Health and Disease Information

Lordosis

2010-03-05T16:48:00.000+07:00

1. Lordosis

Normal spine when viewed from the rear will look straight. Another case of people with spinal lordosis, will look crooked, especially in the lower back.
Symptoms arising from different lordosis for each person. Lordosis symptoms most often are protrusion of the buttocks. Other symptoms vary according to the accompanying disorders such as muscular dystrophy, developmental disorders thighs, and neuromuscular disorders.
Back pain, pain radiating to the legs, and changes in the pattern of bowel movements and urination can occur in lordosis, but rarely. If these symptoms occur, required further examination by a doctor.

In addition, the symptoms often resemble lordosis also symptoms or other spinal deformities, or may be caused by infection or spinal cord injuries.

To distinguish it done several tests as following:

• X rays this examination is used to measure and assess the crookedness, and the angle.
• Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
• Computed tomography scan (CT Scan)
• Blood tests
The purpose of treatment is to stop the lordosis spinal to bend off and prevent deformity (deformity). Management of lordosis depending on the cause of lordosis. Exercises to improve posture can be done if the disorder is caused by lordosis posture. Lordosis is happening due to groin problems must be treated together with those thighs disorders.

Keeping Our Body Healthy

2010-02-21T17:48:00.001+07:00

Good health is very important. Because we will be happy and we can do all our activities well. And on the other hand if we are sick, we do not have an appetite to eat, and we can not do anything. Therefore, we must keep our body healthy. It is better to prevent than to cure a sickness.

Our body consist of various of organs. Every organ need food to do its function properly. Our body needs some nutriments-carbohydrate, proteins, minerals, fats, and vitamin. If our body is lacking one of the nutriments, we will not be healthy, we might even be ill. To be healthy we must eat nutritious food. We also must eat regularly. We may eat three times a day in the morning, in the afternoon and in the evening. Besides eating regularly, doing exercise is very important. We also have to clean our body. We have to take a bath twice a day in the morning and in the afternoon. We have to wash our hands before eating. We have to brush our teeth twice a day at least or after eating.

Trauma

2010-02-21T17:38:00.003+07:00

Day after day, the body is always threatened by violence. Tigers, snakes, motor vehicles, bomb ... ... and the bacteria or viruses. Defense against this threat is different between people who with one other person. After the fall, there are people who will broken bones while others do not. there are people who will become ill after get typhoid bacillus infection, while others only a mild illness. Not only just a different defense on that one person with another person, sometimes materials used to build our bodies were often different, such as bone disease osteoporosis. Lightly collisions cause fractures in this disease. Violence is harmful to the body trauma (Latin: pain).

Trauma may include:
• mechanical
• hot
• chemicals
• electricity
• Radiation
• biology
• emotion.

Mechanical Trauma
Is typical of bone fracture. if a person defend himself against a blow to the ulnar os may be broken radius bone may be broken if someone who fell sustaining himself with one hand.
The signs of fracture are:
• pain on motion
• abnormal limb position
• functio laesa (function disrupted)

Patients can not use the injured body part. How to cra diagnosis? Do not hold! start the inspection.
A broken leg will show an abnormal position (dislocation). After a few moments will arise swelling (= tumor) because the blood gather around a fracture network. The next step is rubbing and gather around the fracture network. The next step is to touch and feel the leg pain (= palpation). Mild pressure on the fracture area will cause pain. These symptoms are not specific.
This will be found as well when we felt a bee sting. Pressure along the bone as more specific.
Before the time of radiography, abnormal movements should be accompanied krepitasi found. Since the X-ray images, this painful procedure is not needed anymore. The combination of symptoms - symptoms that remain as we found in the fracture called a syndrome.

Heat Trauma
Network can be caused by direct burning or freezing temperatures are too cold. Can also gradually throughout the body have excessive heat or cold temperatures that are too low.

Chemical Trauma
Can happen by eating poison such as yellow phosphorus contained in the match made in ancient APAI, or eating poisonous mushrooms. In both of these liver cells will be damaged together (= necrosis) and will cause death. Actually there are many poisons that each has a specific effect. Do not forget that almost all drugs can cause chemical trauma as a side effect.

Electrical Trauma
Volt shock of 220 volts can damage the heart and brain and often cause lethal trauma.

Radiation Trauma
Trauma and the trauma of radiation rain radioactive dust from the explosion of the atomic bomb is very dangerous. Sunlight can cause injury (sunburn).

Biology Trauma
Can be caused by bacteria, viruses, repair of malaria, snake bites, and so on.

Emotional Trauma
Emotional trauma caused by his own fellow human beings.

Edema

2010-02-21T17:36:00.003+07:00

Edema is swelling of subcutaneous net, which when pressed will leave the basin (as well). The skin looks shiny and pale. This is caused by an abnormal accumulation of fluid between the cells outside the blood vessel.

Usually among the cell there is always a liquid, only in this edema excessive fluid. Space between cells called the interstitial space.

The way to be formed of Edema
Let us consider the interstitial space. All cells are covered by a liquid body is very important that the extracellular fluid, which is sometimes called the internal milieu interior or the environment.

Some important fluid of the extracellular fluid:
• The temperature of this fluid should always be appropriate
• Must have an osmotic pressure that is always quick
• Must have a pH that is always fast.

In these streams there are also small molecules and ions of sodium and potassium as well as nutrients for the needs of cells such as glucose.
The greatest one is, gases such as oxygen or carbon dioxide will diffuse freely through the cell body: there should be no holes in between the cells. When filtering out the water goes on and on without a hitch, in a few hours no more water left in the bloodstream. Circulation stops are followed by death. There is nothing like this in large burns (heat injury). Here the capillaries damaged by fire and water-soluble substances and in it will disappear quickly, which may cause death.
Capillaries healthy always "leaked", the water flows out into the network but at the same center also water into the capillaries.

Mechanism of body fluid balance
Approximately 100 years ago, physiologists Ernest Starling knows English: that blood proteins that retain fluid in the capillaries.
As has been explained 45% of blood containing blood cells and 55% plasma. In this plasma is 7.5 g% protein. This protein would seem to settle when spiked sulfosalisilat acid or simply by heating.

Pathophysiology of edema:
Edema occurs when too much fluid into the interstitial space of the can out at the same time.
There are 3 factors that play a role in the incidence of edema:
• capillary walls so that the protein molecules to leak out easily into the interstitial fluid.
• Pressure on the ends of the capillary veins are still quite high and higher than the colloid osmotic pressure.
• blood colloid osmotic pressure is too low.

Pneumonia Lobaris

2010-02-21T17:28:00.004+07:00

Lobaris Pneumonia is an acute inflammation of lung tissue caused severe pneumococcal (= diplococcus pneumoniae). This name indicates that only one affected lung lobe. Depiction of lung illness often shows a definite limit to the thorax image examination.

There is various kind of pneumonia caused by other bacteria. This is bronchopneumonia pneumonia; hemophylus frequent cause influenza and pneumococcus (or staphylococcus myself when influenza epidemic).

Klebsiella in patients weak, especially in alcohol drinkers also cause severe bronchopneumonia.

In those that are less resistant to micro-organisms (e.g., leukemia, corticosteroid therapy, etc..), A variety of other bacteria can cause pneumonia.

Symptom
Patient suddenly fell ill with a sense of cold and shivering with fever, get temperature 40 degrees Celsius or more. At the age of more than 80 years of fever may not be found. Patients with short breathing, coughing and phlegm out. Degrees of illness so severe that the patient after recovery did not remember the slightest about the disease. Throughout the night, very restless and patient maybe go to street to look around / wander or jumping from the window. Without treatment the disease lasted 10 days, but without antibiotic therapy is usually a high mortality rate.

Examination
Patients with severe pain, there is high fever, dispne, coughing, and spend a little brown sputum that is attached to the glass wall of sputum (sputa-rufa). On microscopic examination will be seen a lot of pneumococcus in the sputum. Red cheeks and nostrils dilated on inspiration. After 2-3 days there "Herpes Labialis".

Medical
The patient should rest sleep. Consider a state of dehydration (moisture tongue and skin folds). Very small amount of urine. Dark urine and dark. If the patient could drink, water or the very need to be provided. When given intravenous fluids, be careful with giving excessive Na +, because these patients can not eject Na + during the illness that can occur with excess Na + Edema symptoms of lung or cerebral symptoms. Providing O 2 is very helpful to reduce the burden of respiratory (chronic bronchitis ratings on O 2 can be dangerous). Sometimes mucus (sputum) accumulated in the airways. Penicillin G or amoxicillin used to cure patients suffering in a few days, but it will be better continued until 10 days.

Tetanus

2010-01-25T10:49:00.004+07:00

4. Tetanus

Tetanus disease is one of the dangerous infections that affect the nervous system and muscles. Tetanus word derived from the Greek language from tetanos which means teinein tense. This disease is a disease in which infection tonic muscle spasm and trismus caused hiperrefleksia (lockjaw), generalized muscle spasm, curved spines (opistotonus), glottal spasm, cramps and spasms and respiratory paralysis.

Pathogenesis and Pathophysiology
Tetanus is caused neurotoxin (tetanospasmin) from Gram-positive anaerobic bacterium, Clostridium tetani, with the first 1 to 2 weeks after inoculation of spores into the blood of the body injured (incubation period). This disease is 1 of 4 major diseases main clinical manifestations are the result of the power influences exotoxin (tetanus, gas gangrene, diphtheria, botulism).
Clostridium tetani bacteria are commonly found in soil, human excrement and pets and in agricultural areas. Place of entry of these germs can be scars in the tissue damage associated with local, embedded foreign objects or sepsis with soil contamination, superficial abrasions and minor wounds or contaminated soil shear, trauma to the fingers or toes associated with fracture finger and the surgical wound.

Treatment
To neutralize the poison, given tetanus immunoglobulin. Tetracycline and penicillin antibiotics given to prevent further formation of toxins.
Other drugs may be given to calm patients, to control spasms and relax muscles. Patients are usually hospitalized and placed in a quiet room. For moderate to severe infections, may need to set the ventilator to assist breathing.
Food is given through an IV or nasogastric tube. To remove dirt, placed catheter. The patient should lie alternately tilted to the left or right and was forced to cough to prevent pneumonia.
To reduce the pain given codeine. Other drugs may be given to control blood pressure and heart rate. Once cured, must be given a full vaccination for tetanus infection does not provide immunity against subsequent infection. JUVENTUS LIVE

Prognosis
Tetanus has a mortality rate of up to 50%. Death usually occurs in people with very young, very old and injecting drug users. If symptoms worsen or immediately if treatment is delayed, the worse the prognosis.

Prevention
Preventing tetanus through vaccination is better than cure. In children, tetanus vaccine is given as part of the DPT vaccine (diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus). For the adult should receive booster
In someone who has a wound, if:
1. Had received tetanus booster within the last 5 years, do not need to undergo further vaccination
2. Has never received a booster within the last 5 years, vaccination is given immediately
3. Had never lived vaccination or incomplete vaccination, given an injection of tetanus immunoglobulin and the first injection of 3 monthly vaccinations.
Each wound (especially a deep puncture wound) should be cleaned thoroughly because of dirt and dead tissue will facilitate the growth of Clostridium tetani bacteria.

Dehydration

2010-01-21T17:40:00.000+07:00

The number of human body fluids is always set correctly. Approximately 60% of our body is water:
2 / 3 are in the cell, 1 / 3 is outside the cell (extracellular)
Of extracellular water 1 / 3 are in the bloodstream and 2 / 3 (= interstitial water) outside the blood stream.
At a weight of 60 kg:
total body fluids: 36 liters
in the cell: 24 liters
outside the cell: 12 liters
Interstitial water: 8 liters
• How does the body maintain the proper amount of water in the cell?
• How does the body maintain the proper amount of water in the room interstial?
• How does the body maintain the proper amount of water in the bloodstream?

Latter mechanism has been discussed. (colloid osmotic pressure, edema). In each of these mechanisms there is a difference. For the treatment of patients is very important to understand these differences.

1. The amount of water in the cell

Unlike the endothelial cells of capillaries, the walls of most body cells are free to pass water. Every hour a large number of water molecules will enter the cell but the water with the same amount will come out well from the cells at the same time. If the incoming water is too much, the cells will swell and burst. If the water is too much out, the cell will dry and can not function. Water that enters the cell will cause cell swelling, and even rupture. But the osmotic pressure of interstitial fluid maintained exactly equal to the value of part in cells, but the most important substances potassium but not sodium.

2. The amount of water in space interstiasial

How does the concentration of sodium, or osmotic pressure of interstitial fluid maintained at appropriate levels?. Before these questions can be answered, be helpful to see first what happens when the extra cellular sodium is too low and if too high.

If the levels of sodium and osmotic pressure extracellular too low, the water will leave the interstitial space and moved into a cell that has a high osmotic pressure. Cell will swell. This will cause muscle spasms in the great and the central nervous system of the brain swelling in the space bounded by bone. The pressure increased in brain tissue, which is marked by a great headache, nausea, vomiting and loss of consciousness. At the same time, because the fluid out of blood proteins and erythrocytes whereas stay in the blood vessels, the concentration of hemoglobin and protein in the blood flow will increase, so does the viscosity. Circulation of the blood which was concentrated into very slowly.

3. The amount of water in the bloodstream

If there is pure water drought water loss without loss of sodium, thirst will be very great, the patient may show symptoms of hallucinations, aggressive behavior is self destructive. But sometimes people are too weak to show aggressive behavior.

Pure water losses can occur when a high fever due to evaporation of water from the lungs, but the most typical examples of dehydration due to loss of pure water is diabetes insipidus.

Inflammation (Local Sign)

2009-12-29T17:17:00.000+07:00

A biological trauma of the most important is the entry of bacteria into the body. Some bacteria can cause illness and called bacterial pathogens (pathos = disease). Other bacteria are not pathogens. Entry of pathogens into the body is called the infection. An infection with the bacteria can cause inflammation.

What Is inflammation?

Inflammation is the body's reaction when destructive factors (mostly bacteria) enter the body. The symptoms of an inflammation are rubor, calor, dolor, and tumor. These symptoms have been suggested in the past by Celsius and mean redness, heat, pain, and swelling. Then Galenus added functio laesa symptoms. These five signs are still the basis of medical diagnosis. Apart from the local signs that, in severe inflammation there are also common symptoms or systemic (eg fever). Inflammation named according to the inflamed organ by adding the word "itis" (apenditis, tonsillitis).

Cohnheim (1873) studied the inflammation in the frog's tongue. He saw a lekosit small blood vessels and the movement spread like amoeba net damaged (and the bacteria). In bacterial inflammation seen in the early stages of the increased capillary permeability caused by the material from the damaged tissue. Fluid and proteins leak out of the capillaries. Fluids will dilute toxic materials derived from bacteria; from blood immunoprotein would cripple the bacteria and fibrin to form fine threads which provide a bridge for up to place lekosit to inflammation. Then lekosit be attached to the walls of blood vessels and spread by diapedesis through the small hole between the cells. In this case not only granulocytes and lymphocytes are leaving no blood vessels.

Granulocytes moves with the help of muscle proteins contained in the cell. To be able through a narrow gap, the cell nucleus (consisting of several segments) is folded into such a small stroller. Lekosit stimulated toward inflammation by kemotaksis. From lekosit damaged, pain mediators such as prostaglandins will be issued.

The journey of a process of inflammation (Example: Staphylococcus aureus). Blah Staphylococcal aureus is inserted into the skin will appear red, pain and swelling. This is called an inflammatory infiltrates (furunkel). If lekosit win, a cavity containing pus will be formed, called an abscess that the diagnosis is established by the fluctuations. Pus is a thick liquid containing the bacteria that live and die and lekosit the life and death. Accompanied often caused by pain and fever. Ubi pus evacua (all the pus must be removed).

If lekosit lost, may arise:

• lymphangitis is an inflammation, accompanied by redness and pain in the lymph vessels originating from the inflammatory to the regional lymph nodes getang.
• Fegmon, a diffuse infiltration of bacteria and granulocytes that spread from the inflammation surrounding the entire network.
• Bakteremi (sepsis), a state where the bacteria spread in the bloodstream.
• Septic Emboli are part thrombus infected by bacteria apart and carried by the blood flow to the place or other organs.
• Metastatic septic arises when bacteria from the place of origin of inflammation in the bloodstream transportation by causing a new abscess in another place.

Diabetes Mellitus

2009-11-05T10:58:00.001+07:00

Diabetes mellitus is a disease
in which blood glucose (simple sugar) in the high blood because the body can
not release or use insulin is a hormone cukup.Insulin be released by the
pancreas, which is responsible for maintaining blood sugar levels are normal.
Insulin sugar into the cells that can produce energy or stored as energy
reserves.

Well, how much blood sugar levels high called? According to
the diagnostic criteria Perkeni (Society of Endocrinology Indonesia) in 2006,
someone said to have diabetes if you have a fasting blood sugar> 126 mg / dL
and the test as> 200 mg / dL.

Blood sugar levels vary throughout the day which will
increase after the meal and returned to normal within 2 jam.Kadar normal blood
sugar in the morning after the night before fasting is 70-110 mg / dL of blood.
Blood sugar levels are usually less than 120-140 mg / dL at 2 hours after
eating or drinking liquids that contain sugar or carbohydrates lainnya.Kadar
normal blood sugar tends to increase as mild but progressive (gradually) after
the age of 50 years, especially in those people who are inactive bergerak.Peningkatan
blood sugar levels after eating or drinking stimulates the pancreas to produce
insulin which keeps blood sugar levels rise further and cause blood sugar
levels slowly decreased. There are other ways to lower blood sugar levels is to
perform physical activity such as exercise because the muscles use glucose for
energy used.

Explore Causes & Types Diabetes Mellitus

Diabetes occurs when the body does not produce enough
insulin to keep blood sugar levels are normal or if the cell does not provide
an appropriate response to insulin.

There are 2 types of Diabetes Mellitus, namely:

1. Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (diabetes are dependent on
insulin)

2. Diabettes Mellitus Type 2 (diabetes is not insulin
dependent, NIDDM)

Other causes of diabetes are:

• High levels of corticosteroids

• gestational diabetes pregnancy), will disappear after
delivery.

• Drugs that can damage the pancreas.

• poison that affects the formation or the effects of
insulin.

Reading difficulty of Diabetes Symptoms

Initial symptoms related to direct effects of blood sugar
levels are high. If blood sugar levels to above 160-180 mg / dL, the glucose is
excreted through kemih.Jika water levels are higher, the kidneys remove extra
water to dilute a large number of glucose is lost. Because the kidneys produce
urine in excessive amounts, then the patient often urinate in significant
amounts (poliuri). As a result, the patients feel excessive thirst, so much to
drink (polidipsi). A large number of calories lost into the urine, so patients
lose weight. To compensate for these patients often feel tremendous hunger so
much food (polifagi).

Other symptoms are blurred vision, dizziness, nausea and
decreased endurance during exercise. People with diabetes are poorly controlled
blood sugar are more susceptible to infection.

Avoid diabetes with Change Lifestyle

Hereditary factors influence whether a person can get
diabetes or not. Besides heredity, lifestyle also plays a major role. Type 2
diabetes often occurs in people who are obese. Obesity or overweight is the
most important cause of diabetes triggers.

Obesity means an excess weight of at least as much as 20% of
ideal body weight. Also mean body mass index over 25 kg/m2. Excess fat will
cause resistance to insulin. This explains why diet and exercise is a method
for treatment of type 2 diabetes.

With weight loss and increase muscle mass, will reduce the
amount of fat that helps the body use insulin better. Apparently there is a
relationship between diabetes type 2 with the location of the most fat. If
there is fat in the abdomen most risk of developing diabetes is higher.

The researchers also believe that the gene that carries the
nature of obesity played a role in causing diabetes. Gene called obese gene
regulates body weight through the news giver proteins whether we are hungry or
not. In experiments with mice, if the gene is mutated then the rats would
become obese and have type 2 diabetes.

Research shows that obesity associated with time spent in
front of the TV and computer. Watching TV will cause not move, also affected
the pattern of eating snacks.

How to overcome obesity to prevent diabetes?

It's easy, cheap and effective, here you are:

1. Allowing myself to live healthy

2. Familiarize yourself exercise regularly

3. Avoid watching TV or playing computer too long

4. Do not eat candy, chocolate, or a snack with a high salt
content.

5. Avoid fast food that contains carbohydrates and high fat.

6. Consumption of vegetables and fruits.

Dystrophy Muscle Duchenne

2009-10-29T10:46:00.000+07:00

DEFINITION
Muscle dystrophy Duchenne & Becker is a disease that causes weakness in muscles near the trunk.

CAUSE

Abnormalities of the gene that causes Duchenne muscular dystrophy gene different from the abnormalities that cause Becker muscular dystrophy, but both occur in the same gene.

This gene is recessive and carried by the X chromosome

A woman can carry this gene but do not suffer from the disease because the normal X chromosome can compensate for the abnormalities of genes from the other X chromosome.

Every man who receives the defective X chromosome will suffer from this disease.

Boy who suffered from Duchenne muscular dystrophy muscle protein deficiency is important, namely dystrophyn, who allegedly played a role in maintaining the structure of muscle cells.

100,000 among 20-30 male babies born, suffering from Duchenne muscular dystrophy.

Boy who suffered from muscular dystrophy Becker generate dystrophyn but size is too big and not working properly.

This disease occurred in 3 of every 100,000 male children.

Symptoms

Duchenne muscle dystrophy

Usually first occurred in boys aged 3-7 years, a weakness in or around the hips.

Usually followed by weakness in the shoulder muscles and getting worse.

In addition to experiencing weakness, muscle is also enlarged, but not strong muscle tissue.

In approximately 90% of patients also occur enlargement and weakness of the heart muscle, causing abnormal heartbeat that can be seen on an EKG.

Patients walk like a duck, frequent falls, difficulty in climbing stairs and had difficulty when rising from a seated position.

The muscles of the arms and legs are usually contract around the joints, elbows and knees that can not be corrected completely.

May eventually develop abnormalities curved spine (scoliosis).

At the age of 10-12 years, most people have to sit in a wheelchair.

Deteriorating weakness also causes patients susceptible to pneumonia and other diseases, and many died at the age of 20 years.

Becker muscular dystrophy

Symptoms resembling Duchenne muscular dystrophy, but more mild.

The symptoms first appeared at the age of 10 years.

When he reached the age of 16 years, very few people who have to sit in a wheelchair and more than 90% who survive to age 20 years.

Muscular dystrophy OTHER

Landouzy muscle dystrophy, Dejerine transmitted through an autosomal dominant gene, and therefore only 1 abnormal gene that can cause disease and can occur in both men and women.

This disease usually starts at the age of 7-20 years.

Always affected are the face and shoulder muscles, so that patients have difficulty in lifting arms, whistling or closed her eyes tightly shut.

Some patients also experienced weakness in lower limbs, making it difficult to bend the foot at the ankle (footdrop, leg limp).

Weakness that occurs is usually not too severe and the patient has a normal life expectancy.

Muscle dystrophy Limb-Girdle cause pelvic muscle weakness (muscular dystrophy Leyden-Möbius) or shoulder muscles (muscular dystrophy Erb).

This hereditary disease is usually only appear in adulthood and rarely cause a great weakness.

Mitochondrial myopathy is a muscle disease that occurs when the derivative of one gene in the mitochondria (the energy source for cells) derived through the egg cytoplasm in the mother.

Mitochondria carry their own genes. In the fertilization process does not provide the sperm mitochondria, all mitochondrial genes come from the mother. Because this disease is not derived from the father.

This disease sometimes causes weakness in the muscle group, for example in the eye muscles (oftalmoplegia).

Diagnosis
Diagnosis based on symptoms and physical examination results.
Blood tests showed an increase in creatinine kinase enzymes that out from muscle cells.
But elevated levels of these enzymes does not necessarily indicate the existence of muscular dystrophy that can also be caused by other muscle diseases.
Muscle biopsy done to assure the diagnosis.
Microscopic examination showed die tissue and muscle fibers are abnormally wide.
At an advanced stage, the dead muscle tissue replaced by fat and other tissue.
To strengthen the diagnosis of Duchenne muscular dystrophy is electromyographic and nerve conducts the
assessment.

Treatment
Duchenne muscular dystrophy and Becker can be cured.
Physical therapy and exercise will help prevent muscle furrow settle around the joints.
Sometimes surgery is needed to relieve sore muscles.

Treatment is still in its early stages of research are:
- Prednisone (a corticosteroid) which can temporarily alleviate the muscle weakness
- Genetic therapy that allows the muscle can produce dystrophyn.

PREVENTION
A person suffering from Duchenne muscular dystrophy or Becker recommended for genetic counseling to determine the possibility of a chain passing the disease to her child.

Osteoporosis

2009-06-10T11:27:00.000+07:00

2. Osteoporosis

Osteoporosis is a bone disease that has characteristics of low bone mass, bone micro-architecture with and degradation of bone tissue that can eventually lead to bone fragility.

Classification
1. Primary osteoporosis
Primary osteoporosis is often attacked the post-menopausal women and also in elderly men with unknown cause.

2. Secondary osteoporosis
Whereas secondary osteoporosis caused by diseases related to:
• Cushing's disease
• Hyperthyroidism
• Hyperparathyroidism
• Hypogonadism
• Liver disorders
• Chronic Renal Failure
• Lack of motion
• drinking alcohol
• Medicine users / corticosteroid
• Excess caffeine
• Smoking

Causes
Postmenopausal osteoporosis occurs because of lack of estrogen (the main hormone in women), who helped arrange the transport of calcium into bone in women. Usually symptoms occur in women aged between 51-75 years old, but could begin to emerge more quickly or more slowly. Not all women have the same risk for suffering from postmenopausal osteoporosis, a white woman and eastern regions suffering from a disease easier than black women.

Osteoporosis senilis likely the result of calcium deficiency related to age and the imbalance between the rate of bone destruction and new bone formation. Senilis means that this situation only occurs in old age. This disease usually occurs at age 70 years and above 2 times more likely to attack women. Women often suffer senilis and postmenopausal osteoporosis.

Less than 5% of those with osteoporosis, secondary osteoporosis is caused by another medical condition or by drug-obatan.Penyakit this can be caused by chronic renal failure and hormonal disorders (especially thyroid, parathyroid and adrenal) and drugs (eg corticosteroids, barbiturates, anti-seizure and excessive thyroid hormone). Excessive alcohol consumption and smoking can aggravate this situation.
Juvenile idiopathic osteoporosis is the cause of osteoporosis is unknown. This occurs in children and young adults who have hormone levels and normal function, normal levels of vitamins and has no obvious cause of bone fragility.

Symptoms
Bone density decreases slowly (especially in people with osteoporosis senilis), which at first caused no symptoms of osteoporosis. Some patients have no symptoms.

If bone density is reduced so that the bones be collapsed or destroyed, it will arise bone pain and deformity.
Vertebral collapse causing chronic back pain. Fragile spine may spontaneously collapses or because of minor injuries. Usually the pain arises suddenly and is felt in certain areas of the back, which will increase the pain if the patient was standing or walking. If touched, the area will be sore, but usually this pain will disappear gradually after several weeks or several months. If some broken spine, it will form an abnormal curvature of the spine (Dowager's hump), which causes muscle tension and pain.

Other bones can break, which is often caused by a mild pressure or a fall. One of the fractures of the most serious was a broken hip. What also often happens is a broken arm bone (radius) in the area with wrist connection, called Colles fracture. In addition, in people with osteoporosis, fractures tend to heal slowly.

Diagnosis
To someone who had fractures, the diagnosis of osteoporosis is established based on symptoms, physical examination and bone X-rays. Further tests may be needed to eliminate other conditions that can be overcome, which can cause osteoporosis.

To diagnose osteoporosis before fractures occur examination that assess bone density. The most accurate examination is DXA (dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry). This examination is safe and painless, can be done within 5-15 minutes. DXA is useful for:
• women who have a high risk of suffering from osteoporosis
• patients the diagnosis is uncertain
• treatment of patients must be assessed accurately.

Treatment
The purpose of treatment is to increase bone density. All women, especially those suffering from osteoporosis, should consume calcium and vitamin D in sufficient quantity.
Post-menopausal women suffering from osteoporosis can also get estrogen (usually together with progesterone) or alendronat, which can slow or stop the disease. Bisphosphonates are also used to treat osteoporosis.

Alendronat functions:
• reduce the speed of absorption of bone in postmenopausal women
• improve the bone mass in the spine and hip bone
• reduce the incidence of bone fractures.

To be well absorbed, alendronat should be taken with a full glass of water in the morning and within 30 minutes afterwards should not eat or drink something else. Alendronat can irritate the lining of the digestive tract, so that after drinking it should not be lying, at least for 30 minutes afterward. This drug should not be given to those who have difficulty swallowing or esophagus and stomach disease specific.

Calcitonin is recommended to be given to people who suffer from spinal fractures that are accompanied by pain. This drug can be given in the form of an injection or nasal spray.
Additional fluoride can increase bone density. But bone disorders can experience and become brittle, so its use is not recommended.
Men who suffer from osteoporosis usually get extra calcium and vitamin D, especially if the results indicate that the body does not absorb calcium in sufficient quantity. If low testosterone levels, testosterone can be given.

Fractures due to osteoporosis should be treated. Hip fractures are usually treated with surgery. Wrist fractures are usually repaired with a cast or surgery. In spinal collapse with a great back pain, given pain medication, supportive back brace fitted and physical therapy.

Prevention

Osteoporosis prevention includes:
• Maintain or increase bone density by consuming adequate calcium
• Conducting sports with weight
• Taking medications (for certain people).
Consuming calcium in sufficient amounts is very effective, especially before achieving maximum bone density (approximately age 30 years). Drink 2 cups of milk and vitamin D every day, can increase bone density in middle-aged women who previously did not get enough calcium. We recommend that all women take calcium tablets every day, the recommended daily dose is 1.5 grams of calcium.
Load exercise (e.g. walking and climbing stairs) would increase bone density. Swimming did not increase bone density.

Estrogen helps maintain bone density in women and is often taken in conjunction with progesterone. Estrogen replacement therapy is most effective starting in 4-6 years after menopause, but if it begins more than 6 years after menopause, can slow bone fragility and reduce the risk of fractures. Raloksifen an estrogen-like drugs the new, which may be less effective than estrogen in preventing bone fragility, but has no effect on the breast or uterus. To prevent osteoporosis, bisfosfonat (e.g. alendronat), can be used alone or in conjunction with hormone replacement therapy.

Kifosis

2009-05-14T11:02:00.002+07:00

3. Kifosis

Kifosis is a deformity of the spine that can result from trauma, developmental disorders or degenerative diseases. Kifosis (derived from the Greek, which means kyphos hump). Kifosis often associated with scoliosis, spine curved sideways. New kifosis called when the arch is more than 40o. If more than 50o is considered not normal. Mild Kifosis may not realize that almost no complaints except fatigue, back pain, and stiff initially considered normal due to daily activities.

In general, three types of kifosis known. First, congenital kyphosis, congenital abnormalities in the womb since that must be addressed as early as possible, before the age of 10 years.

Second, postural kyphosis is most common (in young girls) and so-called "bent shrimp". Rarely causes pain and not cause interference in adulthood. Overcome by strengthening the abdominal muscles and the knee that makes the body more comfortable.

Third, Scheuermann's khyphosis (taken from a Danish radiologist who first marks). A lot happened in their teens, especially in young men who are too skinny. Can affect the spine above and below (hip). Particular motion can trigger pain and eventually had enough to sit or stand for long. Can be overcome by using brace (brace vest torso), exercise strengthens the spine, and the provision of anti-inflammatory pain medication.