Faisal Roofing Solution (I) Pvt Ltd Analysis | Resolution

Step to Build Structure’s Roof

2021-01-14T18:22:00.008+05:30

In the previous articles, we have studied the Site selection, Foundation, and types of structures. In this article, we will discuss the components of structure and roofing components.

To understand the components we have to consider a complete structure.

Structure

Roof Sheet: The sheets are used for the roofing it may be metallic or non-metallic. This may be plain or profile.

Roof Sheet

Plain Sheet: Without any corrugation, sheets are cut from the coil according to the length and width.

Consider Points-Length, Width, Material, Color, GSM, MPA. More...

Plain Sheet

Profile Sheet: Sheets with corrugation are cut from the coil after the profiling process According to length. There are many profiles sheet-Like SN1000, SN1000 Smart, Standing Seam, Clip Lock Etc.

Considerable Points-Corrugation, Length, Width, Height, Low and High Ribs, Material, Color, GSM, MPA. More

Profile

Purlins: Purlins are structural members that support the structure and bear the load of the roof sheet. Roofing sheets are placed upon the purlins with spanning according to the load-bearing capacity.

There are two types of purlins- 1. C-Purlins 2. Z-Purlins

Considerable Points-Thickness, Length, Height, Flanges, Lip, Material. More

Girt: Laterally provide support to the wall. Mostly purlins are used for side and end wall are known as girt. Basically resist the wind load.

Considerable Points-Thickness, Length, Height, Flanges, Lip, Material. More

Girt

Bracing: Bracing is used to connect the purlins to avoid vibrations. More

Bracing

Eave Height: The height of the pre-engineering building at the corner point of the structure that is having the slope of the sheet from a ridge and this height is called Eave Height. More

Eave Height

Gable: Triangular portion of a wall between the edges of intersecting roof pitches. More

Gable

Rafter: A structural component that is used as a roof construction. It runs from the ridge to the wall column of the external wall. Rafters have held the purlins and roofing sheets. More

Rafter

Rake Trim: Rake trim is a fleshing designed to close the opening between the roof and the end wall panel.

Rake Trim

Deep Trim: Drip trim is used as fleshing at the bottom of the wall cladding.

Drip Trim

Down Spout: Downspout is used to convey the water from the gutter to the ground. It is also known as down take the pipe.

Down Spout

Horse Shoe Bend: It is incorporated at the end of down take the pipe that releases the water in the desired manner

Shoe Bend

Nozzle: It is used at the top end of the down take the pipe that delivers the water from the gutter to the downspout.

Nozzle

Corner Fleshing: Use to cover the edges of the sheet at the intersecting points. It covers the sharp edges a perpendicular.

Louver: Louvers are used for ventilation purposes. It may be metallic and non-metallic

Turbo Fan: Turbo Fans are used for ventilation purposes in the industry. It is installed at the top of the structure. It is a zero power-driven ventilation device.

Clear Span: Total width of a building is known as clear span.

Bay Spacing: Space between first two rafters.

Cleat: A small angular bracket is locate or support a member of a structural frame work. It is a metal strip.

Angle Clip: A short strip of an angle iron used to secure structural elements at right angles.

Strut: A strut is a structural member that is being pushed from opposite ends. It is said a strut “resists compression”.

Eave Height: Eave height is measured from the bottom of the base plate to the point where the sidewall and the roof intersect or eave strut.

Anchor Bolt: Anchor bolts are structural elements that are designed to attach the structure with concrete. Anchor bolts are the interface between the concrete and structure.

Ridge: Ridges are used at the top and at the midpoint of the roof. Here rafters are intersected.

Ridge Vent: Such types of ventilators are used at the mid and top of the structure.

Apron Plate: It is used at the end of the roof sheet to make make the water-tight junction.

Butyl Tape: Adhesive double-sided tape that is used to seal the overlapping. Remove the possibility of leakage. It also used to provide strength to the polycarbonate with U-Cap

Silicon Gum: Sealant material used to remove the leakage. An adhesive that used to bind the plastic, metal, and glass together

U-Cap: U Caps are used to support and strengthen the skylight sheet. It is installed above the polycarbonate sheet.

Screw: Screws are used to fasten the structure. Made of hardened carbon steel or stainless steel. Use to fasten the metal or plastic. It is also called the Fasteners.

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Steps Consider towards Building Structure’s Roof- Build the Structure

2020-01-15T17:00:00.000+05:30

Structure

A stable configuration with interconnected elements like slab, columns, cables, foundation, etc. It is an assemblage that resists external forces and reactions and remains in equilibrium.

Simply, we can say that a structure is defined as the arrangement of all interconnected and interrelated components forming relation of all parts of the building in an organized way.

Types of Structure

1) Load Bearing Structure

2) Framed Structure

3) Composite Structure

(1) Load Bearing Structure

This is a very common type of structure. It was in more tradition in the old days. In this structure, the load is carried out by the walls instead of beams and columns and lowered to the foundation. Nowadays it is not in common fashion. In load-bearing structures, walls are used as load carriers so walls must be strong enough. The width of the wall varies with 20cm to 30cm commonly. Due to wall thickness, the carpet area reduces. It is having a limitation of two to three-story buildings and also needs a large foundation. It provides good weather and noise resistance and protects the inhabitants. It is cheaper than a frame structure.

Load Bearing Structure

(2) Framed Structure

A framed structure comprises of columns, beams, and slab to resists the lateral load, gravity load, and reactions. It is very common in fashion and reduces the large moments immersing due to applied load.

Framed Structure

Types of Framed Structure

1) Rigid Frame Structure

a) Pin Ended Rigid Frame Structure

b) Fixed Ended Rigid Frame Structure

2) Braced Frame Structure

a) Gable Frame Structure

b) Portal Frames

Rigid Frame Structure

The word rigidity explains the resistance against the deformation. Structure resists moments generating due to applied load and reactions. It is having effective resistance against shear, moments and torsion than other structures. Rigid frame structure provides more stability.

Rigid Frame

Pin Ended Frame structure

Pinned Frame

Fixed Ended frame structure

Braced frame Structure

In this structure the columns and beams are such as braced that generates more effective resistance against an applied load. This frame is more reliable with earthquake and wind force. It is more effective than a rigid frame structure.

Gable Frame Structure

Portal Frames

(3) Composite Structure

It is the combination of both structure, load-bearing and structure and framed structure. It is used for large span buildings like workshops and godowns. The main benefit of the composite structure is that both material properties work together as a single unit and perform better.

Materials are used composite also: Steel - Concrete, Steel - Timber, Timber - Concrete, Plastic - Concrete, etc.

Skeleton of Structure

1) Beam and Column System

2) Frame

3) Truss

4) Arch

5) Shell System

6) Material

7) Cable system

8) Wall

Beam

Horizontal load-bearing member subjected to bending moment and shear force. It can be classified as the main Beam and secondary beam.

On the base of support

1) Simply Supported Beam

2) Cantilever Beam

3) Fixed Beam

On the base of Reinforcement

1) Simply Reinforced Beam

2) Double Reinforced Beam

On the base of Cross Section

1) Rectangular Beam

2) Square Beam

3) Flanged Beam, etc.

Column

Vertical load-bearing members of structure transmit weight by compression. The material used to construct a column may be concrete, steel, wood, even ice, etc.

Its shape may be round, square, rectangular or may be any shape. It would be according to requirements.

Frame

The frame is formed by the combination of beams and columns. Frame bear the load and transfer to foundation.

Truss

Set of beams connected in a series of triangular loads in pure tension or compression with no bending or shear load. According to requirement joints of beams may be rigid or not. Consists of two force members only. Members of the truss subjected to axial forces.

Arch

It is a pure compression form. The vertical curved structure that spans an elevated space and may or may not support the weight upon it. There are may type of arch.

1)) Fixed Arch

2) Two Hinged Arch

3) Three hinged Arch, etc

The most common type of arch is the fixed arch.

Shell System

These are defined as lightweight constructions using shell elements. Shell systems are allowing a wide area to be spanned without the use of internal supports. It is providing an open unobstructed interior.

Cable System

This system utilizes tensioned cables to support or transmit the major load of the structure. In conventional structures as usually used to support the self-weight of the structures well as the downward loads but there are cases where the system is undesirable.

Walls

Walls are used to dividing the floor space in the desired pattern. These are vertical members used to bear the loads and on which roof finally rests. Walls Provide privacy, security, and protection from the sunlight, rain, wind, cold, etc.

Materials

There are so many materials used to construct a structure. Here may be one or more than the material used information.

As concrete, steel, glass, wood, plastic, reinforced thin-shell concrete, etc.

Types of Loads

1) Dead Load: Framing, Flooring, Materials, Roofing Material, Plumbing, etc.

2) Live Load: Weight of Person, Movable Partition, Dust Load, Weight of Furniture.

3) Construction Load: Shoring, Scaffolding, Bricks stored at Floor, Construction Equipment kept on the floor, etc.

4) Machine Vibration Load: Jumping, Walking, Dropping vibration due to machine.

5) Thermal Load: rise in stress due to an increase in indoor temperature.

6) Earthquake load: Forces caused due to horizontal and vertical movement of building etc.

Steps Consider towards Building Structure’s Roof- Prepare Foundation

2019-12-16T10:48:00.001+05:30

Foundation:

Foundation is the first step to build something. It may be structure, education,

production, art or anything.

Foundation is the basis of the present to build a golden and powerful future of something.

Here we would discuss with the structural foundation that is counted in our primary need.

Foundation

Definition:

The structural foundation is defined as the lower portion of a structure that transmits the load to the earth. Foundation is also known as the substructure of the structure.

Foundation is the general and almost hidden part of a structure and bears all loads with transferring to the earth of the structure.

The strength of the foundation writes the strength’s story of the structure.

Foundation

Why is it too much important:

It is well known that foundation is the primary step of a structure. So we can’t believe on the strength of structure that is not having a strong foundation.

All loads are transmitted to the earth via the foundation. Ultimately to keep balanced and safe to a structure is undertaken by the foundation. Future expansion and changes of something will depend on its foundation So that the foundation is too much important for any structure or something.

Formation Procedure:

it is eminent that foundation is the lower portion of the structure and generally covered portion.

The formation process proceeded with the excavation of earth. According to the required foundation's first step to prepare it we have to make dig by an excavation of soil. It will depend on the types of soil that how it would be deeper. The depth of the trench will fill with the foundation material. It may be concrete, steel, wood or combination of material. It will depend on the types of soil and the foundation’s required strength.

Nowadays there is also the availability of facility of ready-made and build-in site foundation.

Make trench -> Laying out cement concrete -> Footings -> Anti terminate treatments -> Brick work up to plinth level -> Laying damp roof up to plinth level

Types of Foundation:

Foundation is used to spread the total weight of the structure over the large area of soil. This is a lower part of a structure called Substructure and the upper part of the structure is called Super Structure. Soil mechanics and rock mechanics are used in designing of foundation (Foundation Engineering).

There are two types of foundation to achieve the required purpose.

1) Shallow Foundation

2) Deep Foundation

The preferred types of foundation will vary with the nature of the soil, which means its hardness and softness, with the purpose of a structure.

Shallow Foundation:

A shallow foundation is defined as a foundation that is having its depth less than or equal to its width. Foundation is instantly situated below the lowest part of the structure.

Types of Shallow Foundation:

1) Spread footings

2) Combined footings

3) Mat or raft Foundation

Deep Foundation:

This type of foundation is having its depth is greater than its width. In this foundation, the foundation is placed at a deeper depth of ground level.

Types of Deep Foundation:

1) Pile Foundation

2) Cofferdams

3) Caisson Foundation

Footings:

Load Bearing Structure. It is the most important incorporated part of the structure that transfers the load of the structure to the soil. The section of suitable types of the footing will depend on the following factors:

Factors Affecting:

1) The depth of soil at which safe bearing strata exists

2) The type and condition of the soil

3) The type of superstructure

Types of Footings:

1) Spread Foundation

2) Strip Foundation

3) Isolated Footings

4) Stepped Footings

5) Combined Footings

6) Stepped Footings

7) Mat or Raft Foundation

8) Pile Foundation

1) Spread Footing or Pad Footing:

It is defined according to its name that spread the superstructure load of columns and walls over the larger area. It may be circular, rectangular or square. The spread footing is also called Isolated Footing when it supports to the single column.

2) Strip Footings:

It is installed in the form of a strip with the load. Useful in a close alignment of the column and which distributes the weight of load-bearing wall across the wall area of ground and provides additional support to the load-bearing walls.

3) Isolated Footings:

When the footing is supporting the single column, it is defined as the isolated footings. It is also a part of spread footings. It may be square, rectangular or circular.

4) Stepped Footings:

Such type of footing is used to avoid the metal column to the direct control with soil. It provides protection to the metal column against the corrosion. It looks like the stepwise foundation.

5) Combined Footings:

when two or more than two columns are supported by single footing, it is referred to as the combined footings. It may be rectangular or trapezoidal. When both columns are bearing equal load then it is rectangular and if columns are bearing different load then it is trapezoidal.

It is used when:

1) Columns are closed

2) Soil bearing capacity is low

3) When footings can’t be extended

6) Strap Footings:

Strap footing is a type of combined footings in which columns are connected to each other with a beam. It is more economical than a combined footing. It is used where allowable soil pressure is high.

7) Mat or Raft Foundation:

It is provided in the soil with a low bearing capacity where structural loads are heavy. It covers the bottom area of the structure. It consists of a dense reinforced concrete slab. It supports the entire column of structure and the RCC slab covers the whole area with a beam. In mat foundation, footings are overlap to each other. Reduce the non-homogeneous settlements of soil.

8) Slopped Footings:

In this footing top and side, faces are in slope. The concrete face does not have uniform thickness. Grater thickness at the junction and smaller thickness at the ends.

9) Pile Foundation:

It is a type of deep foundation that transmit the loads by a vertical member. It is mainly constructed with the material- steel, concrete or wood. It may be ready-made means precast or may be cast-in-site means construction at the site.

Classification of Pile Foundation:

There is two type of classification of Pile Foundation
1) According to the function

2) According to the material

1) According to the Function:

A) Bearing Pile

B) Friction Pile

2) According to the Material:

a) Concrete Pile

b) Wooden Pile

c) Steel Pile

d) Composite Pile

Bearing Pile:

In this type of pile, loads are transmitted to a hard layer of soil. In bearing pile the excavation is taken place till the hard layer of soil. Transfer a total load of the structure to a hard layer of soil.

Friction Pile:

Friction piles are used where the soil is soft at a considerable depth. It transmits the load to the soil via friction between soil and piles.

Concrete Pile:

In concrete pile the material used is concrete. It may be ready-made or cast on the site. It is mainly used where the diameter is 30-50cm and the length is 20-30 m.

Wooden Pile:

Material is wood. Diameter 20-50 cm and length 20times of the diameter of the pile.

Steel Pile:

Steel material is used. Easily driven into the earth. It is having a small cross-section used as a bearing pile.

Composite Pile:

In this type, if the pile foundation is made of two or more materials. As concrete and wood - Used where the water table is above. Pile is made of concrete and the shoe is made of wood.

Steps Consider towards Building Structure’s Roof- "Site Selection"

2019-11-03T03:51:00.003+05:30

There are four key points to pay heed to build a structure and its roof.

Site Selection
Prepare Foundation
Build a Structure
Roofing Process

Structure

Selection of Site:

To build a plant, building or structure it must consider the relevant situation, points, and variations. The success of a plant would depend on the selection of the location of the plant. Selection explores the future expansion, development, and enhancement of plan executing. Many primary and secondary factors help to make the decision of site selection.

Site Selection

1. Scope of Site:

It is very important to clear the purpose of the site before selecting the site must be updated privacy regarding purpose.

2. Surroundings:

The surroundings of the location must be having a friendly environment regarding the neighborhood. Before the selection of site visit at the location and examine all possibilities about the neighborhood like location is fully developed or developing. Try to catch the typical mentality about the security at that location. All the possibilities and factors should be the approach towards happy living.

3. Available Services and Facilities:

A good site selection incorporated with the available services and facilities. As community services- emergency help like a police station, fire station and some regular service required for the healthy estate as clearing waste, street cleaning. Must consider the utility services like water supply, electricity, gas, and drainage.

4. Market and Transport:

For the success of any plant market and transport facility having the leading role. The availability of the market must be situated as near as possible so that transportation can be minimized. Due to the ease of market and transportation, the product would be sale as soon as possible which leads to soon generation of revenue. Overall it supports increased productivity.

5. Local Authority:

Local authority lead to the foundation, shape and size and convenient policies. It must be a well-known selection of a site that what are the authorities regarding the building structure as height, front area and left area. Plant’s work must be according to the local authority and government policies.

6. Environmental and Geographical Conditions:

The environmental and geographical conditions are the chief part of the plant location. There must be a natural ventilation facility. If there is a natural airflow that is preferred location and the situated at a slight slope. The slope would lead to the proper drainage of water from the plant. If there would exist natural beauty that proceeds to more attraction and mental integration.

7. Water Supply:

For any healthy plant or business success, water availability is having the lead role. So in the site selection, must sure in terms of strong facility of water supply. It may be commercial, industrial or residential water supply that is necessary. So be sure and certain about the proper supply of water.

8. Waste Management:

A big problem of any industry or plant that is waste disposal without violation of environmental issues. For any industry, there must be proper disposal or dumping of waste. At the plant location, must be a proper waste disposal system otherwise it would proceed to pollution

9. Ground Soil and Cost Estimation:

To establish a building structure is very important to consider the types of soil of the plant. The types of soil would be responsible for the costing of the site. For plant sites, rock soil is preferred also sand soil preferred. The costing of the site depends on all the above factors and facilities.

10. Other Factors:

The plant site circumstances must be kept in mind before selecting it. Take a survey of flood, heavy rain, noise level, crowd and smoke intensity of locality. The factors must be considered. Also, consider the fuel and power facilities.

What is Roofing?

2019-08-27T15:51:00.000+05:30

Material for a Roof or The act of covering with Roof. The process and act of covering something like a building or car with the roof are called roofing.

Roofing

Definition of roof:

The roof is defined as the top cover of any building. It protects the materials, human and animals. The roof is also including the supports essential to the roof. It gives the protection against sunlight, wind and weather as rain snow etc. it is a part of the building also.

Essential Quality:

The roofing quality used is depending on the purpose of building means that the essential quality of roof changes according to the type of building or why this building is made for. It’s characteristic would differ with warehouse, habitat, hospital, car-parking, park, bridge, PEB, Shed etc.

Roofs

Material Used:

With time passes the definition, design, quality and material changes. In the ancient time, we use the roof material like leaves, grasses, woods and stuff only. With the generation, we change our lifestyle and promote technology and science in or life. In such a way we also improved our roofs, in terms of quality, material, strength, durability etc. Each material is different from each other in terms of properties, in terms of strength, in terms of durability etc. The material used for roof purpose is- Slate, Steel, Concrete, Roof Shingles, Asphalt, Roof Tiles, EPDM Rubber, Green Roof, Corrugated Galvanized Iron, Solar Shingle, Stainless Steel, Membrane Roofing, Fibre Cement, Wood Shingles, Board Roof, Sea-Grass, Mangalore Tiles, Sod Roof, Thatching, Polytetrafluoroethylene, Bituminous, Waterproofing, Imbex and Tegula, Trullo Fibre Cement, Thermoplastic, Metal Sheet, Polycarbonate Sheet, Teflon, Polyurethane, Wood, Foam, Aluminium, Ceramic etc. These range of materials used for roofing according to purpose, weather-climates and types of industries. The material range also varies in terms of cost, transportation and availability also.

Roofing Material

Justification of Roofs:

Roof's Aim

· Individual’s Shelter:

The roof is always included in the primary need of the human body. With all seasons roof is necessary for a single one. It protects humanity from different types of problems as rain, sunshine and wind. Each’ habitat vary with their status, geography and economic condition.

· Safety Regarding – Commodity & Interior:

The top cover of all buildings is usually used to protect the interior portion of the building, goods, floor, carpet and precious commodity. Roofing is also used to provide safety towards the walls also. The wind and rain may ruin the interior and walls so against that roofing are used.

· Rainwater Solution:

The heavy rainwater may damage the structure of building adversely. So with roofing flashings are used to manage the rainwater typically and enhance the strength and also build a gracious look of the structure. Gutter and down take is used to adjust the rainwater smoothly. Purlins are used to strengthen the structure. Instead of the above, numbers of flashings are also used accordingly.

· Outcomes:

The responsibility of a roof is defined as total protection of individuals, commodity, interior and exterior. The success of roofing would be measure on the base of damage after rain, wind, sunlight and snowfall with the time passes. The strength and durability would be defined amount of damage itself with the time.

Roof's Destination