BIOINFOPOINT

Eye flu cause and treartment

2023-08-06T12:21:00.001+05:30

"Eye influenza" is certainly not a clinical term, however conceivable you're alluding to conjunctivitis, regularly known as pink eye. Conjunctivitis is an irritation or disease of the conjunctiva, the unmistakable layer that covers the white piece of the eye and lines within the eyelids. It can cause redness, tingling, tearing, and a release from the eyes.

Reasons for Conjunctivitis:

Viral Conjunctivitis: Frequently brought about by infections, like the normal virus. It's exceptionally infectious and can spread effectively through contact with tainted eye emissions.

Bacterial Conjunctivitis: Brought about by microscopic organisms and can bring about more release and crusting around the eyes.

Hypersensitive Conjunctivitis: Set off by allergens like dust, pet dander, or residue bugs. It's not infectious and commonly influences the two eyes.

Treatment of Conjunctivitis:

The treatment for conjunctivitis relies upon its objective:

Viral Conjunctivitis: Since it's brought about by an infection, anti-microbials won't work. Treatment includes overseeing side effects. Counterfeit tears can assist with easing uneasiness, and warm packs can assist with the disturbance.

Bacterial Conjunctivitis: Anti-microbial eye drops or balms endorsed by a specialist can really treat bacterial conjunctivitis. It's vital to follow through with the whole course of anti-toxins regardless of whether side effects move along.

Unfavorably susceptible Conjunctivitis: It is vital to Keep away from allergens. Over-the-counter allergy medicine eye drops or fake tears can give alleviation. On the off chance that side effects are serious, a specialist could endorse more grounded meds.

Preventive Measures:

Clean up often, particularly prior to contacting your eyes.

Try not to share individual things like towels or cosmetics.

Utilize clean tissues to wipe or contact your eyes.

In the event that you wear contact focal points, follow appropriate cleanliness and focal point care rules.

It's essential to take note of that self-conclusion and self-treatment may not be precise or compelling 100% of the time. On the off chance that you suspect you have conjunctivitis, counseling a clinical expert for legitimate finding and proper treatment is ideal.

cheap and effective drops

Ciprofloxacin (Brand name: Ciplox or Ciplox-D
Ofloxacin (Brand name: Oflox
Moxifloxacin (Brand name:Mahaflox

Understanding Spanish Flu and Swine Flu: Causes, Symptoms, and Prevention

2023-03-10T09:17:00.007+05:30

Spanish flu and swine flu are two different influenza (flu) viruses, although they are both caused by a type of virus known as H1N1. Here's some information about each:

Spanish flu:

The Spanish flu pandemic of 1918-1919 was a severe and deadly outbreak of H1N1 influenza. It is estimated that the pandemic infected around one-third of the world's population and resulted in an estimated 50 million deaths worldwide. The virus was highly contagious and caused severe symptoms, including fever, cough, and shortness of breath. The Spanish flu was especially lethal for young adults, unlike most influenza viruses, which are more dangerous for the elderly and very young.

Pneumonia: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, and Prevention

2023-03-10T09:04:00.002+05:30

Pneumonia is an infection of the lungs that can be caused by various types of germs, including bacteria, viruses, and fungi. The infection causes the air sacs in the lungs, called alveoli, to become inflamed and fill up with fluid or pus, making it difficult to breathe.

Symptoms of pneumonia can include cough, fever, chills, shortness of breath, chest pain, fatigue, and sometimes confusion, especially in older adults.

Treatment for pneumonia depends on the cause of the infection and may include antibiotics, antiviral medication, or antifungal medication. In severe cases, hospitalization may be necessary to receive intravenous fluids and oxygen therapy. Preventive measures include vaccination against certain types of bacteria and viruses that can cause pneumonia, as well as maintaining good hygiene practices such as washing hands regularly and covering the mouth and nose when coughing or sneezing.

Pneumonia Causes:

Pneumonia can be caused by various microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. The most common cause of pneumonia is a bacterial infection with Streptococcus pneumoniae, but other types of bacteria such as Haemophilus influenzae and Legionella pneumophila can also cause it. Viral pneumonia is usually caused by influenza viruses, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), and others. Fungal pneumonia can be caused by various fungi, including Histoplasma, Cryptococcus, and Pneumocystis.

Pneumonia Risk factors:

Certain groups of people are more susceptible to pneumonia, such as young children, older adults, people with weakened immune systems, and people with chronic medical conditions such as heart disease, lung disease, or diabetes. Smoking and exposure to air pollution and chemical irritants can also increase the risk of pneumonia.

Pneumonia Diagnosis:

Diagnosis of pneumonia usually involves a physical exam, chest X-ray, and laboratory tests such as blood tests and sputum culture. Sometimes additional tests such as a CT scan or bronchoscopy may be needed to confirm the diagnosis.

Pneumonia Prevention:

Prevention measures include vaccination against certain types of bacteria and viruses that can cause pneumonia, maintaining good hygiene practices such as washing hands regularly and covering the mouth and nose when coughing or sneezing. People who are at high risk of pneumonia, such as older adults and those with chronic medical conditions, should also receive pneumococcal and flu vaccines.

Pneumonia Treatment:

Treatment for pneumonia depends on the cause of the infection. If it is a bacterial infection, antibiotics will be prescribed. If it is a viral infection, antiviral medication may be used. In some cases, oxygen therapy may be needed to help with breathing. If pneumonia is severe, hospitalization may be required.

Types of pneumonia:

There are different types of pneumonia, classified based on how the infection was acquired or where it was contracted. Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is acquired outside of hospitals or healthcare facilities, while hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP) is acquired in hospitals or healthcare facilities. Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is a type of HAP that develops in people who are on ventilators. Healthcare-associated pneumonia (HCAP) refers to pneumonia that is acquired outside of hospitals or healthcare facilities but in people who have been recently hospitalized, had surgery, or received dialysis.

Complications of Pneumonia:

Complications of pneumonia can include respiratory failure, sepsis, lung abscess, and pleural effusion (fluid accumulation around the lungs). In some cases, pneumonia can also lead to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), a severe lung condition that can be life-threatening.

Recovery in Pneumonia:

Recovery from pneumonia can vary depending on the severity of the infection and the individual's overall health. Mild cases may resolve on their own with rest, hydration, and medication. However, more severe cases may require hospitalization and treatment with intravenous antibiotics or antiviral medications. It may take several weeks to fully recover from pneumonia, and some people may experience fatigue and shortness of breath for several weeks or months after the infection has cleared.

Pre-existing conditions in Pneumonia:

People with pre-existing lung conditions such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) or asthma may experience more severe symptoms of pneumonia and may be more susceptible to complications. Similarly, people with weakened immune systems, such as those with HIV/AIDS or cancer, may also be more susceptible to pneumonia and may require more aggressive treatment.

Overall, pneumonia can be a serious and potentially life-threatening infection, but with early diagnosis and appropriate treatment, most people can recover fully. Preventive measures such as vaccination and good hygiene practices can also help reduce the risk of contracting pneumonia.

Pneumonia: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, and Prevention

Pneumonia, infection, lungs, bacteria, viruses, fungi, symptoms, cough, fever, shortness of breath, chest pain, treatment, antibiotics, antiviral medication, antifungal medication, hospitalization, vaccination, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Legionella pneumophila, influenza viruses, respiratory syncytial virus, Histoplasma, Cryptococcus, Pneumocystis, risk factors, immune system, chronic medical conditions, smoking, air pollution, chemical irritants, diagnosis, physical exam, chest X-ray, laboratory tests, sputum culture, CT scan, bronchoscopy, prevention, hygiene practices, vaccination, community-acquired pneumonia, hospital-acquired pneumonia, ventilator-associated pneumonia, healthcare-associated pneumonia, complications, respiratory failure, sepsis, lung abscess, pleural effusion, acute respiratory distress syndrome, recovery, pre-existing conditions, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma, weakened immune system.

Leukemia: Understanding the Types, Symptoms, and Treatment Options.

2023-03-04T23:51:00.004+05:30

Leukemia is a type of cancer that affects the blood and bone marrow, which are the tissues responsible for producing blood cells. It is characterized by the abnormal growth and division of immature blood cells, which eventually crowd out the healthy blood cells in the bone marrow.

Understanding and Managing Blood Cancer: Types, Symptoms, and Treatments

2023-03-04T23:46:00.008+05:30

Blood cancer is a type of cancer that affects the blood cells, bone marrow, or lymphatic system. It occurs when the body produces abnormal blood cells, which can interfere with the normal function of the blood and lead to a variety of health complications.

There are several different types of blood cancer, each of which affects different types of blood cells. Leukemia is a type of blood cancer that affects the white blood cells, while lymphoma affects the lymphatic system and myeloma affects the plasma cells in the bone marrow.

Understanding Pimples: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatments

2023-03-04T23:38:00.007+05:30

A pimple is a small, raised, red or pink bump that appears on the skin, often on the face, neck, chest, back, or shoulders. Pimples are a common skin condition that can occur at any age, although they are most common during adolescence.

Pimples form when hair follicles become clogged with oil and dead skin cells. This can happen when too much oil is produced by the sebaceous glands, when dead skin cells accumulate on the skin's surface, or when bacteria get trapped in the hair follicles. This clogging can cause a whitehead or blackhead to form, or it can cause a pimple to develop.

"Piles (Hemorrhoids): Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment Options"

2023-03-04T23:32:00.008+05:30

Piles, also known as hemorrhoids, are swollen veins in the lower rectum or anus. They can cause discomfort, itching, and bleeding, and are a common condition that affects millions of people worldwide.

Hemorrhoids, Piles symptoms, Anal swelling, Bleeding from anus, Itching around anus, Piles treatment options, Piles relief, Over-the-counter hemorrhoid treatments, Hemorrhoid creams and ointments, Fiber-rich diet for hemorrhoid prevention, Hemorrhoid surgery, Rubber band ligation for hemorrhoids, Hemorrhoid prevention tips, Avoiding constipation, Hydration and hemorrhoid prevention, Exercise and hemorrhoid prevention, Hemorrhoid causes, Piles risk factors, Pregnancy and hemorrhoids, Age and hemorrhoid risk.

"Pills: Understanding the Types, Uses, and Potential Side Effects of Oral Medications"

2023-03-04T23:18:00.006+05:30

Pills, also known as tablets or capsules, are solid forms of medication that are taken orally. They are a popular form of medication because they are easy to take, convenient to store, and often have a longer shelf life than liquid medications.

"Essential Nutrients: A Comprehensive Guide to Macronutrients, Micronutrients, Vitamins, and Minerals"

2023-03-04T23:12:00.000+05:30

Introduction

Nutrients are substances that the body needs to function properly, grow, repair itself and stay healthy. There are six major classes of nutrients, each of which plays a specific role in maintaining human health. These classes are carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals and water. In this article, we will briefly discuss each of these classes of nutrients, their functions, food sources and the recommended daily intake.

Carbohydrates

Carbohydrates are the body's primary source of energy. They are broken down into glucose, which is used by cells as fuel. There are two types of carbohydrates: simple and complex. Simple carbohydrates, also known as sugars, are found in fruits, honey, milk, and processed foods. Complex carbohydrates, also known as starches, are found in whole grains, legumes, and vegetables.

The recommended daily intake of carbohydrates is 130 grams per day. This should make up about 45-65% of total daily calorie intake. Good sources of carbohydrates include whole grains, fruits, vegetables, legumes, and low-fat dairy products.

Proteins

Proteins are essential for growth, repair and maintenance of the body's tissues. They are made up of amino acids, which are the building blocks of proteins. There are two types of amino acids: essential and non-essential. Essential amino acids cannot be made by the body and must be obtained from the diet, while non-essential amino acids can be made by the body.

The recommended daily intake of protein is 0.8 grams per kilogram of body weight. Good sources of protein include meat, fish, poultry, eggs, dairy products, legumes, and soy products.

Fats

Fats are an important source of energy and are necessary for the absorption of certain vitamins. They also play a role in maintaining healthy skin and hair, insulating and protecting organs, and providing a cushion for the body. There are three types of fats: saturated, unsaturated, and trans fats.

Saturated fats are found in animal products like meat and dairy, as well as some plant-based oils like coconut and palm oil. They should be consumed in moderation, as they can raise cholesterol levels and increase the risk of heart disease. Unsaturated fats, on the other hand, are found in nuts, seeds, and vegetable oils. They are healthier for the body and should be consumed in larger amounts. Trans fats are found in processed foods like margarine and should be avoided altogether.

The recommended daily intake of fats is 20-35% of total daily calorie intake. Good sources of healthy fats include nuts, seeds, avocado, olive oil, and fatty fish.

Vitamins

Vitamins are essential for the proper functioning of the body. They help with the metabolism of energy, the formation of red blood cells, and the maintenance of healthy skin, hair, and nails. There are two types of vitamins: fat-soluble and water-soluble.

Fat-soluble vitamins include vitamins A, D, E, and K. They are stored in the body's fat tissue and can accumulate to toxic levels if taken in excess. Good sources of fat-soluble vitamins include dairy products, liver, and fatty fish.

Water-soluble vitamins include vitamins B and C. They are not stored in the body and are excreted in the urine, so they need to be replenished regularly. Good sources of water-soluble vitamins include whole grains, fruits, vegetables, and dairy products.

The recommended daily intake of vitamins varies depending on the specific vitamin. It is important to consume a balanced diet that includes a variety of foods to ensure that all vitamin needs are met.

Vitamin A is important for vision, immune function, and skin health. Good sources of vitamin A include liver, fish, dairy products, and orange and yellow fruits and vegetables.

Vitamin B complex includes several vitamins, including thiamine (B1), riboflavin (B2), niacin (B3), pantothenic acid (B5), pyridoxine (B6), biotin (B7), folic acid (B9), and cobalamin (B12). These vitamins are important for energy metabolism, nervous system function, and red blood cell formation. Good sources of vitamin B complex include meat, fish, poultry, whole grains, nuts, and leafy green vegetables.

Vitamin C is important for immune function, wound healing, and collagen formation. Good sources of vitamin C include citrus fruits, berries, kiwi, tomatoes, and leafy green vegetables.

Vitamin D is important for bone health, immune function, and muscle function. The body can produce vitamin D through exposure to sunlight, but good food sources include fatty fish, egg yolks, and fortified dairy products.

Vitamin E is important for immune function and acts as an antioxidant in the body. Good sources of vitamin E include nuts, seeds, vegetable oils, and leafy green vegetables.

Vitamin K is important for blood clotting and bone health. Good sources of vitamin K include leafy green vegetables, soybeans, and some vegetable oils.

The recommended daily intake of vitamins varies depending on the specific vitamin and age/gender group. It is important to consume a balanced diet that includes a variety of foods to ensure that all vitamin needs are met. Some people may also benefit from taking vitamin supplements, but it is important to consult with a healthcare provider before starting any new supplements.

Minerals

There are several minerals that the body needs to function properly. These minerals include calcium, iron, magnesium, phosphorus, potassium, sodium, and zinc.

Calcium is essential for building and maintaining strong bones and teeth. It also plays a role in muscle function, nerve function, and blood clotting. Good sources of calcium include dairy products, leafy green vegetables, and fortified foods like orange juice and tofu.

Iron is important for the production of red blood cells, which carry oxygen throughout the body. Good sources of iron include red meat, poultry, fish, beans, and fortified cereals.

Magnesium is involved in over 300 enzymatic reactions in the body and is important for maintaining healthy bones and muscles. Good sources of magnesium include whole grains, nuts, seeds, and leafy green vegetables.

Phosphorus is important for the formation of bones and teeth, as well as for energy metabolism. Good sources of phosphorus include dairy products, meat, fish, and whole grains.

Potassium is important for muscle and nerve function, as well as for maintaining healthy blood pressure. Good sources of potassium include bananas, citrus fruits, potatoes, and leafy green vegetables.

Sodium is important for maintaining fluid balance in the body, but consuming too much can increase the risk of high blood pressure. Good sources of sodium include processed foods, canned foods, and table salt.

Zinc is important for immune function, wound healing, and DNA synthesis. Good sources of zinc include meat, poultry, seafood, and fortified cereals.

The recommended daily intake of minerals varies depending on the specific mineral and age/gender group. It is important to consume a balanced diet that includes a variety of foods to ensure that all mineral needs are met.

Class 12 Biology notes Chapter 10 Microbes in Human Welfare free pdf Download

2022-12-04T22:33:00.002+05:30

Microbes in Human Welfare class 12 Notes Biology in PDF are available for free download in bioinfopoint. The best app for CBSE students now provides Microbes in Human Welfare class 12 Notes latest chapter wise notes for quick preparation of CBSE board exams and school-based annual examinations. Class 12 Biology notes on chapter 10 Microbes in Human Welfare are also available for download in CBSE Guide website.

CBSE Class 10 Science Notes Chapter 8 How do Organisms Reproduce

2022-11-25T20:13:00.003+05:30

Reproduction is the process by which a living organism is able to produce new individuals of its own kind. Unlike other life processes such as nutrition, respiration, etc., it is not essential to maintain the life of an individual organism. But it is important for the existence and continuity of the species.

Reproduction ensured continuity of life on earth.
It is a bridge to hereditary transmission.
It involves a continuation of characters from the parents to daughter cells by copying DNA (Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid) molecules present in the chromosomes of the cell.
Copying DNAs is also not a foolproof exercise, even minute changes bring about variation in the blueprint of the offsprings.
The useful variations are retained while the harmful ones do not go beyond.
Actually, variations help the species to withstand drastic environmental changes, thus saving the species from becoming extinct and promoting its survival for a longer time.
This inbuilt tendency of variation is the “basis” for Evolution.

Evolution Class 12th notes free download Pdf

2022-11-24T21:20:00.005+05:30

CBSE guide notes are the exhaustive notes which covers the most recent prospectus of CBSE and NCERT. It incorporates every one of the subjects given in NCERT class 12 Science reading material. Clients can Bioinfopoint fast update notes from Bioinfopoint versatile application and Bioinfopoint. Class 12 biology notes Section 7 Evolution

Download CBSE class twelfth correction notes for part 7 Evolution in PDF design for nothing. Download correction notes for evolution class 12 Notes and score high in tests. These are the Advancement class 12 Notes biology arranged by group of master educators. The amendment notes assist you with modifying the entire section 7 in minutes. Modified notes in test days is one of the most amazing tips suggested by educators during test days.

Download Revision Notes as PDF

Evolutionary biology is the study of the history of life forms on earth. The evolution of life on earth, different changes in flora and fauna around earth that co-exist along with human beings also forms parts of evolution.

Organisms and Populations 12th notes free download Pdf

2022-10-15T17:00:00.001+05:30

Organisms and Populations class 12 Notes Biology in PDF are available for free download in bioinfopoint. The best app for CBSE students now provides Organisms and Populations class 12 Notes latest chapter wise notes for quick preparation of CBSE board exams and school-based annual examinations. Class 12 Biology notes on chapter 13 Organisms and Populations are also available for download in bioinfooint

Ecosystem Class 12th notes free download Pdf

2022-10-15T01:12:00.006+05:30

Ecosystem class 11 Notes in PDF are available for free download in bioinfopoint . The best app for CBSE students now provides Life on the Earth class 11 Notes latest chapter wise notes for quick preparation of CBSE exams and school-based annual examinations. Class 11 notes on Chapter 14 ecosystem class 11 Notes are also available for download in bioinfopoint.

Biodiversity and Conservation Class 12th notes free download Pdf

2022-10-13T17:23:00.004+05:30

Biodiversity and Conservation class 11 Notes in PDF are available for free download in Bioinfopoint. The best app for CBSE students now provides Biodiversity and Conservation class 11 Notes Geography latest chapter wise notes for quick preparation of CBSE exams and school-based annual examinations. Class 11 Geography notes on Chapter 16 Biodiversity and Conservation class 11 Notes Geography are also available for download in bioinfopoint website.

CBSE Guide Biodiversity and Conservation class 11 Notes

CBSE guide notes are the comprehensive notes which covers the latest syllabus of CBSE and NCERT. It includes all the topics given in NCERT class 11 Geography textbook. Users can download CBSE guide quick revision notes from bioinfopoint mobile app and my CBSE guide website.

Environment issue class 12th notes free pdf Download

2022-10-09T23:26:00.004+05:30

Environmental Issues class 12 Notes Biology in PDF are available for free download in bioinfopoint. The best app for CBSE students now provides Environmental Issues class 12 Notes latest chapter wise notes for quick preparation of CBSE board exams and school-based annual examinations. Class 12 Biology notes on chapter 16 Environmental Issues are also available for download in bioinfopoint

Environmental Issues Class 12 Notes Biology

Download CBSE class 12th revision notes for chapter 16 Environmental Issues in PDF format for free. Download revision notes for Environmental Issues class 12 Notes and score high in exams. These are the Environmental Issues class 12 Notes prepared by team of expert teachers. The revision notes help you revise the whole chapter 16 in minutes. Revision notes in exam days is one of the best tips recommended by teachers during exam days.

Download Revision Notes as PDF

Environment issue class 12th notes free pdf Download

With increase in human population, demands for food, shelter, water, electricity, roads, and

automobiles are increasing rapidly and exerting pressure on environment and altering the natural health of ecosystem. All across the world, people are facing a wealth of new and challenging environmental problems every day. Some of them are- pollution, greenhouse

effect, ozone depletion, deforestation etc.

Chapter-1 reproduction in organism class 12 notes free pdf Download

2022-10-09T00:55:00.008+05:30

CBSE class 12 Reproduction in Organisms class 12 Notes Biology in PDF are available for free download in bioinfopoint The best app for CBSE students now provides Reproduction in Organisms class 12 Notes Biology latest chapter wise notes for quick preparation of CBSE board exams and school-based annual examinations. Class 12 Biology notes on chapter 1 Reproduction in Organisms are also available for download in bioinfopoint.

CBSE Guide Reproduction in Organisms class 12 Notes Biology

CBSE guide notes are the comprehensive notes which covers the latest syllabus of CBSE and NCERT. It includes all the topics given in NCERT class 12 Biology textbook. Users can download CBSE guide quick revision notes from bioinfopoint .

12 Biology notes Chapter 1 Reproduction in Organisms

Download CBSE class 12th revision notes for chapter 1 Reproduction in Organisms in PDF format for free. Download revision notes for Reproduction in Organisms class 12 Notes and score high in exams. These are the Reproduction in Organisms class 12 Notes Biology prepared by team of expert teachers. The revision notes help you revise the whole chapter 1 in minutes. Revision notes in exam days is one of the best tips recommended by teachers during exam days.

Download Revision Notes as PDF

Reproduction is a biological process of formation of new offsprings from the pre-existing organism.Reproduction becomes a vital process without which species cannot survive for long It ensures continuity of species generation after generations as older individuals undergo senescence and ultimately they die.

CHAPTER 12 Application of Biotechnology notes class-12 free pdf Download

2022-10-07T03:36:00.004+05:30

Biotechnology and its Applications class 12 Notes Biology in PDF are available for free download in bioinfopoint . The best app for CBSE students now provides Biotechnology and its Applications class 12 Notes latest chapter wise notes for quick preparation of CBSE board exams and school-based annual examinations. Class 12 Biology notes on chapter 12 Biotechnology and its Applications are also available for download in bioinfopoint website.

CBSE Class 12 Biology Revision Notes Download as PDF

CBSE Class 12 Biology Revision Notes Chapter 12 Biotechnology and its Applications

Download CBSE class 12th revision notes for chapter 12 Biotechnology and its Applications in PDF format for free. Download revision notes for Biotechnology and its Applications class 12 Notes and score high in exams. These are class 12 Notes prepared by team of expert teachers. The revision notes help you revise the whole chapter 12 in minutes. Revision notes in exam days is one of the best tips recommended by teachers during exam days.

Application of Biotechnology notes class-12 free pdf Download

Application of Biotechnology in Agriculture

Let us take a look at the three options that can be thought for increasing food production

(i) agro-chemical based agriculture;

(ii) organic agriculture

(iii) genetically engineered crop-based agriculture

Plants, bacteria, fungi and animals whose genes have been altered by manipulation are called Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO). GM plants have been useful in many ways. Genetic modification has:

(i) made crops more tolerant to abiotic stresses (cold, drought, salt, heat).

(ii) reduced reliance on chemical pesticides (pest-resistant crops).

(iii) helped to reduce post harvest losses.

(iv) increased efficiency of mineral usage by plants (this prevents early exhaustion of fertility of

soil).

(v) enhanced nutritional value of food, e.g., golden rice, i.e., Vitamin ‘A’ enriched rice

Application of Biotechnology in production of pest resistant plants-

Pest resistant plants decrease the amount of pesticides used. Bt toxin is produced by a

bacterium called Bacillus thuringiensis.Bt toxin gene has been cloned from the bacteria and

been expressed in plants to provide resistance to insects without the need for insecticides; in

effect created a bio-pesticide. Examples are Bt cotton, Bt corn, rice, tomato, potato and

soyabean etc.

Bt cotton- Bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis produce proteins that kill certain insects like

lepidopterens, colepterans (beetels) and dipterans (flies, mosquitoes).thuringiensis produce crystals that contain a toxic insecticidal protein. This toxic protein present in bacterium as inactive protoxins but as soon as insect ingest the inactive form due to alkaline pH of gut, it converted into an active form of toxin and bind to surface of midgut epithelial cells and create pores that cause cell swelling and lysis and eventually death of insect.

The gene from B. thuringiensishas been incorporated into several crop plants like cotton, maize, rice etc. The toxin is coded by a gene named cry. The protein coded by the genes crylAb and crylIJAb control the cotton bollworms, cryIAb controls corn borer.

Pest Resistant Plants

Nematodes like Meloidegyne incognitia infects the roots of tobacco plants and causes reduction in yield. The infestation of these nematodes can be prevented by the process of RNA interference (RNAi). RNAi is present in all eukaryotic organisms as cellular defence by silencing of specific mRNA due to complementary dsRNA molecules that bind to and prevents translation of the MRNA. RNA interference, RNAi

The source of complementary dsRNA may be from an infection by viruses having RNA genomes or mobile genetic elements that replicate through RNA intermediate.

Nematode specific genes were introduced into host plant using Agrobacterium vectors. The parasite could not survive in a transgenic host expressing specific

interfering RNA.

Biotechnological Applications in Medicine

The rDNA technological processes have made immense impact in the area of healthcare by

enabling mass production of safe and more effective therapeutic drugs. At present, about 30

recombinant therapeutics have been approved for human use the world over. In India, 12 of

these are presently being marketed.

Genetically Engineered Insulin

Adult —onset diabetes can be controlled by taking insulin at regular intervals. The main source of this insulin was isolation of insulin from animals. Now a day’s insulin can be obtained from bacterium using techniques of biotechnology.

Insulin was earlier extracted from pancreas of slaughtered cattle and pigs but insulin from these sources develops allergy or other types of reactions to the foreign protein.

Insulin consists of two short polypeptide chains- chain A and chain B, that are linked together by disulphide bridges.

In humans, insulin is synthesised as a prohormone, which contains an extra stretch called C peptide, which is absent in mature insulin. The main challenge for production of insulin using rDNA technique was getting insulin assembled into a mature form.

An American company, Eli Lilly in 1983 prepared two DNA sequence corresponding to

A and B chain of human insulin and introduced them in plasmids of E.coli to produce

insulin chain. Chain A and Chain B were produced separately, extracted and

combined by creating disulphide bonds to form human insulin.

Gene Therapy

It is a collection of methods that allows correction of a gene defect that has been diagnosed in

a child or embryo. This method is applied in a person with a hereditary disease. In this method, genes are inserted into a person’s cells and tissues to treat a disease.

he correction of gene defect involves delivery of a normal gene into the individual or embryo to take over the function of and compensate for non-functional gene.

The first clinical gene therapy was done in 1990 to a 4 year old girl with adenosine deaminase (ADA) deficiency. This disorder is caused due to the deletion of the gene for adenosine deaminase that is essential for immune system to function. This defect can be treated by enzyme replacement therapy in which functional ADA is given to the patient by injection or bone marrow transplant.

In gene therapy method lymphocytes from the blood of the patient are grown in culture medium outside the body. A functional ADA cDNA is then introduced into these lymphocystes and returned to the patient. In this method periodic infusion of such genetically engineered lymphocytes is needed. If gene isolated from bone marrow cells producing ADA is introduced into cells at early embryonic stages, it could be a permanent cure.

Molecular Diagnosis

Conventional method of diagnosis such as serum or urine analysis is not able to early detection of disease causing pathogens or virus. Following methods can be used to diagnosed

earlier-

I. Recombinant DNA technology

II. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)

II. Enzyme Linked Immuno-sorbent Assay (ELISA).

Symptoms of disease appear only when the concentration of pathogen get increased significantly. Low concentration of bacteria and virus can be detected by ‘cial amplification of nucleic acid by PCR. It detects the mutation in the gene in cancer patient. PCR is routinely used to detect the HIV in suspected AIDS patients. Genetic disorder can be also detected by using PCR technique.

A single stranded DNA or RNA having radioactive molecule is allowed to hybridise to

its complementary DNA in a clone of cells followed by detection using autoradiography. The clone having the mutated gene will not appear on the photographic film.

ELISA is based on the principle of antigen-antibody interaction. Infection by pathogen can be detected by the presence of antigens like proteins, glycoproteins etc. or by detecting the antibodies synthesised against the pathogen.

Transgenic Animals

Animals that have had their DNA manipulated to possess and express a foreign gene are

known as transgenic animals. Transgenic mice, rats, rabbits, pigs, sheep, cows and fish have

been produced. Common reasons for development of transgenic animals-

a) Normal physiology and development- they are designed to allow the study of gene regulation, their effect on normal function of body. By introducing genes from other species that alter the formation of this factor and studying eh biological affects that results.

b) Study of disease- a number of transgenic animals are designed to increase our understanding of how genes contribute to the development of disease. Transgenic model has been developed for disease like cancer, cystic fibrosis, Alzheimer’s disease etc.

c) Biological products- .Transgenic animals that produce useful biological products can be created by the introduction of the portion of DNA (gene) which codes for a particular product

such as human protein (alpha — 1-antitrypsin) used to treat emphysema. The first transgenic

cow, Rosie, produced human protein-enriched milk (alpha-lactalbumin - 2.4 gm / litre).

d) Vaccine safety- transgenic mice are developed for used in testing the safety of vaccine

before they are used on human. Polio vaccine was tested on transgenic mice and then on

monkey.

e) Chemical safety testing- transgenic animals are made that carry genes which make them more sensitive to toxic substances than non-transgenic animals. It gives us the results in less

time.

Ethical Issues:

The Indian Government has set up organizations such as GEAC (Genetic Engineering Approval Committee), which will make decisions regarding the validity of GM research and the safety of introducing GM-organisms for public services.

Biopatent:

A patent is the right granted by a government to an inventor to prevent others from making commercial use of his invention. Now, patents are granted for biological entities and for products derived from biological resources.

Biopiracy:

It is the term used to refer to the use of bio-resources by multinational companies and other organizations without proper authorization from the countries and people concerned without compensatory payment.

In 1997, an American company got patent rights on Basmati rice through the US Patent and Trademark Office. This allowed the company to sell a ‘new variety of Basmati, in the US and abroad. This ‘new’ variety of Basmati had actually been derived from Indian farmer’s varieties. Indian Basmati was crossed with semi-dwarf varieties and claimed as an invention or a novelty.

Several attempts have also been made to patent uses, products and processes based on Indian traditional herbal medicines, e.g., turmeric and neem.

Biotechnology principles and processes notes chapter-11 free pdf download

2022-10-05T01:37:00.007+05:30

Biotechnology Principles and Processes class 12 Notes Biology in PDF are available for free download bioinfopoint. The best app for CBSE students now provides Biotechnology Principles and Processes class 12 Notes latest chapter wise notes for quick preparation of CBSE board exams and school-based actions. Class 12 Biology notes on chapter 11 Biotechnology Principles and Processes are also available for download in bioinfopoint website.

Biotechnology Principles and Processes class 12 Notes Biology

Download CBSE class 12th revision notes for chapter 11 Biotechnology Principles and Processes in PDF format for free. Download revision notes for Biotechnology Principles and Processes class 12 Notes and score high in exams. These are the Biotechnology Principles and Processes class 12 Notes prepared by team of expert teachers. The revision notes help you revise the whole chapter 11 in minutes. Revision notes in exam days is one of the best tips recommended by teachers during exam days.

Download Revision Notes as PDF

Biotechnology principles and processes notes

DNA in an organism it needs to be a part of a chromosome which has a specific sequence known as ‘origin of replication’. Thus, an alien DNA is linked with the origin of replication, so that, this alien piece of DNA can replicate and multiply itself in the host organism. This is known as Cloning or making multiple identical copies of any template DNA.

The construction of the first recombinant DNA emerged from the possibility of linking a gene encoding antibiotic resistance with a native Plasmid of Salmonella typhimurium.

Stanley Cohen and Herbert Boyer in 1972 isolated the antibiotic resistance gene by

cutting out a piece of DNA from a plasmid (autonomously replicating circular extra-

chromosomal DNA) of Salmonella typhimurium. The cutting of DNA at specific

locations became possible with the discovery of the so-called ‘molecular scissors’—

restriction enzymes.

Chapter-3 biology ,kingdom plantae class 11 notes Download pdf

2022-10-01T17:18:00.002+05:30

Artificial System of Classification

Based on a few characteristics

By Carolus Linnacus based on androecium structure

NCERT Books for Class 1 to 12 – Download Free PDF ( 2022-23)

2022-09-28T10:06:00.001+05:30

The National Council of Educational Research and Training (NCERT) is an autonomous body that aims to provide qualitative education to the school children in India. The Public Gathering of Instructive Exploration and Preparing (NCERT) is an independent body that means to give subjective training to the younger students in India. Its essential work is to get ready and distribute model course books, advantageous material, instructive units, and so on. NCERT course readings are the center of the tutoring framework. The CBSE board is following NCERT Books in the school educational program for Class 1 to 12. The CBSE as well as the other state sheets have additionally begun following the NCERT Books in their course educational program.

CHAPTER WISE REVISION NOTES FOR CBSE CLASS 10 SCIENCE PDF DOWNLOAD

2022-09-27T02:09:00.008+05:30

CBSE NCERT Class 10 Science Notes - Free PDF Download

Well-prepared Class 10th Science Notes can help students understand the concepts, topics and themes covered in all the chapters. The Revision Notes for Class 10 Science offered by bioinfopoint are based on the latest curriculum that is approved by CBSE. Students don't have to stress about finding multiple books to revise during the exam period with such handy notes. The key benefit of these Notes of Science Class 10 is that they cover all the essential pointers, explain diagrams with examples that allow students to score well in the exams.

CHAPTER WISE REVISION NOTES FOR CBSE CLASS 9 SCIENCE PDF DOWNLOAD

2022-09-27T01:53:00.001+05:30

Well-prepared Class 9th Science Notes can help students understand the concepts, topics and themes covered in all the chapters. The Revision Notes for Class 9 Science offered bybioinfopoint are based on the latest curriculum that is approved by CBSE. Students don't have to stress about finding multiple books to revise during the exam period with such handy notes. The key benefit of these Notes of Science Class 9 is that they cover all the essential pointers, explain diagrams with examples that allow students to score well in the exams.

Best Books for Neet preparation ( Biology , Chemistry , Physics )

2022-09-03T23:43:00.002+05:30

Students who have cleared NEET (AIPMT) and AIIMS MBBS entrance examinations have asked us about the most recommended books for NEET preparation. Most of their responses point in one direction. The majority of questions in NEET are from NCERT books, "For studying chemistry and biology for NEET, refer to NCERT books.", "NCERT and previous years' question papers are the key to success in NEET." NCERT is clearly the winner, and it is not wrong to say that it is the most effective NEET preparation book.

Best Books for NEET Preparation 2023, 2024, 2025

Given below is a list of some of the best reference books for NEET examination. These are the books recommended by teachers and medicos (who cleared NEET/ AIIMS/ AIPMT) for the preparation of NEET-UG medical entrance exam.

JEE Main Previous Year Papers [2022-2015]

2022-08-31T23:59:00.002+05:30

JEE Main Previous Year Papers [2022-2015]

NTA conducts the JEE Main exam in online mode on multiple days in two shifts. All shifts and days of the JEE Main paper have the same level of difficulty. JEE Main past year papers with answer key and solution can be downloaded here.

JEE aspirants must solve previous year papers of JEE Main for better preparation. After you have studied the complete syllabus and have a good understanding of each topic in all the chapters, you should solve JEE Main full paper tests. It is recommended that you practice JEE Mains previous years papers and online mock tests in a timed manner, as if you were solving the actual paper in 3 hours.