<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?><?xml-stylesheet href="http://www.blogger.com/styles/atom.css" type="text/css"?><feed xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom' xmlns:openSearch='http://a9.com/-/spec/opensearchrss/1.0/' xmlns:blogger='http://schemas.google.com/blogger/2008' xmlns:georss='http://www.georss.org/georss' xmlns:gd="http://schemas.google.com/g/2005" xmlns:thr='http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0'><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3178900161674506222</id><updated>2026-08-29T15:13:38.962-07:00</updated><title type='text'>المهندس المدنى الخريج</title><subtitle type='html'>تزويد المهندس الخريج بالمعلومات والتقنيات والبرامج التى تساعده علي تنفيذ الاعمال المطلوبة منه في موقع التشييد</subtitle><link rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#feed' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://abdo36.blogspot.com/feeds/posts/default'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3178900161674506222/posts/default?redirect=false'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://abdo36.blogspot.com/'/><link rel='hub' href='http://pubsubhubbub.appspot.com/'/><link rel='next' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3178900161674506222/posts/default?start-index=26&amp;max-results=25&amp;redirect=false'/><author><name>Abd Elgader Hamdan</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16054406694955860349</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifjdBBDPkdrurXeyOOquYHCyvWxvgXVwrm7JZU_GAiKwbto-EU3yErUpVeHgxhKnIeW6ocxPbGNxwikdSmuOuAnITfo7lQYh8O_hTxYvni6VYi28ScYruHRhev7DAIZBd6BSi4ia_Y6ygtTkv87968NFxpBVkDoi7RlpMXT-YsFRqcjpQ/s220/1743588095195.jpg'/></author><generator version='7.00' uri='http://www.blogger.com'>Blogger</generator><openSearch:totalResults>38</openSearch:totalResults><openSearch:startIndex>1</openSearch:startIndex><openSearch:itemsPerPage>25</openSearch:itemsPerPage><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3178900161674506222.post-945291289077888209</id><published>2026-01-01T22:09:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2026-01-01T22:15:35.759-08:00</updated><title type='text'>🏗️ الدليل الشامل لتصميم المباني متعددة الطوابق Multi-Storey Reinforced Concrete Building Design (BS Codes)</title><content type='html'> مهندس مدنى خريج&lt;div&gt;&lt;h1 style=&quot;color: #1f4e79; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;🏗️ الدليل الشامل لتصميم المباني متعددة الطوابق&lt;/h1&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;en&quot; style=&quot;color: #333333; direction: ltr; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: start;&quot;&gt;&lt;h2 style=&quot;color: #1f4e79;&quot;&gt;Multi-Storey Reinforced Concrete Building Design (BS Codes)&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgU9o-IzxrCTeWbXSedzzha4lBEO1VrjYNl6SGpTgnKM9Gx1_feWoB59S9tr-dvYM2qkcgtAw4TRyfxzfIUEYgl1MWoB-H4_MHYBeZ2sWLWmE-o_AACeHzSI42JPjb58WVzYbAcYC1IzH1nHhC335lwp2d4P3lLfarGegho7sGlQBKzlmXsAH6p-fznZeQ&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgU9o-IzxrCTeWbXSedzzha4lBEO1VrjYNl6SGpTgnKM9Gx1_feWoB59S9tr-dvYM2qkcgtAw4TRyfxzfIUEYgl1MWoB-H4_MHYBeZ2sWLWmE-o_AACeHzSI42JPjb58WVzYbAcYC1IzH1nHhC335lwp2d4P3lLfarGegho7sGlQBKzlmXsAH6p-fznZeQ&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEj2KNZcjfYsgdVeFEjiconE_8frZnpZcm5x-Il6LtWThkHGMZqEHYj2w8y3AWl_Ekl8UfBn215P-5m3TRPBYePOHANhY9WJgsiTQswsBcLmsZtFWFaWxYYvcoFvcb414PEnoeQy8vVtIenu1r6tO84cHTVzhROidcfEERoZxR852btehLncOCjuRxo0-pQ&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; data-original-height=&quot;845&quot; data-original-width=&quot;1000&quot; height=&quot;240&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEj2KNZcjfYsgdVeFEjiconE_8frZnpZcm5x-Il6LtWThkHGMZqEHYj2w8y3AWl_Ekl8UfBn215P-5m3TRPBYePOHANhY9WJgsiTQswsBcLmsZtFWFaWxYYvcoFvcb414PEnoeQy8vVtIenu1r6tO84cHTVzhROidcfEERoZxR852btehLncOCjuRxo0-pQ&quot; width=&quot;284&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;تصميم المباني متعددة الطوابق هو عملية هندسية متكاملة تجمع بين التحليل الإنشائي، فهم الأكواد، والخبرة العملية.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;section&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 40px;&quot;&gt;&lt;h2 style=&quot;color: #1f4e79;&quot;&gt;1️⃣ فلسفة التصميم |&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;en&quot; style=&quot;color: #333333; direction: ltr;&quot;&gt;Design Philosophy&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;يعتمد التصميم على حالتي المقاومة القصوى والخدمة لضمان الأمان وقابلية الاستخدام.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;en&quot; style=&quot;color: #333333; direction: ltr;&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;Design is based on Ultimate and Serviceability Limit States to ensure safety and usability.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;BS Reference:&lt;/strong&gt;&amp;nbsp;BS 8110-1: Clauses 2.2 &amp;amp; 2.3&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;section&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 40px;&quot;&gt;&lt;h2 style=&quot;color: #1f4e79;&quot;&gt;2️⃣ النظام الإنشائي |&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;en&quot; style=&quot;color: #333333; direction: ltr;&quot;&gt;Structural System&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgU9o-IzxrCTeWbXSedzzha4lBEO1VrjYNl6SGpTgnKM9Gx1_feWoB59S9tr-dvYM2qkcgtAw4TRyfxzfIUEYgl1MWoB-H4_MHYBeZ2sWLWmE-o_AACeHzSI42JPjb58WVzYbAcYC1IzH1nHhC335lwp2d4P3lLfarGegho7sGlQBKzlmXsAH6p-fznZeQ&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; data-original-height=&quot;183&quot; data-original-width=&quot;275&quot; height=&quot;176&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgU9o-IzxrCTeWbXSedzzha4lBEO1VrjYNl6SGpTgnKM9Gx1_feWoB59S9tr-dvYM2qkcgtAw4TRyfxzfIUEYgl1MWoB-H4_MHYBeZ2sWLWmE-o_AACeHzSI42JPjb58WVzYbAcYC1IzH1nHhC335lwp2d4P3lLfarGegho7sGlQBKzlmXsAH6p-fznZeQ=w264-h176&quot; width=&quot;264&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEj44Aa946ACj4gT90TlhFdDsZmTORcu4rhjAE9Y9FiQKnNcLHZ4erKalE9h417pTzC5_6vnw_bXzMDJ7wGN0OBkVPSM4xnF73w_o1tUwp3ZxnR8n0BX-I-j9P5qGvKWKtMb4K4iOgE7dahxxeDI9suTkWQmOvHfDVRuQxH-gq1IB_HT8xvh8Zd8xMeFfPg&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; data-original-height=&quot;400&quot; data-original-width=&quot;257&quot; height=&quot;240&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEj44Aa946ACj4gT90TlhFdDsZmTORcu4rhjAE9Y9FiQKnNcLHZ4erKalE9h417pTzC5_6vnw_bXzMDJ7wGN0OBkVPSM4xnF73w_o1tUwp3ZxnR8n0BX-I-j9P5qGvKWKtMb4K4iOgE7dahxxeDI9suTkWQmOvHfDVRuQxH-gq1IB_HT8xvh8Zd8xMeFfPg&quot; width=&quot;154&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;اختيار النظام الإنشائي الصحيح (إطارات، جدران قص، نظام مزدوج) هو مفتاح نجاح المشروع.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;en&quot; style=&quot;color: #333333; direction: ltr;&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;Selecting the right structural system (Frame, Shear Wall, Dual) is critical for performance.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;BS Reference:&lt;/strong&gt;&amp;nbsp;BS 8110-1: Clauses 3.1 &amp;amp; 3.2&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;section&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 40px;&quot;&gt;&lt;h2 style=&quot;color: #1f4e79;&quot;&gt;3️⃣ المواد والغطاء الخرساني |&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;en&quot; style=&quot;color: #333333; direction: ltr;&quot;&gt;Materials &amp;amp; Concrete Cover&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEixk5eZopiEejZa3oNhWDmfc_x48CDdyt6Ik-phXR6jDDZzJyal03I5us5Cd5kLOJIQT_6k6gYbE9ppmWtivyCCcppyvLqnvWm8yPyghU20mv2MvZJD6HOoneVMWSTsWwSvLQ_klaVa3fUJGwn1xS-aQgGKkxkoH4zc6k8SlmqirnqqpGEKf-8ElaYyzHA&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; data-original-height=&quot;472&quot; data-original-width=&quot;623&quot; height=&quot;240&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEixk5eZopiEejZa3oNhWDmfc_x48CDdyt6Ik-phXR6jDDZzJyal03I5us5Cd5kLOJIQT_6k6gYbE9ppmWtivyCCcppyvLqnvWm8yPyghU20mv2MvZJD6HOoneVMWSTsWwSvLQ_klaVa3fUJGwn1xS-aQgGKkxkoH4zc6k8SlmqirnqqpGEKf-8ElaYyzHA&quot; width=&quot;317&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;تُحدَّد درجة الخرسانة ونوع حديد التسليح والغطاء الخرساني حسب ظروف التعرض.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;en&quot; style=&quot;color: #333333; direction: ltr;&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;Concrete grade, reinforcement type, and cover depend on exposure conditions.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;BS Reference:&lt;/strong&gt;&amp;nbsp;BS 8110-1: Clause 3.3, Table 3.4&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;section&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 40px;&quot;&gt;&lt;h2 style=&quot;color: #1f4e79;&quot;&gt;4️⃣ الأحمال |&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;en&quot; style=&quot;color: #333333; direction: ltr;&quot;&gt;Load Assessment&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjA4Mu8nxEFcOZbJVTPiae4IHmYz3wr4gSUHyJBobqxV9MezBcjbzx-DqCfzu1HQd_NDW0zO3P68ORBa6KcYpJwV0iaCrcb_kom0MJkaS1jyPIFO7KhFxXb69xB02GeBh4TqU5jX8pDLZG1N1ilimelAXft5DJWYBRtbdbo2mB4_n6HoASyXT86dFDw2Yg&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; data-original-height=&quot;760&quot; data-original-width=&quot;1240&quot; height=&quot;196&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjA4Mu8nxEFcOZbJVTPiae4IHmYz3wr4gSUHyJBobqxV9MezBcjbzx-DqCfzu1HQd_NDW0zO3P68ORBa6KcYpJwV0iaCrcb_kom0MJkaS1jyPIFO7KhFxXb69xB02GeBh4TqU5jX8pDLZG1N1ilimelAXft5DJWYBRtbdbo2mB4_n6HoASyXT86dFDw2Yg&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;تشمل الأحمال الأحمال الدائمة والحية وأحمال الرياح.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;en&quot; style=&quot;color: #333333; direction: ltr;&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;Loads include dead, live, and wind loads.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;BS Reference:&lt;/strong&gt;&amp;nbsp;BS 6399-1 &amp;amp; BS 6399-2&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;section&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 40px;&quot;&gt;&lt;h2 style=&quot;color: #1f4e79;&quot;&gt;5️⃣ التحليل الإنشائي |&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;en&quot; style=&quot;color: #333333; direction: ltr;&quot;&gt;Structural Analysis&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;en&quot; style=&quot;color: #333333; direction: ltr;&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgWyGhc2WjhvaM769ws-aehCJkDcmrBxJR3DNtkAvBkpY-19DIQ91RfKHx5BaODAuymLyMJqy-De7KGiPFwBqlh4BfnqQEa0UV1Lg7OqBnbop2bILZUD4gMcHj-4CFXFt4mS8d9HNo1tWZG2a-OGoIk0LUwISzwwUvFqjolv7UijVGm0ZJza_f8LWcLN0g&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; data-original-height=&quot;453&quot; data-original-width=&quot;701&quot; height=&quot;207&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgWyGhc2WjhvaM769ws-aehCJkDcmrBxJR3DNtkAvBkpY-19DIQ91RfKHx5BaODAuymLyMJqy-De7KGiPFwBqlh4BfnqQEa0UV1Lg7OqBnbop2bILZUD4gMcHj-4CFXFt4mS8d9HNo1tWZG2a-OGoIk0LUwISzwwUvFqjolv7UijVGm0ZJza_f8LWcLN0g&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgWyGhc2WjhvaM769ws-aehCJkDcmrBxJR3DNtkAvBkpY-19DIQ91RfKHx5BaODAuymLyMJqy-De7KGiPFwBqlh4BfnqQEa0UV1Lg7OqBnbop2bILZUD4gMcHj-4CFXFt4mS8d9HNo1tWZG2a-OGoIk0LUwISzwwUvFqjolv7UijVGm0ZJza_f8LWcLN0g&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiTJo7CeNQ8IrFw1WTogiPasFDLFru_zOk9aHlrC6D3IPt7NniPTXUSrIi74PAhCNTY-z9Vk-GxUXA5J4I-4PB9yaO2TRabIu57unHyFJr6dJATsjMmTl7IHj0z7NitSZJyI6-ZdN5NfWm8gBO9IkI_7eAtyIGud_SCaiw543NzVX-tRA1RQprC3dgNAp4&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; data-original-height=&quot;777&quot; data-original-width=&quot;1813&quot; height=&quot;137&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiTJo7CeNQ8IrFw1WTogiPasFDLFru_zOk9aHlrC6D3IPt7NniPTXUSrIi74PAhCNTY-z9Vk-GxUXA5J4I-4PB9yaO2TRabIu57unHyFJr6dJATsjMmTl7IHj0z7NitSZJyI6-ZdN5NfWm8gBO9IkI_7eAtyIGud_SCaiw543NzVX-tRA1RQprC3dgNAp4&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p&gt;يتم التحليل لاستخراج العزوم وقوى القص والقوى المحورية مع مراعاة تأثيرات P-Delta.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;en&quot; style=&quot;color: #333333; direction: ltr;&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;Analysis determines moments, shear, axial forces including P-Delta effects.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;BS Reference:&lt;/strong&gt;&amp;nbsp;BS 8110-1: Clauses 3.2.1 &amp;amp; 3.1.4&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;section&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 40px;&quot;&gt;&lt;h2 style=&quot;color: #1f4e79;&quot;&gt;6️⃣ تصميم العناصر |&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;en&quot; style=&quot;color: #333333; direction: ltr;&quot;&gt;Design of Elements&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiJvIiqE2AD-zyaQnMK1Hun2Ck_xI3tU01RX0Y0HzRtt_ByOEOWpOjQG_C2sxF0DRscFDDzgMn4S71RaVJ4Zgsjb7ZB0Lr9T66VZjWLNnllKVxi0SC8uSyjE8pl6lS8kN674Os-tVGcTe4RIG8KLkeU7akgbBGe3egvp6HpShr3Xn9UiIOyqtysoC2L-40&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; data-original-height=&quot;188&quot; data-original-width=&quot;269&quot; height=&quot;224&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiJvIiqE2AD-zyaQnMK1Hun2Ck_xI3tU01RX0Y0HzRtt_ByOEOWpOjQG_C2sxF0DRscFDDzgMn4S71RaVJ4Zgsjb7ZB0Lr9T66VZjWLNnllKVxi0SC8uSyjE8pl6lS8kN674Os-tVGcTe4RIG8KLkeU7akgbBGe3egvp6HpShr3Xn9UiIOyqtysoC2L-40&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhqmM516BfY6vlUlrU4kEVSCB7jz9OApOScbF1X55cDr_jWI_frZXXk7whCOvhCqC15h67ByOt6T0EonhIeX_m5a88k-d2J3CUvvUqE2SKip_nzLYviz-RutQoDqptubidACSqu8cgJRdkbafZtArjjH36tHNZ36NgsDdynnORg4vQ5zK8PH34-wWkFK14&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; data-original-height=&quot;228&quot; data-original-width=&quot;588&quot; height=&quot;124&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhqmM516BfY6vlUlrU4kEVSCB7jz9OApOScbF1X55cDr_jWI_frZXXk7whCOvhCqC15h67ByOt6T0EonhIeX_m5a88k-d2J3CUvvUqE2SKip_nzLYviz-RutQoDqptubidACSqu8cgJRdkbafZtArjjH36tHNZ36NgsDdynnORg4vQ5zK8PH34-wWkFK14&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;التحميل: اكتمل تحميل 199014 من 199014 بايت.&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; class=&quot;placeholder&quot; height=&quot;240&quot; id=&quot;93503144792ea&quot; src=&quot;https://www.blogger.com/img/transparent.gif&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #d8d8d8; background-image: url(&#39;https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/i/materialiconsextended/insert_photo/v6/grey600-24dp/1x/baseline_insert_photo_grey600_24dp.png&#39;); background-position: 50% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; opacity: 0.6;&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgC2ahAI64czGNUYHs2PEliLzgquXE-bm_5kSXJ2lvLvGZv-0DCytRZvpkNQrAGotbjf_1B4uGvhESCdv269P5ifpotQUar3HVy8hEwwcWGOwqNvYKgeuP1zwOu176h9I8YW2G4jQb9ZvLMmT_uVCQjnQKWENZE4vJ2wIAzOql49ZYb7PfdXjXVhfAUBEQ&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; data-original-height=&quot;672&quot; data-original-width=&quot;541&quot; height=&quot;240&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgC2ahAI64czGNUYHs2PEliLzgquXE-bm_5kSXJ2lvLvGZv-0DCytRZvpkNQrAGotbjf_1B4uGvhESCdv269P5ifpotQUar3HVy8hEwwcWGOwqNvYKgeuP1zwOu176h9I8YW2G4jQb9ZvLMmT_uVCQjnQKWENZE4vJ2wIAzOql49ZYb7PfdXjXVhfAUBEQ&quot; width=&quot;193&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhx6VBG1AncOiJ57o-ocCc_2l1PDJky5mdyp-_CmOIxwWG7z-eUyOJMZ1AGPXFBcCvfkx62TbJQwCjK4y_g0j9-ZdNKPIEl2Gq3Du8X80USPKLosQvazbQ0Gr4gNK6fc1wpH9ejVOk3mqiF8TLfqTt3ZLBDW6M64ijUblyq3uxstdPmYEpAVUzDaQNJXN4&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; data-original-height=&quot;500&quot; data-original-width=&quot;900&quot; height=&quot;178&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhx6VBG1AncOiJ57o-ocCc_2l1PDJky5mdyp-_CmOIxwWG7z-eUyOJMZ1AGPXFBcCvfkx62TbJQwCjK4y_g0j9-ZdNKPIEl2Gq3Du8X80USPKLosQvazbQ0Gr4gNK6fc1wpH9ejVOk3mqiF8TLfqTt3ZLBDW6M64ijUblyq3uxstdPmYEpAVUzDaQNJXN4&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;يشمل تصميم البلاطات، الكمرات، الأعمدة، وجدران القص.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;en&quot; style=&quot;color: #333333; direction: ltr;&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;Design includes slabs, beams, columns, and shear walls.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;BS Reference:&lt;/strong&gt;&amp;nbsp;BS 8110-1: Clauses 3.4, 3.8&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;section&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 40px;&quot;&gt;&lt;h2 style=&quot;color: #1f4e79;&quot;&gt;7️⃣ الأساسات |&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;en&quot; style=&quot;color: #333333; direction: ltr;&quot;&gt;Foundation Design&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhb0deBbiGnQEE4RPAwP89-Qg3P3c53BlmBZzQTd3xhj02HUObALIelB9h3Fvfm9TUxBhuwJ1-P7U8fqBbjPPmM8fmZSCeQ_IlIvMAH-pjQX2HW2ANoJi5V4LF7iRbZ1baTSZCpc0v3BkpZeMjbonxbC8Fsvta1ZfiR15JV2fiJPPmfcdUjtFNiTwE5vU8&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; data-original-height=&quot;369&quot; data-original-width=&quot;542&quot; height=&quot;218&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhb0deBbiGnQEE4RPAwP89-Qg3P3c53BlmBZzQTd3xhj02HUObALIelB9h3Fvfm9TUxBhuwJ1-P7U8fqBbjPPmM8fmZSCeQ_IlIvMAH-pjQX2HW2ANoJi5V4LF7iRbZ1baTSZCpc0v3BkpZeMjbonxbC8Fsvta1ZfiR15JV2fiJPPmfcdUjtFNiTwE5vU8&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiLemqF7H37sRG1qzxDId7ANy5Ltey6H3itEX27kJBy_SMDYun1Xx_T9U02LGUjqEh8NJKF3QlW8JOtoEasPXBJnrF-eWL7iKkBJf6_SjSf3VO-5rzD8diU3XTP0AzM1KxhaPU-K9EtWnMuzK-zN0Fw83svjVPxOp-Tdffr3_2dpiYNbO9v2UVL6_HGalI&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; data-original-height=&quot;631&quot; data-original-width=&quot;1024&quot; height=&quot;197&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiLemqF7H37sRG1qzxDId7ANy5Ltey6H3itEX27kJBy_SMDYun1Xx_T9U02LGUjqEh8NJKF3QlW8JOtoEasPXBJnrF-eWL7iKkBJf6_SjSf3VO-5rzD8diU3XTP0AzM1KxhaPU-K9EtWnMuzK-zN0Fw83svjVPxOp-Tdffr3_2dpiYNbO9v2UVL6_HGalI&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;يتم اختيار نوع الأساس حسب قدرة تحمل التربة وطبيعة الأحمال.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;en&quot; style=&quot;color: #333333; direction: ltr;&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;Foundation type depends on soil bearing capacity and load level.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;BS Reference:&lt;/strong&gt;&amp;nbsp;BS 8004:2015&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;note&quot; style=&quot;background: rgb(244, 246, 248); border-right: 4px solid rgb(31, 78, 121); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; padding: 14px;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;الخلاصة | Summary:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;أي مبنى متعدد الطوابق يجب أن يحقق: Safety (ULS)، Serviceability (SLS)، Durability، Constructability.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://abdo36.blogspot.com/feeds/945291289077888209/comments/default' title='تعليقات الرسالة'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://abdo36.blogspot.com/2026/01/multi-storey-reinforced-concrete.html#comment-form' title='0 تعليقات'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3178900161674506222/posts/default/945291289077888209'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3178900161674506222/posts/default/945291289077888209'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://abdo36.blogspot.com/2026/01/multi-storey-reinforced-concrete.html' title='🏗️ الدليل الشامل لتصميم المباني متعددة الطوابق Multi-Storey Reinforced Concrete Building Design (BS Codes)'/><author><name>Abd Elgader Hamdan</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16054406694955860349</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifjdBBDPkdrurXeyOOquYHCyvWxvgXVwrm7JZU_GAiKwbto-EU3yErUpVeHgxhKnIeW6ocxPbGNxwikdSmuOuAnITfo7lQYh8O_hTxYvni6VYi28ScYruHRhev7DAIZBd6BSi4ia_Y6ygtTkv87968NFxpBVkDoi7RlpMXT-YsFRqcjpQ/s220/1743588095195.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEj2KNZcjfYsgdVeFEjiconE_8frZnpZcm5x-Il6LtWThkHGMZqEHYj2w8y3AWl_Ekl8UfBn215P-5m3TRPBYePOHANhY9WJgsiTQswsBcLmsZtFWFaWxYYvcoFvcb414PEnoeQy8vVtIenu1r6tO84cHTVzhROidcfEERoZxR852btehLncOCjuRxo0-pQ=s72-c" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3178900161674506222.post-929925202289122503</id><published>2025-12-29T14:11:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2025-12-29T14:11:48.201-08:00</updated><title type='text'>ٍٍShear Strength of Soil </title><content type='html'> مهندس مدنى خريج&lt;b style=&quot;color: #0d0d0d; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif; font-size: 22pt; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;Shear Strength of Soil&lt;/b&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin: 12pt 0in 3pt; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif; font-size: 22pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;Definition of Shear Strength of Soil&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #0d0d0d; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 22pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;&quot;&gt;Shear strength of soil&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #0d0d0d; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif; font-size: 22pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;is the ability of soil to resist sliding or failure along a plane when subjected to shear stresses.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #0d0d0d; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 22pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 22pt;&quot;&gt;It represents the maximum shear stress that soil can sustain before failure occurs.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #0d0d0d; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 22pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;&quot;&gt;Shear strength is a&amp;nbsp;fundamental parameter in geotechnical engineering, governing the stability of foundations, slopes, retaining walls, embankments, and earth dams.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if mso &amp; !supportInlineShapes &amp; supportFields]&gt;&lt;span
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style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; data-original-height=&quot;256&quot; data-original-width=&quot;480&quot; height=&quot;171&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEijBtCGek-6eIDE_wX8bMxRQ0E_tQH4vr2i8aNBwE508xJOJ6V4uEsVYazeGMgRj4HaI9o1PWMBhX8SRcsMpiva7twEQY_Jdcc76UJJLZxJGTy9bkyjX67BgO-v7HUu-N5-JzQwSTxBDqupQU_U-n-2pTqV0eCOJ7NzUajjS-1wYbAW_szvcGuScQRi6LZy&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3pt; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif; font-size: 22pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;Mechanism of Shear Failure in Soil&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #0d0d0d; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 22pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;&quot;&gt;Shear failure occurs when the&amp;nbsp;applied shear stress exceeds the soil’s shear resistance, causing soil particles to slide along a&amp;nbsp;failure surface.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin: 12pt 0in 3pt; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif; font-size: 22pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;Common Types of Shear Failure&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #0d0d0d; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #0d0d0d; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 22pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;&quot;&gt;General Shear Failure&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #0d0d0d; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 22pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 22pt; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;Occurs in dense sand and stiff clay; sudden failure with well-defined slip surfaces.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #0d0d0d; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; 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font-size: 22pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;Factors Affecting Shear Strength of Soil&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #0d0d0d; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 22pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;&quot;&gt;Shear strength depends on several factors, including&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #0d0d0d; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 22.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #0d0d0d; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 22pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;&quot;&gt;Soil type (clay, sand, gravel)&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #0d0d0d; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 22.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #0d0d0d; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 22pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;&quot;&gt;Soil density and compaction&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #0d0d0d; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 22.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #0d0d0d; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 22pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;&quot;&gt;Water content&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #0d0d0d; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 22.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #0d0d0d; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 22pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;&quot;&gt;Degree of saturation&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #0d0d0d; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 22.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #0d0d0d; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 22pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;&quot;&gt;Effective normal stress&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #0d0d0d; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 22.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #0d0d0d; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 22pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;&quot;&gt;Particle size and shape&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #0d0d0d; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 22.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #0d0d0d; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 22pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;&quot;&gt;Soil structure and fabric&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #0d0d0d; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 22.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #0d0d0d; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 22pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;&quot;&gt;Stress history (normally consolidated or over consolidated soil)&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3pt; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif; font-size: 22pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;Shear Strength Parameters of Soil&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #0d0d0d; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 22pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;&quot;&gt;According to the&amp;nbsp;Mohr–Coulomb failure criterion, shear strength depends on two parameters:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #0d0d0d; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 22.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #0d0d0d; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 22pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;&quot;&gt;Represents bonding between soil particle&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #0d0d0d; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif; font-size: 22pt; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;s&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin: 12pt 0in 3pt; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #0d0d0d; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 22pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Cohesion (c)&lt;/b&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #0d0d0d; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 22.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #0d0d0d; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 22pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;&quot;&gt;Represents bonding between soil particles&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #0d0d0d; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 22.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #0d0d0d; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 22pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;&quot;&gt;Significant in clayey soils&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #0d0d0d; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 22.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #0d0d0d; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 22pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;&quot;&gt;Independent of normal stress&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin: 12pt 0in 3pt; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #0d0d0d; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 22pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;Angle of Internal Friction (&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #0d0d0d; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 22pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;φ&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #0d0d0d; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 22pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;)&lt;/b&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #0d0d0d; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 22.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #0d0d0d; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 22pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;&quot;&gt;Represents resistance due to friction and interlocking&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #0d0d0d; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 22.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #0d0d0d; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 22pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;&quot;&gt;Dominant in sandy and gravelly soils&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin: 12pt 0in 3pt; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif; font-size: 22pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;b&gt;Mohr–Coulomb Equation&lt;/b&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 1pt none windowtext; color: #0d0d0d; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 22pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; padding: 0in;&quot;&gt;τ=c+σtan φ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #0d0d0d; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 22pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;&quot;&gt;=&lt;i&gt;c&lt;/i&gt;+&lt;i&gt;σ&lt;/i&gt;tan&lt;i&gt;φ&lt;/i&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #0d0d0d; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 22pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;&quot;&gt;Where:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #0d0d0d; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 22.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 1pt none windowtext; color: #0d0d0d; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 22pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; padding: 0in;&quot;&gt;τ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #0d0d0d; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 22pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;&quot;&gt;= shear stress&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #0d0d0d; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 22.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 1pt none windowtext; color: #0d0d0d; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 22pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; padding: 0in;&quot;&gt;c&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #0d0d0d; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 22pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;&quot;&gt;= cohesion&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #0d0d0d; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 22.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 1pt none windowtext; color: #0d0d0d; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 22pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; padding: 0in;&quot;&gt;σ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #0d0d0d; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 22pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;= effective normal stress&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #0d0d0d; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 22.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border: 1pt none windowtext; color: #0d0d0d; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 22pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; padding: 0in;&quot;&gt;φ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #0d0d0d; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 22pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;&quot;&gt;= angle of internal friction&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; 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mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;&quot;&gt;Failure plane is predetermined&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #0d0d0d; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 22.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; 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data-original-width=&quot;1029&quot; height=&quot;188&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEi1LTLYZINOkgDw78ppfNrGcrmWZtchZWnqbF4DUXOlbleOJ8RCPR4TdVaoIIECb9OPL6VEaoUBxsca6eYLQjCN2vJ5oEB1LWVWtvELhZXeO_QQ4SoNrk0L1Ibw-_mo6miEIaszbfZy-AbcJHc666nu9Ag5sR5vSzEcuAXNRKb-VN4PEiwAYFSKElgmOXs-&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-element: para-border-div; padding: 0in 0in 1pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;border: none; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 1.0pt 0in; padding: 0in;&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1Cwyuu7ve90&quot;&gt;&lt;u style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #44546a; font-family: &amp;quot;trebuchet&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 20.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 26.0pt; mso-themecolor: text2;&quot;&gt;Watch the video&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #2b00fe; font-family: trebuchet;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .5in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .5in; margin: 0.5in 0in; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #0d0d0d; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 22pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;&quot;&gt;&lt;hr size=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3pt; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #0d0d0d; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 22pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;Triaxial Compression Test&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #0d0d0d; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 22.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #0d0d0d; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 22pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;&quot;&gt;Most accurate shear strength test&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #0d0d0d; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 22.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #0d0d0d; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 22pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;&quot;&gt;Allows control of drainage conditions&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #0d0d0d; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 22.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #0d0d0d; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 22pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;&quot;&gt;Suitable for advanced design applications&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhZ3JhljTzQn7-NYo11ba3n-H6-_Xm3pdrtOaMhjBW5wvz3mAt8rh0qlomwscvTOFBJH-RgPprY0oZdqpwbr-vaC27sjavt8rJDG10AGRIxuBEBCKCqBz470UukK66I76EXA7sRVMoXRloyuOymtXs3A8eP5ealR5L8OUlsyeLkVyGktlDaXamZxbuYz3g1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; data-original-height=&quot;1294&quot; data-original-width=&quot;556&quot; height=&quot;240&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhZ3JhljTzQn7-NYo11ba3n-H6-_Xm3pdrtOaMhjBW5wvz3mAt8rh0qlomwscvTOFBJH-RgPprY0oZdqpwbr-vaC27sjavt8rJDG10AGRIxuBEBCKCqBz470UukK66I76EXA7sRVMoXRloyuOymtXs3A8eP5ealR5L8OUlsyeLkVyGktlDaXamZxbuYz3g1&quot; width=&quot;103&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-element: para-border-div; padding: 0in 0in 1pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;border: none; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; padding: 0in; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #44546a; font-family: &amp;quot;trebuchet&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 20.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 26.0pt; mso-themecolor: text2;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vu160KZbNxw&quot;&gt;Watchthe video&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;ffg&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3pt; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #0d0d0d; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 22pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;Unconfined Compression Test&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #0d0d0d; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 22.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #0d0d0d; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 22pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;&quot;&gt;Used for saturated clay soils&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #0d0d0d; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 22.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #0d0d0d; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 22pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;&quot;&gt;Provides undrained shear strength&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #0d0d0d; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 22.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #0d0d0d; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 22pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;&quot;&gt;No lateral confinement applied&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #0d0d0d; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 22pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEh5jzmtl35Z-tsI0ztVp9nlUUV18cVzTN8pGF5wsYECqd7DkaWfQqWjWPVBs_Lya4JEmd7uIn6zIyeRklSBFcACj0Fcx-yRrUC6WQV6P3rds5abfaqsqAaizPnT_g5DwmRQaiOAJj1rctnxamqjmS3pa5KbkkO_PPl-lWpviGsxHJGbN8-YHjkWQDqEGFdz&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; data-original-height=&quot;848&quot; data-original-width=&quot;631&quot; height=&quot;240&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEh5jzmtl35Z-tsI0ztVp9nlUUV18cVzTN8pGF5wsYECqd7DkaWfQqWjWPVBs_Lya4JEmd7uIn6zIyeRklSBFcACj0Fcx-yRrUC6WQV6P3rds5abfaqsqAaizPnT_g5DwmRQaiOAJj1rctnxamqjmS3pa5KbkkO_PPl-lWpviGsxHJGbN8-YHjkWQDqEGFdz&quot; width=&quot;179&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-element: para-border-div; padding: 0in 0in 1pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;border: none; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; padding: 0in; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Uvl0ecTskDY&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #44546a; font-family: &amp;quot;trebuchet&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 20.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 26.0pt; mso-themecolor: text2;&quot;&gt;Watch the video&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3pt; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif; font-size: 22pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #0d0d0d;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;Conclusion&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #0d0d0d;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: 22pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;&quot;&gt;Shear strength of soil is a&amp;nbsp;key parameter in geotechnical engineering design. Understanding shear failure mechanisms, influencing factors, testing methods, and calculation procedures ensures&amp;nbsp;safe, economical, and reliable engineering structures.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://abdo36.blogspot.com/feeds/929925202289122503/comments/default' title='تعليقات الرسالة'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://abdo36.blogspot.com/2025/12/shear-strength-of-soil.html#comment-form' title='0 تعليقات'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3178900161674506222/posts/default/929925202289122503'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3178900161674506222/posts/default/929925202289122503'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://abdo36.blogspot.com/2025/12/shear-strength-of-soil.html' title='ٍٍShear Strength of Soil '/><author><name>Abd Elgader Hamdan</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16054406694955860349</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifjdBBDPkdrurXeyOOquYHCyvWxvgXVwrm7JZU_GAiKwbto-EU3yErUpVeHgxhKnIeW6ocxPbGNxwikdSmuOuAnITfo7lQYh8O_hTxYvni6VYi28ScYruHRhev7DAIZBd6BSi4ia_Y6ygtTkv87968NFxpBVkDoi7RlpMXT-YsFRqcjpQ/s220/1743588095195.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEijBtCGek-6eIDE_wX8bMxRQ0E_tQH4vr2i8aNBwE508xJOJ6V4uEsVYazeGMgRj4HaI9o1PWMBhX8SRcsMpiva7twEQY_Jdcc76UJJLZxJGTy9bkyjX67BgO-v7HUu-N5-JzQwSTxBDqupQU_U-n-2pTqV0eCOJ7NzUajjS-1wYbAW_szvcGuScQRi6LZy=s72-c" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3178900161674506222.post-1092631397340305295</id><published>2025-03-11T11:20:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2025-03-11T11:20:11.451-07:00</updated><title type='text'>دورات تدريبية فى الهندسة المدنية شبه مجانية برسوم رمزية </title><content type='html'>&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;🚀 **طور مهاراتك وابدأ رحلتك نحو الاحتراف في الهندسة المدنية!** 🏗️&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;🔍 **هل أنت طالب هندسة مدنية أو مهندس حديث التخرج؟**&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;💡 **هل تريد اكتساب خبرة عملية حقيقية تجعلك أكثر جاهزية لسوق العمل؟**&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;انضم الآن إلى **أقوى الدورات التدريبية** التي تمنحك المعرفة والخبرة العملية في آنٍ واحد!&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;🎯 **ماذا ستتعلم؟**&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;✅ **محاضرات مسجلة** بشرح مبسط وسهل الفهم 🎥&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;✅ **تمارين عملية** مع متابعة مباشرة لضمان إتقان المهارات ✏️&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;✅ **مشروع تطبيقي** لتحويل المعرفة إلى خبرة عملية حقيقية 🏗️&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;✅ **المفاجأة!** المادة ستظل متاحة لك مدى الحياة! 🔥&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&amp;nbsp; ✅ **يوجد عرض خاص للمجموعات ! 🔥&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;---&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;### **تفاصيل بعض البرامج والدورات التي ستتعلمها:**&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;- **تصميم المنشآت الخرسانية والفولاذية يدويًا**: تعلم كيفية تصميم المنشآت باستخدام الحسابات اليدوية.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;- **تحليل الإنشاءات يدويًا**: فهم أساسيات تحليل الإنشاءات بدون استخدام البرامج.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;- **AutoCAD**: تصميم الرسومات الهندسية.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;- **Revit**: النمذجة ثلاثية الأبعاد.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;- **SAP 2000**: تحليل المنشآت.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;- **ETABS &amp;amp; SAFE**: تصميم المنشآت الخرسانية.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;- **PlanSwift**: حساب الكميات والتكلفة.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;---&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;### 📚 **خدمة بحوث التخرج:**&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;هل تواجه صعوبة في إعداد بحث التخرج؟&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;نقدم لك **خدمة متكاملة** لمساعدتك في:&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;✅ اختيار موضوع البحث.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;✅ جمع البيانات والمراجع.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;✅ تحليل البيانات وإعداد النتائج.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;✅ كتابة البحث بشكل أكاديمي واحترافي.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;✅ تصميم العروض التقديمية (Presentation).&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;---&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;### 📩 **طريقة الاشتراك سهلة!**&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;1️⃣ أرسل رسالة باسمك عبر الإيميل للدورة أو الخدمة التي ترغب بها:&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;📧 **aboass2010@gmail.com**&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;2️⃣ سيتم إضافتك إلى مجموعة التليجرام الخاصة بالدورة.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;3️⃣ اشترك في قناة التليجرام لمعرفة كل جديد:&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;📲 [انضم الآن من هنا](https://t.me/abdelgaderhamdan123138343)&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;---&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;### ⚡ **لا تضيع الفرصة!**&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;احجز مكانك الآن وابدأ طريقك نحو الاحتراف.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;---&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;### 📩 **للاستفسار والتسجيل، تواصل معنا فورًا:**&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;📞 واتساب: **00249123138343**&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;---&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;### 📚 **بالإضافة إلى ذلك:**&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;نقدم شروحات متكاملة لمقررات الهندسة المدنية لطلاب **البكالوريوس** و **الماجستير**!&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;---&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;### **لماذا تختارنا؟**&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;- فريق من المهندسين ذوي الخبرة.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;- دعم فني متواصل طوال فترة البحث أو التدريب.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;- أسعار تنافسية ومرنة تناسب جميع الطلاب والمهندسين&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://abdo36.blogspot.com/feeds/1092631397340305295/comments/default' title='تعليقات الرسالة'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://abdo36.blogspot.com/2025/03/blog-post_11.html#comment-form' title='0 تعليقات'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3178900161674506222/posts/default/1092631397340305295'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3178900161674506222/posts/default/1092631397340305295'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://abdo36.blogspot.com/2025/03/blog-post_11.html' title='دورات تدريبية فى الهندسة المدنية شبه مجانية برسوم رمزية '/><author><name>Abd Elgader Hamdan</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16054406694955860349</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifjdBBDPkdrurXeyOOquYHCyvWxvgXVwrm7JZU_GAiKwbto-EU3yErUpVeHgxhKnIeW6ocxPbGNxwikdSmuOuAnITfo7lQYh8O_hTxYvni6VYi28ScYruHRhev7DAIZBd6BSi4ia_Y6ygtTkv87968NFxpBVkDoi7RlpMXT-YsFRqcjpQ/s220/1743588095195.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3178900161674506222.post-942464819473153092</id><published>2025-03-11T09:57:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2025-03-11T09:57:39.259-07:00</updated><title type='text'>دروس فى حساب الكميات </title><content type='html'> &lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; 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/&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;مهندس مدنى خريج&lt;div&gt;للاشتراك فى قناة التليجرام&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div&gt;https://t.me/abdelgaderhamdan123138343&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://abdo36.blogspot.com/feeds/942464819473153092/comments/default' title='تعليقات الرسالة'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://abdo36.blogspot.com/2025/03/blog-post.html#comment-form' title='0 تعليقات'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3178900161674506222/posts/default/942464819473153092'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3178900161674506222/posts/default/942464819473153092'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://abdo36.blogspot.com/2025/03/blog-post.html' title='دروس فى حساب الكميات '/><author><name>Abd Elgader Hamdan</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16054406694955860349</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifjdBBDPkdrurXeyOOquYHCyvWxvgXVwrm7JZU_GAiKwbto-EU3yErUpVeHgxhKnIeW6ocxPbGNxwikdSmuOuAnITfo7lQYh8O_hTxYvni6VYi28ScYruHRhev7DAIZBd6BSi4ia_Y6ygtTkv87968NFxpBVkDoi7RlpMXT-YsFRqcjpQ/s220/1743588095195.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEipUlbeKtnME4VDSqpaTVg3ljGZ_oIQzlmH90roPAHLlJ654F3MefMCaCgfcVO4uMRBROF3J6lggkSWpZX6vRvcmzKc0Gx8luy-vauxcievexe89uYGXvhCh6ms-6rxk1YlGkybJNDiq_XnvdMKF5zb8nCJdJTFtlxTqNFDla93YgRDhwlhQWxkpGM8fjA/s72-c/Screenshot_%D9%A2%D9%A0%D9%A2%D9%A5%D9%A0%D9%A3%D9%A1%D9%A1-%D9%A1%D9%A4%D9%A4%D9%A8%D9%A0%D9%A2_Telegram.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3178900161674506222.post-2473937133210800077</id><published>2021-10-08T22:14:00.003-07:00</published><updated>2021-10-08T22:14:41.985-07:00</updated><title type='text'>GROUP 2 {ETABS &amp; SAFE COURSE}</title><content type='html'> مهندس مدنى خريج&lt;div&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; DESIGN OF FLAT SLAB BS 8110 USING SAFE&amp;nbsp; EXAMPLE&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; تصميم سقف مسطح ببرنامج الSAFE تبعا للمدونة البريطانية&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;homework&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiXBu7BebRhD0d7bH2ENWnAkUKoqrDlOQCzgP5M2oV9FDm8q7x0U7qy4xR3U8xhzIAhdeNNeoJ07TeqYKMo3i-PRLyBV3wD5QQj6uK_Lac5YvVaw9ZMFa0tk7sM5wJlA-kuYjo8LGCGWWs/s960/FLAT+SLAB.png&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;720&quot; data-original-width=&quot;960&quot; height=&quot;240&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiXBu7BebRhD0d7bH2ENWnAkUKoqrDlOQCzgP5M2oV9FDm8q7x0U7qy4xR3U8xhzIAhdeNNeoJ07TeqYKMo3i-PRLyBV3wD5QQj6uK_Lac5YvVaw9ZMFa0tk7sM5wJlA-kuYjo8LGCGWWs/s320/FLAT+SLAB.png&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://abdo36.blogspot.com/feeds/2473937133210800077/comments/default' title='تعليقات الرسالة'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://abdo36.blogspot.com/2021/10/group-2-etabs-safe-course.html#comment-form' title='0 تعليقات'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3178900161674506222/posts/default/2473937133210800077'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3178900161674506222/posts/default/2473937133210800077'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://abdo36.blogspot.com/2021/10/group-2-etabs-safe-course.html' title='GROUP 2 {ETABS &amp; SAFE COURSE}'/><author><name>Abd Elgader Hamdan</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16054406694955860349</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifjdBBDPkdrurXeyOOquYHCyvWxvgXVwrm7JZU_GAiKwbto-EU3yErUpVeHgxhKnIeW6ocxPbGNxwikdSmuOuAnITfo7lQYh8O_hTxYvni6VYi28ScYruHRhev7DAIZBd6BSi4ia_Y6ygtTkv87968NFxpBVkDoi7RlpMXT-YsFRqcjpQ/s220/1743588095195.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiXBu7BebRhD0d7bH2ENWnAkUKoqrDlOQCzgP5M2oV9FDm8q7x0U7qy4xR3U8xhzIAhdeNNeoJ07TeqYKMo3i-PRLyBV3wD5QQj6uK_Lac5YvVaw9ZMFa0tk7sM5wJlA-kuYjo8LGCGWWs/s72-c/FLAT+SLAB.png" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3178900161674506222.post-6302218072119934348</id><published>2021-10-02T21:57:00.002-07:00</published><updated>2021-10-02T22:16:08.422-07:00</updated><title type='text'>دورة تصميم المبانى الخرسانية باستخدام برنامج ETABS &amp; SAFE</title><content type='html'>&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; بسم اله الرحمن الرحيم&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #2b00fe;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;دورة تصميم المبانى باستخدام برنامج ETABS &amp;amp; SAFE&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #2b00fe;&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;مشروع الدورة COURSE PROJECT&amp;nbsp;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;الخرط المعمارية&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://drive.google.com/file/d/1PhtpcsYJduN3A3MXgnoxUVrD9H-WLusx/view?usp=sharing&quot;&gt;ELEVATION&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://drive.google.com/file/d/1tmE0ekg1q33U4LAEqO2xgSpBycQZfIWu/view?usp=sharing&quot;&gt;SECTION&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://drive.google.com/file/d/1zQ7gKVmgf7-YBnXjRo8ZZa1h3R8sPiOh/view?usp=sharing&quot;&gt;GROUND FLOOR PLAN&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &lt;a href=&quot;https://drive.google.com/file/d/1-W-3wuL3u06LlOjU-_rMQ8sfHPn9q3QE/view?usp=sharing&quot;&gt;TYPICAL FLOOR PLAN&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://abdo36.blogspot.com/feeds/6302218072119934348/comments/default' title='تعليقات الرسالة'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://abdo36.blogspot.com/2021/10/blog-post.html#comment-form' title='0 تعليقات'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3178900161674506222/posts/default/6302218072119934348'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3178900161674506222/posts/default/6302218072119934348'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://abdo36.blogspot.com/2021/10/blog-post.html' title='دورة تصميم المبانى الخرسانية باستخدام برنامج ETABS &amp; SAFE'/><author><name>Abd Elgader Hamdan</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16054406694955860349</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifjdBBDPkdrurXeyOOquYHCyvWxvgXVwrm7JZU_GAiKwbto-EU3yErUpVeHgxhKnIeW6ocxPbGNxwikdSmuOuAnITfo7lQYh8O_hTxYvni6VYi28ScYruHRhev7DAIZBd6BSi4ia_Y6ygtTkv87968NFxpBVkDoi7RlpMXT-YsFRqcjpQ/s220/1743588095195.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3178900161674506222.post-7066241492273569942</id><published>2018-04-14T02:52:00.004-07:00</published><updated>2018-04-14T02:52:53.766-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Civil Engineering Training Course </title><content type='html'>&lt;div dir=&quot;rtl&quot; style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot; trbidi=&quot;on&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;ترقبوا الإعلان عن كورسات متخصصة فى الهندسة المدنية قريبا إن شاء الله&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;
المدربون أساتذة جامعيين ذوي خبرة&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;
للاستفسار :aboass2010@gmail.com&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://abdo36.blogspot.com/feeds/7066241492273569942/comments/default' title='تعليقات الرسالة'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://abdo36.blogspot.com/2018/04/civil-engineering-training-course.html#comment-form' title='0 تعليقات'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3178900161674506222/posts/default/7066241492273569942'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3178900161674506222/posts/default/7066241492273569942'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://abdo36.blogspot.com/2018/04/civil-engineering-training-course.html' title='Civil Engineering Training Course '/><author><name>Abd Elgader Hamdan</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16054406694955860349</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifjdBBDPkdrurXeyOOquYHCyvWxvgXVwrm7JZU_GAiKwbto-EU3yErUpVeHgxhKnIeW6ocxPbGNxwikdSmuOuAnITfo7lQYh8O_hTxYvni6VYi28ScYruHRhev7DAIZBd6BSi4ia_Y6ygtTkv87968NFxpBVkDoi7RlpMXT-YsFRqcjpQ/s220/1743588095195.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3178900161674506222.post-5691720240574032774</id><published>2014-05-07T23:36:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2015-04-16T11:29:54.220-07:00</updated><title type='text'>piles construction</title><content type='html'>&lt;div dir=&quot;rtl&quot; style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot; trbidi=&quot;on&quot;&gt;
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&lt;h4 style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
piles construction&lt;/h4&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
Augercast Piles&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;iframe allowfullscreen=&#39;allowfullscreen&#39; webkitallowfullscreen=&#39;webkitallowfullscreen&#39; mozallowfullscreen=&#39;mozallowfullscreen&#39; width=&#39;320&#39; height=&#39;266&#39; src=&#39;https://www.blogger.com/video.g?token=AD6v5dya_LseQAsahE6Z01Ffq4TAORpr3pegUEn5wprH-c8a0sX_hPqQy4eilq7CvkUfZPGNsZt90ZNHg-Iwc-dwYg&#39; class=&#39;b-hbp-video b-uploaded&#39; frameborder=&#39;0&#39;&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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Driven Piles&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;iframe allowfullscreen=&#39;allowfullscreen&#39; webkitallowfullscreen=&#39;webkitallowfullscreen&#39; mozallowfullscreen=&#39;mozallowfullscreen&#39; width=&#39;320&#39; height=&#39;266&#39; src=&#39;https://www.blogger.com/video.g?token=AD6v5dyfTXrtQNEEO3gBjDFtjcx6kzgsQmqcIIQly5dqR-PbptskY-AmHRzrI8oaEZ7ZPRi1VdK-AjD4JmDc7IwMUQ&#39; class=&#39;b-hbp-video b-uploaded&#39; frameborder=&#39;0&#39;&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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Franki Pile&lt;/div&gt;
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Helical Piles&lt;/div&gt;
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Jacked Piers&lt;/div&gt;
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Macropiles™&lt;/div&gt;
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Macropiles&lt;/div&gt;
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Pit Underpinning&lt;/div&gt;
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</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://abdo36.blogspot.com/feeds/5691720240574032774/comments/default' title='تعليقات الرسالة'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://abdo36.blogspot.com/2014/05/blog-post.html#comment-form' title='0 تعليقات'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3178900161674506222/posts/default/5691720240574032774'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3178900161674506222/posts/default/5691720240574032774'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://abdo36.blogspot.com/2014/05/blog-post.html' title='piles construction'/><author><name>Abd Elgader Hamdan</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16054406694955860349</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifjdBBDPkdrurXeyOOquYHCyvWxvgXVwrm7JZU_GAiKwbto-EU3yErUpVeHgxhKnIeW6ocxPbGNxwikdSmuOuAnITfo7lQYh8O_hTxYvni6VYi28ScYruHRhev7DAIZBd6BSi4ia_Y6ygtTkv87968NFxpBVkDoi7RlpMXT-YsFRqcjpQ/s220/1743588095195.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3178900161674506222.post-2802530501040243897</id><published>2014-01-13T01:15:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2015-04-18T21:05:43.954-07:00</updated><title type='text'>problems solution probability and statistic Wiley</title><content type='html'>&lt;div dir=&quot;rtl&quot; style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot; trbidi=&quot;on&quot;&gt;
مهندس مدنى خريج&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
مسائل محلولة فى الاحصاء والاحتمالات&lt;br /&gt;
مرجع وايلى الباب التاسع&lt;/div&gt;
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</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://abdo36.blogspot.com/feeds/2802530501040243897/comments/default' title='تعليقات الرسالة'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://abdo36.blogspot.com/2014/01/problems-solution-probability-and.html#comment-form' title='0 تعليقات'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3178900161674506222/posts/default/2802530501040243897'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3178900161674506222/posts/default/2802530501040243897'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://abdo36.blogspot.com/2014/01/problems-solution-probability-and.html' title='problems solution probability and statistic Wiley'/><author><name>Abd Elgader Hamdan</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16054406694955860349</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifjdBBDPkdrurXeyOOquYHCyvWxvgXVwrm7JZU_GAiKwbto-EU3yErUpVeHgxhKnIeW6ocxPbGNxwikdSmuOuAnITfo7lQYh8O_hTxYvni6VYi28ScYruHRhev7DAIZBd6BSi4ia_Y6ygtTkv87968NFxpBVkDoi7RlpMXT-YsFRqcjpQ/s220/1743588095195.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjt20-3EaecIuILYNly1t2wOZlijnsr-dScR2jymm6GDhP6VqJdyA0qRc06ps4PWLIDhTS1G_2iKnuYkqUS73zAIvV6QkbW1Yw-2AYVwfNgioQQ-OS-t9nyGmyodcsCeVaRC6jann6ifPg/s72-c/Wiley_001.png" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3178900161674506222.post-1665210333307985727</id><published>2014-01-11T03:19:00.003-08:00</published><updated>2015-04-16T11:40:47.496-07:00</updated><title type='text'> what defines a bridges </title><content type='html'>&lt;div dir=&quot;rtl&quot; style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot; trbidi=&quot;on&quot;&gt;
مهندس مدنى خريج&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h3 style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: &#39;Helvetica Neue Light&#39;, HelveticaNeue-Light, &#39;Helvetica Neue&#39;, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-weight: bolder; margin: 0.83em 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;what defines a bridges&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;{Span&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;{ simple , continuous , cantilever ,cantilever with suspended span&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJMI6nywNvB0ivKgfrevXeVAJbo25O6ZSz7ophDYi3ulCZoRzj4xLFLB2WewpGlkshN0zyXj1I-PeF4VZJwfbVk-y4k2grmM7r5y2KKQX0uwy-YIL12M9NYwqcM3SpRfF7QxKjK_QMY_U/s1600/Image1.BMP&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; color: #009eb8; display: inline; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJMI6nywNvB0ivKgfrevXeVAJbo25O6ZSz7ophDYi3ulCZoRzj4xLFLB2WewpGlkshN0zyXj1I-PeF4VZJwfbVk-y4k2grmM7r5y2KKQX0uwy-YIL12M9NYwqcM3SpRfF7QxKjK_QMY_U/s1600/Image1.BMP&quot; height=&quot;223&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-border-image: url(data:image/png; border-image-repeat: stretch; border-image-slice: 9; border-image-source: url(data:image/png; border-image-width: 9px; border: 9px none; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: auto; margin: 10px auto; max-width: 100%; padding: 8px; position: relative;&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/b&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
{&lt;b&gt;travel surface&lt;/b&gt;{deck , pny ,trhugh&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh6HLMF3PYshegEAMOQoYi1zEujfz3nuh76TqEbNRrdc2hyphenhypheniOYYXRom5qIHJjShJ9yyFPsCus7bgkefCxo7VG2KnUZ32dGR91Y8k9b3EGVCnYnCbMJU4STwBvt4IgyFrA_XNE2gBOcxu48/s1600/Image.bmp&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-transition: color 0.3s; color: #009eb8; display: inline; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; outline: none; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.3s;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh6HLMF3PYshegEAMOQoYi1zEujfz3nuh76TqEbNRrdc2hyphenhypheniOYYXRom5qIHJjShJ9yyFPsCus7bgkefCxo7VG2KnUZ32dGR91Y8k9b3EGVCnYnCbMJU4STwBvt4IgyFrA_XNE2gBOcxu48/s1600/Image.bmp&quot; height=&quot;222&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-border-image: url(data:image/png; border-image-repeat: stretch; border-image-slice: 9; border-image-source: url(data:image/png; border-image-width: 9px; border: 9px none; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: auto; margin: 10px auto; max-width: 100%; padding: 8px; position: relative;&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
{&lt;b&gt;Form&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;{ beam ,truss , arch ,etc&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
{&lt;b&gt;Material&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;{ timber , concrete ,steel ,etc&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Beam bridges types&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/b&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
Deck beam&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
Haunched girder&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
Rigid frame&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
Orthotropic beam&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;:Truss Bridges Types&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;display: inline !important; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/b&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
King post&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&amp;nbsp;Parker camelback&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
subdivided warren&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
Lenticular truss&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://abdo36.blogspot.com/feeds/1665210333307985727/comments/default' title='تعليقات الرسالة'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://abdo36.blogspot.com/2014/01/what-defines-bridges.html#comment-form' title='0 تعليقات'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3178900161674506222/posts/default/1665210333307985727'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3178900161674506222/posts/default/1665210333307985727'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://abdo36.blogspot.com/2014/01/what-defines-bridges.html' title=' what defines a bridges '/><author><name>Abd Elgader Hamdan</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16054406694955860349</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifjdBBDPkdrurXeyOOquYHCyvWxvgXVwrm7JZU_GAiKwbto-EU3yErUpVeHgxhKnIeW6ocxPbGNxwikdSmuOuAnITfo7lQYh8O_hTxYvni6VYi28ScYruHRhev7DAIZBd6BSi4ia_Y6ygtTkv87968NFxpBVkDoi7RlpMXT-YsFRqcjpQ/s220/1743588095195.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJMI6nywNvB0ivKgfrevXeVAJbo25O6ZSz7ophDYi3ulCZoRzj4xLFLB2WewpGlkshN0zyXj1I-PeF4VZJwfbVk-y4k2grmM7r5y2KKQX0uwy-YIL12M9NYwqcM3SpRfF7QxKjK_QMY_U/s72-c/Image1.BMP" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3178900161674506222.post-3527025671719933951</id><published>2014-01-09T00:52:00.003-08:00</published><updated>2015-04-16T11:40:43.499-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Slabs</title><content type='html'>&lt;div dir=&quot;rtl&quot; style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot; trbidi=&quot;on&quot;&gt;
مهندس مدنى خريج&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoTitle&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 20pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;البــــلاطــات&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoTitle&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 20pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Tahoma, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Slabs&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;margin-right: 0.2in; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;u&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Andalus, serif; font-size: 18pt;&quot;&gt;مـقـدمــة :&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;margin-right: 0.2in; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Simplified Arabic&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;البـلاطـات عنـاصـر إنشـائيـة مسـتـويـة ذات ثـلاثــة أبعـاد ( طول و عرض و سماكة ) ، تتميـز بـأن السـماكـة (&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;h&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Simplified Arabic&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp; ) أصغر بكثيـر من البعـديـن الآخـرين ، وظيفتهـا تغطيـة المسـاحات ( بتشـكيل أسـقف و أرضيـات ) ، و نقـل الحمـولات العمـودية على مسـتويهـا إلى العناصر الإنشـائيـة الحـاملـة لهـا .&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Simplified Arabic&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;و للبـلاطات عـدّة أنـواع بحسب نوعية المواد المسـتخدمة في تشـكيلهـا ، و الوظيفة المطلوبة منها ، و أهـم أنـواع البـلاطات هـي :&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;margin-right: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 7pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;a)&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 7pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Simplified Arabic&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;بـلاطات مصمتـة ذات اتجاه واحـد أو اتجـاهين ، مسـتندة على جـدران أو على كمرات بـارزة عـن البـلاطـة .&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;margin-right: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 7pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;b)&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 7pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Simplified Arabic&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;بـلاطات غيـر مصمتة مفـرّغـة ذات قـوالب دائمة ( مثـل بلـوك الهـوردي ) ، أو قوالب مؤقتـة ذات اتجاه واحد أو اتجـاهيـن ، مسـتندة على جـدار ، أو على كمـرات بنفس سمك البـلاطـات .&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;margin-right: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 7pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;c)&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 7pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Simplified Arabic&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;بـلاطات ذات كمرات متصالبة بالاتجاهين مسـتندة على جـدران أو كمرات بارزة عن البلاطة .&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;margin-right: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 7pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;d)&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 7pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Simplified Arabic&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;بـلاطات مصمتة مسـتندة مباشـرة على الأعمدة بدون كمرات ، و تسمى بـلاطات فطـريـة .&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;margin-right: 0.2in; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Simplified Arabic&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;و يجـب أن يكون عرض مسـند البـلاطة أكبـر من سـمكهـا ، و بحـد أدنى مقداره&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;80 mm&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Simplified Arabic&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;، إلاّ في حـالـة البـلاطات سـابقـة الصـب .&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;margin-right: 0.2in; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;u&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 16pt;&quot;&gt;- الفتحات في البلاطات :&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;margin-right: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 7pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;a)&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 7pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Simplified Arabic&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;تعـد الفتحـة في البـلاطة صغيرة إذا كانت وحيـدة ، و كانت نسـبتـا بعدي الفتحة في الاتجاهين إلى بحـري البـلاطة في الاتجاهيـن الموازييـن لا تتعـدى&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;( 1/5 )&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Simplified Arabic&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;، و في حال وجود عـدة فتحـات في نفـس البـلاطة فتعـد هـذه الفتحـات صغيـرة إذا كانت نسـبة مجموع أبعادها في كل من الاتجاهين إلى بحـري البـلاطة بالاتجاهيـن الموازييـن لا تتعـدى&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;( 1/5 )&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Simplified Arabic&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;margin-right: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 7pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;b)&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 7pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Simplified Arabic&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;في حالـة الفتحـة صغيرة يجب توزيع التسـليح المقطوع بسـبب الفتحة على جوانب الفتحة بالتساوي ، على أن لا يقـل عن قضيبيـن قطـر&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;(&amp;nbsp; 12 mm )&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Simplified Arabic&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;عنـد كـل طـرف ، أمـا التسليح القطري فـلا يقـل عن قضيبيـن قطـر&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;( 10 mm )&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Simplified Arabic&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;عـن كل زاويـة ، و في حال عـدم اسـتعمال تسـليح قطري يـزاد التسـليح على جوانـب الفتحـة بمقدار&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;( 50 % )&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Simplified Arabic&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;، و إذا كانت الفتحـات الصغيـرة متجـاورة فيوضع التسـليح البـديل للتسليح المقطوع حول مجمـوع الفتحات .&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;margin-right: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 7pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;c)&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 7pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Simplified Arabic&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;في حـال الفتحـات الكبيـرة يجب أن تحـلل وفقـاً للمبـادئ الهندسـية المقبولـة ، أو توضع كمـرات تقـويـة على محيـط الفتحـة ، و توصيل الكمـرات حتـى مسـانـد البـلاطة ، ثـم تحليـل البـلاطة طبقـاً للأسـس الهندسـية السـليمة .&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;margin-right: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 7pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;d)&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 7pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Simplified Arabic&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;عنـدما تكـون الفتحة في البـلاطة مـوجـودة على مسـافـة تقـل عن&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;( 6 )&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Simplified Arabic&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;مرات سمك البـلاطة من حافـة حمل مركز ( رد فعل ) فـإن جـزءاً من محيـط القطاع الحرج المحصور بين المسـتقيمين الواصلين من مركـز الحمـل حتى طرف الفتحة يعـد غيـر فـعـّال .&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;margin-right: 0.2in; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Simplified Arabic&#39;, serif; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Andalus, serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;البلاطات المعصبة&amp;nbsp;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Andalus, serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;Ribbed slabs&amp;nbsp;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;&quot;&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgXmfQe0nrrK99KrbDfC-SoVi_XljkPxWO1i7-ooATPfSothDGS6uRL6Z09_SLWcX43mGXQlOmIP4s9KalAzGj-OEuOZn3mMtRrwL_EtsU4nxBNEE0ah4CzCa24T2aH9lAgJJln-l9cs7Y/s1600/Slide4.JPG&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgXmfQe0nrrK99KrbDfC-SoVi_XljkPxWO1i7-ooATPfSothDGS6uRL6Z09_SLWcX43mGXQlOmIP4s9KalAzGj-OEuOZn3mMtRrwL_EtsU4nxBNEE0ah4CzCa24T2aH9lAgJJln-l9cs7Y/s1600/Slide4.JPG&quot; height=&quot;480&quot; width=&quot;640&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;right&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot; lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;&quot;&gt;ماهى خصائص البلاطات المعصبة ؟&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;right&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot; lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;&quot;&gt;1-المسافة بين الاعصاب لاتتجاوز 1.5متر .&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;right&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot; lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;&quot;&gt;2-عمق العصب بدون بلاطة لايتجاوز 4امثال العرض المتوسط للعصب .&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;right&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot; lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;&quot;&gt;3-عرض العصب يجب ان يحدد ب:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;right&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot; lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;&quot;&gt;-وضع غطاء التسليح .&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;right&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot; lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;&quot;&gt;-مقاومة الحريق&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;4-سمك البلاطة يجب الا يقل عن 50ملم&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://abdo36.blogspot.com/feeds/3527025671719933951/comments/default' title='تعليقات الرسالة'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://abdo36.blogspot.com/2014/01/slabs.html#comment-form' title='0 تعليقات'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3178900161674506222/posts/default/3527025671719933951'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3178900161674506222/posts/default/3527025671719933951'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://abdo36.blogspot.com/2014/01/slabs.html' title='Slabs'/><author><name>Abd Elgader Hamdan</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16054406694955860349</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifjdBBDPkdrurXeyOOquYHCyvWxvgXVwrm7JZU_GAiKwbto-EU3yErUpVeHgxhKnIeW6ocxPbGNxwikdSmuOuAnITfo7lQYh8O_hTxYvni6VYi28ScYruHRhev7DAIZBd6BSi4ia_Y6ygtTkv87968NFxpBVkDoi7RlpMXT-YsFRqcjpQ/s220/1743588095195.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgXmfQe0nrrK99KrbDfC-SoVi_XljkPxWO1i7-ooATPfSothDGS6uRL6Z09_SLWcX43mGXQlOmIP4s9KalAzGj-OEuOZn3mMtRrwL_EtsU4nxBNEE0ah4CzCa24T2aH9lAgJJln-l9cs7Y/s72-c/Slide4.JPG" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3178900161674506222.post-7363726524409944780</id><published>2014-01-09T00:47:00.002-08:00</published><updated>2015-04-16T11:55:43.358-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Retaining walls</title><content type='html'>&lt;div dir=&quot;rtl&quot; style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot; trbidi=&quot;on&quot;&gt;
مهندس مدنى خريج&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 24px; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.5in; text-align: center; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: magenta;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Retaining walls can be divided into two major categories&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif; line-height: 24px; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif; line-height: 24px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue;&quot;&gt;Conventional retaining walls&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif; line-height: 24px; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;ol start=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-top: 0in;&quot; type=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/ol&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Mechanically stabilized retaining walls&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgLP-9WKm2KYwIK8mKOIhmK_3ExYyIHpWyDAeNi0z-6HpL5ta5Jivpa3jx5oHnLWwH78aN8JOyg5W9vYP2NO45fUt3cx1u6ATx5eUeo5lCYapO3OtUWK5hQ26lmWgPHdRdbNgxTtF0NcR8/s1600/Picture1.png&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgLP-9WKm2KYwIK8mKOIhmK_3ExYyIHpWyDAeNi0z-6HpL5ta5Jivpa3jx5oHnLWwH78aN8JOyg5W9vYP2NO45fUt3cx1u6ATx5eUeo5lCYapO3OtUWK5hQ26lmWgPHdRdbNgxTtF0NcR8/s1600/Picture1.png&quot; height=&quot;218&quot; width=&quot;640&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 21pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: magenta;&quot;&gt;stabilized mechanically&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 21pt;&quot;&gt;Metal strips&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhvRLdz4E9cnGpr8Qd0wGbSarqyg95mqeto5xJjMXlt96wkuuKcG8inExq2eWmbmppcc_F1ZPq8BJiFVJh-92iSt6UV-SE5qhB5Utcs2AbHwgVlIQS3KQuDLA-z2ghGJMaN9nUM1vEka2E/s1600/Picture3.png&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhvRLdz4E9cnGpr8Qd0wGbSarqyg95mqeto5xJjMXlt96wkuuKcG8inExq2eWmbmppcc_F1ZPq8BJiFVJh-92iSt6UV-SE5qhB5Utcs2AbHwgVlIQS3KQuDLA-z2ghGJMaN9nUM1vEka2E/s1600/Picture3.png&quot; height=&quot;346&quot; width=&quot;640&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 21pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 21pt;&quot;&gt;Geo-grids&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhaBq59NF4yPx8xihqCozGckGAZiqRPGSLzTr9LFrdArb4TaFPBQmukqyOrHpXa-Xm1C-cmbdjIwqJsKL43k-Ch-KIcrXWr93VU8z8hDlTxGAfZMmrvezBZgR_tIupgGJQTIoWvTqpWXVo/s1600/Picture6.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhaBq59NF4yPx8xihqCozGckGAZiqRPGSLzTr9LFrdArb4TaFPBQmukqyOrHpXa-Xm1C-cmbdjIwqJsKL43k-Ch-KIcrXWr93VU8z8hDlTxGAfZMmrvezBZgR_tIupgGJQTIoWvTqpWXVo/s1600/Picture6.jpg&quot; height=&quot;394&quot; width=&quot;640&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 21pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 21pt;&quot;&gt;Welded wire mats&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_zdZ6-AagQ2drwjCk172REgXjZ2uuGg84zKR0oaRajxOlhPXe3iA1p7wd1jjj3FMYhmJ8AZoEk184R4QTDEwjWFXUijSXYM1T70enca1yzqBtu9okQVr1TvVGOtpa5YQWMWdouJYIvyM/s1600/Picture4.png&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_zdZ6-AagQ2drwjCk172REgXjZ2uuGg84zKR0oaRajxOlhPXe3iA1p7wd1jjj3FMYhmJ8AZoEk184R4QTDEwjWFXUijSXYM1T70enca1yzqBtu9okQVr1TvVGOtpa5YQWMWdouJYIvyM/s1600/Picture4.png&quot; height=&quot;448&quot; width=&quot;640&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 21pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 21pt;&quot;&gt;Geo-textiles&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjUI9J9iPxiDoknd-E4eAk1TTrITLRmSaDH3QxEfopPOtZMd8xGwfHa51uOWgcQLkSVbUKPh-m7oY5MVDT1v0wjsBRUPg5AeVjs3CB7pwDdhMYFvqC0eMO3iYcSty28ZxvJt1VOBMDE0_E/s1600/Picture5.png&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjUI9J9iPxiDoknd-E4eAk1TTrITLRmSaDH3QxEfopPOtZMd8xGwfHa51uOWgcQLkSVbUKPh-m7oY5MVDT1v0wjsBRUPg5AeVjs3CB7pwDdhMYFvqC0eMO3iYcSty28ZxvJt1VOBMDE0_E/s1600/Picture5.png&quot; height=&quot;436&quot; width=&quot;640&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 20pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: magenta;&quot;&gt;conventional retaining walls types&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 20pt;&quot;&gt;Gravity walls&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 20pt;&quot;&gt;Semi-gravity walls&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 20pt;&quot;&gt;Cantilever walls&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 27px; text-align: right;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;Counter fort&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 20pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;walls&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhHH_MDQG8laZTX2KscjBXCVPbBWO0WlrSF79zPrGkddao9Prgh9GUhHR_0zHKk_b9fDXRqDVVKcy_mF-IOO2IZOscWq2_KVnOOdaWSIK-pmAe6pVSf1h0IQHMqSqVsk8wzSRFgjP9_ZzU/s1600/Picture7.png&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhHH_MDQG8laZTX2KscjBXCVPbBWO0WlrSF79zPrGkddao9Prgh9GUhHR_0zHKk_b9fDXRqDVVKcy_mF-IOO2IZOscWq2_KVnOOdaWSIK-pmAe6pVSf1h0IQHMqSqVsk8wzSRFgjP9_ZzU/s1600/Picture7.png&quot; height=&quot;574&quot; width=&quot;640&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 21pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 24pt;&quot;&gt;design of the conventional retaining walls&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;i style=&quot;line-height: 24px; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;i style=&quot;line-height: 24px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Stability&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;check phase:&amp;nbsp; Knowing the lateral earth pressure, the structure is examined for possible&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;overturning, sliding and bearing capacity failure&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;i style=&quot;line-height: 24px; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;ol start=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-top: 0in;&quot; type=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/ol&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Strength&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;check phase: Evaluating the amount of reinforcement&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 15px; line-height: 17px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Stability check&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhr1l3xQr26X0xCBgye-pt3xAOQMH4HE0-Gn_LE_k2Ow84ahgQIowNXbn4jnc0rhBr5KqGiPHo8Kh38BvW2Z6PKW0NviSLKtfKKgfv6WldmZMaDoje3lXCgToXDrInH-4oKDSZVMhT5jo0/s1600/Picture8.png&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhr1l3xQr26X0xCBgye-pt3xAOQMH4HE0-Gn_LE_k2Ow84ahgQIowNXbn4jnc0rhBr5KqGiPHo8Kh38BvW2Z6PKW0NviSLKtfKKgfv6WldmZMaDoje3lXCgToXDrInH-4oKDSZVMhT5jo0/s1600/Picture8.png&quot; height=&quot;580&quot; width=&quot;640&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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a.&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 7pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Overturning&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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b.&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 7pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Sliding&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;left&quot; class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 2.95in; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
c.&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 7pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Bearing capacity failure&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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d.&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 7pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;By deep seated shear failure&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpLast&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 2.95in; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue;&quot;&gt;Overturning&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqmMERiEFDRRrEK8rSJicBh7BZZmBsxn5-AHL_NHAk3qDy1zJvSAtqyzeMQ-Ob6PN7E-4weKR7axtkzbxf4E-_G-8weSNMeTSMzqTw4pjeVY23Xm1YNpY8_bfr8ukljIuUIeoNuyjNWBI/s1600/Picture9.png&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqmMERiEFDRRrEK8rSJicBh7BZZmBsxn5-AHL_NHAk3qDy1zJvSAtqyzeMQ-Ob6PN7E-4weKR7axtkzbxf4E-_G-8weSNMeTSMzqTw4pjeVY23Xm1YNpY8_bfr8ukljIuUIeoNuyjNWBI/s1600/Picture9.png&quot; height=&quot;640&quot; width=&quot;633&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 24px; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.5in; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Wingdings; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.8666667938232px; text-align: right;&quot;&gt;Based on the assumption that Rankine active pressure is acting along a vertical plane AB, the Rankine passive force is&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj8CApMDzCRu6LcpmzfVN8UfzAFHMONJ183m7ZsFmfzuHNxqMTCJpyoMmEzpzbNjChtOnAKCjqHCIA7SX-tvjBl1R-PrwTywyJ0DrfwNFFlsJFdoesc9o6mQlK2EhIGHykljxCY2EVzKGY/s1600/Picture10.png&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj8CApMDzCRu6LcpmzfVN8UfzAFHMONJ183m7ZsFmfzuHNxqMTCJpyoMmEzpzbNjChtOnAKCjqHCIA7SX-tvjBl1R-PrwTywyJ0DrfwNFFlsJFdoesc9o6mQlK2EhIGHykljxCY2EVzKGY/s1600/Picture10.png&quot; height=&quot;170&quot; width=&quot;640&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 24px; margin: 6pt 0in 0.0001pt 0.5in; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;factor of safety against overturning about the toe (point C) is given as&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj7Iz4V7xj7V01dGXR35VfR5wVE6oNDoTn_d83ErEWNEwBJ4LmXueMzBAq08GUSyihEPdTHyam0f3-jRby8B4My0q66lQJUvkLGleW1JDSNutf6Dy_SgnWEALhbW4j_CysVUlI9qPRuqMI/s1600/Picture11.png&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj7Iz4V7xj7V01dGXR35VfR5wVE6oNDoTn_d83ErEWNEwBJ4LmXueMzBAq08GUSyihEPdTHyam0f3-jRby8B4My0q66lQJUvkLGleW1JDSNutf6Dy_SgnWEALhbW4j_CysVUlI9qPRuqMI/s1600/Picture11.png&quot; height=&quot;190&quot; width=&quot;640&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.8666667938232px; text-align: right;&quot;&gt;factor of safety: 2-3&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.8666667938232px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;Calculate The overt turning : read the problem&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.8666667938232px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgsTFYYbsscpx9pY6vcVZWA4gPn4e-BXVd28AUvqgGAv_aW5kyVXebFk0NPdUgQaHR6d3a_F0kGh1iDDoyZnUnWMjAgea2XK8t9LiyH21by-BERI6lnYY3Xz39VIlPYk7V7siIm8p3a74Y/s1600/Picture12.png&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgsTFYYbsscpx9pY6vcVZWA4gPn4e-BXVd28AUvqgGAv_aW5kyVXebFk0NPdUgQaHR6d3a_F0kGh1iDDoyZnUnWMjAgea2XK8t9LiyH21by-BERI6lnYY3Xz39VIlPYk7V7siIm8p3a74Y/s1600/Picture12.png&quot; height=&quot;350&quot; width=&quot;640&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h2 style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;h2&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3178900161674506222&quot; name=&quot;_Toc318478089&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Check for sliding along the base&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3178900161674506222&quot; name=&quot;_Toc318478089&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;The factor of safety against sliding&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJpCmYSvqAzxxrFN0LKTCVZLCeQggwg-DXeqPW0UQ91d1RqmH-DDYJSILRtsaAbCqF988-XrLccoWWvKgpEMG2rTR1xK_yJa7aj2iSxyEi8hPwQsUH3IQJ2NgdhSMgtxz82stcpCHRqRc/s1600/Picture13.png&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJpCmYSvqAzxxrFN0LKTCVZLCeQggwg-DXeqPW0UQ91d1RqmH-DDYJSILRtsaAbCqF988-XrLccoWWvKgpEMG2rTR1xK_yJa7aj2iSxyEi8hPwQsUH3IQJ2NgdhSMgtxz82stcpCHRqRc/s1600/Picture13.png&quot; height=&quot;286&quot; width=&quot;640&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEguN5uM0eCgPt84sxqtpKTVztAHiosXtsZ-mvrmk9G2hXZ1kGyC5B6LCnB3XD9z-s3mgFmlNb_duFLxkPYwUrNio7GAklQlxgnuTafO7Qt-uviqVrdvttNGVuhSNHkInhpc6iIFhSohyphenhyphengw/s1600/Picture14.png&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEguN5uM0eCgPt84sxqtpKTVztAHiosXtsZ-mvrmk9G2hXZ1kGyC5B6LCnB3XD9z-s3mgFmlNb_duFLxkPYwUrNio7GAklQlxgnuTafO7Qt-uviqVrdvttNGVuhSNHkInhpc6iIFhSohyphenhyphengw/s1600/Picture14.png&quot; height=&quot;180&quot; width=&quot;640&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgNg1joBMvV5Krm5sSIPR52xbjKd3mXH3X2hrsQoMEPBnOnOtrVYbFzJVOOgqt6R6Xe_44TbtJzjNmgC9HSsujKkIP0M2tw_DrWSz_8P7ZShiRXajIe__zAJq5Cg111pLlO8hBwzKOQfh8/s1600/Picture15.png&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgNg1joBMvV5Krm5sSIPR52xbjKd3mXH3X2hrsQoMEPBnOnOtrVYbFzJVOOgqt6R6Xe_44TbtJzjNmgC9HSsujKkIP0M2tw_DrWSz_8P7ZShiRXajIe__zAJq5Cg111pLlO8hBwzKOQfh8/s1600/Picture15.png&quot; height=&quot;578&quot; width=&quot;640&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;The minimum factor of safety against sliding is 1.5&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h2&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3178900161674506222&quot; name=&quot;_Toc318478090&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Check for bearing capacity failure&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgXVT25tLU3-aadrvTGgfBl03eru4VgMf_dVjm1wDwsxhzGgNLtDvK4S2PAZBRUCsP7uTiNRzSj9WWOjnyZWCs6uJpuDeef13mrudjlpN94F0gOQgrizYXVJMC0hCkXcLFzR9kp_dxBOZo/s1600/Picture16.png&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgXVT25tLU3-aadrvTGgfBl03eru4VgMf_dVjm1wDwsxhzGgNLtDvK4S2PAZBRUCsP7uTiNRzSj9WWOjnyZWCs6uJpuDeef13mrudjlpN94F0gOQgrizYXVJMC0hCkXcLFzR9kp_dxBOZo/s1600/Picture16.png&quot; height=&quot;640&quot; width=&quot;494&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3178900161674506222&quot; name=&quot;_Toc318478090&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 24px; margin: 6pt 0in 0.0001pt 0.5in; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 21pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;problems&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZZqPUvuJw6Gr_93NgMiWjT8uc9KkrFt0A3lZBGvCxzFjtRQdQsV4KN-o36LmFWZSPUBotS3c7-10keoLP1RRbyzTFQ0u3D2M7a1XRXAmdB6QbKQPfdKE6t477mCGFCgrSlS_fLXEG04E/s1600/2_001.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZZqPUvuJw6Gr_93NgMiWjT8uc9KkrFt0A3lZBGvCxzFjtRQdQsV4KN-o36LmFWZSPUBotS3c7-10keoLP1RRbyzTFQ0u3D2M7a1XRXAmdB6QbKQPfdKE6t477mCGFCgrSlS_fLXEG04E/s1600/2_001.jpg&quot; height=&quot;640&quot; width=&quot;452&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://abdo36.blogspot.com/feeds/7363726524409944780/comments/default' title='تعليقات الرسالة'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://abdo36.blogspot.com/2014/01/retaining-walls.html#comment-form' title='0 تعليقات'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3178900161674506222/posts/default/7363726524409944780'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3178900161674506222/posts/default/7363726524409944780'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://abdo36.blogspot.com/2014/01/retaining-walls.html' title='Retaining walls'/><author><name>Abd Elgader Hamdan</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16054406694955860349</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifjdBBDPkdrurXeyOOquYHCyvWxvgXVwrm7JZU_GAiKwbto-EU3yErUpVeHgxhKnIeW6ocxPbGNxwikdSmuOuAnITfo7lQYh8O_hTxYvni6VYi28ScYruHRhev7DAIZBd6BSi4ia_Y6ygtTkv87968NFxpBVkDoi7RlpMXT-YsFRqcjpQ/s220/1743588095195.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgLP-9WKm2KYwIK8mKOIhmK_3ExYyIHpWyDAeNi0z-6HpL5ta5Jivpa3jx5oHnLWwH78aN8JOyg5W9vYP2NO45fUt3cx1u6ATx5eUeo5lCYapO3OtUWK5hQ26lmWgPHdRdbNgxTtF0NcR8/s72-c/Picture1.png" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3178900161674506222.post-2436368076284036006</id><published>2014-01-08T23:19:00.002-08:00</published><updated>2014-01-08T23:19:50.790-08:00</updated><title type='text'> التصميم الانشائى</title><content type='html'>&lt;div dir=&quot;rtl&quot; style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot; trbidi=&quot;on&quot;&gt;
مهندس مدنى خريج&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEizOoc8SJeqZzGRugLCrTDUq77A6xzAArrZ-dC5LqVZchbrvLX3Y9uyI9NmMaWx8irWNsVJk3hjVjVB3LqmkOBQvkObbstBq55UHa0ioidM8uHYhQW6Ta9gGw5gAi-_zX9k_y86gw83LVA/s1600/images+(10).jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEizOoc8SJeqZzGRugLCrTDUq77A6xzAArrZ-dC5LqVZchbrvLX3Y9uyI9NmMaWx8irWNsVJk3hjVjVB3LqmkOBQvkObbstBq55UHa0ioidM8uHYhQW6Ta9gGw5gAi-_zX9k_y86gw83LVA/s1600/images+(10).jpg&quot; height=&quot;336&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;color: red; font-size: 22pt;&quot;&gt;ما هو التصميم الانشائى ؟&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Calibri; font-size: 22pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 22pt;&quot;&gt;هو اختيار&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 22pt;&quot;&gt;مادة العنصر&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 22pt;&quot;&gt;بابعادها المناسبة والتى تجعل العنصر قادر على تحمل&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Calibri; font-size: 22pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 22pt;&quot;&gt;الاحمال&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 22pt;&quot;&gt;الواقعة علية على ان تكون التشوهات فى حدود المقبول .&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: red; font-size: 22pt;&quot;&gt;التصميم المرن&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Calibri; font-size: 22pt;&quot;&gt;: (اقصى حمل تتحمله المادة هو الذى يصل بها الى نقطة الخضوع&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Calibri; font-size: 22pt;&quot;&gt;) وهذا غير صحيح ؟&lt;br /&gt;لان المادة لاتنهار عند نقطة الخضوع .&lt;br /&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: red; font-size: 22pt;&quot;&gt;التصميم اللدن&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Calibri; font-size: 22pt;&quot;&gt;: يعمل على الاستفادة من المادة بشكل اكبر حتى حدوث الية الانهيار .&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Calibri; font-size: 22pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: red; font-size: 22pt;&quot;&gt;التصميم بالنهايات الحدية&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Calibri; font-size: 22pt;&quot;&gt;: يبحث عن الطاقة المخزونة فى المادة بعد نقطة الخطوع الاولى&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Calibri; font-size: 22pt;&quot;&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot; lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;متى نلجأ الى التصميم المرن ؟&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;
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&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot; lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;&quot;&gt;اذا كانت مادة العنصر تنهار بعد نقطة الخضوع مباشرة .&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;
&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot; lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;متى نلجأ للتصميم بالنهايات الحدية ?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;right&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot; lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;اذا كانت المادة تنهار بعد مسافة من نقطة الخضوع الاولى ولكن يجب ان تكون هذه المسافة بعيدة عن عن الانهيار او الية الانهيار .&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot; lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;متى نلجأ الى التصميم اللدن?&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;right&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot; lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;اذا كانت المادة ذات مخزون كبير ولها قابلية لتحمل المزيد من الاحمال بعد نقطة الخضوع الاولى .&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://abdo36.blogspot.com/feeds/2436368076284036006/comments/default' title='تعليقات الرسالة'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://abdo36.blogspot.com/2014/01/blog-post.html#comment-form' title='0 تعليقات'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3178900161674506222/posts/default/2436368076284036006'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3178900161674506222/posts/default/2436368076284036006'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://abdo36.blogspot.com/2014/01/blog-post.html' title=' التصميم الانشائى'/><author><name>Abd Elgader Hamdan</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16054406694955860349</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifjdBBDPkdrurXeyOOquYHCyvWxvgXVwrm7JZU_GAiKwbto-EU3yErUpVeHgxhKnIeW6ocxPbGNxwikdSmuOuAnITfo7lQYh8O_hTxYvni6VYi28ScYruHRhev7DAIZBd6BSi4ia_Y6ygtTkv87968NFxpBVkDoi7RlpMXT-YsFRqcjpQ/s220/1743588095195.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEizOoc8SJeqZzGRugLCrTDUq77A6xzAArrZ-dC5LqVZchbrvLX3Y9uyI9NmMaWx8irWNsVJk3hjVjVB3LqmkOBQvkObbstBq55UHa0ioidM8uHYhQW6Ta9gGw5gAi-_zX9k_y86gw83LVA/s72-c/images+(10).jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3178900161674506222.post-2266546130134148276</id><published>2014-01-08T23:18:00.002-08:00</published><updated>2014-01-08T23:18:10.733-08:00</updated><title type='text'>flat slab design</title><content type='html'>&lt;div dir=&quot;rtl&quot; style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot; trbidi=&quot;on&quot;&gt;
مهندس مدنى خريج&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: magenta;&quot;&gt;تصميم البلاطات المسطحة&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: magenta;&quot;&gt;flat slab design&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;اضغط&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://abdo36.blogspot.com/2012/07/blog-post.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue;&quot;&gt;هنا&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://abdo36.blogspot.com/feeds/2266546130134148276/comments/default' title='تعليقات الرسالة'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://abdo36.blogspot.com/2014/01/flat-slab-design.html#comment-form' title='0 تعليقات'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3178900161674506222/posts/default/2266546130134148276'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3178900161674506222/posts/default/2266546130134148276'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://abdo36.blogspot.com/2014/01/flat-slab-design.html' title='flat slab design'/><author><name>Abd Elgader Hamdan</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16054406694955860349</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifjdBBDPkdrurXeyOOquYHCyvWxvgXVwrm7JZU_GAiKwbto-EU3yErUpVeHgxhKnIeW6ocxPbGNxwikdSmuOuAnITfo7lQYh8O_hTxYvni6VYi28ScYruHRhev7DAIZBd6BSi4ia_Y6ygtTkv87968NFxpBVkDoi7RlpMXT-YsFRqcjpQ/s220/1743588095195.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3178900161674506222.post-4214485509813174016</id><published>2013-10-30T23:54:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2015-04-16T22:12:57.796-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Part Of Steel Bridges</title><content type='html'>&lt;div dir=&quot;rtl&quot; style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot; trbidi=&quot;on&quot;&gt;
مهندس مدنى خريج&lt;br /&gt;
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</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://abdo36.blogspot.com/feeds/4214485509813174016/comments/default' title='تعليقات الرسالة'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://abdo36.blogspot.com/2013/10/part-of-steel-bridges.html#comment-form' title='0 تعليقات'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3178900161674506222/posts/default/4214485509813174016'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3178900161674506222/posts/default/4214485509813174016'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://abdo36.blogspot.com/2013/10/part-of-steel-bridges.html' title='Part Of Steel Bridges'/><author><name>Abd Elgader Hamdan</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16054406694955860349</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifjdBBDPkdrurXeyOOquYHCyvWxvgXVwrm7JZU_GAiKwbto-EU3yErUpVeHgxhKnIeW6ocxPbGNxwikdSmuOuAnITfo7lQYh8O_hTxYvni6VYi28ScYruHRhev7DAIZBd6BSi4ia_Y6ygtTkv87968NFxpBVkDoi7RlpMXT-YsFRqcjpQ/s220/1743588095195.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh7ZspNTtcZjFbSwnEwPn_bfk-zvKS4Z5xhrjboJdT0J50bQhIDUmRj9nfwgyIUyKYFrOH00-EWPILPOUFCAuSnogrdhfowWYLMUZosfEDDgVahL4wrpm1hFYD-68k6JdJlINgyms1abkU/s72-c/Slide2.JPG" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3178900161674506222.post-9176706486054085694</id><published>2013-07-01T13:14:00.004-07:00</published><updated>2015-04-16T22:15:35.979-07:00</updated><title type='text'>سد النهضة الاثيوبى </title><content type='html'>&lt;div dir=&quot;rtl&quot; style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot; trbidi=&quot;on&quot;&gt;
مهندس مدنى خريج&lt;br /&gt;
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سد النهضة الاثيوبى&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj9WWpNKi5mXqmltvR-BucQrx3fymuCh_LRC_IO2FlTsRTWSVsfr4Jv3B7kz_6sWwoXnLkkHb8XOlJcP2XZgcvVm_Vm6x8sRkZpOAUKfknyr4Rghx2ALTNbJfSDRsuCbD137eKwJZV1_Oc/s536/renaissance_dam.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj9WWpNKi5mXqmltvR-BucQrx3fymuCh_LRC_IO2FlTsRTWSVsfr4Jv3B7kz_6sWwoXnLkkHb8XOlJcP2XZgcvVm_Vm6x8sRkZpOAUKfknyr4Rghx2ALTNbJfSDRsuCbD137eKwJZV1_Oc/s536/renaissance_dam.jpg&quot; height=&quot;478&quot; width=&quot;640&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;div style=&quot;color: #555555; font-family: &#39;Droid Arabic Naskh&#39;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-top: 1em;&quot;&gt;
أعلنت الحكومة الإثيوبية، الإثنين الماضي، اعتزامها البدء في تحويل مجرى النيل الأزرق، أحد روافد نهر النيل، إيذانًا ببداية العملية الفعلية لبناء سد النهضة، وهو ما تم وصفه بالإجراء «المفاجئ».&lt;/div&gt;
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وظهرت تقارير منشورة على موقع السد الإثيوبي وأخرى على موقع مكتب المجلس الوطني لتنسيق المشاركة العامة في تشييد سد النهضة، تكشف أن هذا الإجراء لم يكن مفاجئًا بالمرة وأن تطورات متسارعة شهدها المشروع منذ إعلان رئيس الوزراء الراحل ميليس زيناوي، في 2 أبريل 2011، البدء رسميًا في تشييد السد.&lt;/div&gt;
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يأتي التقرير الأول على موقع المجلس الوطني لتنسيق المشاركة العامة في تشييد سد النهضة، وهو المجلس الذي يعبر عن الطابع القومي للمشروع لدى الإثيوبيين، وتم إنشاؤه بغرض إتاحة مجال لكل إثيوبي داخل وخارج البلاد للمساهمة في هذا المشروع الذي تم وصفه بالحدث التاريخي، كما يضم في تشكيله جميع أطياف الشعب الإثيوبي ممثلين في 75 عضوًا من الحزب الحاكم وأحزاب المعارضة والمشاهير والمثقفين والزعماء الدينيين والجمعيات المدنية.&lt;/div&gt;
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التقرير صادر عن شركة الكهرباء الإثيوبية ويرصد تطورات المشروع حتى أغسطس 2012، حيث يبدأ بوصف عام له باعتباره «مشروعا للطاقة الكهرومائية يتم بناؤه على النيل الأزرق بغرض توليد 6 آلاف ميجاوات من الكهرباء عن طريق استغلال تدفق مياه النهر، والذي يقدر في المتوسط بنحو 1547 متر مكعب في الثانية».&lt;/div&gt;
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ويتكون المشروع بالأساس من سد رئيسي من الخرسانة المضغوطة RCC «أحد طرق بناء السدود وتم استخدامها في سد التنور بالأردن»، وسد فرعي Saddle Dam على المناطق المنخفضة المجاورة للخزان لمنع غمرها بالمياه، ومحطتين لتوليد الطاقة الكهربية، ومنطقة تحويل بطاقة 500 كيلو فولت بالإضافة إلى المفيض «قناة تصريف فائض المياه».&lt;/div&gt;
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وتم تصميم المشروع بسعة تخزين 74 مليار متر مكعب عند مستوى الإمداد الكامل، ويغطي مساحة 1680 كيلو مترا مربعا سيتم استخدامها بشكل أساسي في توليد الطاقة الكهربية.&lt;/div&gt;
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كما تم البدء في تشييد خط تحويلي بطاقة 400 كيلو فولت لإمداد المشروع بالكهرباء اللازمة من مشروع نهر بيليس الكهرومائي «نهر غرب إثيوبيا ويعد أحد رواد النيل الأزرق» خلال فترة التشييد، على أن يتم استخدامه لربط الكهرباء من سد النهضة عند بدء توليدها بالشبكة القومية، هذا بالإضافة إلى خطوط تحويل بطاقة 500 كيلو فولت للربط سيتم تشييدها كمشروع منفصل.&lt;/div&gt;
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ويقول التقرير إن تقييم التأثيرات البيئية وخطط إعادة التوطين أصبحت في مراحل إعدادها الأخيرة، كما تم توزيعها على المؤسسات ذات الصلة للمراجعة وإبداء الرأي، فيما لا تزال الأعمال التحضيرية لبدء برنامج إعادة التوطين محل الإعداد.&lt;/div&gt;
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وبخصوص تطورات المشروع، فيوضح التقرير أنه تم الانتهاء تمامًا بنسبة 100% من آبار الحفر، وخنادق المعاينة، ورسم الخرائط الجيولوجية، والمعاينة الجيوفيزيائية «فيزياء الأرض»، فيما تم الانتهاء من الاختبارات المعملية بنسبة 91% منها.&lt;/div&gt;
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ويبلغ عدد العاملين بالمشروع 4225 شخصًا منهم 131 من الأجانب و2905 عمال محليين و1189مقاولين من الباطن.&lt;/div&gt;
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وبخصوص الآلات والمعدات المستخدمة فتبلغ 991 وحدة، منها 893 تابعة لمقاولين و81 تابعة لمقاولين من الباطن بالإضافة إلى 17 وحدة مؤجرة.&lt;/div&gt;
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ويدير مشروع سد النهضة المهندس الإثيوبي سيميجنيو بيكيلي، الذي باشر بناء 3 سدود أخرى في بلاده، إلا أن هذا المشروع هو السد الأول الذي يباشر بناءه على النيل الأزرق، ويعرض التقرير الثاني الصادر عن إدارة المشروع والمنشور على موقعه الإلكتروني في يوليو 2012، تطورات أعمال المرحلة الثانية لمعاينة موقع بناء السد.&lt;/div&gt;
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ويقول التقرير إن آبار المعاينة المتعلقة بالسد الرئيسي والسد الفرعي والمفيض تم الانتهاء منها، موضحًا أن عدد آبار الحفر بلغ أكثر من 104، كما تم الانتهاء من 7 أنفاق للمعاينة، منها 3 على الضفة اليمنى و4 على الضفة اليسرى.&lt;/div&gt;
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وبخصوص السد الفرعي فتم الانتهاء من تثبيت منصة الحفر الخامسة مع تشييد طريق بين المفيض والسد الفرعي.&lt;/div&gt;
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ويوضح التقرير الطرق التي يتم تشييدها لتسهيل عمليات الانتقال الخاصة بالمشروع، وهي الطرق التي تم إنشاؤها بإجمالي 122.7 كيلو متر، منها أربعة طرق للضفة اليمنى تشتمل على:&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;li dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;الطريق الأول: بطول 7.5 كيلو متر ويعد بمثابة الممر التحويلي حول منطقة السد الأيمن.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;الطريق الثاني: ويبلغ طوله 1.9 كيلو متر.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;الطريق الثالث: سيحل محل الطريق القائم بين جوبا وبامبودي.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;الطريق الرابع: يربط بين الطريق الأول ومعسكر العاملين المؤقت والدائم بطول 6.5 كيلو متر.&lt;/li&gt;
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وتتضمن الضفة اليسرى طريقا من منطقة السد الرئيسي إلى المفيض بطول 1.5 كيلو متر، وطريقا للنهر الأزرق من منطقة السد الرئيسي، وطريقا من خزان المياه ومحطة الإذاعة للسد الرئيسي بطول 1 كيلو متر، وطريقا لمنطقة سد الضفة اليسرى حيث يوجد كوبري بطول 34 كيلو متر، فيما تم تمهيد الطريق من السد الفرعي إلى السد الرئيسي بطول 9.5 كيلو متر.&lt;/div&gt;
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كما يتم في إطار المشروع بناء كوبري على النيل الأزرق، والذي يقول التقرير إنه تم الانتهاء من كل أعماله باستثناء بعض الأعمال على السطح، والذي تم فيه استخدام 1411 متر مكعب خرسانة في القاعدة، و1188 متر مكعب في الارتفاع، و136 متر مكعب للسطح.&lt;/div&gt;
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ويشرح التقرير تطورات بناء معسكرات عاملي ومهندسي المشروع، حيث تم إنجاز 45% من معسكر صغار العمال، والذي يتسع إلى 7500 شخصًا، و21% من المعسكر الدائم، و15% المعسكر المؤقت، وهذا بخلاف تسهيلات أعمال المقاولات حيث تم الانتهاء من بناء ورشة ومخزن ومعمل بالإضافة إلى أعمال النجارة والمكاتب وغيرها.&lt;/div&gt;
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وحول ما يتعلق بأعمال تحويل مجرى النهر، فيقول التقرير إن هذا التحويل تمت إعادة تصميمه مؤخرًا ووضع خطوات جديدة لتنفيذه، فيما لازالت أعمال الاستكشاف والحفر والتفجير بالإضافة لإزالة المخلفات مستمرة بمنطقة التحويل.&lt;/div&gt;
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وتم بناء مجموعتين من صمامات الحماية من طبقات الصخور، واحدة مع اتجاه مجرى النهر وأخرى عكسه، لحماية تشييد قناة التحويل، كما تم بناء جدار على طول نهر النيل لنفس الغرض، وبلغت عمليات الردم لتلك الصمامات بالمواد العازلة والصخور 282.2 ألف متر مكعب.&lt;/div&gt;
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وعلى صعيد بناء السد الرئيسي، فتمت إزالة الأشجار والنباتات من منطقة بناء السد ومحطات توليد الطاقة الكهربائية، كما تجري أعمال الحفر في التربة والصخور على ضفتي النهر، وبلغ إجمالي مساحات أعمال الحفر في التربة الناعمة والصخور بالسد الرئيسي 2.7 مليون متر مكعب، منهم 69.9 ألف متر مكعب في شهر يوليو فقط، فيما بلغت 144.3 ألف متر مكعب في محطة توليد الكهرباء على الضفة اليمنى. كما تم تشييد طريق لقمة السد على الضفة اليمنى بالإضافة إلى الاستمرار في تثبيت الدعامات الصخرية بالفناء الأيمن العلوي والسد المركزي.&lt;/div&gt;
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وحول ما يتعلق بالسد الفرعي فتم الانتهاء من تطهير نحو 4 كيلومترات من قاعدة السد، وتم الانتهاء من عمليات استكشاف طبقات الأرض الخاصة به، وبلغ إجمالي عمليات الحفر في يوليو 2012 نحو 575 ألف متر مكعب.&lt;/div&gt;
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ويأتي تقرير مارس 2012 المنشور أيضًا على موقع المشروع ليتضمن المزيد من الصور والتفاصيل بشأن الاختبارات المعملية، التي تم إجراؤها للتأكد من سلامة وصلاحية موقع بناء المشروع، وهي الاختبارات التي تضمنت حفر الآبار باستخدام اختبارات المياه وسحب العينات الجوفية، الانكسار السيزمي «أحد أنواع اختبار طبقات الأرض وأنواع الصخور» باستخدام اختبار جاك المسطح «أحد اختبارات المطاطية والمرونة» على الأنفاق، اختبارات بروبكس Probex على آبار الحفر، المعاينة البصرية والسمعية على ثقوب الحفر بواسطة فريق متخصص، اختبارات جودمان جاك «أحد اختبارات قابلية الكتل الصخر للتشكل أو تغير الشكل» على الأنفاق وآبار الحفر، اختبارات الانكسار السيزمي على السد الفرعي، اختبارات النفاذية على خنادق السد الفرعي «لمنع التسرب»، الاختبارات الباثيمترية&amp;nbsp;«قياس الأعماق» ومسح خاص لفيزياء الأرض تم تنفيذها على نهر النيل لنحو 4 كيلومترات من محور السد، بخلاف اختبارات الانكسار السيزمي على الصخور بطول تحويل النهر على الضفة اليمنى.&lt;/div&gt;
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وكل ذلك بالإضافة إلى الاختبارات السيزمية للضغط والحرارة الجوفية على السد الرئيسي، والاختبارات الكهربية للضغط والحرارة الجوفية في بئر الحفر لخط الحفر التقاطعي السيزمي، ومسوح الحفر التقاطعي الكهربية على الوادي، ومسوح الحفر التقاطعي السيزمية على الوادي، والمسح السيزمي لمعاينة التجاويف في قاعدة السد.&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;strong&gt;المعاينة الجيوتقنية «معاينة خصائص التربة» عند بئر الحفر 1300-160 للسد المركزي بالضفة اليمنى&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.almasryalyoum.com/node/1798256&quot; style=&quot;color: #cc0000; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;مراحل تشييد سد النهضة بإثيوبيا&quot; src=&quot;http://www.almasryalyoum.com/sites/default/files/imagecache/photo-watermarking-large/photo/2013/05/30/115366/sd1.jpg&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; vertical-align: middle;&quot; title=&quot;مراحل تشييد سد النهضة بإثيوبيا&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;strong&gt;معسكر كبار العمال&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.almasryalyoum.com/node/1798241&quot; style=&quot;color: #cc0000; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;مراحل تشييد سد النهضة بإثيوبيا&quot; src=&quot;http://www.almasryalyoum.com/sites/default/files/imagecache/photo-watermarking-large/photo/2013/05/30/115366/mskry_kbr_lml.jpg&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; vertical-align: middle;&quot; title=&quot;مراحل تشييد سد النهضة بإثيوبيا&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;strong&gt;معسكر العمال المدربين&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.almasryalyoum.com/node/1798291&quot; style=&quot;color: #cc0000; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;مراحل تشييد سد النهضة بإثيوبيا&quot; src=&quot;http://www.almasryalyoum.com/sites/default/files/imagecache/photo-watermarking-large/photo/2013/05/30/115366/mskr_lml_lmdrbyn.jpg&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; vertical-align: middle;&quot; title=&quot;مراحل تشييد سد النهضة بإثيوبيا&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;strong&gt;معسكر العمال غير المدربين&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.almasryalyoum.com/node/1798236&quot; style=&quot;color: #cc0000; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;مراحل تشييد سد النهضة بإثيوبيا&quot; src=&quot;http://www.almasryalyoum.com/sites/default/files/imagecache/photo-watermarking-large/photo/2013/05/30/115366/mskr_lml_gyr_lmdrbyn.jpg&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; vertical-align: middle;&quot; title=&quot;مراحل تشييد سد النهضة بإثيوبيا&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;strong&gt;أعمال تشييد مصنع خلط خرسانة بناء السد&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.almasryalyoum.com/node/1798251&quot; style=&quot;color: #cc0000; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;مراحل تشييد سد النهضة بإثيوبيا&quot; src=&quot;http://www.almasryalyoum.com/sites/default/files/imagecache/photo-watermarking-large/photo/2013/05/30/115366/ml_tshyyd_msn_khlt_khrsn_bn_lsd.jpg&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; vertical-align: middle;&quot; title=&quot;مراحل تشييد سد النهضة بإثيوبيا&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;strong&gt;أعمال تشييد الحوائط الداعمة والجراشة الرئيسية اللازمة لصناعة خرسانة السد&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.almasryalyoum.com/node/1798231&quot; style=&quot;color: #cc0000; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;مراحل تشييد سد النهضة بإثيوبيا&quot; src=&quot;http://www.almasryalyoum.com/sites/default/files/imagecache/photo-watermarking-large/photo/2013/05/30/115366/untieeetled-1_copy.jpg&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; vertical-align: middle;&quot; title=&quot;مراحل تشييد سد النهضة بإثيوبيا&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.almasryalyoum.com/node/1798221&quot; style=&quot;color: #cc0000; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;مراحل تشييد سد النهضة بإثيوبيا&quot; src=&quot;http://www.almasryalyoum.com/sites/default/files/imagecache/photo-watermarking-large/photo/2013/05/30/115366/ml_tshyyd_lhwyt_ldm_2.jpg&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; vertical-align: middle;&quot; title=&quot;مراحل تشييد سد النهضة بإثيوبيا&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;strong&gt;عمليات تشييد أساسات الورشة الرئيسية للموقع&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.almasryalyoum.com/node/1798286&quot; style=&quot;color: #cc0000; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;مراحل تشييد سد النهضة بإثيوبيا&quot; src=&quot;http://www.almasryalyoum.com/sites/default/files/imagecache/photo-watermarking-large/photo/2013/05/30/115366/mlyt_tshyyd_sst_lwrsh_lryysy_llmwq.jpg&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; vertical-align: middle;&quot; title=&quot;مراحل تشييد سد النهضة بإثيوبيا&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;strong&gt;عمليات تشييد أساسات المخزن الرئيسي بموقع بناء السد&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.almasryalyoum.com/node/1798281&quot; style=&quot;color: #cc0000; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;مراحل تشييد سد النهضة بإثيوبيا&quot; src=&quot;http://www.almasryalyoum.com/sites/default/files/imagecache/photo-watermarking-large/photo/2013/05/30/115366/mlyt_tshyyd_sst_lmkhzn_lryysy_lmwq_bn_lsd.jpg&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; vertical-align: middle;&quot; title=&quot;مراحل تشييد سد النهضة بإثيوبيا&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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منقول من موقع&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.almasryalyoum.com/node/1798201&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt; المصرى اليوم &amp;nbsp;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://abdo36.blogspot.com/feeds/9176706486054085694/comments/default' title='تعليقات الرسالة'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://abdo36.blogspot.com/2013/07/blog-post_7079.html#comment-form' title='0 تعليقات'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3178900161674506222/posts/default/9176706486054085694'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3178900161674506222/posts/default/9176706486054085694'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://abdo36.blogspot.com/2013/07/blog-post_7079.html' title='سد النهضة الاثيوبى '/><author><name>Abd Elgader Hamdan</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16054406694955860349</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifjdBBDPkdrurXeyOOquYHCyvWxvgXVwrm7JZU_GAiKwbto-EU3yErUpVeHgxhKnIeW6ocxPbGNxwikdSmuOuAnITfo7lQYh8O_hTxYvni6VYi28ScYruHRhev7DAIZBd6BSi4ia_Y6ygtTkv87968NFxpBVkDoi7RlpMXT-YsFRqcjpQ/s220/1743588095195.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj9WWpNKi5mXqmltvR-BucQrx3fymuCh_LRC_IO2FlTsRTWSVsfr4Jv3B7kz_6sWwoXnLkkHb8XOlJcP2XZgcvVm_Vm6x8sRkZpOAUKfknyr4Rghx2ALTNbJfSDRsuCbD137eKwJZV1_Oc/s72-c/renaissance_dam.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3178900161674506222.post-5192385522618156335</id><published>2013-07-01T00:34:00.001-07:00</published><updated>2013-07-01T00:34:42.778-07:00</updated><title type='text'>اعمال وتتفيذ البياض</title><content type='html'>&lt;div dir=&quot;rtl&quot; style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot; trbidi=&quot;on&quot;&gt;
مهندس مدنى خريج&lt;br /&gt;
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كورس التصميمات التنفيذية شرح اعمال وتتفيذ البياض&lt;/div&gt;
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</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://abdo36.blogspot.com/feeds/5192385522618156335/comments/default' title='تعليقات الرسالة'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://abdo36.blogspot.com/2013/07/blog-post_1.html#comment-form' title='0 تعليقات'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3178900161674506222/posts/default/5192385522618156335'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3178900161674506222/posts/default/5192385522618156335'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://abdo36.blogspot.com/2013/07/blog-post_1.html' title='اعمال وتتفيذ البياض'/><author><name>Abd Elgader Hamdan</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16054406694955860349</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifjdBBDPkdrurXeyOOquYHCyvWxvgXVwrm7JZU_GAiKwbto-EU3yErUpVeHgxhKnIeW6ocxPbGNxwikdSmuOuAnITfo7lQYh8O_hTxYvni6VYi28ScYruHRhev7DAIZBd6BSi4ia_Y6ygtTkv87968NFxpBVkDoi7RlpMXT-YsFRqcjpQ/s220/1743588095195.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3178900161674506222.post-5688767166005750272</id><published>2013-06-29T05:23:00.002-07:00</published><updated>2013-06-29T05:28:16.777-07:00</updated><title type='text'>موقع جميل جدا فى الهندسة الانشائية محاضرات بحوث امتحانات </title><content type='html'>&lt;div dir=&quot;rtl&quot; style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot; trbidi=&quot;on&quot;&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://ocw.mit.edu/&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;MIT OpenCourseWare&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;(OCW) is a large-scale, Web-based publication of the course materials that support an MIT education. Educators are encouraged to utilize the materials for curriculum development, students can augment their current learning by making use of the materials offered, and self-learners are able to draw upon the MIT OCW materials for self-study or supplementary use.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://teaching.ust.hk/~civl337/&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;Computer Methods of Structural Analysis&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;– PowerPoint Notes and Tutorial Material. Course Instructors: Moe M.S. Cheung and Thomas W.C. Hu. &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://rudranevatia.com/seebook/toc.html&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;Structural Engineers eBook that includes brief text and online calculators&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://https/ecourses.ou.edu/cgi-bin/ebook.cgi?topic=dy&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;eCourse on Dynamics&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;. Developed at University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;Available from eCourses web portal, OU Engineering Media Lab.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://https/ecourses.ou.edu/cgi-bin/ebook.cgi?doc=&amp;amp;topic=me&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;E-Course on &amp;nbsp;Engineering Mechanics of Materials&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;: Developed at University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma. Available from eCourses web portal, OU Engineering Media Lab.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;Petr Hájek.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://people.fsv.cvut.cz/www/hajekp/vyuka/007bs10/bs10.htm&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;Course Notes on Building Structures&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://abdo36.blogspot.com/feeds/5688767166005750272/comments/default' title='تعليقات الرسالة'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://abdo36.blogspot.com/2013/06/blog-post_4707.html#comment-form' title='0 تعليقات'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3178900161674506222/posts/default/5688767166005750272'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3178900161674506222/posts/default/5688767166005750272'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://abdo36.blogspot.com/2013/06/blog-post_4707.html' title='موقع جميل جدا فى الهندسة الانشائية محاضرات بحوث امتحانات '/><author><name>Abd Elgader Hamdan</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16054406694955860349</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifjdBBDPkdrurXeyOOquYHCyvWxvgXVwrm7JZU_GAiKwbto-EU3yErUpVeHgxhKnIeW6ocxPbGNxwikdSmuOuAnITfo7lQYh8O_hTxYvni6VYi28ScYruHRhev7DAIZBd6BSi4ia_Y6ygtTkv87968NFxpBVkDoi7RlpMXT-YsFRqcjpQ/s220/1743588095195.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3178900161674506222.post-7815079982099181618</id><published>2013-06-29T05:17:00.001-07:00</published><updated>2013-06-29T05:18:54.825-07:00</updated><title type='text'>متطلبات المهندس حديثي التخرج في تنفيذ المشروعات والمشاكل الواجب التغلب عليها</title><content type='html'>&lt;div dir=&quot;rtl&quot; style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot; trbidi=&quot;on&quot;&gt;
مهندس مدنى خريج&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;span dir=&quot;rtl&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;محاضرات د/طارق فوزي الشافعي &quot;متطلبات المهندس حديثي التخرج في تنفيذ المشروعات والمشاكل الواجب التغلب عليها&quot;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;a class=&quot;pam shareText&quot; href=&quot;http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ooa-pcYdqmI&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;caption&quot; data-ft=&quot;{&amp;quot;tn&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;L&amp;quot;}&quot;&gt;www.youtube.com&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;a class=&quot;pam shareText&quot; href=&quot;http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ooa-pcYdqmI&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;أ.د/ طارق فوزى الشافعى&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span dir=&quot;rtl&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;الجزء الاول :&lt;br /&gt;1) المقدمه&lt;br /&gt;2)مراحل تنفيذ المشروع&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;text_exposed_show&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ooa-pcYdqmI&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow nofollow&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;http://www.youtube.com/&lt;wbr&gt;&lt;/wbr&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;word_break&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;watch?v=Ooa-pcYdqmI&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;الجزء الثاني :&lt;br /&gt;1) تابع مراحل تنفيذ المشروع&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bYdZRV11bB4&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow nofollow&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;http://www.youtube.com/&lt;wbr&gt;&lt;/wbr&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;word_break&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;watch?v=bYdZRV11bB4&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;الجزء الثالث :&lt;br /&gt;1) أهم المشاكل&lt;br /&gt;2) واجبات مهندس الاشراف على التنفيذ&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kwOcKjarvPk&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow nofollow&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;http://www.youtube.com/&lt;wbr&gt;&lt;/wbr&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;word_break&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;watch?v=kwOcKjarvPk&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;الجزء الرابع :&lt;br /&gt;1)تطبيقات عمليه&lt;br /&gt;2)التعرف على الشده الخشبيه&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=27ZUggdchrk&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow nofollow&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;http://www.youtube.com/&lt;wbr&gt;&lt;/wbr&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;word_break&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;watch?v=27ZUggdchrk&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;الجزء الخامس :&lt;br /&gt;1)الشده الخشبيه للاعمده&lt;br /&gt;2)التعرف على الشروخ&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3eP5xc0-0VQ&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow nofollow&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;http://www.youtube.com/&lt;wbr&gt;&lt;/wbr&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;word_break&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;watch?v=3eP5xc0-0VQ&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;الجزء السادس :&lt;br /&gt;1)تابع الشروخ&lt;br /&gt;2)نصائح للمهندس حديثي التخرج&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BXjczd_j8mA&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow nofollow&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;http://www.youtube.com/&lt;wbr&gt;&lt;/wbr&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;word_break&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;watch?v=BXjczd_j8mA&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://abdo36.blogspot.com/feeds/7815079982099181618/comments/default' title='تعليقات الرسالة'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://abdo36.blogspot.com/2013/06/blog-post_29.html#comment-form' title='0 تعليقات'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3178900161674506222/posts/default/7815079982099181618'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3178900161674506222/posts/default/7815079982099181618'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://abdo36.blogspot.com/2013/06/blog-post_29.html' title='متطلبات المهندس حديثي التخرج في تنفيذ المشروعات والمشاكل الواجب التغلب عليها'/><author><name>Abd Elgader Hamdan</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16054406694955860349</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifjdBBDPkdrurXeyOOquYHCyvWxvgXVwrm7JZU_GAiKwbto-EU3yErUpVeHgxhKnIeW6ocxPbGNxwikdSmuOuAnITfo7lQYh8O_hTxYvni6VYi28ScYruHRhev7DAIZBd6BSi4ia_Y6ygtTkv87968NFxpBVkDoi7RlpMXT-YsFRqcjpQ/s220/1743588095195.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3178900161674506222.post-8960656096234916769</id><published>2013-06-28T05:47:00.001-07:00</published><updated>2013-06-28T05:47:32.162-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Steel Bridges</title><content type='html'>&lt;div dir=&quot;rtl&quot; style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot; trbidi=&quot;on&quot;&gt;
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</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://abdo36.blogspot.com/feeds/8960656096234916769/comments/default' title='تعليقات الرسالة'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://abdo36.blogspot.com/2013/06/steel-bridges.html#comment-form' title='0 تعليقات'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3178900161674506222/posts/default/8960656096234916769'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3178900161674506222/posts/default/8960656096234916769'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://abdo36.blogspot.com/2013/06/steel-bridges.html' title='Steel Bridges'/><author><name>Abd Elgader Hamdan</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16054406694955860349</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifjdBBDPkdrurXeyOOquYHCyvWxvgXVwrm7JZU_GAiKwbto-EU3yErUpVeHgxhKnIeW6ocxPbGNxwikdSmuOuAnITfo7lQYh8O_hTxYvni6VYi28ScYruHRhev7DAIZBd6BSi4ia_Y6ygtTkv87968NFxpBVkDoi7RlpMXT-YsFRqcjpQ/s220/1743588095195.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEigvl5XBIIKsphyphenhyphenb_6RU6kJy7NMWzTQeZW9edUv9v6DfvSr949OVGO0cn-vSKeFfm_y4MzF93x67L5SemCBMxt4oIkdIi2g_VdbbUYnhFwOVUx0ALzd14AL5Z-553r11VYWh2FqLHUfV1w/s72-c/Slide1.JPG" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3178900161674506222.post-8017543412323018511</id><published>2013-06-28T05:36:00.003-07:00</published><updated>2013-06-28T05:36:22.214-07:00</updated><title type='text'> Structural Engineering Video Lectures</title><content type='html'>&lt;div dir=&quot;rtl&quot; style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot; trbidi=&quot;on&quot;&gt;
مهندس مدنى خريج&lt;br /&gt;
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&amp;nbsp;Analysis&amp;nbsp;of structure&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
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محاضرات تحليل انشائى للمحاضر&lt;/div&gt;
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Prof.p.Banerjee&lt;/div&gt;
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civil engineering&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
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IIT Bombay&lt;/div&gt;
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lecture one&lt;/div&gt;
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Lecture 2&lt;/div&gt;
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lecture3&lt;/div&gt;
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Lecture 8&lt;/div&gt;
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Lecture 9&lt;/div&gt;
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</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://abdo36.blogspot.com/feeds/8017543412323018511/comments/default' title='تعليقات الرسالة'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://abdo36.blogspot.com/2013/06/structural-engineering-video-lectures.html#comment-form' title='0 تعليقات'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3178900161674506222/posts/default/8017543412323018511'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3178900161674506222/posts/default/8017543412323018511'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://abdo36.blogspot.com/2013/06/structural-engineering-video-lectures.html' title=' Structural Engineering Video Lectures'/><author><name>Abd Elgader Hamdan</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16054406694955860349</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifjdBBDPkdrurXeyOOquYHCyvWxvgXVwrm7JZU_GAiKwbto-EU3yErUpVeHgxhKnIeW6ocxPbGNxwikdSmuOuAnITfo7lQYh8O_hTxYvni6VYi28ScYruHRhev7DAIZBd6BSi4ia_Y6ygtTkv87968NFxpBVkDoi7RlpMXT-YsFRqcjpQ/s220/1743588095195.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3178900161674506222.post-4318011846509497427</id><published>2013-06-28T00:48:00.004-07:00</published><updated>2013-06-28T00:48:46.450-07:00</updated><title type='text'>علاج الشروخ</title><content type='html'>&lt;div dir=&quot;rtl&quot; style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot; trbidi=&quot;on&quot;&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;علاج الشروخ&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&amp;nbsp;من أهم الخطوات اللازمة لإعادة المبنى إلى حالته الأصليةوقد يحتاجالأمر الى خطوات أخرى لتلافى حدوث الشروخ مرة أخرى ويتوقف ذلكعلىالدراسة الإنشائية وتحديد أسباب الشرخ وبالتالى خطوات العلاج اللازمة. ولعلاجأى مشكلة يجب أن يتم أولاً إيقاف المصدر الأساسى الذىتسبب فى وجود هذه المشكلةسواء كان ذلك متعلقاً بالشروخ أو الصدأأو الرطوبة أو النشع فمن غير المنطقى أنيتم ترميم شرخ ومازال السبب الرئيسي لوجوده موجود&lt;br /&gt;
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علاج شروخ المبانى فى الحوائط الحاملة&lt;br /&gt;
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(1) الشروخ الرأسية :&lt;br /&gt;
الشروخ الرأسية تحدث غالباً نتيجةإختلاف الأحمال والإجهادات بين جزئين&lt;br /&gt;
من المبنى الواحد أو عند عمل إمتداد لمنشأقديم أى تحدث هذة الشروخ فى&lt;br /&gt;
المبانى ذات الأحمال المختلفة والإرتفاعاتالمتباينة .&lt;br /&gt;
علاج هذة الشروخ:&lt;br /&gt;
بتزرير قوالب طوب أفقية عمودية على الشرخ ويتمتقفيلها بمونة الجراوت&lt;br /&gt;
أو يتم ذلك بفتح شنايش أفقية وتوضع أسياخ حديد تسليحبعدد&lt;br /&gt;
وأقطار مناسبة ثم يتم ملئ الشنايش بمونة الجراوت .&lt;br /&gt;
2) ) الشروخ الأفقية :&lt;br /&gt;
ويعتبرهذا النوع من الشروخ أقل الأنواع خطورة حيث تحدث هذه الشروخ نتيجة عيوب فى طريقة البناء وعدم إتباع أصول الصناعة من حيث رص الطوب آدية و شناوى أو عدم الإهتمام بنسب المونة أو استخدام طوب غير متساوى أو له إجهادات كسر ضعيفة .&lt;br /&gt;
علاج هذة الشروخ:&lt;br /&gt;
بتوسعته بعمق وعرض مناسبين ثم إتمام النظافة التامة ثم يملئ بمونة الجراوت.&lt;br /&gt;
3) الشروخ المائلة :&lt;br /&gt;
وتعتبرمن أخطر أنواع الشروخ حيث تكون غالبا نتيجة حدوث هبوط غيرمتكافئ ((Differential Setellement وذلك من إختلاف توزيع إجهادات التحميل على التربة أو عدم تجانس التربة.&lt;br /&gt;
علاج هذة الشروخ:&lt;br /&gt;
بتوسعة الشروخ بعمق وعرض مناسبين ثم تتم النظافة الكاملة بالكمبروسور الهوائى يلى ذلك عمل تزرير بقوالب طوب عمودية على الشرخ والتقفيل بمونة الجراوت أو المونة الغير منكمشة. أو يتم ذلك بفتح شنايش عمودية على الشرخ وتوضع أسياخ حديد تسليح بعدد وأقطار مناسبة ثم يتم ملئ الشنايش بمونة الجراوت .&lt;br /&gt;
فتح شنايش عمودية على الشرخ ووضع أسياخ حديد&lt;br /&gt;
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علاج الشروخ بالمباني التي تعمل بالاعمدة&lt;br /&gt;
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1- علاج شروخ المبانى فى المنشآت الهيكلية:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
شروخ المبانى فى المنشآت الهيكلية تعتبر من أشهر أنواع الشروخ ليس من أخطرها وتحدث بين الكمرات الخرسانية والمبانى أو بين الأعمدة والمبانى أو بين أى أجزاء خرسانية والمبانى المجاورة لها . وتكون هذه الشروخ واضحة فى الأدوار العلوية وفى الواجهات القبلية خاصة. تحدث هذة الشروخ نتيجة عاملين أساسين:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
-1- تعرض المنشأ للحرارة مع إختلاف معامل التمدد الحرارى للخرسانة والطوب .&lt;br /&gt;
2- - سوء المصنعية كعدم التشحيط الجيد للمداميك الملاصقة للكمر الخرسانى وعند التقاء المبانى بالأعمدة .&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;علاج هذةالشروخ:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
يتم فتح الشروخ وإزالة وتكسير جميع المناطق الضعيفة ثم التنظيف الجيد ثم الطرطشة الجيدة بالمونة المضاف إليها المواد البولمرية الرابطة Bonding Agent)) ثم الملئ بالمونة الغير منكمشة أو بمونة الجراوت مع ضرورة&lt;br /&gt;
التأكد من وصول هذة المونة إلى عمق الشرخ.&lt;br /&gt;
2- علاج شروخ الحوائط الخرسانية الجاهزةوالحوائط الخرسانيةالحاملة.&lt;br /&gt;
تحدث الشروخ فى هذة الأنواع من الخرسانة بسبب:&lt;br /&gt;
عيوب تصميمية.&lt;br /&gt;
- عيوب تنفذية.&lt;br /&gt;
- حدوث هبوط غير متكافئ.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;علاج هذة الشروخ:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
يتم فتح الشروخ بعمق وعرض مناسبين ثم عمل النظافة التامة بالكمبروسور الهوائى. يتم دهان وجه برايمر إيبوكسى يتم ملئ الشروخ إما بالحقن أو بالمونة الإيبوكسية مباشرة مع إتباع جميع التعليمات الخاصة بإستخدام الإيبوكسى.&lt;br /&gt;
3- علاج وترميم شروخ الأساسات.&lt;br /&gt;
تعتبر شروخ الأساسات من أخطر الشروخ أيا كانت نوع هذه الشروخ ويجب علاجها فوراً . وحتى فى حالة زيادة قطاع الأساسات أو تقويتها يجب ان تتم المعالجة أولا ً . تتعرض الأساسات للشروخ بسبب:&lt;br /&gt;
- صدأ حديد التسليح نتيجة المياه الجوفية أو المهاجمة الكيماوية&lt;br /&gt;
- أو نتيجة زيادة الأحمال أو خلخلة التربة بسبب سحب المياه الجوفية&lt;br /&gt;
- نتيجة حفر مبنى مجاور أو حدوث هبوط غير متكافئ.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;علاج هذة الشروخ:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
يتم إزالة الأجزاء الضعيفة ثم تتم النظافة التامة بالكمبروسور. الطرطشة بمونة مضاف إليها مواد رابطة ثم يملئ بمونة الجراوت أو مونة غير قابلة للإنكماش. كما يتم معالجة صدأ الحديد بصنفرته ودهانه بمادة ايبوكسية.&lt;br /&gt;
معالجة صدأ الحديد حيث يعتبر علاج صدأ حديد التسليح فى العنصر الخرسانى من الخطوات الهامة فى عملية الترميم لأنه يعتبر العنصر الأساسى فى الخرسانة المسلحة الذى يحمل قوى الشد والعزم الذى لاتتحمله الخرسانة العادية فبمعالجة صدأ الحديد وبمنع أسباب الصدأ عنه يتم إطالة عمر المنشأ والمحافظة على كيانه الإنشائى ومظهره الجمالى .&lt;br /&gt;
البلاطات الخرسانية.&lt;br /&gt;
يتم الترميم للبلاطات والخرسانة تبعا لنسبة بهذا حديد التسليح التي تكون في البلاطة المسلحة حيث انه :&lt;br /&gt;
- إذا قلت نسبة صدأ الحديد عن 20% (صدأ ضعيف) فنقوم بعملية العلاج&lt;br /&gt;
- أما إذا زادت نسبة صدا الحديد عن 20% (صدأ متوغل) فنقوم بعملية أخري للترميم وفيما يلي شرح مفصل لكل عملية للترميم.&lt;br /&gt;
(ا) نسبة صدا حديد التسليح اقل 20% (صدأ خفيف).&lt;br /&gt;
تتم عملية الترميم للبلاطات الخرسانية كما يلى:&lt;br /&gt;
صلب البلاطات الخرسانية المراد ترميمها وصلب العناصر الإنشائية التي تتأثر بها.&lt;br /&gt;
إزالة البياض والغطاء الخرسانى من اسفل.&lt;br /&gt;
تنظيف السطح الحديد جيداً حتى يبرق باستخدام فرشة سلك أو برش رمل لإزالة الصدأ وجعل الحديد نظيف جداً.&lt;br /&gt;
دهان سطح حديد التسليح بمادة مانعة للصدأ مادة كيمابوكسي (131).&lt;br /&gt;
دهان السطح السفلي للخرسانة بمادة كيمابوكسي 104 .&lt;br /&gt;
قبل جفاف مادة كيمابوكسى 104 يتم طرطشة بمونة الاديبوند (65) والتى تحتوى على رمل وأسمنت وزلط رفيع (فينو) والتى تزيد من قوى تماسك الخرسانة بالحديد.&lt;br /&gt;
(ب) نسبة صدأ الحديد التسليح اكبر من 20% (صدأ متوغل ):-&lt;br /&gt;
صلب البلاطات الخرسانة المراد ترميمها وصلب العناصر الإنشائية التي تتأثر بها. إزالة البياض والغطاء الخرساني للبلاطة من اسفل . تنظيف حديد القديم جيداً من الصدأ و دهانه بمادة كيمابوكسي (131) لمانعة للصدأ.&lt;br /&gt;
يتم زرع آشاير باستخدام شنيور تعطى اكبر من السيخ بحوالي (2مم) نثقب جانب البلاطة وندخل الاشاير الجديدة بعمق (5 سم) داخل البلاطة وعلى مسافة من 25-50 سم في الاتجاهين.&lt;br /&gt;
تثبيت شبكة حديد التسليح المستجدة عن طريق لحام الشبكة او ربطها بسلك برباط في الاشاير المزروعة فى البلاطة والاشاير الجانبية المزروعة فى الكمرات.&lt;br /&gt;
يدهن كامل سطح البلاطة من اسفل بمادة كيمابوكسي 104 .قبل جفاف مادة كيمابوكس 104 يتم طرطشة البلاطة من اسفل باستعمال مونة الاديبوند 65 .&lt;br /&gt;
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منقول للاستفادة&lt;/div&gt;
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</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://abdo36.blogspot.com/feeds/4318011846509497427/comments/default' title='تعليقات الرسالة'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://abdo36.blogspot.com/2013/06/blog-post_4648.html#comment-form' title='1 تعليقات'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3178900161674506222/posts/default/4318011846509497427'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3178900161674506222/posts/default/4318011846509497427'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://abdo36.blogspot.com/2013/06/blog-post_4648.html' title='علاج الشروخ'/><author><name>Abd Elgader Hamdan</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16054406694955860349</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifjdBBDPkdrurXeyOOquYHCyvWxvgXVwrm7JZU_GAiKwbto-EU3yErUpVeHgxhKnIeW6ocxPbGNxwikdSmuOuAnITfo7lQYh8O_hTxYvni6VYi28ScYruHRhev7DAIZBd6BSi4ia_Y6ygtTkv87968NFxpBVkDoi7RlpMXT-YsFRqcjpQ/s220/1743588095195.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgn2IjXKJZg1mzEECxeP_qvm28vV93lWINj7Dw75UVeNiio8ClRMwQOO7lvmAYwjbbT6ZGCRkpS_1llaXLZuZMETklh6Df8x-Sgi5IBQfov3M4LmJwUA-C0oTQG6g2VWxlZ40ILEtIkvow/s72-c/images+(5).jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>1</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3178900161674506222.post-8894438339972880284</id><published>2013-06-28T00:31:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2013-06-28T05:51:19.552-07:00</updated><title type='text'>قوا عد تصميم الأساسات وتنفيذها</title><content type='html'>&lt;div dir=&quot;rtl&quot; style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot; trbidi=&quot;on&quot;&gt;
&amp;nbsp;مهندس مدنى خريج&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Traditional Arabic&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;تعريفات&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;margin-right: 23.7pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Traditional Arabic&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;أساسات المنشآت الصغيرة&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Traditional Arabic&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;margin-right: 23.7pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Traditional Arabic&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;أساسات المنشآت الرئيسية&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3178900161674506222&quot; name=&quot;p1&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Traditional Arabic&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;1 - تعريفات :&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;margin-right: 66.75pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -7.05pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Traditional Arabic&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;أ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Traditional Arabic&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Traditional Arabic&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;المنشآت الصغيرة&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Traditional Arabic&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Traditional Arabic&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 66.75pt 0.0001pt 63.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -7.05pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Traditional Arabic&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;تعني هنا وفيما يلي جميع المباني الخاصة المؤلفة من دور واحد أو دورين، ولها أساسات منفصلة أو شريطية مستمرة تحت الحوائط، على أن لا يكون لها قبو، (بدروم ) سواء كانت هذه المباني ذات استعمال سكني أو تجاري أو غير ذلك.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;margin-right: 66.75pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -7.05pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Traditional Arabic&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;ب&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Traditional Arabic&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Traditional Arabic&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;المنشآت الرئيسية :&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Traditional Arabic&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 66.75pt 0.0001pt 63.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -7.05pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Traditional Arabic&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;تعني هنا وفيما يلي، جميع المنشآت والمباني التي لا ينطبق عليها وصف المنشات الصغيرة وتشمل على سبيل المثال لا الحصر المباني المتعددة الأدوار، والمباني ذات القبو حتى إذا كانت من دور واحد، والمنشات الصناعية، والمباني التي يرتادها جمهور من الناس، كالمجمعات والمراكز التجارية والأسواق، والدوائر الحكومية، ومراكز البريد والبرق والمدارس، والمساجد، والجامعات، والملاعب، والصالات الرياضية، ومنشآت المرافق العامة كالمياه والكهرباء والهاتف والصرف الصحي، و الجسور وأنفاق المرور والأبراج ومحطات الضخ.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Traditional Arabic&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.arriyadh.com/env-db/Deptprod/Wt%20Regulation/regsec2.htm#p0#p0&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Traditional Arabic&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;2&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3178900161674506222&quot; name=&quot;p2&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;- أساسات المنشآت الصغيرة&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Traditional Arabic&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Traditional Arabic&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;margin-right: 66.75pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -7.05pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Traditional Arabic&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;2 - ا&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;فحص تربة الموقع :&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 66.75pt 0.0001pt 63.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -7.05pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Traditional Arabic&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;ينصح صاحب أي مشروع أو منشأة (فردا كان أو شركة أو جهة حكومية) أن يقوم بفحص التربة في الموقع بحفر ثلاث حفر تجريبية بأعماق لا تقل عن مترين أو بعمق 0.5 متر تحت مستوى الأساس (أيهما أعمق ) أو إلى منسوب الطبقة الصخرية، على أن تقاس هذه الأعمال من مستوى سطح الأرض. وتجري اختبارات كثافة التربة في كل حفرة تجريبية على عمق كل 0.5 متر ويتم تحديد العمق الذي تظهر فيه المياه الأرضية -إن وجدت - قياسا من مستوى سطح الأرض، ويتم تقديم تقرير يشتمل على نتائج فحص واختبارات التربة في الموقع إلى أمانة مدينة ا لرياض.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Traditional Arabic&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Traditional Arabic&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Traditional Arabic&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;2 حفريات&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Traditional Arabic&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;الأساسات :&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 66.75pt 0.0001pt 63.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -7.05pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Traditional Arabic&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;أ ) تقام الأساسات فوق تربة متماسكة، وإذا اتضح بعد حفريات الأساسات أن التربة ضعيفة أو متفككة فيجب دكها جيدا قبل البدء في تنفيذ الأساسات، ثم تصب طبقة خرسانية (خرسانة نظافة) بسمك 15 سم تحت الأساسات وتصب فوقها القواعد المسلحة طبقا للمخططات المعدة لذلك.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 66.75pt 0.0001pt 63.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -7.05pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Traditional Arabic&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;ب ) تتخذ الاحتياطات اللازمة أثناء تنفيذ حفريات الأساسات لتلافي إلحاق أي ضرر بالمارة وبالممتلكات العامة والخاصة والمرافق العامة والطرق والأرصفة وأية منشات أخرى مجاورة، ويتم تسوير كامل الموقع مع استخدام الأنظمة المناسبة لدعم التربة والمنشآت.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Traditional Arabic&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Traditional Arabic&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Traditional Arabic&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;3 تصميم الأساسات :&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Traditional Arabic&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 66.75pt 0.0001pt 63.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -7.05pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Traditional Arabic&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;أ) يتم عند تصميم الأساسات وضع بلاطة الدور الأرضي على ارتفاع متر على الأقل فوق منسوب المياه الأرضية إن وجدت. وعلى الاستشاري القائم بتصميم الأساسات التأكد من سلامة أدائها تحت تأثير الأحمال المتوقعة أثناء العمر الافتراضي للمبنى، وتحت تأثير أي ارتفاع أو هبوط في التربة وعدم تأثر متانة الأساسات أو استقرارها بأي من هذه العوامل.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 66.75pt 0.0001pt 63.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -7.05pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Traditional Arabic&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;ب ) يقع على عاتق الاستشاري القائم بتصميم الأساسات مسئولية التأكد من ألا تزيد حركة التربة الرأسية المسموح بها بالكامل عن 4 سم إذا كانت المنشأة مقامة على تربة رملية، وعن 8 سم إذا كانت المنشأة مقامة على تربة طينية، وإذ ا وجد&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Traditional Arabic&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;هبوط&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Traditional Arabic&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;متفاوت بين الأساسات المتجاورة على فتحات قدرها (ل) فيجب ألا تتجاوز الحركة المسموح بها (ل ÷ 360).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 66.75pt 0.0001pt 63.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -7.05pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Traditional Arabic&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;ج ) يقع على عاتق الاستشاري القائم بتصميم الأساسات مسئولية التأكد من أن التغيرات التي قد تطرأ على منسوب المياه الأرضية سوف لن تؤدي إلى حركة التربة بما يتجاوز الحد المسموح به، ويجب أن ينص صراحة قي مخططات الأساسات على مقدار تحمل التربة المستعمل في التصميم، ويجب أيضا تصميم الأساسات بحيث تحتوي على نسبة كافية من حديد التسليح للتحكم في التشققات وتوزيع الأحمال والإجهادات.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;margin-right: 66.75pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -7.05pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Traditional Arabic&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;2 - 4 تنفيذ الأساسات :&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 66.75pt 0.0001pt 63.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -7.05pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Traditional Arabic&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;تؤخذ الاحتياطات اللازمة لحماية الأساسات من التآكل والصدأ تحت تأثير الأملاح خاصة الكلوريدات والكبريتات الموجودة في المياه الأرضية، وذلك إذا كان منسوب هذه المياه مرتفعا إلى الحد الذي يحتمل معه نفاذها إلى مستوى الأساسات، فيجب استعمال الإسمنت المقاوم للكبريتات (نوع رقم 2 أو رقم 5 حسب تصنيف&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;ASTM&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Traditional Arabic&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;) في تنفيذ الأساسات مع استعمال ركام (رمل وبحص ) ذي نوعية جيدة، ومعالجة الخرسانة جيدا بعد الصب، إلى جانب عزل الأساسات باستعمال مواد عازلة للرطوبة ومانعة للرشح.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Traditional Arabic&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;2 -ه الردميات :&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Traditional Arabic&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 66.75pt 0.0001pt 63.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -7.05pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Traditional Arabic&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;أ ) تستعمل في الردم تحت الأساسات وبلاطات الدور الأرضي مواد من نوع الردم الإنشائي (منتقى) طبقا لتصنيف المواصفات الأمريكية للطرق –&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;AASHTO&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Traditional Arabic&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;رقم&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;1 –&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Traditional Arabic&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;أو 2 -&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Traditional Arabic&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;أو ما يعادلها.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
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&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 66.75pt 0.0001pt 63.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -7.05pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Traditional Arabic&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;ب ) يتم الردم على طبقات لا تتجاوز سماكة كل منها 20 سم، ويتم دك كل طبقة بطريقة ميكانيكية حتى تصل كثافتها إلى95/ على الأقل من الكثافة الجافة العظمى، والتي تقاس بطريقة اختبار بروكتور المعدل، وذلك قبل وضع الطبقة التالية.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
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&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;margin-right: 66.75pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -7.05pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Traditional Arabic&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;ج ) يشرف على تنفيذ عمليات الردم فني متخصص ذو خبرة في هذه الأعمال.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
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&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;margin-right: 66.75pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -7.05pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Traditional Arabic&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;د) ينصح إجراء اختبارات ميدانية للتأكد من جودة الردم وتسجل نتائجها بانتظام .&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;margin-right: 66.75pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -7.05pt;&quot;&gt;
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&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;margin-right: 66.75pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -7.05pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Traditional Arabic&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Traditional Arabic&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Traditional Arabic&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;6 صرف&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Traditional Arabic&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;المياه&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Traditional Arabic&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;الزائدة :&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Traditional Arabic&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 66.75pt 0.0001pt 63.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -7.05pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Traditional Arabic&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;يتعين في حالة وجود مساحات مزروعة ومروية على بعد خمسة أمتار أو أقل من الأساسات إقامة نظام للصرف للمياه الزائدة (النظام الفرنسي مثلا) بحيث يتخلل طبقات الردم، وإذا كانت الخصائص الطبوغرافية للموقع لا تسمح بصرف المياه عن طريق الميول فيتم تجميعها في حفرة ثم ضخها إلى قناة صرف أو أي نظام آخر للصرف.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;right&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 66.75pt 0.0001pt 63.8pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -7.05pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Traditional Arabic&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.arriyadh.com/env-db/Deptprod/Wt%20Regulation/regsec2.htm#p0#p0&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Traditional Arabic&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;3&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3178900161674506222&quot; name=&quot;p3&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Traditional Arabic&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;–&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;margin-right: 66.75pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -7.05pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Traditional Arabic&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;3- ا&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;فحص تربة الموقع&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 66.75pt 0.0001pt 63.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -7.05pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Traditional Arabic&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;أ) يتم فحص التربة في موقع المنشات الرئيسية من قبل استشاري&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Traditional Arabic&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;متخصص&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Traditional Arabic&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;في مجال هندسة التربة والأساسات. ويتم تحديد نطاق العمل الخاص بهذا الفحص من قبل استشاري هندسة التربة والأساسات (الهندسة الجيوتقنية) والاستشاري المصمم للمنشأة، وبما يتناسب مع نوع المنشأة والأساسات وخصائص التربة والصخور في موقعها وخصائصها الجيولوجية واحتمال وجود مياه أرضية فيها.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
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&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;margin-right: 66.75pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -7.05pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Traditional Arabic&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;ب ) يخضع نطاق العمل الخاص بفحص تربة الموقع المعد بمقتضى الفقرة السابقة لموافقة أمانة مدينة الرياض .&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
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&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 66.75pt 0.0001pt 63.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -7.05pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Traditional Arabic&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;ج ) يقدم المالك إلى أمانة مدينة الرياض مع الوثائق المطلوبة للحصول على فسح البناء تقريرا شاملا عن نتائج فحص التربة في الموقع متضمنا إلى جانب المتطلبات الأخرى نطاق العمل ونتائج فحص التربة بالموقع بما في ذلك الاختبارات المعملية مبينة على النماذج المعدة لذلك، إضافة إلى توصيات حول تصميم وتنفيذ الأساسات، ومواصفات مواد الردم، وطريقة التنفيذ، وتوصيات حول تصميم وتنفيذ نظام ضخ أو صرف المياه الأرضية إن وجدت في الموقع.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;margin-right: 66.75pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -7.05pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Traditional Arabic&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;3 - 2 حفريات الأساسات :&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 66.75pt 0.0001pt 63.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -7.05pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Traditional Arabic&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;أ) يتعين إذ ا كان مستوى الأساسات أو القبو تحت منسوب المياه الأرضية إقامة نظام مؤقت لضخ أو صرف هذه المياه، ويتم تصميم هذا النظام بالاستعانة باستشاري متخصص في مجال الهيدروجيولوجيا أو الهندسة الجيوتقنية.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 66.75pt 0.0001pt 63.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -7.05pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Traditional Arabic&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;ب ) بقدم الاستشاري المكلف بتصميم النظام المؤقت لضخ أو صرف المياه الأرضية بموجب الفقرة السابقة تقريرا إلى المالك يشتمل على نتائج فحص التربة في الموقع ونتائج التحليل الكيميائي للمياه الأرضية فيه، إلى جانب توصيات محددة حول تصميم وتنفيذ نظام ضخ أو صرف المياه الأرضية مع المخططات الهندسية الخاصة به، والنظام المقترح لتشغيل المضخات مشتملا على معدل كمية المياه التي سيتم ضخها يوميا ومدة الضخ حتى انتهاء تنفيذ الأساسات والقبو (إن وجد)، إلى جانب برنامج مراقبة المباني والمنشآت المحيطة بالموقع لتحديد أي آثار قد تلحق بها نتيجة للضخ.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
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&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 66.75pt 0.0001pt 63.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -7.05pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Traditional Arabic&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;ج ) يتعين أن يتضمن التقرير المقدم من الاستشاري بمقتضى الفقرة السابقة تعهدا خطيا منه بقيامه بالإشراف على تنفيذ نظام ضخ أو صرف المياه الأرضية، وأنه يتحمل كامل المسئولية عن أي خطأ في تصميمه أو تنفيذه وما ينتج عن ذلك من أضرار.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 66.75pt 0.0001pt 63.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -7.05pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Traditional Arabic&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;د) يمثل التقرير المقدم بموجب الفقرة أعلاه، بعد موافقة أمانة مدينة الرياض عليه، جزءا&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;لا يتجزأ من وثائق تصميم المنشأة أو المبنى المعني ، وعلى المالك إيصال المعلومات الواردة فيه إلى استشاري التصميم الإنشائي للمبنى لأخذها في الاعتبار أثناء إعداد هذا التصميم.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 66.75pt 0.0001pt 63.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -7.05pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Traditional Arabic&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;هـ) يتم دك التربة التي تقام عليها الأساسات بطريقة جيدة قبل البدء في تنفيذها مع أخذ الاحتياطات اللازمة لتفادي إلحاق أي ضرر بالمارة والممتلكات العامة والخاصة المجاورة، وتسوير كامل الموقع إلى جانب استعمال أنظمة لدعم المنشأة أو التربة إذا دعت الضرورة لذلك.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;margin-right: 66.75pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -7.05pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Traditional Arabic&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;3&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Traditional Arabic&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Traditional Arabic&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;3 تصميم الأساسات :&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
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&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 66.75pt 0.0001pt 63.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -7.05pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Traditional Arabic&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;أ) يتعين تصميم الأساسات بحيث يكون أداؤها سليما تحت تأثير الحمولات المتوقعة أثناء العمر الافتراضي للمبنى، والارتفاع أو الهبوط المتوقع في التربة، ويجب ألا تزيد حركة التربة المسموح بها بالكامل عن 4 سم إذا كانت تربة رملية وعن 8 سم إذا كانت طينية . أما إذا وجدت حركة متفاوتة بين الأساسات المتجاورة على فتحات قدرها (ل ) فيجب ألا تزيد الحركة المسموح بها عن (ل ÷ 360).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 66.75pt 0.0001pt 63.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -7.05pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Traditional Arabic&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;ب ) يتبع في تصميم وتنفيذ الأساسات الواقعة تحت منسوب المياه الأرضية إما طريقة تصميم جميع العناصر الإنشائية ذات العلاقة كالبلاطات والجسور والجدران الساندة بحيث تتحمل&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Traditional Arabic&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;ضغط&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Traditional Arabic&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;المياه الواقع عليها مع تغطيتها بمواد عازلة للمياه وحمايتها من تشقق الخرسانة وصدأ حديد التسليح، أو تزويد العناصر الإنشائية الواقعة تحت منسوب المياه الأرضية بنظام لصرف هذه المياه بصورة منتظمة ومستمرة لخفض منسوبها في الموقع إلى المستوى المقرر أثناء التصميم، مع اتخاذ الاحتياطات اللازمة لتفادي انسداد نظام الصرف هذا أو تجمع المياه فيه. ويتعين في جميع الأحوال تصميم عناصر المبنى الواقعة تحت منسوب المياه الأرضية وتنفيذها بحيث تكون قادرة على مقاومة ضغط المياه وتغطية هذه العناصر بمواد مانعة للرشح والتسرب.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 66.75pt 0.0001pt 63.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -7.05pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Traditional Arabic&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;ب ) يتعين أن ينص صراحة في مخططات الأساسات على مقدار تحمل التربة وعلى منسوب المياه الأرضية حسب ما هو محدد في التصميم، وعلى الاستشاري المصمم التأكد من أن التغيرات التي قد تطرأ على منسوب المياه الأرضية سوف لن تؤدي إلى حركة في الأساسات بمقدار يتجاوز الحدود المسموح بها بمقتضى هذه القواعد.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Traditional Arabic&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;3&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Traditional Arabic&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Traditional Arabic&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;4 تنفيذ&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Traditional Arabic&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;الأساسات والأقبية :&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 66.75pt 0.0001pt 63.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -7.05pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Traditional Arabic&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;أ) إذا كان مستوى بلاطة القبو أعلى من المنسوب المتوقع للمياه الأرضية بما يزيد عن متر واحد، يتعين استعمال طبقة أساس من مواد ركامية مدكوكة، يليها طبقة عازلة للرطوبة، ثم البلاطة الخرسانية، مع تغطية الجدران الخارجية للأقبية بمادة مقاومة للرطوبة، كالدهان الأسفلتي مثلا، وذلك ابتداء من القبو وحتى مستوى سطح الأرض وكذلك جميع الأساسات والأعمدة المتصلة بالتربة مباشرة.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 66.75pt 0.0001pt 63.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -7.05pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Traditional Arabic&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;ب ) إذا كانت الأساسات محمولة على الصخر مباشرة، يجب التأكد من أن هذا الصخر خال من الشقوق والأحجار غير المتماسكة، ويتعين في حالة وجود مثل هذه الأحجار ملء الفراغات بينها بخلطة إسمنتية قبل البدء في صب الأساسات، ثم تصب طبقة خرسانية (خرسانة نظافة) بسمك 15 سم تحت الأساسات، بعدها تصب القواعد حسب المخططات المعدة لها.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 66.75pt 0.0001pt 63.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -7.05pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Traditional Arabic&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;ج ) أما إذا كان مستوى بلاطة القبو أخفض من المنسوب المتوقع للمياه الأرضية، فيجب التأكد من عدم رشح أو تسرب المياه الأرضية إلى العناصر الإنشائية. وتغطى بلاطات القبو المراد حمايتها من تسرب المياه الأرضية بغشاء رقيق من النايلون يركب بين بلاطتين من الخرسانة لا يقل سمك كل منهما عن 8 سم، ويتم وصل غشاء النايلون هذا بالمادة العازلة المستخدمة في تغطية الجدران بدون أية فتحات أو فجوات بينهما، مع تغطية الوجه الخارجي لجدران الأقبية بما لا يقل عن طبقتين من الأغشية المشبعة بالأسفلت تثبت على الجدار بواسطة دهان أسفلتي ثم تغطى بطبقة سميكة من الدهان الإسفلتي.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 66.75pt 0.0001pt 63.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -7.05pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Traditional Arabic&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;د) تتخذ الاحتياطات اللازمة لحماية الأساسات من التآكل والصدأ تحت تأثير الأملاح الذائبة في المياه الأرضية خصوصا الكلوريدات والكبريتات إذا كان مستوى بلاطة القبو والأساسات تحت المنسوب المتوقع لهذه المياه. وتغطى كافة فواصل البناء وفواصل التمدد بمواد عازلة للمياه وقواطع مانعة للتسرب ، مع إقامة نظام لتجميع وضخ المياه التي قد تتسرب إلى القبو.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Traditional Arabic&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;3&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Traditional Arabic&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;–&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Traditional Arabic&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;5 الردميات :&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Traditional Arabic&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 66.75pt 0.0001pt 63.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -7.05pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Traditional Arabic&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;يستخدم في الردم تحت الأساسات وبلاطات الدور السفلي مواد من نوع الردم الإنشائي (منـتقى) طبقا لتصنيف المواصفات الأمريكية للطرق –&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;AASHTO&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Traditional Arabic&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;رقم&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;1 –&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Traditional Arabic&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;أو 2 -&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Traditional Arabic&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;أو ما يعادلها. ويتم الردم على طبقات لا يتجاوز سمك كل منها 20 سم، وتدك كل طبقة بطريقة ميكانيكية حتى تصل كثافتها إلى 95 % على الأقل من الكثافة الجافة العظمى، والتي تقاس بطريقة اختبار بروكتور المعدل، مع إجراء جميع الاختبارات الميدانية وتسجيل نتائجها بانتظام للتأكد من جودة الردم، وعلى أن يشرف على تنفيذ عملية الردم الإنشائي فني متخصص ذو خبرة بهذه الأعمال.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Traditional Arabic&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;3&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Traditional Arabic&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Traditional Arabic&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;6 صرف المياه الزائدة :&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Traditional Arabic&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 66.75pt 0.0001pt 63.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -7.05pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Traditional Arabic&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;يتعين في حالة وجود مساحات مزروعة ومروية على بعد خمسة أمتار أو أقل من الأساسات إقامة نظام صرف للمياه الزائدة (النظام الفرنسي مثلا) بحيث يتخلل طبقات الردم، ويمكن تجميع المياه المراد صرفها في حفرة وضخها منها بواسطة مضخة أوتوماتيكية إلى قناة صرف أو أي نظام آخر، وذلك إذا كانت الخصائص الطبوغرافية للموقع لا تسمح بصرف بالميول.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://abdo36.blogspot.com/feeds/8894438339972880284/comments/default' title='تعليقات الرسالة'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://abdo36.blogspot.com/2013/06/blog-post_718.html#comment-form' title='0 تعليقات'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3178900161674506222/posts/default/8894438339972880284'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3178900161674506222/posts/default/8894438339972880284'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://abdo36.blogspot.com/2013/06/blog-post_718.html' title='قوا عد تصميم الأساسات وتنفيذها'/><author><name>Abd Elgader Hamdan</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16054406694955860349</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifjdBBDPkdrurXeyOOquYHCyvWxvgXVwrm7JZU_GAiKwbto-EU3yErUpVeHgxhKnIeW6ocxPbGNxwikdSmuOuAnITfo7lQYh8O_hTxYvni6VYi28ScYruHRhev7DAIZBd6BSi4ia_Y6ygtTkv87968NFxpBVkDoi7RlpMXT-YsFRqcjpQ/s220/1743588095195.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgWRoi_HHhFtu0Hf9QSqPOB2A8ITl2coR4l6Iyt8P-jg6mNAbMY2xK3_KlmBa-iosboKwoF125DjL7HqJ4u6pN-CtIkELHNGVom9gRvOd8C78Dv07hdFzy7p6xLVF-BJYWguJZfK8O3lQ4/s72-c/images+(4).jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3178900161674506222.post-1461733877059640995</id><published>2013-06-27T23:02:00.001-07:00</published><updated>2013-06-27T23:02:50.926-07:00</updated><title type='text'>fundamentals of finite element analysis</title><content type='html'>&lt;div dir=&quot;rtl&quot; style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot; trbidi=&quot;on&quot;&gt;
&amp;nbsp;مهندس مدنى خريج&lt;br /&gt;
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fundamentals of finite element analysis&lt;/h3&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;http://sub5.rofof.com/06cifld27/Design_Example.html&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://sub5.rofof.com/06cifld27/Design_Example.html&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://sub5.rofof.com/06cifld27/Design_Example.html&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;chap&lt;/a&gt;ter 1&lt;/div&gt;
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</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://abdo36.blogspot.com/feeds/1461733877059640995/comments/default' title='تعليقات الرسالة'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://abdo36.blogspot.com/2013/06/fundamentals-of-finite-element-analysis.html#comment-form' title='0 تعليقات'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3178900161674506222/posts/default/1461733877059640995'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3178900161674506222/posts/default/1461733877059640995'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://abdo36.blogspot.com/2013/06/fundamentals-of-finite-element-analysis.html' title='fundamentals of finite element analysis'/><author><name>Abd Elgader Hamdan</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16054406694955860349</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifjdBBDPkdrurXeyOOquYHCyvWxvgXVwrm7JZU_GAiKwbto-EU3yErUpVeHgxhKnIeW6ocxPbGNxwikdSmuOuAnITfo7lQYh8O_hTxYvni6VYi28ScYruHRhev7DAIZBd6BSi4ia_Y6ygtTkv87968NFxpBVkDoi7RlpMXT-YsFRqcjpQ/s220/1743588095195.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjKjjRdWYNEVGnQp_1WdsXtiWi3KRXKGEaPakfmuR5iBQVzR6r1z1QWuI_3AMJEYkvc3q-uDF-3R5eM0gTj02vQ_GOMGsjl7uxOYdb1vG9DTBgGzHJPbslmjpyCMw-Zzvnb8Vrw0lwR4Jg/s72-c/cover.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3178900161674506222.post-6549578358842117780</id><published>2013-06-27T22:45:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2014-05-03T12:08:11.890-07:00</updated><title type='text'>تصميم مبنى من ستة طوابق</title><content type='html'>&lt;div dir=&quot;rtl&quot; style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot; trbidi=&quot;on&quot;&gt;
&amp;nbsp;مهندس مدنى خريج&lt;br /&gt;
تصميم المبانى : تصميم مبنى من شتة طوابق&lt;br /&gt;
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عبارة عن ملف pdf&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
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</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://abdo36.blogspot.com/feeds/6549578358842117780/comments/default' title='تعليقات الرسالة'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://abdo36.blogspot.com/2013/06/blog-post_1323.html#comment-form' title='0 تعليقات'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3178900161674506222/posts/default/6549578358842117780'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3178900161674506222/posts/default/6549578358842117780'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://abdo36.blogspot.com/2013/06/blog-post_1323.html' title='تصميم مبنى من ستة طوابق'/><author><name>Abd Elgader Hamdan</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16054406694955860349</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifjdBBDPkdrurXeyOOquYHCyvWxvgXVwrm7JZU_GAiKwbto-EU3yErUpVeHgxhKnIeW6ocxPbGNxwikdSmuOuAnITfo7lQYh8O_hTxYvni6VYi28ScYruHRhev7DAIZBd6BSi4ia_Y6ygtTkv87968NFxpBVkDoi7RlpMXT-YsFRqcjpQ/s220/1743588095195.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgsVbX_YARIeavx5LcFLKnoSx0lMLs-WSa3yPYZKWMgiiozoUjlfcNv5nH1MI1kOEmbCBb_sgcaKVAW1Dh6U40AjAQPaV10UMtF585a-BydLmI6guAt_XziAD76UArPt82ld1Vg6GNc-6Y/s72-c/download.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry></feed>