PHARMACY

Treatment of Diarrhea for Infants and Adult

2016-03-27T00:22:00.002-07:00

Diarrhea is a disease that cause by toxins, microorganisms and other substances, which do not usually occur common in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT). These foreign agents and organisms are causing the GIT to react violently, through faster peristalsis, to either eliminate them or purge them.

When the substance or organism is too many to eliminate diarrhea will be prolonged and dehydration will be the consequence. Also when a patient has diarrhea regular eating habit will not meet and the body will be deprived from nutrients and energy coming from food. Thus, treatment should be given to avoid dehydration, weakness, vomiting and worst death.

First Line Treatment:

1. Oral Rehydration Solution (ORS) – This is the first and foremost supportive treatment when diarrhea occurs. Either infant or adult is the victim ORS must not be abandoned as the first line supportive treatment, because it rehydrates the body with balanced and proper electrolytes, energy and fluids. ORS comes with the combination of sodium, chloride, potassium, and citrate (bicarbonate in some formula) electrolytes for cellular function to continue, including glucose for source of energy and purified water for hydration. Oral Rehydration Solution will be given during the course of the diarrhea. As long as diarrhea is there ORS should also present, unless the patient is brought to hospital where intravenous fluids are given to him/her.

Examples of brands of ORS:

Pedialyte Mild 30 and other variance and flavor.
Glucolyte
Other generic ORS
Hydrite
Gatorade (Note: It is not advisable to use it as rehydration solution alone! It should be still combined with the above ORS products.)

2. Loperamide and other gastrokinetic drugs – Loperamide is used to reduce the movement of the intestines during loss bowel movement. Because of this effect, sometimes Loperamide is not advisable to use, because it impedes the elimination of toxins or microorganisms that causing the diarrhea. It is advisable to use when muscle cramps or spasms occur to pacify the pain in the GI muscles. Hyoscine is also used for spasms or cramps. When vomiting is occurring metoclopramide is given to stop the puking. Hyoscine and metoclopramide must be given with prescription order through oral (at home) or IV in hospital. Sometimes dicycloverine is given but it depends on the doctor’s order. Loperamide can be procured in pharmacy over-the-counter. Ask the pharmacist regarding the use of it.

Example of brands:

Loperamide – Imodium, Lomotil, Diatabs and so on.
Hyoscine (HNBB) – Buscopan
Metoclopramide - Plasil

3. Antisecretory agent and Probiotics – Antisecretory agent such as Racecadotril which can prevent the secretion of fluids in the GIT that adds more to the fluidity of the diarrhea. When this drug is administered it will stop the site of production of fluids in the intestines. Probiotics can help to rebalance the normal bacterial flora in the intestines. Microorganisms will absolutely purge also when diarrhea occurs, which reduces their number in the tract or especially when antibiotic treatment is administered. Good bacteria keep the GIT balanced by fighting the bad bacteria, and neutralizing the toxins and some substances that preventing the normal function of the GI system. Remember to take these drugs with proper physician’s order.

Example of Brands:

Racecadotril (Antisecretory agent) – Hidrasec
Bacillus clausii (Probiotic) – Erceflora

4. Antibacterial Prescription Drugs – Such as Metronidazole and Cotrimoxazole. These drugs can be given when bacteria are the main cause of the diarrhea. There are more antibacterial drugs that can be prescribed but these are the common ones.

Conclusion:

Diarrhea is a serious case disease that when left untreated it will lead to death. There are many types of it, in which it depends on the causative agent. When diarrhea occurs supportive treatment should be given only at home. However, when diarrhea does not stop within 12 - 24 hours from its commencement the patient should be brought to hospital for proper treatment and IV fluids to be administered. Especially when vomiting is occurred do not hesitate to bring him/her in the hospital or clinic. Do not self-diagnose or self-medicate. Follow the emergency treatment in which if the treatment is not effective visit a physician or bring the patient to the nearest hospital.

Tempra or Biogesic or Calpol: What is the best paracetamol for children?

2016-01-13T21:53:00.000-08:00

Whenever a child's temperature is up fever medicines are always there to lower it. Paracetamol (Acetaminophen in other places) is best and well-known to lower fever at any age. For whatever causes the fever it can regulate it. Either in hospital use or home use paracetamol is always available in different forms, such as suspension or syrup, suppository, intravenous, tablets or capsules, which depend on the need or condition of the patient.

In children's conditions who cannot yet much express their feeling it is very hard to give them medicines, especially paracetamol for fever, because of its bitter taste. So, it is absolutely needed that the paracetamol you choose for your child should have a sweet taste and enticing flavor to allow children to voluntarily take the medicine with ease. Also when choosing a paracetamol for your child, it should be cost-effective and can lower the fever immediately and regulate the fever within the stated optimum effect.

Tempra or Biogesic or Calpol: What is the best paracetamol for children?

1. For me they are all square when it comes to effect, because of course they have the same generic name which is paracetamol. But the difference lies on the dosage form, which is very important to know. Suspension paracetamol needs to be shaken first before taken, so that the drug will be distributed equally in the liquid vehicle. However, syrup paracetamol is a well-distributed dosage form that does not need agitation to disperse the drug equally to the vehicle. In short it is ready to take paracetamol medicine. Another thing to be added is that the syrup has the higher absorption rate than that of suspension. Because the syrup does not need to disintegrate into the tiniest particle before it can be absorbed, instead, it is in the micronized particle already that can be ready to be absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract, but, in contrary, suspension is needed to disintegrate first before absorption occurs. Therefore, Tempra which is syrup in form has the fastest absorption rate based on their dosage form.

2. The taste of the three products are not questionable as to the three brands have favorable taste and flavors to choose from.

3. Recommendation of age use. I think the best brand recommendation of age use is the Calpol that entails the oral drops (100mg) is for 0 - 2 years old; 120mg (125mg in some paracetamol brand) is for 2 - 6 years old; and 250mg is for 6 - 12 and above. But dosage may change depends on the BMI, weight, age and condition of the patient.

4. Information of the drug. All the three brands have showcased the important information about paracetamol, including use, effect, precautions, side-effects and etc.

5. Price. Price is one of the basis for parents to choose a paracetamol brand. As we know Tempra is the costliest among the three, followed by Calpol and the cheapest is the Biogesic brand. But of course, the use and immediate action will always consider too! Moreover, when a parent is deciding for a cost-effective brand, does Biogesic will be chosen.

Summary of the Brands:

Brand	Dosage Form	Taste and variety of flavor	Age of Use	Information	Price
Biogesic	Better	Better	Better	Better	Best
Calpol	Better	Better	Best	Better	Better
Tempra	Best	Better	Better	Better	Good

Note: This article is based only to the knowledge of the author about paracetamol and its brands. The author does not recommend any brand/s to the readers, instead, information sharing only.

Bio-Oil: A Product Review

2015-04-17T19:05:00.000-07:00

As you seen in the commercial, a woman with her son boarding in a car looks happy and no worries. The television commercial depicts that the woman has no worries anymore about her stretch marks and scars from her recent pregnancy. It is because she is confident that those skin problems have been cared by Bio-oil. So what really is Bio-Oil? What kind of skin problems can help to improve? How it is effective? And finally what are the ingredients that make it effective?

What is Bio-Oil?

Bio-Oil is an innovative skin product that can help to improve skin appearance of scars, stretch marks and uneven skin tone. It has also an anti-aging property and can help to hydrate dry skin. Bio‑Oil has won already 224 skincare awards and has become the No.1 selling scar and stretch mark product in 18 countries since its global launch in 2002.

What are the ingredients that make it effective?

The Bio‑Oil has a formulation of combined plant extracts and vitamins suspended in an oil base. It has a breakthrough and advanced ingredient PurCellin Oil™, which changes the formulation’s overall consistency, making it light and non-greasy. PurCellin Oil™ ensures that the goodness contained in the vitamins and plant extracts is easily absorbed.

Active Ingredients:

Botanicals

Calendula Officinalis Flower Extract (Calendula Oil)
Lavandula Angustifolia Oil (Lavender Oil)
Rosmarinus Officinalis Leaf Oil (Rosemary Oil)
Anthemis Nobilis Flower Oil (Chamomile Oil)

Vitamins

Retinyl Palmitate (Vitamin A)
Tocopheryl Acetate (Vitamin E)

Oil base

Mineral Oil (Paraffinum Liquidum)
Triisononanoin
Cetearyl Ethylhexanoate
Isopropyl Myristate
Glycine Soja Oil
Helianthus Annuus Seed Oil
BHT
Bisabolol

Fragrance (Rose)

Alpha-Isomethyl Ionone
Amyl Cinnamal
Benzyl Salicylate
Citronellol
Coumarin
Eugenol
Farnesol
Geraniol
Hydroxycitronellal
Hydroxyisohexyl 3-Cyclohexene Carboxaldehyde
Limonene
Linalool

Color

Orange: CI 26100 (Red 17)

What Kind of Skin Problems it improves?

Bio-Oil is effective against skin conditions such as scars, stretch marks, uneven skin tone, aging skin and dehydrated skin. Product administration and regimen can be found in the its packaging.

Who can use Bio-Oil?

Anyone can use it as long as skin problems are the concern. In fact, Bio‑Oil has undergone safety assessments in accordance with the Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council on Cosmetic Products. The toxicological profile, chemical structure, level of inclusion and total level of daily exposure of each ingredient used has been assessed and deemed safe for use (including for use by pregnant women). Bio‑Oil is a member of Beauty without Cruelty.

Review:

Bio-Oil like the other leading scar and stretch mark products does not claim removal or totally treatment of scars and stretch marks. It is just helped to improve skin conditions as it is repeatedly said in their explanation in each skin application in their website. Also its results may vary from individual to individual. I think Bio-Oil is not effective for depressed scars such as acne scars, poke marks, or scars from healed chicken pox. It is best to use for scars that have recently formed, flat or lump scars and hyper- pigmented scars. Improving uneven skin tone, skin aging and dehydrated skin can be effective due to its active ingredients that have antioxidant, hydrating, and lightening properties (such as Vitamin A, and Vitamin E, Botanical Oil Extracts and etc.).

Note: The opinion in this article is based only to the observations and readings of the author regarding this product. The author does not claim that his opinion is correct or wrong. If you have further questions for this product better contact the company to fully answer your queries.

Pharmaceutical Mixtures

2015-04-08T22:12:00.000-07:00

Mixtures in Pharmacy are aqueous liquid preparations which contain suspended, insoluble, solid substances and are intended for internal use. The insoluble particles may be held in suspension by the use of suitable suspending or thickening agents since the insoluble substance does not make mixture very viscous.

The insoluble substance in mixtures must be in a very finely divided state and it must be uniformly distributed throughout the preparation. This is accomplished by the use of colloid mill, special methods of precipitation and suspending agents.

There are three main reasons for having the insoluble substance in as fine a state of subdivision as possible:

(1) The more nearly the colloidal state is approached by protective such as kaolin, magnesium trisilicate, and magnesium phosphate the more active they become as adsorbents and protective when in contact with inflamed surfaces.

(2) Finely divided particles are suspended more readily and settle out much more slowly than large particles, thus enabling the patient to obtain uniform doses of suspended substance. Homogenous mixtures are especially desirable when administering medication to form an evenly distributed, soothing, protective coating on the gastrointestinal tract.

(3) The palatability of many preparations is enhanced by the use of colloidal suspending agents.

Mixtures should be accompanied with a “Shake Well” label.

Preparation of Mixtures

Brown Mixture, NF

Other Names: Mistura Opii et Glycyrrhizae Composita; Compound Opium and Glycyrrhiza Mixture NF XI; Mistura Glyceyrrhizae Composita; Compound Mixture of Glycyrrhiza.

Formula:

Glycyrrhiza Fluidextract 120ml

Antimony Potassium Tartrate 0.24g

Paregoric 120ml

Alcohol 30ml

Glycerin 120ml

Purified Water, q.s. __________

To make 1000ml

Preparation:

Mix the fluidextract with the glycerin and 500ml of purified water, add the antimony potassium tartrate dissolved in 12ml of hot purified water. Add the other ingredients and enough purified water to make the product measure 1000ml.

Use: For coughs, often in combination with ammonium chloride.

Dose: Usual, 5ml

Note: This formula in which glycyrrhiza extract is replaced by the fluid extract will contain a precipitate, but it is intended to be dispensed without filtering, to retain its universally known classification as a mixture.

Kaolin Mixture with Pectin, NF

Other Name: Ka – Pek (APC)

Formula:

Kaolin 200g

Pectin 10g

Tragacanth, powdered 5g

Benzoic Acid 2g

Glycerin 20ml

Peppermint Oil 0.75ml

Purified Water, q.s. ________

To make 1000ml

Preparation:

Mix the kaolin with 500ml of purified water. Triturate the pectin, powdered tragacanth and sodium saccharin with the glycerin and add to this, with constant stirring, the benzoic acid dissolved in 300ml of boiling purified water. Allow the mixture to stand until it cools to room temperature and all the pectin is dissolved. Add the peppermint oil and the kaolin – water mixture, mix thoroughly, and finally add sufficient quantity of purified water to make 1000ml.

Uses: Adsorbent and demulcent. Agents cause adsorbent in diarrhea capable of being adsorbed as for instance diarrhea of food poisoning or dysentery.

Note: To obtain a product with suitable consistency when larger amounts are prepared, the quantity of tragacanth and, if necessary, of pectin may altered. However, if the proportion of pectin in the formula is altered by more than 10 percent, the pectin content of the preparation must be clearly stated on the label.

How to Use a Pregnancy Test Kit?

2015-04-07T21:20:00.000-07:00

If you think you are pregnant the usual thing you going to do is to test your urine with pregnancy test kit. This kit tests the Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (HCG) hormone of a woman. This hormone supports the ovulation and pregnancy. It is stimulated and released before or during the first month of pregnancy, so, it is important to test your urine after a delayed in menstrual period if you expecting to be pregnant.

Pregnancy test kit is an in vitro diagnostic test only. Meaning it is done externally by the use of urine. HCG hormone is found in urine that is why urine is used as test sample. The device use is usually USA standard pregnancy test kit and approved by FDA.

PROCEDURE OF TESTING

1. Allow the device and samples to equilibrate for room temperature before testing.

2. Remove the cassette from foil pouch

3. Draw urine specimen into dropper, and dispense 2 – 3 drops urine into the samples well on the cassette. (Urine should be freshly collected and should be contained in a clean container)

4. Read the results within five minutes.

READING THE RESULTS

Legend:

S – Sample

C – Control

T – Test

(+) POSITIVE: Both C and T have red lines appeared

(-) NEGATIVE: C only has red line

INVALID: if no red line/s appeared on C and T or the T has red line but the C did not.

Pregnancy Test Kit should be 99.9% accurate. Storage should be ranged between 4^oC to 30^oC (40^oF to 86^oF) and must not be frozen.

If the result is positive better to visit your OB-GYNE doctor to help you on your first weeks of pregnancy until you give birth, because your doctor will be your partner in taking care of your most important happening in your life.

Magmas

2015-04-01T21:15:00.001-07:00

Magmas are aqueous suspensions of insoluble inorganic drugs. They differ from gels in that the suspended particles are larger. Magmas are thick and viscous, and so there is no necessity of suspending agents except for Dihydroxyaluminum Aminoacetate Magma which contains suspending agents in addition to suitable preservatives and flavoring agents.

Magmas may be prepared by:

(1) Simple Hydration

(2) Chemical Reactions

Examples:

(a) Bentonite Magma – It is prepared by simple hydration – sprinkling the parent substance on hot purified water.

(b) Magnesia Magma – It is prepared by hydration of calcined magnesia or by chemical reaction between sodium hydroxide and magnesium sulfate.

(c) Bismuth Magma – It is prepared by reacting bismuth nitrate with ammonium carbonate not by the process of simple solution with mixing but by previously reacting bismuth subnitrate with nitric acid and official ammonium carbonate with diluted ammonia solution and then mixing the resulting two solutions.

If the insoluble substance is freshly precipitated by mixing hot, dilute solutions, there is only slight sedimentation on standing. This characteristic of magmas is sometimes enhanced by passing the product through a colloid mill.

A great majority of magmas are intended for oral use. All magmas must bear a “Shake Well” label. Freezing should be avoided.

Preparations of Magmas

(1) Bentonite Magma, USP

Other Name: Magma Bentoniti

Formula:

Bentonite 50g

Purified water, q.s. ________

To make 1000ml

Preparation:

To make 800ml of heated purified water, sprinkle upon it the bentonite, in portions allowing each portion to become thoroughly wetted without stirring. Allow to stand with occasional stirring for 24 hours. Stir until a uniform magma is obtained. Add sufficient quantity of purified water to make 1000ml and mix.

It may also be prepared by mechanical means, such as by the use of a blender. Place about 500ml of purified water in the blender, and while the machine is running, add the bentonite. Add purified water to make up to 1000ml or up to the operating capacity of the blender. Blend the mixture for 5 to 10 minutes; add purified water to make 1000ml and mix.

Use: As suspending agent for insoluble medicaments.

(2) Bismuth Magma, NF

Other Names: Magma Bismuthi; Milk of Bismuth; Bismuth Cream.

Formula:

Bismuth Subnitrate 80g

Nitric Acid 120ml

Ammonium Carbonate 10g

Strong Ammonium Solution

Purified Water, each q.s. _______

To make 1000ml

Preparation:

Add the bismuth subnitrate to 60ml of purified water mixed with 60ml of nitric acid in a suitable container, agitate and warm gently until solution is effected. Pour this solution with constant stirring, into 5000ml of purified water containing 60ml of nitric acid. Dilute 160ml of strong ammonia solution with 4300ml of purified water in a glazed or glass vessel of at least 12,000ml capacity. Dissolve the ammonium carbonate in this solution. Pour the bismuth solution quickly into it with constant stirring. If the mixture is not distinctly alkaline add sufficient diluted ammonia solution to make it so and allow it to stand until the precipitate has settled. Pour or siphon off the supernatant liquid and wash the precipitate twice with purified water by decantation. Transfer the magma to a strainer of close texture (to provide continuous washing with purified water) the outlet being elevated to prevent the surface of the magma from becoming dry. Allow the operation to proceed until the washings cease to yield a pink color with phenolphthalein test solution. Drain the moist magma, transfer it to a graduated vessel, add sufficient quantity of purified water to make the product measure 1000ml and mix thoroughly.

The above method may be varied provided the product meets the requirements of the National Formulary.

Uses: Astringent, adsorbent and protective in the treatment of diarrheas and intestinal inflammation and ulceration.

(3) Milk of Magnesia, USP, BP

Other Names: Magma Magnesiae; Magnesium Hydroxide Mixture; Cream of Magnesia; Magnesia Magma USP XVI.

Definition: It is a suspension of magnesium hydroxide containing 7 – 8.5% of Mg(OH)₂.

No Formula is given by the present USP as there are various satisfactory methods of preparation and any one of these may be used if the finished product conforms to the official specification.

Former Formula and Preparation:

Formula:

Magnesium Sulfate 300g

Sodium Hydroxide 100g

Purified Water, q.s.

Preparation:

Dissolve the magnesium in sufficient quantity of purified water to make 650ml in a vessel of about 500ml capacity and heat to boiling. Dissolve the sodium hydroxide in sufficient quantity of purified water to make 1000ml. Add this slowly to the boiling solution of magnesium sulfate and continue the boiling for 30 minutes. Transfer the mixture to a cylindrical container of not less than 5000ml capacity and fill with hot purified water. Allow to stand until the precipitate subsides and remove the supernatant liquid. Wash repeatedly with hot purified water until all the sulfates have been practically eliminated as shown by testing the supernatant liquid with Barium Chloride T.S. Concentrate the mixture by evaporation until it contains not less than 7% of magnesium hydroxide.

Uses: Non-systemic gastric antacid and mild cathartic. When use routinely as antacid, the cathartic effect may be minimized by the occasional used of calcium carbonate.

Dose: 5 – 30ml usual antacid, 5ml four times a day.

Note: Purified water is used in the precipitation because the slightest trace of iron will cause discoloration. If the water available is free from iron and otherwise suitable, or if it has been heated to boiling with powdered magnesium carbonate (5 g in each 1000ml) and then filtered, purified water will not be necessary.

Cork stoppers should be protected by dipping them in melted paraffin otherwise the Milk darkens due to the action of the tannin in the cork. The product should be protected from freezing, as this alters the colloidal gel, and therw will be a formation of more dense precipitate and a clear stratum will separate on top.

Warts (Verruca)

2015-04-01T20:06:00.001-07:00

What are Warts?

Warts are non – cancerous skin growths caused by the Human Papilloma Virus (HPV). Warts are often appeared on the skin as rough, flat-topped bumps or cauliflower – like growths. May be colored flesh, pink, white or tan; often with tiny black dots. They are commonly seen on the hands and feet, face, but any part of the skin may be affected. Usually, the children, young adults and people with weak immune system are commonly affected.

How can a person contract Warts?

Warts are caused by Human Papilloma Virus. The virus is transmitted by skin – to – skin contact, walking barefoot and sharing of personal items such as towels, clothes and slippers.

A break or cut in the skin may promote the entry of the virus and the spread of infection. Genital warts are usually transmitted sexually. The people with poor or weak immune conditions like HIV infection, diabetes, cancer and those taking drugs like steroids, anti – cancer medicines are more prone to contract warts. There is no truth to the myth that a person can have warts through contact with frogs!

What are the Different kinds of Warts?

1. The Common Warts – they can be described as rough – surfaced bumps that usually grow on the fingers, around the nails, and on the back of the hands.

2. Plantar Warts – they are common warts that located on the soles of the feet; grow inward due to pressure from walking which may cause significant pain.

3. Flat Warts – they are smaller and smoother than common warts, tend to grow in large numbers, and can occur anywhere, but mostly found on the face.

4. Genital Warts – described as flesh – colored, rough or smooth warts on the genitals, inside the vagina, of the cervix, or around the anus. They are sexually – transmitted disease.

Treatment to be done

Warts can be treated through physical removal or the use of topical or immune modulation. Physical removal can be done with the following treatment with:

· Topical solutions or plasters containing salicylic acid or lactic acid. Concentration of the acids is very important to know as to what concentration can be useful and cannot cause much irritation to the skin.

· Use of Electrocautery

· Liquid nitrogen or cryotherapy

· Laser treatment

· Surgery

Topical or Immune Modulation treatment such:

· Imiquimod

· Interferon

· Bleomycin

Treatment can be best done through consultation with the physician, especially when consulted with dermatologist for skin warts or Ob – Gyne for genital warts.

After the treatment is done, it is possible that warts can return at the same spot or appear in a new site.

Prevention

1. Keep the skin always dry.

2. Wear slippers or shoes at all times.

3. Avoid touching or scratching your warts to avoid spreading them to other body areas.

4. Shave carefully. Avoid cutting or scraping your skin.

5. Practice safe sex to avoid genital warts.

6. Eat healthy foods and take vitamins to boost the body’s immune system.

7. Practice proper hygiene and take a bath every day.

- Excerpt from PDS

Best Lotion in the Market

2015-03-28T23:31:00.000-07:00

Beauty products are everywhere! Whether it is cosmetic, whitening or cleansing products, which user can choose from and satisfy her needs. Lotion is a beauty product that is applied to skin, which benefits the user. Lotion can be in medicinal form sometimes. In fact before lotion became popular as a beauty product it was known years and years ago as a drug. Lotion has many uses. It can be used for dry skin problem, as whitening product, as moisturizer, sunblock, nourishment for the skin or even as discussed above as medicine.

Examples of Lotions Commercially Available

Skin White Lotions

· SkinWhite Advanced Whitening Lotion Glutathione + Vitamin C SPF 20

· SkinWhite Classic Whitening Lotion SPF 20

· SkinWhite Classic Whitening Lotion Hydrating with Lycopene

· SkinWhite Advanced Whitening Lotion PowerWhitening SPF 20

· SkinWhite Classic Whitening Lotion SPF 10

· SkinWhite Naturals Whitening Lotion Papaya Milk SPF 10

· SkinWhite Advanced Whitening Lotion Glutathione + Vitamin C SPF 20

· SkinWhite Advanced Whitening Lotion Kojic Acid SPF 20

Nivea Lotions

· Nivea Express Hydration Lotion - formula with HYDRA IQ technology

· Nivea In Shower Body Lotion

· In Shower Body Lotion - Enriched with Sea Minerals

· Nivea UV Protect - Vitamin E and Hydra IQ

· Nivea Firming Body Lotion Q10 Plus

· Nivea Whitening Cell Repair & Protect for Men - Hydra IQ, Vitamin E and White Bio-Active Formula

· Nivea Revitalizing Body Lotion – Vitamin E

Dove Lotion

· Dove Cream Oil Shea Butter Body Lotion

· Dove Cream Oil Intensive Body Lotion

Vaseline Lotions

· Vaseline Intensive Care Essential Healing Lotion

· Vaseline Intensive Care Advanced Repair Fragrance Free Lotion

· Vaseline Intensive Care Advanced Repair Lightly Scented Lotion

· Vaseline Intensive Care Aloe Soothe Lotion

· Vaseline Intensive Care Cocoa Radiant Lotion

· Vaseline Intensive Care Cocoa Radiant Deep Conditioning Cream

· Vaseline Intensive Care Cocoa Radiant Body Gel Oil

Jergens Lotions

· Jergens Shea Beauty Oil

· Jergens Shea Butter Deep Conditioning Moisturizer

· Jergens Ultra Healing Extra Dry Skin Moisturizer

· Jergens Original Scent Dry Skin Moisturizer

· Jergens Daily Moisture Dry Skin Moisturizer

· Jergens Daily Moisture Fragrance Free Dry Skin Moisturizer

· Jergens Skin Firming Toning Moisturizer

· Jergens Soothing Aloe Refreshing Moisturizer

· Jergens Overnight Repair Nightly Restoring Moisturizer

· Jergens Age Defying Multi-vitamin Moisturizer

· Jergens Skin Smoothing Gentle Exfoliating Moisturizer

GlutaWhite C Lotion – Papaya and Gluthathione

Silka Papaya Skin Whitening Lotion

Advantage of Lotion:

1. It can moisturize dry skin which helps to retain moisture of the skin. It prevents the skin from scaling and cracking.

2. It can nourish the skin with incorporation of vitamins within it.

3. Prevents the harmful UV rays from the sun to penetrate the skin by absorbing or refracting the rays with the help of opacifying agent.

4. It can help to whiten the skin as the resulting effect of sunscreen.

5. Use to treat some skin disease.

6. Easily to apply.

Disadvantage:

1. Oily, sticky and uncomfortable sometimes, especially when skin perspires much.

2. Allergies can form.

3. Expensive and easily to consume.

4. If application does not follow, problems may occur.

5. Frequent reapplying for use as sunblock.

Types of Lotion

1. Moisturizer Lotion – Use to help moisturize dry skin. It is much needed by individuals living in cold climate areas. As lotion moisturizes the skin, the scaling and cracking can be prevented. Thus, skin comes back to its firmness which gives smooth and soft feeling. Lotions are added with aloe vera extract, vitamin E, glycerin, chamomile extract and other herbal extracts as moisturizing agent.

2. Sunblock or SPF Lotion – it is a lotion for protecting the skin from damaging sun’s UV rays. Lotion is added with opacifying agent or agents that can reflect or absorption UV rays. It is a supplementary help to melanin which is the sun protecting cells in the skin. Melanin is responsible for darkening of skin and dark spots, moreover, UVA and UVB are responsible for abnormal skin aging, wrinkles and etc. Lotion can prevent the formation of skin cancer when use regularly. Examples of opacifying or sunscreen agents are tinanium oxide, zinc oxide, octocrylene, avovenzole and etc. The higher the SPF number is the higher the protection you get against the UV.

3. Whitening Lotion – Whitening effect of lotions can be benefited from the use of sunblock. As a resulting protection and non-penetration of UV rays in the skin, the skin does not need to produce much melanin that causes the dark pigmentation of the skin. Daily and frequently use of lotion is required to achieve one step skin tone level at a time. Some lotions are augmented with glutathione for better skin tone improvement.

4. Nourishment Lotion – Skin can be nourished through the application of lotion. Lotion can be incorporated with essential vitamins and supplements that are mostly needed by the skin. Such vitamins are Vitamin E, Vitamin A, Vitamin B3 and B5 and others to support skin needs.

5. Medicinal / Insect Repellant Lotion – Lotion which incorporation of medicinal drugs or chemical agents to treat such skin infection or disease or repel insects. Example of this drug is the Kwell lotion that contains permethrin as drug agent, which uses to treat skin and hair lice, and insect repellant such as Off lotion. But these lotions come with certain percentage or strength of the active agent to treat skin or repel mosquitoes.

Consideration of Choosing the Best Lotion for you:

1. It meets your needs and problem.

2. Available and cost-effective.

3. Beneficial and not causing allergies.

4. Quality of production has met the international standards.

5. Tests are done and clinically proven.

6. Manufacturer’s reputation is good.

7. Registered by FDA or other government regulating agencies.

8. Hypo-allergenic or non-comedogenic.

9. Easy to use and apply.

10. Promise results should be true and achievable.

11. Should not be too oily and sticky. Instead the lotion should be water base and easily absorbed by skin.

Pharmaceutical Lotion

2015-03-27T00:15:00.000-07:00

Lotions are usually liquid suspensions or dispersions intended for external application to the body. They may be prepared by:

(1) Triturating the ingredients to a smooth paste and then cautiously adding the remaining liquid phase or in larger quantities by the use of high-speed mixers or homogenizers. Classical example is the Calamine Lotion, which consists of finely powdered insoluble solids held in more or less permanent suspension by the presence of suspending agents and/or surface active agents.

(2) By chemical interaction in the liquid. Example – White Lotion which must be freshly prepared and does not contain a suspending agent. The second type of lotion recognized by the USP XVII is the O/W type stabilized by a surface active agent. Example of this is Benzyl Benzoate Lotion.

(3) Some Lotions are clear solutions and in fact, the active ingredients of one official lotion, Dimethisoqun Hydrochloride Lotion, is a water soluble substance.

Lotions are usually applied without friction. The insoluble matter should be finely divided as particles approaching colloidal dimensions are more soothing to inflamed areas and are more effective in contact with infected surfaces. A wide variety of ingredients may be added to the preparation to produce better dispersion or to accentuate the cooling, soothing, drying, or protective properties of the lotion. A good example of suspending agent is bentonite. Methylcellulose or sodium carboxymethylcellulose will localize and hold the active ingredient in contact with affected site. A formulation containing glycerin will keep the skin moist for a considerable period of time. Addition of alcohol to the formula will accentuate the drying and cooling effects.

Dermatologist frequently prescribe lotions containing anesthetics, antiseptic, astringents, germicides, protective or screening agents, to be used in treating and preventing various types of skin disease and dermatitis. Antihistamines, benzocaine, calamine, resorcin, steroids, sulfur, zinc oxide, and zirconium oxide are common ingredients in unofficial lotions.

Lotions tend to separate or stratify on long standing, so a “shake well” label is required for them. All lotions should be labeled “For External Use Only”.

Preparations of Lotions

Benzyl Benzoate Lotion, USP, BP

Other Names: Lotio Benzylis Benzoatis; Benzyl Benzoate Application.

Formula:

Benzyl Benzoate 250ml

Triethanolamine 5g

Oleic Acid 20g

Water 750ml

To make about 1000ml

Preparation:

Mix together the triethanolamine and oleic acid add the benzyl benzoate and mix well. Transfer the mixture to a suitable container of about 2000ml capacity, add 250ml of water and shake thoroughly. Add the remaining 500ml of water and shake again.

Uses: Scabicide. It is applied with a brush after the entire body has been thoroughly scrubbed with soft soap and hot water. A second coating is applied when the first is dry and the lotion is left on the body for 24 hours. Then the body is again bathe thoroughly and dressed in clean clothes.

Application: Adults require from 120 – 180ml. Children require from 60 – 90ml.

Caution: Do not apply to the face!

Calamine Lotion, USP

Other Name: Lotio Calaminae

Formula:

Calamine 80g

Zinc Oxide 80g

Glycerin 20ml

Bentonite Magma 20ml

Calcium Hydroxide Solution q.s. ________

To make 1000ml

Preparation:

Dilute the bentonite magma with an equal volume of calcium hydroxide solution. Mix the powders intimately with the glycerin and about 100ml of the dilute magma, triturating until smooth, uniform paste is formed. Gradually incorporate the remainder of the diluted magma. Finally add enough calcium hydroxide solution to make 1000ml and shake well.

Uses: Astringent and protective.

Note: Shake lotions thoroughly before dispensing. If a more viscous consistency is desired, the quantity of bentonite magma may be increased to not more than 400ml.

Phenolated Calamine Lotion, USP

Other Names: Lotion Calaminae Phenolata; Lotion Calaminae Composita; Compound Calamine Lotion.

Formula:

Liquefied Phenol 10ml

Calamine Lotion 990ml

To make 1000ml

Preparation:

Mix the ingredients thoroughly.

Uses: Astringent and protective for skin diseases. Shake well before using.

White Lotion, USP

Other Names: Lotio Alba; Lotio Sulfurata

Formula:

Zinc Sulfate 40g

Sulfurated Potash 40g

Purified Water, q.s. __________

To make 1000ml

Preparation:

Dissolve the zinc sulfate and the sulfurated potash separately, each in 450ml of purified water, and filter each solution. Add slowly the sulfurated potash solution to the zinc sulfate solution with constant stirring. Then add sufficient amount of purified water and mix.

Uses: Topically as astringent and protective.

Note: Lotion should be freshly prepared and shaken thoroughly before dispensing.

The lotion is a result of the chemical reaction between zinc sulfate and sulfurated potash and can be illustrated as follows:

ZnSO4 + K2S3 K2SO4 + ZnS + 2 S

Zinc Sulfate Sulfurated Potash Potassium Sulfate Zinc Sulfate Sulfur

The sulfurated potash solution should be added to zinc sulfate solution with constant stirring. This ensures a fine dispersion of the insoluble precipitates, upon long standing tends to become lumpy and yellowish in color.

Pharmaceutical Gels

2015-03-26T23:08:00.000-07:00

Gels are suspensions, in a water medium, of insoluble drugs in hydrated form wherein the particle size approaches or attains colloidal dimensions. In addition to the active ingredients, gels may contain peppermint oil, glycerin, sorbitol, sucrose, saccharin and various preservatives. This list of ingredients is not all-inclusive but is based on information found in the monographs of official preparations. Generally, if gels are left undisturbed for some time, they may become semisolid or gelatinous, with some small amounts of water separating on standing.

Preparations of Gels

1. Aluminum Hydroxide Gel, USP, BP

Other Names: Gelatum Alumini Hydroxidi; Colloidal Aluminum Hydroxide; Alugel; Amphogel; Ce-lu-gel; Cremalin; Fluagel; Hydroxal; Vanogel

Formula:

Ammonium Alum 800g

Sodium Carbonate 1000g

Purified Water, q.s. _________

To Make 2000ml

Preparation:

Dissolve the Sodium Carbonate in 4000ml of hot water and filter. Dissolve ammonium alum in 2000ml of hot water and filter in the carbonate solution with constant stirring. Then add 4000ml of hot water and remove all gas. Dilute to 80, 000ml of cold water. Collect and wash the precipitate and suspend it in 2000ml of purified water flavored with 0.01% of peppermint oil and preserve with 0.1% of sodium benzoate. Homogenize the resulting gel.

The principal property desired is a very fine particle size to achieve large surface and thus maximum adsorption capacity.

The preparation may contain peppermint oil, glycerin, sorbitol, sucrose saccharin, or other suitable, flavors and it may contain suitable preservatives in a total amount of exceeding 0.5%.

Uses: Antacid in the treatment of peptic ulcer. The compound is not an adsorbent but reacts chemically to neutralize the gastric contents. It has been used for intestinal toxemia, but more effective agents are available. The major advantage of aluminum hydroxide is that no systemic alkalosis is produced. The disadvantage would be constipation.

Dose: Usual, 10ml four times daily or more.

2. Dried Aluminum Hydroxide Gel, NF, BP

Other Name: Gelatum Alumini Hydroxidi Siccum

Preparation: It is prepared as described under aluminum hydroxide gel, and dried at a low temperature until it has the required amount of Al₂O₃.

Dose: 390mg, the equivalent of 300mg of Al(OH)₃, four times a day.

3. Aluminum Phosphate Gel, NF

Other Names: Gelatum Alumini Phosphatis; Phosphagel

Preparation:

The gel may be prepared by precipitation from a solution of aluminum chloride with a solution of sodium phosphate. The particle size of the precipitate which is an important factor in its absorption, is governed by several factors:

(a) The concentration of the reactants.

(b) The temperature and pH maintained during the process.

(c) The manner of addition of reactants whether the sodium phosphate is added to the aluminum solution, or the reverse. The soluble salts formed in the reaction are removed by washing either by decantation with water, or by dialysis.

It may contain peppermint oil, glycerin, sorbitol, sucrose, saccharin, or other suitable agents for flavoring purposes. It may also contain sodium benzoate, benzoic acid, or other suitable agents and in small amount not exceeding 0.5% as preservative.

Uses: Antacid. It has approximately half the neutralization capacity of aluminum hydroxide gel but has the advantage over the latter of not interfering with the adsorption of phosphate from the intestinal tract.

Dose: Usual, 15ml.

Insulin

2015-03-26T01:52:00.001-07:00

Insulin Injection, USP, BP, PhI.

Other Name: Injectio Insulin; Insulin; Insulin Hydrochloride; Iletin (Lilly).

Definition: A sterile, acidified solution of the active principles of the pancreas which affects the metabolism of glucose.

Description: Colorless or almost colorless liquid when containing in each milliliter not more than 100 USP Units. When contain 500 USP Units it may be straw – colored. It is substantially free from turbidity and from insoluble matter. When determined through potentiometrically, the pH of the injection is between 2.5 and 3.5.

Uses: The specific therapeutic use of insulin is in the treatment of diabetes mellitus. Also it is used in the treatment of underweight individuals, the purpose being to stimulate the appetite by lowering the level of blood sugar.

Dose: 5 to 100 USP Units; usual, subcutaneous, according to the needs of the patient.

Isophane Insulin Suspension, USP, BP

Other Names: Isophane Insulin; Isophane Insulin Injection; NPH Insulin; NPH Iletin (Lilly).

Definition: Isophane Insulin Suspension is a sterile suspension, in a buffered water medium, of insulin made from zinc – insulin crystals modified by the addition of protamine in a manner such that the solid phase of the suspension consists of crystals composed of insulin, protamine and zinc. Protamine is prepared from sperm or from the mature testes of fish belonging to the genus Oncorhychus Suckley, or Salmo Linne (Family Salmonidae) and conforms to the regulations of the Federal Food and Drug and Administration concerning certification of drugs composed wholly or partly of insulin.

To prepare Isophane Insulin Suspension, sufficient insulin is used to provide either 40 to 80 USP Units for each milliliter of suspension.

Description: White suspension of rod – shaped crystals approximately 30 microns in length and free from large aggregates of crystals following moderate agitation.

Use: Intermediate – acting insulin preparation used for the treatment of diabetes mellitus. Action of this suspension begins in 1 to 2 hours, reaches a peak in 10 – 20 hours and lasts 28 – 30 hours.

Protamine Zinc Insulin Suspension, USP, BP, PhI.

Other Names: Injectio Zinco Insulinae Protaminati; Protamine Zinc Insulin; Protamine Zinc Insulin Injection; Protamine Zince and Iletin (Lilly).

Definition: it is a sterile suspension, in a buffered water medium, of insulin modified by the addition of zinc chloride and protamine. The protamine is the same as that used in Isophane Insulin and it follows the same regulations of the Federal Food and Drug Administration. Insulin used is the same amount as that of Isophane Insulin.

Uses: Due to the slower onset of action (4 to 6 hours) this insulin need not be given with any definite time relation to food intake, and it must not be depended upon when very prompt action is needed, as in diabetes acidosis and coma. Also, because of the prolonged action (24 to 36 hours) the protamine zinc insulin need not be given more than one daily, but this should be done at a fairly uniform, scheduled time. The dose should be adjusted continues to demonstrate activity for 3 to 4 days.

Protamine zinc insulin and the more rapidly acting insulin have been mixed in various proportions and in different ways. Such variation produces mixtures that give intermediate patterns of speed and duration of physiological activity. This method, however, makes it possible through the long acting insulin to take care of the sugar requirements during the night, while the short – acting insulin cause full utilization of food taken during the day.

Insulin Zinc Suspension, USP, BP, PhI.

Synonyms: Lente Insulin; Lente Iletin (Lilly): Clinica

Definition: A sterile suspension in a buffered water medium, of insulin modified by the addition of zinc chloride in such that the solid phase of the suspension consists of a mixture of crystals and amorphous insulin in a ration of approximately 7 parts of crystals to 3 parts of amorphous material.

Sufficient insulin is used to provide either 40 or 80 USP Insulin Units for each milliliter of the suspension.

Uses: Due to the slowness with which the large crystals dissolve the crystalline zinc insulin has a duration of action longer than 36 hours, while the “amorphous” has a duration of 12 to 16 hours. An appropriate dose of the 3:7 mixture used in Insulin Zinc Suspension has an immediate duration of action which is very close to that of Isophane Insulin Suspension (28 to 30 hours) with which it may be used interchangeably. Zinc Insulin Suspension has an advantage of its freedom from foreign proteins such as globin or protamine to which certain patients are sensitive.

Dose: Subcutaneous, 10 to 80 USP Units; usual, according to the needs of the patient.

Extended Insulin Zinc Suspension, USP

Other Name: Ultra – Lente Iletin (Lilly).

Definition: A sterile suspension, in a buffered water medium, of insulin modified by the addition of zinc chloride in a manner such that the solid phase of suspension is crystalline.

Sufficient insulin is used to provide either 40 or 80 USP Units for each milliliter of the suspension.

Uses: The crystals of the suspension are of sufficient size to have a slow rate of dissolution. For the same reason the duration of action is usually in excess of 36 hours which is slightly longer than that of Protamine Zinc Insulin. Because Extended Insulin Zinc Suspension is free of Protamine and other foreign proteins, the incidence of allergic reactions is minimized.

The dose should be individualized to the patient on the basis of a study of response of blood and urine glucose to trial doses of the drug. The suspension is given by deep subcutaneous injection.

Dose: Subcutaneous, 10 to 80 USP Units; usual, according to the needs of the patient.

Prompt Insulin Zinc Suspension, USP

Other Name: Semi – Lente Iletin (Lilly).

Definition: Prompt Insulin Zinc Suspension is a sterile suspension, in a buffered water medium, of insulin modified by the addition of zinc chloride in a manner such that the solid phase of the suspension is amorphous.

Sufficient insulin is used to provide either 40 or 80 USP Units of Insulin for each milliliter of the suspension.

Uses: Zinc Insulin in this suspension is mixture of amorphous and extremely fine crystalline materials, thus the rate of dissolution is nearly maximal for the substance. But still the rate is slow enough that the suspension has a duration of action (12 to 16 hours) comparable to that the Globin Zinc Insulin. The incidence of allergic reactions is essentially free of foreign proteins.

Like the Insulin Zinc Suspension and Extended Insulin Zinc Insulin Suspension, the dose needs to be individualized to the patient on the basis of study of responses of the blood and urine glucose to trial doses of the drug.

Pharmaceutical Suspension

2015-03-26T00:36:00.000-07:00

Suspensions as defined by the physical chemist are a two – phase system consisting of a finely divided solid dispersed in a solid, liquid or gas. Pharmacist accepts the definition and admits that a variety of a dosage form fall within the scope such as Gels, Lotions, Magmas, Mixtures and the official Suspensions. In general sense each of these preparations represents a suspension but state of subdivision of the insoluble solid varies from particles which gradually subside on standing to particles which are colloidal in nature. The lower limit of particles size is approximately 0.1 micron and it is the preparations containing dispersed solid of these magnitude or greater that are pharmaceutically defined as suspensions. Suspension formulation and control is based on the principle of Colloidal Dispersion and on Rheology. Formulation involves more than suspending a solid in a liquid. Knowledge of the behavior of particles in liquids, of suspending agents and of flavors and colors is required to produce a satisfactory suspension.

Advantages of suspension over other dosage forms:

1. Some drugs are insoluble in all acceptable media and therefore administered as a tablet, capsule, etc. or as a suspension.

2. The liquid character insures some uniformity of dosage.

3. Disagreeable taste can be masked by the use of a suspension of the drug or a derivative of the drug, example of the latter, Chloramphenicol Palmitate.

4. More stable than solutions.

5. Ideal dosage – form for patients who have difficulty of swallowing tablets and capsules.

Basic properties or factors of a good suspension:

1. Dispersed phase should settle slowly and should be readily redispersed on shaking.

2. Should not cake on settling.

3. Viscosity should be such that preparation pours easily.

4. Should be acceptable to the patient on the basis of its taste, color, and cosmetic qualities. The last two being particularly important in the preparation intended for external use.

Official Suspensions

Preparations of finely divided drugs, either intended for suspension in some suitable liquid vehicle prior to use or already in suspension in a liquid vehicle, either for oral, ophthalmic, and parenteral use.

Example of those already suspended for oral use is the Trisulfapyrimidine Oral Suspension – three sulfapyrimidine are already suspended in a liquid, flavored vehicle in a form suitable for oral use.

Example of those suspended in liquid vehicle prior to use is the Tetracycline for Oral Suspension. It is a finely divided tetracycline mixed with suspending and dispersing agents intended to be diluted with the prescribed volumes of purified water and mixed before it is dispensed by the pharmacist for oral administration to the patient.

The particulate matter of a suspension tends to settle slowly form the liquid vehicle in which it is dispersed, since its density is almost always greater than that of the liquid vehicle. In some cased, an added inert suspending agent is permitted to retard the sedimentation, to increase vehicle density, viscosity, or yield value. Suspensions of solids in the vehicle and thereby gives a uniform and proper dosage. Suitable preservatives should be added to protect the preparation form bacterial and mold contamination.

What is the Best Infant Milk Formula for Your Baby?

2015-03-25T00:14:00.000-07:00

After your baby was born the first thing that you do is to feed him. We all know that all babies do need milk. We all know also that all of us were nourished by milk when we were still babies and sustained by food as we grow. Milk is very much essential for the growth of the babies and infants. It is their only source of food, nutrients and water. It facilitates their growth and maintains their well-being. A woman has her own milk to produce through her mammary glands that can be offered for her offspring. This milk that is produced is packed with essential nutrients and antibodies which are needed most by the baby.

As the Department of Health’s advocacy to nurse new born babies with breastmilk. Their slogan as quoted below would be:

Breastmilk is the best for babies up to 2 years of age and beyond.

And also their important reminder is:

There is no substitute for breatmilk.

These slogan and reminder must be mandated to appear and seen in every infant formula milk product.

The government and pediatricians are aware that the best milk for babies is their mothers’ milk. Not just because of the nutrients that it brings but also the bond and love between the mother and baby are established. Moreover, colostrum – the milk coming from the mother has contained antibodies that only the milk produced by mothers can be found and cannot be found in the any milk formula. These antibodies are much needed by the infant, because they boost the first immune system of the baby against opportunistic and infectious organisms that can bring disease. Thus, infant formulated milk products are discouraged to use in public hospitals and government – owned birthing place facilities. Breastfeeding is also a good way of family planning, because when the mother breastfeeds, there is a little chance for conception to happen due to hormonal changes.

However, there are factors why mothers are not able to nurse their babies with breastmilk. The following maybe:

1. Mammary gland cannot produce enough milk for the infant.

2. Mother has work/occupation.

3. Mother is taking medications.

4. Mother has contagious disease.

5. Mother has breast problem.

6. Mother does not want to breast feed at all.

So when these factors are probable infant milk formula are needed. But what can be substituted to breastmilk that it is so much comparable to it? What must be needed and contents of an infant milk formula to be chosen?

Infant milk formula must contain macromolecules that can give energy and sustain muscle and cell growth, vitamins and minerals and other essential nutrients which are all significant for their growth. Some milk products are added with brain development nutrients and probiotics for good digestion. Some are lactose-free, which is specialized for infants who are lactose intolerant. Serving and nutritional facts should be available in every pack to provide you with information about the milk and how to prepare it.

Leading brands of infant milk formula in the Philippines are the following with their contents, indication, dosage, packing and price, manufacturer and variants.

1. Bonna

Contents: Reduced minerals whey, blend of vegetable oils (soybean, palm, palm kernel), nonfat milk powd, lactose, soy lecithin, taurine, L-tyrosine, L-tryptophan, nucleotides [cytidine-5'-monophosphate (CMP), diNa uridine-5'-monophosphate (UMP), adenosine-5'-monophosphate (AMP), diNa inosine-5'-monophosphate (IMP), diNa guanosine-5'-monophosphate (GMP)], L-carnitine, lutein (suspended in safflower oil). Minerals: CaCl₂, K citrate, Na phosphate, Mg phosphate, K hydroxide, Na citrate, Ca hydroxide, KCl, K bicarbonate, Fe sulfate, Zn sulfate, Mg chloride, manganese sulfate, copper sulfate, K iodide, Na selenite. Vit: Ascorbic acid, α-tocopheryl acetate, inositol, choline chloride, niacinamide, vit A palmitate, pantothenic acid, thiamine HCl, pyridoxine HCl, riboflavin, cholecalciferol, carotenes, folic acid, phytonadione, biotin, cyanocobalamin. Per 100 g powd Protein 12 g (60% whey 7.1 g, 40% casein 4.7 g), carbohydrate 57 g, fat 28 g (linoleic acid 5,512 mg, linolenic acid 449 mg). Vit: Vit A 1,969 IU, carotenes 165 mcg, vit D 335 IU, vit E 8.7 IU, vit K 53 mcg, vit B₁ 787 mcg, vit B₂ 1,181 mcg, vit B₆ 472 mcg, vit B₁₂ 1.6 mcg, niacin 3,937 mcg, folic acid 63 mcg, pantothenic acid 2,362 mcg, biotin 16 mcg, vit C 71 mg, choline 79 mg, inositol 26 mg. Minerals: Ca 362 mg, P 262 mg, Mg 50 mg, Fe 6.3 mg, Zn 4.7 mg, manganese 39 mcg, copper 441 mcg, iodine 79 mcg, Na 126 mg, K 551 mg, Cl 341 mg, selenium 11 mcg. Nucleotides 20 mg (CMP 10 mg, UMP 3.9 mg, AMP 3.1 mg, GMP 1.6 mg, IMP 1.6 mg), taurine 37 mg, L-carnitine 7.9 mg, lutein 20 mcg. Energy: 529 kCal

Indication: Infant formula from 0-6 mth.

Dosage: Reconstitution: Infant ≥6 mth (7.5 kg) 3 level scoops to 180 mL lukewarm water, 4-5 feedings/day; 3-6 mth (6.5 kg) 3 level scoops to 180 mL lukewarm water, 5 feedings/day; 2 wk-3 mth (4.5-5.5 kg) 2 level scoops to 120 mL lukewarm water, 6 feedings/day; 0-2 wk (3.5 kg) 1 level scoop to 60 mL lukewarm water, 9 feedings/day.

Packing and price: As of March 2015

1.2 kg x 1's (P607.75/container)

180 g x 1's (P99.75/container)

360 g x 1's (P199.75/container)

900 g x 1's (P499.75/container)

Manufacturer: Wyeth Nutrition

Other Variants: Bonamil, Bonakid, Bonakid Pre-school

2. Bonamil

Contents: Nonfat milk powd, lactose, blend of vegetable oils (palm, palm kernel, soybean), sucrose, whey protein concentrate, soy lecithin, citric acid, nucleotides (cytidine-5'-monophosphate, diNa uridine-5'-monophosphate, adenosine-5'-monophosphate, diNa inosine-5'-monophosphate, diNa guanosine-5'-monophosphate), ethyl vanillin artificial flavor, lutein (suspended in safflower oil). Minerals: Ca carbonate, Ca hydroxide, Na dihydrogen phosphate, CaCl₂, Na bicarbonate, MgCl₂, Fe sulfate, Zn sulfate, copper sulfate, manganese sulfate, K iodide. Vit: Ascorbic acid, choline chloride, α-tocopheryl acetate, niacinamide, vit A palmitate, thiamine HCl, pantothenic acid, pyridoxine HCl, riboflavin, cholecalciferol, carotenes, folic acid, phytonadione, biotin, cyanocobalamin. Per 100 g powd Protein 16 g, carbohydrate 59 g, fat 20 g (linoleic acid 3,857 mg, linolenic acid 340 mg). Vit: Vit A 1,786 IU, carotenes 150 mcg, vit D 304 IU, vit E 7.9 IU, vit K 48 mcg, vit B₁ 714 mcg, vit B₂ 1,071 mcg, vit B₆ 429 mcg, vit B₁₂ 1.4 mcg, niacin 3,571 mcg, folic acid 57 mcg, pantothenic acid 2,143 mcg, biotin 14 mcg, vit C 64 mg, choline 71 mg. Minerals: Ca 821 mg, P 464 mg, Mg 61 mg, Fe 8.6 mg, Zn 3.6 mg, manganese 71 mcg, copper 286 mcg, iodine 93 mcg, Na 250 mg, K 714 mg, Cl 536 mg. Nucleotides 21 mg, lutein 143 mcg. Energy: 477 kCal

Indication: Milk supplement from 6-12 mth.

Dosage: Reconstitution: 3 level scoops to 180 mL lukewarm water. Give 4-5 feedings/day.

Packing and Price: As of March 2015

1.2 kg x 1's (P607.75/container)

180 g x 1's (P99.75/container)

360 g x 1's (P199.75/container)

400 g x 36 × 1's (P180.00/pack)

900 g x 1's (P499.75/container)

Manufacturer: Wyeth Nutrition

Other Variants: Bonna, Bonakid, Bonakid Pre-school

3. Nestogen One Infant Formula

Contents: Per 100 g Fat 26 g, linoleic acid 4,000 mg, α-linolenic acid 500 mg, protein 10.5 g, carbohydrates 55.7 g, total sugars 41.1 g, lactose 39.7 g, sucrose 0 g, Na 135 mg, K 578 mg, Cl 400 mg, Ca 333 mg, phosphorus 185 mg, Mg 50 mg, manganese 76 mcg, selenium 12 mcg, Fe 4.7 mg, copper 0.37 mg, Zn 5.1 mg, iodine 91 mcg, vit A 1,650 IU, vit D 264 IU, vit E 9.8 IU, vit K 45 mcg, vit C 71.5 mg, vit B₁ 0.54 mg, vit B₂ 0.74 mg, niacin 3.8 mg, vit B₆ 0.32 mg, folic acid 74 mcg, pantothenic acid 3.15 mg, vit B₁₂ 1 mcg, biotin 15 mcg, choline 58.9 mg, inositol 41.5 mg, taurine 31.5 mg, l-carnitine 8 mg. Energy: 499 kCal

Indication: An infant formula suitable for infants from 0-6 mth.

Dosage: Reconstitution: 1 scoop (4.47 g) to 30 mL (1 oz) water.

Packing and Price: As of March 2015

1.3 kg x 1's (P495.00/container)

135 g x 1's (P59.00/container)

340 g x 1's (P146.00/container)

900 g x 1's (P387.00/container)

Manufacturer: Nestlé

Other Variants: Nestogen Two – Follow up Formula and Nestogen Three

4. Nestogen Two –Follow up Formula

Contents: Per 100 g Fat 21.85 g, linoleic acid 3.4 g, α-linolenic acid 420 mg, protein 14.25 g, carbohydrates 55.34 g, lactose 38.74 g, Na 228 mg, K 645 mg, Cl 370 mg, Ca 550 mg, phosphorus 357 mg, Mg 53 mg, Fe 6.5 mg, manganese 46 mcg, iodine 80 mcg, copper 0.33 mg, Zn 5.3 mg, selenium 10 mcg, vit A 1,667 IU, vit D 332 IU, vit E 7.5 IU, vit K 37 mcg, vit C 90 mg, vit B₁ 0.55 mg, vit B₂ 1.1 mg, niacin 4.8 mg, vit B₆ 0.42 mg, folic acid 90 mcg, pantothenic acid 3.2 mg, vit B₁₂ 0.9 mcg, biotin 19.9 mcg. Energy: 475 kCal

Indication: A follow-up formula suitable for infants from 6-12 mth.

Dosage: Reconstitution: 1 scoop (4.5 g) to 30 mL (1 oz) water.

Packing and Price: As of March 2015

1.3 kg x 1's (P495.00/container)

135 g x 1's (P63.00/container)

340 g x 1's (P146.00/container)

900 g x 1's (P387.00/container)

Manufacturer: Nestlé

Other Variants: Nestogen One – Follow up Formula and Nestogen Three

5. Alacta Bibo Trio

Contents: Per 100 g Protein 9.6 g, fat 23 g, linoleic acid 3,800 mg, α-linolenic acid 270 mg, carbohydrate 60 g, vit A 1,590 IU, vit D 270 IU, vit E 9.6 IU, vit K₁ 43 mcg, thiamine 370 mcg, riboflavin 770 mcg, vit B₆ 300 mcg, vit B₁₂ 1.68 mcg, niacin 4,700 mcg, folic acid 72 mcg, pantothenic acid 2,400 mcg, biotin 14.4 mcg, vit C 87 mg, Ca 480 mg, P 260 mg, Mg 38 mg, Fe 5.8 mg, Zn 4 mg, manganese 111 mcg, copper 260 mcg, iodine 82 mcg, Na 130 mg, K 520 mg, Cl 300 mg, selenium 13.9 mcg, choline 115 mg, inositol 24 mg, taurine 26 mg, carnitine 7.2 mg, dietary fiber (inulin) 1.49 g. Energy: 480 kCal

Indications: Infant feeding (0-6 mth).

Dosage: Reconstitution: Infant 12 wk onwards 8 level scoops to 240 mL boiled water, 4-5 times daily; 8-12 wk 6 level scoops to 180 mL boiled water, 5 times daily; 4-8 wk 5 level scoops to 150 mL boiled water, 5-6 times daily; 2-4 wk 4 level scoops to 120 mL boiled water, 6 times daily; 0-2 wk 3 level scoops to 90 mL boiled water, 6-7 times daily.

Packing and Price: As of March 2015

1 kg x 1's (P393.71/container)

150 g x 1's (P74.76/container)

350 g x 1's (P157.48/container)

800 g x 1's (P358.50/container)

Manufacturer: Mead Johnson Nutrition

Other variants: Alactamil Bibo Trio, Alactagrow

6. Alactamil Bibo Trio

Contents: Per 100 g Protein 14.8 g, fat 19.4 g, linoleic acid 2,300 mg, α-linolenic acid 230 mg, carbohydrate 59 g, vit A 1,390 IU, vit D 310 IU, vit E 7.9 IU, vit K₁ 51 mcg, thiamine 550 mcg, riboflavin 1,020 mcg, vit B₆ 420 mcg, vit B₁₂ 1.85 mcg, niacin 4,600 mcg, folic acid 92 mcg, pantothenic acid 3,100 mcg, biotin 17.5 mcg, vit C 83 mg, choline 111 mg, taurine 30 mg, Ca 840 mg, P 460 mg, Mg 58 mg, Fe 6.9 mg, Zn 4.2 mg, manganese 120 mcg, copper 300 mcg, iodine 92 mcg, Na 220 mg, K 740 mg, Cl 510 mg, dietary fiber (inulin) 2.2 g. Energy: 460 kCal

Indications: Milk supplements for infants 6-12 mth.

Dosage: Infant 6 mth onwards 6 level scoops to 180 mL boiled water, 3-6 times daily or 8 level scoops to 240 mL boiled water, 2-4 times daily.

Packing and Price: As of March 2015

1 kg x 1's (P393.71/container)

150 g x 1's (P74.76/container)

350 g x 1's (P157.48/container)

800 g x 1's (P358.50/container)

Manufacturer: Mead Johnson Nutrition

Other variants: Alacta Bibo Trio, Alactagrow

7. S – 26

Contents: Reduced minerals whey, blend of vegetable oils (soybean, palm, palm kernel), nonfat milk powd, lactose, soy lecithin, long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids from single-cell sources [arachidonic acid (AA), DHA] taurine, nucleotides (cytidine-5'-monophosphate, diNa uridine-5'-monophosphate, adenosine-5'-monophosphate, diNa guanosine-5'-monophosphate, diNa inosine-5'-monophosphate), mixed tocopherols concentrate, ascorbyl palmitate, L-carnitine, lutein (suspended in safflower oil). Minerals: CaCl₂, K bicarbonate, Na citrate, KCl, Na phosphate, KOH, Fe sulfate, Zn sulfate, MgCl₂, Ca hydroxide, copper sulfate, manganese sulfate, K iodide, Na selenite. Vit: Ascorbic acid, α-tocopheryl acetate, inositol, choline Cl, nicotinamide, vit A palmitate, Ca pantothenate, thiamine HCl, pyridoxine HCl, riboflavin, cholecalciferol, carotenes, folic acid, phytonadione, biotin, cyanocobalamin. Per 100 g powd Protein 12 g (60% whey 7.1 g, 40% casein 4.7 g), carbohydrate 57 g, fat 28 g (AA 97 mg, DHA 56 mg). Vit: Vit A 1,969 IU, carotenes 165 mcg, vit D 335 IU, vit E 8.7 IU, vit K 53 mcg, vit B₁ 787 mcg, vit B₂ 1,181 mcg, vit B₆ 472 mcg, vit B₁₂ 1.6 mcg, niacin 3,937 mcg, folic acid 63 mcg, pantothenic acid 2,362 mcg, biotin 16 mcg, vit C 71 mg, choline 79 mg, inositol 26 mg. Minerals: Ca 362 mg, P 262 mg, Mg 50 mg, Fe 6.3 mg, Zn 4.7 mg, manganese 39 mcg, copper 441 mcg, iodine 79 mcg, Na 126 mg, K 551 mg, Cl 341 mg, selenium 11 mcg. Nucleotides 20 mg (CMP 10 mg, UMP 3.9 mg, AMP 3.1 mg, GMP 1.6 mg, IMP 1.6 mg), taurine 37 mg, L-carnitine 7.9 mg, lutein 20 mcg. Energy: 529 kCal

Indications: Infant formula from birth to 6 mth.

Packing and Price: As of March 2015

1.6 kg x 1's (P1639.00/container)

180 g x 1's (P217.50/container)

900 g x 1's (P1042.25/container)

Manufacturer: Wyeth Nutrition

Other Variant: S – 26 Gold, S – 26 HA Gold, S – 26 Lactose – Free, S – 26 LF Gold, S – 26 Soy Gold.

8. Similar Infant Formula

Contents: Per 100 g powd Protein 10.6 g, fat 28.1 g (linoleic acid 4.5 g, linolenic acid 0.45 g, arachidonic acid 107 mg, DHA 54 mg), carbohydrate 52.8 g, vit A 1,510 IU (453 mcg-RE), vit D₃ 380 IU (9.5 mcg), vit E 22 IU (14.8 mg α-TE), vit K 54 mcg, vit C 80 mg, vit B₁ 0.66 mg, vit B₂ 1.1 mg, niacin 5 mg, vit B₆ 0.4 mg, folic acid 76 mcg, vit B₁₂ 1.5 mcg, biotin 20 mcg, pantothenic acid 3.2 mg, choline 80 mg, Na 144 mg, K 625 mg, Cl 350 mg, Ca 380 mg, P 224 mg, Mg 40 mg, Fe 5.4 mg, Zn 4.5 mg, copper 400 mcg, manganese 100 mcg, selenium 8.6 mcg, iodine 100 mcg, galacto-oligosaccharide (GOS) 3.2 g, taurine 29 mg, inositol 32 mg, nucleotides 57.6 mg-NE. Energy 512 kCal (2,146 kJ)

Indications: Infant formula for 0-6 mth

Dosage: Reconstitution: Infant ≥6 mth 3 level scoops to 180 mL water, 4-5 feedings/day; 2-6 mth 3 level scoops to 180 mL water, 5-6 feedings/day; 2 wk-2 mth 2 level scoops to 120 mL water, 6-7 feedings/day; ≤2 wk 1 level scoop to 60 mL water, 8-10 feedings/day.

Packing and Price: As of March 2015

400 g x 1's

900 g x 1's

1700 g x 1's

Manufacturer: Abbott

Other variants: Similac Two, Similac Plus Advance, Similac TC, Similar Neosure, Similac LF Plus, Similac HW Plus.

9. Enfalac Infant Formula

Contents: Per 100 g Protein 10 g, fat 26 g, carbohydrate 54 g, mineral ash 2.9 g, linoleic acid 4,100 mg, α-linolenic acid 280 mg, vit A 1,500 IU, vit D 300 IU, vit E 9 IU, vit K₁ 43 mcg, thiamine 400 mcg, riboflavin 900 mcg, vit B₆ 300 mcg, vit B₁₂ 1.5 mcg, niacin 4,000 mcg, folic acid 80 mcg, pantothenic acid 2,800 mcg, biotin 15 mcg, vit C 100 mg, Na 135 mg, K 650 mg, Cl 420 mg, Ca 410 mg, P 250 mg, Mg 45 mg, iodine 75 mcg, Fe 6.3 mg, copper 330 mcg, Zn 4.3 mg, manganese 95 mcg, choline 120 mg, inositol 50 mg, taurine 25 mg, carnitine 7.5 mg, selenium 11.5 mcg, nucleotides 18 mg, galactooligosaccharides 3.2 g. Energy: 500 kCal

Indications: Infant feeding for 0-6 mth.

Dosage: Reconstitution: Infant ≥12 wk 5 scoops to 150 mL cooled, boiled water, 5 times daily; 8-12 wk 5 scoops to 150 mL cooled, boiled water, 5 times daily; 4-8 wk 4 scoops to 120 mL cooled, boiled water, 5-6 times daily; 4 wk 3 scoops to 90 mL cooled, boiled water, 6-7 times daily.

Packing and Price: As of March 2015

1.2 kg x 1's (P1125.10/container)

1.6 kg x 1's (P1442.26/container)

350 g x 1's (P393.09/container)

900 g x 1's (P908.17/container)

Manufacturer: Mead Johnson Nutritional

Other variants: Enfalac Lactose – Free, Enfalac A+, Enfalac A+ Premature, Enfalac A+ Lactose – Free.

Other Leading Infant Formula:

1. Enfapro Products

2. Isomil Advance

3. Nan Infant Formula Products

4. Lactum Infant Formula Products.

Considerations for Choosing the Best Formula Milk for your Baby

The following are consideration in choosing the best milk for your baby:

1. Pediatrician’s choice or recommendation

2. Health Professional recommendation

3. Milk should be suitable for baby’s age and needs.

4. Affordable and cost-effective

5. Better nutrition and digestion

6. Gives cognitive enhancement and strong body

7. See faster growth and healthy child

It is necessary to know what would be the best milk for your baby, because your child is the most important in every life of parents, therefore, good nutrition must be given to him. But before starting for other infant formulated milk try first to consider you breast milk for your child. This offers no spending at all, very nutritious for your baby and the most important is the bonding and rapport you create between you and your baby.

Atopic Dermatitis / Eczema

2015-03-21T19:58:00.000-07:00

What is Atopic Dermatitis?

Atopic Dermatitis also known as Eczema is a common recurrent itchy skin condition that is usually seen in children but may also affect adults. It is sometimes mistakenly called “skin asthmas” by many people. Individuals having atopic dermatitis usually get it before age of 5. The condition generally improves as the person gets older. For some children, it may completely disappear by age 2.

Atopic Dermatitis is not contagious. The skin rashes look different in infants, children and adults. In infants, the common symptoms are itchy and dry scaly skin, which may ooze or become moist. They can be seen on the face, especially on the cheeks and scalp but can affect other areas of the body.

Atopic Dermatitis in children and adults has symptoms of itchy red rashes, bumps, skin flaking or thick and dry skin. Common sites are neck, creases or folds of elbows, back of the knees, wrists and ankles. If atopic dermatitis is infected skin erosions and pus may develop, and needs treatment to prevent further complication.

What Causes Atopic Dermatitis?

Causes of Atopic dermatitis are not known, but medical researchers have found out that a big contributory on its occurrence is hereditary. Some individuals who have it are relatives with bronchial asthma, hay fever (allergic rhinitis) or atopic dermatitis itself. Atopic dermatitis is not caused by infection.

Foods do not cause atopic dermatitis, but food allergies can make it worse. People with eczema or atopic dermatitis are often allergic to milk and dairy products, nuts and shellfish. Some foods can be mistakenly referred to as “malansa” (e.g. chicken, egg, shrimp, shrimp paste or bagoong), which do not cause atopic dermatitis.

Attacks of atopic dermatitis may be associated with the triggering factors such as:

· Dry and low humidity

· Heat and perspiration

· Dust and smoke

· Chemicals like detergents, soap and perfumes.

· Infection

What treatment or management can be done?

At present time, there is no known cure for atopic dermatitis, treatment are recommended to control and manage it. Treatment and management can be the following:

1. Application of Topical drug products such as moisturizer to relieve dryness and corticosteroids for management of inflammation and itchiness.

2. Oral medications such as antihistamines, steroids – for severe cases, and antibiotics – for infected cases.

3. Phototherapy – is a management through the use of controlled exposure to ultraviolet (UV) light done in a medical facility for patients with moderate to severe cases.

Preventions and Important Considerations

1. Avoid possible triggering factors.

2. Use only mild, fragrance – free skin cleansers.

3. Bathe in warm but not hot water.

4. Avoid long bath time or prolonged exposure to water.

5. Apply moisturizers regularly, at least twice a day.

6. Keep fingernails short.

7. For washing the clothes, use detergents made for sensitive skin and avoid scented fabric softeners.

8. Wash new clothes before wearing.

For effective and safe management of atopic dermatitis, always consult your doctor or dermatologist. Dermatologist should be a member of Philippine Dermatological Society.

- Adapted from PDS.

Wilkins or Absolute – What is the Best Distilled Water to drink?

2015-03-13T02:20:00.000-07:00

Because of the modern day era, mothers, parents, guardians are so protective and concerned about the health of their infant and child. So as their baby was delivered most parents use distilled water as the water for their babies. Yes, water nowadays is not potable and safe to drink. Deep well water is not safe to drink (when the community is very populated and houses are crowded) and can only be used for household purposes and bathing. This is because of the presence of bacteria that originated from the human waste that had contaminated the water source. Even the water that is being served by water concessionaire or company is not safe to drink at all, even though it processed from the most advanced technological system of filtration and purification.

So health is the concern and babies are difficult to treat when they get sick, especially when diarrhea is the problem. Thus, to avoid this disease to reach babies parents are very meticulous regarding what to use as drinking water for their babies.

There are different waters in the community. (1) The deep well water, (2) water distributed by water concessionaires, (3) purified water, which often times called mineral water, and (4) the distilled water. The first three are likely the same but differs in the purity and safety of the water. The last one is very different that it does not contain any mineral, electrolyte or ion within it. It is just purely H₂O.

Distilled water is a water that made from the distillation of purified or water alone in the process called distillation. Distillation process is a process which a liquid is separated to the mixture using heat, which the liquid evaporates and returning back to liquid again through condensation process. When the liquid is separated from the mixture, the liquid that is distilled will be pure. For instance, when water is distilled the electrolytes, ions, minerals will be separated from the water and the water will be purely H2O alone and be called as distilled water. Distilled water has widely use in the different industries such as manufacturing, medicine, restaurants, household and etc. But the main concern here is the use of distilled water at home whether it is more advantageous to the household to use distilled water as a daily drinking water or to use ordinary water to drink?

Advantage of Distilled water

1. Safe to drink because it is purely water and does not contain any other element on it.

2. Safe for babies and elders

3. Avoids diarrhea for infants.

Disadvantage of Distilled Water

1. Very expensive

2. Need to buy now and then

3. Bottles can be harmful to the environment when not recycled

4. Decreases immune system buildup of the child as he grows, due to non-exposure to possible microbes that can boost the immune system of the child.

5. The infant or individual who drinks it will have electrolyte imbalanced due to insufficient electrolytes and ions present in the water.

Distilled waters that are commercially available in the Philippine market

1. Wilkins Distilled Drinking Water. Manufactured by Coca-Cola Bottlers, Inc. Available in different sizes such as 500ml, 1L, 4L, 6L and gallons.

2. Absolute Pure Distilled Drinking Water. Manufactured by Asia Brewery, Inc. Available also in different bottle sizes such as 500ml, 4L, 6L and etc.

3. Nature’s Spring Distilled Drinking Water. Manufactured by Philippine Spring Water Resources, Inc. Available in different bottle sizes such as 350ml, 500ml, 1L, 4L, 6.6L and 10L.

Conclusion:

Water is important in our life. Health depends on the water we drink, so it is important to drink clean and potable water. As much as possible we want our family to have the best health, thus, water is our number one concern. I believe that whatever your family’s water will be, as long as it is safe to drink and potable there is no problem about it. It is just our worries, and wants that motivate us to choose expensive water. Remember, distilled water can protect your family from diarrhea alone, but the benefit of other waters is greater than that of the distilled. Other waters like mineral water, district water and deep well waters can help to boost immune system of the individuals who drink it, especially those newly born. Also it serves the right balance of hydration and electrolytes in our body. If unsure about the safety of district water or deep water, one can sterilize the water through boiling process. Even not all bacteria is killed at least the bad ones are eliminated and the good ones retained. And one more thing, if people before endured and lived without this kind of water, the new millennium can also strive. It will be better if all the waters will be used. I do not discourage the use of distilled water, but in some occasion it is better to drink different waters to support our needs. Just remember nothing is perfect in this world.

Fractional Radio Frequency Microneedling – An Advanced Treatment Technology for Skin Problems

2015-03-12T02:04:00.000-07:00

What is Fractional Radio Frequency (RF) Microneedling?

Fractional RF Microneedling is a unique technique to treat target areas of the skin through the fast penetration of specially designed compound of tiny microneedles without damaging the epidermis. On contact with the skin, the device works to heal while simultaneously emitting a high tensioned radio frequency pulse on the target tissue inside the skin. It is an extraordinary device which naturally increases the levels of collagen and elastin in your skin.

What skin problems can it treat?

The Fractional Radio Frequency Microneedling in an advanced technology device effectively used to treat many skin problems such as the following:

Large skin pores

Fine lines and wrinkles

Stretch marks

Reduction of formation of pimples and acne

Acne Scars

Alopecia

Burn, surgical, traumatic or infectious scars

Age spots; and also

Skin rejuvenation

How does it work?

Each needle in the array is made up of Titanium where RG emits. The system is different from laser therapy in that the electrical energy is transposed into thermal energy and where the RF energy exits on the needle it transfers from its point circle to the adjoining areas causing denaturalization and coagulation.

The micro holes that are created are not exposed to thermal damage during the RF emission which in turn minimizes the side effects of pigmentation.

How does it differ from other radio frequency treatments?

The Microcell delivery system is unique by pushing electrical currents into the skin rather than through it, allowing for deeper penetration without damaging the epidermis.

In addition, the Radio Frequency energy from the machine produces enough thermal energy to denaturalize cell and destroy the causes of acne, acne bacteria and sebaceous glands.

How long does it take to perform the treatment?

It takes 30 minutes for anesthesia to take effect before treatment and a treatment takes 15 – 20 minutes depending on the treatment area.

For aftercare it takes 10 minutes, approximately 1 hour will be consumed for the whole procedure.

Is the procedure painful?

It is not painful up to level 2 using 0.5 mm needle but if it is over the level it could be better to apply anesthetic on a patient. A pain depends on a person but it is less painful than the pain caused by CO₂ Laser.

Can it be used to any part of the body?

It can be used on almost any part of the body. Such as the arms, hands, legs, thighs, body, abdomen, neck, face, cheeks, ever around the eye area – such as crow’s feet and frown lines.

Can this be used with botox or filler?

Yes and definitely! Botox and RF are complementary, but should be done 3 weeks after botox and fillers.

What are the possible side effects?

Patient may experience some mild discomfort during the treatment. The skin might grow a little redness, swelling and bruising after treatment but these typically disappear within 2 to 24 hours.

How many sessions do it require?

You will see 40% improvement on the treated area but it takes about 4 – 6 sessions to see the best results. Some patients need more sessions for the problem area.

ACNE

LARGE PORES

WRINKLES

How frequent can the treatment be?

The Fractional Radio Frequency Microneedling can be done twice a month for a scar and other procedures but monthly or every 2 months for alopecia treatment.

How much is the treatment's cost?

The cost of the treatment may depend on your dermatologist’s service charge. So ask your dermatologist about this and discuss more about it before engaging to this treatment.

Note: Dermatological Clinic should be registered and accredited by Philippine Dermatological Society (PDS), and must be supervised by a registered dermatologist, who is a member also of Philippine Dermatological Society (PDS). Beware of bogus dermatological clinics! Treatment should be done by a registered dermatologist alone. Ask for registration proof and membership from PDS if doubtful about the clinic’s or doctor’s identity.

Emulsions - Part 2

2015-03-11T23:48:00.000-07:00

English Method (Wet Method)

The acacia solution is place in a mortar and a small quantity of the oil is added. (The amount of oil to be added at one time depends on the quantity of emulsion being prepared). The pestle is rapidly and lightly rotated, dashing the oil into globules, which are prevented from coalescing by the intervention of the emulsifying agent. It is advisably necessary to add an additional portion of the oil at this point, but as emulsification progresses and the nucleus grows, it will also be necessary to add water occasionally to maintain the proper consistency.

Example of Emulsion using English Method

To prepare 120 ml of a 50% emulsion of cod liver oil the following shall be needed:

Formula:

Oil 60 ml

Acacia 15 g

Purified Water, q.s. __________

To make 120 ml

Preparation:

Add 15 ml of water to the acacia to make the mucilage and being adding oil in approximately 2 ml portion, increasing the quantity slightly as the emulsion develops.

The English Method is slower and calls for considerable care and skill and recognition of various conditions which should or may develop in the emulsification process. In this method the emulsifying agent is always used in liquid form, as represented by mucilages of acacia, tragacanth, or chondrus, agar solution, egg yolk, etc. This requires, as in the case of acacia, which preferably used, that thick mucilage is prepared. To make satisfactory mucilage of acacia, granular acacia should be mixed in a mortar with an equal quantity of water added all at once, while stirring with the pestle. This will eliminate lumps and produce smooth mucilage in a very short time. It is advisable to dilute the original mucilage slightly by the addition of a little more water. The amount of oil to emulsified, although a smaller quantity may serve the purpose equally well.

When to add water and when to add oil is a question which must be mastered by those who attempt to use the English Method. It may resolve itself into a case of alternating one with the other but the question depends entirely on how much of either is added at a time. If too much water is added and the emulsion additional becomes too thin, it will be impossible to emulsify additional oil. Like, if insufficient water is added, the emulsion becomes too thick and “cracks” because there is not enough aqueous mucilage to cover the globules of the oil present. The emulsion must be kept of such consistency that the pestle makes a characteristic crackling sound as it spins around the mortar. This crackling sound is due to the thick emulsion, or mucilage stretching out between the sides of the mortar and the pestle, and snapping back as it finally breaks away from one or the other. At this stage the emulsion should be smooth and creamy in appearance and show a high uniform gloss throughout. On the other hand when cracking develops, the emulsion loses its uniform gloss and takes on a “pearly” appearance, showing a definite sheen and evidence of free oil globules. Should this occur, it is often possible to save the emulsion by setting it aside for a few minutes, to allow progress of the separation. Much of the air which has likely been beaten into the emulsion separates and the oil and aqueous phases become more pronounced. If water is now added and the mixture triturated, the emulsion will immediately turn normal. If too little water is found to have been added, trituration should be discontinued, the emulsion set aside for a few minutes then more water added and the mixture triturated. But if too much water has been added the emulsion may become so thin that it will be impossible to emulsify any additional oil. In this case a new mucilage may be prepared and the broken emulsion reclaimed by adding it slowly to the new mucilage. When all of the oily mixture has been incorporated, the emulsion may be brought to its final volume by the addition of water, preferably added in small portions.

It is an accepted fact that the smaller the oil globules, the slower the rater of creaming; thus according to Stoke’s Law – if an oil globule is cut in half, the creaming rate is reduced to one-fourth. Consequently, the longer is the trituration given to the emulsion while in its original thick condition; the better is the finished emulsion.

The Continental Method (4-2-1 Method) or (Dry Method)

When a hand homogenizer is not available the Continental Method is preferred over the English Method because it will produce an emulsion more quickly. The Continental Method has a real merit of never failing to produce a good emulsion if the proportions are maintained in forming the nucleus and if the directions are strictly followed. For olive oil, cod liver oil, and castor oil the proportion must be “one-half as much water as oil, and one-half as much acacia as water” or “4 oil, 2 water, 1 acacia”. This produces only the nucleus although all of the oil is emulsified, so additional water should be finally added to dilute the emulsion to the proper strength. The method consists in the following: - the acacia, in fine powder, is added to the oil and mixed intimately (powdered acacia is the only natural gum which produces a good emulsion by the Continental Method when a mortar and pestle are used). The 2 parts of the water is added all at once, while stirring vigorously with the water and the mucilage thus formed envelops the oil globules which result from the active stirring of the mixture. Considerable skill is required in handling the mortar and pestle at this point. Trituration must be fast and must cover the entire surface of the mortar to maintain until the mixture becomes very thick and a “perfect nucleus” is formed. Then additional water may be added as required.

The powdered acacia should not be triturated with the oils longer than just enough to mix the two intimately. If the oil and acacia are allowed to remain contact any appreciable time, the acacia imbibes the oil. This causes the oil to dissolve poorly when water is added and interferes with emulsification. Using the Continental Method, it is essential that the acacia dissolves very rapidly when water is added to the oil and acacia mixture. The following factors are very important in producing a satisfactory emulsion using Continental Method:

1. Use of a dry mortar

2. Correct proportion of ingredient

3. Measuring oil in a dry graduate

4. Adding all at once two parts of water

5. Rapid and continued trituration

The pestle should be lightly held between the thumb and the first two fingers and it should be rotated entirely by a finger and wrist motion to obtain the speed which is highly essential. The head of the pestle should be forced against the curve of the mortar and not rotated with a purely circular motion in order to produce a shearing action on the oil globules.

In making Continental emulsions of some oils, other than standard cod liver oil or castor oil type, it is a necessity to change the proportions of the ingredients. In case of oil of turpentine the proportion is “3 oil, 2 water and 1 acacia”. For liquid petrolatum the proportion is “2, 2 and 1”.

Addition of Salt, Syrup and other ingredients:

It is a general rule that when salts, syrups (as flavoring) and alcohol (preservative) are to be added to emulsions, they should be dissolved in or diluted with water before adding to the emulsion. Salts ionize in solution and if carelessly added to the emulsion, they will neutralize the charge on the dispersed phase and cause the oil globules to coalesce. If salts are added in concentrated solution, they may break the emulsion by a dehydration process, taking water away from the interface. Syrup added in a concentrated form may cause emulsion to break due to dehydration at the interface.

If an ingredient in an emulsion prescription of formula is soluble in a substance which is to become the inner or dispersed phase, it should be dissolved in that substance first before any attempt is made to make emulsion.

Hand Homogenizer

Hand Homogenizer in small scale production may be used for preparing either O/W or W/O emulsions. In both instances, the technique is the same. The water-soluble ingredient and the oil-soluble ingredients are combined separately, using appropriate technique to obtain a solution in each case. These two phases are shaken together in a bottle or otherwise thoroughly mixed and the rough emulsion which forms is pumped through the homogenizer several times. The hand homogenizer eliminates all failures due to faulty techniques. If unsatisfactory emulsion results the fault usually will be found in the formula employed.

Special Emulsions

1. Transparent Emulsions – known also as Micro-emulsions, are clear, colloidal dispersions of one liquid dispersed in another. The resultant emulsion is clear because the particle size of the dispersed phase is probably in the range of 100 – 600^A. Some uncertainty still exists as to the demarcation line between micro-emulsion and clear dispersion brought about by micelle formation (solubilization). Unfortunately, no exact methods are presently available to distinguish solubilized oil from one which can be called micro-emulsions.

According to Osipow there are 3 important aspects of micro-emulsion theory:

(a) The combination of emulsifying agents and their concentration must be such as to produce a metastable negative interfacial tension.

(b) The emulsifier interphase must not be too highly condensed.

(c) The molecules of the oil phase must be able to interpenetrate or associate with the mixed interfacial film constituting the interphase.

One of the chief advantages of micro-emulsions is that they are thermodynamically stable; no emulsifying equipment is needed to produce the emulsion. It is very important that the emulsion formula be designed in such a manner that the micro-emulsion will be formed.

2. Gum-Resin Emulsions – these are prepared from asafetida, ammoniac, etc. which are usually misnamed since they are not true emulsions but suspensions. To prepare them, the materials are crushed and only a small portion of water added at first, just sufficient to make a heavy paste. When this becomes uniform, additional water is gradually added with constant stirring.

3. Seed – Emulsion – This is made by triturating oil seeds such as almond seeds in water. They are examples of emulsions prepared without added emulsifying agents, since all the ingredients necessary for emulsification are in the seeds themselves. Preparation is the same as the gum – resin emulsions.

4. Emulsions of Phenyl Salicylate (Salol) – this type of emulsion may be compounded by dissolving the salol in the oil with the aid of a little heat and then proceeding in the usual manner to make an emulsion.

5. Emulsions of Volatile Oils – an example of emulsions of volatile oils is the Turpentine Oil Emulsion which is made by the Forbes’ Method. This is suitable for oils particularly volatile oils which are capable of being dispersed as minute globules by shaking in a bottle. In another common method of emulsification the volatile oil is mixed with a bland fixed oil, the latter imparting sufficient viscosity to the mixture to allow use of the regular continental method.

Emulsions may be intended for: (1) oral use (2) parenteral use and (3) external use.

Emulsions for Oral Use:

This kind of emulsions should contain ingredients which have been proved by both animal and clinical experience to be safe. There should be adequate testing for the safety of the final product. Legal requirements with respect to stability of the active ingredients and of the final product may require further testing. Most oral emulsions will require one or more flavoring agents to improve the palatability of the product. Flavors should be considered from the standpoint of possible long-term use of the product. In general, the flavor or blend of flavors should be dissolved in the aqueous phase, but there are instances where it might be advantageous to have the flavor in the oil phase, as for instance with very distasteful oils. All oral emulsion products should be in such manner that the product will remain free of the effects of bacteria, molds or yeasts. This is particularly important for emulsions which contain gums and similar organic substances. An extremely efficient preservative in emulsion products is alcohol in 10 – 15% concentration. Other chemical agents useful as preservatives are: benzoic acid (0.2%), parahydroxybenzoates (0.1 -0.2%), sorbic acid (0.2%) and benzalkonium chloride (0.1%).

Antioxidant and buffers may be incorporated into the emulsion product for a specific purpose and should be selected as judiciously as preservative agents.

Emulsions for Parenteral Use:

Oil – in – water (O/W) emulsions develop suitable intravenous preparations for a number of specific clinical uses. By far the most important use made of emulsions is the incorporation of fats and oils with high caloric contents in preparations to be administered intravenously to patients who cannot ingest food and by the other routes. The emulsion must be non-toxic, sterile and pyrogen-free. Some parenteral emulsions are used for diagnostic purposes – example, contrast medium.

Emulsions for External Use:

All external emulsion products, whether for therapeutic or cosmetic use, must be esthetically acceptable. It is very important to consider the texture, aroma, staining characteristics and color, since these may mean the success of failure of the emulsion.

Packaging of Emulsion

There are three considerations for choosing packaging for emulsions.

1. Esthetic quality of the final package

2. Protective effect of the package on the product

3. Utility of the package to the user

It is necessary that packaging materials should be one which will not release a constituent into the emulsion system nor sorb one or more of the ingredients.

Example of Emulsion

Liquid Petrolatum Emulsion, NF

Other Names: Emulsum Petrolati Liquidi; Mineral Oil Emulsion and Liquid Paraffin Emulsion

Formula:

Mineral Oil 500 ml

Acacia, v.f.p. 125 g

Syrup 100 ml

Vanillin 40 mg

Alcohol 60 ml

Purified Water, q.s. _________

To make 1000 ml

Preparation:

Mix the mineral oil with the powdered acacia in a dry mortar, add 250 ml of purified water all at once, and emulsify the mixture. Add in divided portions, triturating after each addition, a mixture of syrup, 50 ml of purified water and the vanillin dissolved in the alcohol. Then add sufficient quantity of purified water to make the product measure 1000 ml and mix well.

Uses: Intestinal lubricant and cathartic.

Dose: Usual is 30 ml.

Note: Other methods of emulsification may be used and the quantity of acacia may be reduced or replaced by agar, gelatin, tragacanth or mixtures of any of these provided the resulting emulsion is similar in viscosity and appearance to the emulsion made by the given formula. Vanillin may be replaced by not more than 1% of any other official flavoring substance or mixture of official flavoring substances. 60 ml of sweet orange peel tincture or 2 g of benzoic acid may be used as preservative in place of the alcohol.

Emulsions

2015-03-10T22:44:00.000-07:00

As defined by the USP XVII an emulsion is a two-phase system in which one liquid is dispersed in the form of small globules throughout another liquid. The dispersed liquid is known as the internal phase, whereas the dispersion medium as the external or continuous phase. Oil-in-water (O/W) emulsion is when oil is the dispersed phase and an aqueous solution is the continuous phase. Conversely, water-in-oil (W/O) emulsion is when water or an oleaginous material is the continuous phase. Emulsion may also be defined as an intimate mixture of two immiscible liquids held together by an intermediate agent. The intermediate agent responsible for making a stable emulsion is called the emulsifying, dispersing or stabilizing agent.

It is very important to bear in mind that while droplets of one immiscible liquid dispersed in another constitutes an emulsion according to Becher, “a third component may be added to accentuate the minimal stability of an emulsion.” This third component is one of the most important factors in the development of an acceptable emulsion product both in pharmaceutical and cosmetic point of view.

And this third component is called emulsifying agent.

Emulsifying agents are divided into 3 broad groups:

1. Natural Emulsifying Agents are substances derived either from animal or vegetable sources. Examples of those obtained from animals are gelatin, egg yolk, casein, wool fat and cholesterol. From vegetable sources are acacia, tragacanth, chondrus and pectin.

2. Finely Divided Solid Agents are bentonite, magnesium hydroxide, and aluminum hydroxide and magnesium trisilicate.

3. Synthetic Emulsifying Agents are agents which can be further divided into anionic, cationic and nonionic agents. Example of anionic is sodium lauryl sulfate, cationic like benzalkonium chloride and nonionic like polyethylene glycol 400 monostearate.

The NF XII suggests that only O/W emulsions are suitable for oral use because these are water-miscible and thus their oiliness is masked. The NF gives specific directions for the preparation of emulsions utilizing gelatin as an emulsifying agent. These preparations are based on either Type A or Type B gelatin.

Type A Gelatin

Type A gelatin is prepared from acid-treated precursors and is used at a pH of about 3.2. It is compatible with anionic emulsifying agents such as the vegetable gums.

Formula:

Gelatin (Type A) 8 g

Tartaric Acid 0.6 g

Flavor, as desired

Alcohol 60 ml

Oil 500 ml

Purified Water, q.s. __________

To make 1000 ml

Preparation: Add the gelatin and tartaric acid to about 300 ml of purified water; allow standing for a few minutes. Heat the mixture until the gelatin is dissolved, then raise its temperature to about 98^oand maintain this temperature for about 20 minutes. Cool to 50^o, add the flavor, the alcohol, and sufficient purified water to make 500 ml. Add the oil, agitate the mixture thoroughly and pass it through the homogenizer or a colloid mill until the oil is completely and uniformly dispersed.

This emulsion cannot be prepared by trituration or by the use of the usual stirring devices.

Type B Gelatin

Type B Gelatin is prepared from the alkali-treated precursors and is used at a pH of about 8. It may be employed with other anionic emulsifying agents but is contains 50% oil, 5 grams of Type B Gelatin, 2.5 grams of NaHCO₃ and sufficient tragacanth or agar should be incorporated into the aqueous phase so as to yield 1000 ml of product of the required viscosity.

O/W and W/O, are emulsion type of lesser significance if the final preparation is to be applied to the skin, if there are no breaks in the skin, a W/O emulsion can be thin film of sebum. The latter substance favors the oily choice of emulsion type will, however, depend on many other factors. Although there are a few commercial products classified under the title “emulsions”, they are of great significance as bases for other types of preparations, particularly in the dermatological and cosmetic areas. Emulsions possess a number of advantages over other liquid forms.

Advantages of Emulsions

1. The therapeutic properties and the spreading ability of the constituents are increased. However, at times this may be a disadvantage because it is reported in the NF that water-soluble antiseptics are more active but also potentially more irritating when incorporated into an O/W emulsion.

2. Unpleasant taste or odor of the oil can be partially or wholly masked by the process of emulsification. Only a minimal amount of flavors and sweetening agents should be added to emulsions in order to prevent nausea or gastric distress that results on ingestion of larger quantities of those formulation aids.

3. The absorption and penetration of medicaments are more easily controlled if they are incorporated into an emulsion.

4. Emulsion action is more prolonged and the emollient effect is greater than that observed with comparable preparations.

5. Water is not only an inexpensive diluent but is of great value as a solvent for many drugs and flavors that are incorporated into emulsions.

Discussion:

Aqueous phase favors the growth of microorganisms so that a preservative is usually added to the product. Mixtures of methylparaben and propylparaben and alcohol is suitable as preservatives, the latter is added to the external phase (O/W) in a concentration of 12 to 15% based on the volume of water used in the preparation.

Selection of the emulsifying agent or agents is one of the more important problems. Success and failure in producing an emulsion is largely dependent on the emulsifying agent and agents in the formula. As with all other products to be used in medical practice, the potential toxic effect of every ingredient added to a formulation must be evaluated in relationship to the use of an emulsion. Thus, an emulsifying agent quite suitable for a dermatological product might be entirely unacceptable for an intravenous emulsion. Up to 1950 the selection of emulsifying agents for an emulsion formula was primarily an empirical or “trial and error” procedure. Griffin’s pioneering work, however, provided a more logical procedure for selecting emulsifying agent (surfactants). Griffin’s method is known as the HLB (hydrophile-lipophile-balance) method and is used by many product development groups in formulating new products.

Griffin assigned numerical values to each surface active agent, ranging from 1 to 40, to express the polarity or hydrophilic the substance. Through experiments Griffin was able to categorize this HLB values to fit specific applications. If W/O emulsion is desired only those emulsifying agents having an HLB value falling in the range of 3 to 6 should be considered; and for an O/W emulsion only those agents falling in the range of 8 to 18 need be appraised. In the HLB system values are assigned both to the emulsifying agents and to the oil and oil-like ingredients.

To prepare an emulsion having good stability one must employ emulsifying agents having the same or nearly the same HLB as the oil phase. For example, if cottonseed oil is to be used for and O/W emulsion, it will be necessary to have a emulsifying agent or agents with an HLB of 7.5. One of the most important aspects of the HLB system is that the values are algebraically additive; to give a specific HLB. Blends of emulsifying agent, for which reason the formulator may begin the development of an emulsion using two emulsifying agents. In formulating a new emulsion formula it is necessary first to find the HLB of the oil phase, then the second step is that of blending two emulsifying agents to give the desired HLB of the oil.

At times, for example, with a new type of oil the HLB value of the oil may not be known and it becomes actually necessary to determine the HLB, in such cases, experiments should be conducted with a pair of emulsifying agents compounded in various rations to give definite HLB’s ranging from low values to high values. From the series of emulsions thus prepared, the best one is selected and the HLB of the particular combination of emulsifying agents used in the formula is assigned to the oil. Generally, for more precise determination of HLB values, several series of emulsions may have to be made before the proper HLB value is ascertained.

Preparation: A practicing pharmacist has many opportunities to apply his knowledge of emulsions and emulsification in practice, including the preparation of emulsion on prescription order, which often requires special treatment to effect suspension or emulsification of some troublesome ingredient. Although hand homogenizers and electric mixers are considered at present normal equipment for the pharmacy, there are occasions when the pharmacist must rely solely upon the mortar and pestle using either the English Method or Continental Method.

See English Method orContinental Method topic here.

Liniments

2015-01-17T00:49:00.000-08:00

Liniments are solutions or mixture of various substances in oil, alcoholic solution of soap, or emulsions, intended for external application. They are applied with rubbing to the affected areas and that is why they were once called embrocations.

Dental liniments are solutions of active substances which are rubbed into the gums, but they are no longer official.

Liniments are usually applied to the skin with friction and rubbing, the oil and soap base providing for ease of application and massage. Alcoholic liniments are intended generally for their rubefacient, counterirritant, mildly astringent and penetrating effects. They penetrate the skin readily than the oil base. Therefore, oily liniments are milder in their action but are more useful when massage is desired. Some liniments are solely used as protective coating depending on the ingredients in the preparation. Liniments should not be applied on bruises and broken skin.

Liniments usually contain methyl salicylate, menthol and camphor in their preparations.

Example of Liniments and Their Preparation

Camphor Liniment, NF, BP

Other Names: Linimentum Camphoras or Camphorated Oil

Formula:

Camphor 200 g

Cottonseed Oil 800 g

To make 1000 g

Preparation

Place the cottonseed oil into a suitable dry flask or bottle, heat on a steam bath, add camphor and stopper the container securely. Agitate to dissolve the camphor without further heating.

Uses: Mild counterirritant for inflamed joints, sprains, rheumatism and in other inflammatory conditions such as cold in throat and chest, in infants and children.

Remarks: The liniment should never be prepared in an open dish, as much of the camphor will volatilize. Although “camphorated oil” is often applied to this liniment and also frequently to indicate “Camphor Injection” a sterile 10% solution of camphor in olive oil or other fixed oil and which is used hypodermically as a stimulant. The two products must not be confused.

Camphor and Soap Liniment, NF

Other Names: Linimentum Camphorae et Saponis, Soap Liniment, Liquid Opodeldoc and Camphorated Tincture of Soap.

Formula:

Camphor, in small pieces 45 g

Soap, dried and granulated 60 g

Rosemary Oil 10 ml

Alcohol 700 ml

Purified Water, q.s. ________

To make 1000 ml

Preparation:

Dissolve camphor and rosemary oil in alcohol, add the soap and sufficient quantity of purified water to measure 1000ml. Agitate to dissolve the soap, set aside in a cool place for 24 hours and filter.

Uses: Local irritant, mild rubefacient, and weak local anesthetic for sprains, bruises and rheumatism. It also forms the basis for other liniments.

Remarks: The official hard soap should be used; soap made from animal oils will cause felatinization. If soap shaving from bar soap are used, dry thoroughly and then run thru a mill or grater.

Chloroform Liniment, NF

Other Name: Linimentum Chloroformi

Formula:

Chloroform 300 ml

Camphor and Soap Liniment 700 ml

To make 1000 ml

Preparation: Mix the ingredients by agitation

Uses: Applied to the skin as stimulant and rubefacient for the production of counterirritation in the treatment and relief of myalgias, neuralgias, and certain forms of involvement of joints and particular structures.

Inhalations and Inhalants

2015-01-17T00:03:00.000-08:00

Inhalations are drugs or combinations of drugs administered through the nasal or oral respiratory route for local or systemic effect. These preparations are designed to carry the drug into the respiratory tree of the patient where its vapors give a prompt relief from symptoms of bronchial and nasal congestion. Nebulizers are suitable for administration of inhalation solutions only if they give droplets sufficiently fine and uniform in size so that the mist reaches the bronchioles.

Inhalations include also volatile and powdered medicaments and aerosols that are administered by the respiratory route with the aid of appropriate device. Pressurized aerosols produce fine mists hence possess basic advantages over the older nebulizers. The term inhalation is used commonly by the layman to represent preparations intended to be vaporized with the aid of heat, usually steam and inhaled. Vaporizer is used with a number of commercial available preparations of this type.

Example of Inhalations

1. Epinephrine Inhalations, USP – It is a solution of epinephrine in purified water prepared with the aid of hydrochloric acid. It contains in each 100 ml, 0.9 – 1.15 g of C₉H₁₃NO₃. It is used in therapy of bronchial asthmatic attacks. It shrinks the congested bronchial musoca and relaxes the bronchial musculature (adrenergic).

2. Isoproterenol Hydrochloride Inhalation, USP – A solutions of isoproterenol hydrochloride in purified water made isotonic by the addition of sodium chloride. It contains 95 – 105% of the labeled amount of C₁₁H₁₇NO₃.HCl. It is used as a bronchial dilator to treat asthma. It affords a complete relief in mild or moderately severe asthma and is of value in status asthmaticus. Most effective is inhalation of a suitable aerosol at the onset of attack.

3. Salbutamol (Albuterol) Solution for Nebulization – It is an antiasthma drug which contains 1mg/ml of Salbutamol.

4. Budesonide Inhalation Solution for Nebulization – It is an antiasthma drug which contains 250mcg/ml of budesonide.

5. Ipratropium Inhalation Solution for Nebulization – It is an antiasthma drug which contains 250mcg/ml of ipratropium.

6. Fenoterol + Ipratropium Inhalation Solution for Nebulization – It is a combination of two antiasthma drugs which contains 50mcg and 20mcg, respectively, per 4 ml solution.

7. Salbutamol + Ipratropium Inhalation Solution for Nebulization – it is a combination of two antiasthma drugs which contains 500mcg and 2.5mg, respectively, per 2.5ml of solution.

Inhalants

According to the NF XII, Inhalants are drugs or combination of drugs, which by virtue of their vapor pressure, can be carried by an air current into the nasal passages where they exert their effect. Inhaler is the device used for the administration of inhalants.

It is another group of products known also as inhalants or insufflation (but not official in the NF) consists of finely powdered or liquid drugs that are carried into the respiratory passages by the use of low pressure “aerosol” containers. The containers hold a solution or suspension of the drug in a liquefied propellant and when released through a suitable spray nozzle, a metered dose of the inhalant is propelled into the respiratory tract of the patient.

The official preparation is described as consisting of cylindrical rolls of suitable fibrous material impregnated with propylhexedrine, usually aromatized and contained in a suitable inhaler.

Example of Inhalants

Propylhexedrine Inhalant, NF – It is a Benzedrex Inhaler consists of cylindrical rolls of suitable fibrous material impregnated with propylhexedrine usually aromatized and contained in a suitable inhaler. The inhaler contains 90 – 120% of the labeled amount of C₁₀H₂₁N.
Salbutamol Metered Dose Inhalant – It is an inhalant which contains 100mcg of Salbutamol per actuation. It is used to treat asthma.

Glycerites

2015-01-14T19:19:00.000-08:00

Glycerites are solutions or mixtures of medicinal substances in not less than 50% by weight of glycerin. Most glycerites are viscous while some are of jelly-like consistency.

Some of the glycerites are used in their original form as medicinal agent while others are used to prepare aqueous and alcoholic dilutions of substances which are not readily soluble in water or alcohol. Glycerin of Phenol, BPC, 1963 is diluted with glycerin to form the pharmaceutical preparation, Ear Drops with Phenol, BPC 1963. Water should not be added to this preparation. It reacts with the phenol to produce a preparation which is caustic and consequently causes damage in the area of application.

Glycerites are hygroscopic and therefore, should be stored in tightly closed containers. Glycerin is a valuable pharmaceutical solvent forming permanent and concentrated solutions not otherwise obtainable.

EXAMPLES OF GLYCERITES AND THEIR PREPARATION

Starch Glycerites, NF

Other Names: Glyceratum Amyli and Starch Glycerin

Formula:

Starch 100g

Benzoic Acid 2 g

Purified water 200 ml

Glycerin 700 ml

To make about 1000g

Preparation:

Levigate thoroughly the starch and benzoic acid with the purified water in a porcelain dish until a smooth mixture is produced then add the glycerin and mix well. Heat the mixture of a sand bath to a temperature between 140o – 144o with constant but gentle stirring until a translucent, jelly-like mass are results. Strain through muslin.

Starch glycerite should be freshly prepared.

Possible Uses: Emollient, sometimes used as a substitute for fatty ointment vehicles and as a pill excipient.

Dose: Topically as required.

Tannic Acid Glycerite, NF

Other Names: Glyceritum Acidi Tannici; Glycerite of Tannin; Tannic Acid Glycerin

Formula:

Tannic Acid 20 g

Exsiccated Sodium Sulfite 0.2 g

Sodium Citrate 1 g

Glycerin, q.s. __________

To make 1000 g

Preparation:

Levigate all the solid ingredients in a porcelain dish with about half of the glycerin ( ½ of 788 g) until a smooth mixture is produced. Add the remainder of the glycerin and mix well to make 1000 g. Heat the mixture on a sand bath to a temperature between 15o and 120o with occasional stirring until solution is complete.

Uses: Astringent, useful as local application in sore throat and in mouth sore due to stomatitis. Also it is used to harder nipples to prevent soreness during nursing as a general astringent.

Remarks: The sodium citrate in formula is added to prevent the development of an ink-like color in even a minute quantity of iron should be present.

Preparation of Elixir: Part 3

2014-12-30T19:02:00.000-08:00

Sodium Bromide Elixir, NF

Other Name: Elixir Sodii Bromidi

Formula:

Sodium Bromide 175 g

Purified Water 460 ml

Syrup 200 ml

Aromatic Elixir, q.s. ___________

To make 1000 ml

Preparation:

Dissolve the sodium bromide in the purified water. And the syrup and sufficient aromatic elixir to make the product measure 1000 ml. Mix well and filter, if necessary, to produce a clear product.

Possible Uses: Sedative and mild hypnotic. Also in the symptomatic treatment of epilepsy. Dose would be 5 ml.

Warning: Included in Schedule of Controlled Substances

Sodium Butabarbital Elixir, NF

Description: Each 100 ml contains 560 – 630 mg of C₁₀H₁₅N₂NaO₃.

Formula:

Sodium Butabarbital 6g

Sodium Saccharin 1 g

Compound Orange Spirit 1.5 ml

Anethole 0.034 ml

Alcohol 300 ml

Propylene Glycol 350 ml

Tartrazine (FD & C Yellow No. 5) 0.1 g

Purified Water, q.s. _________

To make 1000 ml

Preparation:

Dissolve the sodium butabarbital, sodium saccharin, compound orange spirit and anethole in the alcohol. Add the propylene glycol. Dissolve the tartrazine in 50 ml of purified water and add to the first solution. Finally, add sufficient purified water to make the product measure 1000 ml. Mix well and filter, if necessary, to produce a clear elixir.

Uses: Sedative and hypnotic. It is an “intermediate-acting” barbiturate.

Dose: 5 ml

Warning: Included in Schedule of Controlled Substances

Sodium Pentobarbital Elixir, USP

Other Name: Elixir Pentobarbitali or Pentobarbital Elixir

Formula:

Sodium Pentobarbital 4 g

Diluted Hydrochloric Acid 6 ml

Glycerin 450 ml

Orange Oil 0.75 ml

Caramel 2 g

Syrup 150 ml

Alcohol 150 ml

Purified Water, q.s. ___________

To make 1000 ml

Preparation:

Dissolve the sodium pentobarbital in purified water, add the glycerin, alcohol, orange oil, caramel and syrup. Mix well, add the dilute hydrochloric acid and sufficient purified water to measure 1000 ml. Mix and filter, if necessary.

Uses: Sedative-hypnotic drug

Dose: Orally taken 15 to 300 mg, usually oral – 100 mg at bedtime.

Warning: Included in Schedule of Controlled Substances

Terpin Hydrate Elixir, NF

Other Name: Elixir Terpini Hydratis

Formula:

Terpin hydrate 17 g

Sweet Orange Peel Tincture 20 ml

Benzaldehyde 0.05 ml

Glycerin 400 ml

Syrup 100 ml

Alcohol 430 ml

Purified Water, q.s. _________

To make 1000 ml

Preparation:

Dissolve the terpin hydrate in the alcohol, add the rest of the ingredients and sufficient quantity of purified water to make 1000 ml. Mix and filter, if necessary.

Dose: Usual dose is 5 ml which is equivalent to 85 mg of terpin hydrate.

Note: The terpin hydrate is dissolved due to the high alcoholic content of the elixir. Sweet orange peel tincture may be replaced by 1 ml of orange oil dissolved in 15 ml of alcohol.

Incompatibilities: Dilution of this elixir with water or liquids with low alcoholic content causes precipitation of the terpin hydrate.

Terpin Hydrate and Codeine Elixir, NF

Other Name: Elixir Terpini Hydratis et Codeine.

Formula:

Codeine 2 g

Terpin Hydrate Elixir, q.s. _________

To make 1000 ml

Preparation:

Dissolve the codeine in sufficient quantity of terpin hydrate elixir to make the product measure 1000 ml.

Uses: Expectorant and sedative used to allay excessive coughing. The value resides primarily on its codeine content.

Doses: Usual is 5 ml, equivalent to 10 mg of codeine and 85 mg of terpin hydrate.

Warning: Included in Schedule of Controlled Substances

Preparations of Elixir: Part 2

2014-12-29T23:41:00.000-08:00

Glycyrrhiza Elixir, NF

Other Name: Elixir Glycyrrhiza; Elixir Adjuvans; Licorice Elixir

Formula:

Glycyrrhiza Fluidextract 125 ml

Aromatic Elixir 875 ml

To make 1000 ml

Preparation: Mix and Filter.

Use: Flavored vehicle.

Iso-Alcoholic Elixir, NF

Other Names: Elixir Iso-Alcoholicum; Iso-Elixir

Formula:

Low-Alcoholic Elixir a certain volume

High-Alcoholic Elixir a certain volume

Preparation: Mix the ingredients.

Adjustment of Iso-Alcoholic Elixir

Low-Alcoholic Elixir	High-Alcoholic Elixir	Suitable as vehicle for preparations of the following alcoholic strength
Undiluted	none	0 – 10%
4 volumes	1 volume	10 – 20%
3 volumes	1 volume	20 – 30%
2 volumes	1 volume	30 – 40%
1 volumes	1 volume	40 – 50%
1 volumes	2 volume	50 – 60%
1 volumes	3 volume	60 – 70 %
none	Undiluted	70% or more

The alcohol strength of the Iso-Alcoholic Elixir to be used with a single liquid galenical in a prescription is approximately the same as that of the galenical. The galenicals of different alcohol strengths called for in one prescription, the strength of the Iso-Alcoholic Elixir should be such as to secure the best solution possible. This will be approximately the average strength of the alcoholic strengths of the several ingredients.

For non-extractive substances, the lowest alcoholic strength of the Iso-Alcoholic Elixir that will yield a perfect solution should be chosen.

Low-Alcoholic Elixir

Formula:

Compound Orange Spirit 10 ml

Alcohol 100 ml

Glycerin 200 ml

Sucrose 320 g

Purified Water, q.s. ____________

To make 1000 ml

Preparation:

Mix all the ingredients with 500 ml of purified water, agitate thoroughly from time to time and let stand for 24 hours. Filter through a hard filter paper, returning, if necessary, the first potions of the filtrate until it passes through clear. Dissolve the sucrose in the filtrate by agitation or percolation, and add sufficient of the solvent mixture to make 1000 ml.

High-Alcoholic Elixir

Formula:

Compound Orange Spirit 4 ml

Saccharin 3 g

Glycerin 200 ml

Alcohol, q.s. ___________

To make 1000 ml

Preparation:

Dissolve the compound orange spirit and the saccharin in 700 ml of alcohol, add the glycerin and sufficient alcohol to make the product measure 1000 ml, mix and filter.

Uses: General vehicle for various medicaments that require solvents of different alcohol strengths. Therefore, when Iso-Alcoholic Elixir is specified in a prescription the proportion of its two ingredients to be used is that which will produce a solution of the required alcohol strength.

Lactated Pepsin Elixir, NF

Other Names: Compound Pepsin Elixir; Compound Digestive Elixir

Formula:

Pepsin 35 g

Lactic Acid 1 ml

Glycerine 250ml

Orange Oil 2 ml

Alcohol 200 ml

Amaranth Solution 14 ml

Purified Water, q.s. _________

To make 1000 ml

Preparation:

Add the pepsin to 500 ml of cold purified water previously mixed with the lactic acid. Allow to stand in a cool place until the pepsin is thoroughly softened; stir gently until dissolved, then add the glycerin. Dissolve the orange oil in the alcohol, add the amaranth solution and gradually add this solution to the pepsin solution with gentle stirring. Then add sufficient purified water to make the product measure 1000 ml. Filter, if necessary, to produce a clear solution.

Remarks:

The proteolytic activity of pepsin solutions is reduced by agitation and storage. To compensate for this, an excess of pepsin is used in the formula.

Use: A vehicle for nauseating medicines.

Phenobarbital Elixir, USP

Definition: Each 100ml contains 370 – 430 mg of C₁₂H1₂N₂O₃.

Formula:

Phenobarbital 4 g

Alcohol 150 ml

Orange Oil 0.75 ml

Glycerin 450 ml

Syrup 150 ml

Amaranth Solution 10 ml

Purified Water, q.s. ____________

To make 1000 ml

Preparation:

Dissolve the phenobarbital in alcohol. Add the rest of the ingredients and sufficient purified water to make the product measure 1000 ml. Mix and filter, if necessary.

Uses: Sedative and hypnotic. Also in the symptomatic therapy of epilepsy.

Warning: Included in Schedule of Controlled Substances

Preparations of Elixirs: Part I

2014-12-26T01:30:00.000-08:00

Amobarbital Elixir, NF

Other Name: Elixir Amobarbitali

Formula:

Amobarbital 4.4 g

Methenamine 4.4 g

Caramel 11.25g

Propylene Glycol 310 ml

Sodium Saccharin 1 g

Orange Oil 0.26 ml

Lemon Oil 0.15 ml

Cinnamon Oil 0.03 ml

Caraway Oil 0.006 ml

Coriander Oil 0.0018 ml

Anise Oil 0.02 ml

Alcohol 300 ml

Purified Water, q.s. ____________

To make 1000 ml

Preparation:

Dissolve the amobarbital, sodium saccharin and oils in the alcohol. Add the rest of the ingredients and sufficient quantity of purified water to make 1000 ml. Mix well, allow to stand for 24 hours and filter until clear.

Uses: Central depressant (sedative and hypnotic).

Aromatic Elixir, USP

Other Names: Elixir Aromaticum and Simple Elixir.

Formula:

Compound Orange Spirit 12 ml

Syrup 375 ml

Talc 30 g

Alcohol,

Purified Water, each q.s. ____________

To make 1000ml

Preparation:

Add to the Compound Orange Spirit sufficient quantity of alcohol to make 250ml, add to this the syrup in several portions, agitating vigorously after each addition and then add in the same manner the required quantity of purified water. Mix the talc with the liquid and filter through a filter wetted with diluted alcohol, returning the filtrate until a clear liquid is obtained.

Possible Uses: Pleasantly flavored vehicle used in the preparation of many elixirs. Chief objection to its extensive use is the high alcoholic content (about 22%) which at time counteract the effect of other medicines.

Remarks: Compound Orange Spirit is used to ensure a uniform proportion of the several oils (i.e. orange, lemon, coriander, and anise), in every lot of the elixir. The alcoholic solution also preserves the delicate flavors of orange and lemon for a considerable time.

Red Aromatic Elixir, NF

Other Name: Elixir Aromaticum Rubrum; Red Elixir

Formula:

Amaranth Solution 14 ml

Aromatic Elixir 986 ml

To make 1000ml

Preparation: Mix the ingredients.

Possible Use: A red-colored, flavored vehicle.

Compound Benzaldehyde Elixir, NF

Other Name: Elixir Benzaldehydi Compositum

Formula:

Benzaldehyde 0.5 ml

Vanillin 1 g

Orange Flower Water 150 ml

Alcohol 50 ml

Syrup 400 ml

Purified Water, q.s. __________

To make 1000 ml

Preparation:

Dissolve the benzaldehyde and the vanillin in alcohol; add the syrup, orange flower water and sufficient quantity of purified water in several portions, shaking the mixture thoroughly after each addition, to make 1000ml. Filter, if necessary, until clear.

Possible Uses: Vehicle for administering bromides and other salts, especially when a low alcoholic content is desired.

Three Bromides Elixir, NF

Other Name: Elixir Bromidorum Trium

Formula:

Ammonium Bromide 80 g

Pottasium Bromide 80 g

Sodium Bromide 80 g

Amaranth Solution 3 ml

Compound Benzaldehyde Elixir q.s. 3 ml

To make 1000ml

Preparation:

Dissolve the bromides in 800 ml of Compound Benzaldehyde Elixir, add the amaranth solution and sufficient compound benzaldehyde elixir to make the product measure 1000 ml. Filter, if necessary, until clear.

Possible Use: Sedative action from bromine ion.

Diphenhydramine Hydrochloride Elixir, USP

Other Name: Benadryl Hydrochloride Elixir

Formula:

Diphenhydramine Hydrochloride 2.5 g

Orange Oil 0.24 ml

Cinnamon Oil 0.11 ml

Clove Oil 0.08 ml

Coriander Oil 0.03 ml

Anethole 0.03 ml

Amaranth Solution 1.6 ml

Alcohol 150 ml

Syrup 350 ml

Purified Water, q.s. __________

To make 1000 ml

Preparation:

Dissolve the diphenhydramine hydrochloride in 250ml of purified water. Dissolve the flavoring oils and anethole in the alcohol. Mix the two solution, add the syrup, amaranth solution and sufficient purified water to make 1000 ml. Mix and filter, if necessary.

Uses: Antihistamine likely to produce sedation in most patients and is often used before retiring by allergic patients. This effect is characteristic of antihistamines which are ethanolamine derivatives. Also useful as anti-emetic and in the management of certain cardiac arrhythmias.

Pharmaceutical Elixirs

2014-12-26T01:20:00.000-08:00

The USP XVII defines elixirs as clear, sweetened hydroalcohol liquids intended for oral use containing flavoring substances or active medicinal agents. Their primary solvents are alcohol and water, with glycerin, sorbitol and syrup sometimes as an additional solvent and/or sweetening agents. They are prepared by simple solution or admixture of the several ingredients. They are used either as vehicles or for the therapeutic effect of the medicinal substances that they contain.

According to their definition, elixirs are divided into two groups:

Flavored Elixirs

It is used for flavor and vehicles in prescriptions.
Medicated Elixirs
It is used for the therapeutic effect or property of the medicinally active agent or as vehicle for other drugs.

Elixirs contain ethyl alcohol. However, the alcoholic content will vary greatly, from elixirs containing only small quantity to those that contain a considerable portions as a necessary aid to solubility. Elixir may also contain glycerin and syrups which may be added to increase solubility of the medicinal agent or for sweetening purposes. Some elixirs contain propylene glycol and some claim that this solvent is satisfactory substitute for both glycerin and alcohol. Although alcohol is an excellent solvent for some drugs, it does accentuate the saline taste of bromides and similar salts. Therefore, it is often desirable to substitute some other solvent that is alcohol in the formula. If taste is a consideration, the formulation is more prone to utilize a syrupy rather than a hydroalcoholic vehicle.

Elixir containing water and alcohol-soluble ingredients may be prepared as follows:

Dissolve the water-soluble ingredients in part of the water, add and dissolve the sucrose in it. Dissolve the other ingredients in the alcohol. Add the aqueous phase to the alcoholic solution, filter and make the necessary volume by adding water.

Sucrose increases viscosity but decreases the solubility properties of water and so must be added after primary solution has been carried out.

A high alcoholic content is maintained during preparation by adding aqueous phase to the alcoholic solution. Elixirs should be brilliantly clear and therefore strained or filtered, if necessary, subjected to clarifying action of purified talc or siliceous earth.

Elixirs contain alcohol thus incompatible or precipitate tragacanth, acacia, and agar from aqueous solutions, inorganic salts from similar solutions. So such substances should be absent form the aqueous phase or should be present in such concentrations that there is no danger of precipitating on standing.

Aqueous solutions added to elixir will cause a partial precipitation of ingredients due to the reduced alcohol content of the final preparation. Usually, however, the alcohol content of the mixture is not sufficiently high to cause separation. As vehicle for tinctures and fluidextracts, the elixirs generally cause a separation of extractive matters from these products due to a reduction of the alcoholic content.