PAPER WAREHOUSE

paper on a traditional ceremony in Indonesia

2012-03-18T22:53:00.002-07:00

CHAPTER IINTRODUCTION
1.1. Problem BackgroundThe continued development of world music in the world, especially Indonesia to make traditional music or classical music much forgotten, especially by youth.They prefer modern music of the classical music such as pop, rock, etc.. Traditional music, especially classical music a lot of forgotten or even a lot of teenagers today who do not know.Should we as a nation's next generation still preserve the traditional music culture so that later we can introduce to the international world of music. Because traditional music is one of Indonesia's cultural heritage of many cultures that we have. That in the future of traditional music culture is not taken and recognized by other countries as well as the cultures that have been taken and recognized other countries.Many things we can do to further explore the classical music audience has attracted attention for so many people know and love the traditional music which is a precious heritage that should and should we preserve.1.2. The purpose PapersThe purpose of this paper:A. Development of traditional music today.2. To study the traditional music3. To introduce more traditional music1.3. Benefits of PaperA. To add to the literature for high school students Trawas N 1, in order to learn more about traditional music, especially music keroncong.2. To know the history and development of music keroncong.CHAPTER IIDISCUSSION ISSUE
Origin - The proposalKeroncong come from similar roots music known as fado Portuguese introduced by sailors and merchant slave ship that nation since the 16th century to the archipelago. From mainland India (Goa) was first entered music in the Malacca and then played by the slaves of the Moluccas. The weakening influence of the Portuguese in the century - 17 in the archipelago does not necessarily mean the loss of this music as well. This early form of music called Moresco (a Spanish dance, Spanish, such as the rather slow polka rhythm), a song by dimalana Kusbini rearranged now known by the name of Kr. Muritsku, which accompanied by a stringed musical instrument. Keroncong music coming from the monument in Monument keroncong call. During its development, it makes a number of traditional elements of the archipelago, even down to the Malay Peninsula. This golden era continued until sometime in the 1960s, and then faded due to the inclusion of a wave of popular music (rock music that developed since 1950, and victories Beatle music and the like since 1961 until now). Nevertheless, keroncong music still played and enjoyed by all walks of life in Indonesia and Malaysia until now.Musical - Musical InstrumentsIn its earliest form, Moresco music accompanied by strings, like a violin, ukulele, and cello. Percussion is also sometimes used. Set the orchestra of this kind are still used by keroncong monument, which still form keroncong played by the community of Portuguese descendants of slaves who lived in Kampung Ambon Monument, North Jakarta, which later expanded to the south in Kemayoran and Gambir by Betawi people mingle with the music Tanjidor (year 1880 to 1920). Year 1920 - 1960 moved to Solo development centers, and adapt to a slower rhythm of nature according to the Javanese.Pem-"native"-an art making keroncong mixed, with musical instruments such as:• Sitar India• Rebab• Bamboo Flute• Drum, kenong, and saron as a set of gamelan• GongToday, the musical instruments used in orchestras keroncong include• Ukulele choke, strings 3 (nylon), tone sequence is G, B, and E; as the main instrument voicing crong crong so-called keroncong (discovered in 1879 in Hawaii, and is a milestone early onset keroncong music).• Ukulele cak, strings 4 (steel), tone sequence A, D, Fis, and B. So when the other instruments playing scales C, cak play on scales F (known as in F);• an acoustic guitar as the guitar melodies, played with style kontrapuntis (anti melody);• Biola (replacing fiddle); since been made by the Amati or Stradivarius of Cremona Italy around the year 1600 have not changed the model until now.• Flute (replacing the Bamboo Flute), the Tempo Era Albert Doeloe wear Flute (ebony flute with holes and valve, somewhat broken voice, orchestra samples Lief Java), while in the Era of the Eternal Keroncong have used Bohm Flute (Flute metal all the valve, the sound is more refined with a beautiful tone ornaments, Sunarno flutis example of Solo or Beny Waluyo of Jakarta);• Selo; betot replace the drum, also has not changed since made by Amati and Stradivarius of Cremona Italy 1600, only played in keroncong typically plucked / pizzikato;• Bass (replacing Gong), also a plucked bass, has never changed since made by Amati and Stradivarius of Cremona Italy 1600 made;Guards beat on hold by ukulele and bass. Kontrapuntis guitar and cello which regulate rhythmic chord transition. Violin melody serves as a guide, as well as decoration / ornament below. Flut fill the ornaments, which floating melodies fill the empty space.
Keroncong form mixed with popular music now use a single organ and synthesizer to accompany the song keroncong (in single-stage organ playing keroncong versatile, dangdut, rock, polka, march).Types KeroncongKeroncong music leaning more on chord progressions and the type of tool used. Since the mid-20 th century has been known for at least three kinds of keroncong, which can be recognized from the pattern of progression akordnya. For musicians who already understand the plot, to accompany the songs keroncong actually not difficult, because quite fit the prevailing pattern. The development will be to maintain the consistency of the pattern. In addition, there are mixed forms and adaptations.Present developments KeroncongAfter experiencing a long evolution since the arrival of the Portuguese in Indonesia (1522) and the settlement of the slaves in the village monument in 1661 [1], and this is the early evolution of the long keroncong music (1661-1880), nearly du centuries, but keroncong not show the actual identity of the voice-crong crong-crong, so it may be said keroncong music was not born in 1661-1880.And finally experienced the evolution of music keroncong last short since 1880 until now, with three stages of the recent developments that have taken place and an estimate of new developments (keroncong millenium). Initial milestone was in 1879 [2], in the discovery of the Hawaiian ukelele [3] which soon became the main instrument in keroncong (ukelele sound: crong-crong-crong), whereas the early millennium keroncong existing signs, but not yet developing (Bonda Carey).Four stages of the development is [4]a) The old days (1880 - 1920),b) The eternal keroncong (1920 - 1960), andc) The modern keroncong (1960 - 2000), andd) The keroncong millennium (2000-present)Doeloe Tempo period (1880 - 1920)Ukelele discovered in 1879 in Hawaii, it is estimated that next year a new Keroncong transformed in 1880, in the monument area and then spread to the southern area of Kemayoran, and Gambier (see there is a track and Markets Gambir Kemayoran, circa 1913). Komedie Stamboel 1891 - 1903 born in the city of Port of Surabaya in 1891, a Performance Style Instanbul, which held a road show in the Netherlands East Indies, Singapore and Malaya by rail or steamer. In general, the show includes the story 1001 Nights (Arabian) and the European story (and the People's Opera), including Tale of India and Persia. As an interlude, between the scene and the opening, the music is played marches, polkas, harp, and keroncong. Special entry keroncong Stambul known at that time I, Stambul II, and III Stambul.At that time Stambul upbeat songs (about 120 meters to one beat a quarter note), where the monument called the Village People as Keroncong Portuguese, while Gesang said as Keroncong Quick, and mingle with the original Tanjidor Batawi. At this time the Indo known musicians, and the legendary violinist is M.Sagi (notice the tape Idris Sardi violin song Jali-jali Stambul II based on the arrangement of M. Sagi). As it is known that the length opera song is 16 bars, which consist of:Abadi Keroncong period (1920 - 1960)At this time the length of track has been changed to 32 bar, due to the influence of American pop music that hit the dance floor at Hotel12 Indonesia at that time, dominated by musicians from the Philippines (as Pablo, Sambayon, etc.), and consequently also the song at that time was 32 measure also, note the song Indonesia Raya (1924) at that time also had 32 signatures. Further development of the center switch to Solo and rhythm are also much slower (about 80 for quarter-tone). This period was born Solo musicians such as Gesang. Eternal Keroncong songs consist of:Keroncong Modern Period (1960 - 2000)Developments keroncong Solo and the surrounding area still, but the emergence of new styles that are different from Keroncong The Eternal (including musicians), and a renewal in accordance with the environment.Java styleKeroncong adaptation of gamelan musical tradition known as Idioms Java, which is different from the style in question here. Java style has a special feature on the addition of instruments such as zither, drums (can be represented with a modified game of cello-style drums), saron, and the presence or mysticism in the form of introduction take vocal without instruments to open before starting the whole rhythm. Idioms Java in 1968 developed into Mix.Generally have a pop structure is AABA or ABCD also by the number of 32 bars. Java Idioms famous song in 1958 was the creation of Anjar Any (1936-2008): Yen Ing Tawang Ana latitude (Tawang in Javanese means: clouds, sky, and the other meaning of the name of a village in Magetan, If There is a Star in the Sky ). Java style became famous by Waljinah ever as a champion of the junior high school in Solo RRI 1958.Keroncong BeatThe foundation was started by leaders of Fresh Pirngadie Rudy, in Jakarta in 1959 and could accompany western pop songs (the desire to move more universal). At that time, Idris Sardi joined a tour of the New York World's Fair in the United States with the violin in 1964 with the intention of going to introduce the song pop west (I left my heart in San Francisco, at that time in 1964 this song is one hit in the world) to the accompaniment keroncong beat, but he's been fined due to violation of the copyright without permission.With Keroncong Beat the variety of songs (not a series of harmonies keroncong. Including Minor Key) can sing like La Paloma, Monalisa, Thistle, Prickly Rose, etc..Sari MixAt South Mountain (DI Yogyakarta) in 1968 Manthous gamelan instrument introducing joint and keroncong music, which became known as the Mix. Now the Solo, Sragen, Ngawi, and the surrounding area, known as a center of musical artists campursari. Regent Sukoharjo enliven even the stock campursari.Koes Plus Keroncong-Shania Twain is known as a pioneer of rock music in Indonesia, in about the year 1974 is also instrumental in the rock music keroncong. The meeting was Keroncong Keroncong Koes Plus with the structure of the mixture (in Dutch called Meng-vorm or the UK Combine form) between Stambul Keroncong II and style.If Indonesia can rock band follow-Koes Plus to preserve their own culture as keroncong, then how beautiful music can be popular Indonesian rock to the rhythm of my hometown, means music keroncong not die (word Gesang). Hopefully Mbah, Indonesia's young generation can continue keroncong music.Keroncong Dangdut (Congdut)Keroncong dangdut (Congdut) is the answer to the swift effect of dangdut music in popular music in Indonesia since the 1980s. Along with the strengthening campursari in Javanese popular music performances, a musician, is said to start from Surakarta, incorporating elements into the beat dangdut songs classic and new Java style. Didi sunken is the main character of this reform movement. Well-known songs include Racing, Sewu Kuto.

[The Keroncong Millenium (2000-present)Although the music in the era keroncong millennium (2000's) has not been part of Indonesian pop music industry, but some still appreciate the music keroncong. The music group "Keroncong Red and White" [citation needed], the London-based keroncong still active enough to do the show. Additionally, Mariah Carey and his group Black Eyed Fade 2 Black, creating a composition titled "Keroncong Protol" that successfully combines style rap music with background music rhythm keroncong.Figure KeroncongIndonesia one of the characters who have contributed substantially in memperbesarkan keroncong music is the father of Gesang. Man having second thoughts Surakarta (Solo) is even getting compensation for each year of the Japanese government for successfully introducing keroncong music there. One of the most famous song (song) Solo. Because of that dedication, by Gesang nicknamed "Crocodile Keroncong" by the personnel of keroncong Indonesia, called for keroncong music experts. Gesang said the MASA rhythm keroncong opera (1880-1920), which develops in Jakarta (Monument, Kemayoran, and Gambier) as Keroncong Quick; while after moving to the center of the development of Solo (MASA keroncong ABADI; 1920-1960) rhythm becomes slower.On the other hand the name of Anjar Any (Solo, Idioms Java creator of more than 2000 songs, who died in 2008) have also contributed to the Java style keroncong for its Waljinah (Solo), whereas R.Pirngadie (Jakarta) to beat keroncong, Manthous (Gunungkidul , London) for Mix-and Koes Plus (Solo / Jakarta) to Keroncong Rock, as well as sunken Didi (Ngawi) for Congdut.Trivia• The origin of the name "Crocodile Keroncong" range in his songs, Solo. Solo is the name of a river in the area of Surakarta. As is known, has a crocodile in the swamp and the river habitat. Greatest Reptill almost invincible in their habitat, as it becomes a vicious predator. The underlying supposition that sort of thing is why Gesang referred to as "Crocodile Keroncong".Protol "Did Keroncong Indonesia?Keroncong music is one of the many types of music in Indonesia. Keroncong think a traditional classical music and lilting and very comfortable in the ear or the cool language of his "bedtime".Still very clearly recorded in my mind about the song that I've known since keroncong small that the song "Solo" during my childhood was very often played on radio stations of the Republic of Indonesia, so no need to memorize it as if I was familiar at all with solo songs such as automatically entered in my left brain.And possible origin in the know have had as a kid, I was most displeased with that name every time there's keroncong keroncong song on the radio would automatically be moved to another event channel. However, as time passed when it was rare and never listen to the song keroncong as "Solo" this sense of missed and miss (when first anti keroncong) comes out of nowhere.Now the lyrics, the song keroncong have very rarely heard in the ears is either because they rarely listen to the radio or even the artist does keroncong in this archipelago is no longer echoes and creates his works.Alm. The Maestro "Mbah Gesang" an artist who became a symbol of victories Keroncong music keroncong Indonesia at that time a worthy son of the proud nation.Nation Indonesia is now losing the Maestro Keroncong Indonesia is the nation's cry, but his work and your services in the art would have eternal keroncong Indonesia in the heart and "Solo" you will still be a harbinger of the Maestro "Mbah Gesang" is now gone.So, will "Protol" Did Keroncong Indonesia?Questions that may be difficult to answer for all of us because now it's time to shift the tone keroncong been displaced by most types of music in Indonesia is now a trend like, Dangdut, POP, Malay, Me, Rock, Chorus, etc..We hope keroncong music will still be there and not be "Protol" until later, until death.Although different streams but there is still a few musicians who care about this keroncong music like Black Eyed FADE 2 BLACK which in 2007 released the album 2nya and have a single titled "Keroncong Protol" a combination of mucin Keroncong song, POP, and Chorus .Hopefully the musicians Indonesia moved to create works that does have elements that Keroncong keroncong Indonesia will not be "Protol" until later to death.
CHAPTER IIICLOSING
ConclusionBased on a paper entitled "The Art of Music Keroncong" it can be concluded that the art of music keroncong not experienced changes for the better, it should be recognition-recognition of the youth culture of the nation continue to do so not to fade and die especially not to the music and the culture was taken and recognized by another state.So it can be done developing the art of traditional music, especially music keroncong.SuggestionHopefully with this paper can stimulate our enthusiasm for learning and high school students in N 1 Trawas also be more correct if the many shortcomings of this paper.
REFERENCES
http://www.google.comhttp://id.wikipedia, org / wiki / music keroncong

paper on the history of the reco lanang in Indonesia

2012-03-16T07:00:00.002-07:00

CHAPTER IINTRODUCTION
1.1 BackgroundIndonesia is one country in the world known as a country that has a wide range of highly diverse cultures. Culture itself is also supported by the historical story of all time that can be remembered by future generations. The story of history is passed down from generation to generation orally from their ancestors.One of the stories contained in the historical district is Trawas "Reco Lanang". Reco Lanang Kemloko is located in the village. From the story of the history of the Reco Lanang, we can take the lessons and wisdom. The story of history can be role models for future generations not to repeat past mistakes.It is therefore expected in the presence of this paper, the reader can find out how the origin of the Reco Lanang and understand the values of life contained therein.
1.2 ObjectivesAs for the purposes of making this paper, include the following:- Completing the task of Geography.- Retells how the origin / history of Reco Lanang story.- Explain the relationship between the story of the history of Reco Lanang with the values of life that exists.
1.3 Problem formulationThe issues underlying this paper manufacture. Some of them are:- What is the story of the history of Reco Lanang- Is there life values contained the history of the story.

CHAPTER IIDISCUSSION
2.1 Occurrence of Reco Lanang Story HistoryOnce upon a time there lived a husband and wife. They named Karyo and Surti. Karyo the daily work of the farm, while his wife, Surti have a hobby of dressing up / preen themselves. In fact, cooking meals for her husband she was lazy.One day, when Karyo just returned from farming, he was not greeted with either a husband layanya others. Karyo upset none of the food served over the kitchen. He was furious, even more furious when he saw the wife who just preen themselves in front of her favorite glass.And Surti was kicked out with her favorite glass and finally Surti into statues. Items in the house are also not spared from the wrath Karyo. The goods were disposed of until strewn everywhere and the house was burned by Karyo, too. While after that, Karyo himself meditated at a place and he came under fire from the unseen occupants and eventually he followed his wife into a statue.Therefore, local people named Karyo arca incarnation as "Reco Lanang" which means the male statue and Surti arca incarnation as "Reco Wedok" which means female statues. First, the statue is considered sacred and used as a place of worship.
2.2 Values Contained In The Life StoriesThe values of life that can be drawn from the historical account above. Moreover, we are as a woman. Moreover, who is married and has a husband.It being understood we all can serve as best man. Moreover, when the husband came home from work and tired. Surti is not like that lazy just like to dress up and cooking.Thus, a wife should be able to serve her husband well and according to him, other than dutifully. That's why the true happiness of a husband.

CHAPTER IIICLOSING
3.1 ConclusionWe can conclude here that, no connection between the story of history Reco Lanang with the values that we embrace life. As a woman let alone a wife, should be able to serve her husband well. Not only lazy, preening themselves alone, causing her husband's wrath.
3.2 AdviceHopefully with this paper, the younger generation especially students of SMAN 1 Trawas can understand and grasp the importance of historical narrative in the past to life in the future. The story of history is useful for us all to become a better human being.

paper on international trade

2012-03-16T06:59:00.000-07:00

CHAPTER IINTRODUCTION

1.1 BackgroundInternational trade is basically still need to be supervised by the countries of the world, given its impact on the national economy. Therefore, there is a group that agreed to international perdangangan and others who disagree.Basically the whole act of a government that aims to boost economic growth and increase revenue through the country with activities that promote and regulate the export or import controls. Overall the action, either directly or indirectly affect the composition, direction, and forms of trade and international payments.
1.2 ObjectivesMade will be a credible form of benefit if you have a specific purpose. The purpose of writing this paper is:A. To learn how the government policy on international trade2. To learn a variety of international trade policy3. To train ourselves in preparing all papers in order to develop the skills and creativity

CHAPTER IIPROBLEM

A. Mention the various international trade!2. Mention the good and the political weakness of the free trade!3. What is a tariff or import duty?4. Tariff consists of two kinds, say!5. What is an Absolute Quota and Tariff Rate Quota?6. Why export ban in international trade are not being applied?7. What is the result of the import ban imposed for a specific product?8. How is the policy of subsidies according to Boediono?9. What is the premium?10. Is the cause of a state, the price?
CHAPTER IIIDISCUSSION

A. Mention the various international trade policy? Political protectionProtection means special protection in the field of economy, this protection is provided by the government to domestic producers against foreign competition.
 Political free tradeWho wants a policy of free trade without any significant barriers to goods and services from all countries.
 Political dumpingPolicy pursued by way of selling products abroad cheaper than at home.
2. Mention the good and the political weakness of the free trade! The goodness of a free trade1) Encourage employers to improve the quality of production in order to compete with the choices made2) The number of kinds and types of manufactured goods so that consumers will be more choices made.
 The downside of free trade1) Only producers who capitalized and won the competition to improve efficiency2) Most likely, many small companies are not able to keep going bankrupt3) The number of unemployed will increasingly3. What is a tariff or import duty?Tariffs or import duties is one way to protect products in the country from the invasion of imported products. Tariffs imposed on imported products provide protection to domestic producers in the form of expensive imported goods in the country. This gives an opportunity for domestic manufacturers to compete with imported goods so that they could increase production.
4. Tariff consists of two kinds, say!a. Tariff barrierPolicy in the form of import duties lowest rate between 0% - 5% Rates are between 5% - 20%
b. Non-tariff barrier policiesAre a variety of trade policy in addition to import duties which may cause distortion, thereby reducing the potential benefits of international trade.
5. What is an Absolute Quota and Tariff Rate Quota? Absolute QuotaAllow the inclusion of certain commodities in a set amount for a certain period.
 Tariff Rate QuotaAllow the inclusion of certain amounts of goods into a country with a reduced rate for a certain period.
6. Why export ban in international trade are not being applied?In international trade, the export ban is not widely applied. Actually, more to the export ban on the willingness of a country to prohibit altogether the export of certain commodities such as raw cane, sawn timber and palm oil. Policies are often implemented in international trade is not much different from the export ban is a Voluntary Export Restriction is a voluntary export restrictions. In this policy the two countries or trading partners mutual understanding to restrict exports of certain commodities to reduce the trade imbalance. This policy was never implemented by the Japanese against the U.S. auto exports.
7. What is the result of the import ban imposed for a specific product?With the ban on imports result in higher prices. In addition, domestic producers can raise their productivity. Favorable import ban means producers, namely a higher selling price and the amount of more sales, while consumers lose.
8. How is the policy of subsidies according to Boediono?According to Boediono, the subsidy policy is not harmful to consumers as other policies in the field of international trade. After subsidies, the amount of consumption and the price was not increased. Domestic manufacturers are also still able to increase profits because they can sell more even if the price is fixed. Thus, the subsidy policy is better than other policies.
9. What is the premium?The premium is the additional funds (in cash) to the producers managed to achieve the production target (achievement) is determined by the government. With the premiums and subsidies to domestic producers is:a. Selling prices of goods are cheaper, more affordable by the community led to increased demand for manyb. Increased productionc. Maintain the viability (continuity) of the company
10. Is the cause of a state, the price?The cause is:a. The nature of the goods sold may allow price discrimination madeb. Goods can not be transferred from one market to another marketc. The nature of demand and the elasticity of demand in each of the markets should be differentd. Manufacturers can exploit some irrational attitudese. Manufacturers can exploit some of the irrational behavior of consumers, such as differences in packaging, size and color.
CHAPTER IVCLOSING

4.1 ConclusionInternational trade is done in order to increase the pace of economic growth to achieve prosperity. Efforts to achieve prosperity is inseparable from the fulfillment of needs (goods / services). Fulfillment of needs that may not be organized by a state, of course, be done by bringing in from other countries, so it can be concluded that the presence of international trade policies is mainly caused by the different sources of information production, production systems and consumption patterns of a country .
4.2 AdviceBased on the international trade policies could increase state revenues, as well as help facilitate export activities and imports of goods needed in the domestic industry. With terselesainya this paper the authors can provide advice to the reader that international trade policies directly or indirectly, affect the composition, direction and shape of trade and international payments. With at least a guide book or literature I apologize for not being able to explain the solid and clear.
REFERENCES

- Tim MGMP SMA / MA District. Mojokerto. , 2004. Aspiration (Economics). Mojokerto- Economic Package 2 High School Class XI. Yudhishthira

paper on the agricultural natural resources

2012-03-16T06:58:00.000-07:00

CHAPTER IINTRODUCTION

1.1 BackgroundNatural Resources is one of the potential that can not be separated from everyday life, one of which is agricultural natural resources. Since most of the livelihood of the world population in the areas of agriculture sphere. Indonesia's history since the colonial period to the present can not be separated from the agricultural sector. Because the sector has great significance in determining formation of a variety of economic and social realities in different regions.
1.2 Objectives and Purpose1.2.1 The purposeOur goal in making paper on "The Importance of Agriculture for Natural Resources Kehiupan" This is to fulfill the tasks assigned by our subject teachers.
1.2.2 PurposeProvide insight into natural resources, especially to provide knowledge about "The Importance of Agriculture for Natural Resources Life".

CHAPTER IIRESOLUTION

2.1 Agriculture Natural ResourcesNatural Resources (SDA) is anything that menucul naturally that can be used to meet human needs in general. Belonging in it not only biotic components, such as animals, plants, and microorganisms, but also the abiotic components such as petroleum, natural gas, various kinds of metal, water, and soil.Agriculture is the utilization of biological resources by humans to produce food, industrial raw materials or energy sources, as well as to manage the environment. The utilization of biological resources that are included in ordinary farming people understood as cultivation or farming (crop cultivation) as well as livestock rearing (raising), although its scope may also be the use of micro organisms and bioenzim in the processing of advanced products, such as making cheese and tempeh, or just the mere extraction, such as fishing or forest exploitation.The group examines agricultural sciences with the support of agricultural sciences supporters. The core of the agricultural sciences are biology and economics. Because agriculture is always bound by time and space. Supporting sciences such as geology, meteorology, agriculture machining, biochemical and statiska also studied in agriculture. Farming (farming) is a core part of agriculture because it involves a set of activities carried out in cultivation. Meraka farmer is the designation for the conduct of farming, for example "tobacco farmers" or "fish farmer". Perpetrators of livestock farming (livestock) specifically referred to as a breeder.Agricultural enterprises were given a special name for the particular subject of farming. Farm forestry is the subject of plants (trees) and a semi-wild land cultivated or wild. Farms using animal subjects dry land (cattle, buffalo, goat, etc.). Fishing waters have the subject animals (fish, etc.). A farm can involve a variety of subjects together with the reasons of efficiency and increase profits. And environmental sustainability considerations involve aspects of conservation of natural resources is also a part in the agricultural business.All farming is essentially economic activities that require basic knowledge of the same will be managing the business, the selection of seeds / seedlings, cultivation methods, collecting the results, product distribution, processing and packaging of products, and marketing. If a farmer is looking at all aspects of the consideration of efficiency to achieve the maximum profit he made intensive farming (intensive farming). Farms are viewed in this way is known as agribusiness. Programs and policies that drive agriculture to the point of view this is known as intensification. Because industrial agriculture is always applying intensive farming, they often equated. Attention to the agricultural side of the industrial environment is a sustainable agriculture (sustainable agriculture).
2.2 The concept of Sustainable AgricultureSustainable agriculture is a success in managing resources for the benefit of agriculture in meeting human needs, while maintaining and improving environmental quality and conservation of natural resources. Environmentally sound agricultural customers always pay attention to soil, water, humans, animals / livestock, food, income and health. Environmentally sound agricultural purposes are:A. Safe according to environmental insightThe quality of natural resources and the vitality of the entire agro-ecosystem is maintained / start of human life, plants and animals to soil organisms can be improved.
2. Economically advantageousFarmers can produce something that is adequate to meet their own needs / income, and earn enough income to pay for labor and other production costs.
3. Fair according to social considerationsResources and energy spread in such a way that the basic needs of all members of society can be met, as well as every farmer has an equal opportunity to utilize the land, obtaining sufficient capital, technical assistance and marketing.
4. Against all forms of human lifeResponsive to all forms of life (plants, animals, and humans) the basic principle of all forms of life is to know each other and working relationships between living things are truth, honesty, confidence, cooperation and mutual assistance.
5. Can be easily adaptedRural people / farmers are able to adjust to changing conditions of farming: population growth, policy and market demand.
2.3 Organic AgricultureOrganic farming is an integrated production management system that avoids the use of artificial fertilizers, pesticides, and genetically-modified, pressing air pollution, soil, and water. Regenerative organic agriculture is agriculture with farming principles accompanied by a return to natural inputs are derived from organic materials. Some basic principles that need attention are:1) Use of natural resources for the development of agribusiness horikultura (especially land and water)2) The production or activity of farming itself is done in familiar surroundings, so as to avoid negative impacts and externalities on society3) The handling and processing, distribution and marketing, as well as the use of the product does not pose a problem in the environment (waste and garbage)4) The product to be lucrative business, meet consumer preferences and consumer safety.
2.4 Modern Organic FarmingIn recent years, modern organic farming into the agricultural system of Indonesia is sporadic and small. Developing modern organic farming produce food that is safe for health and environment-friendly production systems. But the general concept of modern organic farming has not been widely known and still widely questioned. The emphasis is more to the left while the use of synthetic pesticides. In the growing knowledge of health technology, environment, microbiology, chemistry, molecular biology, biochemistry, etc., organic agriculture continues to grow. In modern organic farming systems and the required quality standards are imposed by importing countries with very strict. Often the organic agricultural products must be returned to the exporting countries, including Indonesia because it is still found to contain pesticides and chemicals redisu other.
2.5 Forms of Agriculture in IndonesiaA. MoorAn agricultural system that are sedentary, but uses a system pengarian / irrigation. Types of crops and plants are gogu.

2. Fields (Huma)An agricultural system which is done to move the opening in the forest and land use. Agriculture is not familiar with the irrigation system and no tilling and fertilizing the right to make a lot of damage to the soil.
3. FieldFarming is carried out in wet soil or by irrigation. Various kinds of fields:a. Rainfed rice is rice that received only water during the rainy seasonb. Lowland rice paddies are located along major riversc. Irrigated rice is rice that has always had water throughout the year.d. Rice paddies is prodding a magpie in a tidally influenced river of sea water
2.6 Agricultural EngineeringAgricultural engineering is a discipline to learn about agriculture through the approach of engineering / engineering by transforming natural resources efficiently and effectively to human needs. Agricultural engineering focuses on several scientific disciplines, among others, is the basis for planning, design, development, evaluation, and implementation elements of the production system such as the unity of man, machine and equipment, and agricultural resources.These areas included within the scope of agricultural engineering is the technique of agriculture, natural resources of agricultural engineering, process engineering of agricultural / food, energy, agriculture and electricity, workshop and instruments in the field of agriculture, agricultural engineering and management systems, farm buildings and the environment.

2.7 Causes Damage to Agricultural LandA. Agricultural Soil Erosion Damage DueLand use on the carrying capacity without balanced with conservation and improvement of land will lead to land degradation. Land in the uplands with steep slopes are suitable for forest danger, if they get over the function of a seasonal agricultural land will be vulnerable to disasters and the erosion or landslides. Sloping land use change from permanent vegetation (forest) to agricultural land, causing soil insentef be more easily degraded by soil erosion. Logging practices and forest destruction (deforesterisasi) is a major cause of erosion in the watershed area (DAS).
2. Pollution of Agrochemicals in Agricultural LandLevels of pollution and environmental damage in the agricultural environment can be caused by penggunana agrochemicals (fertilizers and pesticides) are not proportional. The negative impact of the use of agrochemicals such as water pollution, soil, and agricultural, health problems of farmers, declining biodiversity, farmers helpless in the procurement of seeds, chemical fertilizers and in determining the commodity to be planted.Excessive use of pesticides in a long period, will impact on the life and presence of natural enemies of pests and diseases, and also have an impact on the lives of the soil biota. This led to an explosion of insect pests and degradation of soil biota.The use of chemical fertilizers are highly concentrated and with a high dose in a long period led to deterioration of soil fertility due to nutrient imbalance or deficiency of other nutrients, and the decline of soil organic matter content. Nutrient deficiencies caused by the abandonment of the use of organic fertilizers.

3. Industrial PollutionPollution and environmental damage in the agricultural environment can also be caused due to industrial activities. Development of industrial sector will potentially negative impact on our agricultural environment, due to sewage, gas and solids that are foreign to the agricultural environment. Impact that can exhaust such as sulfur dioxide (SO2) will lead to acid rain and damage agricultural land. In addition, the presence of liquid wastes containing toxic heavy metals (Pb, Ni, Cd, Hg) will cause the degradation of agricultural land and the pollution of inner life. What if this wastewater into irrigation water bodies, widespread negative effects will spread. The promotion of the program once clean and blue sky needs to be done, and the application of sanctions for employers who pollute soil, water and air.
4. Accretion and Pit CLarge mining operations are carried out on fertile ground or a permanent forest. Negative impacts of mining can be mined over the damaged surface irregularities, loss of fertile soil, and the rest of the extraction (tailings) that will affect the soil reaction and soil composition. The remainder of this extraction can react very acidic or very alkaline, so it will affect the degradation of soil fertility.
5. Land Transfer FunctionConversion of agricultural land increased in recent years is one threat to the sustainability of agriculture. One trigger the conversion of farmland to other uses is a low incentive for farmers in farming and farming keungungan rate is relatively low. In addition, agricultural businesses are faced with various problems that are difficult to predict and the high cost of control such as weather, pests and diseases, lack of means of production and marketing. Land use would occur on many farms that have high productivity into non-agricultural land. Paddy land use to residential and industrial areas are very influential on the availability of agricultural land, and food availability as well as other functions.

CHAPTER IIICLOSING

4.1 ConclusionAgriculture Natural Resources is one of the natural resources that can be updated whose activity is to utilize biological resources by humans to produce food, industrial raw materials, or other sources and for pushing enerti manages the environment.
4.2 AdviceAlthough the agricultural natural resources are a renewable resource, but we have to use it well and not arbitrarily in managing it.

REFERENCES

Cover the World Time-Life Sciences. Of 1996. Earth and the surface. Jakarta: Library Tira
Haryanto, Tri. , 2008. Environmental Pollution. Klaten: White Cempaka
Indonesian Heritage. Of 2002. Humans and the Environment. New York: Scholastic
Mac Kinon, Kathy. 1986. Nature Original Indonesia. New York: Scholastic

paper on the political system in Indonesia

2012-03-16T06:56:00.000-07:00

CHAPTER IINTRODUCTION

1.1 BackgroundToday the political parties in Indonesia increasingly prevalent in the community. This proves that the political system in Indonesia has grown rapidly. In the history of Indonesia, the development of the political system is experiencing ups and downs.A political system is a container man and make participation in politics, politics has been running a long time since the founding of the Republic of Indonesia, this organization has existed even before independence, most people assume that politics is an organization that is not healthy, because it is expected through this paper we can know clearly about the political system in Indonesia.
1.2 Problem formulationTo know the purpose of discussion of the political system in Indonesia, then as in the preparation of the formulation are:A. What is the political system?2. Is the purpose of the political system?3. Are the elements of the political system?
1.3 Objectives DiscussionAn activity would be more useful if it has a purpose in this discussion include:A. To find out if called by the political system.2. To expand the knowledge of the political system, both the goals, implementation and political elements.3. Positive outlook on the future political system that can participate in it.
1.4 Confirmation of Title TermsIn preparing this paper, I gave the title "Political System in Indonesia" and the previous one by one author will outline the terms of the title as follows:- The system is an entity that contains the elements are bound together and organized whole.- Politics is a word with the status of the territory to the preservation and development.
1.5 Systematics of the discussionSystematics consists of:CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION1.1 Background1.2 Problem formulation1.3 Objectives Issues1.4 Confirmation of Title Terms1.5 Systematics DiscussionCHAPTER II THE POLITICAL SYSTEM IN INDONESIA2.1 Definition of Political System2.2 Structurea. Superstructureb. Infrastructure2.3 System in World Politics2.4 Dynamics of Political IndonesiaThe Political Behavior 2.5 In accordance with RuleCHAPTER III FINAL3.1 Conclusion3.2 Advice, suggestions

CHAPTER IIINDONESIA'S POLITICAL SYSTEM

2.1 Definition of Political SystemIn general, the political activities related to public purposes. It could be argued that the political system is in citizenship activities to implement these goals. "David Easton" argues that the political system as the interaction abstracted from all social behavior that is ignored by authorities nilah to the public. Politics is a central concept:A. State (State)2. Power (Power)3. Decision Making4. Policy5. Division
Politics can also be interpreted as an interaction between the government and society in the framework of decision-making process and implementation.
2.2 StructureAccording to "Emmanuel Kart" is a state of political structures and relationships of an organization that make up the overall goals samsa.a. SuperstructurePolitical culture is represented by the political dynamics in government, for example: State Institutions. Superstructure is set in the 1945 Constitution. Political superstructure pemerntahan include: MPR Members of the Board President CPC MA House of Representatives and the President (Menjalangkan Legislative Power)
Out put function suprastructure Decision making by the legislature and the executive Implementation of the decision by the executive and bureaucracy Supervision of the implementation by the Judiciary
b. InfrastructureBelow the level of political culture is a component that affects the capacity and right to classify the residents. Infrastructure components are grouped as follows:a. Political Party (Political Party)b. Interest Groups (Interest Group)c. Political pressure groups (Presure Group)d. Political Communication Mediae. Political figures
2.3 Political System IndonesiaAccording to "Almond n Powell" can be categorized into three namely:A. Primitive system of intermittent2. Traditional and modern systemsAccording to "Alfian" the traditional system are grouped into four, namely:a. Uphold the authority ofb. Anarchyc. Democracyd. Democracy in transition
Some political systems in developing countries include:a. Traditional autocracy, namely: Good together The identity together The relationship of power
b. TotalitarianIe use force in politics. Totalitarian can be differentiated into 2 of the communist and fascist politics.By Carl J. Zbiegniew Freidriech and B is a hallmark of modernist dictator has:- Official Ideology- Supervision of government- Monopoly media in control by the authorities and parties- Centralized control over the bureaucracy- Kotrol tight against the military
3. System of DemocracyIs a system that maintains a balance between conflict and consensus. Only mentalist who does not destroy the mechanism of conflict.
4. Din system Developing CountriesThis political trial and erras implement a search system that fits in this system need to be a relationship that is casual and organic.
2.4 Dynamics of Political IndonesiaIn a review of theoretical understanding of politics is widely available. According to "Hoogowerf" is a business man not only passively adapt to changes in its environment, but by actively controls and directs the policies to the people.Politics is a process to determine and carry out the purpose of living together.Political dynamics of Indonesia is the political struggle of the substance in human embryonal. Political dynamics of Indonesia since independence until sekarangan terms of development can be divided into several phases:A. Phase of the war of independence (1945 - 1949)2. Phase RIS (1949)3. Phase of the Provisional Constitution (1950 - 1959)4. Phase of political democracy (1959 - 1965)5. Phase of the new order (1966 - 1998)6. Phase of reform
If a country wants a democratic government must pursue in order for HR to become the state controller.
2.5 The Political Behavior Rules MatchPolitical behavior is the behavior of people in terms of power. Basically there are five reasons are:A. Want to get material2. To pursue prestige3. Went along with friends4. Universal demands5. In accordance with the applicable rules
Political behavior is essentially individual, this can be seen from the nature of the motion as follows:a. Radical Political BehaviorRadical political currents in society who want change drastically in order to get the desired goals. Characteristic of the radical is more concerned with emotion than on rational so that the desired goals materialize.b. Liberal Political BehaviorThis behavior is more priority in the fight for liberty interests, but concentrated on the rules and always respect human rights.
c. ModerateModerate the behavior as much as possible to accommodate all interests and always avoid extreme behavior / central group and this group maintains the principle of accommodating and persuasive manner.
d. Political Behavior Qou StatusBehavior is to keep the power that had not separated.
e. Reactionary Political BehaviorPolitical behavior that is always put yourself in the contest with mass action, although not done by force.
f. Conservative Political BehaviorIs a political stance that wants a long tradition of stable and always avoid changes radically.

CHAPTER IIICLOSING

3.1 ConclusionFrom the above papers can be summarized as follows:A. Clear thinking about the political system and respond to the expressed aspirations of the people.2. Can understand and learn about political behavior in accordance with applicable rules.3. We can find some political systems.
3.2 Advice, suggestionsPossible from the above conclusion can be drawn one of the most important is the human need for Indonesia to have extensive knowledge in specific areas such as citizenship field to professional thinking. Because in this field to watch more.To the authors mekalah is far from perfection and for the improvement of this paper I expect criticism and suggestions. If there are errors in the writing language, or preparation of this paper I apologize profusely.We expect the final words of this paper may be useful to readers in general. Amien. . . . . . . . .

REFERENCES

Sudarso, H. , 2003. Political dynamics of Indonesia. London: The Eye Issue July 1, 2003.
Syachrir. Of 1999. Structure of Political Systems. New York: Airlangga.

paper on the ethnic and cultural

2012-03-16T06:54:00.000-07:00

CHAPTER IINTRODUCTION
1.1 BackgroundWith the Mentawai culture is broad, covering all parts of the north and south and the Mentawai islands. So that the islands are an archipelago which is a row of the row of the islands of Indonesia. More specifically the Mentawai Islands of Siberut island, Sipora, and has a population that seems to consist of Megalithik culture and rice farming technology that has affected almost all islands of Indonesia in Prehistori age population over the Indonesian archipelago.Mentawai ethnic culture can not we refer to as an example of the original Austronesian culture, because in the course of time they have developed their own culture and indeed there is a culture there are two elements in it that are vaguely still regarded as elements of the Austronesian culture original. Regarding the population Enggano basically have a similar culture with the culture of the Mentawai. They also initially not familiar staple food is rice and taro. While the system is both matrilineal kinship.
1.2 ObjectivesThe purpose of this paper are:A. To find out the identification of the Mentawai culture2. To determine the pattern of settlement Mentawai culture3. To find out the livelihoods of the Mentawai culture4. To find out about social systems Mentawai culture5. To find out about the religious culture of the Mentawai

CHAPTER IIPROBLEM
As for some formulation problems to be described as follows:A. What is the meaning of the Mentawai people's lives?2. What is the shape or pattern contained in the township in the life of Mentawai people?3. How the shape of livelihood in the Mentawai culture?4. How the social system in the Mentawai people's lives?5. What is the shape of a religion in the life of Mentawai people?
CHAPTER IIIRESOLUTION
3.1 Definition ofMentawai culture is an area that has many other islands such as Nisa, Simalur, Lots, Stone and Enggano located on the west island of Sumatra. Islands are an island group row that is part of the series of islands on the edge, the principal series of islands of Indonesia.Mentawai culture is an area that was recently understood about the cultivation of rice, so the islands are still using the technology, the Mentawai people before they know the rice plant, their staple food is taro. Starting from the Mentawai islands technological developments have come to know what it is suitable planting, so they are not to eat the taro plant.
3.2 Pattern of VillageIn ancient times people are calling Mentawai village by the name of fishnet, but now more prevalent as the village. The names of the villages were almost all taken from the name of the river which is where the location. As villages in Siberut Simatalu located downstream Simatalu, Silobari village in Sipora located downstream of North Pagai Sioban Matobedi village situated on the river Matobe and so on. Mentawai consists of 5 areas called perumaan, which centered on a large stage house (uma). In a small housing inhabited by families of people who are officially married with a house called lalep. There are also houses occupied by families of people who are not married officially known as the home side. Siberut is a public meeting hall for joint ceremonies and holy feast to which all members are bound by a customary kinship. For men on a holy day, or for guests who were there on the way and asked where to spend the night in the village.Still standing in some village and administrative center of the village, or as an ordinary general meeting hall, a village hall and the administrative center of the village, or a school. Instead now the home side now had lost its function so it is now used as a place to stay for the kids or guests.
3.3 LivelihoodsLivelihoods of the Mentawai people are gardening. Just as the man opened the parcel of land in the forest by cutting shrubs and cutting down small trees and large half. Then the farming activities in the garden is usually dominated by women, then the plants will be planted taro and sweet potato, other crops such as rice, bananas, papaya, sugar cane, vegetables, spices and herbs. They plant with a stick tegal and hoe or soil without first tilling, while irrigation water is only dependent on rain. A livelihood is exclusively done by men are hunting, usually in a cooperative relationship between two or three items, but sometimes mutual cooperation by members of the uma. Animals that are hunted deer or a pig, but the way people often shoot or capture a wide range of other animals such as monkeys, birds, and others. Pigs or deer were herded by the dogs somewhere, where people are ready just to shoot with arrows .
3.4 System communitySocial unity is the ultimate in everyday life in the Mentawai people are family units similar batih.dalam there was a man and woman, who lived together as husband and wife in a modest little house. The male is usually the origin of a particular group of relatives who have uma pusatanya one in the village. If a man has reached a rather advanced age is generally around 40 years old, and he has planted quite a lot of breadfruit trees, palm, and kelapa.kalau he had collected enough money from the sale of coconut, banana and rattan, and if children have become young pamudi can help in terms of feeding, then he will inaugurate the ceremony of marriage with an ample and lively, which took place in the uma is usually made up of branches and twigs of several major clans or mauntogal. Clan-clan of each having members that are widely distributed in various villages are far apart and that is sometimes considered his ancestor's place of origin in a village the other islands. Because people use the name of an uma klennya composed of members who have various names, such as sababalat, sabola, samopo, sagilik, tubikat and so on.At the present time the smallest administrative unit in rural communities in the Mentawai island neighbor, which is roughly equal to what was once a uma unity with the surrounding houses under a rimata. Now there are only a head of RT. A number of RT incorporated into a village under a headman. While a number of villages is one district, fences north and south, for example, a single district. Fence north and south, for example, is one of the areas under chiefs, who rank as the regent.
3.5 ReligionMentawai people there who are Christians, Catholics, and there is also a Muslim. The most widely embraced religion is Christianity, and Catholicism and the least amount of adherents is the religion of Islam. Although in most of the Mentawai islands, there is absolutely no more people have formally adopted the native religion, but in villages where social unity uma was still active as in Siberut, some of the concepts and elements from religious ceremonies old still live on in the death and funeral ceremonies. One example is the custom to bury the corpse in a coffin shaped boat. In the old conception of the spirit of the deceased went to the spirit world, which would normally be no other on an island across the sea. Another example is the custom to take to the grave with jenzah avoid roads that are usually passed manusia.Adat old conception that is based on the spirit of the dead are always trying to get back to the place she lived through the streets that have been used to lived when he was alive.

CHAPTER IVCLOSING
4.1 ConclusionMentawai culture is an area that has many islands such as Nisa, Simalur etc.. The islands are located on the western island of Sumatra, the island is the series of islands just off the main sequence of the Indonesian archipelago.Mentawai ethnic culture can not we refer to as an example of the original Austronesian culture, because in the course of time meraka meraka has developed its own culture and indeed there are one or two cultural elements that are inside the dimly still be considered as elements of Austronesian culture .
4.2 AdviceIn the paper we have made is expected readers or friends can understand the contents of this paper there is a lack diatas.Bils in the manufacture of this paper, all the suggestions and constructive criticism, we received very well.
REFERENCES
A. Harjono, Professor, "Introduction to the culture in Indonesia" jambatan, Jakarta, 1993.2. Hamid A. Susanto, Dr.Phill, "Sociology of development" Bina Copyright, London, 1984.3. Harianto, Prof, "Antropoligi" Bina Copyright, London, 1977.4. Widiada Gunakaya A. SA, SH, "Sociology and Anthropology" Exact Ganeca Bandung, 1986

papers on the cow temple in Indonesia

2012-03-14T20:20:00.000-07:00

CHAPTER IINTRODUCTION
1.1. BackgroundAmong the many ancient relics in Indonesia, the temple is one of the most ancient type of building society interest, both among scholars, tourists and ordinary citizens. The appeal of a temple for the ancient umumdan experts may differ in the way of judging. To the public, the temple will draw attention if there are elements of grandeur or beauty found in the building. The beauty and splendor of this would be felt if the temple is not in disarray, but has been restored. It would be fun again for the visitors of the temple, especially for the layman, if prior to or at the time of visiting the temple, for they are given little explanation about the ins and outs of the temple they are visiting. For the purposes of this paper that we presented to the general public who visit the temple Jawi, one of the temples are located in East Java that has recently been refurbished and inaugurated the completion of its restoration by the Minister of Education and Culture of the Republic of Indonesia.As we know, today in Indonesia have recovered hundreds of large and small temples. It seems worthy of note that in all our land area of this vast temple are found. Of the 27 provinces only temple in eight provinces have been found, namely: North Sumatra (Padang Lawas), Riau (Muara Talus), Jambi (Jambi Estuary), West Java (Cangkuang), South Kalimantan (Great Temple), Bali (Gianyar area) and finding that most are located in three provinces of Yogyakarta, Central Java and East Java.
1.2. Problem formulationRestriction problems in the writing of this report are as follows:a. Is the real meaning of a temple?b. Why a temple is considered as a monument?c. Whether a temple is a sacred building?
1.3 Research ObjectivesThe report is deliberately structured toa. Provide solutions to them what a beautyb. Knowing the advantages of a templec. To find out how a temple manilai
1.4 Benefits of ResearchThe benefits of this research isa. As the material knowledge of a templeb. For the reader or reading material as a student / high school student PROSPER Prigenc. To prove that the temple was very beautiful

CHAPTER IIFRAMEWORK THEORY
Today in East Java is one among the 10 main destination regions (DTW) in Indonesia. In addition to archaeological heritage of the region and surrounding Trowulan, the temple - the temple artifacts in Malang, and surrounding areas such as Jago temple, Kidal temple, temple Singosari, upgrading the temple, the temple Surowono, Jawi temple and other objects merupan tourism potential in the area of East Java.
To find where lies the temple Jawi is not difficult. When we are in Surabaya, we headed toward the town of Malang keselatan. After about 45 km from Surabaya, we will arrive at the city district Pandaan.
In this Pandaan there are two roads intersection. At the intersection of two roads that veer toward the right (west) which is the road that leads to the small town that is Tretes, this road that we should be aiming. At a distance of approximately 500 m from perigaan Pandaan we will arrive at the park gate Wilwatika Candra and 200 m more in the direction we're going to Tretes in Jawi temple that stands right on the right side of the road. This temple belongs to the administrative area of the village Candiwates, District Prigen, WordPress.
CHAPTER IIIMETHODS
This study used objective methods of experimental research. Methods of experimental research objective is based on literature research methods and an interview. Why is this study using this method because it not only takes just a theory proves true fatherly and limitations issue, so an indirect studies have also interviewed people who had tried to go into a temple.
CHAPTER IVDATA ANALYSIS
4.1 Limitation ProblemBuildings and artifacts from the Classical era (Indonesia - Hindu) famous general public as the "temple" in Central Java, East Java, or cupola, and Biaro in Sumatra, by the early archaeologists - initially considered a funeral building. Understanding of the temple as the tomb was first - first raised by Raffles in his book "History of Java" (1817)Raffles assumption that the temple was the burial place diterma and later developed by the author - the author of the next such as: Van Hoevel, Brumund, Leemans, Veth, Yzerman, Groeneveleldt, Stutterheim and another - another.Dr. W.F. Stutterheim, a famous archaeologist of the Dutch, who had led the Bureau of Antiquities in Indonesia between the years 1936 to 1940. had expressed the opinion that the temple is a monument to the cemetery, where a king's ashes stored in a stone coffin (peripih) are then placed in wells located behind the temple. Above the well (wells) were then set up statues of the king embodiment forms adapted to the religious affiliation of the king during his lifetime, whether Hindus and Buddhists. A growing belief that the past is that a king is not human but a divine incarnation tertentu.apalagi king died, he considered returning to the god penitisnya. Even so, the people who are still alive still keep in touch with the king through the medium of sacred buildings known as temples. So in addition to the temple as a monument to the cemetery, as well as well as building a shrine sacred to the people.If people want to make contact with the king / god, the ceremony was held in the temple worship. With certain ceremonies of gods found in the temple will be "live" because the spirit of the king fell from heaven every time "please come" in the ceremony.In terms of determining the function of the temple of the ancient experts have differing opinions after the fact that the reliefs that adorn the temple there is a story that "readers" from right to left according to pradaksina (clockwise), in addition there is also a must read from left to right according prasawya (berlawanana-clockwise). Dr. J. L.A. Brandes says that the temples are reading conflicting premises pradaksina relief it must be considered profane building, or at least less necessary in building respect, purity.Meanwhile, Dr. N.J. Krom where the department believes that the rules which people must take if it wants to do homage around the building (temple) since the time of Singasari have not addressed yet, so if the order of relief against the pradaksina not a thing that has meaning again.Both of the above theory archaeologist is not approved by the Supreme Court, Musses, which says that all the temples that require visitors to prasawnya is building funeral.Opinion that the temple is building the cemetery since 1974 has been denied by Dr. R. Soekmono, which in disertainya entitled: "Temple, Function and understanding", with convincing evidence that he said that the temple is not merely the worship building. Soekmono further said that there is no evidence that in peripih stored in the wells of any temple in Indonesia found human ashes. Habits of the Hindu religion, as it is still growing steadily in Bali until today, when one (king) died, his body was later washed away arau sea to the river. Habit of saving part or all of human ashes in the temple or the temple that does not exist, as evidenced in Bali today, the opinion of Dr. R. Soekmono.According kakawin Nagarakertagama Jawi temple called java-java, sometimes referred to as: dharma, temples, sucandi. According to Dr. R. Soekmono Further, Jawi temple is not the burial place of kings Kertanegara ashes, but the place "pendharmaan" king of the mammal.

Jawi temple restoration
A. Principle - the principle of restoration of the templeAs explained above that the temple was not sartu found intact. If now we find there the temple has been undergoing refurbishment by Oudheikundige Dienst or Department of Antiquities.In principle, the restoration of the temples or buildings of historical and archaeological generally is "repair" the damaged buildings (collapse) is usually caused by too old or lack of care.Building - an old building in terms of architecture, religious background, functions and other features representing its time, a source of historical data (culture) is very important. Therefore, restoration of the building containing the history, architectural characteristics typical of the region and others nothing but the goal is to save the relics of historical or cultural heritage of the dangers of extinction.Temple as one of the very high heritage value including the dead kind of monument building (building off), meaning that the building was no longer functioning as originally constructed time / this means that the task of maintenance, protection, restoration of these types of buildings entirely the obligation of the government , in this case represented by the Ministry of Education and Culture Protection and Development Directorate of Heritage and Archaeology.Although the restoration of the temple was the duty of the Government, does not mean that all the temples should be restored. For the restoration of heritage buildings of the temple or to follow a lot of requirements, among others:a. Each restoration of temples and archaeological heritage and generally the results should be scientifically justified both from a technical point of historical and archaeological.b. From a technical perspective, the restoration should be guaranteed to last a long time to natural disturbances tens or even hundreds of years, all restoration activities must be documented in the form of maps, and photos bamgar as complete since before the restoration until the restoration began, during the restoration lasted until the restoration is over.c. In doing restoration should use as much data as authentic the original building materials. The use of new materials as a substitute for the old material is missing (broken) can only be justified within the limits - the limits of archaeological technically justifiable.d. Not justified to make changes shape, type and quality of the original (stone, brick, etc.)e. If many of the original stone is lost, then the restoration should only be done if the rock layers in a row at least there is a genuine stone. If not, then the restoration should only be done on paper.f. Before the temple is restored, the arrangement must be made before trial, either on paper or in fact. When the arrangement of this experiment was originally thought to be true, then the real restoration can be done.g. If it turns out in the arrangement of the experiment there is less evidence that the original stone (lost) one layer let alone more, then the restoration should not be made real.In terms of implementation of the restoration procedures must be carried out after a feasibility study which concluded that the restoration was feasible and reliable in every way to be implemented. At - at least every renovation must obtain written approval from the Directorate of Protection and Construction Heritage and Antiquities, according to the provisions of Ordinance Monumenten Stb. No. 238 in 1931.In conjunction with the restoration to the rescue and protection of historical and archaeological heritage, the restoration of the implementing regulations shall take into account the international and regional such as: Charter for Conversation and Restoration of Monuments and Sites ICOMOS established by the (1964) and Recommendation SPAFA Workshop on Techniques of Monument Restoration (1980) and others.Meanwhile, national provisions applicable is that the implementation of restoration shall be in accordance GBHN (Broad Outlines of State Policy) is to maintain and foster the heritage which has national struggle, pride and national benefits to nurture, enrich and idiom of the National Culture.2. Jawi temple restorationOf all the provisions described above extent Jawi temple restoration has been accounted for?. After examining all the good virgin who proved that from a technical perspective there are still good in the form of drawings, photographs and other recorded in the technical report of restoration, it is evident that the restoration of the temple Jawi can be accounted for. It must be admitted that a technical perspective there are still some objections from our experts enshrinement.The restoration of the temple was first Jawi at the building still serves as a shrine in the year 1331 due to being struck by lightning. Restoration was completed in 1332, according to kekawin Negarakertagama.After the temple Jawi is not working again a few centuries later, the building was buried under the dust and then collapsed overgrown bushes, because no one is paying attention or care for the population change since the religion of Hinduism to Islam.The restoration of technically qualified first archeology occurred in 1938 - 1939 by Oudheikundige Dienst. To initiate restoration activities have been carried out excavations of research to find the stone - stone temples around the temple. In this excavation found the foot of the temple, moat that surrounds the temple, statues - statues of Hindu religion and Bugha. Excavations are still continuing in the next year found the fence around the temple which shows that the actual page Jawi temple was very large compared to the present. Courtyard houses in front of the temple across the road right now (see attached picture).After the excavation of research, the next activity is to hold a trial arrangement. Because the temple stones were found in excavations in 1938 - 1939 was not quite complete as the technical requirements for the restoration of the entire scientific Jawi temple, which can be done at that time was only restoring the foot of the temple. Meanwhile, let alone the rest of the temple remains in the experimental arrangement.The fact that in the future many of the stones of the temple Jawi layout experiment results are taken by residents for domestic use, and based on a tip that there are many stones of the temple are still buried in the ground, then at the start of Pelita II (1975/1976) began the effort to rebuild the temple Jawi. In a study conducted excavations in early 1976 around the Jawi temple have been found as many as 806 pieces of stone temples and as many as 39 other fruits found in the homes of the population that has been used for the base with houses and so on.Attempts to conduct the restoration of Jawi temple continued until in 1980 after a shortage of stone for the full restoration of stone filled with new, because many of the old stones are found to be incomplete and not strong enough to be used again.At first the Dutch, as has been explained above, this does not dipygar Jawi temple until its peak because there are several layers of stone temple of the body is not found. But the restoration activities that take place between the years 1975 - 1980 based on image data that can be trusted accountability, temple stones are missing that would represent each layer of stone was found. Thus the requirements of Jawi temple restoration has been scientifically justified. And restoration which has cost the entire amount of: USD 93,603,000.00 (ninety-three million six hundred three thousand dollars). Implemented by the project of restoration and maintenance of Heritage of East Java and implemented its own (self governance) with technical guidance dang guidance directly from the Directorate of Protection and Construction Heritage and Archaeology.In closing this brief account we would like to appeal to visitors of the temple Jawi community in particular, objects of historical and archaeological heritage generally, in order to preserve the heritage preservation of the temple Jawi as our ancestors who have succeeded with great difficulty we pugar back. By keeping our Jawi temple always looks neat, clean, no scratch - graffiti or other vandalism of stones will show that we are able to protect the safety of the cultural heritage of our forefathers should be proud of.
CHAPTER VCONCLUSION
Of all kinds of relics in the form of an ancient temple that can be classified is a unique, why because of rather than in terms of shape and the existence of a temple that could be considered attractive may also pass such stories of the kings in ancient times.From here we can know and learn the process of how and why could such a way or make it. The existence of a temple in the world is a form of concord in earlier times than in today for a temple is one can judge a beauty such as terms of art, creativity and the ancient craft is less interesting than in this day and age all the beauties are tied in terms of appearance only.From all this we can pick a lesson in how to assess the superiority of a temple of beauty and how early is not good to be interesting to see and be seen.
REFERENCES
Coedes. G. 1968: The Indiantzed States of South East Asia. Edited by Walter F. Vella. Tranlated by Susan Brown Cowing East West Center Press. Honolulu. p. 198-201.Direktoral General of Culture. 1980: Technical Guidelines for the implementation of Activities. PTPK project.Directorate General of Culture. 1982 to 1983. TEMPLE Jawi. Jakarta: Directorate General of Culture.

paper on catfish

2012-03-14T20:09:00.002-07:00

CHAPTER IINTRODUCTION
1.1 BackgroundIndonesia is a vast country rich in biodiversity, such as catfish (Clarias batrachus). Catfish aquaculture has been done by the community, especially with the rise of Public Enterprises in Daearh Pecel Lele around Jakarta, Bogor, Depok, Tangerang and Bekasi (Greater Jakarta). Catfish has long been one of fishery commodities are very popular among the people.Prior to the 1990's, according to the public, catfish is a beast with a shape like mengelikan sular and living in a dirty place. But this time the prestige of the catfish to be rising. Catfish popularity not only domestically alone. According to news Fish Market (2006) that in Melbourne, Australia began to introduce Indonesia society komoditar teresbut the community.
1.2 ObjectivesThe purpose of writing this research report are:1) To find a good way to cultivate catfish.2) To learn how to obtain seeds.3) To determine the types of catfish4) Completing tasks Indonesian.
1.3 LimitationsAs we studied about the catfish is as follows:A. The types of catfish.2. Classification and dissemination of catfish.3. Catfish breeding.4. Habitat and behavior of catfish.5. Parent characteristics and ways of spawning.6. Way of stocking and harvest.
1.4 BenefitsThe benefits of this research is to increase our knowledge about Catfish Fish Farming. Fatherly and also provide information to the reader about the way catfish farming.
CHAPTER IIBASIS OF THEORY
2.1 Basics of TheoryCatfish is one of the leading commodity. Business development can be done starting from seed to consumption size. Each segment is a very profitable business. In addition to local consumption, the market has started in export catfish and demand is quite large.The rate of increase in national consumption of catfish production gains of 18.3% per year. Catfish production in 1999 amounting to 24 991 tonnes in 2003 amounting to 57 740 tonnes of catfish production.Revalitas catfish up to the end of 2009 estimated production of 175,000 tons, an increase of an average of 21.64% per year.The level of demand is also increasing rapidly catfish seed. In 1999, it takes 156 million head in 2003, it takes 360 million head, while at the end of 2009 is expected to need 1.9 billion tails or increased by 46% per year.
2.2 Types of Cultivated LeleThis type of catfish is widely cultivated in Indonesia and found on the market today is fish African catfish (Clarias Gariepinus). In intensive aquaculture, catfish are encouraged to grow until it reaches the maximum optimal size. African catfish is a commodity that can be maintained with a solid high stocking density in a limited area (effective area) in the marginal areas and water saving. For the pool size of 15 m2 African catfish can be stocked as fry 5250. For 2, 5 months catfish can be produced as many as 450 kg with a value of FCR (Fed Caonversion Ratio) one.Meanwhile, local catfish (Clanius Batracus) are rare and seldom found because growth is slower than the African catfish. In general, the figure of the local catfish is similar to African catfish, just not as big as his size African catfish. In this paper we discussed a lot about the African catfish, in particular also hatcheries and rearing stage.

CHAPTER IIIRESEARCH METHODOLOGY
In the report the results of this study we used the literature to develop our reading of the literature.The definition of literature is the preparation method used to research by reading the literature about the object under study. From the literature, we can compile reports on the results of this study and know the ins and outs of starting a catfish farm to farm post-harvest handling. Besides, we also know about the properties and live catfish habitat.
CHAPTER IVDATA ANALYSIS
4.1 Environment and The Marriage of CatfishAlthough we can find catfish farming techniques, but it is not optimal. Errors in the processing can be bad in the continuity of our efforts to cultivate catfish. ClassificationIn the classification, including family Clariide catfish, which is a type of fish that have a flattened head shape and has the additional breathing apparatus. The systematics and classification are as follows:- Phylum: Chordata (vertebrates nation)- Class: Pisces (breathing with gills)- Sub Class: Tekstol (hard bertulan fish)- Ordo: Ostariophysi (perus rongka fish have bones as part of the balance of the equipment that is called bone weber).- Sub Order: Silurodea (length of fish body shape is not scaly and slippery).- Genus: Clarias- Species: Clarias Sp

 Spread catfishCatfish are found in Africa and Southeast Asia. The mention of the name of catfish in various different countries, namely:- In Malaysia called: Keli- In Thailand called: Plamond- In Japan called: Catre Tang- In Africa called: Mali- In Sri Lanka called: Gura Magura- In the UK called: Ct Fish
 Anatomy's MorphologyGenerally, the catfish has a slimy body, not scaly, grouse and a mustache.
4.2 BreedingCatfish in natural spawning at the beginning of the rainy season. Memijahnya stimuli in nature is closely linked to the increased volume of water that normally occurs during the rainy season, and the availability of micro-organism (natural food), stimulated catfish spawn after heavy rain and the emergence of a fairly pungent smell of the soil (odor Ampo) consequently dry soil exposed to rain as well . Due to an increase in water depth, cat like mijah in the shade and protected. Catfish breed ovipar (external).At a local catfish hatchery pond can in two ways, namely by pairing and mass, local catfish will usually be loyal to a partner that is by putting a male and female catfish in a pond. With male or female cat that is ready to spawn, catfish will take turns to guard their eggs. Farmed catfish can be bred all year long as well-managed. Stimuli that do not use with harman but with clear pond, drying and filling and AMPA cause odor. Odors that stimulate the parent fish to spawn. Spawning can be done the afternoon or evening, after that day will be filled eggs Kakaban. Furthermore Kakaban transferred to new containers to be incubated until hatching sized seeds take to hatch approximately 24-40 hours. Larvae aged 1-9 days are still getting the feed from the yolk is still attached at the perunya. Then the silk worm larvae hereinafter.a. Superior type of catfish Lele DumboThis type of catfish is widely cultivated and dijumapi on the market today. While the local catfish are rarely seen due to slower growth than African catfish. Local differences in African catfish and catfish the size of Dumbo is larger than the local catfish. Comparison of the growth rate of African catfish and catfish local age of 2 days. African catfish from 1.2 to 39, while the local catfish from 0.2 to 29. Dumbo week old catfish 10-159, while the local catfish 1-159. Catfish SangkuriangOne of the leading varieties are the catfish sangkuriang dumbo. Lele sangkuriang a marriage between a female African catfish F2 to F6 male African catfish produce F2 male African catfish - 6. Then mated back with a female African catfish catfish sangkuriang resulting F2.The results of testing and research proven superior sangkuriang catfish species of the type of African catfish. But catfish sangkuriang still scarce in the market.
 Catfish pythonLele python is the result of a marriage between the female parent catfish former male African catfish Thailand with F6.Catfish superiority pihton faster growth, higher graduation rates and life are relatively resistant to the disease.
4.3 Habitat and BehaviorHabitat or the environment catfish are found in freshwater in lowland areas such as the former slightly brackish ponds. Many residents of this area pantura Java, West Java, such as Kendal are widely used for rearing catfish Dumbo. In nature many catfish live in rivers that flow is flowing slowly, and many also live in the reservoirs, ponds, swamps, and puddles of fresh water, such as pool and others. Because catfish like still water, such as the edge of the shallow and protected. Catfish have a habit of making holes in the banks of a river or pond.Catfish rarely reveal their activities during the day, catfish prefer a dark and shady places too deep. Because catfish nakturnal animals that had a tendency to move and feed at night. Catfish during the day chose to hide in dark places. Catfish can survive in the environment is relatively poor and very little oxygen content. However, the growth of catfish will be much healthier cepa tdan maintained of sufficient clean water sources, such as rivers, springs, irrigation canals, or water wells.
4.4 Eating HabitsCatfish in the habit of eating in the bottom waters or ponds. Catfish are carnivores (meat eaters). In their natural habitat, catfish eat worms, slugs of water, grubs, moths, insect larvae, water fleas, etc.. Additional food is good for catfish is a lot of animal protein. If a given feed contains a lot of slow-growing vegetable protein. Catfish are animals that like to eat its own kind (cannibalism) when catfish feed shortage. Therefore do not be late to feed the cannibalistic nature of timbula also because of differences in size.
4.5 Preparation of the MasterFemale parent must be maintained separately in a separate pool with the male parent. Special pool aims to accelerate the maturity of the gonads. Deviation of the parent who has mated, and simplify the management, control and prevent the occurrence of spawning outside the will of the caretaker. The characteristics of female and male parent catfish are ready pijah.
The characteristics of the male and femaleParent female fish male- Stomach dilated / distended and feel soft when touched.- The movement is slow and benign.- Genitalia rounded, reddish and swollen.- The color changed to reddish-brown body.- If the stomach is sometimes sorted out the amber-colored liquid. - Genitals red.- The genitals seem clear and pointed.- Body slender and agile movements.- There are changes in skin color becomes reddish brown.

4.6 PemberokanPemberokan is a stage in the spawning is done to satisfy when the parent fish were selected and completed before dipijahkan 1-2 days. Pemberokan male and female parent must be in containers terpidah.Pemberokan function is to eliminate stress at the time of arrest. Besides reducing the fat content in the gonad and to convince the female parent selection.Upon maturity of the parent diberok examined restoring female catfish, if the mother becomes a flat stomach, then bloated because of the food was not because of the egg.
4.7 Hatchery and Spawning MethodSeeding is the attempt to produce fish (catfish) at a certain size. To support the required pond catfish hatchery spawning, hatching and swimming like a nursery. Here are some alternative kinds of container / pond spawning, hatching eggs, and nursery that can be used by the farmers. Swimming SpawningSpawning pond is a special pool for the parent who will spawn. The pond is used for the breeding of catfish cement tanks, plastic sheeting and fiberglass tub.
A. Bak CementTub size for a pair of parent spawning catfish will dipijahkan ie 1 mx 2 m by 0.8 m high tub. Prior to use, like spawning should be cleaned and dried. Furthermore tub filled with clear water and bersihg as high as 40 - 50 cm.2. Bak Plastic SheetingProcurement tarp lebihmudah compared with the manufacture of cement tub. How to make it by compiling a number of brick or brick around the edge of the plastic. Tub size tarps for spawning the width of 1 m, length 2 m, and height 0.8 m. Size is used for holding a pair of catfish will dipijahkan.3. FaberglassFaberglass size for spawning catfish, that is 1 mx 2 m, and height 0.8 m. The size of the tub can be used for spawning a pair of parent catfish. Fiberglass tub quite practical because of its location can be moved around, but the price is still too expensive. Bak HatchingThe container can be a catfish hatchery tank, cement tanks, like plastic sheeting, fiberglass and equipped with a generator to supply dissolved oxygen. But the object of catfish farms in our study using a measure of cement tanks bathtub penetasannya 1 mx 2 m by 0.8 m high tub.
CHAPTER VSpreading AND HARVESTING
5.1 Spreading SeedsDidederkan catfish can seed already in the tub or the open after 3-week-old seedlings. When the stocking of fish pond water level of about 20-30 cm, because the seeds are still small.Way of stocking of catfish is by way of acclimatization which contains the seeds Farewell catfish and put it slowly, after which it was adapted seeds, the seeds fall off by itself. Seed densities ranging from 300-600 tail / m2.Once the seeds are in the pool, fed catfish seed powder palette with a minimum protein content of 40% (Charoen Pokphand Code 581). After a rather large seeds, feeding a small palette-shaped granules with a protein content of 38% FF code 999. The larger body size and mouth openings. The larger the size of feed, feeding frequency, the small catfish are still 4-5 times a day, ie morning, noon, afternoon and evening.5.2 Seed HarvestingLong catfish seed nursery to produce seedlings ready terbar catfish (ukurang 5-7 cm / tail) approximately 5-6 weeks. Harvesting the seeds can be carried out Tuesday afternoon when the temperature is not too hot.Harvesting by reducing the water slowly until the water is at kemalir. Disurutkan water slowly until the water may accumulate in the puddle near the door spending. Harvesting is done by gradually using seser fine. Keep the seed of catfish does not hurt. At the time of harvesting the seed size range 5-7 cm / tail.
5.3 How to Harvest Catfish Enlargement ResultsWay consumption depends on the size of the harvest catfish pond system. If the pool cement pipes commonly used models of rocking or Sipon system.Mechanism of action such as piping systems U. system facilitates the replacement of the water, the tube of plastic gutter with a diameter 3-4 inches. Used to adjust the height of the water as well as maintenance of drainage when harvesting.The stages:1) Remove the plastic gutter pipe that connects to a horizontal sewer drain.2) Attach a wire mesh strainer or plastic gutter at the end of the inside of the drain so that catfish do not go with the flow.3) Stop the drain if water levels reach 20-30 cm.4) Take the cat to use the net / seser.5) Enter the Krak catfish in the bucket (bucket cavities).6) Remove and put into storage bucket.7) Sort again based on the desired size catfish (8-12 fish / kg), then weigh it and put it into the transport container.8) Maintain back berukurang catfish small to reach market size.9) Make it big as a yearling catfish berukurang or sell to a fishing spot.
5.4 Ways of Agribusiness LeleMarket and business venture was a huge catfish. This can be seen with the proliferation of catfish pecel shop business. However, such a high desire for agribusiness catfish are often not accompanied by an appropriate strategy. Not infrequently the capital has been invested out of debt and even add a bit. The success of a fishery agribusiness requires a deep and comprehensive knowledge between technical and non technical terms in catfish farming.
CHAPTER VICLOSING
6.1 ConclusionOnce we know the catfish farming technology, now comes the final chapter on the analysis of catfish farming. Catfish have been cultivated by the people of Indonesia. This was driven by the increasing number of shops opened pecel catfish. Increasingly pecel catfish enthusiasts is increasing, it is probably because pecel catfish taste very delicious. Whereas prior to the 1990's people thought that the catfish as a ridiculous beast. But at this point the situation changed. Prestige of catfish to be increased, even according to the Fish Market News (2006) in Melbourne Australia that the people of Indonesia have started to introduce these commodities in the community.
6.2 AdviceWe as the authors are well aware that research is still very far from perfect. Thus the author is hoping for more research on catfish aquaculture. We sincerely hope that the catfish farming can continue to be preserved.
REFERENCES
Mahyudi, Kholis, S.Pi, MM. Complete submission of Agribusiness Lele. New York: Governmental spreader. 2004Mahyudi, Kholis, S.Pi, MM. Hatchery techniques Lele Dumbo. New York: Governmental spreader. 2004

paper on ASEAN

2012-03-14T20:02:00.001-07:00

CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION

A. Problem BackgroundAs we know, that the establishment of ASEAN that is the goal of peace-loving nature and form of friendship between the countries in Southeast Asia.At first the establishment of an ASEAN agreement 5 countries meeting in Bangkok on August 5, until the date of August 8, 1967. Among the five countries are Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, the Philippines, and Singapore. The meeting was attended by several prominent figures, and five signed an agreement known as the Bangkok Declaration, with the formation of the association of Southeast Asian countries to establishment of a friendship and cooperation for mutual benefits of the respective countries.
B. Problem formulationFrom the description the author formulates several problems as follows:A. What does that ASEAN?2. Is the goal the establishment of ASEAN?3. How the efforts countries in Southeast Asia has worked with both.
C. Restrictions ProblemIssues to be discussed more focused on understanding the ASEAN. In general, which includes members of the ASEAN, ASEAN national borders and so on. Restrictions to facilitate discussion of this issue next issue.
D. Ratification of TitlesTo obtain a clear picture and know the limits of the issue paper entitled ASEAN there are few words to explain your understanding as follows below:
ASEAN: ASEAN is an association of the nations of Southeast Asia consisting of ten countries in Southeast Asia to forge friendship and cooperation with good.
E. Reasons to TitleThe reason the author chose the title:A. Many countries can not build a relationship with both giving rise to hostility2. Understanding the need for ASEAN to know more about the countries in Southeast Asia3. The author feels that the ASEAN organization is a form of mutually beneficial cooperation
F. Goals and PurposeObjectives to accomplish in the discussion the authors of this paper will include the following:A. To find out what exactly that ASEAN2. To find out what the actual purpose of the establishment of ASEAN3. To find out how cooperative relations ASEAN countries
G. Systematics DiscussionIntroduction easier knowing that this line of thought expressed in the discussion of this paper, the authors describe as the discussion below.Introduction is located in the first chapter because this chapter contains problems to be discussed and the background of the issues that used to compile this paper.In the second chapter contains a discussion in this paper is the discussion of the sense of ASEAN.In the third chapter is filled cover conclusions, suggestions and a bibliography.
CHAPTER IIDISCUSSION

A. Definition and Establishment of the ASEAN
ASEAN (Association Of South East Asian Nations) is an organization of cooperation the countries of Southeast Asia. ASEAN was established under an agreement of five foreign ministers of Indonesia, Thailand, Singapore, Malaysia and the Philippines on August 8, 1967 in Bangkok.Causes the formation of ASEAN is due to the fifth of those countries suffered the same fate, which had been colonized by other countries except Thailand.Approval of Bangkok on August 8, 1967 was signed by the five foreign ministers conference participants, namely by:A. Adam Malik, Indonesia's foreign minister2. Tun Abdul Rajak, foreign minister of Malaysia3. Thanat Khoman, Thailand's foreign minister4. Narisco Ramos, Philippine foreign minister5. S. Rajaratnam, Singapore's foreign minister
On January 7, 1984. Brunei Darussalam in as new members of ASEAN. On July 28, 1995 Vietnam entered as a member of ASEAN. Myanmar and Laos became a member of ASEAN on July 28, 1997, and Cambodia on December 16, 1998 as such to the present 10-member ASEAN countries.
B. ASEAN Member CountriesAlmost all the countries in Southeast Asia including the eastern culture. Most of the countries in Southeast Asia included in the group of developing countries. Average population increase of 1.5% per year. Most of the livelihoods of Southeast Asia in the field of agriculture. Many inhabitants live in rural than in urban areas.The countries are in Southeast Asia are Brunei Darussalam, the Philippines, Indonesia, Cambodia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Thailand, Singapore, and Vietnam.
C. The location-Location of Southeast Asia CountriesIn Astronomical ASEAN region located between 280 30 '110 LS and 920 BT - 1410 BT. Northern boundary adjacent to the PRC and the Pacific Ocean and east to the Pacific and Papua New Guinea, while the south by the Indian Ocean, Timor Sea and the Sea Arafuru and west by the Indian Ocean, the Bay of Bengal, Bangladesh and India.The continent is geographically located between Asia and Australia, as well as between the Indian and Pacific Oceans. ASEAN wide ± 3,983,256 Km2. Based on the geographical location of ASEAN monsoon climates, while ASEAN is based on the location of astronomical tropics, because the area near the sea, the ASEAN countries of temperate seas. So it can be concluded ASEAN has a monsoon climate, ocean, tropical.
D. Forms of ASEAN Cooperation1) Field of Energy: Oil Council Committee established the so-called ASEAN ASCOPE (Asean Council On Petroleum) which was established in Jakarta on October 15, 1975 with the aim to develop sources of oil and gas in the ASEAN region.2) Field of Information: formed FAPRO (Asean Federation Of Public Relation), namely cooperation in the field of press, television movies and other supporting facilities.3) Field of Transport and Telecommunications: formed the Federation of Asean Shipowners' Council (PHASE) for telecommunications has made the seabed telephone cables that connect the city of Medan and Penang. Palapa satellite also hired by some ASEAN countries.4) Education and Culture: established SEAMEO (South East Asian Menisters Of Education Organization) is an organization of ministers in Southeast Asia. SAMEO institution has the highest policy lines that SEAMEC (South East Asian Ministers Education Council). The institute aims to foster scientific studies of the nation in Southeast Asia.5) Economy: has established several ASEAN industrial projects include:a. Ammonia fertilizer plant - urea- ASEAN Aceh Fertilizer Project in Indonesia- ASEAN Urea Project in Malaysiab. Hepatitis B vaccine plant (ASEAN Vaccine Project) and the diesel engine plant in Singaporec. Soda Ash Factory (Rock Satt Soda Ash Project) in Thailandd. Copper plant (Cooper Febrecation ASEAN Project) and super phosphate plant in the Philippines6) Security Field: the III Summit in Manila, in December 1987 it was agreed that Southeast Asia is a region of peace free of nuclear weapons called ZAPFAN (Zone Of Peace, Freedom and Neutrality)
CHAPTER IIICLOSING

A. ConclusionFrom the above description the authors can conclude that as berkut:A. ASEAN is an organization of cooperation the countries of Southeast Asia. ASEAN was established on August 8, 1967 in Bangkok2. Most of the livelihoods of Southeast Asia in the field of agriculture. Many inhabitants live in rural than in urban areas3. Astronomically the ASEAN region is located between LU 280 - 110 LS and 920 BT - 1410 BT. While geographically located between the continent of Asia and Australia as well as between the Indian and Pacific Oceans4. The forms of cooperation have ASEAN in various fields, including: Transportation and Telecommunications Sector, Education and Culture, Economy and Security Sector
B. SuggestionAs we know that the founding organizations in the countries of Southeast Asia is a form of nature peace-loving nation.As the nation's good, let us make a good friendship and cooperation with other nations against.
REFERENCES

LKS Junior Class IX Geography Curriculum 2004. Mojokerto: CV Ray NobleSardiharjo. , 2003. Social Sciences. Solo: PT. The Three Independent PressSoedarmo, et al. Of 2002. Social Sciences. Jakarta: Central LibraryTim Bina Karya Guru. Of 1999. New York: Erlangga