Daily Assignments

Mr. Nadeem Khalil is the Personal Manager at Hilal Foods Company. He is asked to interview candidates for the post of Marketing Manager. Suggest him initial ten questions for the interview.

2019-09-01T12:57:00.001-07:00

1. Please introduce yourself.

2. Why do you want this job?

3. Why should we hire you?

4. Why do you want to leave (or have left) your current (or previous) job?

5. What are your strengths and weakness?

6. Do you have prior marketing knowledge & experience in particular to Hilal Foods industry? If Yes, then

a. What responsibilities you had?

7. What are the principles of Marketing?

8. How do you handle stress and pressure?

9. What are your salary expectations?

10. How can I get more information or verify about your qualifications & experience?

Are there universal characteristics of belief systems that are common across all cultures? What are they and how can they bring us together?

2019-09-01T12:54:00.001-07:00

This is a fact that we humans are intelligent, rational and social in nature. Human cultures were founded on their belief systems. With cultural evolution old beliefs have been reformed moreover new beliefs have been recognized. However characteristics of all beliefs remained more or less the same. All belief systems share same features like existence of God (or gods), life after death, worship of God (or gods) and societal principles like compassion, patience and forgiveness. All such social moralities are rational and get compliment by human nature. People easily accept such teachings in contrast to teachings of hatred and conflicts.
In pursuance to develop togetherness among different faiths, people must obey their instinct in addition to religious ethics. Because these two elements are leading commonalities of different cultures. These cultural commonalities promote harmony, which give birth to spirituality. Spirituality exists in all belief systems and serves a vital role to spread doctrines of mercy, acceptance and coexistence.
In fact societies based on compassion are often multicultural. In comparison to radical extremist societies, multicultural societies or countries have less conflicts and more progress.

RISKS TRANSPORTING NATO SUPPLIES FROM PAKISTAN TO AFGANISTAN

2011-08-12T07:56:00.000-07:00

LONG tankers that carries GP1 fuel that is basic need of american tanks, armored vehicles,power generators and other mechanized equipment at the Bagram airbase in Afghanistan.

tankers drivers relatively feel safer driving all the way from Karachi to Mianwali,but after that as they enter Khyber-pahktonkhwa danger grows of militant attacks.

because of increasing militant attacks on oil tankers the insurance companies have been changed their policies against oil tankers and they pay 12.5% less than actural price of tanker.

lets say a HINO truck cost Rs 4.5 million but transporter gets Rs 4 million from insurance company,but they also have to pay Rs 60,000to register the incident with the police while towing the burned vehicle by a crane to Karachi cost another Rs65,000.
whereas 32 wheeler trucks worth Rs 12.5 million.

in transport business income is reasonable but increase in militant attacks has taken gross from it. transporter gets
-Rs 11.5 per liter to carry fuel to Bagram.
-Rs 11 to Kabul and Tarinkot
-Rs 9 to Jalabad
-Rs 6.5 to Kandahar.

(2 b cont....)

Reality of extremism in PAKISTAN

2011-08-09T01:19:00.000-07:00

over 35,000 Pakistanis have been killed so far during last decade.there are 4 types of militant groups in Pakistan

1) AL-Qaeda
2) afghan taliban
3)kashmiri groups
4)sectarian groups

Pakistani people are generally negatively inclined towards all 4 types. especially people living in violent parts like Khyber-paktunkhwa .they strongly dislike these groups because they have paid and still paying higher price.

however generally people are little inclined to kashmiri groups as they are providing public goods like health services and other basic needs. people say kashmiri groups haven't anti-Pakistan ideology as other 3 groups have and they are not killing Pakistani innocent people.another interesting aspect is that the poor class dislike militant groups more as middle class do.reason is,because militants target markets, mosques and shrines.where poor class presence in more than middle class.

and the myth,that individuals support militants because they are poor and need money so they become militant to earn bread,is totally baseless and wrong. poverty is not the whole reason of extremism,rather its a small part of many other multiple reasons.

teenagers studying in religious centers and madrases are brain washed and then they have been taken to tribal areas where they get training n detonation.education in Pakistan in not free rather very expensive for poor class.which means 40% of population cant even think to take education here.and on other hand 7-8 children on average per family makes impossible to even take basic education of primary.

and because the madrases are given religious education totally free and free boarding ,food,clothes,shelter and other basic needs which government schools are not giving .so poor class take religious education from there.where they are targeted by religious fanatics and brain washed.

then economic growth is less then 3-4% is growing unemployment and inflation .and middle class is slowly sliding to lower class .and this cycle is continue.american aid for army goes directly of army pockets and have no effect on civilians and american aid for civilians is doing some betterment particularly in far villages,health,agriculture and education but it is very less and rare.that no one here accepts that Americans are even giving civilians a single dollar,they are just lying. Americans have to double civilians aid and built a strong and soft image in the hearts n minds of Pakistani civilians,the image which america deserves.

written by zulkifal yousaf

write long reports

2011-08-07T03:33:00.000-07:00

- see full presentation here
- http://www.slideshare.net/xulkifal/long-reports
- ZULKIFAL YOUSAF
- [email_address]
- Zulkifal Yousaf
- Highlight your ability to organize and present ideas clearly
- Highlight your ability to find information
- Highlight your ability to solve problems
- Highlight your potential to take on additional responsibility
- Highlight your ability to organize and present ideas clearly
- Highlight your ability to find information
- Highlight your ability to solve problems
- Highlight your potential to take on additional responsibility
- Define the problems
- Collected all needed material
- Sorted data
- Organize outline
- Contents:
- Introduction
- Body or text
- Conclusion
- Revise again
- After finishing wait for some extent
- Use self
- Rearranging
- Delete redundant material
- Spelling correction
- Appearance
- Spacing
- Margins
- Pagination
- Report may be typewritten with double or single spacing .
- Double spacing
- Single spacing
- Single spacing has following benefits
- It saves typing time
- It saves the file space
- It saves both duplicating time and marital when multiple files are required
- Side margin of half inch (for binding)
- Top margin of 2 inch
1.Prefatory parts page numbers are cantered and placed half inch below the imaginary line that frames the bottom of the types written material count and number the prefatory pages as shown below. Cover and title fly do not count or number Title page count (i) but do not insert number Table of contents count and number each page Table of tables count and number Summary count and number
- 2.body and supplemental parts page numbers.
- A. If your report is bound at the left page numbers are usually placed near the upper right corner of the page , aligned with the right margin and half inch above the top imaginary line to frames the written materials.
- B. If your report is bound at the top , page number are usually placed in the centre at the bottom of the page half inch or double space
- Below the imaginary line that frames the bottom of the type writer text.
- Communicate new information
- Guide decisions
- Present complex materials
- Employ principles of effective page design
- Length
- Complexity of subject material
- Use of source material
- Standard components
- Introduction
- Body
- Conclusions and Recommendations
- Purpose —what report is intended to accomplish
- Scope —what report covers (and perhaps what it doesn’t cover)
- Procedures —how report was compiled (especially how information was gathered)
- Context —overall issue being addressed, circumstances surrounding report
- Limitations —problems, shortcomings
Presents findings of report Organized roughly into problem (including causes and effects) and solutions (including how and why) May include visuals
- Conclusion: Summarizes main points of report
- Recommendation: Summarize actions to be taken, often in list format
- Transmittal Document
- Title Page
- Abstract
- Table of Contents
- List of Illustrations
- Glossary
- Letter or memo that accompanies report
- Brief summary of report context and contents
- Thanks reader for cooperation/interest
- Builds positive relationship with reader
- Uses standard forms and direct or indirect approach
- Title of report
- Name and title of writer
- Name and title of reader
- Name of company or organization
- Date of submission
- Centered on page
- Not—Preliminary Site Investigation (Which site? What about it?)
- Instead—Investigation of Coal Gasification Site #1, First Street, Chalmers, New York
- Computer Availability
- (Where? For whom?)
- Compute This: Student Access to Computers at IVCC
- (Too cute/clever. May turn off some readers.)
- The Need for Extended Student Computer Lab Hours at Illinois Valley Community College
- Summary of report’s contents and recommendations
- Designed to stand alone
- Formatted as one paragraph
- Abstract as title
- List of headings exactly as they appear in report
- Lower case Roman numerals (i, ii, iii, iv, etc.) for front matter, beginning with list of illustrations
- Arabic numerals (1, 2, 3, etc.) for rest of report
- Table of Contents or Contents as title
- Traditional —numbered, indented, dotted lines to page numbers
- Contemporary —no numbering, indented, no dotted lines
- Decimal —numbered (whole numbers and decimals), indented, dotted lines optional
- Lists exact titles of illustrations and corresponding page numbers in report
- e.g. Figure 1: Student Support for Renovation of Main Campus Buildings
- Distinguishes between tables and figures
- Typically its own page(s)
- Defines all potentially unfamiliar words, expressions, or symbols
- Need determined by audience
- Alphabetizes terms
- Lists symbols in order of appearance
- Appendixes
- Bibliography
- Supplementary material, such as interview questions, survey questions, additional figures and illustrations, copies of relevant sources, other relevant documents—anything that you want the reader to have access to but that doesn’t fit directly into your report
- Includes title listed on Table of Contents (e.g. Appendix A: Interview Questions for Bill Gates)
- Each appendix a separate page or pages
- List of sources
- Title and format depend on specific documentation format
- APA (American Psychological Association)— References
- MLA (Modern Language Association)—Works Cited

GLOBALIZATION

2011-08-07T03:27:00.000-07:00

see full document here
http://www.slideshare.net/xulkifal/globalization-2792613

GLOBALIZATION
ZULKIFAL YOUSAF FA08-BSB-029OVERVIEW OF GLOBALIZATION
Name for the process of increasing the connectivity and interdependence of the world's markets and businesses. This process has speeded up dramatically in the last two decades as technological advances make it easier forpeople to travel, communicate, and do businessinternationally. Two major recent driving forces are advances in telecommunications infrastructure and the rise of the internet. In general, as economies become more connected to other economies, they have increased opportunity but also increased competition. Thus, as globalization becomes a more and more common feature of world economics, powerful pro-globalization and anti-globalization lobbies have arisen. The pro-globalization lobby argues that globalization brings about much increased opportunities for almost everyone, and increased competition is a good thing since it makes agents of production more efficient. The two most prominent pro-globalization organizations are the World Trade Organization and the World EconomicForum.
Advantages Of Globalization
People around the world are more connected to each other than ever before. Information and money flow quicker than ever. Products produced in one part of a country are available to the rest of the world. It is much easier for people to travel, communicate and do business internationally. This whole phenomenon has been called globalization. Spurred on in the past by merchants, explorers, colonialists and internationalists, globalization has in more recent times been increasing rapidly due to improvements in communications, information and transport technology. It has also been encouraged by trade liberalization and financial market deregulation.Globalization offers a higher standard of living for people in rich countries and is the only realistic route out of poverty for the world's poor. Pro-globalization groups e.g. World Trade Organization and the World Economic Forum believe that globalization helps to reduce poverty and increase living standards as well as encourage a better cultural understanding. Also, due to globalization, there can be international co-operation to solve environmental and social problems.Technology has now created the possibility and even the likelihood of a global culture. The Internet, fax machines and satellites have swept away the old national cultural boundaries. Global entertainment companies now seem to shape the understandings and dreams of ordinary citizens, wherever they live. Globalization leads to better cultural understanding and tolerance. Because of improvements in travel, more and more people are traveling to different countries, thereby spreading their culture to other parts of the world.
DISADVANTAGES
Globalization is causing Europeans to lose their jobs as work is being outsourced to the Asian countries. The cost of labor in the Asian countries is low as compared to other countries.
The high rate of profit for the companies, in Asia, has resulted in a pressure on the employed Europeans, who are always under the threat of the business being outsourced.
Companies are as opening their counterparts in other countries. This results in transferring the quality of their product to other countries, thereby increasing the chances of depreciation in terms of quality.
There are experts who believe that globalization is the cause for the invasion of communicable diseases and social degeneration in countries.
The threat that the corporates would rule the world is on high, as there is a lot of money invested by them.
It is often argued that poor countries are exploited by the richer countries where the work force is taken advantage of and low wages are implemented.
CULTURE AND GLOBALIZATION
Culture and globalization are two different concepts. The word 'culture' originated from the Latin word, 'cultura', meaning 'to cultivate'. Culture is a way of life adopted by a certain group of people of a particular society at a specific time and place. While the second term, globalization, is an economic interaction between more than two countries. It shows global context than a limited interest of a country. Every society has its own culture and way of life. Culture is established by a group of people who live together and adhere to some principles in their society. In a broader sense, culture is a phenomenon of inheritance, unconsciously adopted by a person who is born within that group. When a culture newly is introduced to the globalization, people find it detrimental to their way of life. Such as they scared some inconsiderable concepts of other culture might take the place of their culture. The foremost effect of globalization on the world is 'Westernization'. It is a modern concept that has been developing in the past few decades because of the impacts of western expansion and colonization. Westernization is a process, in which people practice or imitate western customs, lifestyle and ideas. Here, we find globalization spreading its roots all across the world to make communication easier. Some societies find globalization as a dominating concept. It might effect on their lifestyle. If a society has complex cultural conditions such as exploiting people on the ground of race, gender or class, people will really try to get rid of such society. A culture, the restricted group of people has some other issues like chauvinism, fundamentalism, religion, ethnic and racial hatred in controversy.
CONCLUTION
GLOBALIZATION EFFECTS ON PAKISTAN:
Increasing globalization has increased the influence of " Western culture" in Pakistan. Pakistan ranks 46th in the world on the Kearney/FP Globalization index. Many Western restaurant chains have established themselves in Pakistan, and are found in the major cities.
A large Pakistani diaspora exists in the West. Whereas Pakistanis in the United States, Canada and Australia tend to be professionals, the majority of them in the United Kingdom, Germany and the Scandinavian nations comes from a rural background and belongs to the working class. A large number of Pakistani expatriates are also living in the Middle East. These emigrants and their children influence Pakistan culturally and economically, keeping close ties with their roots by travelling to Pakistan and especially by returning or investing there.
GLOBALIZATION AND PAKISTAN’S ECONOMY:
The International Monetary Fund (IMF), World Bank (WB) and US Treasury view globalization of economies as a mathematical and scientific problem and not as a socio-cultural phenomenon. To these institutions it is monetarist economics that should govern economic globalization. This study analyzes Pakistan's economy in the context of globalization by using the yardsticks of trade in general and Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in particular. The inferences drawn are further reinforced by looking at stock market, external debt and liabilities (EDL), poverty, unemployment, inflation etc. Globalization is leading to growth in China but for South Asia, South East Asia and for Africa, it is perpetuation of poverty, hunger, disease and inequality. Revision of Millennium Development Goals (MDG) is a clear indication of that. Apart from successes in some areas, globalization has failed to bring positive change in the lives of millions of Pakistanis living below poverty line.

Floods in pakistan

2011-08-07T03:00:00.002-07:00

wishing if there was KALA BAG DAM...today 30 million people have not been displaced...aayyee hhaayyyee pakistanio when ll u realize..tht dams r 4 safety... as india n china r building gorgeous dams...bt we were fighting with each other 4 water n 2day whole country is full of that very same water ... grief :(

why turks love pakistan?

2011-08-07T03:00:00.000-07:00

Turkey is a country where Pakistanis are widely loved and respected. Sometimes people cant get this that why turks love Pakistan ? and when they ask turks about this. turks reply that repect for Pakistan is in their heart. They have no words to explain it.One of main factors which think is religion. And helping each other as brothers when ever they need each other. Turks feel very proud when Pakistanis ask them to take pictures with them. Turks feel very sad about situation in Pakistan. Continuous suicide bombings and killing of Pakistani people by Terrorists since attack on Afghanistan by America and nato forces.Turks said that they always want to help their brothers in Pakistan in this difficult time. And pray for Pakistan and Pakistanis.Every turk wish to visit Pakistan atlest one time in his life.LONG LIVE TURKEYLONG LIVE PAKISTAN

communication skills

2011-08-07T02:51:00.000-07:00

VIEW MY PRESENTATION ON THIS TOPIChttp://www.slideshare.net/xulkifal/communication-skills-2819958 COMMUNICATION: DEFINITION Communication, the process of sharing ideas, information, and messages with others in a particular time and place. Communication includes writing and talking, as well as nonverbal communication (such as facial expressions, body language, or gestures), visual communication (the use of images or pictures, such as painting, photography, video, or film), and electronic communication (telephone calls, electronic mail, cable television, or satellite broadcasts). Communication is a vital part of personal life and is also important in business, education, and any other situation where people encounter each other. What is communication?“ The transmission and reception of information between a signaler and receiver” (The Penguin Dictionary of Language by David Crystal) Communication“ The term refers to every kind of mutual transmission of information, using signs and symbols between living beings (humans, animals), between people and data processing machines” (Ruthledge Dictionary of Language and Linguistics) Types of CommunicationA. Early Methods B. Paper and Printing C. Postal Services D. Telegraphy E. Telephone F. Radio G. Television H. Computers Animal CommunicationInteraction between animals in which information transmitted from one animal or group of animals affects the behavior of other animals. Animals typically exchange information using a signal, such as facial expression, sound, or touch. Communication between animals helps them coordinate the vital functions of their lives—namely, gathering food and hunting, staking out territory, caring for young, and defending themselves. COMPONENTS / ELEMENTS OF LINGUISTIC COMMUNICATIONINFORMATION GAP CHOICE FEEDBACK/ RESPONSE LINGUISTIC COMMUNICATION A B CHOICE INFORMATION GAP RESPONSE/FEEDBACK (VERBAL/NON-VERBAL) BASED ON SITUATION SETTING ROLE RELATION MOOD Language Language, the principal means used by human beings to communicate with one another. Language is primarily spoken, but it can also be transferred to other media, such as writing Microsoft Encarta Encyclopedia COMPONENTS OF LANGUAGESpoken human language is composed of sounds that do not in themselves have meaning, but that can be combined with other sounds to create entities that do have meaning. Language also is characterized by complex syntax whereby elements, usually words, are combined into more complex constructions, called phrases, and these constructions in turn play a major role in the structures of sentences.Victoria's Secret Sexy Little Things[Image] Language SkillsListening Skills Speaking Skills Reading Skills Writing Skills LISTENING PROCESS Decoding Process Output InputRaw Data: Significant noise Insignificant noise, gestures , facial expressions, etc. Appropriate response: Verbal / Non- verbal Interpretation of discourse taking account of age, sex, topic, accent, setting, role, status, attitude, degree of shared knowledge, etc.Ooh La La Sexy Little Things Rich Body Butter By Victoria's Secret 5oz[Image]Recognition: Selection of Significant Items at Phonological Syntactical Lexical Levels Short-term Memory CapacityAnticipation Completion Capacity Lexical Syntactical Rhetorical SPEAKING SKILLSWhat Where When How Why Whom Speaker Listener ReadingReading is an activity characterized by the translation of symbols, or letters, into words and sentences that have meaning to the individual. The ultimate goal of reading is to be able to understand written material, to evaluate it, and to use it for one's needs. WritingWriting is a method of human intercommunication by means of arbitrary visual marks forming a system. Writing can be achieved in either limited or full systems, a full system being one that is capable of expressing unambiguously any concept that can be formulated in language. Mechanics of WritingPunctuation Words: Spellings & Kinds of Words Phrases Clauses Sentence Paragraph Composition TYPES OF WRITINGInformal Writing Formal Writing Communication Skills : Importance, Benefits, seven c’s, Theories, Barriers Non-Verbal communication Mr. Saboor Communication Skills :Importance Benefits Seven c’s Theories Barriers Non-Verbal communication:Definition Classification Comparison with Verbal Communication Functions How to Improve non verbal communication? WHY COMMUNICATION SKILLS ARE SO IMPORTANT ?The purpose of communication is to get your message across to others clearly and unambiguously. You convey your ideas and thoughts effectively. Communication skills, including written and oral presentation, as well as an ability to work with others, are the main factors contributing to job success. The inability to communicate makes it nearly impossible for the students to compete effectively in the workplace, and stands in the way of career progression. Getting your message across is paramount to progressing. To do this, you must understand what your message is, what audience you are sending it to, and how it will be perceived. You must also weigh-in the circumstances surrounding your communication, such as situational and cultural context. Good communication basically has following effects:Leads to personal effectiveness Assists in developing networking abilities Helps in developing collaborative skills with people around Influences, motivates & persuades people for improving performance Creates better inter personal relations Builds better understanding between people at different levels in an organization Creates an understanding about the need to change Helps reduce resistance to change Helps defuse or minimize conflicts Improves substantially listening ability BENEFITS OF EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION:Gives you happiness : Effective communication skills make you happier by having joyous relationships, reduces anger of both parties talking, correctly expresses yourself, and other reasons. Makes you attractive : Communication goes way beyond verbal and non-verbal language. It is also the self development aspects such as confidence that create effective communication. Communication is what makes you interesting, it lets you connect with people and build friendships. You become intimate : Good communication of course because it is the only “bridge” between a relationship. Intimacy is about both people being open in a relationship. Increased popularity : Effective communication can definitely make you popular amongst others because you learn to manage your emotions and thoughts to control stressful experiences. Self control : By developing self understanding (very important part in communication) you develop self control. Controlling yourself isn’t limited to stopping yourself from doing actions, but it also ‘controls’ you to do the right things. Understand others : By using effective communication you learn to read another person’s emotions, understand another person’s emotions, and communicate about another person’s emotions. Understand yourself : There are an abundance of further benefits to effective communication such as anger management, increased likelihood of receiving a job promotion, more persuasion, better leadership skills, and the list goes on. SEVEN C’s OF EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATIONAlthough technology has changed, the essential elements of good communication have not changed. For effective and powerful communication, 7 Cs of communication have to be considered which are as follows: 1. COMPLETENESSA complete message contains all the facts and/or pertinent questions a listener, viewer, or reader needs for a communicator to achieve the desired results. A complete message which includes all the essential components is more likely to motivate the receiver than a message that is vague or obscure. Completeness involves the quality of the message in terms of substance, style and delivery of the message with a clear understanding of the likely reaction of the recipient for appropriate reaction. BENEFITS OF COMPLETENESS:Complete Messages are more likely to bring desired response. They can do a better job of building Goodwill Complete messages are likely to avert costly lawsuits. 2. CONCISENESSThe communication has to be concise and hence all redundant words and terminology has to be avoided for effectiveness. Conciseness is based on relevant words and phrases only. It includes all of the necessary facts and ideas in the fewest possible words, without sacrificing meaning or artistry. BENEFITS OF CONCISENESS:It saves time and expenses for both the sender and the receiver. By eliminating unnecessary words you let important ideas stand out. When combined with YOU ATTITUDE the concise messages are more interesting to the recipients. 3. CONSIDERATEConsideration implies assignment of due importance to the knowledge, level of understanding, purpose and feelings of recipient. Consideration helps build a quick rapport and improves efficacy of the communication. Be considerate and sensitive to the communication needs of your recipient. Handle matters from his/her point of view. Emphasize positive facts and keep ‘you’ instead of ‘I’ in mind. 4. CONCRETENESSConcrete communication is definite, specific, and vivid rather than general or vague. Whenever possible, exact words and figures should be used rather than general words, as general words may have different meanings for the sender than for the receiver of the communication. Strong verbs in the active voice help make sentences definite. Concrete rather than abstract nouns and well-chosen modifiers can make messages vivid and forceful. BENEFITS OF BEING CONCRETEYour reader knows exactly what is required or desired. When your approach is concrete, the reader interprets the message in the way you intend. Concrete messages are clear, dynamic and vivid. 5. CLARITYEffective communication depends on the choice of right words, simple and precise terminology to express ideas. This choice is based on a correct idea of the recipient in terms of knowledge level and understanding of the issue at hand. Clear expression removes ambiguity and improves clarity. To improve clarity one has to avoid: Usage of camouflaged words Usage of long, convoluted, bureaucratic style Usage of clichés Usage of unfamiliar words 6. COURTESYThere is no area that irks clients more than a lack of common courtesy. A good rule of thumb is to treat your clients' time as if it is as valuable as your own. Start meetings on time. Hold your calls during client meetings. If you have to take a call, never take it in front of the client. Excuse yourself and take the call in another room. 7. CORRECT NESSCorrectness in communication refers to use of the appropriate level of language (formal or informal), the employment of acceptable writing mechanics and usage practices, and the selection of language and expressions that are not discriminatory. Correctness also refers to accuracy. Information which is communicated needs to be as up to date and accurate as possible. THEORIES IN COMMUNICATIONHuman communication permeates the human condition. Human communication surrounds us and is an in-built aspect of everything human beings are and do. That makes any effort to explain, predict, or to some extent control human communication a pretty big order. How does one get a handle on the totality of human communication? - Frank Dance Major Theories in CommunicationMechanistic Theory Psychological Theory Social Constructionist Theory Systemic Theory Critical TheoryMax Factor MAXalicious glitz Lipgloss, Bubble Bath 710 .27 fl oz (8 ml)[Image] Mechanistic TheoryThis view considers communication as a perfect transaction of a message from the sender to the receiver. Psychological TheoryThis view considers communication as the act of sending a message to a receiver, and the feelings and thoughts of the receiver upon interpreting the message. Social Constructionist Theory(Symbolic Interactionist): This view considers communication to be the product of the interactants sharing and creating meaning. Systemic TheoryThis view considers communication to be the new messages created via “through-put”, or what happens as the message is being interpreted and re-interpreted as it travels through people. Critical TheoryThis view considers communication as a source of power and oppression of individuals and social groups. Barriers to communicationLanguage Barriers Semantic Barriers Organizational Barriers Physical Barriers Psychological Barriers (on the part of listener) Listening Barriers Language BarriersLack of common language Vocabulary Jargon Ambiguity Unusual words Rumbling Semantic BarriersPoor Vocabulary. Poor Know-how of Grammar and punctuation. Roundabout Verbiage. Psychological Barriers (on the part of listener)Pressure Mood Shyness Fear Enforced Attendance Know-it-all Too old to learn Perceptual Barriers Past experience Hidden agenda Stereo types Other barriers to ListeningHearing difficulties and seating position. Speed of thought, being ahead of the speaker. Speaker's apparent experience (or lack of it). Different views from speaker's. Internal environmental distractions. External distractions. Not interested in subject (and determined not to be). Only present because of being sent. Wanting to hear only what you want to hear. Assuming what is being said. Emotive words and phrases ("with respect," etc.). Daydreaming. Other things on your mind. Tiredness.http://www.slideshare.net/xulkifal/communication-skills-2819958#text-versionhttp://www.slideshare.net/xulkifal/communication-skills-2819958

LAL MASJID after 3 years

2011-08-07T02:31:00.001-07:00

Situated at heart of fedral capital
Lal masjid and its realted seminaries i.e

Jamia ferrediaAnd Jamia hafzaWith 35 branches in twin cities i.e Rawalpindi n IslamabadHaving 5000 students mostly womenIn july 2007,security forces took action against this mosque administration that was Mulana Abdul Aziz and his brother Mulana Ghazei.Action against them took by forces because of following reasons:(1) 1) 3 months long illegal occupation of “children library” near mosque(2) 2) Formation of 10,000 pupils “BATON FORCE” against government as CDA razed Ammer Hamza Mosque in jan 2007 because of illegal occupation.(3) 3) However later government accepted to rebuild “Ameer Hamza mosque” .but MUlana Aziz refusssed to stop BATON FORCE and occupation on library.(4) 4) Mulana Aziz launched “Sharia enforcement movement” and set up illegal sheria courts.(5) 5) On other hand BATON force started to attack on private places,cars and common people of capital city and later kidnapped policemen.(6) 6) Later they started exposing illegal arms.As a result of operation by forces against them.(1)MUlana Aziz killed with some family members and some pupils ,mostly pupils accept the offer of forces to surrender.(2)Mulana Ghazi tried to escape in woman abaya but failed.(3)More than 5 SSG commandos also killed during fight including a MAJOR n CORNEL. (4)And other 5 soliders of rangers and army killed.NOW AFTER 3 YEARS:(1) 1) New government gave 15million RS to renovate this mosque.(2) 2) MUlana Ghazi is now new administrator.(3) 3) He now refusing to pay utility bills of mosque with other 39 mosques, and caaling government to free their mosque from these bills of electricity.and supply free electricity.(4) 4) And trying to frightened government by “bloody revolution”. This is ofcourse easy to say and difficult to do.(5) 5)On Other hand 32 suicide attacks in twin cities have been done so far in 3 years. Forces are thinking that as a revenge of operation silence.

ARTICLE written by ZULKIFAL YOUSAF

COMMUNICATION BARRIERS BETWEEN TEACHER AND STUDENT

2011-08-07T01:25:00.001-07:00

COMMUNICATION BARRIERS BETWEEN TEACHER AND STUDENT

WATCH MY full PRESENTATION HERE ON THIS TOPIC
http://www.slideshare.net/xulkifal/communication-barriers-between-teacher-and-student

COMMUNICATION BARRIERS BETWEEN TEACHER AND STUDENT BY ZULKIFAL YOUSAF me_the_charlie@hotmail.com ‘the science and practice of transmitting information’ TWO WAY COMUNICATION •Sender •Receiver •Feedback FEEDBACK Purposes •Improves quality •Increase accuracy •Make event enjoyable Types •Non-verbal •Verbal •Full verbal and non-verbal BARRIERS to listening TYPES •PHYSICAL •PERCEPTUAL •EMOTIONAL •CULTURAL •LANGUAGE •GENDER •INTERPERSONAL HOW TO OVERCOME THESE BARRIERS? SPACE ATTENTION LISTEN don’t Hear UNDERSTAND WHAT IS BEING SAID Seek CLARITY REPLY what you heard once you understand FOLLOW Effective listening will send the SIGNALS Don’t ASSUME BUILD RAPPORT INSTINCT Listen with your eyes BODY GESTURES EYE CONTACT WORDS CHOOSE CAREFULLY CONTACT EMOTIONAL AND RATIONAL SEND YOUR MESSAGE USE THEIR LANGUAGE RESPOND STRAIGHT FORWARDLY TO QUESTIONS Check Understanding WRITTEN COMMUNICATION •Uses correct grammar, spelling, and punctuation. •Expresses ideas so that the reader can understand. •Organizes communication logically. •Adjusts the style, format, and content of communication to the level of the reader. •Presents data accurately to support conclusions and recommendations. •Knows when written communication should be used rather than oral communication. •Sends communication to the appropriate parties. •Asks for help from others in reviewing important documents. Don’t use TECHNICAL WRITING AVOID AMBUGITY http://www.slideshare.net/xulkifal/physiological-development-of-children-engaged-in-child-labor1-2819982

child labour

2011-08-07T00:16:00.001-07:00

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Child Labor Child labor is not only a social problem but also an economic one Watching a young child work for fourteen hours a-day is what is termed as child labor . What is child labor? United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund(UNICEF) defines “child” as anyone below the age of 18, “Child Labor” as some type of work performed by children below age 18. “ Child Labor” is generally speaking, work for children that harms them or exploits them in some way (physically, mentally, morally or blocking access to education), In Pakistan children of age 5-14 are above 40 millions. During the last year, the Federal Bureau of Statistics released the results of its survey funded by ILO’s IPEC (International Program on the Elimination of Child Labor). It is found that 3.8 million children are working in Pakistan out of total 40 million children. Fifty percent of these economically active children are in age group of 5 to 9 years. 3.8 million economically active children . 2.7 million were claimed to be working in the agriculture sector 73% Of the 3.8 million children are the boys. Article 11 of the Constitution prohibits all forms of slavery, forced labour and child labou. Article 37(e) makes provision for securing just and humane conditions of work, ensuring that children and women are not employed in vocations unsuited to their age or sex . OVER POPULATION : Limited resources and more mouths to feed, ILLITERACY : Illiterate parents do not realize the need for a proper physical, emotional and cognitive development of a child. POVERTY : Many a time poverty forces parents to send their children to hazardous jobs. URBANIZATION : Export industries in the developing world employ child workers, particularly in the garment industry. ORPHANS : Children born out of wedlock, children with no parents and relatives, often do not find anyone to support them. Thus they are forced to work for their own living. WILLINGNESS TO EXPLOIT CHILDREN : This is at the root of the problem Even if a family is very poor, the incidence of child labor will be very low unless there are people willing to exploit these children. UNEMPLOYMENT OF ELDERS : Elders often find it difficult to get jobs. The industrialists and factory owners find it profitable to employ children. This is so because they can pay less and extract more work. Causes of Child Labor Physical injuries and mutilations are caused by badly maintained machinery on farms and in factories, machete accidents in plantations, and any number of hazards encountered in industries such as mining, ceramics and fireworks manufacture Pesticide poisoning is one of the biggest killers of child laborers. In Sri Lanka, pesticides kill more children than diphtheria, malaria, polio and tetanus combined. The global death toll each year from pesticides is supposed to be approximately 40'000 Growth deficiency is prevalent among working children, who tend to be shorter and lighter than other children; these deficiencies also impact on their adult life Long-term health problems , such as respiratory disease, asbestosis and a variety of cancers, are common in countries where children are forced to work with dangerous chemicals HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted diseases are rife among the one million children forced into prostitution every year; pregnancy, drug addiction and mental illness are also common among child prostitutes Exhaustion and malnutrition are a result of underdeveloped children performing heavy manual labour, working long hours in unbearable conditions and not earning enough to feed themselves adequately The government has made efforts to prohibit child labor by enacting Child labor laws in India including the 1986 Child Labor (Prohibition and Regulation) Government has accordingly been taking proactive steps to tackle this problem through strict enforcement of legislative provisions along with simultaneous rehabilitative measures State Governments, which are the appropriate implementing authorities, have been conducting regular inspections and raids to detect cases of violations Government has been laying a lot of emphasis on the rehabilitation of these children and on improving the economic conditions of their families

Children Engaged In Child Labor

2011-08-07T00:09:00.000-07:00

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Child Labour -United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund(UNICEF) defines “child” as anyone below the age of 18, “Child Labour” as some type of work performed by children below age 18.-“Child Labour” is generally speaking, work for children that harms them or exploits them in some way (physically, mentally, morally or blocking access to education) Facts-In Pakistan children of age 5-14 are above 40 millions.-During the last year, the Federal Bureau of Statistics released the results of its survey funded by ILO’s IPEC (International Program on the Elimination of Child Labor). It is found that 3.8 million children are working in Pakistan out of total 40 million children. -Fifty percent of these economically active children are in age group of 5 to 9 years. - 3.8 million economically active children .- 2.7 million were claimed to be working in the agriculture sector - 73% Of the 3.8 million children are the boys. Child Employment Trend Causes-OVER POPULATION: Limited resources and more mouths to feed,-ILLITERACY : Illiterate parents do not realize the need for a proper physical, emotional and cognitive development of a child. -POVERTY: Many a time poverty forces parents to send their children to hazardous jobs. -URBANIZATION: Export industries in the developing world employ child workers, particularly in the garment industry. Consequences-Physical injuries and mutilations :Are caused by badly maintained machinery on farms and in factories, machete accidents in plantations, and any number of hazards encountered in industries such as mining, ceramics and fireworks manufacture -Pesticide poisoning :Is one of the biggest killers of child laborers. In Sri Lanka, pesticides kill more children than diphtheria, malaria, polio and tetanus combined. The global death toll each year from pesticides is supposed to be approximately 40'000 -Growth deficiency :Is prevalent among working children, who tend to be shorter and lighter than other children; these deficiencies also impact on their adult life
Long-term health problems: Such as respiratory disease, asbestosis and a variety of cancers, are common in countries where children are forced to work with dangerous chemicals
HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted: Diseases are rife among the one million children forced into prostitution every year; pregnancy, drug addiction and mental illness are also common among child prostitutes
Exhaustion and malnutrition: Are a result of underdeveloped children performing heavy manual labour, working long hours in unbearable conditions and not earning enough to feed themselves adequately Initiatives towards Elimination of Child LabourThe government has made efforts to prohibit child labor by enacting Child labor laws in India including the 1986 Child Labor (Prohibition and Regulation)Government has accordingly been taking proactive steps to tackle this problem through strict enforcement of legislative provisions along with simultaneous rehabilitative measures PROHIBITION OF EMPLOYMENT OF CHILDREN IN CERTAINOCCUPATIONS AND PROCESSES1. Transport of passengers, goods; or mails by railway2. Cinder picking, clearing of an ash pit or building operation in the railwaypremise.3. Work in a catering establishment at a railway station, involving the movementof vendor or any other employee of the establishment from one platform toanother or into or out of a moving train.4. Work relating to the construction of railway station or with any other workwhere such work is done in close proximity to or between the railway lines.5. The port authority within the limits of any port.1076. Work relating to selling of crackers and fireworks in shops with temporarylicenses7. Abattoirs/slaughter Houses8. Automobile workshops and garages.9. Foundries10. Handling of taxies or inflammable substance or explosives11. Handlom and powerloom industry12. Mines (Under ground and under water) and collieries13. Plastic units and Fiber glass workship HOW TO Manage the problem?Ministry of Labour and manpower.Ministry of Education.Ministry of Health.Business Community. Universities of Pakistan.NGOsCivil societyUnited Nations Unicef Opening education centersProviding courses for the parentsHelping children to return to school-Solving economic problems UNITED NATIONS AGAINST CHILD LABOUR -The ILO launched the first World Day Against Child Labour in 2002 as a way to highlight the plight of child workers. The day, which is annually observed on 12 June, is intended to serve as a catalyst for the growing worldwide movement against child labour .-UN Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) This Convention was adopted by the UN General Assembly on November 20, 1989. The scope of this convention extends to persons up to the age of 18. UNICEF’s approach recognizes that all children are entitled to protection – as laid out in the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child. UNICEF draws attention to the duties of governments, families, communities and individuals to respect those rights and supports them in doing so.
UNICEF does this by raising awareness and enhancing capacities at various levels of society and in the government. A protective environment is one where everyone – from children and health workers to governments and the private sector … Efforts by Government of Pakistan Developing National Policy and Plan of Action for the elimination of child labour.Activating Media in Combating Child LabourTargeting the Worst Forms of Child Labour through Law Enforcement. Targeting the Worst Forms of Child Labour through Community Development Carrying out National Survey on Child Labour Situation in Pakistan Collecting Information on specific Target Groups under the Worst Forms of Child Labour Efforts of NGOsNon-formal Education and skills Enhancement ProgrammeAwareness Raising and pre-vocational training programme for the Elimination of child labour in commercial agriculture Development of a Training Manual for Master Trainers involved in Child LabourProgrammes. Crisis Intervention and Social/Legal Support Programme for Working Children Child Labour Information, Awareness and rehabilitation programme. Programme for Training and Education of Carpet Weaving Children Mobilizing Multi-sectoral support against child labour. Rehabilitation and Prevention Programme for the children working in Leather Tanneries. Training IPEC Partners in Development, Monitoring and Evaluation of Child Labour Projects EFFORTS OF TRADE UNIONS Child Labour Awareness Raising among Workers. Awareness Raising on the Elimination of Child Labour in interior Sindh. Non-formal education and awareness programme for the children working in textile, garments and leather centres Developing Children withdrawn from work into Skilled Labour Force for the Future Supporting/Strengthening Self-initiated Activities to Combat child Labour. Intensifying Efforts towards Elimination of Child Labour and Restoration/Protection of their Rights including the Right to Education.

Pakistan Ordinance Factory

2011-08-07T00:07:00.000-07:00

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Pakistan Ordinance Factory History: In the time of partition the 16 ordinance factories of British India were in the location of present India. Pakistan first Prime Minister Liaquat Ali khan issued a directive within four months of the creation of Pakistan to establish an ordnance factory in collaboration with British Royal Ordinance. Pakistan's second Prime Minister Khawaja Nazimuddin took part in the opening ceremony of the first four POF workshops in the small town of Wah. Introduction: Pakistan ordinance factory found in 1951 with the objective of producing arms for the armed forces of Pakistan. POF was established in 1951. Pakistan Ordnance Factories is the largest defence industrial complex in Pakistan. Pakistan Ordnance Factories or POF is a defence industrial complex producing conventional arms and ammunition in Pakistan under the Ministry of Defence Production. POF is a government organization operating under the Defence Production Division in Pakistan’s Ministry of Defence. The Pakistan Ordnance Factories is a complex of arms and ammunition manufacturing factories provided the weapons and ammunitions to the Pakistan Army and all their foreign clients. However, since POF can not produce the complete inventory of the Pakistani Army's armament needs, a high content of the Armed Force requirements are imported. More than 50 years of continuous growth and development POF is a sprawling industrial complex of the following 14 Factories and 7 subsidiaries: Factories 1 Weapons Factory 2 Bombs & Grenades Factory 3 Tungsten Carbide Factory 4 Machine Gun Factory 5 Filling Factory 6Propellants Factory 7 Heavy Artillery Ammo Factory 8 Small Arms Ammo Factory 9 Brass Mill 10 Tungsten Alloy Factory 11 Tank Amrno Factory Page6 12 Explosives Factory 13 Medium Artillery Ammo Factory 14 Clothing Factory Subsidiaries 1 Wah industries Ltd. 2 Wah Nobel (Pvt) Ltd. 3 Wah Nobel Chemicals Ltd. 4 Wah Nobel Detonators Ltd. 5 Wah Nobel Acetate Ltd. 6 Attock Chemicals (Pvt) Ltd. 7 Hi-Tech Plastic (Pvt) Ltd. The two main subsidiaries namely Wah Industries Ltd and Wah Nobel Ltd. were established to utilize spare capacities of Factories for commercial applications but later on Hi-Tech Plastics Ltd, Wah Nobel Chemical Ltd, Wah Nobel Detonators Ltd and Attock Chemicals Ltd were set up to meet the requirement of civil market. These subsidiaries are earning significant profits annually thus adding to the national wealth. POF produce approximately 70 major products for supply of Army, Navy and Air Force. Apart from raw materials, all other inputs needed for the manufacture of arms and ammunition such as brass, gilding metal and clad steel, steel products, carbide and tungsten alloy products, fuzes, rocket and artillery propellants, all types of explosives are produced in POF. Modernization. The past 50 years have seen a breathtaking expansion and modernization. POF which started with the manufacture of 303 rifles and its ammunition with an old plant of world war II vintage, has since moved into the era of state of the art technology, computer aided design and computer aided manufacture. POF were confined mostly to the traditional products in the first 15 to 20 years but after passing through different phases of expansion, diversification and consolidation, POF has come of age by taking a quantum jump to the modern state of art manufacturing technology During the last ten years or so POF has emerged as an armament manufacturer of international repute. POF is alive to the the emerging technologies in armament production and interacts with the world renowned manufacturers and R&D establishments at different forums to keep itself abreast of the latest developments. Exports. POF's participation in various International defence exhibitions and its effective marketing strategy has earned it an international recognition. POF Page6 has been at one time or the other exporting arms and ammunition to 30 countries around the globe. During the last three years, POF recorded high exports of arms & ammo and was awarded the FPCCI trophy for exports. Military delegations and heads of States of various countries have been visiting POF and taking with them an ever-lasting impression of the wide range of products and their excellent quality. POF produce approximately 70 major products for supply of Army, Navy and Air Force. The main products include automatic rifle; light medium and heavy machine guns, complete range of mortar and artillery ammunitions, aircraft ammunition and anti- aircraft ammunitions, tank ammunition and anti-tank ammunitions, bombs, grenades, land mines, pyrotechnics and signal stores etc. Starting form raw materials, all other inputs needed for the manufacture of arms and ammunition such as brass, gilding metal clad steel, steel products carbide and tungsten alloy products all types of gun, rocket and artillery propellants, and all types of explosives are produced in POF. POF COLLABORATION WITH OTHER COUNTRIES POF is a group of fourteen factories that produce automatic rifles, machine guns, mortar and artillery ammunition, air-craft and anti-aircraft ammunition, tank and anti-tank ammunition, bombs, grenades, military pyrotechnics and landmines. Part of POF's strategy is to manufacture weaponry in collaboration with companies from other countries. It reports such collaboration with Royal Ordnance Factories of the UK, Rheinmetal of Germany, 'many' with China and Czechoslovakia and 'an excellent joint venture' with SAAB for the production of commercial explosives. It produces assault rifles, sub-machine guns and pistols under licence from Heckler & Koch. POF PROJECTS The country now boasts a powerful industrial, technological and research-based developing and manufacturing sector for its armed forces and exports a wide variety of small and large weapons ranging from modern fighter jets, battle tanks, armored vehicles, frigates and submarines to unmanned aerial vehicles and high tech firearms and personal grenade launchers for urban combat. Some of these items were on display at IDEAS 2008. Pakistan has become an increasingly important player in the world arms industry, a global industry and business which manufactures and sells weapons and military technology and equipment. Arms production companies, also referred to as Defense Contractors, produce arms mainly for the armed forces of nation states. Products include guns, ammunition, missiles, military aircraft, military vehicles, ships, electronic Systems, and more. The arms industry also conducts significant research and development. Pakistan's major defense manufacturing companies are owned and operated by Pakistan's military. Page6 According to Business Monitor, Pakistan's defense industry contains over 20 major public sector units (PSUs) and over 100 private-sector firms. The majority of major weapons systems production and assembly is undertaken by the state-owned PSUs, while the private-sector supplies parts, components, bladed weapons and field equipment. Major PSUs include the Pakistan Ordnance Factory (POF), Heavy Industries Taxila (HIT), Pakistan Aeronautical Complex, Karachi Shipyard and Engineering Works (KSEW) and the Pakistan Machine Tool Factory. Multinational presence in Pakistan is limited, although joint production or engineering support in the development of certain armaments has recently occurred with companies such as DCN International and the Chengdu Aircraft Industry Group. JF-17 Jointly developed by Paksiatn and China IDEAS 2000, Pakistan's first major arms show, was organized after former President Musharraf assumed leadership of the country in the wake of the 1999 bloodless coup that toppled the Nawaz Sharif government. At the show, the former president emphasized the need for the growth of Pakistan's defense industry and private sector involvement in R&D, manufacturing and marketing of arms. Held every two years since the year 2000, the show has become a runaway success. It has helped Pakistan and other friendly nations to show off their wares, find customers, share knowledge, build bilateral partnerships, encourage scientific innovation and learning among young people and made visitors and Pakistani citizens more aware of the role the defense industry plays in national defense and economy. World Arms Market It is estimated that yearly, over USD 1 trillion are spent on military expenditures worldwide (2% of World GDP). Part of this goes to the procurement of military hardware and services from the military industry. The combined arms sales of the top 100 largest arms producing companies amounted to an estimated USD 315 billion in 2006. In 2004 over USD 30 billion were spent in the international arms trade (excluding domestic arms sales). Many industrialized countries have a domestic arms industry to supply their own military forces. Some countries also have a substantial legal or illegal domestic trade in weapons for use by its citizens. The illegal trade in small arms is prevalent in many countries and regions affected by political instability. Pakistan's Arms Business In a July 2008 interview with Pakistan's Dawn newspaper, Major General Mohammad Farooq, Director General of the Defense Export Promotion Organization, claimed that Page6 Pakistan's defense exports have tripled to around USD 300 million because of the quality of its ammunition, anti-tank guided missiles, rocket launchers and shoulder- fired surface-to-air missiles. He said exports to South Asian, Middle Eastern and African countries had increased significantly. It has been reported that Sri Lanka has purchased cluster bombs, deep penetration bombs and rockets and UAVs from Pakistan. Page6 Pakistan has been eager to boost its capabilities for high-tech aerial warfare and restructure and reorient its military to respond to the new and emerging challenges of combating insurgents. A number of public and private sector companies have been engaged in research, development and manufacturing of unmanned aerial vehicles as a part of this initiative. The public sector companies include Pakistan Aeronautical Complex, Air Weapons Complex and National Development Complex. Flamingo - Satuma Pakistan This growing interest by Pakistani military and also foreign companies and governments has helped spawn several private Pakistani UAV companies specializing in air-frames, launch and propulsion, flight control, tele-command and control systems, signal intelligence, training simulators, etc. In addition to Integrated Dynamics mentioned earlier, other private companies involved in UAV development and manufacturing include, East-West Infinity, Satuma and Global Industrial Defense Mukhbar- Satuma Pakistan Solutions. Uqaab - Air Weapons Complex Defence Production of Pakistan Pakistan’s defence industry began with limited ordnance production facilities, basically leftover of the British Colonial authorities. At the time of independence, there was hardly any industrial defence base in Pakistan. Pakistan defence industry started from scratch. It has taken a series of significant moves to develop some key areas to become self sufficient in defence production. This includes the creation of defence production division in 1972, later the establishment of defence export promotion organization. In 2004, the division of defence Production has been given a status of full Ministry

Arab Israel conflicts

2011-08-07T00:05:00.000-07:00

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Main Idea Regional Issues Map: Creation of Israel The Arab-Israeli Conflicts Golda Meir Revolution in Iran Conflict in Iraq Conflicts in the Middle East Focuses How regional issues contributed to conflicts in the Middle East? What were some key events in the Arab-Israeli conflict? What caused a revolution in Iran? How have conflicts affected Iraq? Main Idea Regional issues in the Middle East have led to conflicts between Israel and its neighbors and to conflicts in and between Iran and Iraq. Conflicts in the Middle East However, oil has also been a source of conflict. Over the last few decades, major conflicts have erupted in the Middle East. Issues that have contributed to the conflicts include the presence of huge oil reserves, the growth of Islam, and the conflict between Israel and its neighbors. Regional IssuesAbout two-thirds of world’s known oil reserved located in Middle East Reserves have been great source of wealth for Saudi Arabia, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, other countries Most members of Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries Oil in the Middle EastOPEC attempts to regulate production of oil exports to maximize revenues Oil revenues allowed Middle East governments to modernize countries, promote industrialization, economic, social development Oil Revenues Oil as source of conflict in Middle East Some governments have used oil revenues to build up military, maintain power, which threatens the neighboring countries Oil wealth has caused internal clashes within countries, societies Region’s strategic importance as source of oil has led outside nations to become involved in Middle Eastern affairs, politics Importance of Oil Religious AspectsRevolution in Iran, movement to reorder government, society according to Islamic laws Muslim believe countries have strayed from true Islam, followed Western models of political, economic development Islam Expansion of Israel Series of wars between Israel, neighbors has led to expansion of Israel Israel controls more land now than in 1948 when created Result: many Palestinian Arabs live under Israeli control; another source of tension, conflict in region Conflicts with Israel 1948, Israel established; since then most Middle Eastern countries have refused to recognize its existence Some countries have retaliated against Israel, funded militant groups that conduct raids, and repeated attacks against Israelis The Arab-Israeli conflict that began in 1948 has continued through the years. In 1967 and again in 1973, war erupted. Six years after the 1973 war, Egypt and Israel singed a peace agreement, but unrest among Palestinian Arabs in Israel remained a major problem. The Arab-Israeli Conflict1967, Egypt demanded UN remove troops from Gaza, Sinai Peninsula Egyptian troops moved into Sinai to close off Gulf of Aqaba, Israel’s route to Red Sea War in 1967, 1973Israel expected large-scale Arab attack, decided to strike first Launched air strikes against Egypt, Syria, Jordan; destroyed most of airplanes on ground Ground troops moved in, defeated Arabs Israeli AttacksIn Six-Day War Israel took control of Golan Heights, Sinai Peninsula, Gaza Strip, West Bank, East Jerusalem Took control of land in West Bank, Gaza with large Palestinian population Six-Day War Yom Kippur War Egypt, Syria determined to win territory back, launched Yom Kippur War, surprise attack against Israel in 1973 Took name from Jewish holy day when attack began Oil Embargo Both sides agreed to cease-fire after weeks of fighting During war, Arab members of OPEC declared oil embargo against countries supporting Israel Price of oil around world rose dramatically as result of refusal to sell oil U.S. Support At first Arab troops made gains in war; Israeli’s government, led by Golda Meir, not fully prepared for attack; needed military support from U.S. With support, Israeli forces regrouped, pushed back Egyptian, Syrian armies Egypt Strikes Back Until the late 1970s, no Arab nation had recognized Israel’s right to exist. A Peace Agreement1977, Egyptian president Anwar Sadat made momentous declaration: Egypt wanted peace with Israel U.S. president Jimmy Carter invited Sadat, Israeli prime minister Menachem Begin to Camp David, presidential retreat in Maryland Camp David1978, Sadat, Begin reached agreement known as Camp David Accords Egypt recognized Israel; Israel returned Sinai Peninsula to Egypt Treaty ended 30 years hostility between Egypt, Israel Peace Treaty Egypt, Israel made peace; Palestinian Arabs continued struggle for nationhood 1947 UN partition plan had called for two states in Palestine—a Jewish state, an Arab state After 1948 Arab-Israeli war, land set aside for Arab state occupied by Israel, Egypt, Jordan Palestinian Unrest1964, Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) formed Pledged to destroy Israel, replace with Palestinian state 1969, Yasser Arafat became leader, PLO launched guerilla attacks against Israel Palestinian NationalismIn effort to stop attacks, Israel invaded Lebanon, 1978 and 1982 Tensions building also in West Bank, Gaza where Israel had begun building settlements 1987, Palestinian resentment began rebellion called intifada Palestinian Resentment Intifada Palestinian youths battled Israeli troops in widespread street violence Israel responded with military, police resistance; fighting continued to 1990s 1993, Arafat, Israeli prime minister Yitzhak Rabin negotiated Oslo Accords Undermining Peace Extremists on both sides worked to undermine peace process Militant group Hamas launched attacks in Israel 1995, Rabin assassinated; relations between Israeli, Palestinian leadership soured Oslo Accords Oslo Accords called for Palestinians to gradually gain control over governing West Bank, Gaza Israel, PLO supposed to sign permanent peace agreement by 1998 Tenuous Peace Armed conflict also erupted when Israeli soldiers were kidnapped along borders with Gaza and Lebanon. Israel launched air strikes to secure its borders.2000 — second intifada began Palestinian youths joined by Palestinian security forces with guns Continuing the ConflictIsraelis countered by sending troops backed by tanks, fighter jets, helicopter gunships into cities in West Bank, Gaza 2004, Arafat died, succeeded by Mahmoud Abbas More Fighting2004, Israeli prime minister Ariel Sharon withdrew Israel from Gaza, parts of West Bank 2005, Gaza turned over to Palestinians 2006, militant Hamas won control of Palestinian parliament Hamas in Control Different Kind of Conflict Different kind of conflict erupted in Iran Revolution ousted shah, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi Society Changed By 1970s, Iran had changed from traditional rural society Had become more industrialized, urban society Westernization of Iran Shah had close ties with Western governments, oil companies Iran westernized, foreign influence grew Islamists Opposed Shah Many Iranians felt threatened by rapid change, others felt betrayed by corrupt government Islamists opposed shah because of ties to West Revolution in Iran 1978, Iranians began to protest against shah’s rule Protests inspired by Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini , Shia religious leader 1979, unable to calm unrest, shah fled Iran Iran became Islamic republic with Khomeini as leader, during Iranian Revolution Rise of Khomeini Khomeini’s Reign1979, Iranian revolutionaries seized U.S. embassy in Tehran, took 66 Americans hostage Iranians demanded shah be returned to Iran, stand trial Shah left U.S., but Iranians held hostages until January, 1981 American Hostages As Iran’s new government was dealing with the hostage crisis, it found itself at war with its neighbor, Iraq. Conflict in Iraq Weapons After war, UN continued economic sanctions, insisted Iraq destroy chemical, biological weapons, agree not to develop nuclear weapons Inspectors had been sent to verify Iraq’s weapons had been destroyed Iraq failed to fully cooperate with UN weapons inspectors Sanctions In effort to end Iraqi occupation of Kuwait, UN passed economic sanctions against Iraq; sanctions failed Result: U.S.-led coalition launched Persian Gulf War Attacked Iraqi forces in Kuwait; Kuwait freed within weeks Insurgent attacks by different groups from both inside and outside Iraq caused a greater number of casualties.After attacks of September 11, 2001, some U.S. leaders believed Saddam Hussein posed a greater threat to America than before Hussein might have deadly weapons he could give to terrorists The Iraq WarUN weapons inspections did not find stockpiles of chemical, biological, nuclear weapons Iraq again did not fully cooperate Some U.S. officials convinced Hussein hiding weapons Weapons Inspections Meanwhile, coalition worked to create new, democratic government in Iraq 2004, power transferred to Iraqis 2005, Iraqis voted in country’s first multiparty election in fifty years Later approved new constitution to make Iraq Islamic federal democracy Continued violence, potential for civil war made country’s future highly uncertain Coalition Government