Little Space for You

The Lost Symbol -Dan Brown

noreply@blogger.com (Healthy) — Wed, 28 Apr 2010 14:28:00 +0000

TEMPO Interactive, Jakarta - Those who have started to take leave to add a delicious holiday Idul Fitri with the work of Dan Brown's latest thriller, "The Lost Symbol" after the sequel to "Da Vinci Code" was released Tuesday (15 / 9). This novel tells the conspiracy secret society of Freemasonry in the United States government.

Brown remains a symbol of experts presents the story of Robert Langdon with a quick story and make readers difficult to divert from the pages of books. His novel is also controversial, as usual.

"Da Vinci Code", for instance, uncover a conspiracy that holds the secret that Jesus had children. "The Lost Symbol" is no exception. This novel reveals the secrets of Freemasonry in the United States government.

Not surprisingly, this novel uses the U.S. capital, Washington, as the location of the story. Like "Da Vince Code", Langdon would expose the secret Freemanson by traces of architecture in Washington.

Of course, there is an enemy with a strong character, almost like a character in the comic. In the "Da Vinci Code" is a scary albino monk. In "The Lost Symbol" appears muscular tattooed men who call themselves Mal'akh (means angel in Hebrew).

"The Lost Symbol" opened with a scene where Mal'akh inaugurated into a high position in Freemasonry. Langdon's moving story of when a private plane to fly to Washington because it was invited to speak in a single event in the Capitol building - the parliament building his United States.

We arrived at the Capitol that the readers began to hold his breath. The invitation was a fake. He was invited by a wealthy friend and member of Freemasonry, Peter Solomon. But even Solomon was found dead with Masonic symbols tattooed hand and pointed to a picture of George Washington from 1865.

Washington - such as some American presidents such as Benjamin Franklin, Teddy Roosevelt, Harry Truman, and Gerald Ford - indeed members of Freemasonry. This background makes a lot of colored buildings in Washington Masonic beliefs.

Like Brown's earlier novel, Langdon will be accompanied by a beautiful woman while adventuring. In "The Lost Hollywood", the woman is the brother of Peter Solomon, Katherine Solomon.

With Katherine, Langdon face Mal'akh who had the motive to find the hidden Masonic temple. The temple, according to his faith, can make him do the transformation.

source : Tempo Interaktif

The Great Coffee in The World

noreply@blogger.com (Healthy) — Wed, 28 Apr 2010 14:13:00 +0000

Often people argue which is the best coffee in the world actually comes. I think it does, there is no claim that can be called a kind of coffee is better than any other coffee. All depends on the sense that we can cecap.

The first coffee is said to come from Kaffa, Ethiopia, Africa. If you are a fan of coffee, it never hurts to know the kinds of coffee called "best" in the world. As a big fan of coffee, Sunna ruling to share info about coffee and gratitude if anyone else would take more info ...

Yemen Coffee
One of the best coffee in the 17th century is the origin of Yemen Mocha coffee. This coffee is used according to the news in the coffee houses in Constantinople and Egypt. This coffee is done the traditional way by Yemeni farmers, usually once plucked and dried beans on top of a stone house. Hold that has been separated and crushed dried until smooth.

Yemen coffee can be called the oldest and most unique coffee that is dried on a full moon is more expensive than when there was no moon. Why? dried coffee fruit and sweet taste.

Sumatra Coffee - Java
Copies of this western part of Indonesia after the tsunami is getting more expensive price. There is mixing with the chocolate mixture so that it feels more sweet, but actually more comfortable that really real coffee.

Sumatra coffee may be referred to as the 18th century because at that world coffee trade (Europe), many taken from the island of Andalas, and break the monopoly of Yemenis. Who is the carrier? Of course, aka VOC Dutch traders. Wet process in a way, to separate the fruit from the seeds before drying.

If anyone has ever visited Lake Toba, there is a center Lintong and Mandheling coffee. Coffee-making process similar to the one on the island of Java, which uses assembly machine for skinning fruit coffee. Then the next process is wrapped in a plastic coffee one night.

But in the 18th century, Wong Londo not seem to have plastic packaging, so does their didn't know to packaging using what materials? Sometimes the coffee farmers drying coffee on the way the clay is dried, so it was "grounded" really.

But now it's mostly Java and Sumatra coffee is mixed with corn to save on production costs. But there is also still uses pure raw material prices to be expensive though. Coffees of Java and Sumatra is still circulating in many coffee houses in Europe and America. Java coffee was so famous (Java), his name is also used by one of the IT company as a product logo.

Brazilian Coffee
Samba-style coffee. Yes, Brazil is also one of the best coffee producers in the world. Bourbon Santos, Brazil's coffee and delicious beramoma colored black. Brazilian coffee rose to fame in the 19th century and supplied to the United States.

Southern Brazil who is also climate in the tropics, almost the same as Indonesia, making any coffee plants thrive. Brazilian farmers have a way of processing which is similar to the farmers in our country, by drying the harvested coffee fruits to dry. After it was separated from the seeds.

Kind of a famous coffee is Brazil Santos 2, Good Santos, and Brazilian Santos. Usually the coffee beans are purchased directly from a farmer's garden, then the exporter or importer of processed them at the factory.

Costa Rica La Minita Tarrazu
Costa Rica coffee origin, Latin America, from agriculture into coffee La Minita most hits in the 20th century. La Minita coffee consistently to maintain image quality and taste. Even in 1980s, the degree of La Minita Tarrazu rose thanks to the marketing equivalent of an appropriate wine. This coffee was processed by wet way, just as do the methods of the Dutch people in Java in the early 18th century.

But the best coffee in the 20th century was the Kenya AA. British colonies are new to coffee in 1900. However, due to the global economy is also experiencing pernurunan to African countries affected them. As a result, Kenya's coffee industry that had collapsed and quality instead of not being in control.

Now, select the Where the hell is among the best coffees in the world. Indonesian coffee is also a lot of variety and delicious, besides Mandheling and Java, there are coffee Toraja, Bali, Papua, as well as other types. Or instead you chose Luwak Coffee, coffee beans obtained from animal waste mongoose (a type of mongoose). These include a kind of coffee are quite rare and expensive, you know. The smell and the taste was very unique ...

source : Wikimu

UNIX

noreply@blogger.com (Healthy) — Wed, 28 Apr 2010 13:48:00 +0000

Unix or UNIX is a computer operating system that begins from the project, Multics (multiplexed Information and Computing Service) in 1965 who carried the American Telephone and Telegraph AT & T, General Electric (GE), and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), with the cost of the Department of Defense United States (Department of Defence Advenced Research Project, DARPA or ARPA), the UNIX operating system designed as a portable, multi-tasking and multi-user.

Unix operating systems are widely used both as a server or workstation. Architectural model of Unix and client / server is the most important element in the development of internet and change the computing process is centralized in the network from a single process on a computer. Linux, an operating system that was adopted from the freely available Unix and gained popularity as an alternative to proprietary operating systems like Microsoft Windows

History

In 1969, project by AT & T Multics was stopped because too late, not in accordance with the schedule, also because the distance between an expanding priset, between New Jersey and MIT Labs.

In 1969 also, Ken Thompson, a researcher who also worked on the Multics project using a computer PDP-& try to realize the idea of Multics in liaison with Dennis Ritchie, who also previously worked in the Multics project. Peter Neuman suggested using the Unix name for the new systems, the UNIX system is then rewritten for the Digital PDP-11 in one year. AT & T many scientists add capabilities on UNIX. in 1970, so that many small programs called tools in UNIX, each used to perform a function. In 1973, Unix by Ken Thompson rewritten using the new language from Ritchie C, C language is designed to be portable from one computer to be brought to other computers. In 1977, Mike Lesk develop "ported I / 0 library," library that can be taken to overcome the difficulties brought UNIX from one computer to another computer system because differences in the handling of I / 0 from any computer, Unix was first brought into the laboratory Interdata 8 / 32 , the same microcomputer with the PDP-11. In 1978, the UNIX operating system was brought into the VAX minicomputer. up to now still a lot of Unix as an experimental system. Early in 1973 more than 16 AT & T or Western Electric in outside laboratories Bell running the Unix operating system, Unix and then spread. In 1977 at least 500 places to use the Unix operating system, 125 of them are from universities and more than 10 foreign countries. In the year 1977 Unix Version 6 also came out with a commercial support. University of California at Berkeley pay 400 (in dollars) to get the Unix source in which there are complete Unix source code. Bill Joy and Chuck Haley's, graduated from Berkeley, began to change. In 1978 Bill Joy out 30 copies of a collection of Unix programs and modifications to the replacement cost of media and delivery for 50 (in dollars). More than six years old Berkeley gets funds from ARPA to develop Unix, later known as the BSD Unix. a lot of development that has been done, such as multitasking, file-naming with the number of characters up to 255 characters and the ability to use the local computer. that same year AT & T continued to develop Unix versions, and start worrying about the popularity of BSD Unix. AT & T to develop commercial products of Unix, called UNIX System V and expressed as a standard Unix, and states that BSD Unix is not a product of Unix that standard and not kompetible, statement was issued by AT & T to reduce the popularity of BSD Unix, and also because the copyrights are on AT & T , expressed as BSD Unix BSD 4.2. Berkeley license with AT & T's University may be freely

Source : Wikipedia

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noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Wed, 09 Sep 2009 06:34:00 +0000

Teslink

Car DVD Players Buying Guide

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Wed, 04 Mar 2009 04:20:00 +0000

This sophisticated technology is now very mendukund convenience and practicality in human beraktifitas day.
In rushing in the middle of big cities, refreshing in a little leisure time is necessary. Therefore, many people treat it well.
One example is berkaraoke, karaoke is being sought by masayarakat city. Car Shopwiki offer a DVD that you can berkaraoke along in leisure time.
A portable DVD with a lot of sophistication-sophistication in it.

Car DVD players are becoming more and more popular, and likewise prices are dropping dramatically. Consumers can now afford a player at a modest price. There has been some criticism and debate on the subject though because a lot of people think that having a DVD player in one's car is overkill. Obviously, if you are the only one riding in your car it would be silly to have a DVD player because you can't watch while you drive. Not only is it illegal, but it is ludicrously dangerous.

But if you own a family car and want to keep the kids entertained while you drive, a car DVD player can be a great device to have in the car. Car DVD players are great for road trips.

How to Choose a Car DVD Player

There are several different ways of going about choosing a car DVD player. The first thing that usually sticks out for most consumers is the price tag. If you have a good amount of money to spend, you should look into creating a surround sound car theater system ($400+). For those of us on a budget, the cheapest car DVD Player systems can cost from about $200 and up.

Many higher end DVD Players for your car are now including GPS Navigation systems as well. These can also include the ability to play your iPod through the DVD/navigation system. Check out the top rated system above and look around for your GPS navigation DVD player combo.

Portable DVD Players

The Budget Option:

The best way to get entertainment in your car without breaking the bank is to opt for an all-in-one system that provides hours of fun beyond the confines of a vehicle.

Compact, folding DVD player with a clamshell design makes for a lightweight but sturdy device.
prices have come down dramatically over the last several years.
Built-in speakers and screen means no extra purchases.
Lighter and cheaper than a laptop if all you want to do is watch movies on the go.
No installation required. Just invest in a car kit and/or adapter if you want fuller sound.
To permanently install a portable DVD player in a car you will need a mount.
Take them from one car to another, or even on an airplane, train, or use at home.

Some top models to check out (C-Net):

Ceiling Mount DVD Players

High-end Option ($500-$700)

These models cost more than a portable DVD player and they are a more permanent car entertainment option.

Perfect for multi-user backseat viewing, especially in SUVs or other large vehicles, because the screen can be up to 10" or more.
Might require professional installation.
Great space saver, plus it folds up out of the way when you need to put large items in the back seat.
Keep in mind that some flip-down monitors don't come with the DVD player included as part of the package. Make sure to look for all-in-one models.

In-Dash Receivers

Economical Option

This is where creating a car DVD system gets really fun. You can choose your components from a wider selection of products. You can get an in-dash receiver that plays both CDs and DVDs. You can install the screen anywhere, either from the ceiling, the sunvisor, on the back of the headrest or even in the center console. It's up to you. Basically, the screen and the player device will tap into the car's stereo system for creating surround sound if your car is set up for it.

These monitors come built-in with the receiver usually, however, there is the option of buying the video monitor and the receiver separately.
They are easy to install, as they fit onto any standard dash opening.
Most models have great sound, tone control, and are easily expanded to incorporate GPS devices, cameras, and more.
When driving, they act as a command center with a touch screen. Otherwise, to watch videos, the car must be parked with the emergency break on. This is otherwise known as a receiver with built-in DVD playback.
Another similar option that costs less is a CD receiver with a retractable monitor.

These can be very useful because they can handle various tasks and have multiple inputs. They can usually handle CDs, MP3 files, and DVDs. They even hook up with your GPS Devices (search for GPS units to buy).
Make sure that the model has a touch-screen for easy use while driving. It should be as simple as possible to avoid creating any distractions.
Some have iPod compatibility, such as the Clarion VRX755VD.
Check for a model with multi-zone audio if you plan to have it linked with a surround sound system.

Headrest Style Monitors

Headrest Replacements - $400+ each (6-10")
Headrest Monitors -- $200-$400 each (5" to 8")

This is an ideal setup for backseat viewing. Dual monitor sets can be purchased at reduced costs for two-person backseat viewing. If you have more than one child, this may be an absolute necessity for you and not as much of an option to keep squabbling to a minimum.

Headrest monitors must be professionally or self-installed, which tends to be the cheaper route. Swivel headrests tend to give the best viewing vantage regardless of daylight or glare.
As an alternate option, you can purchase headrest bracket mounts that eliminate the need for doing any splicing or dicing to your upholstery.
There are also replacement headrests with the monitor pre-installed.
With all of the above models, you need to purchase an in-dash or center console receiver to act as a media player. There are also players that can be tucked away under a seat.

Manufacturers Include:

Extra Features

TV Compatibility: Most DVD players come with the ability to play various media types such as VCD, SVCD, and WMA.

Placement: Decide where you want to put your player. If this is going to be used primarily by the kids in the backseat, go for a headrest/stand-in car or roof mount screen. Otherwise, a sunvisor or in-dash screen may be a better option for front seat viewing (but not while driving of course). Keep in mind that cheaper models offer small, lightweight players with 4" to 6" screens. These aren't the best option if the player is destined to multi-user viewing. A 7" screen size is good for proper viewing. Anything larger than that and you will start to compromise portability (both size and weight) and price. A 10" display screens usually cost around $500 and up.

Video Quality: Don't expect that these little gadgets are going to produce crystal clear video reproduction. They are no comparison to a home LCD Televisions (search for LCD Television to buy). Picture quality is important though, especially since if you want to use the player in bright conditions, the screen should be of the highest caliber.

Sound Quality: Usually budget all-in-one models don't produce great sound with their integrated speakers. If you want the best sounding system, go with a component system that you can upgrade with various audio components, such as speakers.

Battery Life: Not many of the removable all-in-one systems actually have great battery life. What manufacturers claim is often exaggerated, but at least if you have the DVD player in a convenient spot you can plug it into the car lighter socket.

Beware of installing DVD players in your car because like expensive CD players and speaker systems, they are also a target for thieves. Make sure your car has a good security system.

Backlink : http://www.shopwiki.com/wiki/Car+DVD+Players

shopwiki - iPods

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Tue, 16 Dec 2008 01:17:00 +0000

Ipod

Ipod is the one of audio entertainment. we can enjoy our life with our music. Long time ago music created for ceremonial, but we knowed in this time. Music not used to be on ceremonial but always display into our heart everyday.

This i-pod like a miracle think, can be download many a lot of music, mp3 songs, mpeg4, and many thing display.

The Details

While they each come in different models and sizes, Apple's current lineup includes: the iPod nano, iPod Classic, iPod Touch, iPod Shuffle, and iPod (product) red. As Apple continues to unveil innovative new product models each successive quarter, older generation models of the iPod have been discontinued. If you're looking for an iPod Mini, you may also search on Craigslist

All iPods feature the click-wheel design and the easy-to-use interface.
Models are easily integrated with Apple's popular iTunes music system. Newer models integrate seamlessly video Apple's new video store, too.
All new models come with bright color TFT screens in various sizes for browsing music, pictures, and watching video, except the shuffle, which lacks a screen.
Easy USB connector on all models, plus dock compatibility on display models.
The one-year limited warranty is included in the price, but AppleCare is available and recommended if you are accident-prone
Playback on early-generation iPods is restricted to MP3 files (downloaded from iTunes.com or music you already own), podcasts and audio books. Newer iPod models function as portable photo albums with slide shows allowing you to share your vacation pictures with your friends and family (supported file formats include JPEG, BMP, GIF, TIFF, PSD and PNG). The iPod video enables video playback of your favorite TV shows and movies making the commute home fun and enjoyable. The latest 5G models even plays video games.
The batteries are all rechargeable lithium-ion, which means that the battery life will naturally decrease with age. Eventually, you may need to buy a relatively expensive replacement battery, but you won't need to replace the entire iPod. Unless you are just itching to get your hands on a newer version.

iPod Touch

iPod touch

iPod touch uses flash memory with multitouch screen model, much like the iPhone.
It comes in 8GB, 16GB and 32GB models starting at around $300.
"Huge" multi-touch display size is 3.5" at an amazing 480 by 320 pixel resolution that produces beautiful video and photos.
Supports up to 7,000 songs, 25,000 photos, or 40 hours of video. Also formatted for viewing color photos, TV shows and videos.
Battery life: Apple states that you can get up to 22 hours of music or 5 hours of video for all models.
Current version comes with WiFi connectivity via 802.11g so you can browse the web, get your email, check the weather and more!
Available only in black.
USB 2.0 connection for Mac or PC

iPod Classic

iPod hard drive model.
It comes in 80GB and 160GB models starting at around $250.
Increased display size is 2.5".
Supports up to 40,000 songs or 200 hours of video. Also formatted for viewing color photos, TV shows and videos.
Battery life has been improved, and Apple states that you can get up to 30-40 hours of musi or 5-7 hours of video depending on whether you have an 80 or 160 gig model.
The latest models support video games and easy integration with iPod's music and video stores. Newer models also have increased brightness and a sharper display.
Half the size of the original iPod, yet still sturdy and durable.
Available in original white or black.

iPod nano

The iPod nano incorporates a high-capacity flash memory player in 4GB and 8GB versions.
Slim, sleek, sexy,and lightweight (1.75 ounces), and more durable than previous nano generation.

After consumer complaints and pending lawsuits regarding the easily scratch prone screen, Apple has started shipping the nano with a protective case.
From the older version of the iPod nano, the screen has been improved for video to 320 by 240 and increased to 2 inches (diagnol) and is stunning for its size!

The new 4 GB models comes only in silver, but the 8GB models come in silver, pink, blue, green, and black. A special edition (Product) red iPod nano is also availble in 8GB.

The 4 GB holds 1000 songs or 4 hours of video, while the 8 GB model carries 2000 songs or 8 hours of video.
Battery life allows for 24 hours of music playback and 5 hours of photo slide shows or video.
Despite problems with scratching, this player debuted to great reviews and remains popular among consumers.
Very popular in gyms since it is so lightweight

iPod Shuffle

The second generation 1 GB iPod Shuffle holds up to 240 songs at $50, and the 2GB Shuffle version will hold up to 500 songs at $70.
Built-in clip to attach to pockets, lapels or belts.
Only 1.62 inches long and weighing in at half an ounce.
1GB shuffle comes in silver, light blue, green, blue, and red
2GB shuffle also comes in silver, light blue, green, blue, and red
(Product) Red iPod shuffles contribute to helping AIDs victims in Africa
12 hour charge.
Can connect to dock stations and be used with iPod speakers.
To transfer music, plus the included dock into your Mac or PC's USB port.
Just like its predecessor, this second generation iPod shuffles music and has the option of playing songs in the order of your playlist.
Great for jogging and other exercise as it is skip-proof because there is no HD.
Getting a case or an armband to protect it from sweat is a good idea, if you don't want it hanging from your neck.

iPhone

Apple iPhone

The iPhone is more than a music or video player, it's a GSM cell phone, meeting an internet communication device, meeting an iPod
The original iPhone in 4GB is no longer avaialble, while the 8GB continued and a 16GB version has been introduced
comes with a 2.0 megapixels camera for still photos (no video capture yet)
Only 4.5 inches long and weighing in under 5 ounces.
Quad band GSM to let you use your phone in the US and overseas
EDGE service for data
Bluetooth connectivivty for something like the iPhone bluetooth headset
Visual voicemail that allows you to pick which message to listen to first
To sync and transfer music, video, photos, etc connect the iPhone to your Mac or PC's USB port.
breakthrough multitouch, 3.5 inch, 480 by 320 pixel screen that let's you zoom with your finger tips

Fun Apple Accessories

PARIS

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Mon, 03 Nov 2008 14:07:00 +0000

Paris is home to ancient China that we can visit. Structuring the layout of the city that perfect, shows that Paris has become the best city in the history of art.

Artists - artists who berkiblat leading to Paris, virtually almost all the design and thoughts - thoughts Resources. Nuance, which romatis not less with the Amazon, Wine and terenak tower eifel icon, which makes the city of Paris enchant added.

source: http://www.cheaperthanhotels.co.uk/France/Paris/

KAMA SUTRA

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Thu, 30 Oct 2008 16:25:00 +0000

The Kama Sutra, the world's oldest guide to the pleasures of sex, was written in the fourth century by the scholar Vatsyayana as an enduring collection of the ancient Eastern lessons of lovemaking. From the consummation of new love to the taboo arts, it was composed for the worthy intention of preventing the "seperation of the married pair." And now these classic love texts are revealed in richly sensual detail for couples to discover how to celebrate love as an ecstatic expression of life's spirit and beauty.

Experience new and lasting fulfillment with this classically romantic program as it reveals all the elements of lovemaking, including ambiance, seduction, arousal, massage, kissing and oral love, extended orgasm and an incredible variety of sexual positions to stimulate a couple. The Kama Sutra teaches a man how to give the greatest pleasure to his young bride or his lifelong partner in love. So open your mind and your heart and take an encompassing and sensitive exploration of the ancient secrets of sexual love and ecstasy for couples.

Dr. Patti Britton, Ph.D., F.A.A.C.S. is a nationally recognized, board-certified clinical sexologist and sexuality educator. For more than two decades she has coached thousands of women, men, and couples toward optimal sexual fulfillment. California based, Dr. Britton is currently on the faculty of the Institute for Advanced Study of Human Sexuality.

Grahita tuna and tuna Darsa?

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Thu, 30 Oct 2008 16:16:00 +0000

Tunagrahita is the word from the other Retardasi Mental (mental retardation)
Tuna means losers.
Grahita means mind.

Retardasi Mental (Mental Retardation / Mentally retarded) means mentally retarded.

Tunagrahita often disepadankan with the terms, as follows:

1. Weak mind (feeble-minded);
2. Mentally retarded (Mentally retarded);
3. Stupid or witless (idiot);
4. Moron (Imbecile);
5. Fatuous (moron);
6. Oligofrenia (Oligophrenia);
7. By capable (Educable);
8. Ability to Practice (Trainable);
9. Dependence of (Totally dependent) or Need Care;
10. Mental Subnormal;
11. Mental deficit;
12. Cognitive deficits;
13. Mental disability;
14. Mental Defisiensi;
15. Intellectual interference

Tunagrahita children have the intellectual function is not static. Certain groups, including some from down syndrom, has a physical aberration than friends, but the majority of children of tunagrahita particularly classified light, visible as the other. Most of the cases detected tunagrahita many children after school. IQ tests may be indicators of someone's mental ability. Adaptive Ability someone is not necessarily reflected in the results of IQ tests. Training, experience, motivation, and social environment is very big influence on the ability of Adaptive someone.

Smallpox disease (Herpes)

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Thu, 30 Oct 2008 16:03:00 +0000

Smallpox disease or known as the 'Herpes' by the medical dermatitis is a disease marked by the establishment of bubble-containing bubbles in the water. Smallpox disease or Herpes this kind of group 2, and Genetalis Herpes Herpes Zoster.

Herpes infection is Genetalis or inflammation (bubble blister) on the skin, especially in the genitals (vagina, penis, including at the rectum / anus and buttocks and hip / as) caused herpes simplex virus (VHS), while the Herpes Zoster or by any other name ' shingles' is a skin infection caused by the varicella-zoster virus that causes bubbles in the liquid is almost the entire body.

Herpes zoster infection also said the disease on the skin that is a continuation of the chickenpox (chicken pox) because of a virus attack is the same, only the differences with chickenpox. Herpes zoster have the characteristic pox bubble and a larger group in certain parts of the body, can be at the back, chest or forehead.

# The disease transmission Smallpox (Herpes)

In general, all types of herpes can spread the disease through direct contact. However, the herpes zoster, as happened in the smallpox disease (chickenpox), the process may be through sneezing, coughing, contaminated clothing and touch to the top of the bubble / blister is broken. In the disease Herpes Genitalis (genetalia), transmission occurs through prilaku sex. Herpes genetalis so that the disease is sometimes suffered as a result of the mouth, oral sex. Symptoms may arise in the period 7-21 days after contact someone experienced (the) varicella-zoster virus.

Someone who had experienced chickenpox and then recover, the virus was not 100% lost from the body, but hiding in the ganglion cells in the nervous system dorsalis sensoris people. When the body's resistance (Immun) weakened, the virus will attack again in the form of Herpes zoster which caused the same symptoms of the disease with chickenpox (chickenpox). For someone who has never experienced chickenpox, when the varicella-zoster virus, the disease is not directly experienced a herpes zoster but had chickenpox first.

# The disease and symptoms of Smallpox (Herpes)

Signs and symptoms that arise from the herpes virus attacks in general are fever, headache, breathlessness, sore or stiff dipersendian in one part rubuh, emerging reddish spots on the skin that eventually formed a bubble liquid. Concerns that other people are sometimes felt sick stomach.

# Handling and Medicine Smallpox disease (Herpes)

On smallpox disease is the most important things that keep bubble liquid that is not broken do not leave and a former entrance to the other bacteria (secondary infection), among others, with the talcum powder, which helps smooth skin. When people do not hold with cold weather conditions is not recommended for bathing, because it can cause shock.

Medicines given to the smallpox disease sufferer is intended to reduce the symptoms of complaints such as pain and no fever, for example, given paracetamol. Giving Acyclovir tablets (Desciclovir, famciclovir, valacyclovir, and penciclovir) as the antiviral aims to reduce fever, pain, complications and to protect someone from the inability of the body resistance against the herpes virus. Should the drug Acyclovir when the emergence of pain or burning heat on the skin, does not need to wait for the emergence of bubbles liquids (blisters).

In serious condition where the body's resistance sesorang very weak, people with smallpox disease (herpes) should get treatment terapy Doofus (IV) Acyclovir. As prevention efforts should someone get varisela zoster vaccine immunization. In healthy children age 1 - 12 years given one time. Imunasasi can be given once again in puberty to stabilize immune to 60% - 80%. After that, for TO COMPLETE, provide immunization once again when the adults. This immunity can be obtained until 10 years old.

source : http://www.infopenyakit.com/2007/12/penyakit-cacar-herpes.html

Keyword Research Articles

noreply@blogger.com (Healthy) — Mon, 27 Oct 2008 18:01:00 +0000

Check out these articles relating to Keyword Research

Is Something Missing From Your Keywords Research?
Part 1 by Serge Botans

As you may already know, keywords are an essential part of search engine optimization (SEO). And the usual approach recommended to finding the right keywords to target with one's site involves the ideas of demand, supply and KEI (and/or CID). I would like to propose that one thing is missing in this research approach.

What is missing is a consequence of one of the major advantages of the Internet. Let me explain . . . When I use the Internet to look for information, or software, . . . I don't care about what country is hosting the site, nor do I care about the nationality of the owner of the site. I am only concerned about finding what I am after. So, for me, when I use the Internet, the fact that the world is made up of countries is not something I think about, nor is it an issue because the Internet has in some ways effectively removed the existence of country borders.

Yet, it is this very positive aspect of the Internet that, I believe, leads us to perform incomplete keywords research when we look for keywords to target with our site.

You see, while the Internet has helped us forget about the existence of countries, when it comes to keywords, we must not forget that the world is made up of countries. The reason for this is that the demand for keywords can be country specific. This means that a keyword in high demand in one country, may not be in the same demand in another country. And in some cases, a keyword in demand in one country will not be in demand anywhere else.

To illustrate this idea, consider the following demand numbers for the stated keywords, as reported by Overture (the research being done in June 2005).

Using the keyword "keyword",

- Australia: 669

- Canada: 17

- United Kingdom: 10,770

- USA: 125,177

Another example, looking at the keyword "meta tag",

- Australia: 127

- Canada: 15

- United Kingdom: 2,653

- USA: 10,851

And still another example, looking at the keyword "meta keyword",

- Australia: 10

- Canada: 0

- United Kingdom: 57

- USA: 552

If you had a web site that dealt with SEO and you were looking for keywords to target, then surely the above results would prove interesting. For example, you could see which of the 4 countries above had an interest in what your web site is about. This in turn would tell you which countries you should target, and which you could safely ignore.

In case you are wondering how we obtained the above results . . . We did some basic research at the Overture site and found that it wasn't all that difficult to do. We also found that Overture provides the demand data in 19 countries around the world, covering Europe, Asia, North America, South America and Australasia. We need to point out that some areas were better represented than others. South America, for example, is represented by 1 country only, while Europe is covered by 11.

By going to the Overture site, anyone can likewise discover how to use Overture to research the demand for keywords in any of the 19 countries it supports.

To go back to the title of this article . . . I feel, and I hope that you will now agree with me, that any research on keywords that does not take into account countries is not complete. For one thing, don't you want to know where your visitors are most likely to come from?

In case you are not convinced about the point I am trying to make, I will try to explain in my next article other reasons why I think that proper keyword research should take into account countries.

Serge M Botans is the CEO of Meta Keywords Advice, a web site that provides advice on keywords. Free evaluation available. He is also the inventor of CID, which is an altenative to KEI.

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Finding a Niche Through Keyword Research by Greg Mauro

Keyword research is the thorn in many online business owners sides, yet it is a necessity for building a profitable online business. Whether you have your own product, sell affiliate merchandise or just offer information and hope for click-throughs with Google Adsense, they key to your success is traffic. The best way to get traffic, besides purchasing it, is to research the keywords and find out which combinations are prime to cater to.

Lets work with the example of "Lake Tahoe". For those of you unfamiliar with Lake Tahoe, it is a Lake and surrounding area on the boarder of California and Nevada between Sacramento and Reno. With the wide variety of activities, this will be a perfect example of how to narrow your target down. It could range from looking to make travel/hotel arrangements, boating research, camping/hiking trails, wedding locations, casinos and more. And unless you are already leaning strongly towards one area or another (due to experience, product, etc), it should be your keyword research that guides your path.

First, youll want to determine the size of your overall market. By going to your Keyword Selector Tool, you can determine how many searches a month are devoted to Lake Tahoe and subcategories there within. Many people stop here and see that one particular keyword is researched more than another, so that is the one they will go after - more potential customers. But what they fail to realize is that these more popular searches usually have exponentially more competition. What you want to do is find keywords with a good ratio of searches per results. There are many tools (software programs) available on the Internet that will do this type of research for you, or you can do it the old-fashioned way and research results for every potential keyword through the various search engines and run the numbers against your total searches.

Now lets say you have narrowed your market down to "Lake Tahoe Casinos" and "Lake Tahoe camping". Unless you are just making this site as a hobby, you will want to monetize those visitors that you get. Youll need to find out what people are paying to advertise on the search engines as well as look at affiliate programs of product you can sell. There are much more opportunities with higher dollar value involved with casinos than with hiking, so if it was a dead heat between the two, product here should lean you towards "Lake Tahoe Casino".

http://www.askafriend.com is an Internet business resource specializing in keyword research, helping you to find and exploit the niche markets that can maximize your profits. For more information on Lake Tahoe keyword Research, visit http://www.askafriend.com/report

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Keyword Research
Article by Keith Mallinson

When you are looking for help promoting your site, using keyword research may seem like a good idea. But, is it? And, if so, how do you know what to do, how to do it, or if you should pay someone else to do it? Sounds like a lot of hassle, but really it doesnt have to be. Choosing the right words to use as your keywords is key to successful searches. So, how is it possible to find the right words to use? There are a number of companies who are willing to help you determine this information. But, choosing very commonly used keywords will get you nowhere as well. For instance, choosing a keyword that many other sites already use heavily means that your chances of having that keyword pop up your site is small. So, finding the right words are important. There are several companies that will do keyword research for you as well. Instead of racking your brain to figure it all out and ending up with poor results, you can find and use one of the numerous keyword research companies. One such website that offers this type of help is Overture.com. There, you can input the information and get a list, so to speak of keywords for your website. Doesnt that sound easier then trying to do it to yourself.

While there are many keyword research sites to choose from, you may want to start with a basic, simple and free program first. This way, you waste little time and no money on your keyword research. If you do not like the results given there, you can simply search for one of the many companies who are willing to provide you with keyword research programs and search engines for a fee. Whatever method you use, it definitely beats the headache of trying to find the right keyword for on your own.

Keith Mallinson is author of the article exchange newsletter, offering subscribers up to date information on all aspects of article submissions and use of free articles for search engine optimization

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Drive More Traffic Using Targeted Keyword Research by Wade M. Thomas

Using keyword research can expand the reach and visibility of any business trying to do business on the internet. It is also one of the most under used techniques of driving internet traffic. Keyword research is also a necessity for search engine optimization and pay-per-click campaigns.

Keyword research doesnt only help with search engine visibility, but it also can open your eyes, as an entrepreneur, of complimentary markets, products or services that you should be addressing. Ive been able to find additional markets to promote as a compliment to my existing business. This allows me to make more money from each lead that I drive to my website.

There are basically 2 types of keyword research software: keyword suggestion tools and keyword analytical tools.

1. Keyword Suggestion Tools

ResultsGenerator.com is one of the best keyword research tools available on the internet. It combines the Yahoo / Overture Keyword Research Search Tool with the Keyword Bidding Tool on One Screen. It tells you how much it would cost to be number one in the Overture Pay Per Click Search Sites in the left hand screen, and in the right hand screen tells you how many times the keyword was searched for and the various other keywords that were searched containing that word.

The reason that I like and use ResultsGenerator.com so much, is because its FREE to use AND I can view 2 key ingredients to find and target niche markets better. If I see that a keyword is searched for a lot, then I will play with various versions of it to find those keywords that allow me to get the best number of clicks for the cheapest amount of money. Thus driving traffic to test sites in order to find out what my metrics are for my Google Adwords or Yahoo Overture Campaigns.

One of the best places to perform keyword research are the search engines themselves. I like using both Google.com and Yahoo.com I find that since Google cleans their search engine and takes longer to index websites, when I am dealing with instantly changing markets and information, I will rely on using Yahoo.com, MSN.com and Blogger.com

2. Keyword Analytical Tools

There are also some Paid Keyword Research Tools that I use on a regular, almost daily basis. The most popular paid keyword research tool among search engine marketers is software called WordTracker.Com Wordtrackers Keyword Research Guide is a useful collection of tips and techniques from some of the most respected search marketing practitioners working today. At first, I wasnt sure whether paying the money that I paid was worth it or not. So I started with a One Day Trial. That turned into years of membership now for me. I would not want to do business on the internet without WordTracker.

You need third-party keyword research tools and resources to build and expand keyword lists for search engine marketing (SEM). Some SEM and search engine optimization (SEO) agencies have keyword research tools available only to their clients. Extensive keyword research seeks to harmonize your keyword choices with the search terms most used by your targeted visitors.

What about SEO - Search Engine Optimization?

For best results, keyword research and analysis should be undertaken in consultation with an experienced search engine professional (SEP). They will help you to further use these tools to the deepest level possible in order to maximize your return on investment in pay per click advertising!! There are many things in life that you dont try to do yourself, like being your own doctor when you are sick or being your own attorney when you are in trouble. SEO should be handled by the professionals.

Remember: Keyword research is an integral and extremely important part of your overall search engine optimization process.

Maximizing the use of keyword research and related tools will help you to:
- expand your visibility and revenue
- find you new and complimentary markets
- lower your keyword pay per click cost
- increase your bottom line profits per campaign

Take Action & get going over to ResultsGenerator.com to start your basic keyword research and see how easy, fun and profitable it can be!!

Wade Thomas of MarketingCoach.Com teaches people how to tap hidden markets and find bigger profits focusing on niche markets. He has over 100+ Targeted Niche Websites Online & Actively driving traffic and making money. Wade has been a featured speaker on Infopreneuring and Internet Marketing by Robert Allen, Fred Gleeck, Carl Galletti and is a Certified Guerrilla Marketing Coach. For FREE TIPS on Driving Traffic, visit http://www.MarketingCoach.com

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Keyword Research and Analysis by Bill Hartzer

Keyword research is one of the most important parts of online marketing. Sometimes we dont realize just how much of a difference it can make in the overall success of a search engine marketing campaign or even the success of an online business. In fact, its my belief that the keyword phrase--the term that a searcher types into the search engine when theyre searching--can make or break online business. Target the wrong keyword phrases and an online business is destined to fail.

Domain names by themselves are no longer the most valuable "location" on the internet--keywords are. If you buy a domain name and put up a website, visitors wont automatically flock to your website and buy your products. The popular phrase "if you build it they will come" is not true when it comes to online businesses. You must market your website online, and one of the best forms of ROI for an online business is through search engine marketing. All search engine marketing campaigns need to start with a set of keywords. Its those keywords that are an online business location, just as a traditional brick and mortar stores location is a physical street address.

Location, Location, Location If youre considering opening a gas station, one of the most important decisions related to the success of the gas station is going to be its location. Selling gas near a busy highway where there is a large traffic count would be ideal. So, its logical to get the traffic count data for several locations before deciding where to purchase land and build your gas station. In the online marketing world, we have the opportunity to get traffic counts as well--the average number of searches per day for certain keyword phrases. By positioning your online business in the proper keyword "locations", your online business will thrive. Target the wrong keyword phrases and your online business wont get any search engine traffic, and no potential customers will visit your website.

If youre a brick and mortar business that sells power tools, proper keyword research can be a tremendous help--even before you set up your online business. Keyword research can tell you exactly which power tools are more popular online--which may be different than the best selling power tools in your retail store. Armed with this knowledge, you can focus on the more popular products that customers are looking for online. For example, did you know that more people search for portable generators online than any other type of power tool? Perhaps this is due to the recent weather-related disasters that have hit the United States or the pending winter weather, but focusing on selling portable generators online might be good for business. Keyword research using Wordtracker (www.wordtracker.com) gives us this valuable information--it can also give us the list of other power tools that are being searched for, which will be a good start for a list of keywords.

Keyword Research Tools There many online keyword research tools, and many of them work differently and provide you with different data. Oftentimes there will be differences in the data, and thats primarily due to the actual source of the data. For example, according to Wordtracker (www.wordtracker.com), one of the most popular keyword research tools, "All search terms are collected from the major metacrawlers - Dogpile and Metacrawler." Yahoo! Search Marketing, formerly Overture, still has the free Overture Keyword Selector Tool (http://inventory.overture.com/d/searchinventory/suggestion/), whose data comes directly from their database--the keyword data is usually one month old. Searches performed there in October will show data compiled from September.

Other keyword research tools exist, and youll need to check each of the tools websites to determine where they get their data. Remember that using a combination of several online keyword research tools will help, as getting a second or third opinion is always a good practice. The following is a list of the keyword research tools: Wordtracker - www.wordtracker.com NicheBot - www.nichebot.com Digital Point Keyword Suggestion Tool - http://www.digitalpoint.com/tools/suggestion/ Keyword Discovery - http://www.keyworddiscovery.com Free Keyword Research Tool - http://www.apogee-web-consulting.com/tools/keyword_tool.php

There is a good list of more keyword research tools on the SEO Company website at http://www.seocompany.ca/tool/seo-tools.html.

Keyword research is an important part of the overall search engine marketing process. You must have a list of keywords to target whether your goal is organic search engine rankings or a advertising with a pay per click campaign. Target the right words and your online business will be a success--focusing on keywords that describe exactly what youre selling will provide the best overall return on investment. Target the wrong keywords and youll end up with the wrong type of visitors to your website or no visitors at all.

Bill Hartzer manages the Search Engine Marketing division of MarketNet, Inc., a leading full-service interactive design and development firm in Dallas, Texas.

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Far from just another service using the same old information, our data is researched from the ground up and will inspire you to create new web sites, categories and web pages.

We're in the process of setting up a monthly drawing for keyword lists as well as free keyword list giveaways. YOU can get some great information plus a free video on Keyword Research if you sign up for the Article Marketing News Newsletter

Here is our first free list of keywords from one of our recent research missions!

Keyword Density Tools

High Bids Keyword Research List 001 - 30 high bid words with low competition! So easy to get top rankings, going after these keywords are like shooting fish in a barrel!

Source : http://www.freekeywordresearch.com/keyword-research-articles-01.html

BRIEF HISTORY OF THE INDONEASIAN LANGUAGE

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Tue, 21 Oct 2008 02:51:00 +0000

Indonesian Language born on 28 October 1928. at the time, young people from various corners of the archipelago gathered in the Density of Youth and content (1) slaughterous that one, the land of Indonesia, (2) a noble one, the Indonesian nation, and (3) respects the language of unity, the Indonesian language. Innocence of youth is known by the name Youth Oath.

The third element of the Youth Oath is a statement of determination that the language is the language of nation unity. In the year 1928 that is the language gazetted position as a national language.

English language stated position as the country on 18 August 1945 because at the time the 1945 Constitution was passed as the Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia. In the 1945 Constitution stated that the country is the English language (Chapter XV, Article 36).

The decision of Congress English II, in the year 1954 BC, among others, stated that the language comes from the Malay language. English grow and develop from the Malay language since the days I have been used as a lingua franca (lingua franca) is not only in the island archipelago, but also in almost all of Southeast Asia.

Malay language used starting in Southeast Asia since the 7th century. Evidence that the state is experiencing with the inscription in Kedukan Hill berangka years 683 M (Nagpur), Talang Tuwo berangka years 684 M (Nagpur), Lime City berangka years 686 M (West Bangka), and Coral Brahi berangka years 688 M (Jambi) . Inscription that the letter titled Pranagari Malay-speaking Kuna. Malay There is not only used at the time because the beach in Central Java (Gandasuli) also found the inscription berangka years 832 M and inscriptions found in Bogor berangka years 942 F, which also use the Malay language, Kuna.

At the time of the beach, the Malay language as the language of culture, language textbooks, namely Buddhism. Seiyu also be used as a lingua franca in the archipelago and antarsuku as the language of trade, as well antarsuku language in the archipelago, as well as the language used against traders who come from outside the archipelago.

Information from a Chinese historian, I-Tsing, the study Buddhism at the beach, among others, stated that at the beach, there is a language called louen-Koen (I-Tsing: 63159), Kou-luen (I-Tsing: 183) , K'ouen-louen (Ferrand, 1919), Kw'enlun (Alisjahbana, 1971:1089). Kun'lun (Parnikel, 1977:91), K'un-lun (Prentice, 1078:19), which is contiguous with Sanskrit. The definition Koen-luen is the lingua franca (lingua franca) in the island archipelago, the Malay language.

Development and growth of the Malay language seems increasingly clear from the relics of the kingdom of Islam, whether in the form of inscribed stones, such as writing on the gravestones in Minye Tujoh, Aceh, 1,380 M berangka years, and the results susastra (16th-century and to-17), as Verses Hamzah Fansuri, Hikayat Kings Pasai, Sejarah Melayu, Tajussalatin, and Bustanussalatin.

Malay language, spread to corners of the archipelago along with the religion of Islam spread in the area of the archipelago. Malay language easily accepted by the community as a language of the archipelago of inter-relationship, antarsuku, antarpedagang, antarbangsa, and antarkerajaan because the Malay language does not recognize the level of expression.

Malay language used in any region in the archipelago and the more developed and increasingly strong presence. Malay language used in the region in the area of the archipelago in the growth pattern is influenced by the culture of the region. Malay language to absorb vocabulary of various languages, especially from Sanskrit, Persian, Arabic and European languages. Malay language in its development, it appears in different variations and dialects.

The development of Malay archipelago influence in the region and encourage a sense of brotherhood and unity nation. Communication antarperkumpulan the rise in the use of the Malay language. The youth of Indonesia joined in the association aware of the movement in the Malay language became the language of Indonesia, the language of unity for the entire nation of Indonesia (Youth Oath, 28 October 1928).

Resurrection has been encouraging the development of the national language of Indonesia rapidly. Role of political, trade, persuratkabaran, the magazine is very large and modernized in the Indonesian language.

Proclamation of independence of the Republic of Indonesia, Aug. 17, 1945, has been strengthening the position and function of language as the language of the constitutional state. Now the Indonesian language used by the various layers of Indonesian society, both at the national and local levels.
Last Update (Thursday, 25 September 2008)
Indonesian

source : http://balaibahasabandung.web.id/bdg/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=44&Itemid=39

Pornography ???

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Sun, 19 Oct 2008 05:33:00 +0000

Pornography or porn is the explicit depiction of sexual subject matter with the sole intention of sexually exciting the viewer. It is to a certain extent similar to erotica, which is the use of sexually arousing imagery. Over the past few decades, an immense industry for the production and consumption of pornography has grown, due to emergence of the VCR, the DVD, and the Internet, as well as the emergence of social attitudes more tolerant of sexual portrayals. Performers in pornography are referred to as pornographic actors (or actresses), or the more commonly known title, "porn star", and are generally seen as qualitatively different from their non-pornographic counterparts.

Pornography may use any of a variety of media—printed literature, photos, sculpture, drawing, painting, animation, sound recording, film, video, or video game. However, when sexual acts are performed for a live audience, by definition it is not pornography, as the term applies to the depiction of the act, rather than the act itself. Thus, portrayals such as sex shows and striptease are not pornography.

In most countries pornography is treated as a separate entity, both culturally and legally, from depictions of naked persons in art or photography. See "nudity" for more information.

source : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porn

What You Don’t Know Could Get You Raped

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Wed, 23 Jul 2008 06:04:00 +0000

Rape is not only about your body, but also of your mind. Read how liberal white women and emasculated men are having their minds raped everyday by ”Diversity” politics, guarded by US government obfuscations and the back-stabbing media — and yet don’t even know it!

Part II of a five part series. Continued from: “What You Don’t Know Could Get You Killed”

Rape is an act of violence and power, not of sex. The victim’s true perspective may elude me as a man, but as a “Politically Incorrect” realist, understanding how people can truly be in this world — instead of what some would like — I might have a little sense on how this particularly vile, degrading act can have lasting, traumatic effects on a woman’s psyche, her physical health, ruining sex and even relationships for the rest of her life.

Try to imagine it all for a moment (if you can): The most intimate act that two people can share, suddenly and unexpectedly becomes a fierce, bestial struggle; one that the victim not only has to endure but worry about her very survival afterwards. It is both an attack on the women’s body and her mind. A mind that must see and feel everything; the animalistic coarseness and stench of the rapist; his angry and ape-like behavior; maybe even forcing her against her will to do incredibly vile acts and all seared into her memory for the rest of her natural life — should she survive!

If the physical part of the rape was not enough, the woman has to mortally fear the possibility of the man killing her — so as to leave no witness behind. “Will this man use that gun or knife when he’s through” she might fearfully ask herself. She may then consign herself to the man’s disgusting deeds — every bit of it – just to live another day. Even then, the chance of a painful, cruel death is as close as it ever will be in life.

Now, imagine if a group of men did such a thing purposefully – conspiring in advance to do something like this? Are you not mortified even at the thought? Then ask yourself this one common sense question: What do you think could happen to you if there was no police around at all, quite suddenly? Think about that one for a minute or two and honestly ask: Who would you really feel safe and comfortable with, when all is said and done?

What you don’t know is that some real truths and facts about rape are being purposefully hidden from you and for political reasons that have absolutely zero to do with a woman’s personal rights and fair justice. Reasons that are — when you get right down to brass tacks — totally racist and evil because they are over politics that target your very own kind, those that you feel most safe with, through outright lies, omissions and manipulations of the real facts that form your belief structure and your politics.

So, in effect, even if you’ve never been sexually assaulted in real life – your mind is figuratively being raped on a daily basis and you don’t even have a clue. And, by going along with all of the political and media lies, may very well lead to a day when your body in raped literally – no matter how young or even old you are!

sexlies.jpg

The very same month that the wacko stripper, Crystal Gail Mangum, accused some white boys of raping her, the national news media (TV and print) was all over it — splashing photos of the evil white boys for all the world to see. But how much of the same kind of attention is given to cases like Dominic Jones and his three University of Minnesota teammates who, just last April, raped a 18 year old white girl — after purposefully getting her drunk to the point of passing-out – and then video-taping the entire act on their cell phones? Where was Newsweek then?

Everyone remembers the total farce about the three college kids in the Duke/Lacrosse case down in North Carolina. But did you notice how the attention was later shifted to Mike Nifong, the prosecutor of the case? Seems like suddenly everything else was forgotten by the media and Nifong became the “Politically Correct” target. Now, I’m not saying that Nifong was innocent or anything, but since he’s a white guy, he can safely be attacked by a media that wants to pretend it’s getting to the bottom of things!

That’s just how they do it. Take your attention away from the fact of their crass liberal behavior, before any real evidence of the case came out. Everyone just assumed that these white boys were guilty since they were rich, spoiled, crude jocks and, most importantly, because they were WHITE.

No wonder there was such absolute belief in the guilt of the Duke students among the leading sectors of liberal America. A drug-addled, half-deranged, promiscuous black stripper accused three young white men of raping her. There are virtually zero rapes of black women by white men in the United States, and half of all rape charges against specific individuals turn out to be false. But in the gnostic, inverted world of liberal demonology, the white students had to be guilty. – Lawrence Auster

Then, you had people like the fat Reverend Al Sharpton making absolutely outlandish statements about black women being raped all across the land by the Evil Whitey Man. And yeah, I know that Sharpton is nothing but some buffoon who should be ignored by the media but obviously he isn’t and what’s more, he’s literally handed the podium by our traitorous media to this day. And don’t forget how the media forgot Sharpton’s Tawana Brawley Hoax.

Like when the DNA results were due-in the next week, Reverend Sharpton, probably searching for something to shift public attention that Friday (just look at the dates for some in-your-face truth), goes and finds some stupid, minor comment from the white talk show host Don Imus, that “nappy-headed ho’s” thing. The media then obligingly followed suit in another race farce against a white person – just like they were part and parcel of it all to begin with. And, in a way, they really were and are.

Plus, they turned a blind eye to a real case of a white coed Duke girl raped by a black that same month in a fraternity bathroom, nearby. Admittedly, the rapist was not some rich student, but he was black and that’s the real reason for them to have ignored it. Or, if you dismiss this because of it being a “common, garden-variety” rape (which the media will call it but certainly not the victim!) then how about the story about the four black football players raping some passed-out white woman at the University of Minnesota in April of 2007? They actually had the dam nerve to video-record it on their cell phones!

And there’s plenty of other similar, disgusting stories about blacks raping white women with impunity across the country with nary a bleep in the national news apparatus. Any one of which, had the races been reversed, would be covered non-stop by these people. Whites are getting it from both ends!

Or the Mission Beach, California rape story where 4 Blacks broke into an apartment and held 2 white men at gunpoint while they took turns gang-raping the 2 white college girls there. One, happened to be a virgin and the rapists admitted having ”difficulties” because of it. Can you imagine that? How about having to testify on being forced to perform “oral copulation,” at gunpoint, with a courtroom of strangers watching on? And think of the total, non-stop uproar out of the Black community and in the national news, if 4 white men had done something like this to them!

This kind of thing happens more often than you’ll even know. You might never hear about it unless you live in the locality where it happens. And even then, you have to make a guess about the perps from the sound of their names. Just this alone, will tell you what’s truly going on and how the media gives them a free pass, anymore. And I have some bad news for you: These vile crimes against women are an increasingly common occurance all across this country! Read on.

Sure, there’s a lot of white women being raped by white men. There are perverts and violent sickos in all populations. No getting around that sorry fact of life. But the statement that black women are being targeted for rape by white men is a bald-faced lie by race hucksters like the Reverend. But it’s not just the fat Reverend, mind you, but the media and even our educational system who promote such anti-White lies in textbooks that many colleges now make freshmen read; such as the “Angela Y. Davis Reader,” where on page 143, states: “proportionately more white men rape black women than black men rape white women.” Right.

In fact, the real truth of the matter is directly opposite of what they say. White women are targets for black sexual predators and have been for quite some time. The discrepancy is apparent in the following facts gleaned from the 2005 Department of Justice report. Make sure that you remember that the white figures also includes hispanics, arabs, etc. etc. as discussed in the first part of this series. This artificially skews the figures for white perpetrators upwards, yet leaves the numbers for the white victims alone. This governmental statistical gambit makes the reality of black rape less glaringly obvious.

In the United States in 2005, 37,460 white females were sexually assaulted or raped by a black man, while between zero and ten black females were sexually assaulted or raped by a white man. What this means is that every day in the United States, over one hundred white women are raped or sexually assaulted by a black man.

In Table 42, entitled “Personal crimes of violence, 2005, percent distribution of single-offender victimisation’s, based on race of victims, by type of crime and perceived race of offender,” we learn that there were 111,590 white victims and 36,620 black victims of rape or sexual assault in 2005. (The number of rapes is not distinguished from those of sexual assaults; it is maddening that sexual assault, an ill-defined category that covers various types of criminal acts ranging from penetration to inappropriate touching, is conflated with the more specific crime of rape.) In the 111,590 cases in which the victim of rape or sexual assault was white, 44.5 percent of the offenders were white, and 33.6 percent of the offenders were black. In the 36,620 cases in which the victim of rape or sexual assault was black, 100 percent of the offenders were black, and 0.0 percent of the offenders were white. The table explains that 0.0 percent means that there were under 10 incidents nationally. — Read Lawrence Auster’s FrontPage Magazine.com article

And make clear note of this: In the year 2005, less than 10 (possibly even zero) white men committed sexual assaults on black women. That means over a hundred traumatized white women are putting their feet up in stirrups and having rape tests performed every single lousy day!

blackrape.jpg

Table 42: Shows you the real numbers (White perp category still includes Hispanics): Everyday over a hundred white women (non-hispanic victims) are being sexually assaulted by blacks but less than 10 black women, possibly even zero (statistically) are being sexually assaulted by white men – for the entire year! In the year 1995,* 42% of all rapes were committed by black men, (that was a fairly big year, but not as big as 2005).

These 2005 figures also tell us that black men, at 6% or so of the population, committed over 40% of all rapes or sexual assaults on ALL WOMEN in the US, for the year 2005! Rounding things off and deducting an estimated 20% for the Hispanic part included in with the white perps, with another 20% for all other races, that leaves only about 20% of all the rapes or sexual assaults, to have been committed by the “Evil White Man,” – so maligned by everyone!

Your father, your brothers and your white male friends are treated in this totally unjust, anti-White racist way – and all for political and social engineering purposes!

Here, you do the math: Download Dept. of Justice PDF yourself and look

But that’s not all. These are single offender victimization figures. White women are also at severe risk of multiple offenders, or what is called gang rape. Imagine that happening. Go back a few paragraphs and read that story about the Mission Beach crime. That’s only one story, too. I’ve read many others with similar details. You think that it could not happen to you or someone you care about? This is really getting out of control, people:

According to murder figures released by the Justice Department in 2002, , Black predators are at least 22 times (2,200 percent) more likely to murder White women than the reverse. In regard to gang attacks including the horrible specter of gang rape, the figures are literally off the charts, with at least a 200 times (that’s 20,000 percent!) greater chance of Blacks committing gang assaults and that includes both White men and women victims! – David Duke

But let’s take a break from facts and figures, shall we? Go back to that first question I asked you earlier — what do you think could personally happen to you, should the social situation suddenly render you vulnerable as a women? Do you feel like you could walk through certain parts of your town unmolested, all by yourself? Would you not feel uncomfortable finding yourself in a place with no whites or police? Think about it all now and be honest with yourself — not how you hope you’d feel – but your visceral, gut reaction. That’s your very own natural protective voice that you need to listen to — instead of the programming by the media that has confused you and has often lied to you, by omission if nothing else, over the years.

You know, in your heart, that all of this is the real, brutal truth of the world and you could easily fall victim to black’s predilection to violent crime should the situation allow for it. And it’s easy to see this kind of thing happening openly, like in Africa where the women are often treated like hell by the men. Did you know that 70% of the women in the African country of Niger report being beaten and raped as a “normal” part of life? How about the shocking fact that rape is not even illegal and is almost commonplace in the capital city, according to the United Nation’s OXFAM?

And the rest of Africa is not any better. In the Congo, it’s now at total epidemic levels and blacks rape babies in the attempt to ”cure” AIDS. In South Africa — now the crime capital of the world — with 1 rape every 17 seconds, white women are often targeted for rape and murder by black gangs. All of this is ignored by the Western press so as to not embarass the sacred symbol of the Diversity mavens: Nelson Mandela.

All of it is a BIG FAT LIE being fed to the White America: They don’t want you to know that white girls and women are often the victims of violent crime and rape from black men. Also, they don’t even want you to know just how vile blacks can truly be.† This, along with other statistics about violent black crime, would make White America justifiably outraged and angrily reevaluate the whole “Multicultural” social engineering being forced down our throats as we speak.

They can’t have us know these things, for if we do – then we might just get together and it’s really this potential solidarity that they fear most from us. This has been the main point to the entire Multicultural BS game to begin with: To keep White America from becoming a unified force and one that could put a stop to these evil people’s eventual designs.

Folks, these rape statistics are much, much more than just some minor inconvenient truth to be ignored because it doesn’t fit your altruistic political views. Taken into context with all the other statistics of black crime in the United States of America, must be understood for what it is: That the myth of “Diversity” is being dearly paid for by the white people of this country. Not only in our tax monies, but also with serious pain and suffering, maybe even diseases – horribly affecting the lives of hundreds of thousands, perhaps millions of white people, just like yourself.

When will you EVER say enough is enough? When it happens to you or one of your loved ones? The chances for that increase daily. Wake up to it, people — our race and our minds are being raped!

– Phillip Marlowe

Next: True Black Serial Killers and Mass Murderers. READ HERE

The first installment in this series: What You Don’t Know Could Get You Killed

*All of these figures are difficult to come by, since the US Government purposefully buries such things and the media patently ignores them — and all for the Gods of Diversity. Go to the DOJ website and prowl around — you’ll see how there are no clear-cut facts about black crime vis-a-vis whites. Always remember that the white perpetrator’s figures include Hispanics (18-38%) to bring up the final numbers of white criminals. Also, definitely check out this site here: Jerry’s Racial Violence Statistics Page Look to the left for his section on criminal race statistics for some in-your-face numbers.

†Here’s an article that the fat Reverend Sharpton ignored (and you might want to, as well): An absolutely, unbelievably vile, gang-rape committed by blacks on a black mother and son: Read here. You think for one lousy minute, that stories like this one would be ignored by the media if it was whites doing it to blacks or even whites doing it to themselves? If you do, then you must be a total blithering idiot.

Source : incogman.wordpress.com

Rape of Iraqi Women

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Wed, 23 Jul 2008 05:13:00 +0000

Los Angeles, Alta California - May 2, 2004 - (ACN) The release, by CBS News, of the photographs showing the heinous sexual abuse and torture of Iraqi POW's at the notorious Abu Ghraib prison has opened a Pandora's box for the Bush regime. Apparently, the suspended US commander of the prison where the worst abuses took place, Brigadier General Janis Karpinski, has refused to take the fall by herself and has implicated the CIA, Military Intelligence and private US government contractors in the torturing of POW's and in the raping of Iraqi women detainees as well.

Brigadier General Janis Karpinski said to the Washington Post that Military Intelligence, rather than the Military Police, dictated the treatment of prisoners at Abu Ghraib prison. "The prison, and that particular cellblock where the events took place, were under the control of the Military Intelligence command," Brigadier General Karpinski said to the Washington Post Saturday night in a telephone interview from her home in Hilton Head, South Carolina.

Brigadier General Karpinski, who commanded the 800th Military Police Brigade, described a high-pressure Military Intelligence and CIA command that prized successful interrogations. A month before the alleged abuses and rapes occurred, she said, a team of CIA, Military Intelligence officers and private consultants under the employ of the US government came to Abu Ghraib. "Their main and specific mission was to give the interrogators new techniques to get more information from detainees," she said.

Today, new photographs were sent to La Voz de Aztlan from confidential sources depicting the shocking rapes of two Iraqi women by what are purported to be US Military Intelligence personnel and private US mercenaries in military fatigues. It is now known that hundreds of these photographs had been in circulation among the troops in Iraq. The graphic photos were being swapped between the soldiers like baseball cards.

Speaking on condition of anonymity, one Mexican-American soldier told La Voz de Aztlan, "Maybe the officers didn't know what was going on, but everybody else did. I have seen literally hundreds of these types of pictures." Many of the pictures were destroyed last September when the luggage of soldiers was searched as they left Iraq, he said

An investigation, led by Army Major General Antonio M. Taguba, identified two military intelligence officers and two civilian contractors for the Army as key figures in the abuse cases at the Abu Ghraib prison. In an internal report on his findings, Major General Taguba said he suspected that the four were "either directly or indirectly responsible for the abuses at Abu Ghraib and strongly recommended disciplinary action."

The Taguba report states that "military intelligence interrogators and other U.S. Government Agency interrogators actively requested that Military Police guards set physical and mental conditions for favorable interrogation of witnesses." The report noted that one civilian interrogator, a contractor from a company called CACI International and attached to the 205th Military Intelligence Brigade, "clearly knew his instructions" to the Military Police equated to physical and sexual abuse. It is not known whether these instructions included, or led to, the raping of Iraqi women detainees as well.

by
Ernesto Cienfuegos
La Voz de Aztlan

Source : http://www.aztlan.net/iraqi_women_raped.htm

What is Global Warming ?

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Fri, 04 Jul 2008 03:56:00 +0000

Global warming is perhaps the most important environmental problem in the world today. Levels of greenhouse gases are increasing in the atmosphere due to human activities, and are changing the composition of the atmosphere and global warming. Climate scientists agree that human activities such as the burning of fossil fuels contribute to the problem.

What is global warming - Clearly detailed

Scientists have predicted the phenomemon of global warming for decades. Unfortunately, some of the adverse effects of global warming, they have also predicted begin to occur throughout the world, including:

* growing incidence of droughts in some areas, floods in others;
* The rising temperatures of oceans and the sea level;
* increase extreme weather events such as tornadoes and hurricanes;
* The melting of mountain glaciers and the reduction of snow cover;
* Dying coral reefs, and
* Coastal erosion, and loss of coastal ecosystems.

While a handful of skeptics continue to discuss science, the World 'scientists agree: science is in. Global warming is happening.

What is global warming

What scientists say:

The Intergovernmental Group of Experts on International Climate Change (IPCC), an organization of more than 2000 climate scientists , has produced three scientific assessments concerning climate change and, in each, has concluded that global warming occurs, and is related to human activity. Their latest report (January 2001) stated that: "There is new and stronger evidence that most of the warming observed over the last 50 years is attributable to human activities."

The US National Academy of Sciences (NAS) concluded in June 2001 that: "Greenhouse gases are accumulating in Earth 'atmosphere as a result of human activities, causing air temperatures on the surface and subsurface of the Ocean temperatures on the rise. Temperatures are, in fact increasing. "And he added: " national policy decisions made now and in the longer-term future will influence the extent of any damage suffered by vulnerable populations and ecosystems later in this century. "

The World Meteorological Organization (WMO) issued an unprecedented alert in July 2003 warning that " Extreme weather events Might Increase "in the world. The alert tied a record number of extreme weather events such as tornadoes and heat waves in 2003 to global warming. The alert said: "Record extremes in weather and climate events continue to occur around the world. Recent scientific assessments indicate that, as the global temperatures continue to warm due to climate change, the number and intensity of extreme events might increase. "Here in the United States, some states are taking action. The private sector is also responding to this challenge.

What is global warming
What is the United States about global warming?

The Bush administration, unfortunately, has turned its back on this problem. Shortly after taking office in 2001, President Bush went back on a campaign promise to regulate carbon emissions from the power plants (a major source of pollution to global warming). The Climate Change Plan announced by President Bush in February 2002, calls for a 18 percent reduction of greenhouse gases "intensity " in 2012, which translates into a 14 per cent more greenhouse gases during this period. As pointed out by the US General Accounting Office (GAO) in October, 2003 report, however, the "plan " represents virtually 'business as usual. 'The report states: "While the emissions of greenhouse gases in the United States rose Significantly, the Energy Information Administration of the United States reported that the emission intensity has been generally declining steadily since 50 years. "The Bush Climate Change Plan allows greenhouse gases continue to rise while the long decline in emissions intensity is also continued.

Fortunately, the United States Congress are beginning to demand action in the light of the continued blocking of the Bush administration. In the very first Senate vote on a mandate of the American policy cuts greenhouse gases, which took place in October 2003, 43 members of the Senate voted in favor of the measure, with 55 voting members of the objection. The authors of legislation, Senator from Arizona John McCain and Senator Joseph Lieberman of Connecticut have promised to push for another vote on the bill, the Climate Stewardship Act, in 2004, and believe that they may even have enough votes for the measure to pass the Senate.

Source From : http://www.effectofglobalwarming.com/what-is-global-warming.html

Children's illness: Top 5 causes of missed school

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Thu, 03 Jul 2008 04:07:00 +0000

Why do children get sick so often? When can they return to school?

Childhood illness may not affect your family life until your child starts child care or school. After that, though, it may seem like he or she is sick all the time. This pattern is normal as your child builds a robust immune system. Resistance to infection develops only after exposure to a multitude of germs.

Young children in large groups are breeding grounds for the organisms that cause illness. Little hands rub drippy noses, and then transfer infectious agents to other children or to shared toys. Here's a lineup of the top five infectious illnesses that keep children home from school or child care.

1. Colds

The most common childhood illnesses are upper respiratory infections — colds and other viral ailments that affect the throat, nose and sinuses. While adults average two to four colds a year, children typically have six to 10. Children also tend to have more severe and longer lasting symptoms than do adults.

Studies have shown no benefit from treating children's colds with antihistamines, decongestants or cough suppressants. The only medications that might ease the discomfort of a bad cold are acetaminophen (Tylenol, others) and ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin, others), which reduce fever. Do not give your children aspirin because it may trigger Reye's syndrome, a rare but potentially fatal disease.

2. The stomach flu (gastroenteritis)

The second most common childhood illness is gastroenteritis, more commonly known as the stomach flu. This childhood illness causes vomiting and diarrhea, and can lead to dehydration, particularly in very young children. Signs and symptoms of dehydration include:

* Excessive thirst
* Dry mouth
* Little or no urine, or dark yellow urine
* Decreased tears
* Severe weakness or lethargy

Oral rehydration solutions, such as Pedialyte, can help replace lost fluids, minerals and salts. When you reintroduce food, start with easy-to-digest items — broth, toast, bananas and rice. Avoid dairy products.

Many parents assume that any kind of stomach upset in a child is the result of a contagious illness when the real culprit is simple indigestion or constipation. Some children get stomachaches when they're worried about things, either at home or at school. The dread of facing a bully or of taking a test, for example, can make a child's stomach hurt. It's important for a doctor to determine the cause of a child's digestive symptoms before prescribing treatment.

3. Ear infection (otitis media)

Ear infections most often occur in children under the age of 2, but the problem can also be common between the ages of 5 and 6 — triggered by the respiratory illnesses picked up in kindergarten or first grade. Colds or allergies cause congestion, which may squeeze shut your child's eustachian tube, the tiny drainage pipe for the middle ear. Fluid trapped in the middle ear can become a breeding ground for viruses or bacteria.

It can be difficult to distinguish between ear infections caused by bacteria and those caused by viruses. The distinction is important, however, because antibiotics will cure bacterial — but not viral — infections. And using antibiotics when they aren't necessary has serious consequences, most notably fueling the emergence of bacteria strains with built-in resistance to many of the drugs that fight infection. For that reason, doctors today often wait to see if an ear infection will clear up on its own before prescribing antibiotics.

If your child has chronic ear infections, you may want to consider having a small tube placed in the eardrum, to help drain the excess fluid inside the middle ear.

4. Pink eye (conjunctivitis)

Pink eye (conjunctivitis) is an inflammation of the clear membrane that covers the white part of the eye and lines the inner surface of the eyelids. When caused by viruses or bacteria, conjunctivitis is highly contagious. It is typically treated with antibiotic eyedrops or ointment. Warm or cool compresses may ease your child's discomfort.

5. Sore throat

Most sore throats are caused by viruses and are usually associated with other respiratory signs and symptoms, such as a runny nose and cough. But about 15 percent of children's sore throats are caused by streptococci — bacteria that cause strep throat.

Fevers above 101 F are common in strep throat, and swallowing can be so painful that your child may have difficulty eating. Antibiotics are required to combat strep throat. Left untreated, strep bacteria eventually can trigger an abnormal immune response, which is responsible for rheumatic fever. Complications of rheumatic fever include damaged heart valves and stiff, swollen joints.

Prevention

Your child's sneezes and coughs spray germs into the air, sometimes landing right on other children, who are then infected. Or a child's hand can become a vehicle carrying viruses and bacteria from toys and other well-handled objects to the eyes, nose or mouth — the usual points of entry for germs that cause illness.

The single most important thing your child can do to prevent illness is to wash his or her hands thoroughly and frequently. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommends that people wash their hands with soap and warm water for 15 seconds — about as long as it takes to sing the "Happy Birthday" song twice.

Alcohol-based hand sanitizers also can keep hands clean. They come in disposable hand wipes or in gel form and require no water.

How long should sick kids stay home?

As a parent, you can help prevent the spread of illness by not sending a sick child to school or child care. Each facility generally has its own rules, but most won't let children attend if they have a fever of more than 100.4 F, are vomiting or have diarrhea. In addition, some facilities require that children with strep throat or pink eye be on antibiotic therapy for 24 hours before returning.

Generally, though, children can return to school when they:

* Have no fever
* Can eat and drink normally
* Are rested and alert enough to pay attention in class
* Have completed any period of medically recommended isolation

Resistance comes with time

Despite your best efforts, your child is going to get sick — especially during his or her first few years of contact with larger groups of children. But a child's immunity improves with time. School-age children gradually become less prone to common illnesses and recover more quickly from the diseases they do catch.

Source from : http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/childrens-conditions/CC00059

Caffeine ( Coffee Poison )

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Thu, 03 Jul 2008 03:55:00 +0000

Don't drink, smoke, or do drugs? Think you've got no vices? Think again. If you drink coffee, tea, cola or indulge in the occasional piece of chocolate, then you're using a drug. Believe it or not, caffeine has the same pharmacological effects on the body as many of the substances we associate with doing harm. Of course, coffee is so well integrated into our culinary culture that we barely give its health effects a second thought.

Apart from being highly addictive and causing unpleasant withdrawal symptoms if we stop drinking it suddenly, research shows that even a little bit of coffee may reduce fertility by damaging sperm. It's also bad news if you're pregnant. Caffeine seems to affect the amount of time the baby spends resting, which could lead to abnormal behaviour later on.

But every cloud has a silver lining. Ironically, caffeine is being administered to pre-term babies to help them breathe. It also appears to increase alertness and improve performance under some circumstances.

To drink or not to drink? That is the question . . .

1. Caffeine Consumption

Global consumption has been estimated to be 120,000 tonnes per annum. This is the approximate equivalent of one caffeine-containing beverage per day for each of the planet's 5 billion plus inhabitants. So, caffeine is almost certainly the most widely consumed psycho-active substance in the world.

As a beverage the worldwide consumption of tea is surpassed only by water.

2. Where Did Caffeine Come From?

The coffee "tree" is indigenous to Ethiopia, but its cultivation and use as a beverage stem largely from Arabia. In Arabic it was referred to as gahwah, the poetic term for wine. The Turkish equivalent is kahveh, which became cafe in French and kaffee in German.

Apparently the Ethiopians mixed crushed dried coffee beans with fat which they rolled into balls and used as food on journeys. By the early 16th century the beverage made from infusing ground roasted beans was well-established in the Islamic world, although a fundamentalist element felt that coffee was an intoxicant and it was banned for a time in several places.

Coffee shops sprang up throughout Europe - coffee was the fashionable drug of the 17th and 18th centuries; its delights, and the cravings for it, were the subject of J.S. Bach's "The Coffee Cantata".

The British were the first to tax coffee; in 1660 a duty of 4 pence per gallon was imposed. The popularity of coffee lead to anti-coffee petitions such as "What a curse it is that ordinary working men should sit the whole day in coffee houses simply to chatter about politics, while their unhappy children are wailing at home for lack of bread!"

It's been suggested that America owes its present day coffee habits to the famous Boston "tea-party" of 1773. As a protest against oppression and excessive taxes, citizens of Boston boarded British ships moored in the Harbour and tipped their cargoes of tea overboard. Since that time, the United States has become the major coffee-consuming nation of the world.

3. How Much Caffeine Is In Different Beverages And Food?

It's usually presumed that a regular cup of coffee contains 100mg of caffeine but it may range between 40 and 176 mg and the mean is closer to 85mg. There's probably less caffeine in a cup of tea - one study showed a median of 27mg per cup with a range of 8 to 91 mg. An ounce of sweet chocolate may contain between 75 and 150mg of combined methylxanthines and a cup of chocolate or chocolate milk may contain 150-300mg.

The principal dietary sources of caffeine are overwhelmingly coffee and tea. Coffee accounts for some 54 per cent of ingested caffeine, while tea accounts for some 43 per cent. The remaining 3% consists mostly of caffeine ingested in the form of cocoa and chocolate products, various fabricated soft drinks and mate (a tea drunk especially in South America).

In Australia a 375ml can of Coca Cola and Pepsi Cola contains about 40mg of caffeine. Regulations allow a maximum of 145mg of caffeine per kilogram of cola-type drink (54.5mg per 375ml can). "Jolt" Cola - said to have "twice the caffeine" - actually contains the permissible legal limit of around 54mg per bottle.

In the USA, the permissible limit of caffeine in cola drinks and other carbonated beverages is 200mg per litre. The US drinks also have higher levels of sugar. Caffeine's bitter taste acts as a flavouring agent to counteract the sweetness of the sugar.

4. What Caffeine Gets Up To In The Body

Caffeine is absorbed rapidly into the bloodstream from the gastro-intestinal tract. It reaches maximum concentration within about an one hour. The blood distributes it throughout the body. It even manages to pass through the blood-brain barrier.

The half life of caffeine in the human body varies between 3 to 7 hours. Throughout the body it increases metabolic rate by around 10%. Females metabolise caffeine 20-30% more quickly than males. However, it will take women on "the pill" twice as long to metabolise caffeine as women who are ovulating.

Early experiments showed that low concentrations of caffeine may produce small decreases in heart rate, whereas higher concentrations may make the heart beat abnormally fast.

In the brain it constricts the cerebral blood vessels. If you're used to drinking several cups of coffee a day but then you quit, those blood vessels will dilate, maybe enough to give you a powerful headache. It's one of the best known withdrawal symptoms.

Many people know that caffeine is a strong diuretic - it makes you urinate more than usual. Apparently this is due to increasing the blood flow through the kidneys.

It can produce insomnia - delaying the onset of sleep and reducing total sleeping time. It has a small effect on respiration by increasing blood flow through the lungs and increasing the supply of air by relaxing bronchiolar and alveolar smooth muscle. That's why it's proving effective in treating the breathing problems of some prematurely born infants.

Some people experience tremors after drinking coffee and tea. That's thought to be due to over-activation of the central nervous system.

5. Sobering Thoughts About Caffeine

"And I'd better have a big cup of extra strong black coffee to get me past the breathalyser."

Unfortunately, this is one of the most enduring myths about caffeine. True, it may manage to puncture that aura of numbness and make you feel a little sharper but it's no better at sobering you up and lowering your blood alcohol level than a glass of water.

On the other hand caffeine is a good friend the morning after. Alcohol can give you a thumping headache by enlarging cranial blood vessels. Caffeine constricts them and so may bring some relief from the hangover blues. That's why it's an ingredient in some over-the-counter pain killers.

6. How Caffeine Disturbs Your Sleep

If you value a good night's sleep then tea or coffee at bedtime probably isn't a good idea. Caffeine lengthens the time it takes to fall asleep, reducing your total sleeping time. But almost unique among drugs, it doesn't alter the normal stages of sleep. That's why it's better to use caffeine to stay awake than other substances like speed.

7. Caffeine, Conception and Babies

One recent report from the US revealed that women who drink in excess of one cup of coffee every day are only half as likely to conceive as those who drink less than a cup a day.

The odds are considerably worse if women drink more than two and a half cups a day. Then they are nearly 5 times less likely to conceive as women who drink no coffee at all.

Because there's not been as much research on caffeine as there has on nicotine and alcohol, this drug's effects on human development are not yet known. However a number of studies have shown that as little as 2 or 3 cups of brewed coffee every day during pregnancy can result in lowered infant birthweight.

Other studies have claimed that caffeine consumption during pregnancy is associated with prematurity, poorer reflexes and neuromuscular development.

It also appears that heavy caffeine use can affect a newborn baby.

When doctors ask mothers if they have been taking drugs they will think of drugs like heroin but they will not necessarily think of caffeine - it's a social drink, not a drug to them. Because caffeine is so widely used many people drink quite large quantities and don't realise that they have taken something potentially harmful to the baby. And this doesn't apply just to coffee and tea. Some pregnant women drink large amounts of cola beverages which also contain significant levels of caffeine.

Caffeine gets across the placenta very easily and if the mother continues to ingest her coffee or caffeine-containing beverage the foetus will end up having as much caffeine as the mother. If the mother stops drinking then within 24 hours the foetus may experience withdrawal symptoms. The same thing may happen immediately after birth when the baby is suddenly cut off from the maternal supply of caffeine, although it should be pointed out that this isn't common. The withdrawal from caffeine has been described as similar to what is seen in babies born to heroin addicts. These babies will cry, they don't sleep, they are agitated and restless, they wriggle and abrade the skin on their hands and knees, and they sweat.

There's a suggestion that such withdrawal "dysfunction" may be a contributing factor in infant disorders like neonatal apnoea (where the baby "forgets" to breathe properly) and sudden infant death syndrome. (For further information see "A Guide to Reproduction: Social Issues And Human Concerns" by Dr Irina Pollard, Cambridge University Press, 1994).

8. Caffeine And Muscle Fatigue

A Canadian researcher, Prof Howard Green, has carried out experiments looking at the role of caffeine in helping to overcome muscle fatigue in the quadraceps (thigh) muscles.

Green is from the University of Waterloo and in 1995 visited Cumberland College, part of the University of Sydney's Faculty of Health Sciences.

In his Canadian experiments, muscle fatigue was induced electrically and then caffeine tablets were taken which were the equivalent of 8-10 cups of coffee. Within an hour the effect of reducing fatigue could be noticed. It probably does this by making more calcium available to the muscles.

Professor Green cautions that his experiment only showed effects of caffeine after fatigue. He doesn't know what happens if you take it before exercising - whether or not it might help prevent muscle fatigue. That's a question he hopes to answer soon.

In whole body exercise caffeine can increase the performance of muscles. The theory is that it does this by making more fatty acids available to the muscles than usual and that delays depletion of glygocen reserves. It's known that depletion of glycogen from the muscles is tied in with fatigue. This kind of benefit should be relevant to endurance events such as running and cycling. But you may need to drink the equivalent of 8/9 cups of coffee to feel the effect!!

9. Does Caffeine Make You Mentally More Alert?

Too much caffeine may not be good for complex reasoning tasks, but it can improve mental speed-related tasks. These are some of the results of research by Dr Paula Mitchell, now working at the Alfred Hospital in Melbourne.

In 1989 Paula carried out a study which looked at 3 groups of volunteers (around 8 people in each group) divided into low, moderate and high caffeine users. The volunteers visited the lab 8 times at different times of day and night (7am, 1pm, 7pm and 1am). Before the tests began they swallowed either a caffeine capsule or a placebo capsule. In the lab they were given a series of performance tests covering short term memory, mental arithmetic, verbal reasoning (which is like logic), and a serial search task (which is a measure of vigilance).

Caffeine actually improved performance in more simple mental tasks like searching for one particular letter in a string of printed letters. Mental speed is the critical thing in this test.

Caffeine improved performance best at the 7am testing time - when the body's 24 hour rhythm of arousal is at its lowest.

By contrast Mitchell found that the high-caffeine user group didn't perform as well as the others on more complex tasks such as verbal reasoning.

10. Caffeine And Personality Differences

Recent research in Melbourne suggests that caffeine consumption may be tied in with personality differences including mood, or whether a person is a night owl or a lark (early morning person).

As the result of a questionnaire Dr Paula Mitchell found that so-called "night owls" or extreme evening people had much higher levels of caffeine usage than "larks" or extreme morning people. (Extreme evening people and extreme morning people each account for about 10% of the population). The evening people also scored higher on both the extroversion scale and the impulsivity, risk-taking scale. They typically find it difficult to get up in the morning and give themselves big hits of caffeine to wake themselves up. (It's quite possible they are actually suffering from caffeine withdrawal. In other words if they hadn't been drinking coffee the night before they may not have felt like this in the morning.)

Dr Mitchell also says there may be a link between extrovert behaviour and higher caffeine usage.

Caffeine seems to disrupt the body clock rhythms of extreme morning people. By contast the rhythms of the evening types are disturbed by the absence of caffeine. Dr Mitchell believes evening people use caffeine to keep their rhythms regular.

One of the strongest findings was that if morning people had caffeine after about 10am, their mood went down quite dramatically. This could be because caffeine has disrupted their underlying rhythms.

Producer : Richard Campbell

Writer : Geoffrey Burchfield

Editor : Meredith Hopes

Researcher : Joy Mitchell

Source from : http://www.abc.net.au/quantum/poison/caffeine/caffeine.htm

Kombucha tea: What are the health benefits?

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Thu, 29 May 2008 04:58:00 +0000

Answer

Long popular in other countries, kombucha tea is now gaining popularity in the United States. Although frequently referred to as a mushroom, kombucha is not a mushroom — it's a symbiosis of bacteria and yeast. When sugar and black or green tea are added to kombucha, a fermentation process results in the "tea" — a liquid containing vinegar, B vitamins and a number of other chemical compounds. Kombucha is most commonly prepared by taking a starter sample from an existing culture and growing a new colony in a fresh jar.

As with any dietary supplement or natural product, it's critical to do your homework before considering using kombucha tea on a regular basis. First, determine the level of evidence that exists to substantiate the health claims for the product. In the case of kombucha, there isn't a single human trial that has been reported in the peer-reviewed literature. This doesn't mean that kombucha tea can't possibly have health benefits, it just means that at this time, except for some lab and animal studies, there's no direct evidence that kombucha tea actually provides any of the health benefits it's reported to have.

The second "homework" question for any dietary supplement centers on safety. Have there been any credible reports of harm or illness caused by the product? In the case of kombucha tea, there are a number of cautionary reports. The home-brewing process can lead to contamination, with several cases of cutaneous anthrax developing in one community where a tainted batch was widely shared. Aspergillus is a fungus that has been found in kombucha tea and can be potentially dangerous, especially to people with weakened immune systems.

Other adverse effects that have been reported include allergic reactions, jaundice, nausea and vomiting, and one suspected death. Lead poisoning also has been reported when a ceramic pot was used to brew the preparation. It's theorized that the acids in the tea leached lead out of the ceramic glaze, resulting in lead poisoning after several months of consumption.

In short, there's no proof that kombucha tea is effective for any of its myriad health claims. At the same time, several cases of harm or injury have been reported. Unless definitive studies are reported that can quantify more accurately the potential risks and benefits of kombucha tea, it's best to avoid it.

source site : http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/kombucha-tea/AN01658

Time For Tea

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Thu, 29 May 2008 04:44:00 +0000

You've heard about green tea's health benefits. Read the details here, reprinted from an article in Tea Magazine.

ACCORDING TO A SEATTLE market-research firm, the Sage Group, in the five years between 1990 and 1995, tea sales in America quadrupled to four billion dollars a year. Tea is a drink whose time has come — again.

In the American colonies, tea was the most popular beverage until England's efforts to monopolize the tea trade, undercut American tradesmen, and capitalize on tea taxes turned the colonists against it. Besides throwing British tea into the Boston Harbor, the Americans expressed their rebellion by switching to a thicker, more bitter source of caffeine: coffee. But the Tea Tax no longer exists, and there are good reasons to switch back — not political this time, but scientific.

For years, studies in China and Japan have shown that the folklore about tea does contain some truth — it does promote longer life. In lung-cancer experiments with rats, the rats drinking green tea had only half the cancer rate as the non-tea-drinking rats. In other animal experiments, green tea was found to protect against colon cancer, skin cancer, stomach cancer, and breast cancer.

Japanese smokers have only half the lung cancer rate as American smokers. In areas of Japan where the most tea is drunk, the rate of stomach cancer (a big killer in Japan) is the lowest. In a study of 6000 Japanese women, those who drank five cups or more of green tea per day cut their risk of strokes by 50%.

GREEN EAST VERSUS BLACK WEST

In the West, we've been slow to study tea because, even with the increase in the popularity of tea, merchants still sell four times as much coffee. In addition, the studies emanating from Asia are about green tea, and Westerners customarily drink black tea.

Does black tea have the same health-promoting effect? Zhi-Yuan Wang of Rutgers University wanted to find out. He gave mice some carcinogens that normally cause skin tumors. A fourth of his mice were given green tea, a fourth got black tea, another fourth got decaffeinated black, and the last fourth got plain water. Sure enough, the green-tea-drinking mice developed 70% fewer tumors than the water drinkers. SEVENTY PERCENT FEWER! These are the kinds of findings that have awakened so much interest in tea. The numbers are big.

There are a lot of things people can do to improve their health, but usually the effect of any one of them is relatively small. Tea is different. For something so easy and pleasant to do, it is startling how great a difference it can make. The good news for us black tea lovers is the the black-tea-drinking mice also had 70% fewer tumors than the water drinkers. The decaf-tea drinkers had 60% fewer tumors — still a good showing.

RESEARCH ACCELERATION

Many studies are now being done in the West. Not only does tea reduce the rate of the cancers already mentioned, but it lowers the incidence of esophageal and liver cancers, too — also by dramatic amounts. And there is even more good news: tea lowers the risk of heart disease.

The two deadliest diseases for Americans are cancer and heart disease, and here is one substance — a substance that is easily available, inexpensive, and contains no calories — that lowers the incidence of both, and by a large margin!

A fifteen-year study in the Netherlands on 552 Dutch men aged 50-69 found that those who drank more than two cups of (in this case, black) tea daily were 50% less likely to have a fatal heart attack. The same study found that those who drank five cups of tea a day were 69% less likely to suffer a stroke than those men who only drank half as much tea.

In a study at the University of Southern California School of Medicine, elderly people who drank more than two cups of tea per day and had done so for a long time had a 63% lower risk of pancreatic cancer than people who had drunk less than a cup per day. The Norwegian government did a large-scale study (20,000 people) and found that the overall death rate was lower for those who drank at least one cup of tea per day.

Studies in both Norway and Israel have found that tea drinkers have lower blood cholesterol. This partially explains the reduced risk of heart disease and stroke, but it's even better than that: studies have shown that LDL, the "bad" cholesterol, only clogs arteries when it is damaged by oxidation. Tea is full of phytochemicals (chemicals found in plants) which act as powerful antioxidants. In a test-tube study of 39 food-derived antioxidants, the phytochemicals in tea were the most potent inhibitors of LDL oxidation. In fact, one compound in tea was found to be 20 times stronger than the potent antioxidant vitamin C.

One of the antioxidants in green tea is epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG); when you brew a cup and then let the water evaporate, half of what you have left is EGCG. Fifty percent of the solid matter of a cup of tea is a potent antioxidant.

We've all heard that a glass of red wine per day is good for us, primarily because of its antioxidants, one of the most potent being catechins. Let's compare tea with wine: a glass of red wine contains 300 milligrams of catechins; a cup of black tea, 210 milligrams. That's quite good; but the winner is green tea, with a whopping 375 milligrams per cup, and you can drive home afterwards.

A Dutch study of some 800 men found that those who had the most flavonoids (another kind of phytochemical) in their diet were 66% less likely to develop heart disease than those who consumed the least. For those who got the most flavonoids, their main source was black tea.

Research is exploding to the point where previous studies are being re-examined. The famous "Seven Countries Study" done in the 1960s has been re-analyzed in light of what we now know about tea. This study achieved fame because it was the first to show that the amount of fat in the diet affects heart disease. Re-analyzed, it seems that a high intake of antioxidants, mainly from tea, explains the lower incidence of heart disease in the tea-drinking countries.

An assistant professor at the University of Minnesota, Wei Zheng, MD, PhD, studied the tea-drinking habits of 35,369 postmenopausal women. Over an eight-year period, the women who drank at least two cups of tea per day had 32% fewer cancers of the digestive tract (including colon and esophagus) than women who only drank tea occasionally or never. They were also 60% less at risk from cancers of the bladder and kidneys. The women who drank at least four cups of tea had even fewer of these cancers.

ANTIOXIDANTS AND BEYOND

The ways in which tea produces its healthy effects go on and on. Women's livers metabolize estrogen and then send it through the gall bladder into the bile to be eliminated. Certain kinds of bacteria in the intestines change that estrogen into a potent cancer-producing hormone, which is then reabsorbed by the intestines, contributing to the development of breast cancer. Studies show that tea stops those bacteria from changing the estrogen into something dangerous, according to Herb Piersen, PhD, former director of the National Cancer Institute's Designer Foods Program.

Another way tea creates a healthy effect is by neutralizing nitrosamines (from cured meats) and heterocyclic amines (from cooked meats). "Drinking tea with meals in Japan and China," says a cancer researcher at the University of British Columbia, "is thought to be a major reason for the low cancer rates in these countries."

Tea also helps prevent tooth decay in several ways. It contains a solid dose of fluoride, and according to researchers at the Tokyo Dental College, it fights the kinds of bacteria in the mouth that cause gum disease and the eventual loss of the teeth. It worked better, in fact, than the antibiotic tetracycline. It also kills Streptococcus mutans, the greatest cavity-causing bacteria in the mouth.

Substances in green tea also lower hypertension in mice. The findings go on and on. In the test-tube, tea inhibits the proliferation of viruses, including influenza.

There is a downside to tea: it increases the passage of B and C vitamins and calcium through the body, although not very much. If you take a vitamin-mineral supplement, you're probably getting enough extra B and C vitamins to neutralize this effect.

One of the paradoxically valuable things about tea is that it contains caffeine. Caffeine is addicting. Once you start drinking tea, you tend to do so regularly, and this turns out to be a good thing. It keeps an uninterrupted flow of antioxidants going through your cells, cleaning up the damaging oxygen, killing dangerous bacteria, neutralizing carcinogens, lowering your cholesterol, preventing cancer, and keeping your veins from clogging.

Americans turned away from tea as a rebellion against oppression. Now we're switching back. Times are changing, and so are we — for the better, for our health. We have a new slogan: Drink your TEA. It does a body good.

Editor's note: Iced tea works as well as hot tea in bestowing healthy benefits, as long as it is brewed and not instant iced tea. Iced tea is an American invention and very rare in the rest of the world, but 80% of the tea Americans drink is iced.

This article originally appeared in TEA a magazine in the June/July 1997 issue.

Source Site : http://www.youmeworks.com/timefortea.html

Definition of Love [ Cinta ]

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Mon, 26 May 2008 04:45:00 +0000

Mr. Wiki Pedia says :

Love represents a range of human emotions and experiences related to the senses of affection and sexual attraction.[1] The word love can refer to a variety of different feelings, states, and attitudes, ranging from generic pleasure to intense interpersonal attraction. This diversity of meanings, combined with the complexity of the feelings involved, makes love unusually difficult to consistently define, even compared to other emotional states.

As an abstract concept love usually refers to a strong, ineffable feeling towards another person. Even this limited conception of love, however, encompasses a wealth of different feelings, from the passionate desire and intimacy of romantic love to the nonsexual. Love in its various forms acts as a major facilitator of interpersonal relationships and, owing to its central psychological importance, is one of the most common themes in the creative arts.

DEFINITION :

The English word love can have a variety of related but distinct meanings in different contexts. Often, other languages use multiple words to express some of the different concepts which English relies mainly on love to encapsulate; one example is the plurality of Greek words for "love". Cultural differences in conceptualizing love thus make it doubly difficult to establish any universal definition.[2]American psychologist Zick Rubin try to define love by the psychometrics. His work states that three factors consititute love: attachment, caring and intimacy.[3][4]

Although the nature or essence of love is a subject of frequent debate, different aspects of the word can be clarified by determining what isn't "love". As a general expression of positive sentiment (a stronger form of like), love is commonly contrasted with hate (or neutral apathy); as a less sexual and more emotionally intimate form of romantic attachment, love is commonly contrasted with lust; and as an interpersonal relationship with romantic overtones, love is commonly contrasted with friendship, though other definitions of the word love may be applied to close friendships in certain contexts. When discussed in the abstract, love usually refers to interpersonal love, an experience felt by a person for another person. Love often involves caring for or identifying with a person or thing, including oneself (cf. narcissism).

In addition to crosscultural differences in understanding love, ideas about love have also changed greatly over time. Some historians date modern conceptions of romantic love to courtly Europe during or after the Middle Ages, though the prior existence of romantic attachments is attested by ancient love poetry.[5] Because of the complex and abstract nature of love, discourse on love is commonly reduced to a thought-terminating cliché, and there are a number of common proverbs regarding love, from Virgil's "Love conquers all" to The Beatles' "All you need is love". Bertrand Russell describes love as a condition of "absolute value", as opposed to relative value. Theologian Thomas Jay Oord said that to love is to "act intentionally, in sympathetic response to others, to promote overall well-being".[6]

In the Holy Bible1 Corinthians 13 Love is defined as:

1If I speak in the tongues of men and of angels, but have not love, I am only a resounding gong or a clanging cymbal. 2If I have the gift of prophecy and can fathom all mysteries and all knowledge, and if I have a faith that can move mountains, but have not love, I am nothing. 3If I give all I possess to the poor and surrender my body to the flames, but have not love, I gain nothing. 4Love is patient, love is kind. It does not envy, it does not boast, it is not proud. 5It is not rude, it is not self-seeking, it is not easily angered, it keeps no record of wrongs. 6Love does not delight in evil but rejoices with the truth. 7It always protects, always trusts, always hopes, always perseveres. 8Love never fails. But where there are prophecies, they will cease; where there are tongues, they will be stilled; where there is knowledge, it will pass away. 9For we know in part and we prophesy in part, 10but when perfection comes, the imperfect disappears. 11When I was a child, I talked like a child, I thought like a child, I reasoned like a child. When I became a man, I put childish ways behind me. 12Now we see but a poor reflection as in a mirror; then we shall see face to face. Now I know in part; then I shall know fully, even as I am fully known. 13And now these three remain: faith, hope and love. But the greatest of these is love.

A person can be said to love a country, principle, or goal if they value it greatly and are deeply committed to it. Similarly, compassionate outreach and volunteer workers' "love" of their cause may sometimes be borne not of interpersonal love, but impersonal love coupled with altruism and strong political convictions. People can also "love" material objects, animals, or activities if they invest themselves in bonding or otherwise identifying with that item. If sexual passion is also involved, this condition is called paraphilia.[7]

INTERPERSONAL LOVE :

Interpersonal love refers to love between human beings. It is a more potent sentiment than a simple liking for another. Unrequited love refers to those feelings of love which are not reciprocated. Interpersonal love is most closely associated with interpersonal relationships. Such love might exist between family members, friends, and couples. There are also a number of psychological disorders related to love, such as erotomania

SCIENTIFIC VIEWS :

Throughout history, philosophy and religion have done the most speculation on the phenomenon of love. In the last century, the science of psychology has written a great deal on the subject. In recent years, the sciences of evolutionary psychology, evolutionary biology, anthropology, neuroscience, and biology have added to the understanding of the nature and function of love.

Chemistry

Biological models of sex tend to view love as a mammalian drive, much like hunger or thirst.[8] Helen Fisher, a leading expert in the topic of love, divides the experience of love into three partly-overlapping stages: lust, attraction, and attachment. Lust exposes people to others, romantic attraction encourages people to focus their energy on mating, and attachment involves tolerating the spouse long enough to rear a child into infancy.

Lust is the initial passionate sexual desire that promotes mating, and involves the increased release of chemicals such as testosterone and estrogen. These effects rarely last more than a few weeks or months. Attraction is the more individualized and romantic desire for a specific candidate for mating, which develops out of lust as commitment to an individual mate forms. Recent studies in neuroscience have indicated that as people fall in love, the brain consistently releases a certain set of chemicals, including pheromones, dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin, which act similar to amphetamines, stimulating the brain's pleasure center and leading to side-effects such as an increased heart rate, loss of appetite and sleep, and an intense feeling of excitement. Research has indicated that this stage generally lasts from one and a half to three years.[9]

Since the lust and attraction stages are both considered temporary, a third stage is needed to account for long-term relationships. Attachment is the bonding which promotes relationships that last for many years, and even decades. Attachment is generally based on commitments such as marriage and children, or on mutual friendship based on things like shared interests. It has been linked to higher levels of the chemicals oxytocin and vasopressin than short-term relationships have.[9] In 2005, Italian scientists at Pavia University found that a protein molecule known as the nerve growth factor (NGF) has high levels when people first fall in love, but these levels return to as they were after one year. Specifically, four neurotrophin levels, i.e. NGF, BDNF, NT-3, and NT-4, of 58 subjects who had recently fallen in love were compared with levels in a control group who were either single or already engaged in a long-term relationship. The results showed that NGF levels were significantly higher in the subjects in love than as compared to either of the control groups.[10]

Psychology

Further information: Human bonding

Psychology depicts love as a cognitive and social phenomenon. Psychologist Robert Sternberg formulated a triangular theory of love and argued that love has three different components: intimacy, commitment, and passion. Intimacy is a form in which two people share confidences and various details of their personal lives. Intimacy is usually shown in friendships and romantic love affairs. Commitment, on the other hand, is the expectation that the relationship is permanent. The last and most common form of love is sexual attraction and passion. Passionate love is shown in infatuation as well as romantic love. All forms of love are viewed as varying combinations of these three components.

Following developments in electrical theories, such as Coulomb's law, which showed that positive and negative charges attract, analogs in human life were developed, such as "opposites attract". Over the last century, research on the nature of human mating has generally found this not to be true when it comes to character and personality; people tend to like people similar to themselves. However, in a few unusual and specific domains, such as immune systems, it seems that humans prefer others who are unlike themselves (e.g. with an orthogonal immune system), since this will lead to a baby which has the best of both worlds.[11] In recent years, various human bonding theories have been developed described in terms of attachments, ties, bonds, and affinities.

Some Western authorities disaggregate into two main components, the altruistic and the narcissistic. This view is represented in the works of Scott Peck, whose works in the field of applied psychology explored the definitions of love and evil. Peck maintains that love is a combination of the "concern for the spiritual growth of another", and simple narcissism.[12] In combination, love is an activity, not simply a feeling.

SCIENTIFIC MODELS :

Biological models of love tend to see it as a mammalian drive, similar to hunger or thirst.[citation needed] Psychology sees love as more of a social and cultural phenomenon. There are probably elements of truth in both views — certainly love is influenced by hormones (such as oxytocin), neurotrophins (such as NGF), and pheromones, and how people think and behave in love is influenced by their conceptions of love. The conventional view in biology is that there are two major drives in love — sexual attraction and attachment. Attachment between adults is presumed to work on the same principles that lead an infant to become attached to its mother. The traditional psychological view sees love as being a combination of companionate love and passionate love. Passionate love is intense longing, and is often accompanied by physiological arousal (shortness of breath, rapid heart rate). Companionate love is affection and a feeling of intimacy not accompanied by physiological arousal.

Studies have shown that brain scans of those infatuated by love display a resemblance to those with a mental illness. Love creates activity in the same area of the brain that hunger, thirst, and drug cravings create activity in. New love, therefore, could possibly be more physical than emotional. Over time, this reaction to love mellows, and different areas of the brain are activated, primarily ones involving long-term commitments. Dr. Andrew Newberg, a neuroscientist, suggests that this reaction to love is so similar to that of drugs because without love, humanity would die out.

The language of adoption

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Thu, 22 May 2008 04:17:00 +0000

The language used in adoption is changing and evolving, and it has become a controversial issue. The controversy arises over the use of terms which, while designed to be more appealing or less offensive to some persons affected by adoption, may simultaneously cause offense or insult to others. This controversy illustrates the problematic nature of adoption, as well as the fact that coining new words and phrases to describe ancient social practices does not alter the feelings and experiences of those affected by them.

The two contrasting sets of terms are commonly referred to as "Positive (or Respectful) Adoption Language" and "Honest Adoption Language."

Positive Adoptive Language (PAL)

It is believed that social workers in the field of adoption, most notably Marietta Spencer, created and began the promotion of what they termed "Positive Adoption Language" around the mid 1970s.^[74]. The terms contained in ""Positive Adoption Language" include the terms "birth mother" (to replace the terms "natural mother" and "first mother"), "placing" (to replace the terms "relinquishment" or "surrender"), and restricting the terms "mother" and "father" to refer solely to the parents who had adopted. It reflects the point of view that (1) all relationships and connections between the adopted child and his/her previous family have been permanently and completely severed once the legal adoption has taken place, and that (2) "placing" a child for adoption is invariably a non-coerced "decision" the mother makes, free of coercion or pressure from external circumstances or agents.

The reasons for its use: In many cultures, adoptive families face adoptism. Adoptism is made evident in English speaking cultures by the prominent use of negative or inaccurate language describing adoption. To combat adoptism, many adoptive families encourage positive adoption language. The reasons against its use: Many natural parents see "positive adoption language" as terminology which glosses over painful facts they face as they go into the indefinite post-adoption period of their lives. They feel PAL has become a way to present adoption in the friendliest light possible, in order to obtain even more infants for adoption; ie, a marketing tool. These people refer to PAL as "Adoption Friendly Language" or AFL.

Honest Adoption Language (HAL)

"Honest Adoption Language", on the other hand, refers to a set of terms that reflect the point of view that: (1) family relationships (social, emotional, psychological or physical) that existed prior to the legal adoption often continue past this point or endure in some form despite long periods of separation, and that (2) mothers who have "voluntarily surrendered" children to adoption (as opposed to involuntary terminations through court-authorized child-welfare proceedings) seldom view it as a choice that was freely made, but instead describe scenarios of powerlessness, lack of resources, and overall lack of choice.^[75]^[76] It also reflects the point of view that the term "birth mother" is derogatory in implying that the woman has ceased being a mother after the physical act of giving birth. Proponents of HAL liken this to the mother being treated as a "breeder" or incubator".^[77]. Terms included in HAL include the original terms that were used before PAL, including "natural mother," "first mother," and "surrendered for adoption."

The reasons for its use: In most cultures, the adoption of a child does not change the identities of its mother and father: they continue to be referred to as such. Those who adopted a child were thereafter termed its "guardians," "foster," or "adoptive" parents. Most people use "Honest Adoption Language" (HAL) because it is the original and most widely-used terminology. Many of those directly affected by adoption loss believe these terms more accurately reflect important but hidden and/or ignored realities of adoption. It also has the advantage of not excluding further contacts, sometimes even allowed since the beginning and never totally severed. The reasons against its use: The term "Honest" implies that all other language used in adoption is dishonest.

Publishing; What is?

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Mon, 10 Mar 2008 04:56:00 +0000

Publishing is the process of production and dissemination of literature or information – the activity of making information available for public view. In some cases authors may be their own publishers.

Traditionally, the term refers to the distribution of printed works such as books (the "book trade") and newspapers. With the advent of digital information systems and the Internet, the scope of publishing has expanded to include electronic resources, such as the electronic versions of books and periodicals, as well as websites, blogs, games and the like.

Publishing includes the stages of the development, acquisition, copyediting, graphic design, production – printing (and its electronic equivalents), and marketing and distribution of newspapers, magazines, books, literary works, musical works, software and other works dealing with information, including the electronic media.

Publication is also important as a legal concept: (1) as the process of giving formal notice to the world of a significant intention, for example, to marry or enter bankruptcy; (2) as the essential precondition of being able to claim defamation; that is, the alleged libel must have been published, and (3) for copyright purposes, where there is a difference in the protection of published and unpublished works.

Submission by author or agent

Book and magazine publishers spend a lot of their time buying or commissioning copy. At a small press, it is possible to survive by relying entirely on commissioned material. But as activity increases, the need for works may outstrip the publisher's established circle of writers.

Writers often first submit a query letter or proposal. The majority of unsolicited submissions come from previously unpublished authors. When such manuscripts are unsolicited, they must go through the slush pile, in which acquisitions editors sift through to identify manuscripts of sufficient quality or revenue potential to be referred to the editorial staff. Established authors are often represented by a literary agent to market their work to publishers and negotiate contracts.

Acceptance and negotiation

Once a work is accepted, commissioning editors negotiate the purchase of intellectual property rights and agree on royalty rates.

The authors of traditional printed materials sell exclusive territorial intellectual property rights that match the list of countries in which distribution is proposed (i.e. the rights match the legal systems under which copyright protections can be enforced). In the case of books, the publisher and writer must also agree on the intended formats of publication -— mass-market paperback, "trade" paperback and hardback are the most common options.

The situation is slightly more complex if electronic formatting is to be used. Where distribution is to be by CD-ROM or other physical media, there is no reason to treat this form differently from a paper format, and a national copyright is an acceptable approach. But the possibility of Internet download without the ability to restrict physical distribution within national boundaries presents legal problems that are usually solved by selling language or translation rights rather than national rights. Thus, Internet access across the European Union is relatively open because of the laws forbidding discrimination based on nationality, but the fact of publication in, say, France, limits the target market to those who read French.

Having agreed on the scope of the publication and the formats, the parties in a book agreement must then agree on royalty rates, the percentage of the gross retail price that will be paid to the author, and the advance payment. This is difficult because the publisher must estimate the potential sales in each market and balance projected revenue against production costs. Royalties usually range between 10-12% of recommended retail price. An advance is usually 1/3 of first print run total royalties. For example, if a book has a print run of 5000 copies and will be sold at $14.95 and the author receives 10% royalties, the total sum payable to the author if all copies are sold is $7475 (10% x $14.95 x 5000). The advance in this instance would roughly be $2490. Advances vary greatly between books, with established authors commanding large advances.

Editorial stage

Once the immediate commercial decisions are taken and the technical legal issues resolved, the author may be asked to improve the quality of the work through rewriting or smaller changes, and the staff will edit the work. Publishers may maintain a house style, and staff will copy edit to ensure that the work matches the style and grammatical requirements of each market. Editing may also involve structural changes and requests for more information. Some publishers employ fact checkers.

Prepress

When a final text is agreed upon, the next phase is design. This may include artwork being commissioned or confirmation of layout. In publishing, the word "art" also indicates photographs. This process prepares the work for printing through processes such as typesetting, dust jacket composition, specification of paper quality, binding method and casing, and proofreading.

The activities of typesetting, page layout, the production of negatives, plates from the negatives and, for hardbacks, the preparation of brasses for the spine legend and imprint are now all computerized. Prepress computerization evolved mainly in about the last twenty years of the 20th century. If the work is to be distributed electronically, the final files are saved as formats appropriate to the target operating systems of the hardware used for reading. These may include PDF files.

Publishing as a business

The publisher usually controls the advertising and other marketing tasks, but may subcontract various aspects of the process described above. In smaller companies, editing, proofreading and layout might be done by freelancers.

Dedicated in-house salespeople are rapidly being replaced by specialized companies who handle sales to bookshops, wholesalers and chain stores for a fee. This trend is accelerating as retail book chains and supermarkets have centralized their buying.

If the entire process up to the stage of printing is handled by an outside company or individuals, and then sold to the publishing company, it is known as book packaging. This is a common strategy between smaller publishers in different territorial markets where the company that first buys the intellectual property rights then sells a package to other publishers and gains an immediate return on capital invested. Indeed, the first publisher will often print sufficient copies for all markets and thereby get the maximum quantity efficiency on the print run for all.

Some businesses maximize their profit margins through vertical integration; book publishing is not one of them. Although newspaper and magazine companies still often own printing presses and binderies, book publishers rarely do. Similarly, the trade usually sells the finished products through a distributor who stores and distributes the publisher's wares for a percentage fee or sells on a sale or return basis.

The advent of the Internet has therefore posed an interesting question that challenges publishers, distributors and retailers. In 2005, Amazon.com announced its purchase of Booksurge and selfsanepublishing, a major print on demand operation. This is probably intended as a preliminary move towards establishing an Amazon imprint. One of the largest bookseller chains, Barnes & Noble, already runs its own successful imprint with both new titles and classics — hardback editions of out-of-print former best sellers. Similarly, Ingram Industries, parent company of Ingram Book Group (a leading US book wholesaler), now includes its own print-on-demand division called Lightning Source. Among publishers, Simon & Schuster recently announced that it will start selling its backlist titles directly to consumers through its website.

Book clubs are almost entirely direct-to-retail, and niche publishers pursue a mixed strategy to sell through all available outlets — their output is insignificant to the major booksellers, so lost revenue poses no threat to the traditional symbiotic relationships between the four activities of printing, publishing, distribution and retail.

Academic publishing

Main article: Academic publishing

The development of the printing press represented a revolution for communicating the latest hypotheses and research results to the academic community and supplemented what a scholar could do personally. But this improvement in the efficiency of communication created a challenge for libraries which have had to accommodate the weight and volume of literature.

To understand the scale of the problem it can be pointed that approximately two centuries ago the number of scientific papers published annually was doubling every fifteen years. Today, the number of published papers doubles about every ten years. Modern academics can now run electronic journals and distribute academic materials without the need for publishers. Not surprisingly, publishers perceive this emancipation as a serious threat to their business. In reality, the interests of scholars and publishers have long been in conflict.

Today, publishing academic journals and textbooks is a large part of an international industry. The shares of the major publishing companies are listed on national stock exchanges and management policies must satisfy the dividend expectations of international shareholders. Critics claim that these standardized accounting and profit-oriented policies have come to the fore and now constrain more altruistic leanings. In contrast to the commercial model, there is non-profit publishing, where the publishing organization is either organised specifically for the purpose of publishing, such as a university press, or is one of the functions of an organisation such as a medical charity, founded to achieve specific practical goals. An alternative approach to the corporate model is open access, the online distribution of individual articles and academic journals without charge to readers and libraries.

A somewhat related development is open source publishing, which is participatory group editing, as exemplified by various wiki projects, such Wikipedia, Wikiversity, and Citizendium.

Tie-in publishing

Technically, radio, television, cinemas, VCDs and DVDs, music systems, games, computer hardware and mobile telephony publish information to their audiences. Indeed, the marketing of a major film often includes a novelization, a graphic novel or comic version, the soundtrack album, a game, model, toys and endless promotional publications.

Some of the major publishers have entire divisions devoted to a single franchise, e.g. Ballantine Del Rey Lucasbooks has the exclusive rights to Star Wars in the United States; Random House UK (Bertelsmann)/Century LucasBooks holds the same rights in the United Kingdom. The game industry self-publishes through BL Publishing/Black Library (Warhammer) and Wizards of the Coast (Dragonlance, Forgotten Realms, etc). The BBC has its own publishing division which does very well with long-running series such as Doctor Who. These multimedia works are cross-marketed aggressively and sales frequently outperform the average stand-alone published work, making them a focus of corporate interest.[1]

Independent publishing alternatives

See also Alternative media

Writers in a specialized field or with a narrower appeal have found smaller alternatives to the mass market in the form of small presses and self-publishing. More recently, these options include print on demand and ebook format. These publishing alternatives provide an avenue for authors who believe that mainstream publishing will not meet their needs or who are in a position to make more money from direct sales than they could from bookstore sales, such as popular speakers who sell books after speeches. Authors are more readily published by this means due to the much lower costs involved.

References

* Epstein, Jason. Book Business: Publishing Past, Present, and Future.
* Schiffrin, André (2000). The Business of Books: How the International Conglomerates Took Over Publishing and Changed the Way We Read.
* Ugrešić, Dubravka (2003). Thank You for Not Reading.

source : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publishing

How to Become a Writer

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Mon, 10 Mar 2008 04:51:00 +0000

The exploration of oneself – thoughts, attitudes, motivations, values and goals – is the act and art of writing. However, there's more to becoming a writer than simply learning how to be a good writer--you must approach writing as a craft and as a profession in order to turn it into a career.

Steps

Consider all of the options. Not everyone can create a blockbuster novel. Anyone with passion might be able to earn a living from writing. Copywriting is probably the highest paid skill on the Internet. Article writing is in great demand for providing content for websites. Creative writers are in demand to bid for projects every day. So the first step in how to become a writer is to research all of the options.
Use logic and desire to create the vision you want.
Think about what you want to write, instead of what you want to get from writing. You won't get anywhere if all you're after is money.
Be prepared to work odd hours -- you'll need to write whenever ideas strike, even if it's the middle of the night. Completely immerse yourself in the world you create.
Find what works for you and stick with it. Even if you get dozens of rejection slips, if you feel comfortable working the way you do, you'll eventually have success.
Know that writer’s block is a real thing. Too much writing, and too deep concentration, can cause you to not be able to write a word. Your focus and concentration leave, and you can just sit and stare at the page or the computer or typewriter, and not have a thing come to mind to write.
Take a break to refresh your mind. Take a drive, or a walk, go to a movie, or just read a book. You may need a day, or a week to be able to once again concentrate. Be patient, your writers block will leave in due time.

Tips

Carry a notebook with you everywhere. You never know when inspiration will hit. Be prepared to jot down ideas or any creative thoughts that come to you.
Read great books. Pay attention to how and why great writing pulls you in and captivates your imagination.
Join a writers group.Gather.com is great for writers and budding writers. People like you and me write, and read, and critique, and teach. It is free to join and a great place to learn.
Learn how to use conversation in your writing. People talk, and you will have to learn how to make it look real. There is a knack to doing writing talking.
There are many forms of writing, find one that you feel comfortable with, and use that style.
Remember, that John Grisham had his first novel rejected. Later on it became a movie.
Imagine you are sitting next to your reader , and write the way you would speak to them - if you imagine this then your writing will become warm.
Read it all out loud and if you stumble when reading, then change the wording!

Warnings

It may take many rejections until you get an acceptance.

source : http://www.wikihow.com/Become-a-Writer

Stroke in Young Adults

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Thu, 21 Feb 2008 06:13:00 +0000

Stroke in young adults is surprisingly common. The differential diagnosis for potential etiologies is broader than that for older adults. Elements of the initial workup, including neuroimaging, bloodwork, and other ancillary studies, are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on areas in which the diagnostic approach to stroke in young adults differs from that for older patients. Clinical manifestations and management are usually similar to, but prognosis is often better than, those in an older population.

Introduction. This article will emphasize aspects of a diagnostic approach to young adults (up to 45 years of age) with stroke as it differs from a standard approach for older adults, with emphasis on initial work-up.

Stroke in young adults is surprisingly common. The annual stroke incidence was estimated at 34/100000 in Swedish adults under 55 years of age, and 10/100000 in a Mayo Clinic study of women ages 15 to 29. Ischemic stroke is much more common than hemorrhagic, the latter comprising 12% of strokes in the Lausanne registry for patients 30 to 45 years old.1 The ubiquity of stroke in young adults and its potential for devastating consequences mean that healthcare providers must have a high index of suspicion for stroke. This is especially true when a patient’s clinical picture is not easily explained otherwise.

Etiologies. The range of potential etiologies for stroke in young adults is broader than that for older adults. (Table) Like in older adults, stroke in younger adults is typically categorized as primarily ischemic or hemorrhagic. Ischemic etiologies include cardioembolic, atherosclerotic disease, and nonatherosclerotic cerebral vasculopathies. Hemorrhagic strokes include subarachnoid and intraparenchymal types. Of particular note in young adults are stroke causes such as hematologic disorders, substance abuse, trauma, dissections, oral contraceptive use, pregnancy and postpartum states, and migraine.

Table . Differential diagnosis of stroke in young adults (adapted from references 1, 2)

ISCHEMIC
Cardiac disease (including congenital, rheumatic valve disease, mitral valve prolapse, patent foramen ovale, endocarditis, atrial myxoma, arrhythmias, cardiac surgery)

Large vessel disease

Premature atherosclerosis
Dissection (spontaneous or traumatic)
Inherited metabolic diseases (homocystinuria, Fabry’s, pseudoxanthoma elasticum, MELAS syndrome)
Fibromuscular dysplasia
Infection (bacterial, fungal, tuberculosis, syphilis, Lyme)
Vasculitis (collagen vascular diseases — systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, Sjögren’s syndrome, polyarteritis nodosa; Takayasu’s disease, Wegener’s syndrome, cryoglobulinemia, sarcoidosis, inflammatory bowel disease, isolated central nervous system angiitis)
Moyamoya disease
Radiation
Toxic (illicit drugs — cocaine, heroin, phencyclidine; therapeutic drugs — L-asparaginase, cytosine arabinoside)

Small vessel disease

Vasculopathy (infectious, noninfectious, microangiopathy)

Hematologic disease

Sickle-cell disease
Leukemia
Hypercoagulable states (antiphospholipid antibody syndromes, deficiency of antithrombin III or protein S or C, resistance to activated protein C, increased factor VIII)
Disseminated intravascular coagulation
Thrombocytosis
Polycythemia vera
Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura
Venous occlusion (dehydration, parameningeal infection, meningitis, neoplasm, polycythemia, leukemia, inflammatory bowel disease)

Migraine

HEMORRHAGIC
Subarachnoid hemorrhage (cerebral aneurysm)
Intraparenchymal hemorrhage

Arteriovenous malformation
Neoplasm (primary central nervous system, metastatic, leukemia)
Hematologic (sickle-cell disease, neoplasm, thrombocytopenia)
Moyamoya disease
Drug use (warfarin, amphetamines, cocaine, phenypropanolamine)
Iatrogenic (peri-procedural)

Clinical Manifestations. The clinical presentations for stroke in young adults are not unique to this age group. Sudden or subacute onset of neurologic symptoms referable to the brain should suggest stroke as a potential explanation. The presence of a given stroke risk factor does not assure that it is causative. Many young patients have multiple risk factors. Detailed history and examination, oriented toward common and uncommon etiologies, are especially important. Stroke mimics in the young adult population include multiple sclerosis and malignancy.

The physical exam should include neurologic, cardiovascular, ophthalmologic and dermatologic assessments. Relevant ocular findings include corneal arcus (hypercholesterolemia) or corneal opacity (Fabry’s disease); Lisch nodules, optic atrophy (neurofibromatosis); lens subluxation (Marfan’s syndrome, homocystinuria); and retinal perivasculitis (sickle-cell disease, syphilis, connective tissue diseases, inflammatory bowel disease), occlusions (emboli), angioma (cavernous malformation), or hamartoma (tuberous sclerosis). Among dermatologic associations are splinter hemorrhages or needle tracks (endocarditis); xanthoma (hyperlipidemia); café-au-lait spots, neurofibromas (neurofibromatosis); purpura (coagulopathy); and capillary angiomata (cavernous malformation).3

One-fifth to one-third of strokes in the young may be caused by cardioembolic phenomena. Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) is usually indicated. Causes include congenital heart disease, valvular disease (including endocarditis) and arrhythmias. Mitral valve prolapse and patent foramen ovale are common but are typically not causes of stroke when present. An atrial septal aneurysm is less likely to be associated with stroke when found in isolation than when it occurs with other cardiac abnormalities.

Premature atherosclerotic cerebrovascular disease can be symptomatic in young adults, just as atherosclerosis can begin in childhood. The symptoms and signs are similar to those for older adults.

Cervicocephalic arterial dissections can involve the extracranial internal carotid, the vertebrobasilar system, or, less commonly, the intracranial carotid system. They are associated with major or minimal trauma, chiropractic manipulation, or can occur spontaneously. Other associations include fibromuscular dysplasia, Marfan syndrome, Ehlers-Danlos syndrome type IV, moyamoya and sympathomimetic drug abuse. Symptoms and signs may include neck pain, transient or lasting ischemia of retina, cerebral hemispheres, or posterior fossa, Horner’s syndrome, hemicranial pain, or subarachnoid hemorrhage. Extracranial ultrasound or magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) may confirm the clinical impression. Often catheter angiography is required for diagnosis.

Cerebral vasculitis should be considered for cases of ischemic or hemorrhagic stroke, recurrent strokes, stroke with encephalopathy, and stroke with fever, multifocal symptoms, skin abnormalities, or abnormal renal function or sedimentation rate. Infectious vasculitis (eg, with syphilis, tuberculosis, purulent meningitis), necrotizing vasculitis (eg, polyarteritis nodosa), vasculitis with collagen vascular disease (eg, lupus, rheumatoid arthritis), giant cell arteritis, and hypersensitivity vasculitis (eg, drug-induced) are seen much more often than primary central nervous system vasculitis.

Moyamoya is a noninflammatory vasculopathy associated with extensive collateral vasculature. It can present with transient ischemic attacks, headaches, hemiparesis, seizures, cerebral infarction, or hemorrhage. MRA screening is useful. Angiographic findings are distinctive and resemble in part a “puff of smoke”.4

Hypercoagulable states may be responsible for 2% to 7% of cases in young adults.4 Inherited (primary) thrombophilic disorders include entities that are recently described (hyperhomocysteinemia, factor V Leiden, prothrombin G20210A), well- established (deficiencies of antithrombin, protein S or protein C), and extremely rare (dysfibrinogenemia, thrombomodulin deficiency, heparin cofactor II deficiency).5 Acquired (secondary) causes include malignancy, pregnancy/postpartum states, oral contraceptive use and sickle-cell disease. Prior thromboembolic disease in a young patient or in family members should raise suspicion.4 Please refer to Dr. Trevarthen’s accompanying article for further information on this topic.

Cerebral venous thrombosis can cause ischemic or hemorrhagic strokes. Septic thrombosis usually occurs at the cavernous sinus as a complication of facial infection. Signs include proptosis, chemosis, and gaze palsies. Aseptic thromboses are seen disproportionately in women during pregnancy or postpartum periods, or while taking oral contraceptives. Presenting symptoms include headache, emesis, lethargy, and seizures. Papilledema may accompany focal signs.4, 6

Strokes induced by migraines are rare, considering that perhaps 20% of US adults may suffer migraines. Symptoms include persistent visual, motor, sensory or aphasic deficits, which began in the course of a typical migraine attack, where other causes are excluded. Mitochondrial encephalomyopathy with lactic acidosis and stroke-like episodes (MELAS) syndrome and cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CADASIL) are inherited causes of stroke which can include migraine as part of the clinical presentation.1, 4

Up to 45% of strokes in young adults are due to spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage.4 Approximately half are lobar; one-quarter are in basal ganglia or internal capsule.7 Vascular malformations, aneurysms, hypertension, and illicit drug use are the main causes.4, 7

Investigations. The initial work-up should be as expeditious as possible to allow consideration of acute therapies, such as tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA).8 Brain computed tomography (CT) is usually the initial imaging study of choice as it is readily available and is highly sensitive for acute hemorrhage. Blood work should include a complete blood count with differential and platelet count, prothrombin time (international normalized ratio), activated partial thromboplastin time, glucose, chemistries, electrolytes, serology for syphilis, and an erythrocyte sedimentation rate.

A more detailed coagulation profile (anticardiolipin antibodies, lupus anticoagulants, protein S, protein C, activated protein C resistance, antithrombin III) is requested in patients without a firmly identified cause of stroke or if the patient or family members have a history of thromboses. It is advantageous to send such a profile prior to initiating anticoagulation, as heparin can alter interpretation of some of those assays. Therefore, consider ordering these assays at the beginning of the work-up.

Most patients should have high-quality brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and often MRA.4, 9 Where available, MRI with diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) and perfusion imaging (PI) is becoming standard. DWI-PI has the potential to distinguish irreversibly injured tissue from that which may be salvageable.10

Additional studies in initial screening include pregnancy testing, a chest roentgenogram, and an electrocardiogram. An echocardiogram (consider transesophageal), and extracranial (carotid-vertebral) Doppler ultrasound are routinely obtained, although often after initial antiplatelet or anticoagulation therapy is started.

Keep in mind the limitations of studies performed. CT will miss a minority of acute bleeds. MRI with DWI, quite sensitive for acute stroke, has an occasional false negative result (17 out of 782 patients in a recent study).11 Also, MRA’s resolution is not yet on par with conventional angiography.

Consider conventional angiography of cerebral and neck vessels for patients in whom dissection is suspected or in whom no other cause is found. Transcranial Doppler ultrasound can be helpful. Please see Dr. Ricci’s article in this issue for more information on neuroimaging.

Toxicologic studies are often productive, even when drug use is not acknowledged.

Other blood tests may include homocysteine, fibrinogen, antinuclear antibody, lipid panel, lipoprotein (a), serum protein electrophoresis, hemoglobin electrophoresis, and sickle-cell assay. Cerebrospinal fluid analysis is indicated for cases suspicious for infectious, vasculitic, or occult hemorrhage origins. Telemetry monitoring for arrhythmias is occasionally revealing.4

Prothrombin mutation G20210A testing is of uncertain utility in cerebrovascular disease, but may be appropriate for patients with a personal history of thromboembolic disease or family history of thrombophilia.5

A patient with one or more risk factors, such as migraine or diabetes, should be thoroughly investigated for other possibilities. The cause of stroke in young patients may remain undetermined in 20% to 30% of cases, even after a detailed work-up.4

Management. General management of ischemic8, 12, 13 and hemorrhagic14 strokes is similar to that for older adults and is beyond the scope of this article. Additional specific measures are oriented toward any underlying etiology found.4, 15 Primary16 and secondary17 preventive measures have recently been reviewed.

Prognosis. The outcome of stroke in young adults is better than that for older adults. In a recent study of 330 patients with first stroke or transient ischemic attack, followed for an average of 96 months, 8% died, 3% had another stroke, and 3% had a myocardial infarction. Approximately 16% were dependent, but 56% had returned to work. Unfortunately, only a minority of those who smoked at the time of their stroke subsequently stopped using tobacco.18 The overall annual recurrence rate is less than 1%.1 Prognosis is often closely associated with the underlying cause. A relatively good outcome may be found after many cases of arterial dissection. Risk of stroke recurrence is low (2% over 5 years) in women whose first stroke occurred in pregnancy.19

Conclusion. Strokes in young adults make up a significant proportion of strokes in general. A thorough investigation is recommended, looking into a broad array of potential etiologies, common and uncommon. Management is similar overall to that for older adults, with some aspects of treatment dictated by specific causes found. Health care providers must stress prevention with all of their young adult patients, especially those with identifiable risk factors. The potential for devastation is great in any case of stroke but prognosis in this population is better than that for older adults.

Source : http://www.thecni.org/reviews/11-2-p03-marcoux.htm