K with Hack

Kali Linux Basic Commands

2024-12-26T12:19:00.000-08:00

kali linux basic commands

Are you ready to unlock the power of Kali Linux? 🔓 Whether you're a budding cybersecurity enthusiast or a seasoned IT professional, mastering Kali Linux commands is your gateway to a world of advanced security testing and network analysis.

But let's face it: diving into Kali Linux can feel overwhelming. With its vast array of tools and complex command structure, where do you even begin? Don't worry – we've got you covered! In this guide, we'll break down the essential Kali Linux commands that will have you navigating the system like a pro in no time. From basic file manipulation to advanced network reconnaissance, we'll walk you through everything you need to know to get started.

Get ready to embark on your Kali Linux journey as we explore the fundamental commands for file system navigation, system information retrieval, network analysis, package management, and user administration. By the end of this post, you'll have the confidence to tackle Kali Linux head-on and take your cybersecurity skills to the next level. Let's dive in! 💻🛡️

Understanding Kali Linux

A. What is Kali Linux?

Kali Linux is a powerful and advanced Linux distribution specifically designed for cybersecurity professionals, ethical hackers, and penetration testers. Developed by Offensive Security, Kali Linux is built on Debian and comes pre-loaded with a vast array of tools for various aspects of information security.

Kali Linux stands out from other Linux distributions due to its focus on security testing and penetration testing. It offers:

A comprehensive suite of pre-installed security tools
Regular updates to ensure access to the latest security features
Support for multiple architectures, including 32-bit, 64-bit, and ARM flavors
Customizable images for specific use cases

Here's a quick overview of Kali Linux's key features:

Feature	Description
Pre-installed Tools	Over 600 penetration testing and security tools
Regular Updates	Frequent updates to maintain cutting-edge security capabilities
Customizability	Ability to create custom Kali Linux images
Multi-architecture Support	Available for 32-bit, 64-bit, and ARM architectures
Live System	Can be run from a USB drive or live DVD without installation

Kali Linux's versatility makes it an essential tool for security professionals across various domains, including:

Network security
Web application security
Wireless security
Forensics
Reverse engineering

B. Why use Kali Linux for cybersecurity?

Kali Linux has become the go-to operating system for cybersecurity professionals and ethical hackers for several compelling reasons:

Comprehensive Tool Suite: Kali Linux comes pre-loaded with hundreds of security tools, covering various aspects of penetration testing and vulnerability assessment. This saves time and effort in installing and configuring individual tools.
Regular Updates: The Kali Linux team consistently updates the distribution, ensuring users have access to the latest security tools and patches.
Community Support: With a large and active community, users can easily find solutions to problems and share knowledge.
Industry Recognition: Kali Linux is widely recognized in the cybersecurity industry, making it a valuable skill for professionals to master.
Compatibility with Security Certifications: Many popular cybersecurity certifications, such as OSCP, OSWE, and KLCP, use Kali Linux as their preferred platform for exam environments.

Here's a breakdown of some key areas where Kali Linux excels:

Information Gathering
Vulnerability Assessment
Web Application Testing
Password Attacks
Wireless Network Testing
Exploitation
Forensics
Reverse Engineering

Kali Linux's tools are organized into categories, making it easy for users to find the right tool for their specific needs. Some popular tools include:

Nmap: Network scanning and discovery
Metasploit: Exploitation framework
Wireshark: Network protocol analyzer
Aircrack-ng: Wireless network security assessment
Burp Suite: Web application security testing

C. Setting up your Kali Linux environment

Setting up a Kali Linux environment is a crucial step for anyone looking to dive into cybersecurity or penetration testing. Here's a step-by-step guide to get you started:

Choose your installation method:

Full installation on a dedicated machine
Dual-boot with another operating system
Virtual machine (recommended for beginners)
Live USB or DVD

2. Download Kali Linux:
Visit the official Kali Linux website (https://www.kali.org/downloads/) and choose the appropriate image for your system architecture and preferred installation method.

3.Installation process:
a. For full installation or dual-boot:

Create a bootable USB drive using tools like Rufus or Etcher
Boot from the USB drive and follow the installation wizard

b. For virtual machine installation:

Download and install a virtualization software (e.g., VirtualBox, VMware)
Create a new virtual machine and allocate resources
Mount the Kali Linux ISO and start the installation process

Initial setup:

Update the system: sudo apt update && sudo apt upgrade -y
Change the default password: passwd
Configure your network settings
Customize your environment:
Choose your preferred desktop environment (GNOME, KDE, Xfce)
Install additional tools as needed: sudo apt install [package-name]

Familiarize yourself with basic Linux commands:

cd: Change directory
ls: List files and directories
mkdir: Create a new directory
rm: Remove files or directories
cp: Copy files or directories
mv: Move or rename files and directories

4.Explore Kali Linux tools:

Use the Applications menu to browse through available tools
Practice using common tools like Nmap, Metasploit, and Wireshark

5.Set up a safe testing environment:

Create isolated virtual networks for practicing
Use vulnerable virtual machines (e.g., Metasploitable) for ethical hacking practice

6.Stay updated and secure:

Regularly update your system: sudo apt update && sudo apt upgrade -y
Keep your tools up-to-date: sudo apt dist-upgrade
Be cautious when running tools with root privileges

7.Join the Kali Linux community:

Participate in forums and discussion groups
Follow official Kali Linux social media accounts for updates and tips

By following these steps, you'll have a solid foundation for your Kali Linux environment. Remember that Kali Linux is a powerful tool designed for security professionals, so it's essential to use it responsibly and ethically.

As you become more familiar with Kali Linux, you'll discover its vast potential for cybersecurity tasks. The next sections of this guide will delve into specific command categories, helping you navigate and utilize Kali Linux's extensive toolkit effectively. Now that you have a basic understanding of Kali Linux and have set up your environment, let's explore the essential file system navigation commands that will help you move around the Kali Linux file structure with ease.

File System Navigation Commands

Navigating directories with 'cd'

The 'cd' command, short for "change directory," is a fundamental tool in Kali Linux for navigating the file system. This command allows users to move between different directories, making it essential for both basic file management and advanced penetration testing tasks.

To use the 'cd' command, simply type 'cd' followed by the path of the directory you want to access. Here are some common uses:

Moving to a specific directory:
```
cd /home/user/Documents
```
Moving up one level in the directory structure:
```
cd ..
```
Returning to the home directory:
```
cd ~
```
or simply
```
cd
```
Moving to the root directory:
```
cd /
```
Switching to the previous directory:
```
cd -
```

Pro tip: Use tab completion to quickly navigate through long directory paths. Start typing the directory name and press Tab to auto-complete or show available options.

Listing files and directories using 'ls'

The 'ls' command is used to list the contents of a directory. It's an essential tool for information gathering and file system exploration during penetration testing. Here are some useful variations of the 'ls' command:

Basic usage (list contents of current directory):
```
ls
```
List all files, including hidden ones:
```
ls -a
```
List files with detailed information:
```
ls -l
```
Combine options for a detailed list including hidden files:
```
ls -la
```
List files sorted by modification time:
```
ls -t
```
List files recursively (including subdirectories):
```
ls -R
```

Here's a comparison of some common 'ls' options:

Option	Description	Use Case
-a	Show all files, including hidden	Viewing configuration files
-l	Long listing format	Detailed file information
-h	Human-readable file sizes	Easier to read file sizes
-t	Sort by modification time	Finding recently changed files
-S	Sort by file size	Identifying large files
-r	Reverse order	Invert sorting order

These options can be combined for more specific listings. For example, 'ls -lhart' will show a detailed list of all files, including hidden ones, sorted by time in reverse order with human-readable sizes.

Creating and removing directories with 'mkdir' and 'rmdir'

In Kali Linux, 'mkdir' and 'rmdir' are used to create and remove directories, respectively. These commands are crucial for organizing your file system and managing your workspace during penetration testing activities.

Creating directories with 'mkdir'

The 'mkdir' command allows you to create new directories. Here are some common uses:

Create a single directory:
```
mkdir new_directory
```
Create multiple directories at once:
```
mkdir dir1 dir2 dir3
```
Create nested directories:
```
mkdir -p parent/child/grandchild
```

The '-p' option creates parent directories if they don't exist, which is useful for creating complex directory structures in a single command.

Removing directories with 'rmdir'

The 'rmdir' command is used to remove empty directories. It's a safe way to delete directories as it won't remove non-empty ones, preventing accidental data loss.

Remove a single empty directory:
```
rmdir empty_directory
```
Remove multiple empty directories:
```
rmdir dir1 dir2 dir3
```
Remove nested empty directories:
```
rmdir -p parent/child/grandchild
```

The '-p' option removes parent directories if they become empty after removing the specified directory.

Note: To remove non-empty directories, you'll need to use the 'rm' command with the '-r' (recursive) option. However, use this with caution as it can lead to data loss if used incorrectly.

Finding files with 'locate' and 'find'

In Kali Linux, 'locate' and 'find' are powerful commands for searching and locating files. These tools are invaluable for information gathering and system exploration during penetration testing.

Using 'locate'

The 'locate' command performs a quick search using a pre-built database of files and directories on the system. It's fast but may not show the most recent changes.

Basic usage:
```
locate filename
```
Update the database before searching:
```
sudo updatedb && locate filename
```
Case-insensitive search:
```
locate -i filename
```
Limit the number of results:
```
locate -n 5 filename
```

Using 'find'

The 'find' command is more powerful and flexible than 'locate'. It searches the file system in real-time, allowing for more complex search criteria.

Basic usage (search from current directory):
```
find . -name "filename"
```
Search the entire file system:
```
find / -name "filename"
```
Case-insensitive search:
```
find . -iname "filename"
```
Find files modified in the last 7 days:
```
find . -type f -mtime -7
```
Find files larger than 100MB:
```
find . -type f -size +100M
```
Find and delete files (use with caution):
```
find . -name "*.tmp" -delete
```

Here's a comparison of 'locate' and 'find':

Feature	locate	find
Speed	Fast	Slower
Real-time results	No	Yes
Database dependency	Yes	No
Complex search criteria	Limited	Extensive
System resource usage	Low	Higher
Ability to perform actions	No	Yes

Both 'locate' and 'find' have their place in a penetration tester's toolkit. 'locate' is excellent for quick searches, while 'find' is ideal for more detailed and specific file system operations.

Now that we've covered the essential file system navigation commands in Kali Linux, you have a solid foundation for exploring and managing the file system during your penetration testing activities. These commands form the basis for more advanced operations and are crucial for effective system interaction. In the next section, we'll delve into file manipulation commands, which will allow you to interact with and modify the files you've located using these navigation techniques.

File Manipulation Commands

Creating and editing files with 'touch' and 'nano'

In Kali Linux, manipulating files is a crucial skill for any penetration tester or security professional. Let's start by exploring two essential commands for creating and editing files: 'touch' and 'nano'.

The 'touch' command is primarily used to create empty files or update the timestamp of existing files. Here's how you can use it:

touch newfile.txt

This command creates a new empty file named 'newfile.txt' in the current directory. If the file already exists, it updates the file's timestamp without modifying its contents.

For editing files, Kali Linux provides 'nano', a user-friendly text editor. To open a file with nano, use:

nano filename.txt

Nano offers a straightforward interface for editing text files. Here are some basic nano commands:

Ctrl + O: Save the file
Ctrl + X: Exit nano
Ctrl + K: Cut a line of text
Ctrl + U: Paste the cut text

Nano is particularly useful for editing configuration files or creating simple scripts during penetration testing tasks.

Copying, moving, and renaming files with 'cp' and 'mv'

The 'cp' (copy) and 'mv' (move) commands are essential for file manipulation in Kali Linux. Let's explore their usage and some practical examples.

The 'cp' command copies files or directories. Its basic syntax is:

cp source destination

For example, to copy a file named 'report.txt' to a directory named 'backup':

cp report.txt backup/

To copy an entire directory and its contents, use the -r (recursive) option:

cp -r source_directory destination_directory

The 'mv' command is used for moving or renaming files and directories. Its basic syntax is similar to 'cp':

mv source destination

To move a file to a different directory:

mv report.txt /home/kali/Documents/

To rename a file:

mv oldname.txt newname.txt

Here's a comparison of 'cp' and 'mv' commands:

Command	Primary Use	Preserves Original	Can Rename
cp	Copying	Yes	No
mv	Moving	No	Yes

Both commands are crucial for organizing files during penetration testing, especially when managing multiple reports or tool outputs.

Removing files using 'rm'

The 'rm' (remove) command is used to delete files and directories in Kali Linux. While powerful, it should be used with caution as deleted files cannot be easily recovered.

Basic syntax for removing a file:

rm filename

To remove multiple files:

rm file1 file2 file3

For removing directories and their contents, use the -r (recursive) option:

rm -r directory_name

The -f (force) option can be used to remove files without prompting for confirmation:

rm -f sensitive_data.txt

However, be extremely careful with 'rm -rf' as it can lead to accidental data loss if used incorrectly.

When working with sensitive data during penetration testing, it's crucial to securely delete files. The 'shred' command can be used for this purpose:

shred -u filename

This command overwrites the file multiple times before deleting it, making data recovery much more difficult.

Changing file permissions with 'chmod'

In Kali Linux, managing file permissions is crucial for security and proper system functioning. The 'chmod' command allows you to modify these permissions.

File permissions in Linux are represented by three sets of rights for three categories of users:

Owner (u)
Group (g)
Others (o)

Each category can have read (r), write (w), and execute (x) permissions.

The chmod command can use either symbolic or numeric notation to change permissions. Let's explore both:

Symbolic notation:

chmod u+x script.sh

This adds execute permission for the owner of 'script.sh'.

chmod go-rw sensitive_file.txt

This removes read and write permissions for group and others on 'sensitive_file.txt'.

Numeric notation uses a three-digit number, where each digit represents permissions for owner, group, and others respectively:

4: Read
2: Write
1: Execute

For example:

chmod 755 tool.py

This sets read, write, and execute (7) permissions for the owner, and read and execute (5) permissions for group and others.

Here's a table summarizing common chmod numerical values:

Numeric Value	Meaning	Symbolic Equivalent
777	Full permissions for all	rwxrwxrwx
755	Executable by all, writable by owner	rwxr-xr-x
644	Readable by all, writable by owner	rw-r--r--
600	Readable and writable by owner only	rw-------

When conducting penetration testing or using offensive security tools in Kali Linux, proper file permissions are crucial. For instance, you might need to make a custom exploit script executable:

chmod +x custom_exploit.py

Or restrict access to a file containing sensitive information gathered during a test:

chmod 600 target_credentials.txt

Understanding and correctly using these file manipulation commands in Kali Linux is essential for effective penetration testing and offensive security work. They allow you to manage your tools, scripts, and gathered data efficiently and securely. Whether you're organizing your workspace, preparing reports, or securing sensitive information, mastering these commands will significantly enhance your workflow in Kali Linux.

System Information Commands

Checking system information with 'uname'

The 'uname' command is a powerful tool in Kali Linux for gathering essential system information. It provides details about the operating system, kernel version, and hardware architecture. This command is particularly useful for system administrators and penetration testers who need to quickly assess the environment they're working in.

Here are some common 'uname' options and their uses:

uname -a: Displays all available system information
uname -s: Shows the kernel name
uname -r: Reveals the kernel release
uname -v: Provides the kernel version
uname -m: Displays the machine hardware name
uname -p: Shows the processor type
uname -i: Reveals the hardware platform

Let's look at a practical example:

$ uname -a
Linux kali 5.10.0-kali9-amd64 #1 SMP Debian 5.10.70-1kali1 (2021-10-12) x86_64 GNU/Linux

This output tells us that we're running Kali Linux on a 64-bit (x86_64) system with kernel version 5.10.0.

For penetration testers, understanding the target system's architecture (32-bit, 64-bit, or ARM) is crucial when selecting appropriate exploitation tools or custom images for testing.

Viewing disk usage with 'df' and 'du'

Disk usage information is vital for system maintenance and capacity planning. Kali Linux provides two primary commands for this purpose: 'df' (disk free) and 'du' (disk usage).

The 'df' command

'df' displays information about the file system disk space usage. It's particularly useful for quickly checking available space on mounted file systems.

Common options include:

df -h: Shows disk space in human-readable format
df -T: Displays the file system type
df -i: Shows inode information instead of block usage

Example usage:

$ df -h
Filesystem      Size  Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/sda1        20G   15G  4.0G  79% /
tmpfs           2.0G     0  2.0G   0% /dev/shm
/dev/sdb1       500G  200G  300G  40% /data

This output provides a quick overview of disk usage across different partitions and mounted devices.

The 'du' command

While 'df' gives an overview of the entire file system, 'du' allows you to check the disk usage of specific directories or files.

Useful options for 'du' include:

du -h: Displays sizes in human-readable format
du -s: Shows only a total for each argument
du -c: Produces a grand total

Example:

$ du -sh /home/*
120M    /home/user1
250M    /home/user2
1.2G    /home/user3

This command quickly shows the disk usage for each user's home directory.

For penetration testers, understanding disk usage can be crucial when planning for data exfiltration or identifying potential locations for hiding data or malware.

Monitoring system processes using 'top' and 'ps'

Process monitoring is essential for understanding system performance and identifying potentially malicious activities. Kali Linux offers two primary tools for this purpose: 'top' and 'ps'.

The 'top' command

'top' provides a dynamic, real-time view of running processes. It's invaluable for monitoring system resource usage and identifying processes that may be consuming excessive CPU or memory.

Key features of 'top':

Real-time updates of system statistics
Sortable columns (CPU usage, memory usage, etc.)
Interactive process management (kill, renice)

While running 'top', you can use these keyboard shortcuts:

'k': Kill a process
'r': Renice a process
'f': Add or remove displayed fields
'o': Change the sort order

Here's a sample 'top' output:

top - 14:30:23 up  2:10,  1 user,  load average: 0.00, 0.01, 0.05
Tasks: 213 total,   1 running, 212 sleeping,   0 stopped,   0 zombie
%Cpu(s):  0.7 us,  0.3 sy,  0.0 ni, 99.0 id,  0.0 wa,  0.0 hi,  0.0 si,  0.0 st
MiB Mem :   7950.8 total,   6123.1 free,    810.7 used,   1017.0 buff/cache
MiB Swap:   2048.0 total,   2048.0 free,      0.0 used.   6851.5 avail Mem 

    PID USER      PR  NI    VIRT    RES    SHR S  %CPU  %MEM     TIME+ COMMAND
   1234 root      20   0  743712  42300  28456 S   0.3   0.5   0:02.81 Xorg
   5678 user      20   0 3391108 189936  89056 S   0.3   2.3   0:08.56 gnome-shell

The 'ps' command

While 'top' provides a real-time view, 'ps' offers a snapshot of current processes. It's particularly useful for scripting and automated monitoring.

Common 'ps' options include:

ps aux: Shows all processes for all users
ps -ef: Displays full-format listing
ps --sort: Sorts the output based on specified criteria

Example usage:

$ ps aux | head -5
USER       PID %CPU %MEM    VSZ   RSS TTY      STAT START   TIME COMMAND
root         1  0.0  0.1 169104  9992 ?        Ss   12:20   0:01 /sbin/init
root         2  0.0  0.0      0     0 ?        S    12:20   0:00 [kthreadd]
root         3  0.0  0.0      0     0 ?        I＜   12:20   0:00 [rcu_gp]
root         4  0.0  0.0      0     0 ?        I＜   12:20   0:00 [rcu_par_gp]

For penetration testers, understanding running processes is crucial for:

Identifying potential vulnerabilities
Detecting unusual or suspicious processes
Understanding the target system's current state and running services

Command	Primary Use	Real-time?	Key Feature
top	Dynamic process viewing	Yes	Interactive process management
ps	Process snapshot	No	Useful for scripting and automation

Both 'top' and 'ps' are essential tools in a penetration tester's arsenal, providing valuable insights into the target system's operation and potential weaknesses.

In the context of Kali Linux and offensive security, these system information commands play a crucial role. They allow testers to gather intelligence about the target system, which is fundamental to the information gathering phase of a penetration test. Whether you're pursuing OSCP, OSWE, or other offensive security certifications, mastering these commands is essential.

As we move forward, we'll explore network commands, which build upon this system knowledge to provide a comprehensive understanding of the target environment. These network-related tools will allow you to map out the network topology, identify open ports, and discover potential entry points for further exploitation.

what is SQL Injection ? How to Work & Payload with Example

2024-10-04T12:52:00.000-07:00

SQL injection is a type of cyberattack that involves inserting malicious SQL code into input fields on a website in order to manipulate the database and gain unauthorised access to data. It's a serious security vulnerability that can lead to data breaches, unauthorised access, and data manipulation.

To prevent SQL injection attacks, it's important to use parameterized queries and prepared statements in your code, as well as input validation and sanitization. Additionally, staying informed about the latest security best practices and updating your software and frameworks regularly can help protect against SQL injection and other security threats.

SQL Injection

How To Prevent SQL Injection

To prevent SQL injection attacks, follow these best practices

1. Use Parameterized Queries or Prepared Statements: Utilise parameterized queries or prepared statements provided by your database API. This allows you to separate SQL code from user input, reducing the risk of injection attacks.

2. Input Validation: Validate and sanitise user input by checking data types, lengths, and formats. Only allow expected characters and values to pass through to the SQL query.

3. Escaping Special Characters: If you must concatenate user input into SQL queries, make sure to escape special characters to prevent them from being treated as SQL commands.

4. Least Privilege Principle: Limit database user permissions to only what is necessary for the application to function. Avoid using accounts with high-level privileges for normal operations.

5. Update Software Regularly: Keep your database management system, web server, and application frameworks updated with the latest security patches to mitigate known vulnerabilities.

6. Security Testing: Perform regular security assessments such as penetration testing and code reviews to identify and address SQL injection vulnerabilities in your application.

By implementing these preventive measures and staying informed about security best practices, you can significantly reduce the risk of SQL injection attacks on your application.

Type of SQL Injection

There are several types of SQL injection attacks, each exploiting different vulnerabilities in the application's input handling mechanism. Here are some common types of SQL injection attacks:

1.In-band SQL Injection (Classic SQLi):

This is the most common type of SQL injection where the attacker is able to retrieve the results of the injected query directly in the application's responses.

Error-based SQL Injection:

Error-based SQL injection techniques exploit error messages generated by the database server to extract information about the database structure and data.

Blind SQL Injection: Blind SQL injection occurs when the attacker cannot directly see the result of a query in the application's response but can infer it based on differences in the server's behaviour.
Union-based SQL Injection: Union-based SQL injection involves using the UNION SQL operator to combine the results of an injected query with the original query, allowing the attacker to retrieve data from other tables.
Boolean-based SQL Injection: Boolean-based SQL injection exploits the application's response to determine if the injected SQL query is true or false, enabling the attacker to extract information character by character.
Time-based Blind SQL Injection: Time-based blind SQL injection uses time delays in the database's response to infer information about the database or data, such as determining whether a specific condition is true or false.
Out-of-Band SQL Injection: Out-of-Band SQL injection leverages certain database-specific features to trigger DNS or HTTP requests to an external server, allowing data exfiltration even when direct responses are not possible.

Each type of SQL injection attack targets different vulnerabilities in the application's input handling and SQL query execution process. It's essential for developers to understand these attack types and implement proper security measures to prevent SQL injection vulnerabilities.

Which Types Of SQL Injection Perform ?

SQL injection attacks are a common type of cyber attack where an attacker inserts malicious SQL statements into input fields of a web application to manipulate the database or retrieve sensitive information. Here are some common SQL injection attacks:

Unauthorized Data Retrieval: Attackers can use SQL injection to bypass authentication mechanisms and retrieve sensitive information from a database, such as usernames, passwords, credit card numbers, and personal data.
Data Manipulation: Injected SQL commands can modify or delete data stored in the database, leading to data corruption or loss. Attackers can alter records, insert false information, or delete entire databases.
Database Takeover: In severe cases, attackers can exploit SQL injection vulnerabilities to gain complete control over the database server. This can result in data exfiltration, data modification, or even shutting down the database server.
Server-Side Code Execution: SQL injection attacks can sometimes be used to execute arbitrary server-side code, leading to further compromise of the web application and server environment. This can result in full server takeover and malicious activities.
Credential Theft: Attackers can use SQL injection to extract user credentials stored in a database. This information can then be used for unauthorised access to other systems and services.
Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) Attacks: SQL injection vulnerabilities can be combined with other vulnerabilities, such as cross-site scripting, to execute more potent attacks. XSS payloads can be injected via SQL injection to compromise users' browsers.
Exploitation of Other Security Vulnerabilities: SQL injection can be used as a stepping stone to exploit other security vulnerabilities in the application or server environment, allowing attackers to escalate their attacks and breach deeper into the system.

It's crucial for developers and organisations to implement secure coding practices, input validation, parameterized queries, and regular security assessments to prevent SQL injection attacks. Regular security audits and penetration testing can help identify and remediate vulnerabilities before they are exploited by attackers.

SQL Injection Tools

SQL injection tools are used to detect and exploit SQL injection vulnerabilities in web applications, aiding in the penetration testing process. These tools automate the process of identifying and exploiting SQL injection flaws, potentially leading to the takeover of database servers[1].

Some popular SQL injection tools include:

sqlmap: sqlmap is a penetration testing tool that automates the process of detecting and exploiting SQL injection flaws and taking over database servers. It supports various database management systems, SQL injection techniques, features, and attacks[1].

Website: sqlmap.org

Mole: Mole is an open-source, automatic SQL injection tool available for free. It can detect vulnerabilities from a given URL using Union-based or Boolean-based query techniques[1].

Source: Infosec Institute

Other Tools: In addition to sqlmap and Mole, there are various other SQL injection detection tools available, such as Invicti, Burp Scanner, and more[1].

Source: ServerWatch

These tools serve as critical components of a comprehensive security testing strategy, helping organisations identify and mitigate SQL injection vulnerabilities in their web applications.

Sources: More information on SQL injection tools

SQL Injection Example

When looking for SQL injection examples, you can find them from various sources:

PortSwigger: Provides a detailed tutorial and examples on SQL injection, including common attacks like retrieving hidden data and exploiting UNION queries[1].

Visit PortSwigger SQL Injection Tutorial & Examples

W3Schools: Offers examples of SQL injection attacks and explains how to use SQL parameters to prevent them[2].

Check out W3Schools SQL Injection Examples
Programiz: Explains SQL injection, its examples, and prevention methods such as validation, ORMs, and prepared statements[3].

Visit Programiz SQL Injection Examples
OWASP Foundation: Provides information on what SQL injection is, how to prevent it, and examples of these attacks[4].
Explore OWASP Foundation SQL Injection Details
BrightSec: Shows real-life examples of SQL injection attacks, breaches, and different types of SQL injection with code examples[5].
Learn more at BrightSec SQL Injection Attack

By visiting these sources, you can learn more about SQL injection examples and understand how attackers exploit vulnerabilities to gain unauthorized access to databases.

Sources:

https://portswigger.net/web-security/sql-injection

https://www.w3schools.com/sql/sql_injection.asp

https://www.programiz.com/sql/injection

https://owasp.org/www-community/attacks/SQL_Injection

https://brightsec.com/blog/sql-injection-attack

How to Bypass BIOS Passwords

2024-09-17T02:11:00.000-07:00

BIOS passwords can add an extra layer of security for desktop and laptop computers. They are used to either prevent a user from changing the BIOS settings or to prevent the PC from booting without a password. Unfortunately, BIOS passwords can also be a liability if a user forgets their password, or changes the password to intentionally lock out the corporate IT department. Sending the unit back to the manufacturer to have the BIOS reset can be expensive and is usually not covered in the warranty. Never fear, all is not lost. There are a few known backdoors and other tricks of the trade that can be used to bypass or reset the BIOS

DISCLAIMER OF BIOS PASSWORDS

This article is intended for IT Professionals and systems administrators with experience servicing computer hardware. It is not intended for home users, hackers, or computer thieves attempting to crack the password on a stolen PC. Please do not attempt any of these procedures if you are unfamiliar with computer hardware, and please use this information responsibly. LabMice.net is not responsible for the use or misuse of this material, including loss of data, damage to hardware, or personal injury.

Before attempting to bypass the BIOS password on a computer, please take a minute to contact the hardware manufacturer support staff directly and ask for their recommended methods of bypassing the BIOS security. In the event the manufacturer cannot (or will not) help you, there are a number of methods that can be used to bypass or reset the BIOS password yourself. They include:

Using a manufacturers backdoor password to access the BIOS
Use password cracking software
Reset the CMOS using the jumpers or solder beads.
Removing the CMOS battery for at least 10 minutes
Overloading the keyboard buffer
Using a professional service

Please remember that most BIOS passwords do not protect the hard drive, so if you need to recover the data, simply remove the hard drive and install it in an identical system, or configure it as a slave drive in an existing system. The exception to this are laptops, especially IBM Thinkpads, which silently lock the hard drive if the supervisor password is enabled. If the supervisor password is reset without resetting the and hard drive as well, you will be unable to access the data on the drive.

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BIOS Backdoor passwords

Many BIOS manufacturers have provided backdoor passwords that can be used to access the BIOS setup in the event you have lost your password. These passwords are case sensitive, so you may wish to try a variety of combinations. Keep in mind that the key associated to "_" in the US keyboard corresponds to "?" in some European keyboards. Laptops typically have better BIOS security than desktop systems, and we are not aware of any backdoor passwords that will work with name brand laptops.

WARNING: Some BIOS configurations will lock you out of the system completely if you type in an incorrect password more than 3 times. Read your manufacturer's documentation for the BIOS setting before you begin typing in passwords

BIOS Password cracking software

The following software can be used to either crack or reset the BIOS on many chipsets. If your PC is locked with a BIOS administrator password that will not allow access to the floppy drive, these utilities may not work. Also, since these utilities do not come from the manufacturer, use them cautiously and at your own risk.

Cmos password recovery tools 3.1

!BIOS (get the how-to article)

RemPass

KILLCMOS

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Using the Motherboard "Clear CMOS" Jumper or Dip Switch settings

Many motherboards feature a set of jumpers or dip switches that will clear the CMOS and wipe all of the custom settings including BIOS passwords. The locations of these jumpers / dip switches will vary depending on the motherboard manufacturer and ideally you should always refer to the motherboard or computer manufacturers documentation. If the documentation is unavailable, the jumpers/dip switches can sometimes be found along the edge of the motherboard, next to the CMOS battery, or near the processor. Some manufacturers may label the jumper / dip switch CLEAR - CLEAR CMOS - CLR - CLR PWD - PASSWD - PASSWORD - PWD. On laptop computers, the dip switches are usually found under the keyboard or within a compartment at the bottom of the laptop.

Please remember to unplug your PC and use a grounding strip before reaching into your PC and touching the motherboard. Once you locate and reset the jumper switches, turn the computer on and check if the password has been cleared. If it has, turn the computer off and return the jumpers or dip switches to its original position.

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Removing the CMOS Battery

The CMOS settings on most systems are buffered by a small battery that is attached to the motherboard. (It looks like a small watch battery). If you unplug the PC and remove the battery for 10-15 minutes, the CMOS may reset itself and the password should be blank. (Along with any other machine specific settings, so be sure you are familiar with manually reconfiguring the BIOS settings before you do this.) Some manufacturers backup the power to the CMOS chipset by using a capacitor, so if your first attempt fails, leave the battery out (with the system unplugged) for at least 24 hours. Some batteries are actually soldered onto the motherboard making this task more difficult. Unsoldering the battery incorrectly may damage your motherboard and other components, so please don't attempt this if you are inexperienced. Another option may be to remove the CMOS chip from the motherboard for a period of time.

Note: Removing the battery to reset the CMOS will not work for all PC's, and almost all of the newer laptops store their BIOS passwords in a manner which does not require continuous power, so removing the CMOS battery may not work at all. IBM Thinkpad laptops lock the hard drive as well as the BIOS when the supervisor password is set. If you reset the BIOS password, but cannot reset the hard drive password, you may not be able to access the drive and it will remain locked, even if you place it in a new laptop. IBM Thinkpads have special jumper switches on the motherboard, and these should be used to reset the system.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Overloading the KeyBoard Buffer

On some older computer systems, you can force the CMOS to enter its setup screen on boot by overloading the keyboard buffer. This can be done by booting with the keyboard or mouse unattached to the systems, or on some systems by hitting the ESC key over 100 times in rapid succession.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Jumping the Solder Beads on the CMOS

It is also possible to reset the CMOS by connecting or "jumping" specific solder beads on the chipset. There are too many chipsets to do a breakdown of which points to jump on individual chipsets, and the location of these solder beads can vary by manufacturer, so please check your computer and motherboard documentation for details. This technique is not recommended for the inexperienced and should only be used as a "last ditch" effort.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

BIOS Using a professional service

If the manufacturer of the laptop or desktop PC can't or won't reset the BIOS password, you still have the option of using a professional service. Password Crackers, Inc., offers a variety of services for desktop and laptop computers for between $100 and $400. For most of these services, you'll need to provide some type of legitimate proof of ownership. This may be difficult if you've acquired the computer second hand or from an online auction.

How to Write a Bug Bounty Report

2024-09-15T23:24:00.000-07:00

Bug bounty reports are your ticket to either top ranks on a platform or the lowest level of humiliation. Good bug bounty reports lead to good relationships with the bug bounty team and better payouts eventually. If the vulnerability report indicates the following signs then your report is indeed a good report
Faster response time from the security team responding to your request
Better reputation and relationships with the security team
Higher chances of getting a bigger bounty
In this chapter, we will learn about the following topics:
Prerequisites of writing a bug bounty report
Salient features of a bug bounty report
Format of a bug bounty report
Writing the title of a report
Writing the description of a report
Writing the proof of concept of a report
Writing the exploitability of a report
Writing the impact of a report
Writing remediation
Responding to the queries of the team

Prerequisites of writing a bug bounty report

Even if you have identified a highly critical vulnerability in the application of a bug bounty program, if the vulnerability report is not clearly written and explained, there are chances
that the vulnerability may be rejected by the program. Before writing a bug bounty report, It is crucial that you identify the nature of the program.

Bug Bounty

Referring to the policy of the program

Reading the scope of the bug bounty is probably the most important thing you should do before even looking at the program's website. It will be really frustrating when you spend a
week looking for vulnerabilities in a bug bounty program only to find out that the domain that you tested is not included in the scope. The conventional scope of a bug bounty program contains the following bits of information:
Mission statement
Participating services
Excluded domains
Rewards and qualifications
Eligibility for participation
Conduct guidelines
Non Qualifying vulnerabilities
Commitment to researchers

Mission statement

The mission statement of a program is its foreword and explains the reason of the company for starting the bug bounty program. It explains the mission that the company has behind
starting the program and the collective outcome that the program vendors want to achieve out of running this program.

Participating services

The participating services section in the bug bounty policy of a program includes a detailed list of the included domains that are in the scope of testing. This is a very explicit section
and one of the most important sections in a bug bounty program and should be analysed very carefully. Typically, the domains that are listed in a program are written as testingsite.com and if the subdomains are also included, the details are in *.testingsite.com. The longer the list of subdomains in this section, the more chances there are of finding a vulnerability in the program. Another thing to keep in mind is to keep a close eye on this section as programs frequently update this section of the policy to include new targets and domains. Bug bounty programs are generally first come, first served. If the bug bounty program updates its scope and you are the first one to know about it, it is highly likely that you will find a number of critical vulnerabilities in that domain. However, that being said, it is advised that you test each domain thoroughly with full concentration to look into critical vulnerabilities.

Excluded domains

This section is also important to look at as it contains the details about those domains that it is prohibited to test. Sometimes bug bounty programs deploy their applications on test servers and mention their original websites in the excluded domains section so as to prevent unwanted data traffic and server downtime.
Excluded domains are out of the scope of testing and result in repercussions when tested and reported. It is strongly advised to look for the excluded domains section and review it before testing the applications.

Reward and qualifications

This section outlines the expected rewards with respect to the vulnerabilities in a tabular form. The sections contain the category of the vulnerabilities and the reward for core applications and non-core applications. The payout ranges are listed in this section to give an idea to the researcher of what to expect in regards to which vulnerability.

This is to notify the researchers what to expect from a vulnerability and the vulnerabilities that are rewarded higher than others. Setting this benchmark allows the program owners to justify their rewards after they have resolved a vulnerability and it reduces the chances of debate in the process.

Conduct guidelines

This section gives details about what a researcher should specifically never do when finding vulnerabilities in the program. It is a notification paragraph, stating that while the
disclosure of vulnerabilities is highly appreciated, there are certain things that the researchers should not do, such as:
Disclose any vulnerabilities or suspected vulnerabilities discovered to any other person
Disclose the contents of any submission to the program
Access private information of any person stored on a program's product
Access sensitive information
Perform actions that may negatively affect the program's users
Conduct any kind of physical attack on the organisation's personnel, property, or data centres
Socially engineer any employee or contractor
Conduct vulnerability testing of participating services using anything other than test accounts
Violate any laws or breach any agreements in order to discover vulnerabilities

Non Qualifying vulnerabilities

This section lists all of the vulnerabilities that are explicitly out of scope. It lists the vulnerabilities that have been reported before or are not considered as critical enough to be reported. This is usually a long list of vulnerabilities that include commonly reported issues, such as:
Bugs in content/services that are not owned/operated by the program
Vulnerabilities affecting users of unsupported browsers
Subdomain takeovers for out-of-scope domains
Self-XSS or XSS bugs requiring an unlikely amount of user interaction
CSRF on forms that are available to anonymous users
Clickjacking that is, user interface hijacking on static pages
Error messages
HTTP 404 codes/pages or other HTTP non-200 code/pages
Fingerprinting banner disclosure-public information disclosure
Disclosure of known public files or directories
Scripting or other automation and brute forcing of intended functionalities
Presence of application or web browser "autocomplete" or "save password" functionality
Lack of secure and HttpOnly cookie flags
HTTPS mixed content
Missing HTTP security headers, specifically-Strict-Transport-Security, X-Frame-Options, X-XSS-Protection, X-Content-Type-Options, and Content-Security-Policy

Salient features of a bug bounty report

Every bug bounty report is different in terms of its technical details but every report has some features and aspects that are common and generic, which provide extra insights on the vulnerability that was identified. The following are some pointers that you can take into account while writing bug bounty reports.
Clarity
Depth
Estimation
Respect

Format of a bug bounty report

Based on my experience with bug bounties and pen test platforms, I have learned that a well-written report will make a major difference to your success. Over the years, I have
developed a clear understanding of how to report flaws in a program and which flaws to report. This has led me to formulate a format for reporting, but this format is not universal
and it may vary from person to person and case to case. But, it is something that you can adopt for clear reporting.

Writing title of a report

The report title is the first thing that the program owner looks at and notices about your report. The report title should be explicit and to the point. If the report title has emotional
involvement in it, it is often not considered as a positive factor by the program owners. The title is the first impression about your report that the program owners get and it is what
shows the level of maturity of the reporter and their experience. A straightforward title should be the starting point of your report. The following are a few examples of bad report titles:
Urgent! SQL injection found
Attention! Critical vulnerability
Very critical account takeover flaw

The following are some examples of to how you can craft your title better:
Union-based SQL injection in developer's portal
Hostile subdomain takeover in admin.xyz.com
Account takeover using password reset token

Writing the description of a report

The second part of the report is the description. A description must be precise, clear, and to the point. Program owners want to have direct engagement with any text so they do not
have to read much and can pick out the salient points easily. The description should not be something generic; it should be environmental and scenario-specific. This allows report
readers relate to the reports closely rather than thinking of them as generic. Describing a vulnerability is not an easy task for a reporter. However, a method to describe a flaw in a to-the-point and a clear way is to provide links for issues that can help program owners understand, identify, and resolve the issues in a report. The reference links can be taken from technical resources, such as stack overflow, the Open Web Application
Security Project (OWASP), and so on. It is not advised to copy and paste links and descriptions from automated tools and online sites. This gives a very bad impression about the reporter and shows that they did not have time even to write their own general report.

Writing the proof of concept of a report

Without the proof of concept replication steps, there is no way that the team can recreate the scenario that you just created, so it is important that you list down the steps exactly as
you replicated the vulnerability. You should always treat the program owner as a newbie when explaining the proof of concept to them. This way, you can list down all of the steps
in a hierarchical manner. Having simple, easy-to-follow, step-by-step instructions will help those triaging your issue to confirm its validity at the earliest opportunity. For instance, if I
identified an XSS vulnerability, here is what the replication steps would look like:

Go to the following [URL].
Log in using your username and password (you need an account to do this)
On the search box at the top-right, insert the following information:
<script>alert(document.domain);</script>
Click the Lookup button
You'll see a JavaScript popup box showing your domain

Writing exploitability of a report

Writing impact of a report

Writing remediation

Summary

In this chapter, we learned how to write bug bounty reports including the basic outlines of a bug bounty program scope. We found out about the prerequisites of a bug bounty
program and gained an in-depth idea about the scope of a program. We learned what should be included in a bug bounty and what should be the features of the report and its
contents. We learned about what should be the format of the report and what it should contain. There were also notes about to how to write different sections of the report and
how to respond to the teams post-reporting

Bug Bounty : What is Mean By Bug Bounty And How to It Work

2024-09-14T07:11:00.000-07:00

Bug Bounty : What is Mean By Bug Bounty And How to It Work

A Bug Bounty is a program offered by companies or organization where they invite ethical hackers, security researchers, and developers to find and report security vulnerabilities or bugs in their software or systems. In exchange for finding and reporting these issues, participants can receive rewards, which can range from monetary payments to recognition or other incentives.

Bug bounty hunters possess a wide range of skills that they use to test applications of different vendors and expose security loopholes in them.

Then they produce vulnerability reports and send them to the company that owns the program to fix those flaws quickly. If the report is accepted by the company, the reporter gets paid. There are a few hackers who

earn thousands of dollars in a single year by just hunting for vulnerabilities in programs.

The bug bounty program, also known as the vulnerability rewards program (VRP), is a crowd-sourced mechanism that allows companies to pay hackers individually for their work in identifying vulnerabilities in their software. The bug bounty program can be

incorporated into an organization procedures to facilitate its security audits and vulnerability assessments so that it complements the overall information security strategy.

Nowadays, there are a number of software and application vendors that have formed their own bug bounty programs, and they reward hackers who find vulnerabilities in their programs.

In this chapter, we will cover the following topics:

Bug bounty hunting platforms
Types of bug bounty programs
Bug bounty hunter statistics
Bug bounty hunting methodology
How to become a bug bounty hunter
Rules of bug bounty hunting

Bug bounty hunting platforms

A few years ago, if someone found a vulnerability in a website, it was not easy to find the right method to contact the web application owners and then too after contacting them it was not guaranteed that they would respond in time or even at all. Then there was also the factor of the web application owners threatening to sue the reporter. All of these problems were solved by vulnerability co-ordination platforms or bug bounty platforms. A bug bounty platform is a platform that manages programs for different companies. The

management includes:

Reports
Communication
Reward payments

There are a number of different bug bounty platforms being used by companies nowadays. The top six platforms are explained in the following sections.

HackerOne

HackerOne is a vulnerability collaboration and bug bounty hunting platform that connects companies with hackers. It was one of the first start-ups to commercialize and utilize crowd-sourced security and hackers as a part of its business model, and is the biggest cybersecurity firm of its kind.

Bugcrowd

Bugcrowd Inc. is a company that develops a coordination platform that connects businesses

with researchers so as to test their applications. It offers testing solutions for web, mobile, source code, and client-side applications.

Cobalt

Cobalt's Penetration Testing as a Service (PTaaS) platform converts broken pentest models

into a data-driven vulnerability co-ordination engine. Cobalt's crowdsourced SaaS platform delivers results that help agile teams to pinpoint, track, and remediate vulnerabilities.

Synack

Synack is an American technology company based in Redwood City, California. Synack's business includes a vulnerability intelligence platform that automates the discovery of

exploitable vulnerabilities for reconnaissance and turns them over to the company's freelance hackers to create vulnerability reports for clients.

Types of bug bounty program

Bug bounty programs come in two different types based on their participation perspectives. This division is based on the bug bounty hunter's statistics and their level of indulgence overall on a platform.

There are two kinds of bug bounty program: public programs and private programs.

Public programs

A public bug bounty program is one that is open to anyone who wants to participate. This program may prohibit some researchers from participating based on the researcher's level and track record, but in general, anyone can participate in a public bounty program and

this includes the scope, the rules of engagement, as well as the bounty guidelines.

A public program is accessible by all researchers on the platform, and all bug bounty programs

outside of the platforms are also considered bug bounty programs.

Private programs.

A private bug bounty program is one that is an invite-only program for selected researchers. This is a program that allows only a few researchers to participate and the researchers are invited based on their skill level and statistics. Private programs only select

those researchers who are skilled in testing the kinds of applications that they have.

The programs tend to go public after a certain amount of time but some of them may never go public at all. These programs provide access only to those researchers that have a strong track record of reporting good vulnerabilities, so to be invited to good programs, it is

required to have a strong and positive record.

There are a few differences between a public and private program. Conventionally, programs tend to start as private and over time evolve into the public. This is not always true but, mostly, businesses start a private bug bounty program and invite a group of researchers that test their apps before the program goes public to the community.

Companies usually consider a few factors before they start a public program. There has to

be a defined testing timeline and it is advised that companies initially work with researchers who specialise in that particular area to identify the flaws and vulnerabilities. Most of the time, the companies do not open their programs to the public and limit the

scope of testing as well so as to allow researchers to test these applications specifically in the sections that are critical. This reduces the number of low-severity vulnerabilities in out-of-scope applications. Many organisations use this technique to verify their security

posture. Many researchers hunt for bugs in applications mainly for financial gain, so it is crucial that the organisation outlines their payout structure within the program's scope.

There are a few questions before anyone would want to start to participate in a bug bounty program; the most important one is What is the end goal of the program going public versus keeping it private?

Bug bounty hunter statistics

A bug bounty hunter's profile contains substantial information about the track record that

helps organisations identify the skill level and skill set of the user. The bug bounty hunter stats include a number of pointers in the profile that indicate the level of the researcher.

Different pointers indicate different levels on different platforms. But generally you will see the following pointers and indicators based on which you can judge a researcher's potential.

Number of vulnerabilities

The first thing you can observe in a researcher's profile is how many vulnerabilities the researcher has reported in his bug bounty hunting career. This indicated how much the researcher is active on the platform and how many vulnerabilities he has reported to date.

A high number of reported vulnerabilities does not usually mean that the researcher has a positive track record and is relative to different factors. That is, if the researcher has 1,000 vulnerabilities submitted over a period of 1 year, the researcher is quite active.

Number of halls of fame

This is the number of programs to which the researcher has reported positive vulnerabilities to. The number of halls of fame is the number of programs the researcher

participated in and had valid reports in those programs. A high number of programs means the level of participation of the researcher is active. That is, if the researcher has 150 halls of fame out of a total of 170 programs, the researcher is successful.

Reputation points

This is a relatively new indicator and it differs from platform to platform. Reputation points are points awarded for valid reports. It is a combination of the severity of the report, the bounty awarded to the report, and the bonus bounty of the report. That is, if the researcher has 8,000 reputation points over time, then he is above average.

Signal

A signal is an aggregate representation of report validity. It is basically a point-based system that represents how many invalid reports the researcher has submitted. A signal is calculated out of 10.

Impact

Impact is a representation of the average bounty awarded per report. It is an aggregate of the total bounty that was awarded for every report that was filed. Accuracy This is a percent-based system that indicates the number of accepted reports divided by the number of total reports. This tells the program owners how much success rate the researcher in reporting vulnerabilities. If researcher A has 91% accuracy rate, he submits reports that are mostly valid.

K with Hack

Kali Linux Basic Commands

kali linux basic commands

Understanding Kali Linux

A. What is Kali Linux?

B. Why use Kali Linux for cybersecurity?

C. Setting up your Kali Linux environment

File System Navigation Commands

Navigating directories with 'cd'

Listing files and directories using 'ls'

Creating and removing directories with 'mkdir' and 'rmdir'

Creating directories with 'mkdir'

Removing directories with 'rmdir'

Finding files with 'locate' and 'find'

Using 'locate'

Using 'find'

File Manipulation Commands

Creating and editing files with 'touch' and 'nano'

Copying, moving, and renaming files with 'cp' and 'mv'

Removing files using 'rm'

Changing file permissions with 'chmod'

System Information Commands

Checking system information with 'uname'

Viewing disk usage with 'df' and 'du'

The 'df' command

The 'du' command

Monitoring system processes using 'top' and 'ps'

The 'top' command

The 'ps' command

what is SQL Injection ? How to Work & Payload with Example

How To Prevent SQL Injection

Type of SQL Injection

Which Types Of SQL Injection Perform ?

SQL Injection Tools

Sources: More information on SQL injection tools

SQL Injection Example

Sources:

How to Bypass BIOS Passwords

DISCLAIMER OF BIOS PASSWORDS

BIOS Backdoor passwords

BIOS Password cracking software

BIOS Using a professional service

How to Write a Bug Bounty Report

Prerequisites of writing a bug bounty report

Referring to the policy of the program

Mission statement

The mission statement of a program is its foreword and explains the reason of the company for starting the bug bounty program. It explains the mission that the company has behindstarting the program and the collective outcome that the program vendors want to achieve out of running this program.

Participating services

Excluded domains

Reward and qualifications

Conduct guidelines

Non Qualifying vulnerabilities

Salient features of a bug bounty report

Format of a bug bounty report

Writing title of a report

Writing the description of a report

Writing the proof of concept of a report

Writing exploitability of a report

Writing impact of a report

Writing remediation

Summary

Bug Bounty : What is Mean By Bug Bounty And How to It Work

Bug Bounty : What is Mean By Bug Bounty And How to It Work

Bug bounty hunting platforms

Types of bug bounty program

Public programs

Private programs.

Bug bounty hunter statistics

Number of vulnerabilities (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});

Number of halls of fame

Reputation points

Signal

Impact

The mission statement of a program is its foreword and explains the reason of the company for starting the bug bounty program. It explains the mission that the company has behind
starting the program and the collective outcome that the program vendors want to achieve out of running this program.

Number of vulnerabilities