (CZ-50) before 1st Shabban in their respective Branches; and 19. Customers who have opened accounts in the month of Shabban and have submitted the certificate / affidavit of Zakat Exemption (CZ-50) before 1st Ramzan in their respective branches.

Zakat Marking Process:

Process Flow for Zakat Marking Customer: Shall provide duly filled CZ-50 (Zakat Exemption Certificate) to the designated officer. IN case of joint account holders, all are required to provide separate CZ-50 (Zakat Exemption Certificate). Designated Officer: Shall i. Ensure the correctness CZ-50 (Zakat Exemption Certificate) as per below mentioned requisites: a. Stamp paper valuing Minimum Rs.20/-. b. Stamp paper properly filled and there is no cutting overwriting. c. Stamp paper should be with witness of two male persons. d. Stamp paper should be attested from Notary Public /Oath Commissioner. e. If stamp paper received from customer in shape of photocopy same should be attested by Notary Public or Oath commissioner. f. Photocopy should be from both sides. ii. Verify the customer’s signature/thumb impressions with led pencil on the stamp papers. iii. Record the receiving of the CZ-50 (Zakat Exemption Certificate) in the Zakat Register by noting down the Sequence Number of the Certificate in the Register. iv. Mark the Zakat Exemption in the system on account/s pertaining to CZ-50 (Zakat Exemption Certificate). Authorizing Officer: Shall review and authorize the Zakat Exemption Marking made by the Designated Officer. Designated Officer: After marking of Zakat Exemption in the system, designated officer shall i. Provide copy of CZ-50 (Zakat Exemption Certificate) duly stamped, dated and signed to the customer for his/her record-keeping. ii. Obtain receiving from customer on the back side of the bank copy of CZ-50 (Zakat Exemption Certificate) for audit trail purposes

Protect Your Accounts

2015-07-05T17:02:00.001+05:00

Protect Your Accounts

Dear Students,

Your Student ID and password gives you access to your LMS and VU email accounts. If someone else obtains your password which is your personal digital key, he/she can use your account to access your private data, including your personal profile, emails, assignments, MDB, GDB, Quizzes and can alter your secret information to retrieve forgotten password. Further more, he/she may perform illegal activities in your name and will remain undetected, unless you eventually change your password. You are advised to treat your password(s) as confidential information not to share with anybody. Follow the guidelines below to protect your LMS and VU Email accounts from unauthorized access.

You are YOURSELF responsible for the security of your LMS and VU Email passwords and login credentials.
Do not share your passwords with anybody.
Make separate passwords for LMS and VU Email accounts respectively.
Do not use Remember Password feature of internet browser.
Change your LMS and VU Email passwords at least once a week and immediately whenever you feel someone might know your password.
Do not re-use your old passwords.
Passwords should not be based on personal information including name, birthday, address, phone number, etc.
Password should be at least 8 characters long, easier for you to remember but harder for someone else to guess.
Password should be a non-dictionary word containing upper and lowercase letters, numbers and special characters.

Contact password@vu.edu.pk for further assistance.

2012-11-21T18:57:00.000+05:00

FIN622 Assignment 1 Fall 2012 Solution

Tuesday, November 20, 2012 Edit This

Net Present Value (NPV)
NPV = -Io + CF1 / (1+i)^1 + CF2 / (1+i)^2 + CF3 / (1+i)^3 + CF4 / (1+i)^4 +…….+ ∞
For Alpha:
Io= 20,000
i = initial investment for alpha = 14%
For Beta:
Io= 20,000
i = initial investment for Beta = 12%
......................................
PV of Future Cash Flows of project ALPHA = 53428+ 63435 + 52956+ 37725
= 207547

PI= 207547/200000

ye calculation apni kr laina...main ny rounded kiya howa hy.... same isi tarah BETA ki b calculate krni hy.....just intial investment ki amount less nahi krni....balky intial investment ko divide krna hy
......................
Net Present Value (NPV)
NPV = -Io + CF1 / (1+i)^1 + CF2 / (1+i)^2 + CF3 / (1+i)^3 + CF4 / (1+i)^4 +…….+ ∞
For Alpha:
Io= 20,000
i = initial investment for alpha = 14%
For Beta:
Io= 20,000
i = initial investment for Beta = 12%
......................
Profitability Index (PI):
Profitability Index = PV of Future Net Cash Flows / Initial Investment Required

......................
Net Present Value (NPV)
NPV = -Io + CF1 / (1+i)^1 + CF2 / (1+i)^2 + CF3 / (1+i)^3 + CF4 / (1+i)^4 +…….+ ∞
For Alpha:
Io= 20,000
i = initial investment for alpha = 14%
For Beta:
Io= 20,000
i = initial investment for Beta = 12%

Profitability Index (PI):
Profitability Index = PV of Future Net Cash Flows / Initial Investment Required

Year Project Alpha
Years	End Rs.(000)	FVIF 12.3%=1/(1.123)^t	PV	PI
	-200,000	1.000	-200000	-0.85
1	60,000	1.123	67380	2.83
2	80,000	1.261	100890.32	2.12
3	75,000	1.416	106218.59	2.27
4	60,000	1.590	95426.78128	2.83
Total	75,000		169915.6913
Project Beta
Years	End Rs.(000)	FVIF 12.3%=1/(1.123)^t	PV	PI
	-200,000	1.000	-200000	-0.851
1	55,000	1.123	61765	3.093
2	65,000	1.261	81973.385	2.617
3	70,000	1.416	99137.35069	2.430
4	80,000	1.590	127235.7084	2.126
Total	NPV		170111.4441

PV of Future Cash Flows of project ALPHA = 53428+ 63435 + 52956+ 37725
= 207547

PI= 207547/200000
......................

Answers are

1: Net present values (NPV):
Alpha: NPV = 7545.63
Beta: NPV = 243.8
Profitability index (PI):
Alpha: PI = 1.0377
Beta: PI = 1.0012
2) NPV of Alpha is higher, it is favorable
3) Profitability index of Alpha is higher
4) IRR of Alpha is higher so it is favorable project.
......................
Answer 4:

PROJECT ALPHA
Year End	Project Alpha	IRR	IRR+1	(IRR+1)^T			NPV of Cash Flow
0	-200000	14.00%	1 + 14% = 1.14	(1.14)^0	=	1.000	(200,000.00)
1	60000	14.00%	1 + 14% = 1.14	(1.14)^1	=	1.140	52,631.58
2	80000	14.00%	1 + 14% = 1.14	(1.14)^2	=	1.300	61,557.40
3	75000	14.00%	1 + 14% = 1.14	(1.14)^3	=	1.482	50,622.86
4	60000	14.00%	1 + 14% = 1.14	(1.14)^4	=	1.689	35,524.82
				TOTAL NPV			336.66


PROJECT Beta
Year End	Project Alpha	IRR	IRR+1	(IRR+1)^T			NPV of Cash Flow
0	-200000	12.00%	1 + 12% = 1.12	(1.12)^0	=	1.000	(200,000.00)
1	55000	12.00%	1 + 12% = 1.12	(1.12)^1	=	1.120	49,107.14
2	65000	12.00%	1 + 12% = 1.12	(1.12)^2	=	1.254	51,817.60
3	70000	12.00%	1 + 12% = 1.12	(1.12)^3	=	1.405	49,824.62
4	80000	12.00%	1 + 12% = 1.12	(1.12)^4	=	1.574	50,841.45
				TOTAL NPV			1,590.81

Using IRR criterion, project Beta IRR is higher than Project Alpha. So, Select Project Beta. Answer 4:

PROJECT ALPHA
Year End	Project Alpha	IRR	IRR+1	(IRR+1)^T			NPV of Cash Flow
0	-200000	14.00%	1 + 14% = 1.14	(1.14)^0	=	1.000	(200,000.00)
1	60000	14.00%	1 + 14% = 1.14	(1.14)^1	=	1.140	52,631.58
2	80000	14.00%	1 + 14% = 1.14	(1.14)^2	=	1.300	61,557.40
3	75000	14.00%	1 + 14% = 1.14	(1.14)^3	=	1.482	50,622.86
4	60000	14.00%	1 + 14% = 1.14	(1.14)^4	=	1.689	35,524.82
				TOTAL NPV			336.66


PROJECT Beta
Year End	Project Alpha	IRR	IRR+1	(IRR+1)^T			NPV of Cash Flow
0	-200000	12.00%	1 + 12% = 1.12	(1.12)^0	=	1.000	(200,000.00)
1	55000	12.00%	1 + 12% = 1.12	(1.12)^1	=	1.120	49,107.14
2	65000	12.00%	1 + 12% = 1.12	(1.12)^2	=	1.254	51,817.60
3	70000	12.00%	1 + 12% = 1.12	(1.12)^3	=	1.405	49,824.62
4	80000	12.00%	1 + 12% = 1.12	(1.12)^4	=	1.574	50,841.45
				TOTAL NPV			1,590.81

Using IRR criterion, project Beta IRR is higher than Project Alpha. So, Select Project Beta

2012-11-21T18:56:00.000+05:00

FIN622 Assignment 1 Fall 2012 Solution

Tuesday, November 20, 2012 Edit This

Year Project Alpha
Years	End Rs.(000)	FVIF 12.3%=1/(1.123)^t	PV	PI
	-200,000	1.000	-200000	-0.85
1	60,000	1.123	67380	2.83
2	80,000	1.261	100890.32	2.12
3	75,000	1.416	106218.59	2.27
4	60,000	1.590	95426.78128	2.83
Total	75,000		169915.6913
Project Beta
Years	End Rs.(000)	FVIF 12.3%=1/(1.123)^t	PV	PI
	-200,000	1.000	-200000	-0.851
1	55,000	1.123	61765	3.093
2	65,000	1.261	81973.385	2.617
3	70,000	1.416	99137.35069	2.430
4	80,000	1.590	127235.7084	2.126
Total	NPV		170111.4441

PV of Future Cash Flows of project ALPHA = 53428+ 63435 + 52956+ 37725
= 207547

PI= 207547/200000
......................

Answers are

PROJECT ALPHA
Year End	Project Alpha	IRR	IRR+1	(IRR+1)^T			NPV of Cash Flow
0	-200000	14.00%	1 + 14% = 1.14	(1.14)^0	=	1.000	(200,000.00)
1	60000	14.00%	1 + 14% = 1.14	(1.14)^1	=	1.140	52,631.58
2	80000	14.00%	1 + 14% = 1.14	(1.14)^2	=	1.300	61,557.40
3	75000	14.00%	1 + 14% = 1.14	(1.14)^3	=	1.482	50,622.86
4	60000	14.00%	1 + 14% = 1.14	(1.14)^4	=	1.689	35,524.82
				TOTAL NPV			336.66


PROJECT Beta
Year End	Project Alpha	IRR	IRR+1	(IRR+1)^T			NPV of Cash Flow
0	-200000	12.00%	1 + 12% = 1.12	(1.12)^0	=	1.000	(200,000.00)
1	55000	12.00%	1 + 12% = 1.12	(1.12)^1	=	1.120	49,107.14
2	65000	12.00%	1 + 12% = 1.12	(1.12)^2	=	1.254	51,817.60
3	70000	12.00%	1 + 12% = 1.12	(1.12)^3	=	1.405	49,824.62
4	80000	12.00%	1 + 12% = 1.12	(1.12)^4	=	1.574	50,841.45
				TOTAL NPV			1,590.81

Using IRR criterion, project Beta IRR is higher than Project Alpha. So, Select Project Beta. Answer 4:

PROJECT ALPHA
Year End	Project Alpha	IRR	IRR+1	(IRR+1)^T			NPV of Cash Flow
0	-200000	14.00%	1 + 14% = 1.14	(1.14)^0	=	1.000	(200,000.00)
1	60000	14.00%	1 + 14% = 1.14	(1.14)^1	=	1.140	52,631.58
2	80000	14.00%	1 + 14% = 1.14	(1.14)^2	=	1.300	61,557.40
3	75000	14.00%	1 + 14% = 1.14	(1.14)^3	=	1.482	50,622.86
4	60000	14.00%	1 + 14% = 1.14	(1.14)^4	=	1.689	35,524.82
				TOTAL NPV			336.66


PROJECT Beta
Year End	Project Alpha	IRR	IRR+1	(IRR+1)^T			NPV of Cash Flow
0	-200000	12.00%	1 + 12% = 1.12	(1.12)^0	=	1.000	(200,000.00)
1	55000	12.00%	1 + 12% = 1.12	(1.12)^1	=	1.120	49,107.14
2	65000	12.00%	1 + 12% = 1.12	(1.12)^2	=	1.254	51,817.60
3	70000	12.00%	1 + 12% = 1.12	(1.12)^3	=	1.405	49,824.62
4	80000	12.00%	1 + 12% = 1.12	(1.12)^4	=	1.574	50,841.45
				TOTAL NPV			1,590.81

Using IRR criterion, project Beta IRR is higher than Project Alpha. So, Select Project Beta

STA301 Assignment 2 Solution Fall 2012

2012-11-19T22:56:00.002+05:00

Question no 02 part a

If coefficient of skewness is zero then distribution is symmetric or zero skewed.\
\

question no 2 part b
The least squares regression line

The least squares regression line is the line which produces the smallest value of the sum of the squares of the residuals. A residual is the vertical distance from a point on a scatter diagram to the line of best fit. Therefore the least squares regression line can be seen as the best line of best fit.
The equation of the least squares regression line of y on x is:

Where b is:

As you can see there are 3 different ways to calculate the value for b, based on what information you are given in the question
Example

Calculate the least squared regression line of y on x from the following data:

x	20	30	40	50	60	70
y	2.49	2.41	2.38	2.14	1.97	2.03

Firstly draw up a table of the values you need and fill it out. In this example we'll use the third equation for b so we need all the values of x²and x_iy_i:

	x	y	x²	x_iy_i
	20	2.49	400	49.9
	30	2.41	900	72.3
	40	2.38	1600	95.2
	50	2.14	2500	107
	60	1.97	3600	118.2
	70	2.03	4900	142.1
Sum:	270	13.42	13900	584.7

Next step is to calculate the means of the x and y values:

Now the value of b can be calculated:
Hence the equation is therefore:

Cleaning it up:

PHY101 1st Assignment Solution nov 2012

2012-11-19T22:55:00.002+05:00

Q 1: A football player kicks a football straight up in to the air with an initial velocity of 25m/s. What is the approximate maximum height that the ball reaches? Use acceleration due to gravity (g) as 9.8m/s2. Marks = 7

Ans:-

2as = Vf2 – Vi2

Where a = g = 9.8m/s2

Vf2 = 0

Applying the values:

2as = Vf2 – Vi2

2(9.8m/s2) s = 0 – (25m/s)2

(19.6m/s2) s = 625m2/s2

s =625m2/s2 / (19.6m/s2)

s = 31.8m

Q 2: In the classic horse and cart problem, a horse is attached to a cart that can roll along on a set of wheels. Which of the following statement is true? Also explain the reason of your selected choice as well.

a) The horse pulls on the cart with a force, and the cart pulls, back on the horse with an equal force.

b) The horse pulls on the cart with a force greater than the force that the cart pulls back on the horse.

c) The horse pulls the cart forward because the force of friction forward is greater than the force of the wagon backward.

d) The horse pulls the cart forward, because of a time delay between the action and reaction forces.

e) The horse pulls the cart forward, but only if the horse has a mass greater than the mass of the cart. Marks = 6 (2+4)

Ans:-

c) The horse pulls the cart forward because the force of friction forward is greater than the force of the wagon backward.

Reason:-

The forces on the cart include the forward force the horse exerts on the cart and the backward force due to friction at the ground, acting on the wheels. At rest, or at constant velocity, these two are equal in size, because the acceleration of the cart is zero. The forces on the horse include the backward force the cart exerts on the horse and the forward force of the ground on its hooves. At rest, or at constant velocity, these two are equal in size, because the acceleration of the horse is zero. The force the horse exerts on the cart is of equal size and opposite direction to the force the cart exerts on the horse, by Newton's third law. The horse places its feet so as to change the angle of the force its hooves exert on the ground, thereby increasing the backward force of its hooves on the ground.

Q 3: Is it true to say that a projectile has zero acceleration at its peak? If yes explain if not give a reason. Marks = 4

Ans:-

The acceleration due to gravity is constant at 9.8 m/sec^2. One of the variables in projectiles is its speed --- it slows down as it goes up and gains speed as it goes down. When the projectile reaches its maximum height, its velocity is always zero. Acceleration has nothing to do with instantaneous velocity. Acceleration shows the relationship between the velocities of the projectile at 2 different points in time. If acceleration was zero, the difference in velocity of the projectiles between any two points of its trajectory would be 0. However, with an acceleration, even if the velocity of the projectile at one point was 0, but the acceleration would not be zero because the acceleration of a projectile is always equal to the acceleration of gravity.

Q 4: (a) Anna is pushing but the box does not move. What is the force of static friction shown in below figure? Marks = 3

Ans:-

Fs=mu*N

=1*7N

=7N

(b) What is the maximum static friction force shown in below figure? The coefficient of static friction for these materials is 0.31. Marks = 5

Ans:-

=0.31*27N

27 nai only 7 hai

or answer hai 2.17

ECO403 Assignment 1 Solution Fall 2012

2012-11-19T22:53:00.002+05:00

Commodities	1986		1987
Price	Quantity	Price	Quantity
Fish	10	50	13	70
Milk	5	100	7	100
Meat	7	150	10	155
Rice	6	70	10	90
Fruits	7	90	14	90

Requirements:
With the help of above data, calculate Togo’s:
Nominal GDP : Y = P x y
y = quantity
P = price
a) Nominal GDP for year 1986

Commodities	Nominal GDP
Fish	500
Milk	500
Meat	1050
Rice	420
Fruits	630

b) Nominal GDP for year 1987

Commodities	Nominal GDP
Fish	910
Milk	700
Meat	1550
Rice	900
Fruits	1260

c) Real GDP for year 1987
Real GDP y = Y/P
Where we multiple each year’s Quantities (y) with the previous year’s Prices (P)

Commodities	Nominal GDP
Fish	700
Milk	500
Meat	1085
Rice	540
Fruits	630

d) GDP deflator for the year 1987
GDP Deflator = (Nominal GDP/Real GDP) x 100

Product	GDP Deflator
Fish	130
Milk	140
Meat	142.86
Rice	166.67
Fruits	200

e) Labor force for year 1986 and 1987
Labor force = employed + unemployed
1986: 90 lac employed and 7 lac unemployed
Labor Force = 97 lac
1987: 87 lac employed and 11 lac unemployed
Labor Force = 98 lac

Real GDP = Nominal GDP/CPI*100

Nominal GDP = ∑ p_tq_t

BNK603 VU Current Assignment No. 1 Fall 2012 Solution Soon

2012-11-18T12:49:00.001+05:00

Scenario:

In Pakistan, average lending rate of banks is reported at 13.06 % while the deposit rate was at 5.82% in first half of FY2012. This higher spread in the banking sector has increased the banks’ income rapidly. But, this increased spread has been discouraging potential savings and also a constraint on investment activities. As a result, this higher cost of funding to the private sector has been reducing the potential growth of the economy with reduction in the business activities. This has an outcome of high rate of unemployment in the country.

According to State Bank of Pakistan (SBP), interest spread in Pakistan has mounted from 4.63% in FY2003 to 7.24% recently. Whereas, this spread is only 2% to 4% in others developed countries. The year-on-year growth in loans to private sector businesses has declined from 22.4 percent in FY08 to 0.7 percent by the end of recent year. Still, an increase of 269% in deposits base and 268% increase in bank assets has increased the banks’ pre-tax profit by 9,991%. A deposit rate of 5.82% and inflation rate of 12% depicts that real rate of return (inflation adjusted) is actually -6%, whereas it was 3% in 2001. This means that the depositors have been forced to lose their money due to the negative returns.

Required:

1. Discuss in detail the three most appropriate measures to be taken by State bank of Pakistan in order to control or bring down the higher spread in Pakistani banking sector.

2. Discuss in details any two factors inducing this higher banking spread in Pakistan.

Fin622 Current Assignment 1 Fall 201 Solution soon

2012-11-18T12:49:00.000+05:00

Semester Fall 2012
Corporate Finance (FIN622)
Assignment No. 01
Due Date: 19-11-2012
Marks: 20

Capital Budgeting Techniques for Projects Evaluation

Learning objectives:
Understanding project evaluation techniques used to determine the financial viability of a project.

Learning outcomes:
After attempting this assignment, students will be able to understand how capital budgeting techniques can help in deciding whether to accept or reject a project.

Case

Tyres Manufacturing Incorporation (TMI) – a fast growing tyre manufacturing company in Pakistan has been serving nationally and internationally for the last 40 years. The company is a standard manufacturer of rubber tyres and tubes for all types of light vehicles running on the country’s roads. TMI is reliable name known for its quality products. Major customers of the company include people owing and driving vehicles manufactured by famous vehicle manufacturers in Pakistan.

To meet the rising demand for its products, TMI is thinking to expand manufacturing capacity for which two mutually exclusive investment opportunities named as project Alpha and Project Betaare under consideration.

The management has gathered necessary data which will be helpful in evaluation of the projects. Evaluation will be done through capital budgeting techniques. The company has to choose between these two equally risky and mutually exclusive projects. The expected cash flows of two projects are as follows:

TMI has estimated its required rate of return for each project at 12.3%. It has also estimated internal rate of return (IRR) for project Alpha at 14% and for project Beta at 12%.

Required:

You as financial analyst need to recommend one of the two projects that TMI may add to its assets. Your decision is subject to the following:

1. Calculate Net Present Value (NPV) and profitability Index (PI) for each project. (16 marks)
2. If you apply NPV criterion, which project should be selected and why? (1 mark)
3. If you apply Profitability Index criterion, which project should be selected and why? (1mark)
4. If you apply IRR criterion, which project should be selected and why? (2 marks)

Mgt301 Assignemnt 1 solution

2012-11-15T10:49:00.001+05:00

Idea Solution:

Table # 01 Star (High Growth + High Share) Bakery	Table # 03 Question Mark (High Growth + Low Share) Milk CSD (Gourmet Juices)
Table # 02 Cash Cow (Low Growth + High Share) Water Ice Cream	Table # 04 Dog (Low Growth + Low Share) Juices

Reasons:

Table # 01: Bakery
In Lahore there is low competitor of bakery product. Only Butt Sweets are working in city but they are few. So Gourmet falls in star in context of bakery product. They need heavy investment to capture the market and get the high share.
Table # 02: Water, Ice Cream
In this situation, Gourmet need less investment and capture the high market share, because only one time investment made in filtration plant, then water will provided by gourmet.
Table # 03: Milk, CSD (Government Juices)
In Lahore, there is lot of milk shop. So Gourmet needs lot of cast to capture the market.
Table # 04: Juices
In Lahore juices are available, same quantity at same price at many shops. So if gourmet keeps these products. Then there is normal change, because people buy the same product at any shop nearest to home.

The BCG matrix
Product portfolio method
The BCG matrix method is based on the product life cycle theory that can be used to determine what priorities should be given in the product portfolio of a business unit. To ensure long-term value creation, a company should have a portfolio of products that contains both high-growth products in need of cash inputs and low-growth products that generate a lot of cash. It has 2 dimensions: market share and market growth. The basic idea behind it is that the bigger the market share a product has or the faster the product's market grows the better it is for the company.
Placing products in the BCG matrix results in 4 categories in a portfolio of a company:
1. Stars (=high growth, high market share)
- use large amounts of cash and are leaders in the business so they should also generate large amounts of cash.
- frequently roughly in balance on net cash flow. However if needed any attempt should be made to hold share, because the rewards will be a cash cow if market share is kept.
2. Cash Cows (=low growth, high market share)
- profits and cash generation should be high , and because of the low growth, investments needed should be low. Keep profits high
- Foundation of a company
3. Dogs (=low growth, low market share)
- avoid and minimize the number of dogs in a company.
- beware of expensive turn around plans.
- deliver cash, otherwise liquidate
4. Question Marks (= high growth, low market share)
- have the worst cash characteristics of all, because high demands and low returns due to low market share
- if nothing is done to change the market share, question marks will simply absorb great amounts of cash and later, as the growth stops, a dog.
- either invest heavily or sell off or invest nothing and generate whatever cash it can. Increase market share or deliver cash

The BCG Matrix method can help understand a frequently made strategy mistake: having a one-size-fits-all-approach to strategy, such as a generic growth target (9 percent per year) or a generic return on capital of say 9,5% for an entire corporation.
In such a scenario:
A. Cash Cows Business Units will beat their profit target easily; their management have an easy job and are often praised anyhow. Even worse, they are often allowed to reinvest substantial cash amounts in their businesses which are mature and not growing anymore.
B. Dogs Business Units fight an impossible battle and, even worse, investments are made now and then in hopeless attempts to 'turn the business around'.
C. As a result (all) Question Marks and Stars Business Units get mediocre size investment funds. In this way they are unable to ever become cash cows.**************** These inadequate invested sums of money are a waste of money. Either these SBUs should receive enough investment funds to enable them to achieve a real market dominance and become a cash cow (or star), or otherwise companies are advised to disinvest and try to get whatever possible cash out of the question marks that were not selected.
Some limitations of the Boston Consulting Group Matrix include:

High market share is not the only success factor
Market growth is not the only indicator for attractiveness of a market
Sometimes Dogs can earn even more cash as Cash Cows

ENG301 Fall 2012 Assignment No. 1 Solution

2012-11-15T10:40:00.002+05:00

Question # 01

1..... EXAMPLE When the teacher uses very difficult or unfamiliar words the students may not comprehend them.

Communication Barriers Semantic

2.....EXAMPLE Communication fails if there are hasty judgments, refusal to listen to a problem, distraction, acceptance of words literally, fear of criticism, day dreaming, impatience, etc.

Communication Barriers Emotional

3..... EXAMPLE The undesirable sound such as that arising out of dragging a table or sneezing or banging of the door or the window panes or creaking of the door or the fan etc. can pose a distraction.

Communication Barriers Physical

4.... EXAMPLE People, who suffer from ailments such as anxiety and depression, tend to misunderstand what is being said about them.

Communication Barriers Physical

5..... EXAMPLE A speaker may also ruin her credibility with listeners with defensive behavior: instead of accepting new information or that she was incorrect; she may justify a mistake or refuse to admit it altogether.

Communication Barriers Values Attitude

6.....EXAMPLE Seeing things through the lens of our own unique life experiences may lead to assumptions, stereotyping and misunderstandings of others whose experiences differ from our own.

Communication Barriers Perceptional

7....EXAMPLE The audience fails to get the intended meaning if the words or expressions used are too complicated or uncommon. Semantic

8.... In case of written communication illegible writing or bad photocopies lead to miscommunication.

Communication Barriers Physical

9.... EXAMPLE When a listener is fearful that she won't understand what's being said, she tends to shutdown and stop listening as a defense mechanism for future mistakes.

Communication Barriers Psychological

10 ...EXAMPLE If you are experiencing a high level of stress, you may be unable to adequately communicate your own needs or to really hear what another person is saying Communication Barriers Value Attitude

Question # 02

Point 1

This is a downward flow of communication. In the organization decision are made by the top management then these decisions are communicated to the lower management ,then this management makes further downward communication to the low level of management then they further communicated to the supervisors , this is the whole process of downward communication . In this specific instant the president is message is comminuted to the vice president accounting this is downward communication because message is communicated from the top management to the middle management.

Point 2

At this point up ward flow of communication is made middle management to top management, to make decisions president needs information or feedback from the employees, middle management, in upward flow communication is started from supervisors to the top management, supervisor report to low level management, low level to middle level to top level which is the president or CEO or board of Directors.

Point 3

At this point horizontal flow takes place .In order to perform a job, duty, or for the preparation of meetings and to corporate on important issue, communication on the same level .in this hierarchy vice president production communicating to vice president marketing for some cooperation or discussing a issue may b exchange of ideas for launching new product in market. At this communication is taking place at middle level.

Point 4

At this point upward flow of communication is taking place a head (supervisor) of department B of Accounting is communicating to vice president Marketing regarding some issue may b availability of funds for new advertise campaign.

...........

Solution # 02:

1.Downward Flow

2.Upward Flow

3.Horizontal Flow

4.Upward Flow

.................

Communication fails if there are hasty judgments, refusal to listen to a problem, distraction, acceptance of words literally, fear of criticism, day dreaming, impatience, etc.(Psychological)

The undesirable sound such as that arising out of dragging a table or sneezing or banging of the door or the window panes or creaking of the door or the fan etc. can pose a distraction.(physical)

People, who suffer from ailments such as anxiety and depression, tend to misunderstand what is being said about them(emotional)

Seeing things through the lens of our own unique life experiences may lead to assumptions, stereotyping and misunderstandings of others whose experiences differ from our own.(perceptual)

The audience fails to get the intended meaning if the words or expressions used are too complicated or uncommon.(semantic)

..................

in case of written communication illegible writing or bad photocopies lead to miscommunication.(PHYSICAL)

When a listener is fearful that she won't understand what's being said, she tends to shutdown and stop listening as a defense mechanism for future mistakes.(PSYCHOLOGICAL)

If you are experiencing a high level of stress, you may be unable to adequately communicate your own needs or to really hear what another person is saying(EMOTIONAL)

Mgt101 assignment 1 fall 2012 solution

2012-11-15T10:38:00.000+05:00

MGT610 GDB Solution Fall 2012

2012-11-15T10:34:00.001+05:00

I'm not sure how to answer this question, but here are some "ways" through which a company can maintain a good repute (keeping intact basic ethics) alongside a steady flow of profits.

(A) MANAGEMENT. The ethical stance of a company originates from the consistent integrity of its senior officers. From the first day in business, they inform all employees that the primary focus of the organization will be equitable and unbiased service. Customer satisfaction will always be given top priority.

These objectives should be proclaimed proudly in all media advertising. Members of the public, frustrated with the half-truths and price-gouging so prevalent in business today, will be more than willing to give this refreshingly honest enterprise a try.

(B) STAFF. The employees must also be committed to the maintenance of high ethical standards. In turn, they, themselves, must be treated as valued members of the organization and be well compensated for their work. Overtime hours and contributions to the efficiency and improvement of the operation must be recognized and rewarded.

The staff will become ambassadors of goodwill for the organization. Word will soon be spread around the community that the company is a great place to work, and there will be no shortage of skilled and qualified workers anxious to come on board as the company grows.

(C) CUSTOMERS. With competent workers, high ethical standards and an overall commitment to excellence, any organization will very quickly secure a nucleus of satisfied customers and all their repeat business.

( D) THE COMMUNITY. The community will become your advertising agents. You will be recommended to the friends and neighbours, relatives and co-workers of your regular customers. Your reputation for high ethical standards, honesty, and good service will draw an ever-increasing number of new clients . Your greatest problem will be finding time and room to expand.

(E) YOUR COMPETITORS. They will notice their customer base dwindling, and realize they either have to adopt improved professional practices or look around for another location outside the sphere of influence of your company and its satisfied and loyal customers.

The link between business ethics and profitability is undeniable. Smart business owners know this. They repay their staff and customers by being honest, trustworthy, conscientious, and by sharing some of the benefits and profits they accumulate through others' effort and loyalty .

Could add, that since the question itself talks about technology, organizations could avoid exaggerating about themselves over the internet.

Instead indulge in some honest yet clever marketing techniques, through which they dont violate business ethics however attract customers at the same time.

Mgt610 VU Current Assignment No. 1 Spring 2012 Solution

2012-04-14T10:54:00.000+05:00

“Is it compulsion or persuasion to implement ethical

practices in business? Take a position and support

with relevant facts

Idea solution:

In organization, while working its necessary to follow the ethic’s rules and persuade

them in day to day work by employees. Compulsion in implementing ethical

practices will help business to grow. People feel responsible when they compelled to

follow the ethics and it will be good for the business as well in following :

1. Improve customers' confidence : Business ethics are needed to improve the

customers' confidence about the quality, quantity, price, etc. of the products.

The customers have more trust and confidence in the businessmen who

follow ethical rules. They feel that such businessmen will not cheat them.

2. Survival of business : Business ethics are mandatory for the survival of

business. The businessmen who do not follow it will have short-term success,

but they will fail in the long run. This is because they can cheat a consumer

only once. After that, the consumer will not buy goods from that

businessman. He will also tell others not to buy from that businessman. So

this will defame his image and provoke a negative publicity. This will result

in failure of the business. Therefore, if the businessmen do not follow ethical

rules, he will fail in the market. So, it is always better to follow appropriate

code of conduct to survive in the market.

3. Safeguarding consumers' rights : The consumer has many rights such as

right to health and safety, right to be informed, right to choose, right to be

heard, right to redress, etc. But many businessmen do not respect and

protect these rights. Business ethics are must to safeguard these rights of the

consumers.

4. Protecting employees and shareholders : Business ethics are required to

protect the interest of employees, shareholders, competitors, dealers,

suppliers, etc. It protects them from exploitation through unfair trade

practices.

5. Develops good relations : Business ethics are important to develop good and

friendly relations between business and society. This will result in a regular

supply of good quality goods and services at low prices to the society. It will

also result in profits for the businesses thereby resulting in growth of

economy.

6. Creates good image : Business ethics create a good image for the business

and businessmen. If the businessmen follow all ethical rules, then they will be

fully accepted and not criticised by the society. The society will always

support those businessmen who follow this necessary code of conduct.

7. Smooth functioning : If the business follows all the business ethics, then the

employees, shareholders, consumers, dealers and suppliers will all be happy.

So they will give full cooperation to the business. This will result in smooth

functioning of the business. So, the business will grow, expand and diversify

easily and quickly. It will have more sales and more profits.

8. Consumer movement : Business ethics are gaining importance because of the

growth of the consumer movement. Today, the consumers are aware of their

rights. Now they are more organised and hence cannot be cheated easily.

They take actions against those businessmen who indulge in bad business

practices. They boycott poor quality, harmful, high-priced and counterfeit

(duplicate) goods. Therefore, the only way to survive in business is to be

honest and fair.

9. Consumer satisfaction : Today, the consumer is the king of the market. Any

business simply cannot survive without the consumers. Therefore, the main

aim or objective of business is consumer satisfaction. If the consumer is not

satisfied, then there will be no sales and thus no profits too. Consumer will be

satisfied only if the business follows all the business ethics, and hence are

highly needed.

10. Importance of labour : Labour, i.e. employees or workers play a very crucial

role in the success of a business. Therefore, business must use business ethics

while dealing with the employees. The business must give them proper wages

and salaries and provide them with better working conditions. There must be

good relations between employer and employees. The employees must also be

given proper welfare facilities.

11. Healthy competition : The business must use business ethics while dealing

with the competitors. They must have healthy competition with the

competitors. They must not do cut-throat competition. Similarly, they must

give equal opportunities to small-scale business. They must avoid monopoly.

This is because a monopoly is harmful to the consumers.

Some more are:

• Enhanced reputations and good will

• Reduced risks and costs

• Protection from their own employees and agents

• Stronger competitive positions

• Expanded access to capital, credit, and foreign investment

• Increased profits

• Sustained long-term growth

• International respect for enterprises and emerging markets

Mgt111 GDB No. 1 solution Spring 2012

2012-04-14T10:53:00.000+05:00

The values of freedom, respect for human rights and the principle of holding periodic and genuine elections by universal suffrage are essential elements of democracy. In turn, democracy provides the natural environment for the protection and effective realization of human rights. Background (Preamble): Issues: 1. Violation of Human Rights in Pakistan. 2. No Fair election. 3. Dictatorship. 4. Now State of emergency to save political power. 5.Ban of Media. Today the top politicians of Pakistan are busy in saving democracy. What one wonders is which democracy are they engrossed in saving. Democracy is defined as a form of government in which all citizens of the state have an equal say in the decisions that affect their daily lives. Abraham Lincoln defined democracy as ‘by the people, of the people, for the people’. Here in Pakistan whenever elections are held, the party that loses immediately starts saying that the elections were rigged. Those voted into power are generally clueless about governance and statesmanship. If the political leaders fear that the army will take over the country how do they propose to save democracy and which democracy will they have saved. Whenever there has been a military coup we have never seen the citizens taking to the streets in protest. In fact they have heaved a sigh of relief. Living in palatial residences, being nurtured into politics by military despots does not breed leaders. There are hardly any political leaders in this country who don’t have skeletons in their cupboards. And they are so scared of any establishment baring these skeletons that they stick to their well versed mantras. A democratic country generally has two major political parties in the parliament, one in power, and the other in the opposition. It’s the work of the opposition to ensure that the party in power delivers good governance and works for the welfare of the citizens. In which democracy has the term ‘friendly opposition’ been used to describe the working of the opposition? Pakistan has sunk to the bottom among the nations of the world while the politicians have been busy in ‘saving democracy’. Nobody wants to come here, let alone invest over here. Inflation has crossed all limits and the citizens for whom democracy is being saved are living from hand to mouth. There is no hope in sight, light at the end of the tunnel that the nation can see or hope to see that will alter their lives. Lives can be changed; the nation can be pulled out from its misery if we can find honest leaders. Leaders who will work relentlessly for the people; deal with a firm hand to end corruption; not get busy in amassing their own wealth. If a nation prospers and it has honest hard working leaders who put the needs of their citizens above everything else; democracy will not have to be saved. It will flourish and bloom on its own.

Another Solution

FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS AND PRINCIPLES OF POLICIES
Constitution 1973

ANSWER:

Pakistani government and civil society have take steps towards the implementation of universal human rights over recent years. The quality and characteristics of democracy is slowly improving now. Pakistan has entered in many of key human rights treaties with other such institutions and recently accepted the UN Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and the UN Conventional against Torture.
Judiciary is more independent than before. Media become free to dispose and criticize the government matters and actions and become progressed so fast.
Human rights are an indivisible part of our foreign policy.
Pakistani Parliament become so powerful and had a first female speaker.
There is particularly high rate of violence against women but now government is taking steps for providing the fundamental rights to the women and children.
The 1973 Constitution contains
Fundamental Rights and Principles of Policies which give basic rights to citizens. Some of the articles pertaining to human dignity and respect given in constitution are as follows:-

Security of a person,
Safeguards as to arrest and detention
Slavery, forced labor prohibited
Inviolability of dignity of man: privacy of home shall be inviolable and safe.
Freedom of movement: Every citizen have right to move freely and reside and settle at any place in Pakistan.
Freedom of assembly: Every citizen shall have right to assemble peacefully.
Every citizen shall have freedom of trade, business or any other profession but these must be lawful.
Every citizen have right to freedom of speech and expression, but it must be within lawful limit.
Every citizen has a right to freedom to announce his religion and to manage religious institution.
No person shall be taxed for the income that he spent for his religious propagation and maintenance.
Safeguard as to Educational Institution in Respect of Religion. The principle of secularism, as opposed to religious extremism, violence and terrorism. All citizens are equal before law and all are protected equally by law.
Democratic pluralism and equal rights for all without discrimination on the basis of race, religion, ethnicity, gender and political belief, sex, place of birth.

Mgt301 VU Current Assignment Solution Spring 2012

2012-04-14T10:49:00.000+05:00

Answer # 1:-

Jamal is Using Production Concept

Babar is using Product Concept

Tauqeer is using Selling Concept

Ali is using Social Marketing Concept

Answer # 2 :-

There are a number of factors which can contribute to an impending crises or cause the failure of a business. We will now examine two causes that can impact on a business’ performance – indequate financial control and competition.

Inadequate Financial Control Inadequate financial control is a common cause of business decline and impacts on management’s ability to identify areas in a business that are losing money and “burning” cash.

It is common to see failed businesses that have not had proper financial controls. To successfully control a business’ financial affairs, it is important to have regular and accurate information. Additionally, effective systems are fundamental to providing key information and reporting on a frequent basis.

Inefficient systems can be divided into the following four categories:

1. Complex systems and irrelevant information

Management is provided with comprehensive monthly reports that go into too great a detail to report the results of the business. Often these are too cumbersome and fail to provide the specific information relevant to managers for decision-making.

Examining the timeliness, reporting methods and data produced from your own internal accounting packages, or those externally utilised, is an important step in addressing the information which is actually available and beneficial to management.

2. Ineffective use of information
Preparation and review of regular monthly management accounts or reports is an effective way of ensuring that management is basing decisions on timely and consistent information. Additionally, tailoring your accounting package to produce reports specific to your individual requirements will assist in the production and interpretation of meaningful data.

3. Organisational structure hinders decision-making
Information must be disseminated and provided to the relevant manager in order to effectively interpret and implement strategies. For example, inefficiencies may arise when a company has a centralised operation and reporting structure, yet the information for decision-making occurs at the “coal face”.

4. Inaccurate method of overhead cost allocation
A reflection of product or divisional performance and costs may be distorted by a company’s method of overhead cost allocation. Accurate costing must be implemented to ensure that products and divisions are appropriately managed, and decisions are based on correct information.

Competition
Competition is another cause regularly cited for corporate failure, and is classified as either price competition or product competition. It is common to see a business involved in both price and product competition simultaneously.

1. Product competition
Products have a distinct life cycle, the length of which varies significantly on the product and industry. A failure to consider a product’s life cycle and respond to changing markets may lead to business decline.

Inefficiencies occur when management lack the expertise to interpret the information provided, which is often an overview of the results achieved in previous months. This results in decisions being made without sufficient input and forward planning.

To ensure a business does not succumb to the obsolescence of its product, it is critical the stages of the life cycle are identified and responsive strategies developed and implemented to move with the times.

Such strategies may include:
o development of new products/replacements;
o improvement in the technical know-how to develop better products;
o diversification into new product areas; and
o establishing joint ventures.

2. Price competition

Price competition can lead to corporate failure. Though other factors played a part, the business demise of these companies was largely affected by competitive pricing strategies in their respective markets.

Some markets will be more price sensitive than others due to the nature of their industry, with businesses operating in these highly sensitive markets being less profitable. Industry participants with higher cost structures find it increasingly difficult to compete and suffer a lack of profitability.

Ultimately, the ability of a business to prosper whilst in a price competitive
market depends on their internal controls and strategies. Success over a competitor is usually attributed to several factors where one business outperforms the others.

These factors can include:
o a product focused for its market;
o product differentiation; and
o Lower costs.

There are many factors which can impact on a business’ success or failure.

Regular assessment of the status of your business is critical and where symptoms and causes are identified, remedial action is to be implemented on a timely basis 1- Early expansion- Production of goods and services increase rapidly. Interest rates and inflation are low as consumer confidence rises. People tend to borrow and spend more. Blue Collar Investors are more bullish during this phase.

3- Peak- Economic growth rate peaks and begins to drop. We usually see a decline in consumer confidence oftentimes due to increased interest and mortgage rates. We should be more conservative in our investment strategy (sell in-the-money strikes for example).

4- Recession…the “R” word- Two consecutive quarters of negative GDP is the most adhered to definition. We are always in a recession long before we know it or until the previous quarters GDP figure becomes public. Consumer demand declines as does corportate production and employment. Needless to say, stock prices decrease and we are bearish investors during this phase.

Recessions normally last between 6to16 months with an average of about 10 months.

Should a recession last 18 months or more, the economy is said to be in a depression.

2- Late expansion- Demand for goods and supplies surpass supply causing prices to increase.

Heavy borrowing leads to increased interest rates. Stocks prices continue to rise but may be nearing a top.

5- Recovery- The economy hits bottom and begins to grow. Interest and mortgage rates have dropped causing increased consumer confidence and spending. The stock markets are geared to take off and we must be prepared to take advantage. We’re getting that bullish (out-of-the-money strikes) feeling again.

Strategies to overcome recession for established companies

It is true that recession is a curse to any business, but this recession can also be a big opportunity to attract new clients and boost the sales if one knows know and have mastered the marketing and sales methods that work best in recessionary times.

Below are some strategies and marketing techniques which can be employed during recession to increase sales and profits.

Reactivate dormant accounts
Reactivate old leads

It is said that most of the sales people give up too early or in other words with very little more efforts you could have added that client to your business. According to the study, 80 percent of sales to businesses are made on the 5th sales call, but only 10 percent of salespeople call beyond three times! So you have probably not followed up on leads diligently enough, and the new business you need may already be right in your files. So the best way to get them back is to call them back and enquire for projects. This technique can be profitably used on prospects who have inquired within the last year or two. The best prospects, however, would probably be those who contacted you within the past 6 months.

Help existing clients or customers create new assignments or sales for you

When the economy is slow and your clients are not calling you for projects it is suggested that you call them and help them come up with assignments for you. So obviously the strategy here is “here is my idea that can help you Mr. Client and I would be happy to help you”. This will generate additional revenue and helps in building long term relationship with the client.

Give superior level of services to your customers and clients

In a recession, or during other times when business is slow, you want to do everything you can to hold onto your existing clients or customers-your "bread--and--butter" accounts. The best way to hold onto your clients or customers is to please them. And the best way to please clients or customers is to give them not their money's worth, but more than their money's worth. Now is the time to go the extra mile, give that little bit of extra service that can mean the difference between dazzling the client or customer vs. merely satisfying the client or customer. The best Reactivating dormant accounts is nothing but re contacting the customers whom you served once and not working with him right now. Just go through your past client list and contact the old customer and make him know that you are interested in doing business with him again.

Quote reasonable, affordable fees and prices in bid situations

Use low cost “add-ons” to generate additional revenue

Try to add extra revenue generating business to the existing project or assignment that is being carried on to the customer. Often the current project may require additional service upon which the company can leverage to generate additional revenue. So it is always suggested to look for ways to add extra or ancillary assignments to the major assignment. It is good for you as it generates extra revenue and good for the client as it gets complete service.

Although it sounds good to be a prima donna when you think from your perspective, but think from the perspective of customer. The customer wants service as quickly as possible. Take an example of a very famous doctor. You want his services because he is an expert. But you hate to wait and you are constantly looking for an alternatives solution. And when the situation reverses and things are slow you need business, and the client or customer knows you need work from them, but they don't need you--they'll take revenge. And you'll be out. So always act like a pro like a helpful friend and consultant to your client. Make sure that you have business when you need it tomorrow by acting professionally and properly today.

Downgrade slightly your acceptable client or customer profile

Avoid being a prima donna

During recession businesses are unusually price sensitive. It is suggested to bid competitively, but reasonably. If you are high-priced to begin with, and you insist on getting top dollar, be prepared to lose out in some bidding situation. But don’t reduce your price drastically as you won’t be able to bring it up quickly. As a thumb rule it is suggested to adjust the price by 15- 20% lower than usual. Always bid toward the middle or lower end of your published fee range, rather than at the maximum. Do not tell clients or customers that the fee is a special reduced fee.

Simply present it as your bid on the project. If customers and prospects sense you are cutting fees because you are losing assignments, they will take advantage and try to force your prices even lower. So keep your pricing tactics secret, and simply present the price as you normally would.

protection against a downturn in new business is an active list of happy, satisfied clients or customers--people or firms who give you a steady stream of continuing assignments that pay the rent and feed the family. So cultivate your current clients or customers. Nurture them. Serve them well. Do everything in your power to make them happy and keep them satisfied with your product or service--so they keep coming back for more. You must provide not only a high quality product, but also exceptional customer service. When money's tight, clients expect more for their dollar. If you want to keep their business, you must keep them happy. Refine your customer service strategy to insure that every step from taking the order to delivering the product is client-focused and effective. You may want to conduct a customer satisfaction survey or two in order to make sure your customers' needs are being met. Also consider making your service more valuable to clients with faster delivery times, wider selections, or more flexible payment terms

Generally the company has set of guidelines and regarding your most valuable clients. During a depressed economy or personal business downturn, you may want to be more flexible in this area than you usually are. For instance, if you normally do business with Fortune 500 companies only, you may want to consider taking on assignments from smaller local firms ...provided the pay is decent and their credit rating is good. Or, if you normally work only on major annual reports, you might consider knocking out some small quarterly reports to generate needed revenue. This doesn't mean you throw your standards out the window and work for anyone who calls you. Far from it. Instead, you are simply readjusting your acceptable client or customer criteria during this temporary lull to accommodate a wider range of prospects and projects.

Postpone any planned fee increases
Plan an aggressive new marketing campaign
Repackage your services to accommodate smaller clients or customers and reduced budgets These alternatives may not provide as complete a solution as the deluxe package. But they give the smaller client or customer the help he needs at the price he can afford. When the big companies are not giving you the big orders at the big prices, selling these alternatives to the less affluent segment of the market can put lots of extra dollars in your pocket Freelancers, consultants, and other service providers can repackage their expertise and services in a variety of formats including hourly consultations. Manufacturers and other product sellers One of the biggest mistakes business owners make during periods of economic slowdown is to cut back on marketing and advertising, doing this could be most detrimental to your business.

Instead, your marketing needs to be more aggressive and more comprehensive than ever. Start by contacting past clients and simply touching base. Chances are a good number of them will have projects or assignments for which your services may be required. When things are slow, increase the percentage of your time spent on marketing and prospecting for new business. For instance, if you usually devote 10 percent of your time and energy to marketing and sales when things are fairly busy, increase this to 25 percent when things are slow. During a lull, make an extra effort to attract clients, follow up on leads, and close sales. In fact, to prevent a lull in business from ever happening in the first place, market consistently and aggressively all year long, every week not just when you need the business. Planning an ongoing marketing campaign ensures a steady stream of leads.

In the recessionary conditions always try to defer your plans to increase the fee for the services even if you feel you deserve it. Don't announce to your customers and prospects that you are "holding the line" on prices due to the recession and your desire to help them through it.

Remember, even though you are feeling the effects of a soft economy, they may not be going through similar difficulties. Thus, your announcement would clue them into the fact that you are in trouble ...and some may take advantage of your perceived need of business by haggling on price with you. So leave your fee schedule as is and continue with business as usual.

can offer compact models, economy sizes, no--frills versions, special discounts, payment plans, and smaller minimum orders.

Happy New Year 2012

2012-01-01T19:56:00.003+05:00

Best wishes and good luck for you in 2012 and forever

from VUFlankerz Team

IT430 VU Current Assignment No. 4 Fall 2011 – solution soon

2012-01-01T19:51:00.000+05:00

Question: (10)

Economy of Pakistan is strongly affected by war on terror, law and order situation, energy shortage and other global financial crisis. These uncertain conditions are causing significant reduce in Pakistan’s imports and exports and slowing down the economic growth of Pakistan. In your vu solutions.com opinion, how E-Commerce can play a role to build the confidence among different organizations, consumers and society for the improvement in economic growth of Pakistan?

Your answer should consist of 1-2 page(s) and strictly to the point. Avoid irrelevant stories and lengthy answers otherwise your marks will be deducted.

NOTE:

Submit “.doc” file only. You can search the topic from internet but you have to write the answer in your own words. Exact copying of the assignment (or some portion of the assignment) from the internet or other student will lead to copy case and zero marks will be awarded. Different softwares will be used to check plagiarism in assignments. Do not post any assignment related query on MDB, if you have any query regarding assignment then email at it430@vu.edu.pk

cs615 VU Current Assignment No. 3 Fall 2011 solution

2012-01-01T19:50:00.000+05:00

CS 615 assignments Solution

People are managed through an organizational structure. This hierarchical structure is based on the four cornerstones of management:

– Delegation

– Authority

– Responsibility

– Supervision.

Delegation bestows authority, and authority produces (and requires) responsibility. Both authority and responsibility require supervision, and effective supervision requires a suitable organizational structure:

Organization as a System

It helps to think of organizations are systems.

Simply put, a system is an organized collection of parts that are highly integrated in order to accomplish an overall goal. (Page 194)

Systems have inputs, processes, outputs and outcomes. To explain, inputs to the system include resources such as raw materials, money, technologies and people.

These inputs go through a process where they're aligned, moved along and carefully coordinated, ultimately to achieve the goals set for the system. Outputs are tangible results produced by processes in the system, such as products or services for consumers.

The organization is depicted by its organizational charts, job descriptions, marketing materials, etc.

The organizational system is also maintained or controlled by policies and procedures, budgets, information management systems, quality management systems, performance review systems, etc.

Structural Dimensions

The organization's structure, or design, is the overall arrangement of the organization's various roles, processes and their relationships in the organization.

The design of an organization is a means to accomplishing the organization's overall goal - the structure is not an end in itself.

In systems theory terms, the design ensures that the appropriate inputs go through the necessary processes to produce the required outputs to produce the intended outcomes.

�� Centralization -the extent to which functions are dispersed in the organization, either in terms of integration with other functions or geographically

�� Formalization - regarding the extent of policies and procedures in the organization

�� Hierarchy - regarding the extent and configuration of levels in the structure

�� Routinization - regarding the extent that organizational processes are standardized

�� Specialization - regarding the extent to which activities are refined

�� Training - regarding the extent of activities to equip organization members with knowledge and skills to carry out their roles.

Traditional Structures of Business Organization (Also see the page number 197 of handouts)

A little description related to the topic just read it:

Description of how new system is to be developed

– Technologies

– In House vs. Consultants

– Derivatives of existing (i.e. use existing object model)

– Architectural Layout – Layers

8. Communications management plan

A communications management plan is a document that provides:

• A collection and filing structure that details what methods will be used to gather and store various types of information. Procedures should also cover collecting and disseminating updates and corrections to previously distributed material.

• A distribution structure that, details to whom information (status reports, data, schedule, technical documentation, etc.) will flow, and what methods (written reports, meetings, etc.) will be used to distribute various types of information. This structure must be compatible with the responsibilities and reporting relationships described by the project organization chart.

• A description of the information to be distributed, including format, content, level of detail, and conventions/definitions to be used.

• Production schedules showing when each type of communication will be produced.

• Methods for accessing information between scheduled communications.

• A method for updating and refining the communications management plan as the project progresses and develops. The communications management plan may be formal or informal, highly detailed or broadly framed, based on the needs of the project. It is a subsidiary component of the overall project plan.

CS504 VU Current Assignment No. 3 Fall 2011

2012-01-01T19:49:00.000+05:00

Question: [marks 10+10]

Consider a community website e.g. Facebook.com, which the people from different communities can use to share their status, videos, images, articles etc. with each other.

To use the website a person must be registered member, and for registration the user must have an email address on Gmail, Yahoo or Hotmail (But no other domain).

After registration the person becomes the member of the community, and can share anything with his/her friends.

However to make a friend he/she can have two options:

1) He/she can use the search service provided by the website to search friends (already members of the site), to which he sends the “friend request”, after that person (to whom the request was sent) accepts the request, they both become friends and can share anything with each other.

2) Secondly he/she can select the option “Find friends using email contacts”. In this case the system fetches the contact list from his email account; requests are automatically sent to the persons that are already added in his/her email contacts (and are also the member of this community website). When all these members accept requests they become friends of the requester and can share anything with him/her.

Keeping in mind the Krutchen’s 4+1 architectural view model, develop diagrams to represent (at least one diagram for each):

1) Implementation view (Also called Development View or Code view)

2) Deployment View (Also called Physical view)

Note: you can use any notations and any software to draw the diagrams. For further concepts about Architectural Views, please revise Lecture no. 23

Deployment View:

The deployment view / physical view describe how the system is deployed in terms of its hardware resources [1]

Here in above diagram:

Client PC: is the any client system (desktop PC or mobile even) with a browser (client) application running on it. Members login to the registration server by providing their login information.

Registration Server: Registration server is the central database server (may be a mainframe system) with multiple processes (e.g. login validation and authentication process, contents management process, security related processes, external interface managers etc. etc.), running on it for overall operational site.

External / Remote Server: May be external server e.g. a Google server or Hotmail server etc. which is contacted by the internal (website registration server) through secure communication and interfaces to get needed information e.g. contact lists etc.

Implementation / Code View:

The code view is what a programmer sees. Thus the components of this view are things like classes, objects, procedures, and functions and their abstraction/composition into things like subsystems, layers and modules [1]. For the sake of simplicity we present a top level view of system in terms of main components and sub-components (up to first level only)

References :

[1] “Evaluating software Architectures: Methods and Case Studies”, by Paul Clements,

Rick Kazman, and Mark Klein. 2002 Addison-Wesley.

CS101 Assignment #01 Solution

2011-10-31T08:12:00.000+05:00

Solution:

Q.1. There are multiple ways to enhance the performance of a computer system. Discuss what role a cache can play in boosting up the performance of a computer system? (5 Marks)

Answer:
A CPU cache is a cache used by the central processing unit of a computer to reduce the average time to access memory it is different as compare to the main memory which is used to copy data from the secondary storage it store the data inside the page file and then take it from there as compare to cache memory it exists inside the cpu and directly gives the data to cpu to process the instructions lets see a figure which will make it more clear. The cache is a smaller, faster memory which stores copies of the data from the most frequently used main memory locations. As long as most memory accesses are cached memory locations, the average latency of memory accesses will be closer to the cache latency than to the latency of main memory. It is Volatile memory, also known as volatile storage, is computer memory that requires power to maintain the stored information, When the processor needs to read from or write to a location in main memory, it first checks whether a copy of that data is in the cache. If so, the processor immediately reads from or writes to the cache, which is much faster than reading from or writing to main memory. Most modern desktop and server CPUs have at least three independent caches: an instruction cache to speed up executable instruction fetch, a data cache to speed up data fetch and store, and a translation [vu solutions] look aside buffer (TLB) used to speed up virtual-to-physical address translation for both executable instructions and data. Data cache is usually organized as a hierarchy of more cache levels which are L1 and L2 etc.

Q.2. Generally there is a concept that “Memory” and “Storage” are same terms. Do you agree? Justify your opinion with a real life example. (5 Marks)

Answer:
AS we know nowadays these are very common terms which we use in our daily life so for that you called mostly the Ram as the memory of the system and the Storage device which is called the hard disk or Flash (Usb) memory or can be a memory card. So what’s the difference between them lets see it in real life that in Memory which is Volatile and need powers to maintain if the electricity is off then it is going to wash each and everything. As compare to the Storage Non-Volatile memory which doesn’t need the power all the time when the data is store to it and power went off next time you can see the data inside it. As we can see a new functions which start from the Xp Windows Os from Microsoft. Hibernate it store the data to the hard drive from the Memory You can say the Memory to storage when you hibernate the system it will open next time all the files and applications where you were working. So it’s an example from real life.

Q3).Convert the following Octal Number to Hexadecimal Number by writing each and every step of conversion process: (5 Marks) (53324)8 => (?)16

First we will convert this to binary to decimal

STA630 Online Quiz No. 1 Fall 2011 Announcement

2011-10-31T07:59:00.001+05:00

Online Quiz # 01

All Students of Fall Semester 2011 are informed that Online Quiz # 01 for

“Research Methods (STA630)” will be uploaded according to the following schedule:

Opening Date and Time : October 31, 2011 At 12:01 AM

Closing Date and Time : November 01, 2011 At 11:59 PM

CS506 Assignment No. 1 Fall 2011 Solution

2011-10-31T07:57:00.000+05:00

Question:

Write a program that computes the average and standard deviation of the text floating point numbers in a file. Use the following formulas for the average and the standard deviation of N values. The formulas compute the sum, the sum of squares, the average, the average square, the variance, and finally, the standard deviation.

sum = x1 + x2 + x3 + ... + xN-1 + xN

sumSQ = x12 + x22 + x32 + ... + xN-12 + xN2

avg = sum/N

avgSQ = sumSQ/N

var = avgSQ - avg2

sd = var(1/2)

The input file will contain any number text floating point numbers, similar to the following:

10.5

12.9

9.67

12.05

8.23

10.08

10.23

7.7

10.4

11.34

Numbers could be several, or none per line, and negative numbers are perfectly OK.

Solution:

Input Text:

10.0

20.0

30.0

40.0

50.0

............

SAVE THIS FILE IN .JAVA

import java.io.*;

import java.util.*;

import javax.swing.*;

public class assignment1{

public static void main( String args[] ){

try{

FileReader fr = null;

BufferedReader br = null;

fr = new FileReader ("input.txt");

br = new BufferedReader (fr);

String line = br.readLine();

double sum =0 ;

while (line != null) {

double num = Double.parseDouble(line);

sum += num;

line = br.readLine();

}

JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(null, "Sum = " + sum);

br.close();

fr.close();

}

catch(NumberFormatException nfEx) {

System.out.println(nfEx);

}

catch(FileNotFoundException fnfEx){

System.out.println(fnfEx);

}

catch(IOException ioEx){

System.out.println(ioEx);

}

Fin622 Assignment No. 1 Fall 2011 solution

2011-10-31T07:56:00.001+05:00

ABC corporation stock is selling for Rs. 150 per share according to Karachi stock exchange market summary. A rumor about the company has been heard that the firm will make an exciting new product announcement next week. By studying the industry, it is being concluded that this new product will support a growth rate of 20% in dividend for two years. After that it is expected that the growth rate in dividend will decline to 6% and remains same onwards. The firm currently pays an annual dividend of Rs. 4.

The rate of return on stocks like ABC Corporation is 10%.

Required:

I. Find out the values for D1, D2 and D3 (8 Marks)

II. What will be the price of stock (P2) at the end of year 2? (4 Marks)

III. What will be the present value (P0) of stock? (6 Marks)

IV. Should we buy stocks of ABC Corporation at Rs. 150? (2 Marks)

Solution

Find out the values for D1, D2 and D3

D1= 4 (1+0.2) =4.8

D2= 4.8 (1+0.2) =5.76

D3=5.76 (1+0.05) =6.11

What will be the price of stock (P2) at the end of year 2?

P2= 5.76 (1+0.2)/ .1-0.05

P2=138.24

What will be the present value (P0) of stock?

PO= 4.8/(1+.1)1 + 5.76/(1+.1)2 + 6.11/(1+.1)3 + 128.31/(1.1)3

= 110

Should we buy stocks of ABC Corporation at Rs. 150

As the present value of the stock is less then the current selling price so the stock should not be purchased.