US History

Chapter 30: Economic and Social change in the Late 20th Century

2012-12-12T23:55:00.003-08:00

Chapter 30: Economic and Social change in the Late 20th Century

1. How have the various social movements of the post-1960s era affected social life, culture, and the ways in which people see their own personal identities?

The various social movements of feminism, egalitarianism, gender equal, and racial equality brought liberation to the people. Citizens began to feel more comfortable in their skin as the government began to comply with their needs.

2. What is the agenda of the so-called New Right?

The new right consisted of neoconservatives, Evangelicals, and fundamentalists, who sought to end federal social programs, oppressed policies, condemned gays, and pushed their religion on schools. They believed colleges were closing the American mind and opposed changes with curricula.

Terms:

Stonewall Inn:

A bar with a vast homosexual population that was raided by New York City police officers. It marked an important benchmark in sexual politics because of its mainstream coverage.

AIDS:

A contagious sexually transmitted immunodeficiency disease. It was prominent amongst gay men and there was no prevalent research or cure.

AIM:

The American Indian movement performed a sit in on Alcatraz to dramatize the broken treaty promises, created by young activists in 1968. However federal officials illegally put surveillance and targeted them.

La Raza Unida:

A political party founded in 1967. It was a Mexican American movement that bloomed Mexican culture in communities.

Proposition 209:

A proposition passed by California voters to abolish affirmative action and racial or gender preference in the state of hiring, contracting, and admitting.

Phyllis Schafly:

Feminist who formed a conservative women’s group to stop ERA because she believed women were fragile and require special treatment.

Jerry Falwell:

A conservative democratic religious figure who joined Reagan’s new coalition.

NCPAC:

New right activists formed the NCPAC and many other organizations to lobby Washington, back republican candidates, and developed political positions on a wide range of family values.

Chapter 29: America during its Longest War 1963-1974

2012-12-12T16:50:00.001-08:00

Chapter 29: America during its Longest War 1963-1974

1. What were the goals and policies of the Great Society?

Johnsons Great Society sought to alleviate poverty, launch or enhance Medicare, Medicaid, legal aid, job study programs, and barred discrimination on the bases of race and gender.

2. Why did the US become involved in the war in Vietnam?

He responded to exaggerated reports about communist threats close to home. The containment's policy and domino theory warned the communist against expansion, the danger of involvement by China or the Soviet Union, and the authorization of an air war in northern Vietnam (Gulf of Tonkin Resolution).

3. What were the consequences of America's involvement in the Vietnam War for its economy and social fabric?

The devastation at the countryside had greatly destabilized the economy. The pacification, or rounding up of Vietnamese farmers caused even further chaos and Buddhist priests consistently demonstrated against foreign influence. It had also become a living room war as many retained information from the media.

4. What were the sources of domestic dissent, especially among young people, during the 1960s?

During the 1960s, the youth began to rebel against conventional ways and sought to expand their minds with the influence of drugs, rock music, and living alternative lives. The movement of movements epitomized this dissent through two ideals: faith in political group pluralism and parallel conviction that deeply held spiritual beliefs ultimately united rather than divided. These movements exemplified anti establishment, ridiculing traditional attitudes and urged a less regimented take on life (counterculture).

5. How did Watergate ultimately force Nixon's resignation from the Presidency?

Nixon manipulated his resources to form his own secret intelligence agency known as the plumbers to and gained money illegally to silence those aware of his dirty secrets. However when his secrets were being leaked to the media about the location of the political espionage scandal he resigned.

Terms:

OEO:

Mandated loans for work training programs called the job corps, created VISTA, a domestic vision of peace corps, provided low wage jobs for young people, began a work study program to assist with college students, and authorized the creation of federally funded social programs to be planned in concert with local community groups. The Office of Economic Opportunity.

Civil Rights Act:

Denied federal funding to segregated schools and barred discrimination of gender and race.

EEOC:

Equal Economic Opportunity Commission monitored the civil rights act.

Freedom Summer:

The summer when a coalition of civil rights groups enlisted young volunteers for voter registration campaign in Mississippi.

HUD:

The department of Housing and Urban Development built on earlier plans for coordinating urban revitalization programs.

Gulf of Tonkin Resolution:

Provided authorization for air warfare on Northern Vietnam after US destroyers rumored to be attacked by torpedoes. This essentially expanded the Vietnamese war.

Domino Effect:

Johnsons speculation on the withdrawal from Asia causing communist insurgencies in Latin America to increase Soviet pressure on West Berlin and damage US credibility around the world.

Hawks and Doves:

Hawks were supporters of the intensified military efforts in the Vietnam War. Doves opposed the military action and wanted to quickly end US involvement.

New Left:

Countercultural movement of young juveniles going against the conventional regimented ways of living.

Port Hurston Statement:

The pledge to fight the loneliness of isolation that afflicted so many people. Declaring that the dominant insider culture valued bureaucratic skill as opposed to citizen engagement, and economic growth over meaningful work.

Teach ins:

College campuses held forums of debate between supporters and opponents of Johnson’s policies in Vietnam.

Black Power:

The movement led by Malcolm X and MLK liberating Africans Americans and demanded their own sector of rights and amenities.

NLF:

National Liberation Front

Vietnamization:

Policy that placed the burdens of war on the Southern Vietnamese and allowed the US to withdraw its troops.

Stagflation:

Condition of both economic stagnation and price inflation that struck America in 1971.

Rachel Carson:

Questioned the use of pesticides and helped to stimulate the modern environmental movement. Best known for her book Silent Spring.

Miranda vs. Arizona:

Archibald Cox:

Involved in Nixon’s Watergate operation and cover-up. Was fired immediately after his resignation.

NOW:

Roe vs. Wade:

The decisions that left much controversy regarding a women's privacy of an abortion. Abortion being illegal violated a women's privacy, it flustered many pro-life rally activists.

SALT:

Strategic Arms Limitation Talks were conversations between the two superpowers regarding the limitation of the development of missiles.

My Lai:

Shortly after the 1968 Tet episode, the South Viet hamlet of My Lai was raided by troops massacring 200 civilians.

VVAW:

CREEP:

Committee to Re-elect President was a campaign organization that secretly raised millions in illegal contributions.

John Sirica:

Republican appointee presiding over the trial of the Watergate burglars who pushed for further information to find that Nixon’s attorney general had engage in illegal activities and was head of CREEP.

John Dean:

Chief legal council whose testimony linked Nixon to covering up Watergate.

Saturday Night Massacre:

The night that every member of Nixon’s cabinet and secret Plumbers unit was fired.

Chapter 28: Affluence and its Discontents 1953-1963

2012-12-12T06:02:00.001-08:00

Chapter 28: Affluence and its Discontents 1953-1963

1. How could economic prosperity be seen as both an opportunity and a problem during the 1950s?

Economic prosperity during the 1950's brought back what was known as the golden age prior to the war. The gap between the wealthy and impoverished began to vanish and more Americans owned homes vehicles, and could afford luxurious amenities such as an entertainment center with a TV. However, it is believed that this growth in prosperity sparked the loss of individuality in the people as work and entertainment became the epicenter of American's daily life. The establishment of comic books and Rock 'n' Roll was believed to lead to juvenile delinquency.

2. How did the fight against discrimination raise new political issues during the 1950s and 1960s?

Racial discrimination blew up during the 1950's and 1960s. African Americans and other minorities no longer tolerated the unconstitutional segregation of public facilities and disintegration of schools and jobs. As a result, this brought issues of civil rights to play. During both Eisenhower's and Kennedy's presidency, the people fought for their right to vote and be treated equally.

3. What was the response of the Eisenhower and Kennedy Administrations to the Civil Rights movement?

Eisenhower and Kennedy had no choice, the Civil rights movement mobilized at a swift pace and expanded exponentially. Participants began to use civil disobedience and non-violent tactics to establish their message. Rosa Parks arrest lead to the Montgomery Bus Boycott which dropped the revenue of the transit companies dramatically, several citizens participated in sit in's, and demanded their right to vote. To avoid further action, the presidents sought to end discrimination and segregation with the establishment of the Civil Rights Act of 1947 granting the right to vote for African Americans.

Terms:

C. Wright Mills:

A sociologist of the mid 20th century who saw the affluent cultural climate as dulled down. He stated that much sought after American way of life consisted of increasingly scheduled work routines and pointless dissatisfying leisure activities.

'Buy American':

Blackboard Jungle:

A hit movie in 1955 about a group of mixed sexually active teens that mocked the authority of adults and terrorized teachers for fun. Epitomized the media of the mid 20th century and targeted teens as they were seen to be rebellious and delinquent.

Sun Records:

A record company that lacked capital and sold Presley's contract to RCA.

Brown vs. board of education:

The case handled by chief of justice Earl Warren regarding the separate but equal doctrine restricting and segregating minorities from public schools. Push the civil rights movement further and desegregated public schools, it also gave the motivation to the people to fight for their civil rights.

SCLC:

The Southern Christian Leadership Conference formed by Martin Luther King a several other black ministers. They demanded the desegregation of public facilities, organized sociopolitical movements for permanent change. MLK brought the SCLC to registering black voters and established the efficiency of civil disobedience.

Little Rock:

The events of Little Rock, Arkansas negating children of color from entry to their school obliged Eisenhower to enforce a federal court decree desegregating Central High School. Eisenhower sent Army troops to escort the kids into the school against the established National Guard.

Civil Rights Act of 1957:

The first civil rights act following the Reconstruction, the Civil Rights Act, secured the right to vote for African Americans.

'Sit in':

A civil disobedience action during the Civil Rights movement toward the equality of service in public facilities that involved minorities to literally sit in public facilities until they received the service the whites received.

CORE:

The Congress of Racial Equality sought after new ways of opposing discrimination. One of their most effective tactics involved sitting in public facilities to integrate them.

SNCC:

Student Non violent Coordinating Committee fought for integration and equality. It was originally formed by young students who performed sit ins to get their message across.

March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom:

In an attempt to influence the Civil Rights Activists and prevent further demonstration, the White House banned racial discrimination in public facilities in housing, and protected voting rights. However it could not prevent the movement and later endorsed it.

Chapter 27: The Age of Containment, 1946-1954

2012-12-12T02:38:00.002-08:00

Chapter 27: The Age of Containment, 1946-1954

1. What were the principle elements of the foreign policy called containment?

The global anticommunist movement national security policies that were adopted by America stop the expansion of communism. During the Korean War the US acquired several bases, opposed any left-leaning movements, restricted activity of labor unions, utilized media to oppose soviet propaganda and barred communists from entering the congress or Universities.

2. What major conflicts shaped the Cold War and what instigated these conflicts?

In order to ease tensions between the nations the NATO was established between the US, Canada and 10 European nations pledging that an attack against would be one against all. However tensions arose as China's leader, lost ground to Mao Zedong. Then the Soviets set off a brutal nuclear device causing Truman to begin development of a deadly hydrogen bomb. Paul Nimtze's NSC-68 further pressured the economy, propaganda campaigns, covert action, and a massive military buildup as a result of despairing fruitful negotiations. They further pushed containment believing that attacking Korea would send a message to the world, however this further aggressed the Soviets whom supported communist Korea.

3. How did the foreign policy of containment affect domestic policy and American life?

Americans, specifically minorities and those suspected of communist affiliation began to face conflictive times. The Taft-Hartley act negated the ability of labor unions power to conduct boycotts, conduct strikes, set up closed shops, and to sign affidavits stating they were not in any Communist party of subversive organizations. Those who refused were denied protection under national labor laws.

Terms:

Baruch Plan:

A special representative at the UN, Bernard Baruch, proposed that the US abandon its nuclear weapons if the USSR met certain conditions. Soviet would be obliged to monitoring and verification of their atomic energy programs to surrender veto power in the UN in cases regarding nuclear issues. Soviet leaders evidently reject the plan, and proposed the US destroy its atomic weapons as the first step toward any final bargain.

Truman Doctrine:

Encountering much international criticism Truman announced to Congress about the civil war in Greece, where a pro western government was being attacked by communists. His advisers claimed that a leftist victory would expose a nation critical to US strategy, Turkey, to Soviet expansionism. He also declared that it is the US's duty to aid those resisting subversion by armed forces to prevent the spread of totalitarian communism.

George Kennan:

The state departments Soviet expert, known for his article in the journal 'Foreign affairs coined the term containment. He argued that main element in any US policy “must be that of a long-term, patient but firm and vigilant containment of Russian expansive tendencies". It was quickly associated with the Truman Doctrine.

Ex. Order 9835:

Essentially known as the loyalty order, put several workers under investigation of communist or subservient affiliation.

VENONA files:

In 1943 a secret army counter-intelligence agency begun intercepting transmissions between Moscow and the US revealing the USSR had aided the finance of America's communist party, placed informants in government agencies, and begun collecting intelligence on US atomic work as early as 1944.

National Security Act:

In reaction to the VENONA files, the US implemented several new bureaucracies. The old navy and War departments were unified into the Department of Defense, a new arm of executive branch called the National Security Council was given broad authority over planning foreign policy, and the CIA was created.

CIA:

Under the National Security Act, the Central Intelligence Agency was created to gather information and conduct covert activities. It was immune to public scrutiny, and proved to be the most effective bureaucracy. It also prevented the election of the Italian communist party.

Marshall Plan:

Established by secretary of state George Marshall to allocate funds to war ridden European nations in aid of reconstruction. The plan succeeded in brightening Western Europe's economic scene, improved the standard of living, enhanced political stability, and undermined the appeal of communism.

Berlin Airlift:

When the Soviet blocked of Berlin failed, British pilots delivered virtually all of the items needed to continue their daily routines. Truman also sent a squadron of b-29 bombers to Britain, Stalin then abandoned the blockade, and the soviets created the German Democratic Republic out of their East German sector.

NATO:

North Atlantic Treaty Organization was formed in 1949 with the US, Canada, and 10 other European pledging that an attack on one of the nations would be an attack on all of the nations. Taft declared the NATO a provocation to the Soviet Union.

NSC-68:

National Security Council Document number 68 providing rationale and strategic vision for US policy during the cold war. It essentially called on the US for a full-scale effort of enlarging US power and armaments. This meant larger spending on military, and budget deficits.

Yalu River:

Invasion of 40,000 Chinese troops to Korea through the Yalu River established communism.

Douglas MacArthur:

Taft-Hartley Act:

In the effort to effectively tapp the anticommunist sentiment, the Republican Congress negated the labor unions power to conduct boycotts, conduct strikes, set up closed shops, and to sign affidavits stating they were not in any Communist party of subversive organizations. Those who refused were denied protection under national labor laws.

HUAC:

The House of Un-American Committee was a congressional committee that zealously investigated the suspected communist sympathizers opening hearings into Communist influences in Hollywood. The Hollywood 10 then claimed the first amendment barred the HUAC but then were imprisoned for contempt of Congress. Studios then held a blacklist of alleged subversives whom they would not hire. Many could not attain a job unless they gave names of those whom they knew where subversives.

Loyalty Program:

The EX. Order 9835 that called for reasonable ground to resign those in government whom belonged to a political organization of political risk. This later developed a list of subversive organizations declared the attorney general. It essentially sought out to eliminate Soviet espionage.

Alger Hiss:

Despite legal technicalities preventing his indictment for espionage, Alger was charged of lying to the Congress and went to prison. This further aggressed the hunt for subversives considering his role in advising FDR in the Yalta conference.

Rosenberg Case:

The epitome of the Cold War melodrama. Parents of two young children and members of the America Communist party were sentenced to death despite their several legal appeals, and worldwide protests. This stirred worldwide controversy, however it was believed that they were involved in some sort of nuclear espionage.

Chapter 25: The Great Depression and the New Deal, 1929-1939

2012-12-11T14:16:00.000-08:00

Chapter 25: The Great Depression and the New Deal, 1929-1939

1. What caused the Crash of 1929, and why did the ensuring depression last so long?

Although America had experienced several panics and depressions none had endured to the severity of caliber of the crash of 1929. Dow jones industrial average had doubled in only two years and as a result investors had become greedy and arrogant. They speculated that the market would continue a 400% increase and only put up 10% margin of their stock prices, borrowing the rest from brokers and banks. Despite the success and profit this had created, creditors began to demand their loans repaid. Essentially market speculation crashed the market, and the poor decision making of the Federal Reserve Board, the Hawley-Smoot tariff that succeeded the depression, and the vast concentration of wealth in the rich allowed it to endure. Wealth was not being distributed evenly, the wealthy got richer and the impoverished became poorer. The Hawley-Smoot tariff raised agricultural and industrial products tariffs and angered the foreign governments who retaliated by raising their tariffs, the already weakened international trade had almost vanished. Where they should have been expanding the money supply, the Federal Reserve Board tighten down the money supply and raised interest rates making it more difficult to obtain loans. Thus it became nearly impossible for investors to get loans to repay creditors and the depression endured.

2. What were the similarities and differences between the First and Second New Deals?

Both were similar only in the quantity of legislation Congress had passed or evaluated. However the Second New deal created a vast amount of spending on debt. Essentially, the economist believe that this would increase the demand while decreasing supply and therefore increasing price and revenue. The First new deal focus on short term relief and did not truly solve much of the remaining issues efficiently where the Second New Deal established and expanded on several agencies to appropriately reform and invest on the industrial and agricultural aspects that were in deficit.

3. In what ways did the Great Depression and New Deal shape American culture?

There was a vast centralization in governmental power, the power of the president had significantly increased, democrats became the majority, and the federal government provided the American People with service.

4. Which Organizations were created through the New Deals and what was their function?

AAA:

Roosevelt established the Agricultural Adjustment Act. The economists believed that the demand for scarce goods would exceed that of supply, thus raising the prices and revenue. Furthermore, they believed that this would result in the investment of newer technology and employment of more workers for Farmers.

PWA:

Sponsored international improvements to strengthen the nation's infrastructure of roads, bridges, sewage systems, hospitals, airports, and schools. This would reduce the amount of unemployment, and justified the economic investment over short-term relief. They also built three major dams.

SOCIAL SECURITY ADMINISTRATION:

Provided the elderly with pensions and aid for retirement collected from tax revenues made from the youth.

Terms:

Hawley-Smoot Tariff Act:

The tariff act of 1930 deepened and allowed the Depression to endure. It was originally implemented to raise the tariff's to compensate for foreign competition, raising it to a record breaking 32-40%. However it also raised tariffs a buy a similar percentage on 925 manufactured products. Angry foreign governments also raised their tariffs, the already weakened International trade took a severe hit when it needs a boost the most.

Glass-Steagall Act:

Under Hoover's presidency, the failing economy also directed the discovery that associationalism had also failed to perform it's function. As a result, Hoover secured a one year old on European loan payments, and allowed the conversion of US currency to Gold.

Reconstruction Finance Corporation:

In order to ease the financial crisis at home, Hoover inserted $2 billion in loans available to failing banks and corporations that were willing to build low-cost housing, bridges, and other public works.

It became known as the biggest federal peacetime intervention.

Bonus Army:

In 1924 Congress authorized a bonus of $1,000 for all army veterans. However some impoverished veterans, frustrated with the failing economy sought out to march in Washington to demand early payment. On the way to Washington the march swelled to 20,000 including wives and children. Unfortunately the Senate turned them down and federal troops led by George Patton set their campsite ablaze.

Fireside chats:

Under Roosevelt's presidency, he established and reformed much legislation to allow recovery from the depression. He also launched a series of radio addresses where he spoke comfortingly to the distressed and discouraged. In his first chat he explained the banking crisis simply without condescension. Due to rhetoric and voice, many Americans were moved and the White house received 500,000 letters to the president. People were hanging Roosevelt's portrait on a wall next to Jesus or the Madonna.

Emergency Banking Act:

Upon the first days of his presidency, Roosevelt immediately ordered all national banks to close, Congress then rushed though the EBA that made federal loans available to private bankers and succeeded with the Economy Act that committed the government toward balancing the budget.

AAA:

Reasoning that reducing the extent of production in agriculture and Industries, Roosevelt's economists concluded that such action would restore the balance of normal market forces. As a result, Roosevelt established the Agricultural Adjustment Act. The economists believed that the demand for scarce goods would exceed that of supply, thus raising the prices and revenue. Furthermore, they believed that this would result in the investment of newer technology and employment of more workers for Farmers.

NRA:

The National Recovery association was authorized under the National Industrial Recovery act. Roosevelt chose General Hugh Johnson to persuade industrialists and businessman to agree to raise wages 30-40 cents per hour and to reduce hours to 30-40 hours a week. These limitations sought to achieve the goals originally established by the AAA to offset demand and supply. Furthermore they sought to gain industrial and Agricultural recovery to stimulate the economy.

PWA:

The NRA then launched the Public Works Administration to sponsor international improvements to strengthen the nation's infrastructure of roads, bridges, sewage systems, hospitals, airports, and schools. This would reduce the amount of unemployment, and justified the economic investment over short-term relief. They also built three major dams.

TVA:

The Tennessee Valley act, a piece of legislation passed during Roosevelt's first New Deal, called for government to promote economic development as opposed to private corporations. They controlled flooding on the Tennessee river, harnessed the waters power to generate electricity, developed local industry, improved river navigability, it essentially developed over 20 dams.

Huey Long:

Senator of Louisiana who moved many with his radio addresses emphasizing the discrepancy of wealth distribution. He demanded that a $5,000 estate be given to all middle class Americans and inspired many to join share the wealth clubs.

Charles Coughlin:

Known as the Radio priest for his radio address, Father Coughlin moved many in the South and Midwest. He appealed to the anxious middle class and believed that the middle classes’ status was slipping from their grasp. He believed bankers ran the New Deal and the NRA only desired to maximize capital in corporations, disregarding the working class. Coughlin called for a strong central government to compel capital, labor, agricultural, professionals to do their bidding. He also founded the National Union of Social Justice as a precursor of a political party to challenge democrats.

EPIC:

Upton Sinclair's organization, End Poverty in America, came closer to winning governorship than any other party. It was one of the radical third parties.

Social Security Act:

The act implemented by Roosevelt to enable pensions and funds for the old and retired to be paid by the young. This essentially collected $2 billion in taxes to aide the retirement of the elderly.

National Labor Relations Act:

An act by Congress in 1935 forbidding Employer interference in the formation of Labor unions. However, the farmers were very frustrated to find that were not cover under the NLRA or the Social Securities act.

WPA:

The Works Progress Association built and improved thousands of schools, playgrounds, airports, and hospitals. WPA crews cleaned the streets by raking leaves, and landscaping the cities. They also expanded on several agencies, and built 100's of thousands of roads, bridges, and public build, founded a vast program of public art and fostered the production of intellectual thought.

Court-Packing Scheme:

Okies:

A group of neglected rural poor, tenant farmers and sharecroppers who had left their homes in 1935, piled their belongings in jalopies and took route 66 to California. A majority of them were from Oklahoma.

Chapter 26: America during the Second World War

2012-12-11T14:12:00.002-08:00

Chapter 26: America during the Second World War

1. How did events in Asia and in Europe affect the domestic debate over isolationism versus intervention in the war?

Amidst Hitler’s fascist regime and scheme of world domination, and the Japanese invasions in China, America stood in a state of neutrality declaring acts in 1935 and 1936 restricting trade, loans and travel with belligerent nations in order to prevent US intervention. However these events brought the debate toward lifting the ban to help France and Britain. The cash-and-carry provision allowed the arrangement of loans, exports, and shipping under the condition that they were transported by their own ships and purchased by cash. This especially benefitted the British as their naval forces dominated the Atlantic sea lines. In addition the Wagner-Rogers bill was lifted further restricting Jewish immigration. FDR also claimed providing arsenal through loans would further keep the country out of war, declaring the lend-lease act allowing arms to be loaned, as the British ran out of money. However the surprise of Pearl Harbor pushed the US into an informal declaration of war. Despite the Isolationists consistent demand for separation and opposition for the destroyers for bases trade in Britain.

2. What central strategies arose in fighting the war in both Europe and Asia?

Fighting the war in both Europe and Asia required a change in strategy. The casualties already flustered isolationists so a form of deciphering German codes prior to deliverance was developed to be a step ahead of the third Reich. A field command was established with the British. They decided to prevent the elimination of the Soviet Union as to deter Hitler's attention from Britain. They decided to invade French North Africa. Overload was the central strategy, they assembled the largest invasion force in England, used diversionary tactics to stage an attack on the narrowest part of the English channel, then dropped behind enemy lines. In the Pacific, the indecisive Joint chiefs of staff authorized both strategies: an Offensive launched from the Australian HQ through New Guinea and the Philippines then onto Japan, and an advance across the smaller islands of the central Pacific, bypassing the Philippines.

3. How did the mobilization for war produce economic and social changes in American life?

The conflicts called for total war, requiring the rapid mobilization and investment of the country to produce, munitions, arms, supplies, and troops to fight the war. As a result of the Selective service act, many left their jobs to join the efforts. Therefore Women and Minorities became more attractive as this draft depleted the skilled white workers. Roosevelt order the Fair Economic Practices Commission to eliminate discrimination and the discrepancy of wages between white men and the minorities, and women. In 1942 Roosevelt established the Office of War Information to spread propaganda, the Media, and Hollywood producers heard his call producing many war schemed advertisements and films. Unfortunately, many gender and racial issues remained. Women were not compensated as equally as men in wages especially in "female" jobs. Minorities also faced conflicts in equal wages; blacks had their blood plasma segregated from whites, riots spurred out against Mexicans and Africans wearing Zoots suits.

4. What major institutions and policies shaped the reconstruction of the postwar world?

After the war ended much of the economy and society was left in a mess, in order to maintain peace the Security Council was implemented. Essentially in the Atlantic charter of 1941 at a conference in Moscow the Allied Powers pledged to replace the League of Nations. At the Bretton Woods conference of 1944 the International Monetary fund was assembled by the nations to maintain a fixed international exchange rate. Later the World Banks was also created to provide loans for war battered countries, and to promote world trade. In 1948 the GATT was established the institutional groundwork for breaking up closed trading bloc sand implementing free and fair trade agreements. In addition, many negotiations were made between the nations. Germany was divided into four zones of occupation in a conference in Yalta and allowed the freedom to vote in Poland, Korea was divided, the US supported Britain and France in reassembling their Southeast Asian colonies, Philippines was granted independence, the Good Neighbor Policy was implemented to suppress any military conflict produced during the war and the OIAA was created to further expand their cultural and economic ties, and Jews moved to Palestine.

5. What factors did President Truman consider with respect to dropping the atomic bomb on Japan?

Truman came into presidency in a fragile situation. Nations were amidst a world war and the US had just been attacked by the US. They had to retaliate; the Manhattan project was implemented to develop research on the fission of atomic particles. A Jewish scientist, Albert Einstein declared that the atomic bomb be dropped on Japan, fearful that the Germans were getting ahead in their research. Truman had also just discovered the occurrences of Los Alamos.

Terms:

Neutrality Act of 1937:

Legislation established during the World War in order to sustain neutrality in the US. It restricted the loans, trade, and travel with the belligerent nations. However this act was revised to require that the belligerents take the cargo themselves and pay cash in order to minimize the risk to American exports, loans and shipping. To further ease and support the British, their naval superiority and control of the Atlantic seas benefitted them when in 194q the Lend Lease act allowed munitions to be loaned to the Allied powers.

Panay Incident:

Amidst the War, Japan had assembled in China capturing Shanghai, Nanjing, Shandong, and Beijing. Japan demanded that China become subservient to Japan, that under their leadership an East Asian Co-Prosperity sphere would create a self-sufficient economic zone and liberate them from the West Colonialism.

Blitzkrieg:

A massive coordinate military strike by German military and air forces. In April 1940, a blitzkrieg began to overrun Denmark, Norway, the Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, and France. Such swift speed surprised Allied leaders in Paris and London. Britain barely evacuated its troops leaving its equipment. Hitler then installed a pro-Nazi government in Vichy in Southern France. Within 6 weeks Hitler had seized control of Europe's Atlantic coastline.

Selective Training and Service Act of 1940:

The first peacetime draft in US history. This act conscripted men to the draft leaving many of the industries and companies without workers. This later led to the encouragement of minorities and women to work and take their place.

'Destroyers-for-bases':

The US helped Britain from the beginning of the war with the cash and carry provision and lend/lease act. They then traded 50 naval destroyers for the right to build eight naval bases on British territory. However, many isolationists extremely disliked this, as it was further building ties with foreign nations and pushing the US out of neutrality and into the war.

Lend-lease Act:

1941, Roosevelt enabled the loan of munitions to the Allies in hopes of avoiding war while becoming an arsenal for the allied cause. This stirred opposition in Stalin, and was then extended to the communist regime.

Atlantic Charter:

1941 at a conference in Moscow the Allied Powers pledged to replace the League of Nations. At the Bretton Woods conference of 1944 the International Monetary fund was assembled by the nations to maintain a fixed international exchange rate. Later the World Banks was also created to provide loans for war battered countries, and to promote world trade.

Reuben James:

East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere:

A proposition made by Japan amidst their attack on china to liberate themselves from western colonialism to sustain a self-sufficient economy.

ENIGMA:

German scientist had integrated an ultra secret code-encrypting device that ciphered millions of keys daily enabling millions of different methods to encrypting the code leaving it immune to code breaking. However several polish men escaped from Germany and discovered a way to break the code forming an operation in England to decrypt German communications.

Operation Overload:

The largest invasion force history that assembled in England on D-day, directed by Eisenhower to fool German troops. They misinformed and diverted the Germans making them think they would land at the narrowest part of the English Channel rather than the Normandy region. Then 4,000 allied sips landed troops in Normandy and took the Germans by surprise.

Midway Island:

Following the first strike of America at the Battle of Coral Sea, Japan sought to destroy what remained of the US navy and amassed 600 planes and 200 ships to take Midway Island. However US naval intelligence warned Chester Nimitz of the plan.

Chester Nimitz:

Admiral who was warned by US Naval intelligence of an impending attack on their naval fleet and Japans motive to take midway island. Surprised Japanese Armada by sinking four Japanese carriers and destroying 322 planes.

Okinawa:

American had begun advancing closer and closer to Japan as they took over Saipan in 1944 and Okinawa. However this represented the mass brutality as 48,000 American soldiers died, and 120,000 Japanese soldiers died. This enticed the use of air warfare.

Firebombing:

The official name for the incendiary raids on Japan. They constituted precision as opposed to area bombing and was measured in the amount of square are that was set to ashes. Lemay summarized the strategy as, "bomb and burn them until they quit".

'Unconditional Surrender':

In order to attain surrender from Japan, the US began an incendiary raid of firebombing and closed Japanese Seaports to prevent the import of munitions, supplies, and evacuation. This further escalated when Jewish scientist Albert Einstein pushed the idea of sub atomic fission in the use of a bomb to tactfully attack Japan. The Atomic bomb was then dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki when the Manhattan project rushed to develop a bomb prior to German development.

Manhattan Project:

Under Harry Truman's presidency, the World war was in a fragile situation and America sought for an unconditional surrender. Roosevelt developed the top-secret research site to subsequently enlist the top scientist to develop the latest in atomic and sub atomic fission to develop an atomic bomb.

'Fat Man and Little boy':

The names of the two atomic bombs dropped on Nagasaki and Hiroshima.

WASPs:

Women’s Air Force Service Pilots were proposed but never accepted during the First World War, enlisted some 350,000 women. It essentially represented the dawn of a new era; women were being employed in jobs that would have been obscene for women. However these jobs were often portrayed as temporary by the media " a woman can do anything as long as she looks beautiful.

Ex. Order 9066:

As the war heightened Americans began to discriminate against native Japanese-Americans. They began internment camps grabbing the Japanese, Germans, and other American citizens involved in the war into internment camps. However it was noted in the Supreme Court in a trial that this order was unconstitutional and ended the camps.

Zoot Suit Riots:

Flamboyant outfits that were composed of oversized trousers worn by young Mexicans and Africans to symbolize their ethnicity. 1943 a riot spurred when soldiers and sailors from nearby military bases attack these men, military order restraining soldiers quelled the dilemma.

Tehran:

Stalin pledged to send troops to Asia as soon as Germany surrendered in 1943. The Soviet Union and the US then divided Korea, which had zones that would later emerge into antagonistic states.

Yalta:

Several significant conference took place in Yalta, Ukraine: the allied powers divided Germany into four zones of occupancy, Soviets agreed to permit the freedom to vote in post war Poland, Korea was also divided into three zones.

IMF:

At the Bretton Woods conference of 1944 in New Hampshire, assembled nations created the International Monetary fund to maintain a stable exchange rate by ensuring the each nation currency could be converted into any international currency at a fixed rate.

GATT:

In 1948 the GATT was established the institutional groundwork for breaking up closed trading blocs and implementing free and fair trade agreements.

Chapter 24: The 1920's

2012-11-29T21:12:00.000-08:00

Chapter 24: The 1920's

1. What were the achievements and limitations of 'people's of capitalism'?

After the World war had settled the people began to think differently. Under the administration of President Harding things sought a modern route and there came the beginning of the modernist era. People relied on science more than the justifications of the bible or religion and due to Americas heightening economy the people could finally enjoy amenities and pleasures of the wealthy. It appeared the gap between the wealthy and poor was slowly started to cease existence. Rather, the quantity of impoverished populous dropped exponentially in numbers and the people could afford a house, car, nice clothes and stock. Or rather live the American dream. However most of these individuals had to sacrifice one amenity or luxury for the other, for example one family could not afford nice clothes but enjoyed having a luxurious car. This issue was resolved later when financing plans came into play allowing consumers to put a down payment and promise to pay the difference in installments.

2. Why is the 1920s sometimes described as the 'age of celebrity', and what caused this culture to arise?

People’s capitalism and the dawn of a new America had sent people into the pursuit of happiness. They sought pleasure, the view on sexuality had changed from strictly birth to pleasure, and citizens could afford luxurious amenities. However as technology advanced so did the market and media. I see this era as the marketing boom because the media utilized celebrities in ways that would have been deemed in precedent to the era to maximize profits. Simple professional athletes achievement would be announce to an audience of millions through the radio, newspapers, word of mouth, and promoters. Marketing and celebrities were the new bubble.

3. What were the key similarities and differences in the policies of Harding, Coolidge, and Hoover?

All were conservationists who did not believe in the centralization of government or interference in people’s lives and the economy. Harding desired to bring society back to "normalcy" and immediately decrease the power of the central government. Coolidge sought after big businesses and desire to lessen governmental control over the economy. He implemented the Revenue act that slashed the high income and estate taxes established by progressives and were know for his laissez fair attitude. Hoover believed in associating and cooperating industries. His policy was associationalism and sough to convince corporation to negotiate, cooperate, and be of public service.

4. Who were the traditionalists of the 1920s, and what did they believe?

The traditionalists consisted of white Protestants, racially inferior foreigners were overrunning most of which resided in rural areas and small towns that believed the country. Although the 1920s benefited prosperity for many the traditionalists encountered overproduction that was impoverishing a substantial number of farmers.

5. How were the experiences of ethnic and racial communities in 1920s America similar to each other and how were they different?

Despite benefitting from the prosperity of the 1920s much of the immigrants still faced severed discrimination and prejudice. European Americans populated the Northeast and Midwest, and were mostly skilled and unskilled laborers but still faced harsh treatment. Italian was outraged by the case of Sacco and Vanzetti and Jews were frustrated with the prohibition from schools like Harvard. African Americans generally populated the South and benefitted from a great cultural bloom with jazz. However, they were still racially discriminated and even prohibited from a jazz bar and nightclub in Harlem. Mexican Americans were mostly farms and also populated the south; the immigration restriction act and newly found border patrol greatly restricted the flow of migrants. They were severely underpaid and seen as racially inferior.

Terms:

'Peoples Capitalism':

After the World war, America industries and economy was greatly strengthened and therefore close the gap between the impoverished and wealthy. America became the land of opportunity where a poor man could come to riches. The middle class had become majority and could finally afford similar luxuries and amenities the rich embellished themselves with.

Flappers:

During this era many women had lucidly began to change their ideals. They began to think unconventionally and asserted their individuality. They were very fashionable and sought out to break the informal rules governing the lives of young women. They created a new saucy, outspoken female personality with a new appreciation for the pleasures in life.

Spirit of St. Louis:

During the age of celebrity a young pilot, Charles Lindbergh piloted his monoplane 34 hours without sleep to be the first individual to cross the Atlantic. When he landed in Paris, 4 million Parisian and fans waited for him. He essentially exemplified that a simple man could make a difference in an increasingly industrialized and bureaucratized world.

Sultan of Swat:

George "babe" Ruth achieved greater fame in the age of the celebrity than ever imagined possible. Not only that, but he slugged more home runs than though humanly possible. He was know from overcoming the hardships of a poor and orphaned youth and yet became the most well recognized Slugging star.

NWP:

The National Women's party's president, Alice Paul prevailed to pass the Equal Rights amendment through congress granting men and women equal rights throughout the US and every place subject to it's jurisdiction.

LWV:

Previously known as the National Women's Suffrage Association, the League of Women Voters encouraged women to run for the elective office, educated voters on the issues at stake, and aided the impoverished, mentally ill, and female and child laborers. The LWV fought against the NWP in equality, the LWV saw women as different and requiring governmental protection in the workplace.

Teapot Dome Scandal:

Under Harding’s presidency, the K street house became infamous as a place of business profiting the Ohio gang for selling government appointments, judicial pardons, and police protection to bootleggers. Secretary of interior Albert Fall convinced president Harding to transfer control of large government oil reserves at Teapot Dome. Fall then leased them secretly to two oil tycoons, Harry Sinclair and Edward Doheny, for $400,000.

Associationism:

President Hoover sought to convince participants to cooperate rather than compete, to negotiate rather than engage in conflict, and be of public service rather than being selfish. Hoover didn't want industries to be controlled by the government, but rather to convince private corporations to abandon their selfish ways and alternate for cooperation and public service. Hoover saw the economy built on the principle of association or as historian Ellis Hawley called it "Associationalism".

Washington Conference:

President Hoover, although not an attending negotiator, helped to design the Washington conference on the Limitation of Armaments. His role played a great influence on the outcome of the conference, he also helped Secretary of State Charles Hughes utilize the economic information he had given him to effectively present lucid proposals of disarmament. Fortunately they won stunning accord, the Five-Power treaty: Britain, Italy, Japan, France, and the US agreed to scrap over 2 millions tons of warships.

Dawes Plan:

During one of the conferences, Chicago banks and Chief negotiator, Charles Dawes, produced the Dawes plan. This reduced Germany's reparations from $542 million to $250 million annually and called on US and foreign banks to stimulate the German economy with $200 million in loans. J.P. Morgan raised $1 billion from American investors and the German economy appeared to stabilize.

McNary-Haugen Bill:

To protect agricultural interests from failure, congress proposed the McNary-Haugen bill, which called on the government to erect high tariffs on foreign produce and to purchase surplus U.S. crops on the world market for whatever prices they fetched.

Johnson-Reed Act:

After the World war the conditions of European nations, specifically Germans, were in a horrid economic, political, and societal condition. As a result, much of them left their lives to pursue a new life in the land of opportunity. However, the vast influx of immigrants imbalanced and crowded America's diversity. In order to preserve its diversity the government regulated the inflow of immigrants by allowing only 2% of the already settled European/Asian race to migrate. As a result annual immigration from transoceanic nations dropped by 80%.

Scopes Act:

The Scopes trial sought widespread attention on the issue of education. The ACLU to challenge the Tennessee constitutional law of teaching evolution in class utilized a 24-year-old biology teacher in Tennessee, John Scopes. He was immediately arrested and taken into trial, William Bryan; the secretary of state quickly sought his prosecution. However the trial dragged on as John incriminated himself and asked for Bryan's case on the bible and truth just to ridicule him. Bryan was ridiculed and convinced that not the entire bible was the "truth" and written by god.

Harlem Renaissance:

After the war racial discrimination and equality only got worse. As a result the blacks realized that they were the last advancing race and that they were being racially held back. They took stand and a movement led by Marcus Garvey swept the blacks, they became assertive and celebrate their rich culture. However even the cultural advances did not cease the racial prejudice, blacks were seen as inferior and even prohibited from the Harlem nightclubs.

Chapter 23: War and Society, 1914-1920

2012-11-28T22:31:00.003-08:00

Chapter 23: War and Society, 1914-1920

1. Why did the US become involved in the First World War?

As the war began, all the nations turned to the US for supplies, resources, and artillery. However the British blockaded the German ports, this in turn severely damaged the already limited trade between Germany and plummeted trade with the Central powers 99% over 2 years. The British blockade clearly violated American neutrality. To avoid recession, the US did not retaliate by suspending loans or exports to Great Britain and therefore inevitably drew itself into the war.

2. What problems did the US government encounter as it sought to mobilize its people and economy for war, and how were they overcome?

Mobilizing for “Total” War, Wilson created several centralized government agencies, each charged with supervising nationwide activity in its assigned economic sector. In order to pay for the massive amounts incurred for munitions, and supplies, Wilson raised taxes significantly: 67% income tax on the wealthy, 25% inheritance tax, and corporations had to pay excess profits tax. He established the CPI to popularize war, and their message imparted to many a deep love of country and sense of participation in grand democratic experiment. They used repression to achieve domestic unity, established the Food Administration substantially increased production and distribution of food to millions of troops and European civilians shifted railroad system from private to public control. War increased demand for industrial labor while cutting supply, as a result Wilson employed new workers recruited from rural south and encourage many women to enter the industrial workforce. In order to organize military labor he empowered administration to organize a draft for the Selective Service. However the U.S. Army faced difficult task of transforming ethnically and racially diverse millions into a professional fighting force and General Pershing segregated black troops from white. Despite the ethnic problems, American Expeditionary Force was impressive. By early 1918, CPI’s campaign had developed a darker, coercive side and they called for the report of neighbors, coworkers, and ethnics whom they suspected of subverting war effort. Evidently German Americans became objects of popular hatred. Espionage, Sabotage, and Sedition Acts (1917 and 1918) gave administration broad powers to silence and imprison dissenters.

3. What were Woodrow Wilson's peace proposals?

At the Paris Peace Conference, Wilson announced the Treaty of Versailles and negotiated for lands controlled by “Big Four” (U.S., Britain, France, and Italy). Wilson also deemed his Fourteen Points that all nations need to abide by code of conduct: free trade, freedom of the seas, diplomacy, and disarmament. All nations need to recognize the principle of self-determination: redrawing map of Europe, give people of Austrian-Hungary empire independence, League of Nations. However, most of Wilson’s principles were omitted or amended. Wilson won an agreement on creation of League of Nations to serve as international parliament and judiciary, establishing rules of international behavior and resolving disputes between nations through rational and peaceful means.

4. Why were there so much American opposition to the League of Nations and what was the crux of their argument?

Two groups opposed this, the Irreconcilables and a group led by Senator Henry Lodge. From the beginning, the nation did not desire to involve itself in the war. Reluctantly being drawn in out of its neutrality the people became skeptical. And as thousands of citizens died aboard passenger liners such as the Lusitania and Sussex, the people doubted the nations sovereignty. Wilson consistency for 'peace without victory' through negotiation fell under doubt. Lodge and the Republicans claimed that changing the world and their foreign policy would put the US economy and autonomy at risk. They would rather sustain Roosevelt's vision of having a few great nations sphere of influence and to let Europe return to its politics as opposed to allowing every group of people could form their own nation.

5. Did the First World War enhance or interrupt the pursuit of liberty and equality on the home front?

As the world war ended society went into convulsion. Workers were set on obtaining the purchasing power they lost to inflation. Radicals saw conflict between capital and labor deeming an inevitable socialist revolution they claimed had already begun. Servicemen were nervous about regaining their jobs as female and Hispanic workers had taken their place and looked at blacks with hostility. Black veterans were in no condition to return to racist segregation and prejudice. And unfortunately the federal government put itself vulnerable and incapable of intervening in social conflicts because they immediately took down War industries board and National War Labor Board from their discomfort of the centralization of power during the war.

Terms:

Franz Ferdinand:

Archduke Ferdinand was the heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne. He was assassinated on June 28, 1914 in Bosnia. This act was meant to protest the Austro-Hungarian imperialism and gave alliance of the Bosnians, Croatians and Balkans. However Austria-Hungary declared a war on Serbia, holding them responsible for the assassination.

Triple Entente:

Great Britain, France, and Russia.

Central Powers:

Also known as the Triple alliance: Austria-Hungary, Germany, and the Ottoman Empire.

Lusitania:

To combat British control Germany revealed the U-boat or submarine. The Lusitania was a British passenger liner carrying many innocent citizens amongst US citizens that was torpedoed by the German U-boat in suspicion of carrying munitions, which was later proven true. Germany had warned that they would attack ships carrying munitions and debated on the neutrality pledge but Germany claimed that Britain's blockade was a violation.

Sussex Pledge:

Essentially it was Germany's warning of unrestricted submarine warfare if the US failed to permit neutral ships to pass through Great Britain's naval blockade. Prior to the pledge, German U-boats sunk the French passenger liner Sussex that carried many American citizens.

'Peace without victory':

This was the slogan coined by Wilson during the First World War to put aside the suspicions of citizens and gain their support. These words drew deeply to American political roots and traditions, and as a result sustained a vast amount of enthusiasm by the people who had previously opposed distrusted state power and the war. However Wilson's hope for peace torn apart a year after the war had ended as violent labor dispute and race riots erupted.

Zimmerman Telegram:

Arthur Zimmerman, the German minister in Mexico, asked the Mexican Government to attack the US in the event of a war between the US and Germany. In return Germany would give them a large fee and regain the lost provinces of Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona. This was passed onto the US president in an infamous telegram known as the Zimmerman telegram.

General John. J Pershing:

Under the command of the US army, General Pershing organized and fashioned the ethically diverse millions of soldiers into a professional fighting force. However, instead of leaving the racial prejudice behind, he segregated black troop from white.

Fourteen Points:

Food Administration:

Headed by mining engineer and executive Herbert Hoover, the Food Administration placed an efficient food distribution system that delivered food to millions of troops and European civilians.

War Industries Board:

Selective Service Act:

During the war the US had to put everything aside to commence total war, use its GDP, economy, all of its resources to engage in war. To do such the US needed to build an army and the Wilson administration sought conscription. Furthermore, Wilson implemented the Selective Service act in 1917, drafting of most men of a certain age, regardless of their wealth, ethnicity, or social standing.

National War Labor Board:

The National War Labor Board brought together the representatives of labor, industry, and the public to resolve labor disputes. William Taft co-chaired with Samuel Gompers of the Federation of Labor.

Liberty Bonds:

Evidently during the war all resources, supplies and munitions incurred a vast debt. To pay these off Wilson proposed higher taxes on the wealthy along with 30-year Government bonds sold to individuals at a 3.5 percent annual return rate call Liberty bonds

CPI:

Committee on Public Information. A new agency set in place by Wilson to popularize the war. The CPI distributed millions of pamphlets explaining the war; it also trained a force of 75,000 four-minute men to deliver compelling and uplifting presentations about war. It exploded the media with direct information on the war and progress of the war.

Liberty Cabbage:

Renamed German American Word for Sauerkraut.

Immigration Restriction Act:

The prohibition act that restricted immigrants from vices like alcohol believing it would lead to corruption was implemented as the Immigration Restriction Act. However many immigrants refused to abide as they did not seek to be “reformed”.

Espionage:

During the war many of the immigrants currently living in America had several relatives in the Central powers and therefore were put under suspicion of espionage or spying and reporting information back to their native government.

Sabotage:

One of the main concerns toward the migrant families of the Central powers was sabotage. Many German families were treated with hostility in suspicion or conspiracy of espionage and or sabotage.

Sedition Acts:

Congress gave the administration the powers to silence and even imprison dissenters. They sought to repress those whom were expose the government, performing espionage, or sabotaging US plans.

Treaty of Versailles:

The peace agreement signed after the War in Versailles palace in France declaring the fault of Germany, demanding billions in reparations, and the disarmament of their military.

'Irreconcilables':

A group of midwestern progressives that opposed the war from the beginning and desired separation of the US from Europe were known as the Irreconcilables. They opposed the involvement of the US in the League of Nations.

Red Scare:

The widespread fear of the early 20th century that Radical was planning to establish a communist government on US soil. This outraged the government leading to further repressing action, and leading to it's climax on new years of 1920 when 33 homes were broken into on the suspect of radical communist gathering.

Sacco and Vanzetti:

The epitome of the Red Scare and height of repression was the case of two Italian American anarchists, Sacco and Vanzetti. They were accused of armed robbery and murder, and despite their pleas of innocence, the lack of strong evidence against them, and many protests, they were still convicted and sentenced to death.

Marcus Garvey:

Garvey was a Jamaican born Black Nationalist that demanded the separation and self-sufficiency of blacks. He led his movement with the ideal that they had a rich culture dated back many centuries and that they should achieve greatness by nationalizing in Africa. This brought much dispute between Du Bois and himself. However his movement endured.

New Negro:

The recognition and nationalization of the blacks as led by Marcus Garvey.

Chapter 22: Becoming a World Partner

2012-11-28T14:03:00.002-08:00

Chapter 22: Becoming a World Partner

1. What were the causes of the Spanish American War?

As Roosevelt approached the 20th century he realized the depression had greatly stripped America from its vast wealth and prosperity. Even despite the objections of America valuing power of liberty, Roosevelt moved forward and took an opportunity to imperialize and take over the world trade. In 1898, America went to war with Spain exposing an opportunity to upgrade its military, acquire more colonies, and be an influence to Europe and Asia.

2. Over what countries did the US exert control between 1898 and 1917 and what were the mechanisms of control?

The US exerted control over the Virgin Islands, Hawaii, and Cuba through imperial acquisition and military, specifically naval force.

3. What were the similarities and differences in the foreign policies of Roosevelt, William Howard Taft, and Woodrow Wilson?

All three were progressive reformers however their foreign policies had their similarities and differences. Roosevelt sought out a square deal, and was essentially an advocate of war. He believed that the US was superior and in turn needed to exercise its ability and build a military superior to other. He sought a balance of power amongst the industrial nations through negotiation rather than war. William Howard Taft seemed to direct toward expanding corporate investment overseas which many called "the dollar diplomacy". Essentially he supported friendly governments, sought to expand economic investments overseas, and maintained order in Latin America. Woodrow Wilson sought to safeguard the US's foreign investment while supporting and pushing democracy onto the other nations. In Mexico Wilson believed that a US style democratic government would that the property rights would be respected and US investments would stay secure.

Terms:

Queen Liliuokalani:

The queen who was put into power after the Hawaiian king was deposed during the political and economic instability of Hawaii caused by the tensions of American sugar plantations. However the queen sought to establish independence from America and evidently, her regime too was overthrown.

Frederick Jackson:

A famous American Historian who was famous for his vision of the frontier he delivered at the American Historical Association of Chicago in 1893 entitled "The significance of the Frontier in American History". He claimed that the expansion into the frontier expanded nationalism, democracy, individualism, and further expanded opportunities of advancement.

Alfred Thayer Mahan:

One of the most popular imperialists, known for his novel " The Influence of Sea Power Upon History", exclaimed that all great powers beginning with Rome had a strong naval military and controlled the seas. He also called to America to strengthen their naval power and exert their power to be known internationally. He also explained the necessity for a canal across Central America for US ships to cut through quickly for war. Evidently this became the Panama Canal.

Randolph Hearst:

Owner of the New York journal, Hearst revolutionized the newspaper by seeking out sensational and shocking stories to illustrate them in lurid detail. However they were accused of compelling readers with their titillating detail when true reports did not appear dramatic enough to boost circulation.

John Hay:

The secretary of state during John McKinley’s presidency that played a large role in the diplomatic tactics toward the Chinese and the open door policy. He sent open door notes asking the powers to grant reasonable harbor fees, respect China's sovereignty by enforcing their tariff duties and open it's Chinese sphere of influence to the merchants.

Rough Riders:

Much decorated Calvary unit organized Roosevelt to fight Cuba in 1898. During the Spanish American war 1 million men volunteered to fight. Amongst the Calvary was a regiment of Rough Riders who fought along side Negros. However, despite the great brevity their role was greatly downplayed.

Treaty of Paris:

The Treaty of Paris ended the American Revolutionary war and established America's independence from Great Britain.

Open Door:

In order to achieve America’s foreign policy objectives, John Hays opted to diplomatic strategy as opposed to military strategy. To prevent break up and to preserve the economic access to the whole of China, America sent open door notes asking the powers to grant reasonable harbor fees, respect China's sovereignty by enforcing their tariff duties and open it's Chinese sphere of influence to the merchants.

Roosevelt Corollary:

Ensuring US dominance of the Western Hemisphere was once of Roosevelt's first prioritized foreign policy objectives. As a result he established a corollary to the Monroe doctrine, which stated that any intervention in American politics would be considered hostility against the states. Roosevelt further declared that the US had the right to intervene in domestic affairs of nations in the Western Hemisphere to obstruct European advancement and prevent disorder. It was similar to the policy set against Cuba and Guam.

Hay-Pauncefote Treaty:

The Hay-Pauncefote Treaty released the prohibition of either country building a Central American Canal without the others participation (GB). Roosevelt then immediately asked his advisers to construct a route across Nicaragua. However the owner of the already nearly finished Panamanian Canal asked 100 million for the territory, later on the price went down to 40 million and congress approved. This became later known as the Panama Canal.

Chinese exclusion act:

The land of opportunity was quite compelling for a vast number of immigrants, however many of the immigrants populated from Asia, specifically China and Japan. As a result of the overload of Chinese and Japanese immigrants, the US government put a halt to their immigration. The Chinese exclusion act was implemented in 1882 restricting Asians from migrating to the US. Further on, society would not condone the migration and began to segregate Asian school children releasing to the press that it would "contaminate" the other white students. Japan then reached a "gentleman's agreement" with the US and halted immigration. As a result Roosevelt pledge for Japanese equality.

Porfirio Diaz:

Diaz was the dictator of Mexico who was overthrown by democratic forces led by Francisco Madero leading to the Mexican Revolution in 1910. However, the US was not happy as Madero spoke of democratic reform scaring the foreign investors whom owned 90% of it's real estate, oil reserves, real estate, etc. As a result Madero was assassinated.

Chapter 21: Progressivism

2012-11-27T22:29:00.002-08:00

Chapter 21: Progressivism

1. What was Progressivism, and which groups spearheaded the movement?

Simply put, Progressivism was a reformation movement. With a goal to cleanse and rejuvenate the America they saw in political and societal declination. Retaining a libertarian aspect, they fought prostitution, gambling, drinking and other vices. They made their first appearances ousting crooked mayors and breaking up local monopolies. They believed in having an active government to identify and resolve political, economic and social wrongs. Originating from a group of reformers and those who gathered around the lead of Theodore Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson.

2. What were the key similarities and differences in the progressive politics of Theodore Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson?

Both presidents’ had a significant role in the progressive era, rejuvenating and reforming the societal and political flaws in America. Wilson was a democrat while Roosevelt was a republican, Wilson sought to break trusts where Roosevelt sought to regulate and increase power in the ICC, Roosevelt was an advocate of war and Wilson was not, Roosevelt fought to increase wages for miners. Both presidents’ gave hope to African Americans, re-evaluated the tariff act, and reformed the economic system establishing the Federal Reserve act for more federal banks and currency.

3. Why did Anti-Alcohol ideas gain momentum in the Progressive era?

By definition itself, the progressive movement sought to reform, rejuvenate, and abolish all vices including alcohol which they saw similar too prostitution. It was a cultural conservatism with similar attitudes seen in Jane Addams and others on female sexuality. They saw alcohol as an unmitigated evil that caused violence and fights; they sought to shut down the saloons. Evidently the immigrants opposed the prohibition movement, as they did not desire to be "reformed".

4. What did Progressive reformers mean by a 'virtuous electorate'?

Progressive reformers were on the brink of shifting America into the new generation. They sought to disenfranchise the voters who were deemed vulnerable to corruption and coercion. They wanted to build an electorate pool of citizens who understood the significance of their vote and were deterred from intimidation and coercion. By doing such, the government has great power over regulating the elections.

5. Which states granted women the right to vote prior to the passage of the Nineteenth Amendment?

Wyoming
Colorado
Utah
Idaho
Washington
California
Arizona
Kansas
Oregon
Montana
Nevada
New York
Michigan
Oklahoma
South Dakota

6. Why were public lands protected by Progressive administrations?

During the conversationalist movement and the apex of Roosevelt’s presidency, Roosevelt sought to preserve America’s roots and destiny by establishing 5 national parks in the west. Not only that but he appointed the Public lands commission to survey, inventory and regulate the use of lands. Not only that, but he also authorized scientists to take place of the politicians in the distribution of land as an objective scientific aspect of distribution is preferred over political connection leading to corruption and misuse of public lands for monopolies.

7. Why did Roosevelt challenge for the Presidency in 1912?

Roosevelt originally found Taft as his secretary of war and ideal successor. They worked together on foreign and domestic and policies. When Taft's candidacy for president challenged and was detrimental his competitor, Roosevelt quickly announced his own candidacy.

Terms:

Muckrakers:

At the epicenter of realizing America's dilemmas, this class exposed the foundation of vices and issues the Progressivism era sought to reform. Members of the Muckrakers or investigative journalists sent corrupt government officials to jail by putting pressure on the city and state government. They also sought out to expose and prosecute sources of vice and corruption. As a result, the government became involved launching several investigations on prostitution and the "Trusts" or the power in the hands of large industries and financiers.

Billy Sunday:

Significant for being one of the precedent "ministers of reform", Billy Sunday grew up in the middle class and felt outcast by his society. Amongst many others, Billy was raised in a protestant home. Evidently, he was expected to be a minister and did in fact become one of the most theatrical evangelical priests of his day opposing saloons and the liquor trust. However he was also a major league baseball player.

Jane Addams:

Amidst the progressive era where all vices and corruption had seemed to plague society, Jane Addams and Ellen Starr established the first settlement house. They provided food, education, entertainment, and many other social services to the community. They also inspired many young extraordinary women to enlist. Their services included a nursery for mothers, a penny savings bank, employment bureau and several social clubs. This in turn widened the reformers circle of talented intellectuals, artist, and politicians to contribute to their enterprise.

Mann Act:

Reformers of the progressive era, specifically feminists sought to equate female sexuality and abolish prostitution. These attitudes carried on through Jane Addams and many other zealous feminists. Unfortunately, the problem was exaggerated leading to questionable legislation, The Mann act of 1910. This act made it illegal to transport a woman across state lines for immoral purposes, or rather prostitution and human trafficking. However it also enable government interference in private consenting sexual relation of adults. This further pushed into attitudes opposing alcohol and saloons.

17th Amendment:

Preceding the Progressive era, populist proposed direct election of US senators and initiative and referendum. Initiative enabled the right to put in legislative proposals to voters in the general elections without having the state legislatures to act. Referendum gave voters in general election to repeal an unpopular to act that a state legislature had passed. It essentially mandated the direct election of senator by general voters, balancing political honesty and strengthening the vote of citizens.

Australian Ballot:

In the progressive era government regulation of citizens societal, economic, and political influence toward a better and reformed America was essential. Aside from the many vices, voting had also become corrupt, lobbyists would bribe voters with offerings of alcohol, food, and other objects to steer their vote. However the government adopted the secret ballot in which each voter was required to vote in private under the supervision of a party official eliminating the chance of a bribed vote. This was revolutionary in the fact that the secret ballot was predated to the progressive era.

NAACP:Seeking to better America into a modern day land of opportunity, many progressives realized the inequality and discriminatory barriers set to deter African Americans and those of color. Immigrants and African Americans struggled for societal and political equality. However Du Bois and many young black activists met at Niagara Falls to announce their political agenda, demanding the right to vote and the abolishment of segregation. Later on the Springfield riot of 1908 shook up several whites. In order to sufficiently fight racial prejudice and discrimination the progressives established the National Association of Advancement of Colored People (NAACP). Essentially the NAACP marked the beginning of the modern civil rights movement. Not only did gain a list of employment opportunities, but it also enable housing, and eased the adjustment of rural migrants.

18th Amendment:

In the attempts to rejuvenate America and cleanse society of all vices and corruption, the 18th amendment was set in place. It consists of three sections. The first prohibits the transportation, sale, and manufacturing of alcohol. The second justifies the power for congress to enforce the article under appropriate legislation. The third, exclaims that the article is only effective if established as an amendment and processed and approved to the constitution by the legislature of several states. Essentially this disable the use of alcoholic beverages and brought the attitude seen by Jane Addams and many feminists had toward prostitution to alcohol and saloon. Evidently immigrants rejected this attempt of reformation.

Volstead Act:

During the progressive era negative attitudes toward liquor began. Liquor was seen as an intoxicated vice that had to be abolished. Wayne Wheeler sought to abolish the liquor monopoly by approaching the saloons. He later collected several members for his anti-saloon league and managed to gain enough votes to approve the 18the amendment restricting the manufacture, sale, and transportation of alcohol.

NAWSA:

During the late 19th century the women's rights movement lead to a group of suffragists coming together to form the National American Women's Suffrage Association. With the ratification of the 19th amendment they saw to fight for the rights and equality of women. Although it had been established that men and women were equal, NAWSA tried to exclaim that women were different. Rather, that they possessed a moral nurturing quality that men lacked.

19th Amendment:

Square Deal:

Evidently, during the industrial era, much of the workers suffered long workday, terrible working condition, and insufficient wages. However, President Roosevelt amidst the progressive era took initiative. He displayed such by protecting the economically weak, specifically the coal miners of PA. When miners demanded recognition of their union (UMW) and were rejected they went on strike. Roosevelt then summoned the president of the company and managed to get them to go along with the requests. The fact that the federal government ordered employers to compromise with employees gained a vast amount of support. Essentially he used the slogan a square deal as the epitome of helping working class Americans.

'Trust-Buster':

During his presidency, Roosevelt pursued several monopolies and became the first American president to utilize the Sherman Anti-trust act to break up business monopolies. He ordered the justice department to prosecute the Northern Securities companies, a 400 million dollar monopoly that controlled all railroad lines. As a result JP Morgan rushed to the white house told him "if we have done anything wrong, send you man to man and we can fix it" and Roosevelt said, "there will be no fixing".

ICC:

As Roosevelt sought to extend government regulation of economic affairs, he proposed to give the government power to set shipping rates on railroads, eliminate the markets discriminatory practices. The ICC is a regulatory body established by Congress in 1887 that the courts had weakened to a point of futility. However Roosevelt managed to increase ICC's power through the Hepburn act.

Ballinger-Pinchot controversy:

After Roosevelt's administration had bought acres of land under federal protection, Richard Ballinger released 1 million acres for private commercial use. As a result, this raised the suspicion of the progressives. Gifford Pinchot then obtained info of Ballinger selling Alaskan coal deposits to private syndicates. He also discovered that Ballinger profited from the sale to Taft. Taft defended him but his hopes were shattered when Roosevelt returned.

Bull Moose:

Bull moose was used as an adjective to define Roosevelt's persistence and strength. His candidacy in 1912 gained many supporters whom called themselves bullmoosers. However they knew that their mission was futile, as they had to gain the approval of many Republican insurgents that were skeptical to begin with.

Federal Reserve Act:

The Federal Reserve act was the most significant law passed in president's Wilson's administration. It established 12 regional banks under the control of the private banks in its region. It also required every bank to deposit 6% on average of its assets to the regional federal bank in order to issue federal notes and loans. Not only that, but it eased flow, demand, and distress of credit under any situation. This system strengthened the nation's financial structure, but it seemed as if Wilson was retreating from his New Freedom pledge.

New Nationalism:

During his Presidency, Wilson not only fought to eliminate the monopolization of large industries, but he also made things easier on the middle class. Wilson supported the Federal Trade commission, which governmentally regulated the industrial behavior, in such terms Wilson became known as a new nationalist. He also denied the insistence of the implementation of the Clay Antitrust act that exempted antitrust prosecutions toward labor and farmer organizations, all in all his left wing strategy aided his re-election in 1916.

Upton Sinclair:

Detachment, skepticism, and objectivity are the characteristics America's middles class sought as they grew intellectually. It was a movement toward realism; they criticized the emulation of European styles and demanded reconstruction of their modern day literature. Inevitably Artist, philosophers, and novelists were reinventing themselves toward a truer and more integral representation of American society. One of the significant contributors was Upton Sinclair, a famous novelist.

Chapter 20: An Industrial Society 1890-1920

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Chapter 20: An Industrial Society 1890-1920

1. How did corporations and workers respond to the social and economic turmoil of the late 19th century?

Evidently during the late 19th century the depression had begun to fade away as corporations and workers began to advance technologically. Railroads were built from country to country, factories eliminated unemployment, skyscrapers signified the newly revolutionized production and employment. The internal combustion engine began what is known as today's car. It began as Ford's dream to one day has an automobile society beginning with his affordable Model T. The automobile industry exploded and nearly quadrupled over the years creating was also known as today's assembly line. However production was not the only aspect that had advanced, management too branched off in sophisticated sectors that efficiently managed the workers of big industries. Later on, corporations began approaching management techniques more scientifically.

2. What is meant by the term 'scientific management?

Management had become essential in a time of vast economic and technological advancement. Corporations established a hierarchy to efficiently manage the employees and industries. However one man had a vision of perfection, to reduce the amount of down time and utilize the machines and skilled/unskilled laborers for mass production. Frederick Winslow Taylor examined each and every human task with great analysis, observing "Time and motion" to evaluate each action performed and it's duration. Scientific management was essentially a revolutionized paradigm of the conventional management of laborers.

3. Why were Americans concerned about physical fitness in the 1890's and what remedies did they seek?

In 1899 Theodore Roosevelt wrote an essay "the strenuous life", where he emphasized the importance in testing ones physical strength and endurance through competitive sports as well as recreational activities; hiking, hunting, climbing, running, etc. This articulated a way of life that not only the wealthy elites but also the middle class of America adopted and cherished. Such heightened enthusiasm set the streets for bicyclists, runners, competitive sports, physical fitness, and outdoor activities. Women even began to lose their corsets and dresses to wear more comfortable sportier apparel.

4. In what ways were immigrants welcomed and in what ways did Americans attempt to bar the entry of migrants in this period?

During the late 19th century, the technological and economic growth had become exponential. European and Asian immigrants had suffered from poverty, religious execution, and industrialization that diminished their market and rural areas. As a result, immigrants sought to utilize the "land of opportunity" to attain a higher economic standing. Many had a mindset of returning, as they did not see Americas as home. This explained the vast immigration of men as opposed to women and children. However, racial prejudice did in fact bar much of a specific group of immigrants. The Chinese exclusion act of 1882 restricted Americas two largest migrant groups from settling, Japanese and Chinese.

Terms:

Henry Ford:

Beginning as an eccentric 37-year-old mechanic who built race cars, Tom ford had a dream to create an automobile civilization. Soon enough he produced his first Model T that was affordable and reliable enough to travel hundreds of miles without a single service. Inevitably his car sold by the millions and he watched his dream come true. Amongst the simplification and advancement of transportation came benefits in the job market. His stimulus to the economy nearly eliminated unemployment as well as he built several factories to produce the many materials and resources required to produce his cars. Through out the factories the first assembly line was also established simplifying the efficiency of production amongst workers and specialized laborers.

James Buchanan Duke:

During a time domestic markets had much potential but could not market or distribute adequately, James Duke set the example with his aggressive methods. Renown for being America's smoking tobacco manufacturer, James duke transformed the cigarette into one of the best selling commodities. He invested greatly in Bonsack cigarette machines that produced vast amounts of about 120k cigarettes a day. To correlate with his vast production of products he set out regional sales officers and sales representatives to disperse the market throughout the country. As a result, sales sky rocketed and in order to sustain the high demand, Duke merged with four competitors to make American Tobacco Company.

J.P. Morgan:

An investment banker of the late 19th century and early 20th century who possessed capital and financial skills to engineer complex stock transfers and renegotiations for mergers. He worked with Andrew Carnegie to reform the U.S. Steel Corp.

Frederick Winslow Taylor:

Gospel of wealth:

Originally coined and epitomized by the steel baron, Andrew Carnegie, he essentially established for the wealthy that all income in excess of necessities were to be a "trust fund" for their community. Andrew himself withdrew from his company and continued his philanthropic ventures as he set the example for several other renowned philanthropists.

Old immigrants:

A term that came into play in the late 19th century to distinguish between the incoming immigrants and those who had settle prior to 1880. They were referred to as racially fit, culturally sophisticated, and politically mature. They came from Northwestern Europe: Great Britain, Scandinavia, and Germany.

New Immigrants:

A term that came into play in the late 19th century to distinguish between the incoming immigrants and those who had settle prior to 1880. They were referred to as racially inferior, culturally impoverished, and incapable of assimilating to American culture/traditions. However both came for the same reasons, they were either being religious persecute or need to escape from their falling economy.

Chinese Exclusion Act:

With the vast flow of immigrants, and the two most common and growing being the Japanese and Chinese; in 1882 the U.S. government excluded immigration of Chinese/Japanese laborers into the US. The exclusions carried on until the 1950's. The rural population grew faster in those countries than the labor requirements of the agricultural sector. Essentially they had similar motive to the European to flee the country.

AFL:

Essentially a union within a union, the American Federation of Labor fought for the rights, working conditions, and wages of skilled laborers. It's president, Samuel Gompers, led the way to much growth as many unskilled laborers and unions joined. They emphasized bread and butter issues and had prejudice against blacks and unskilled laborers.

IWW:

As the AFL failed to organize the laborers, immigrants sought out to find other unions. One of the most significant led by "big bill" was the Industrial Workers of the World. It rejected AFL's principle of craft organization and countered with the hope of one big union. Against capitalism, IWW refused to sign employer agreements stating that it would further benefit the capitalist system and trap workers into capitalist properties that should have been overthrown. The Ludlow massacre and IWW protests that occurred exemplified that the workers and employers did not yet have a way of peacefully resolving their dilemmas.

Margaret Sanger:

A social activists, feminist, author of "Woman Rebel, and advocate of birth control, lectured women to enjoy sexual relations without worrying of pregnancy. Amongst one of the first feminists she was put on trial for dispersing her advocating of birth control via mail.

Chapter 19: Economic Change and the Crisis of the 1890's

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Chapter 19: Economic Change and the Crisis of the 1890's

1. What were the demands of the Knights of Labor?

Higher wages, shorter hours, better working conditions, bread and butter goals of working ppl. Collective bargaining with employers. Giving unskilled and semi-skilled workers union representation.

2. Why did Labor unions suffer a backlash?

During the 1800's Labor Unions including the Knights of Labor provoked several protests one of which had catastrophic consequences, the Haymarket riot at which four people were killed. Tragically skilled artisans had noticed an alarming trend that the employed were working for their wages rather than their product. In other words the quality and talent had begun to be in rarity.

3. What provoked the farmer protest movements in the last third of the 19th century?

During the last third of the 19th century there was a plague of grasshoppers, dry cycles and abnormal weather that forced farmers to move east. Not only that but the wholesale price index of 2 major commodities declined by 45%, wheat and cotton. Long periods of price deflation exacerbated the problem of credit. The dual currency between Greenbacks and Gold deviated and would not stay on par further pushing credit problems. Banks began to cut circulation of silver to decrease coinage infuriating the people.

4. What issues were at stake in the contest between 'free silver' and the 'gold buggy'?

The ratio was 16:1 but new discoveries of gold in the west just after 1848 increased the circulation of gold leaving silver severely undervalued. Anti-deflationist were enraged calling the "the crime of 1873" as they believed it was a conspiracy to destroy the people's money, silver, and benefit the banker's money, gold. Ironically several silver mines were discovered later but the deflation still plagued the people dropping the ratio to 20:1. The Sherman silver purchase act of 1890 greatly increased silver coinage but favored "gold bugs" and did not retain the original 16:1 ratio.

5. Explain the rise and fall of the Populist Party?

The farmers alliance worked toward developing their own political agenda. They made several demands that seemed radical at the time. In anticipation of rejection of their demands, the farmers alliance was eager to create a third party, the populist party. They called for government ownership of railroads, limitless coinage of silver at original rate of 16:1. However they did not receive the amount of votes needed.

6. What were effects of growth of American cities and an American Middle class?

Tragically during the industrialization era much of the wealth was not evenly distributed. The rich got richer and the poor reached poverty. Working conditions were adverse and injuries were severe. What was known as America's middle class had slow ceased to exist.

Terms:

Knights of Labor:

The principle Labor organization in the 1880s. Originally founded in 1869 in Philadelphia as a secret fraternal society. Under the leadership of Terrence Powderly, a machinist by trade, the knights abandoned secrecy in 1879 and emerged as a potent national federation of unions or assemblies. Most of the assemblies organized by industry as opposed to craft allowing many semiskilled and unskilled workers union representation for the first time.

Haymarket riot:

During a time of labor radicalism in Chicage, a new Socialist Labor Party arose. 4/5's being foreign born, the members embraced anarchism and seeked to overthrow the capitalist system. Hostile to labor organizers and protesters, the people quickly responded to the strike to attain the 8 hour workday on May 1,1886. Evidently much brutality and havoc arose from an anarchist meeting at the Haymarket square on May 4 as a bomb was thrown the police opened fire. 60 were injured leaving the 8 anarchists to trial for conspiracy and murder. Seven were convicted and one committed suicide. Due to their opposition of the wage system, the Knights of Labor were also caught in the backlash. As a result a new Labor organization was recorded, American Federation of Labor, they accepted the capitalist and wage system and seeked to better the conditions of worker, gain higher wage, less hours, and more safety.

Henry George:

Member of the Knights of Labor and renowned for his best selling book "Progress and poverty"; Henry George brought the contrast of wealth and poverty to the societys attention. He exclaimed the phenomena as a result of "land monopoly" and promoted the "single tax". He believed that 100% tax on the purchase price of an estate and the market value "capital gains" would resolve the issue. Henry George was a very influential man and struck the minds of many when he ran for mayor, his emphasized flaws in labor.

Homestead Strike:

During a time that the middle class fearing that America was falling apart, Strikes became much more prevalent. One of the most infamous of strikes occured at the Homestead plant, Carnegie Steel Company. Along with his plant manager Henry Frick, Carnegie sought to break the union ofthe Amalgamared Association of Iron, Steel and Tin Workers. The issue lied on the working condition and wages, Frick seeked to lockout the union by disputiong over the dilemmas. However a full scale gun battle occurered when the uninon decided to have a sitdown and Frick's 300 pinkerton guards ousted them. Much public sympathy occurred but faded away when an anarchist attempted to assasinate Frick. Another strike occured shortly after and destroy the succesor of Carnegie steel, "US Steel". The Homestead strike led to a serious weakening of unionism in the steel industry until the 1930s.

Coxey's Army:

During the depression and much political controversy about the American monetary system, unemployment was on the rise. However one Ohio reformer had an idea 40 years ahead of it's time. He began a living petition dubbed "coxes army" a group of unemployed men to march the railroads. Unfortunately his efforts of relieving unemployment through public was deemed futile despite it's vast attention.

Sherman Silver Purchase Act:

During the depression of the 1890's much discoveries of gold were noted. As a result the value of silver dropped dramatically. However Senator John Sherman came with a resolution to increase the frequency at which government purchased silver. This became known as the silver purchase act and enabled nearly unlimited coinage of the silver dollar. Due to the monthly increase in coinage, the future of the gold standard became uncertain causing a run on the gold treasury.

Farmer's Alliance:

In the late 19th century a new farmers organization came to place. They sought to set up marketing cooperatives to "eliminate the middleman" and fought to serve the needs of farmer families. Their vast political agenda later on became law: "1. Graduated income tax. 2. Direct election of US senators as opposed to state legistlature. 3. Free and unlimited coinage of silver at 16:1 4. Effective government control, owenrship of railroad, telegraph, and telephone companies if necessary. 5. the establishment of federal warehouses or subtreasuries for storage of crops, with government loans at 2%" Farmers greatly favored to store their crops to account for fluctuation of market prices and government loans to pay their annual debts. Inevitably, they expected rejection of their demands and established the people's party, a group of populists that sought reformation. However the 2 party systems failed to respond the issues of the 1890s.

William Jennings Bryan:

A significant unexpected presidential candidate, William Bryan uplifted people and compelled much applause upon his peroration. He spoke and sought to resolve the cause of free silver. He was a one-term congressman and reshaped the political landscape at the time. His platform emphasized free silver, income tax, and disabled government order against labor. Much of this built conflict with the populists.

Chapter 6: Revolutionary Republic

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Chapter 6: Revolutionary Republic

1. Why did many Indians and Blacks side with Britain during the Revolutionary War?
During the war Americans began to think in crude racial categories. Racial inferiority began to conflict with the claims of universal rights and human equality. They redefined their differences and resorted to racial stereotypes.

2. How did Shay's Rebellion provoke a change in perspective, for many Americans, regarding the need for strong central government?
1787 protestors organized by Captain Shay threatened the federal arsenal at Springfield. Benjamin Lincoln led an army of volunteers to march west with artillery and scattered the shaysites. They won enough assembly elections to pass a stay law and converted many gentleman and artisans into nationalists whom supported strengthening the central government.

Terms:

Stay Laws: A law that delays or postpones something. 1780s's many states passed stay laws to delay the due date of debts because of the serious economic problems of the time

Federalists: Supporters of the Constitution during the ratification process. Anti-feds resisted ratification

Publius: The signature of Hamilton, Madison, and Jay when they wrote the most comprehensive body of political thought by the Revolutionary generation, "The federalist papers". They wrote a series of 85 essays defending the constitution clause by clause that was published first in New York newspapers and widely printed elsewhere during the struggle over ratification.

Virginia Plan:
Drafted by Madison. Proposing a bicameral legislature, "the large state plan", apportioned according to population with representation in both houses. The legislature would choose the executive and the judiciary. It would possess all powers currently lodged in Congress and the power "to legislate in all cases to which the separate states are incompetent." It could "negative all laws passed by the several states, contravening in its opinion... the articles of Union."

New Jersey Plan:
William Patterson proposed. Gave the existing congress power to levy import duties and a stamp tax to regulate trade and to use force to collect delinquent requisitions from the states. As under the articles, each state would have one vote. As another alternative designed to terrify small states into accepting the Virginia plan, Hamilton suggested a government in which both the senate and the executive would serve "on good behavior". To him the British constitution still seemed the best in the world, but he never formally proposed his plan.

Chapter 5: Reform, Resistance, Revolution

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Proclamation of 1763: Set proclamation line along the Appalachian watershed to regulate the pace of western settlement. Settlements could not be planted west of the line unless Britain purchased the land by treaty from the Indians.

Sugar Act 1765: Grenville placed duties on Madeira wine, coffee, and other products. Most revenue was expected from molasses (3 pence per gallon). Also launched the war against smugglers, increased paperwork required of ship captains & permitted seizures for what owners considered technicalities. Made it more profitable fro customs officers to hound merchants than to accept bribes, made them immune to civil suit even in vice-admirality courts.

Stamp Act 1765: Imposed duties on most legal documents, newspapers, and other publications in the colonies. Led to colonial resistance & crisis.

Quartering Act 1765: Ordered colonial assemblies to vote for specific supplies and provide the British army with public housing.

Virtual Representation: The English concept that members of Parliament represented the entire empire, not just a local constituency and it's voters. Settlers were represented in Parliament the same way non-voting subjects in Britain were represented. Colonies denied that the term could describe their relationship with Parliament.

Liberty Tree: Andrew Oliver, a stamp distributor, hung the gallows on which enemies of the people deserved to be hanged. A crowd of men demolished his new stamp office and beheaded and burned his effigy.

Sons of Liberty: Men who resisted Britain's post war policies, resisted the stamp act, and protested (Boston Tea Party).

Non-importation Agreements: Agreements not to import goods from England. Designed to pressure the British economy and force the repeal of unpopular Parliamentary acts. They affected only exports from Britain.

Townshend duties: As a result of the Townshend Revenue Act passed in 1767 duties were imposed on tea, paper, glass, red and white lead, and painter's colors. Tea duty remained when the duties were reppealed.

Boston Massacre: The colonial term for the confrontation between colonial protestors and British soldiers in front of the customs house on March 5, 1770. 5 colonists killed, and 6 wounded.

Tea Act: 1773 Franklin repealed import duties on tea in England but retained Townshend duty in the colonies. Lord North said that legal tea would be cheaper in both places, the company would be saved, and by buying legal tea, settlers would accept Parliament's power to tax them.

Coercive Acts: 1774 Parliament passed 4 coercive acts: The Boston Port Act closed the port of Boston until Bostonians paid for the tea. A new Quartering Act allowed the army to quarter soldiers among civilians, if necessary. The Administration of Justice act permitted a British soldier or official who was charged with a crime while carrying out his duties to be tried either in another colony or in England, Most controversial of all was the Massachusetts government act overturning the Massachusetts Charter of 1691, made the council appointive, and restricted town meetings.

Quebec Act: Parliament passed a fifth law irrelevant to the coercive acts. It established French civil law and Roman Catholic church in the Province of Quebec, provided for trial by jury in criminal but not in civil cases, gave legislative but not taxing power to an appointing governor or council, and extended the administrative boundaries of Quebec to the area between the Great Lakes and Ohio river, saving only the legitimate charter claims of other colonies.

Olive Branch Petition: July 5, 1775 the petition affirmed the colonists' loyalty to the Crown, did not even mention "rights," and implored the king to take the initiative in devising "a happy and permanent reconciliation."

Chapter 4: Provincial America and the Struggle for a Continent

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1. Why was it difficult to sustain both continual expansion and the Anglicization of the colonies at the same time?

The population of Britain was increasing exponentially and therefore required twice as many lawyers, physicians, colleges, craftsman, printers, sailors, and unskilled laborers.

2. What was the 'Great Awakening' and how did its ideas spread through the colonies?

The Great Awakening was a vast religious revival that occurred in the Protestant world in the 1730s and 1740s. It began to spread through evangelical priests and presbyterian churches preaching through revivals or emotional responses to the words of god that eventually converted several people.

3. Why did the 'experiment' of Georgia fail?

The experiment in Georgia failed because the land system failed, settlers smuggled in rum, the trustees dropped the ban on alcohol, half the population died, imported slaves and surrendered their charter to the parliament.

4. Explain the causes and consequences of the French and Indian War

The French and Indian war was caused by the refusal of George Washington to surrender the Ohio front and dispute for the west territories of North America as a result Britain attained Canada.

5. What was the economy and society that emerged in the Old South?

The Old South produced an economy and society of wealthy slave-holding planters.

Terms:
Task System
Owner assigns task every morning to slave, when completed slave has the day to his/herself.

Gang Labor
a system where planters organized their field slaves into gangs, supervised them closely and kept them working in the fields all day. (Tobacco Plantations

Molasses Act
tax on foreign molasses, meant to heighten england trade, caused smuggling

Jonathan Edwards
congregationalist of the college of new jersey, grandson and successor of Solomon stoddard, produced many revival texts. a faithful narrative of the suprising work of god he explained what a revival is, an emotional response to god.

George Whitfield
talented young amateur actor who joined the holy club at oxford and became and angelican minister. had the power to move masses of people and preached the "new birth".
Stono Rebellion
1739 governor of spanish florida offers liberty to slaves who can make it to florida, force of 20 slaves attack a store at stono killing the owner, seizing weapons and moving forward to florida. None of the rebels make it.

War of Jenkins's Ear
1739 named for the ship capain who displayed his detached ear as a demonstration of spanish cruelty. broke out the war between Britain and Spain. 1744 france joins spain in the war aganist britain, king georges war.

Impressments
Removal of sailors from American ships by British naval officers

'Join or Die'
1754 Pennsylvania gazette, Benjamin franklin. a month later he drafts short hints towards a scheme for uniting the northern colonies. Ask for a president general to be elected in 3 year terms by the crown and for deputies to be apportioned according to tac receipts. that the union have power to raise soldiers , build forts, levy taxes, etc. Albany congress adopted ammended version.

Edward Braddock
1755 General of british armly led britain the ground by alienating the indians and marching to monongahela. irregular war in forests made uneasy. Shirley apppointed second in command for coming with a plan single expedition aimed at one fort to be followed by others.

Peace Of Paris
1763 Britain returned Martinique and Guadeloupe toFrance. France urrenedered several minor west indian islands abd all north america east of louisian except new orleans to britain. Spain ceded florida for havana nd promised to pay ransom for Manila to britain. France compensated spanish allies with new orlean sand all of louisiain west of mississipi . British and colonies cuold develop imperial parenterships to prosper. Indians unhappy france surrenderd there lands to britain when no one conquered them.