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VIDYA BALAN Review bollywood celibrity details films bikinipics FILMCAREER PERSONALLIFE Gossips award WETPICS wallpaper HOTPICS hotvideo

2011-02-03T07:03:00.000-08:00

VIDYA BALAN
DATE OF BIRTH-1.1.1978
BIRTH PLACE- PALAKKAD, KERALA, INDIA
FATHER- P.R.BALAN
OCCUPATION- ACTING
Vidya is one of the leading actress in Bollywood. She started her career in music videos, television shows and so many commercials. In 1998 she appeared number of T.V ads. She performed as a supporting role in music videos, such as Euphoria, Shubha Mudgal and Pankaj Udas.
FILM CAREER.
Vidya started film career trough Malayalam movie Chakram with Prithviraj.
In 2003 Vidya appeared in the Bengali movie Bhalo Theko and she won the Anandalok Puraskar Best actress Award in Kolkata.later she starred in Hindi movie Parineeta, for which she acclaimed by critics. Also she earned Filmfare Best Female Debut Award and nomination for Filmfare Best Actress Award.
In 2006 she played in Lage Raho Munna Bhai, alongside Sanjay Dutt. This movie is the blockbuster of the year.
She starred in ManiRatnam’s Guru in 2007. Her next release was Salaam-e-Ishq: ATribute to Love and Eklavya: The Royal Guard which grossed highest in the Hindi film industry. Later that she acted in Heyy Babyy and Bhool Bhulaiyaa, were both box office hit.
In 2009 Vidya performed in Paa with Amitabh Bachchan and Abishek Bachchan. This film received well critics and her role was appreciated. And she won her a Film fare Award for Best Actress and Star screen Award for Best Actress. Balan is also performed in UTV Spot boy’s No One Killed Jessica alongside Rani Mukerji
EARLY FAMILY LIFE.
Vidya Balan Born on 1.1.1978 in Ottapalam, Palakkad District, Kerala to a Hindu Iyer family her father name is P.R. Balan he was Vice president of ETC Channel and her mother is housewife. Vidya has one elder sisiter, Priya.
Vidya Balan completed her high school in St Anthony Girls High School, Chembur, Mumbai and she did her Anthropology Major in St.Xavier’s Collage. And she got M.A in Mumbai University.

LIST AND AWARDS.

Winner
2006: Filmfare Best Female Debut Award, Parineeta
2006: Filmfare Face of the Year, Parineeta
2010: Filmfare Best Actress Award, Paa
Nominated
2006: Filmfare Best Actress Award, Parineeta
2008: Filmfare Best Actress Award, Bhool Bhulaiyaa
Star Screen Awards
Winner
2006: Star Screen Award for Most Promising Newcomer - Female, Parineeta
2010: Star Screen Award for Best Actress - Paa
2011: Star Screen Award for Best Actress - Ishqiya
Zee Cine Awards
Winner
2006: Zee Cine Award for Best Female Debut, Parineeta
Nominated
2006: Zee Cine Award for Best Actor - Female, Parineeta
International Indian Film Academy Awards
Winner
2006: IIFA Best Female Debut, Parineeta
2010: IIFA Best Actress Award, Paa (shared with Kareena Kapoor)
Nominated
2007: IIFA Best Actress Award, Lage Raho Munnabhai
2008: IIFA Best Actress Award, Bhool Bhulaiyaa
2008: IIFA Best Villain Award, Bhool Bhulaiyaa
2008: IIFA Best Supporting Actress Award, Guru
Stardust Awards
Winner
2006: Stardust Superstar of Tomorrow - Female, Parineeta
Nominated
2008: Stardust Best Supporting Actress Award, Guru
Other Awards
2004: Anandalok Puraskar Awards, Best Actress, Bhalo Theko
2005: Apsara Producer's Guild Awards for Outstanding Debut, Parineeta
2006: Star's Sabsey Favourite Nayi Heroine, Parineeta
2007: Anandalok Puraskar Awards, Best Actress (Hindi), Bhool Bhulaiyaa
2010: Lions Gold Awards, Best Actress, Paa
2010: 'FICCI Frames 2010' Excellence Awards: Best Actress for Paa

LIST OF FILMS.
2003
Bhalo Theko
2005
Parineeta
2006
Lage Raho Munna Bhai
2007
Guru
Salaam-e-Ishq: A Tribute To Love
Eklavya: The Royal Guard
Heyy Babyy
Bhool Bhulaiyaa
Om Shanti Om
2008
Halla Bol
Kismat Konnection
2009
Paa
2010
Ishqiya
2011
No One Killed Jessica
Urumi
Kahani
The Dirty Picture

PREETHI JHANGIANI Review bollywood celibrity details films bikinipics FILMCAREER PERSONALLIFE Gossips award WETPICS wallpaper HOTPICS hotvideo

2011-02-02T07:06:00.000-08:00

PREETHI JHANGIANI
DATE OF BIRTH- 18.08.1980
BIRTH PLACE-MANGALORE, KARNATAKA, INDIA
Preethi is one of the leading actress in Bollywood, Tollywood, Sandalwood and Kollywood.
Preethi born in Mangalore to a Hindu family. She completed her education in Jai Hind collage, Mumbai. She is fluent in kannada, Hindi, English and sindhi language.
Preethi started her first carreer in Rajshri Production’s Music Album Yeh Hai Prem with Abbas. After that she Apeared in Nirma Sandal Soap T V advertisement.
She entered film industry through Malayalam movie Mazhavillu in the year of 2000. later that year she starred in Bollywood Movie Mohabbatein.this is a well to her as well as box-office. She also performed in Punjabi movie Sajna Ve Sajna.
Preethi married an actor Parvin Dabas on 2008.

LIST OF FILMS

Tejam (2010) (TELUGU)
As the river flows (2010)
Haseena: Smart, Sexy, Dangerous (2009) ... Tina
Visakha Express (2008) (TELUGU)
Sajna Ve Sajna (2007) ... (PUNJABI)
Godfather: The Legend Continues (2007) (PAKISTAN - URDU)
Victoria No. 203 (2007) ... Devyani / Mona
Yamadonga(2007) ... Oorvasi (Celestial Beauty) Item Number (TELUGU)
With Luv... Tumhaara (2006) ... Anuradha
Jaane Hoga Kya (2006) ... Suchitra
Chand Ke Paar Chalo (2006) ... Nirmala / Garima
Sauda - The Deal (2005) ... Devika
Ssukh (2005) ... Sushila Chandraprakash Sharma
Chehraa (2005) ... Dr. Reena
Chaahat – Ek Nasha (2005) ... Rashmi Jaitly
Apparao Driving School (2004) ... Anjali (TELUGU)
Aan: Men at Work (2004) ... Janki
Anandamanandamaye (2004) (TELUGU)
Omkara (2004) (KANNADA)
LOC Kargil (2003) ... Balwan Singh's girlfriend
Baaz: A Bird in Danger (2003) ... Preeti Rastogi
Annarth (2002) ... Preeti
Waah! Tera Kya Kehna (2002) ... Meena
Awara Paagal Deewana (2002) ... Preeti
Na Tum Jaano Na Hum (2002) ... Special Appearance
Adhipati (2001) ... (TELUGU)
Narasimha Naidu (2001) ....(TELUGU)
Mohabbatein (2000) ... Kiran
Thammudu (1999) ... Janaki / Jaanu (TELUGU)
Hello (1999) ... Swetha (TAMIL)
Mazhavillu (1999) ... Veena (MALAYALAM)

TABU Review bollywood details films pics FILMCAREER PERSONALLIFE Gossips awardslist WETPICS wallpaper HOTPICS gallery movielist hotvideo

2011-01-08T01:08:00.000-08:00

TABU

DATE OF BIRTH- 04.11.1970
BIRTH PLACE- HYDERABAD, INDIA
FATHER AND MOTHER-JAMAL HASHMI AND RIJWANA

Tabu is one of the leading actress in Bollywood, though she well known in Tamil Telugu,Malyalam,Bengali and Marathi film industry.

FILM CAREER.

Tabu entered the Bollywood in the movie Bazaar in 1980 as a child actor after five years she appeared in Hum Naujawan
Tabu appeared as an actress in Tollywood movie Coolie No.1. Her anothor Hindi movie was Roop Ki Rani Choro Raja and Prem. In Prem she appeared with Sanjay Kapoor.
In 1994 she played a major role in Vijaypath alongside Ajay Devagan for which she won the Film fare Best Female Debut Award.
In 1996 she acted in Saajan Chale Sasural and Jeet. Her major role in Maachis,she won the National Film fare Award for Best Actress.at same year she played a major Role in Tamil’s Kadal Desam along side Abbas,this movie grab the box office.
In 1997 she appeared in Border along side Sonny Deol. Later that year she played critically acclaimed film Virasat and She received Film fare Critics Award for Best Performance.
In 1999, Tabu acted in Biwi No. I and Hum Saat-Saat Hain:We Stand United. Both movies were the biggest hits of that year.
In 2000 she starred in Hera Pheri and Astitva.she won the Film fare Critics Award for Best Performance for Astitva.
In 2001 Tabu appeared as a bar dancer in Madhur Bandarkar’s Chandini Bar, for this she got her second National Film fare Award for Best Actress.
Tabu has appeared in number of Tollywood movies such as Coolie No.1 and Ninne Pelladutha.
In 2003 she acted in Vishal Bharadwaj’s Maqbool and premiered at the Toronto inter national Film Festival.
Tabu played a supporting role in Fanaa with Amir Khan and Kajol.this film was a 4th biggest hit of the year 2006.
In 2007 she acted in Mira Nair’s Hollywood movie The Namesake.
Tabu append as lover of 64 year old man Amitab Bachchan in the movie Cheeni Kum.

EARLI FAMILY LIFE.

TABU born on November 4, 1970 in Hydarabad to Muslim family. Her father name is Jaml hashmi and mother is Rizwana.
Tabu completed her high school in St. Ann’s high school in Hyderabad. And she moved to Mumbai and completed her two year studies in St Xavier’s Collage.

PERSONAL LIFE.
TABU is the life member of International Club of Asian Academy Of Film and Television, Noida.
In 1998, Tabu was charged an offence with poaching two blackbucks in Kankani during the filming of Hum Saath Saath Hain The charges were dropped soon after and Tabu was acquitted.

LIST OF TABU'S MOVIE,AWARDS AND NOMINATIONS.

1985 Hum Naujawan as a child artiste and Devanand's daughter
1991 Coolie No. 1Telugu film
1994 Pehla Pehla Pyaar
Vijaypath Winner, Filmfare Best Female Debut Award
1995 Prem
Saajan Ki Baahon Mein
Sisindri Telugu film
Haqeeqat
1996 Saajan Chale Sasural
Kalapani Malayalam film
Kadhal Desam Tamil filmWinner Filmfare Best Actress Award (Tamil)
Himmat
Tu Chor Main Sipahi
Jeet Special appearance Nominated, Filmfare Best Supporting Actress Award
Ninne Pelladatha Telugu filmWinner, Filmfare Best Actress Award (Telugu)
Maachis Winner, National Film Award for Best Actress Nominated, Filmfare Best Actress Award
1997
Virasat Winner, Filmfare Critics Award for Best PerformanceNominated, Filmfare Best Actress Award
Darmiyan
Border
Iruvar Tamil film
1998 Chachi 420
Aavida Maa Aavide Telugu film
Two Thousand One
Hanuman
1999 Kohram: The Explosion
Hum Saath-Saath Hain: We Stand United
Hu Tu Tu Winner, Filmfare Critics Award for Best PerformanceNominated, Filmfare Best Actress Award
Biwi No.1
Thakshak
Thaayin Manikodi Tamil film
2000 Snegithiye Tamil film
Cover Story Malayalam film
Hera Pheri
Kandukondain Kandukondain Tamil film
Tarkieb
Dil Pe Mat Le Yaar
Shikari
Astitva Winner, Filmfare Critics Award for Best Performance Nominated, Filmfare Best Actress Award, Marathi film
2001 Ghaath
Dil Ne Phir Yaad Kiya
Chandni Bar Winner, National Film Award for Best ActressNominated, Filmfare Best Actress Award
Aamdani Atthani Kharcha Rupaiyaa
2002 Maa Tujhhe Salaam
Filhaal...
Chennakeshava Reddy Telugu film
Zindagi Khoobsoorat Hai
Saathiya
Cameo
2003 Abar Aranye Bengali film
Khanjar: The Knife
Hawa
Jaal: The Trap
Maqbool
2004 Main Hoon Na Special appearance
Meenaxi: A Tale of Three Cities
2005 Silsiilay
Bhagmati
Andarivaadu Telugu film
2007 Shock Telugu film
Fanaa
2007 Sarhad Paar
The Namesake
Cheeni Kum Winner, Filmfare Critics Award for Best Performance
Om Shanti Om Special appearance in song Deewangi Deewangi
2008 Idee Sangati Telugu film
Pandurangadu Telugu film
2010 Toh Baat Pakki Season's Greetings Filming
Urumi Filming(Malayalam)
The Legend Of Kunal Filming
2011 Banda Yeh Bindaas Hai Post-production

AMISHA PATEL Review bollywood details films pics FILMCAREER PERSONALLIFE Gossips awardslist WETPICS wallpaper HOTPICS gallery movielist hotvideo

2011-01-07T06:43:00.000-08:00

AMISHA PATEL

DATE OF BIRTH- 09.06 1975
BIRTH PLACE- MUMBAI, MAHARASTRA, INDIA.
FATHER AND MOTHER-AMITHA PATEL AND ASHA PATEL.

AMISHA PATEL is one of the leading actress in Bollywood. And she is a Bharatanatyam dancer also.

FILM CAREER.

Amisha Patel entered the film industry in Kaho Naa... Pyaar Hai (2000). Opposite Hrithik Roshan. Later she appeared in her second Movie in Tollywood Badri opposite Pawan Kalyan. This movie was a major succecss,grossing more than 120 million in India.
In 2001 she acted in Gadar: Ek Prem Katha with Sunnydeol. This is a movie about cross-border romance and directed by Anil Sharma. Amisha won the Film fare Special Performance Award for her best acting in Gadar. As well as nominations for Best Actress at various award ceremonies.Later that year she acted in Yeh Zindagi Ka Safar.this is flopped at the box office.
In 2002 she played in the movie Humraaz. This movie was the highest grossing film of the year.
In 2006 Amisha acted major role in with Kya Yehi Pyaar Hai along with Hrithik roshan.and later that year she appeared Ketan Mehta's historical movie Mangal Pandey: The Rising.
In 2007 she played in Honeymoon Travels Pvt. Ltd. Which was moderate success? At the same year she acted with Akshya Kumar in Bhool Bhulaiyaa.
Amisha appeared in bikini item, Lazy Lamhe, in Kunal Kohli's Thoda Pyaar Thoda Magic in the year of 2008.
After two years she set to star in Hindi movie Run Bhola Run alongside Govind and film Chatur Singh Two Star, with Sanjay Dutt. At the same time she signed for Tollywood Parama Veera Chakra, with Nandamuri Balakrishna. And Hindi POWER, co-staring Amitha Bachachan, Sanjay Dutt and Anil Kapoor.
EARLY FAMILY LIFE.
Amisha Patel born in Breach candy Hospital in Mumbai, to a Hindu family. Her father name is Amit Patel and mother is Asha Patel.
She trained Bharathanatyam at the age of five
Amisha studied in the Cathedral and John Connon School, Mumbai. And higher studies at Tufts University in Medford, Massachusetts.
After returning to India she joined SatyaDev Dubaye’s theater group and acted in plays.
PERSONAL LIFE.
In 1999 Amish started dating and roaming with film maker Vikram Bhatt and they separated in 2008
In 2008 Amisha was spotted with London Based businessman Kanava Puri and she confirmed their relatitionship.
And in 2010 Amisha Patel broke off the relationship with her boyfriend Kanav Puri for the reason of her film career.
List of awards and nominations received by Ameesha Patel
2000
Kaho Naa... Pyaar Hai
Badri Telugu film
2001
Gadar: Ek Prem Katha Winner, Filmfare Special Performance AwardNominated, Filmfare Best Actress Award
Yeh Zindagi Ka Safar
2002 Kranti
Kya Yehi Pyaar Hai
Aap Mujhe Achche Lagne Lage
Yeh Hai Jalwa
Humraaz Nominated, Filmfare Best Actress Award
2003
Puthiya Geethai Tamil film
Parwana
2004 Suno Sasurjee
Shart: The Challenge Special appearance
NaaniTelugu film
2005 Vaada
Elaan
Zameer: The Fire Within
Narasimhudu Telugu film
Mangal Pandey: The Rising
2006 Mere Jeevan Saathi
Humko Tumse Pyaar Hai
Teesri Aankh: The Hidden Camera
Tathastu
Ankahee
Aap Ki Khatir
2007 Honeymoon Travels Pvt. Lt.
Heyy Babyy Special appearance in the title song
Bhool Bhulaiyaa
Om Shanti Om Special appearance
2008 Thoda Pyaar Thoda Magic
2011 Parama Veera Chakra Telugu film, Post-production
Run Bhola Run Post-production
Chatur Singh Two Star Post-production
Power Filming

Acer Aspire 7552G price features technology design review.

2011-01-04T05:26:00.000-08:00

Acer Aspire 7552G

Aspire 7552G is the new product of Acer. Acer is well known manufacturers of desk top and lap tops. Aspire 7552G fall on the category of note-book. The Aspire7552G includes AMD VISION technology. It provides multimedia experaince.

Aspire 7552G is exactly It is 17.3-inch lap top it can re-palce the traditional desk-top. Aspire 7552G laptop is very good for perform business and research. If you are a student or business man you can buy this lap-top without compromise because Aspire 7552G has 6-cell lithium ion battery for providing back-up life. and light weight. You can roam all day long!!.

KEY SPECIFICATION

*17.3-inch LED backlit display with resolution of 1600 x 900 pixel
*Acer CineCrystal HD+
*AMD Phenom Quad-Core II Mobile processor
*ATI Mobility Radeon HD4570 graphics card
*4GB DDR3 RAM, 500GB SATA HDD
*AMD VISION technology
*Windows 7 Home Premium 64-bit OS
*Blu-Ray drive, HDMI port
*5-in-1 card reader, Wi-Fi
*Gigabit Ethernet

MADE AND DESIGN .

Aspire 7552G includes CineCrystal display with a fast response time so that fast action moves seamlessly across the screen and a 16:9 aspect ratio--perfect for viewing content created for the widescreen. And with quad-core processing and ATI Radeon HD GraphicsThe notebook's rounded edges and smooth lines bring a slenderized look while the mesh-patterned cover brings a rich appearance. The keyboard also extends to a dedicated numeric keypad, making number key-ins quick and streamlining productivity.

It's powered by a quad-core AMD Phenom II processor and the ATI Radeon HD 5650 graphics processor, which combines multi-core processing and powerful graphics for a superior digital entertainment experience. A Multi-Gesture Touchpad enables you to pinch, flick and swirl your fingers across the touchpad for more natural photo and video viewing as well as intuitive navigation of websites. Other features include ultra-fast Wireless-N Wi-Fi networking, an integrated webcam for video chats, and a SuperMulti optical drive that's compatible with double-layer DVD discs.

WikiLeaks the New Information Cultures and Digital Parrhesia

2011-01-02T05:33:00.000-08:00

WikiLeaks (currently at http:// 213.251.145.96/) has redefined not only media ethics, it has redefined what we understand as information cultures itself. This commentary on perhaps one of the most significant developments since the arrival of internet cultures outlines certain ways of understanding WikiLeaks (WL, for short).1 I shall do this through a series of propositions, given that we have no idea yet how WL will shape up and so the present commentary also has to be partial, fragmentary and unfinished. WL as a Cultural Phenomenon WL cannot be identified just with an individual Julian Assange, even though he pops up as soon as one opens the website. Assange is a messenger, he is neither messiah nor the message. But, fortunately or unfortunately, he has become identified as the "face" of WL. However, to do this is to personalise-individualise what is really a cultural phenomenon.2 It draws breath from the subcultural hacker movement which arose primarily out of the belief (now the hacker credo): "information wants to be free". Years ago the Cult of the Dead Cow (CDC) delivered its Hacktivist Declaration: We view access to information as a basic human right. We are also interested in keeping the Internet free of state-sponsored censorship and corporate chicanery so all opinions can be heard (http://www.cultdeadcow. com/cDc_files/HacktivismoFAQ.html). This declaration itself drew upon the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR), quoting its Article 19: Everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and expression; this right includes freedom to hold opinions without interference and to seek, receive and impart information and ideas through any media and regardless of frontiers.
Like CDC, WL also sees itself as deriving its moral and ethical stance from the UDHR (citing Article 19 on its website), and thus locates itself in a global cultural apparatus: the universal movement for human and related rights. What WL represents is a new culture of information that dovetails into two other cultural practices: whistle-blowing and parrhesia (truth-telling). At the end of this essay I shall return to the second one for a more extensive discussion.

MORE
Despite this emphasis on the culture of dissidence, resistance and truth-telling embodied by WL, it cannot be denied that individual whistle-blowers have put their careers and their lives on the line. For protest to effect any political change, cyborg theorist Chris Hables Gray, the creator of the Cyborg Bill of Rights, points out, it requires embodiment: "you testify to the truth with your body" (2001: 44). The persecution of Assange – his dramatic arrest, the rape charges, the threats of extradition and possible assassination – makes for a very strange mix where the virtual meets the flesh-and-blood: online activity whose validity and value are sworn to by the very real threat to the person of Julian Assange. Conversely, does eliminating the "body" of Assange alter the virtual threat that the new culture of information represents? The answer is "no", for we are in the age of an electronic civil society and information culture unlimited to bodies, geographies or national boundaries. WL as Public Witnessing WL shapes a new textualisation and visualisation of how international relations and global geopolitics work. That is, something as abstract as geopolitics or international relations that very often manifest only as finalised treaties or speeches or policy documents gets broken down into its dirty, messy constituent parts. We therefore must see WL’s collection of documents as the processes that make up the world’s functioning. In a sense, WL directs us, for the first time, to the making of the world order (or disorder).

WL emerges out of digital and networked technologies that enable "public witnessing" (Reading 2009). Here the production of information about human rights violations, war, oppression, atrocity, disaster and suffering have been the work not solely of CNN and the state but amateurs wielding mobile phone cameras and camcorders. Traceable back to the epoch-making Rodney King beating in Los Angeles in 1989, public witnessing is the user-generated content of the horrors of war or disaster. In such a context WL feeds an already ravenous appetite for such content. In an era where extreme cultures constitute the screen in the form of extreme sports, extreme deprivation and extreme violence, WL is one more component of such cultures. Thus to see WL as completely unique would be to deny significance to the visual cultures of Abu Ghraib-Guantanamo Bay, Katrina, the 2004 tsunami or the 2010 Haitian earthquake.
Public witnessing ensures that the invisible becomes visible as well. For example, WL’s first major exposes were of the Iraq war, many visuals being uploaded (and later acquired by WL) by soldiers from the front. As Noel Whitty suggests in his study of soldier photography (2010), a whole new "visualisation of war" is now possible with such visuals. Those scenes we were not meant to see – which is what Nicholas Mirzoeff terms "invisible" – such as Saddam Hussein’s execution, the tortures in Abu Ghraib or the massacre of civilians in Iraq and Afghanistan can now be seen. We are now in the era of the hyper-visible, by which I mean the excessive and repeated circulation of such images we were not intended to ever see.
In the age of human rights campaigns, a great deal of value is attached to the visual evidence of atrocity (Girling 2004). That is, there is a visual culture of human rights today, a cultural apparatus through which human rights are refracted for public consumption. The Iraq War Logs and the "Collateral Murder" video which first brought WL global attention are instances of this visual culture of human rights and international humanitarian law. Scenes of war, classified documents that legitimised torture, secret parleys behind policy constitute what we might term a counter-archive. An archive has traditionally been a space where documents are stored and the rights of interpretation of these documents rest with a chosen few (known in classical times as "archons"). Here, in WL’s archives we have a database from which we, as readers, need to build narratives. I am drawing attention to two specific details here. The collection of documents might have an "internal" narrative but we need to see them as a database. A database in cyberspace leaves us many options of traversals (reading, following links). As we traverse we build a narrative through the database. I have elsewhere argued that this construction of narrative from a "raw" database is fundamentally a matter of choice: what paths we choose to take through the database (Nayar 2010). Therefore, the archive of documents WL leaks must be, and can be, made to tell a story – about injustice, corruption, deprivation, suffering in any part of the world – depending on our choice of frames of interpretation and wanderings through the corpus. WL-facilitated public witnessing could therefore become the means of producing a globalisation of conscience. WL, Knowledge-Making and a Virtual Public Space WL constitutes a rupture in dominant and dominating patterns of knowledge-making and interpretive schemes. Previously knowledge that was hierarchic, centralised and graded, is now random, non-hierarchic and user-generated, resulting in distributed knowledge (or "infotopia", Sunstein 2006; Lévy 2001, Chapter 10).
WL’s leakage of thousands of documents offers contestatory narratives of the "war on terror", to take just one instance. These contestatory narratives provide the necessary corrective to centralised and controlled state discourses about Iraq and Afghanistan. With WL, a gap in knowledge about the same event has occurred, between the rhetoric of the US government regarding the "war on terror" and the stories told in the leaked cables. This gap in knowledge cannot be really filled because of the contestatory nature of the counter-archive. If knowledge proceeds by debates, in the true Socratic function, WL offers us an opportunity to situate two discourses and sets of narratives in dialogue. What WL does is not to pinpoint blames for wrongdoing on X or Y. Rather, it gives us a glimpse of the institutional, state, organisational cultures that made X or Y’s acts possible. Records on/at WL must be seen not as individual instances but as embodiments of institutional politics and power games. In other words, we need to treat the documents in the archive not as illuminating the perversions of one soldier in Iraq or Abu Ghraib: they must be evaluated as synecdochic of a culture where such acts of atrocity were made possible,and even legitimised. It is therefore interestin to note how former soldiers whofought in Iraq support WL’s efforts.We did unto you what we would not wantdone unto us… Our heavy hearts still hold
hope that we can restore in our country the acknowledgement of your humanity, that we were taught to deny (qtd in Lazare and Harvey 2010: 27).
What WL does is to locate a Lynndie England (the infamous prison warden at Abu Ghraib) within a US culture of war and a war effort that empowered such individuals.The individual soldiers only denote individual wrong-doing, but what we need to see is the connotation – which is the cultural apparatus of atrocity. Individuals like Bradley Manning (the military intelligence analyst who allegedly leaked the documents to WL, and is now in prison, and likely to remain there for a
long time), see their acts as a public service.Thus, to bring the argument full circle, to see Assange or Manning as individual heroes is to miss the point. If the public space has to possess a certain morality– of giving visibility to human rights violations, deprivation, suffering and cruelty (i e, whistle-blowing) and offering the chance for people to voice their dissent and discontent – then it is the rise and dissemination of counter-narratives such as those archived at WL that remake the space. If the public space is the space for different people to tell their stories, WL marks the arrival of such a space. This is the main reason why it is
fascinating to see how the US, the socalled defender of free speech and therefore multiple stories, has suddenly decided that WL is not about free speech at all because it hurts "global" interests (US commentators have even called for the death penalty to Bradley Manning). In January 2009 US Secretary of State,Hillary Clinton, claimed a new nervous system for the globe: the internet. Sharply critical just last year of China’s efforts at
limiting Google (known among hactivists as "the great firewall of China"), this same Clinton is now up in arms against WL. WL and the Archive of the Future Hactivism such as WL’s is always open to charges of being unethical, especiallywhen their disclosures affect powerful state and corporate interests. However, we need to see their ethics as "deriving from the future", as Tim Jordan argues about hactivists (2002: 138). WL cannot really predict what its disclosures will result in.In this sense, WL is not embedded either in the past or the present: it draws its courage
from a promise of a future when things could be different. But it can also be read as a moral/ethical position on free speech – a position and policy endorsed by various governments in the past – being taken to its logical
end and directed at the future.
The entire WL project must be seen as an archive whose uses would only be in the future, it is therefore a responsibility and response directed at the future of knowledge-production, international relations and authority. Currently, as it stands, the 2,50,000 + documents WL plans to release
slowly is in fact "virtual": for the word virtual means "something with the
potential to become real". This archive has the potential – the future – to remake the world through the rise of a global consciousness.WL and the Culture of Parrhesia To return to the point with which I began,
the cultures of information, WL can be read as marking the arrival of a digital parrhesia, or truth-telling. Derived from "para" meaning "beyond" and "resis",meaning "speech", parrhesia is truth-telling performed at risk to the truth-teller.3 In Athenian democracy, parrhesia was an important component, but it was also a feature that distinguished the good citizen, Michel Foucault notes (1983). It involves citizens acting as individuals,
but also acting as an assembly in the open space:Parrhesia, which is a requisite for public speech, takes place between citizens as individuals,
and also between citizens construed as an assembly. Moreover,
the agora [theopen space] is the place where parrhesia appears
(Foucault, online, unpaginated).Two preliminary points. First, it is not
possible, given the nature of global communications and the globalisation of free speech, to think of a single truth-teller, unless one were to,mistakenly, in my opinion, assign this status to Assange. But, as noted earlier, we must be careful in converting the messenger into a messiah
or even the message itself. The most one can say about Assange is that he functions as a cipher in the free flow of information that is digital parrhesia. While accusations about his autocratic and anti-US bias
do the rounds, it remains indisputable that the documents speak for themselves, in the medium which is cyberspace and WL. A second point to be noted is that parrhesia is performed at the risk to the truthteller.
Here, if we assume the speech-act as a manifestation of the structures enabling transmission of truth, then Assange and Bradley Manning are indeed the structures at risk. These seem to be two apparently contradictory points – about digital parrhesia being performed at risk to the truth-teller and contemporary condition where we cannot pinpoint a single truth-teller. I propose a slightly different parrhesia, one that is less interested in the truth-teller than in the culture of truth-telling. Digital
cultures create a new communications culture, which generates a new community,the global civil society (we have seen this in the case of online supports, campaigns,humanitarian efforts in the wake of the tsunami, Katrina, the Haiti earthquake,protests against the WTO, etc), and the globalisation of conscience. WL is an embodiment of this new form of communicationsleading-to-community, a digital parrhesia.
At risk is digital space as parrhesiastic space. At risk is a new media cultural practice (Napster, Bit Torrent, Rapidshare,CreativeCommons, Open Source Movement, Wikipedia,WikiLeaks), not the individual voice.
At risk is the entire culture of information sharing, the agora of information.Parrhesia has a close link with self-examination
(Foucault). Foucault of course makes much of the fact that a truth-teller’s
telling and his life must be in what he calls "harmonic relation". Thus, it calls upon the speaker to examine what s/he believes and therefore for a closer scrutiny of her/ him-self. Hence the attacks on Assange’s
personal life are aimed at discrediting his role as truth-teller, but miss the crucial point of the contexts of parrhesia. By targeting him, the governments are hoping to change the cultural form itself. His morality
in fact has nothing to do with the culture of communications. What the contemporaryversion of parrhesia achieves is not only the demand for self-examination (American policies, for example, as revealed in the cables) but a context in which this examination can occur. This brings us to the next point.Foucault notes that the "agora is the place where parrhesia appears". The agora, central to ancient democracies, is the public space where multiple stories are told, at considerable risk to the teller (and heard). For some time now cyberspace has been treated as an agora (Rheingold 2000). It is in the continuous, often random movement
of data packets that parrhesia makes its appearance in the agora of virtual worlds, the information commons. Digital parrhesia is the process of building a global civil space, an electronic agora through the social act of sharing information and producing collaborative/distributed
knowledge – and this is what is at stake in the WL battle. If information and rational debate are central to the democratisation of the world (democracy is often "deliberative democracy", with an inherent
emphasis on information-driven "deliberations"), then the digital parrhesia is the space of deliberation where democracy might emerge. Truth-telling might of course result in the severance of relations between the truth-teller and his audience (try telling your friend you do not like her/his partner!), but that still means he must speak the truth. Foucault makes it clear that his intention "was not to deal with the problem
of truth, but with the problem of the truth-teller or truth-telling as an activity". The questions he raises about truth-telling as activity are what concern us most today in the case of WL: "what is the relation between
the activity of truth-telling and the exercise of power, or should these
activities be completely independent and kept separate?" We should be concerned, says Foucault, "with the question of the importance of telling the truth, knowing who is able to tell the truth, and knowing why we should tell the truth". The task at hand is to create the agora where parrhesia can take place. It is not necessarily the validity of this or that statement, cable or memo, but the space in which these can
be displayed and kept for scrutiny as part of a trust-building exercise. It is therefore important that space be made for parrhesia to take place. This means, simply, keeping the agora, the space of the virtual and WL domains open for parrhesiatic "business" (something that has been
directly affected through the withdrawal of support by Amazon.com. PayPal, and Visa- Mastercard).4Michael Peters has, I think correctly,
proposed that parrhesia is connected not only to knowledge but to education and thence to democracy (2003). While Foucault’s interest lay in the education of the self and the institution of monarchy
with which parrhesia was most situated it is possible to extend this ideas to contemporary times. Parrhesia is "fearless speech" and is a crucial component of the civic processes of any society. It is usually performed by an individual who is in a position of lesser power. Parrhesia also
aligns truth with duty and the necessity to improve conditions through the truth-telling act (Sementelli 2009: 360). Put together what we can argue is that WL constitutes a parrhesiastic act that (i) must be allowed to run free, (ii) must be facilitated by the construction and reinforcement of
conditions in which it can happen, and (iii) enables the making of a global civil society. As of now, admittedly, the US has been the major target of the leaks. But if WL’s own statements are true, then it appears as though several countries and governments around the world will have their hidden stories "outed". If there is any chance of a global civil society, an agora, to form, then WL’s digital parrhesia might just be the route to that place where criticism of governments from the US to Ulan Bator can occur. Digital parrhesia is very possibly the domain where democracy
itself is at stake.

Trial of Binayak Sen Human rights activist

2011-01-02T05:19:00.000-08:00

The trial of one of the most celebrated political prisoners in recent times has just ended. Going through the trial proceedings makes one laugh at the kind of evidence the Chhattisgarh police have managed to gather against Binayak Sen; but the human rights activist spent two years in jail on the basis of this evidence, charged with sedition, waging war against the State, as well as being a Maoist supporter, both under normal laws and under the Chhattisgarh Special Public Security Act (CSPSA) and the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act (UAPA). The international clamour for his release, with Nobel Laureates joining in, had no effect on either our highly educated prime minister or the person who appointed him, the supposedly liberal Congress Party president who surrounds herself with some of the country’s leading intellectuals. Even the Supreme Court rejected his bail application the first time, with no reasons being given. Binayak Sen made news when he was in jail, but soon after he was released on bail by the Supreme Court (again, no reasons given) he faded away from media focus. But his trial continued. Had it been reported regularly, the country would have known the nature of the evidence against him, and also about the ordinary men and women who stood up in court and insisted the police version was wrong. The complete blackout of the trial throws light on the functioning of the Chhattisgarh media, which had gone to town when Sen was arrested, proclaiming in banner headlines his guilt by calling him a Naxali daakiya (Naxalite postman).
There is one more aspect of this episode that needs to be highlighted: Sen’s co-accused, the alleged "hardcore Naxalite" Narayan Sanyal, and businessman Piyush Guha, were denied bail and remained in custody all this time. The evidence against them did not inspire confidence either.
What were the specific charges against Sen? All three accused in the case faced the same charges: that of having conspired at any of six different places (sic) to wage war against the state, and of being members of or contributed funds to or assisted the work of an illegal organisation. Evidence? What was the evidence to support these charges? The prosecution alleged that Sen had passed on letters from Narayan Sanyal, whom he used to meet in Raipur Central Jail, to Piyush Guha, to be sent "out". These letters were allegedly found on Guha when he was arrested. However, jailor after jailor testified that there was no way Sanyal could have handed over anything to Sen in jail because Sanyal’s visitors were not only searched before and after meeting him, but all Sanyal’s meetings with visitors were held under strict supervision. Not only could the jailors see Sen and Sanyal during the meeting, they could also hear their conversation, which they testified, centred on the 74-year-old Sanyal’s health, his case, and his family. When asked if they had been pulled up for carelessness in monitoring Sanyal, the jail staff said no. Two jailors were declared hostile by the prosecution.
The prosecution could not prove that Sen ever met Guha. The hotel owner and manager, in whose hotels the police alleged the two would meet, told the court that they had never seen Sen or anyone come to meet Guha. The prosecution declared them hostile. Thus the triangle sought to be established by the prosecution – of Sen as the link between Sanyal and Guha – could not be established.
It could be argued that witnesses normally turn hostile in cases against Naxalites, being too scared of the latter to depose against them. However, in Chhattisgarh’s cities, there is little evidence of Naxalite terror. On the contrary, be it Raipur or Dantewada, this state has seen members of the ruling Bharatiya Janata Party and the opposition Congress gang up to boot out anyone suspected of being a Naxalite sympathiser, even Gandhians and scientists. The police have of course taken the lead in targeting those they label "Naxalite sympathisers". They did not allow academics Nandini Sundar and Ujjwal Singh to meet people in Dantewada last December, nor did they let an all-women’s team reach Dantewada to join Gandhian Himanshu Kumar’s peace march around the same time. If any terror exists in Chhattisgarh’s cities, it is the terror of the police.
Hence the ordinary men and women who disproved the police story against Sen in court – two hoteliers and one school principal – were unlikely to have been acting under fear of the Naxalites. And what of the jailors? What motivated them to deny the police version? Fabricated Evidence? The prosecution had one more weapon against Sen, a "proof" that needed no eyewitnesses to validate it: a letter dated 1 December 2005, ostensibly written by Naxalites thanking him for his services in Chhattisgarh and hoping for similar services in Orissa. This unsigned letter, in the form of a computer printout, made a sudden appearance when a prosecution witness was deposing, a man who claimed to have been called by the police to witness their search of Sen’s house.
Unlike the other documents seized from the house, this letter had neither Sen’s signature nor that of the investigating officer, B B Rajpoot, who was part of the police search party, on it. It had instead only the signatures of the two witnesses the police claim were present during the search. It is neither mentioned in the list of documents seized from Sen’s house (seizure memo) nor in the final report presented with the challan; nor in the list given to the court’s maalkhana where all seized material is stored. "I have no knowledge who found it or from where’’, the town inspector, B S Jagrit told the court, maintaining however, that it was found in Sen’s house. Both he and the investigation officer had the same explanation as to why it had neither Rajpoot’s nor Sen’s signature: "Either we forgot, or this paper got overlooked because it was stuck to some other document seized during the search". But how come the witnesses signed it?
To prevent planting of evidence, all the material seized from an accused’s house is supposed to be sealed in the presence of witnesses before being taken away. The prosecution claimed this was done. The defence alleged it was not. And to substantiate its allegation, Sen’s lawyer Surendra Singh asked for permission to play the video recording of the entire seizure, shot by a professional videographer hired by Sen’s wife Ilina, with the permission of the court. Summoned by Sen as a defence witness, the videographer told the court that he had seen the police take away the seized material in an open bag. However, the judge B P Verma refused to allow the video to be screened at that stage, even after the special public prosecutor (SPP) challenged the authenticity of the CD. However, that same afternoon, the same judge allowed the SPP to play a CD which, claimed the prosecution, showed Sen talking to Naxalites in the jungle. In the witness box at that time was another defence witness, documentary maker Ajay T G, who had shot this particular video. Like the videographer, Ajay too maintained that he needed to see the CD before he could identify it. The judge allowed it to be played, but refused to see it himself. However, the CD could not be played and hence remained unidentified.
Ajay T G told the court that he had filmed Sen and advocate Holaram Prajapati talking to adivasis during a 2004 People’s Union for Civil Liberties (PUCL) investigation into the killing of three adivasis in a village adjoining the forest. This set of CDs made by Ajay was seized from Sen’s house. Sen’s alleged Naxalite links were sought to be established through other material seized from his house – especially his computer, wherein names of various persons were found, whom the police said were Naxalites. The computer had details of payments made to those working for Rupantar, the non-governmental organisation set up by Binayak Sen and his wife Ilina that works on issues of health and biodiversity.
In his testimony, inspector Jagrit described Rupantar as a Naxalite organisation run by the Sens, which did "urban networking" for the Naxalites. The Malti and Vijay mentioned in the computer, said Jagrit, were the same "Malti" and "Vijay" known to the police as Naxalites. An entry "Vijay-non AA budget" was interpreted by Jagrit as being "codewords used by Naxalites’’. The defence explained Malti Jadhav and Vijay had worked for Rupantar, and that "non AA budget" meant "non-Action Aid budget". Incidentally, as pointed out by the defence, Rupantar continues to get funds from both the central and the state governments!
Then there is the case of Amita Srivastav, declared to be an absconding Naxalite by the police. A woman by the same name was recommended by Ilina Sen to a local school which employed her. However, when shown a photograph said to be of the absconding Amita, the school principal said she was not the person employed by her. The principal was declared hostile. Hum PUCL Ko Dekh Lenge The prosecution made a big deal about Sen’s visits to Sanyal in jail. But in cross-examination by Sen’s counsel, Mahindra Dubey, the jailors admitted that all applications to meet Sanyal were made by Sen as a PUCL office-bearer, on the PUCL letterhead, and that these meetings were allowed only after the local police had cleared them.
Sanyal was not the only prisoner in whom Sen seems to have had an inordinate interest. A prisoner from Balaghat jail wrote directly to Sen for help; Sen gave the letter to the local press. The eveninger Chhattisgarh published it prominently. When a prisoner from Bilaspur Central Jail sent an appeal to the Supreme Court, the jail authorities sent a copy to Sen as PUCL general secretary. This was a month before his arrest.
PUCL, of which Sen is now currently national vice-president, and state president, has played no small part in the proceedings. I O Rajpoot stated in court that PUCL worked for the Naxalites. Sen was arrested in May 2007. As far back as January 2006, then Chhattisgarh Director General of Police O P Rathore had declared to the press: Hum PUCL ko dekh lenge (we will take care of PUCL). That was a month after the Chhattisgarh PUCL, under its general secretary Binayak Sen, had investigated the brutal displacement of adivasis under Salwa Judum, the state-backed vigilante movement that has drawn the Supreme Court’s disapproval.
On 2 December 2005, PUCL released its preliminary report of a joint fact-finding done in Dantewada, with other human rights groups. It was an indictment of the Chhattisgarh administration’s role in setting up and running Salwa Judum camps, and the havoc this had wrought on the lives of the adivasis there. All through 2006, PUCL statements against Salwa Judum and against the newly-enacted CSPSA were published in the local press. More than one policeman testified that PUCL members Sen, his wife Ilina and then general secretary Rajendra Sail, participated in meetings with Naxalites in Chhattisgarh’s jungles. Under cross-examination, they admitted this was just hearsay. One policeman said that local villagers had told him this, but he had not recorded their statements because it would have been dangerous for them! Discrepancies and Contradictions What is surprising is that in a case that attracted international attention and a trial at which foreign observers were present (when Sen was in jail), the police performed as sloppily as they do in any routine case. The evidence was full of discrepancies and contradictions on material points, be it the letters alleged to have been found on Piyush Guha’s person (no mention of them have been made in the arrest panchnama), or the time and place of his arrest (the affidavit filed in reply to his bail application in the Supreme Court, mentioned it as Mahindra Hotel, the charge sheet in the case mentioned it as the busy station road in Raipur), the arrest of Narayan Sanyal (two policemen testified he had been arrested in Bhadrachalam, but a prosecution witness told the court he had been arrested from his house, only to admit in cross-examination that this was hearsay), or the SPP’s description of the Indian Social Institute as Pakistan’s ISI. Bill books and registers were seized from the two hotels in which Guha was said to have stayed, and remained in the possession of the police since. Yet, in one of the registers, an entry was made on a date after it was seized from the hotel. The CD in which Sen is supposed to be talking to Naxalites should have been a crucial piece of evidence for the prosecution. Yet, I O Rajpoot admitted that he had neither investigated who made the CD, nor did he know which village it featured.
Take the articles seized from Sen’s house. Those in the possession of the prosecution, produced in court, had the signatures of Sen, inspector Rajpoot, and two police witnesses. Xerox copies of these documents were sent to Sen – but, they did not have the signatures of the two witnesses. What does this imply? What is interesting also is the way policemen deposed about Naxalites – giving long accounts of their violent acts and the terror they create, their lack of belief in any law and their desire to overthrow the state at the point of a gun. Under cross-examination, these policemen admitted they had neither read Naxalite literature, nor interacted with any of them.
What could be the reason for such indifference? Did the police feel the accused would not be able to get good lawyers? Or, that since the trial would not attract media attention, these discrepancies would never come to light outside the court? Like everywhere else, in Chhattisgarh too, the police seem to have been pretty confident that the press would not stray from the briefings given to it.
What is frightening is that on such flimsy evidence, the accused were deprived of their liberty for three years (Sen for two years). Said Sen’s advocate Mahendra Dubey, who cross-examined most of the witnesses: "With the most important prosecution evidence having been demolished, what’s left? Just a list of supposedly incriminating documents seized from his house? Going by that, all scholars would go to jail.’’ Advocate Surendra Singh, Sen’s senior counsel, who concluded the defence arguments, saw this case as "an attempt to stifle any form of dissent’’.
That attempt seems to have succeeded; few fact-finding teams have been allowed to enter Dantewada in the last year, especially after Operation Green Hunt was launched. Even established political parties such as the Communist Party of India (CPI) are being targeted. Their leading activists are being arrested on false charges; when they organise protest rallies the adivasis going to these rallies are beaten, as happened in November. More such conduct will leave the field open to the police and the Maoists.
But hope exists. Lawyers such as Sudha Bharadwaj continue fighting at the local level, and at the Supreme Court, Nandini Sundar and ex-CPI MLA Manish Kunjam have not given up. The very fact that Binayak Sen, Narayan Sanyal and Piyush Guha could get lawyers who demolished the prosecution’s version, in the capital of a state where human rights is a dirty word, is proof that the State has not made cowards of all of us.

EPW.

UPSC CSAT IAS CSE Geography 1997 Mains Paper - I

2011-01-02T04:55:00.000-08:00

Geography - 1997 (Main) (Paper - I)
Time Allowed : Three HoursMaximum Marks : 300 Candidates should attempt Questions 1 and 2 which are Compulsory , and any three of the remaining questions selecting at least one question from each section. All questions carry equal marks.1. On the outline map of India provided, mark the following and write in not more than ten words in your answer book, what you consider to be the most significant aspect of each one of them :(a) Mettur Dam(b) Kaziranga Park(c) Loktak Lake(d) Puri(e) Vindhyan Mountains(f) Mahanadi(g) Itanagar(h) Haldia(i) Sunderbans(j) Khetri copper mines
OROn the world map provided, mark to following and write in more than ten words in your answer book, what you consider to be the most significant aspect of each one of them :(a) Lake Erie(b) Black Forest(c) New York(d) Jamaica(e) Falkland Island(f) Winnipeg(g) Lake Mansarovar(h) Tigris River(i) Sharjah(j) Areas of Mediterranean climate in Africa2. Write short notes on any three of the following (each answer should be in about 200 words) :(a) Buffer zone(b) Marine resources, biotic, mineral and energy resources.(c) Weathering and soil formation(d) Rural-urban fringeSECTI0N A3. Discuss the concept of polycyclic landforms and present an analytical study of the polycyclic landforms of a selected region.4. Define air masses. How do they originate ? Classify them and state the characteristics of anyone type.5. Examine critically .the theories of the formation of coral reefs and atolls.
SECTION B6. "Water is a scarce resource in plenty." Comment and discuss its importance in the balanced habitate development. Support your answer with examples from Asia.7. Critically examine Alfred Weler's Theory of the Location of Industries.8. Critically examine the concept of dualism with special reference to physical versus human geography.

Geography - 1997 (Main) (Paper - II)
Candidates should attempt Questions 1 and 5 which are compulsory, and any three of the remaining questions selecting at least one question from each section. All questions carry equal marks. SECTION A
1. Answer any three of the following in about 200 words each
(a) Discuss the origin and main geomorphic feature of Thar Desert of India
(b) Examine the significance of social forestry in the rural economy of India.
(c) Examine the genesis of racial diversity in India,
(d) Discuss the impact of green revolution on the agricultural production in India.
2. Critically examine the factors affecting the distributional pattern of population in India.
3. Evaluate the nature of ecological problem in India and suggest measures for their measurement.
4. Divide Peninsular India into agricultural regions. Explain the basis of such a regionalisation.SECTION B
5. Answer any three of the following in about 200 words each :
(a) Analyse the locational pattern of cement industry in India.
(b) Examine the census concept of urban areas in India.
(c) Discuss the nature of commodity flows in India.
(d) Evaluate the benefits of Block Level development planning in India.
6. Critically examine the locational pattern and trend of production of forest based industries in India.
7. Draw a sketch map of India showing major river basins. Examine the feasibility of the concept of river basins as a planning unit.
8. Explain the basis and consequences of the establishment and implementation of recommendations of the State Re-organisation Commission in India since 1950s.

UPSC CSAT IAS CSE General Studies 2003 MainPaper - II

2011-01-02T03:06:00.000-08:00

Time Allowed : Three HoursMaximum Marks : 300
INSTRUCTIONSEach Question is printed both in Hindi and in English. Answers must be written in the medium specified in the Admission Certificate issued to you, which must be stated clearly on the cover of the answer-book in the space provided for the purpose. No mark will be given for answers written in a medium other than that specified in the Admission Certificate. Candidates should attempt ALL questions strictly in accordance with the instructions given under each question. The number of marks carried by each question is indicated at the end of the question.
Q1. Answer any two of the following (about 150 words) 15X2=30
a) Discuss the major issues in Indo-US relations in recent times.b) Discuss the impact of the collapse of the Soviet Union on Indo-Russian relations.c) Discuss the recent trends in Indiaâ€™s relations with China.
Q2. Answer the following (about 20 words) 2X5=10
a) Discuss the importance of the Agra Summit on Indo-Pakistan relations.b) What has been the nature of â€œTrack II diplomacyâ€ between India and Pakistan.c) Discuss the major irritants to Indo-Bangladesh relations.
d) Discuss the Indiaâ€™s policy towards international terrorism.e) In what sense in Indo-Nepal cooperation important for both countriesâ€™ national security.
Q3. Answer the following (about 20 words) 2X5=10
a) Under what conditions are NRIs permitted to remit deposits in India in any currency of their choice.b) How can NRIs be attracted to invest in India?c) What is the significance of the Pravasi Bhartiya Divas in modern India.d) In what ways did Idi Amin make life difficult for the people of Indian origin in his country?e) What is â€œBrain drainâ€?
Q4. Answer any one of the following (about 250 words) 30
a) Write a note on the strategy of planning in India since 1951.b) What were the major recommendations of the Task Force on direct taxes appointed under the Chairmanship of Shri Vijay L. Kelkar?
Q5. Answer any two of the following (about 150 words) 15X2=30
a) Outline the important objectives of the Tenth Five Year Plan.b) What is a Finance Commission?c) Point out the measures undertaken towards flexibility in capital account transactions during the recent past.
Q6. Answer the following (about 20 words) 2X15=30a) What is Plan Holiday?b) Why did India have a surplus in current account balance in 2001-02 after a gap of 24 years?c) What is Value Added Tax?d) What is the main objective of the Competition Act, 2002?e) Name the two agencies that have helped to promote Foreign Direct Investment in India.f) What is the main thrust of the Fiscal Responsibility and Budget Management Bill?g) Highlight the main features of the policy relating to buy-back of shares.h) Why was Janashree Bima Yojana introduced.i) When was the idea of Agriculture Insurance Corporation mooted?j) What is the policy of the Government with respect to child labour?k) Explain the objectives of the National Health Policy, 2002.l) What was the main objective of the â€˜Operation Blackboardâ€™ scheme?m) Explain the essential feature of differential rate of interest scheme.n) Which are the three major items of expenditure of the Government of India on revenue account?o) What was the essential feature of the Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana?
Q7. Answer any two of the following (about 150 words) 15X2=30
a) What is the â€˜Vetoâ€™ in the UN-system?b) Discuss the role of the NATO after the end of the Cold War .c) Discuss the role of the United Nations in the protection and promotion of Human Rights.
Q8. Answer the following (about 20 words) 2X5=10
a) What do the following Stand for : i) IBRD ii) UNHCRb) Who is Hans Blix?c) Why was Davis Kelly in the news recently?d) What is the problem in Chechnya?e) What is the significance of the Robin Island?
Q9 Answer the following (about 20 words) 2X5=10
a) What is the significance of Enola Gay in world history?b) Why is Guantanamo Bay in the news now?c) What is the theory of â€œclash of civilisationsâ€?d) What does the theory of â€œend of historyâ€ menn?e) Why was Robert Mugabe in the news recently?
Q10 . Answer any one of the following (about 250 words) 30
a) What do you understand by depletion of ozone layer and why is it considered harmful? Name ozone depleting substances and process. What international ramifications took place to protect the ozone layer and what was the target agreed upon?
b) What is interactive television? What special advantages and derived by using VOD services? What are the components of a typical VOD system? Which feature film was generated first entirely on computers and in which year?
Q11. Answer any two of the following (about 150 words) 15X2=30
a) What does the Solar system consist of ? discuss the motion of most of the bodies forming the solar system.
b) In which year and by which countries was International Space Station (IIS) launched?
How many countries are participating in this program? What are the unique studies being made in the station which could not ve made so accurateky on the earth?
c) Discuss the elements of â€˜frozen semen technologyâ€™. What are â€˜embryo transferâ€™, â€˜transgenic animalsâ€™, â€˜DNA recombinant techniqueâ€™?
Q12. Answer the following (about 20 words) 2X5=10
a) What is â€˜Symathetic Hapticsâ€™?b) What are special feature of â€˜Linuxâ€™?c) What is an operating system? List the basic services provided by an operating system.d) What is an â€˜Internet Wormâ€™? Explain DDOS.e) What do the following stand for :i) POSIX ii) EPROM iii) MODEM iv) COBOL
Q13. a) In the year 2001 there were 18000 workers in a certain factory, of which 13000 were members of a trade union. 12% of workers were women and 60% of them were members of the trade union. In the year 2002 the number of workers increased by 6% of which 480 were women. At the same time the trade union membership of women fell by 304 while the total membership increased by 10 %. In the non-members category, the ratio of men and women was 4:1 in this year. Tabulate this information and supply the missing figures. 8 Marks b) The following table gives the frequency distribution of height for 180 adult males:Height (in cm)Frequency144.5-149.5 3149.5-154.5 5154.5-159.5 24159.5-164.5 54164.5-169.5 60169.5-174.5 27174.5-179.5 4179.5-184.5 3Q14. Draw the two ogives (less than and greater than type cumulative frequency curves). Find the point of their intersection and comment on its significance. 8
a) The mean and variance of a set of 60 observations are 10 and 4 respectively while for a subset of 40 observations these measures are 11 and 2.25 respectively.Find the mean and variance of the other subset. 8 Marks
b)The three outcomes of an experiment;w1, w2 and w3 are such that w1 is twice as likely to occur as w3. Find the probability of occurrence of each of the three outcomes. 8 Marks
Q15. a) What are the problems that a statistician encounters in the process of construction of index number? 2
b)Suppose that the regression line of two random variables y and x given by y=26.38-1.35x and that of x and y is given by x=16.38-0.45y. find the square of the coefficient of correlation between x and y. 2
c) If the correlation coefficient between two random variables is zero, are the random variables independent? 2
d) In a certain factory, a unit of work is completed by A in 10 minutes, by B in 20 minutes. What is the average number of units of work completed per minute? 2

UPSC CSAT IAS CSE General Studies 2003 Main Paper - I

2011-01-01T23:59:00.000-08:00

General Studies - 2003 (Main) (Paper - I)
Time Allowed : Three HoursMaximum Marks : 300INSTRUCTIONSEach Question is printed both in Hindi and in English. Answers must be written in the medium specified in the Admission Certificate issued to you, which must be stated clearly on the cover of the answer-book in the space provided for the purpose. No mark will be given for answers written in a medium other than that specified in the Admission Certificate. Candidates should attempt ALL questions strictly in accordance with the instructions given under each question. The number of marks carried by each question is indicated at the end of the question.
Candidate should attempt All questions strictly in accordance with instructions given under each question.
Q1. Answer any one of the following: (about 250 words) 30 Marks
a) â€œThe reforms of 1909 introduced a cardinal problem and ground of controversy at every revision of the Indian electoral system.â€ Comment.
b) Discuss the problem that impeded the integration of the princely states into the Indian Union. How were these problems tackled?
Q2. Answer any two of the following: (about 150 words) 2 X15=30 Marks
a) â€˜The mainstay of Mahatma Gandhiâ€™s movements was the rural India.â€™ Elucidate.
b) Discuss the character of major tribal uprisings in British India in the nineteenth Century.
c) Bring out the ideological basis of the Moderate-Extermist divide in the Indian National Congress.
Q3. Answer the following: (about 20 words ) 15X2=30 Marksi) Arthasastraii) Saranath Pillariii) The Jatiya Sarkar of Tamlukiv) Punnapra-Vayalarv) Sajjad Zahirvi) Al-Hilalvii) Har Dayalviii) Khudai Khidmatgarix) Mahayana Cultx) W.W. Hunterxi) Indu Lal Yajnikxii) Achhut Patwardhanxiii) Sir William Jonesxiv) James Wilsonxv) Ghulam-giri.Q4. Answer any two of the following: (about 125 words) 2X10=20a) Describe the major characteristics of the rivers of Peninsular India.
b) Account for the very high concentration of salt extraction industries in the Saurashtra and South Tamilnadu Coast.
c) State the four distinctive stages of Indian Demographic history.
Q5.write short notes on the following (about 20 words) 5X2=10 i) Define Terai Region.ii) Mention the areas of Shola forests in India.iii) Who are the Todas and where do they live?iv) Name any four priccipal languages of Andaman and Nicobar Islands.v) What is MRTS? Where it is in operation?Q6. Answer any one of the following: (about 250 words) 30
a) Discuss the question of death sentence and Presidential clemency.b) Explain the discretionary powers of the Governor of a State.
Q7. Answer any two of the following: (about 150 words) 2 X15=30
a) Highlight the signifucance of Forty Fourth Amendment to the Constitution of Indiab) Identify the major Fundamental Dutiesc) Explain the relevance of Rajya Sabha as a second chamber in the federal set up of Indian Parliamentary System.
Q9. Answer the following: (about 20 words) 2 X5=10
a) What is a point of order? When can it be raised?b) What is a Privilege Motion?c) State the difference between Council of Ministers and the Cabinet.d) How is the Vice President of India elected?e) What is meant by â€˜sine-dieâ€™ adjournment?
Q10. Answer any one of the following: (about 250 words) 30
a) Discuss the steps taken by Government to check child labour and promote child welfare.b) Suggest measures for the eradication of wide spread corruption in Public Life in India.
Q11. Answer any two of the following: (about 125 words) 2 X10=20
a) The issue of gender equality in India.b) b) Natural Heritage and Cultural Heritage.c) c) Identify the types of disabilities.
Q12. Answer any two of the following: (about 125 words) 2 X10=20
a) What are the distinctive features of the Lokpal Bill introduced in the Parliament this year?b) What is the Prime Ministerâ€™s Five-Point agenda fir Indiaâ€™s development as a Knowledge Society?c) What are the precinditions for the growth of Civil Society? Is Indian democracy conducive to it?
Q13. Write about the following ( about 20 words ) 5X2=10
a) Anthraxb) Radiation and its effectsc) The Statue of Libertyd) George Walker Bushe) Genome.

TNPSC TAMIL NADU PUBLIC SERVICE COMMISSION EXAM PAPER BIO-PHYSICS.

2010-12-28T10:10:00.000-08:00

(P.G. DEGREE STANDARD)
UNIT – I STRUCTURAL CHARACTERSITICS
Scope and definition of Biophysics. Biophysics at the macroscopic level - at the microscopic level and at the molecular level. Biophysical Chemistry: Atoms - molecules - energy -structure of atoms and molecules - elementary quantum mechanics - covalent bonds - Hydrogen -bonds -stereochemistry - molecular orbitals - chirality.
UNIT – II APPLICATIONS OF PHYSICAL INSTRUMENTS AND METHODS IN BIOLOGY
Diffusion - sedimentation - electrophoresis - separation techniques - Biomolecular structure determination using X-ray diffraction - electron microscopy - IR - Raman and laser spectrometry - UV-visible spectroscopy - CD-ORD - NMR - model building - computer simulation and graphics.
UNIT – III MACROMOLECULAR STRUCTURE
Structure, function and action of viruses and proteins - structure -function and action of nucleic acids - structure and action of membranes- - structure - function and action of other biologically important molecules and molecular assemblies - ribosomes - nucleosomes.
UNIT – IV CONFORMATIONAL ANALYSIS
Van der Waals radii of atoms (equilibrium separation between non covalently bonded atoms) – contact distance criteria - Noncovalent forces determining biopolymer structure – dispersion forces – electrostatic interations – van der Waals interactions - hydrogen bonds - hydrophobic
interactions - distortional energies - description of various interactions by potential functions -principles of minimization of conformational energy.
UNIT – V PRINICPLES OF PROTEIN STRUCTURE
Structural implications of the peptide bond - rigid planar peptide unit - cis and trans configuration - conformations of a pair of linked peptide units - torsion angles phi and psi - steric hindrance - hardsphere approximation - allowed and disallowed conformations -Ramachandran Diagram - conformational maps for glycine and other natural amino acids -conformationally constrained amino acids and their importance.
UNIT – VI ORGANISATION OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
Membrane potentials - origins of membrane potential - electrochemical potentials - Donnan equilibrium - Nernst equation - Goldman equation.
Membrane transport - diffusion-facilitated diffusion - membrane transport proteins - carrier mediated transport - channel mediated transport.
UNIT – VII RADIATION PHYSICS
Radiation Quantities, units and definitions - Radiation measurement. Radiation Biology of Normal tissue system - Biological effects of ionizing radiation - structural changes in chromosomes - Gene muatation - metabolism and biological effects of radionuclide.Radiation hazards, Evaluation and control - Regulatory aspects of radiological safety - disposal of radioactive waste. Physics of laser - different types of lasers - biomedical applications -C.T.scan - ultra sonography. NMR Imaging – Principles – Applications.
UNIT – VIII COMPUTERS IN BIOLOGY
Use of computers in sequence analysis and structure analysis – sequence projects structure projects – definitions– structural and functional genomics. The digital nature of biological information – elements of molecular biology – the transfer of information in biological systems –
representation of biological molecules as strings of symbols
BIO-PHYSICS (P.G. DEGREE STANDARD)
UNIT – I STRUCTURAL CHARACTERSITICS
Scope and definition of Biophysics. Biophysics at the macroscopic level - at the microscopiclevel and at the molecular level. Biophysical Chemistry: Atoms - molecules - energy -structure of atoms and molecules - elementary quantum mechanics - covalent bonds -Hydrogen -bonds - stereochemistry - molecular orbitals - chirality.
UNIT – II APPLICATIONS OF PHYSICAL INSTRUMENTS AND METHODS IN BIOLOGY
Diffusion - sedimentation - electrophoresis - separation techniques - Biomolecular structure determination using X-ray diffraction - electron microscopy - IR - Raman and laser spectrometry - UV-visible spectroscopy - CD-ORD - NMR - model building - computer simulation and graphics.
UNIT – III MACROMOLECULAR STRUCTURE
Structure, function and action of viruses and proteins - structure - function and action of nucleic acids - structure and action of membranes- - structure - function and action of other biologically important molecules and molecular assemblies - ribosomes - nucleosomes.
UNIT – IV CONFORMATIONAL ANALYSIS
Van der Waals radii of atoms (equilibrium separation between non covalently bonded atoms) –contact distance criteria - Noncovalent forces determining biopolymer structure – dispersion forces – electrostatic interations – van der Waals interactions - hydrogen bonds - hydrophobic
interactions - distortional energies - description of various interactions by potential functions -principles of minimization of conformational energy.
UNIT – V PRINICPLES OF PROTEIN STRUCTURE
Structural implications of the peptide bond - rigid planar peptide unit - cis and trans configuration - conformations of a pair of linked peptide units - torsion angles phi and psi -steric hindrance - hardsphere approximation - allowed and disallowed conformations -Ramachandran Diagram - conformational maps for glycine and other natural amino acids -conformationally constrained amino acids and their importance.
UNIT – VI ORGANISATION OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
Membrane potentials - origins of membrane potential - electrochemical potentials - Donnan equilibrium - Nernst equation - Goldman equation.
Membrane transport - diffusion-facilitated diffusion - membrane transport proteins - carrier mediated transport - channel mediated transport.
UNIT – VII RADIATION PHYSICS
Radiation Quantities, units and definitions - Radiation measurement. Radiation Biology of Normal tissue system - Biological effects of ionizing radiation - structural changes in chromosomes - Gene muatation - metabolism and biological effects of radionuclide.Radiation hazards, Evaluation and control - Regulatory aspects of radiological safety - disposal of radioactive waste. Physics of laser - different types of lasers - biomedical applications -C.T.scan - ultra sonography. NMR Imaging – Principles – Applications.
UNIT – VIII COMPUTERS IN BIOLOGY
Use of computers in sequence analysis and structure analysis – sequence projects structure projects – definitions– structural and functional genomics. The digital nature of biological information – elements of molecular biology – the transfer of information in biological systems –
representation of biological molecules as strings of symbols – correspondences to other branches of computation, including computational linguistics, pattern recognition, image processing, etc. Elements of computer science – hardware – software – hierarchies in software –operating systems and application software – algorithms and computational complexity –examples – travelling salesman problem – protein folding problem – the internet.
UNIT – IX DATABASES AND ALGORITHMS FOR ANALYSIS OF SEQUENCE
Computer databases – bio molecular databases – sequence databases – structural databases –details of organisation, access and deposition – derived and specialised databases - data mining -homology v/s similarity – dot matrices – sequence comparison using Needleman and Wunsch
method – Hash coding – BLAST and FASTA – Structure analysis – distance matrices –examples
UNIT X CRYSTALLOGRAPHY
External features and symmetry – unit cell and Miller indices – seven crystal systems – Bravais lattices – point groups and space groups – X-ray diffraction – Bragg’s law –Generation,detection and properties of X-rays-choice of radiation, synchrotron radiation Powder photographs – interpretation of powder photograph – ASTM indexTheory of diffraction by helical structures and application to alpha-helix and DNA.
BOOKS FOR STUDY
1. Introduction to Biophysics, C. Sybesma. Academic Press, New York (1977)
2. Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry, D.L.Nelson & M.M.Cox, Worth Publishers,
USA (2000).
3. Introductory Biophysics , V. Pattabhi & N. Gautham, Narosa Publications (1999)
4. Biochemistry , D.Voet & J.G.Voet, John Wiley & Sons, New York (1995).
5. Molecular Cell Biology (IV edition) H. Lodish, A. Berk, S.L. Zipursky, P. Matsudaira ,
D. Baltimore & J. Darnel, W.H. Freeman & Company (2000).
6. Genes VII, B.Lewin, Oxford Univ. Press (2000).
7. Radiation Biophysics, E. L. Alpen, Prentice-Hall, New Jersey, USA, (1990).
8. Cell structure and function, A.G. Loewy, P. Siekevitz, J. R. Menninger, & J. A.N.
Gallant, Saunders College Publishing (1991).
9. Principles of cell and Molecular Biology L.J. Kleinsmith & V.M. Kish, Heorper-Collins
College publishers (1995).
10. Bioinformatics: A practical guide to the analysis of genes and proteins. A.D.
Baxevanis and B.F. Francis (eds). John Wiley and Sons (1998).
11. Introduction to Bioinformatics. T.K. Attwood and D.J. Parry-Smith, Addison
Wesley Longman Ltd. (1999).
12. Bioinformatics – Data bases and Algorithms N. Gautham, Narosa Publications (2006).
13. X-ray Structure Determination, G.H. Stout and L.H. Jensen, John Wiley and Sons Inc.,
New York (1989).
14. Conformation in Fibrous proteins, R.D.B. Fraser & T.P. MacRae, Academic press, New
York (1973).
15. Biophysical Chemistry Vol.11, C.R. Cantor & P.R. Schimmel, W.H. Freeman & Co.,
San Francisco (1980).
16. The Basics of Crystallography & Diffraction, C. Hammond, IUCr – Oxford University
Press (1997).correspondences to other
branches of computation, including computational linguistics, pattern recognition, image
processing, etc. Elements of computer science – hardware – software – hierarchies in software –
operating systems and application software – algorithms and computational complexity –
examples – travelling salesman problem – protein folding problem – the internet.
UNIT – IX DATABASES AND ALGORITHMS FOR ANALYSIS OF SEQUENCE
Computer databases – bio molecular databases – sequence databases – structural databases –
details of organisation, access and deposition – derived and specialised databases - data mining -
homology v/s similarity – dot matrices – sequence comparison using Needleman and Wunsch
method – Hash coding – BLAST and FASTA – Structure analysis – distance matrices –
examples
UNIT X CRYSTALLOGRAPHY
External features and symmetry – unit cell and Miller indices – seven crystal systems – Bravais
lattices – point groups and space groups – X-ray diffraction – Bragg’s law –Generation,
detection and properties of X-rays-choice of radiation, synchrotron radiation Powder
photographs – interpretation of powder photograph – ASTM indexTheory of diffraction by
helical structures and application to alpha-helix and DNA.
BOOKS FOR STUDY
1. Introduction to Biophysics, C. Sybesma. Academic Press, New York (1977)
2. Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry, D.L.Nelson & M.M.Cox, Worth Publishers,
USA (2000).
3. Introductory Biophysics , V. Pattabhi & N. Gautham, Narosa Publications (1999)
4. Biochemistry , D.Voet & J.G.Voet, John Wiley & Sons, New York (1995).
5. Molecular Cell Biology (IV edition) H. Lodish, A. Berk, S.L. Zipursky, P. Matsudaira ,
D. Baltimore & J. Darnel, W.H. Freeman & Company (2000).
6. Genes VII, B.Lewin, Oxford Univ. Press (2000).
7. Radiation Biophysics, E. L. Alpen, Prentice-Hall, New Jersey, USA, (1990).
8. Cell structure and function, A.G. Loewy, P. Siekevitz, J. R. Menninger, & J. A.N.
Gallant, Saunders College Publishing (1991).
9. Principles of cell and Molecular Biology L.J. Kleinsmith & V.M. Kish, Heorper-Collins
College publishers (1995).
10. Bioinformatics: A practical guide to the analysis of genes and proteins. A.D.
Baxevanis and B.F. Francis (eds). John Wiley and Sons (1998).
11. Introduction to Bioinformatics. T.K. Attwood and D.J. Parry-Smith, Addison
Wesley Longman Ltd. (1999).
12. Bioinformatics – Data bases and Algorithms N. Gautham, Narosa Publications (2006).
13. X-ray Structure Determination, G.H. Stout and L.H. Jensen, John Wiley and Sons Inc.,
New York (1989).
14. Conformation in Fibrous proteins, R.D.B. Fraser & T.P. MacRae, Academic press, New
York (1973).
15. Biophysical Chemistry Vol.11, C.R. Cantor & P.R. Schimmel, W.H. Freeman & Co.,
San Francisco (1980).
16. The Basics of Crystallography & Diffraction, C. Hammond, IUCr – Oxford University
Press (1997).

TNPSC TAMIL NADU PUBLIC SERVICE COMMISSION EXAM PAPER-BIOCHEMISTRY.

2010-12-28T10:07:00.000-08:00

POST GRADUATE DEGREE STANDARD

UNIT -I TECHNIQUES IN BIOCHEMISTRY:- Principles and application of light, phase contrast, Fluorescence, scanning and Transmission electron microscopy. Cytophotometry; Gel filtration; HPLC, Ultracentrifugation; X-ray diffraction; Fluorimetry; spectroscopy (UV, DRD/CD, visible, NMR, ESR, Atomic absorption and plasma emission); Principles and application of tracer techniques in biology, Liquid scientillation spectrometry.
UNIT- II CHEMISTRY OF BIOMOLECULES:- Structure of carbohydrates, Polysaccharides, Glycoproteins, Peptidoglycans, cell wall polysaccharides; structure of aminoacids and proteins, forces involved, Ramachandran Plot. Structure of Purine, Pyrimidine bases, Nucleotides, DNA, different types of RNA and Vitamins.
UNIT- III METABOLOSM:- Metabolism of Carbohydrates, Aminoacids, lipids, and Nucleic acids, Respiratory chain, oxidative phosphoerylation, free energy change; coupled reactions; Biological energy transducers; High energy compounds and group transfer potentials; Bio energetics.
UNIT -IV ENZYMES:- Enzyme kinetics; Regulation of enzyme activity, coenzymes; Activators/inhibitors, isoenzymes; Mechanism of enzyme action.
UNIT- V CLINICAL BIOCHEMISTRY:- Disorders of carbohydrate, Fat and Nitrogen, Metabolisms, Laboratory Diagnosis, Liver and Kidney function tests; Blood coagulation disorders; Inborn errors of metabolism.
PAPER -II

UNIT- I BIOMEMBRANES:- Structures and organization of membranes, hormones - structure, function and its role in signal transduction, Neurotranmitters; Transport across Membranes.
UNIT- II MICROBIAL BIOCHEMISTRY:- Classification of Micro-organisms - Viruses, bacteria, Fungi, Yeast; Basic principles of Bioprocess technology. Fermentation products - ethanol, glycerol, lactic acid, acetone, riboflavin, vitamin B12 and Penicillin, Preparation of media to culture micro-organisms, Soil microbiology; use of micro organisms in sewage treatment.
UNIT- III MOLECULAR BIOLOGY:- Prokaryotic and Kukaryotic cell structure; Eukaryotic genome organisation; cell cycle, Replication, Transcription, Tranlation and Regulation of Gene Expression; Lysogency and Lytic cycles in bacteriophages; bacterial transformation; transduction; conjugation and complementation; principles of Genetic - engineering - Enzymes, vectors, C DNA and Genomic Libracy construction; Screening of Libraries; Western, Northern and Southern blotting; Agarose Gel and SDS PAGE Electrophoresis; Dot Blot analysis; DNA sequencing methods; Autoradiography; Transgene technology; PCR and its application; RFLP, RAPD; Molecular Pathogenesis of Cancer.
UNIT- IV IMMUNOLOGY:- Antigens, Immunoglobulines, T and B Lymphocytes and their characte rization; monpo - lonal antibodies; Accessory cells - Macrophages and Dendritic cells; Purification of immunologlobulins: Ion exchange and affinity chromatography; Enzyme Linked Immunoabsorbant Assay, vaccines; Hypersensitive actions; Auto immunity, Antibody engineering; Antigen Presentation; Radio immunoassay.
UNIT- V TISSUE CULTURE:- Primary cultures derived from plant, animal and human tissues, Maintenance of cell lines; Artificial Insemination technology; Callus culture; Somaclonal Variation; Micropropagation; somatic embryogenesis; protoplast fusion; artificial seeds.

TNPSC TAMIL NADU PUBLIC SERVICE COMMISSION EXAM PAPER-ARCHAEOLOGY.

2010-12-28T10:05:00.000-08:00

POST GRADUATE DEGREE STANDARD

1. History of ArchaeologyValue of Archaeology - Development of Archaeological Studies in India- Types of Archaeological investigations - Aerial Photography - Remote sensing for Archaeology - Historical Archaeology - Underwater Archaeology -New Archaeology -Functions of Archaeological Survey of India - State and University Departments of Archaeology.
2. Archaeological Field work Exploration techniques - Exploration tools - Excavation Methods -Horizontal and Vertical types of Excavations - Recording and Analysis of excavation and artifacts - Preparation of excavation report - Dating methods- Archaeological Research in India- Detailed studies of following excavations in Tamil Nadu : Arikkamedu, Kavirippumpattinam, Sanur, Uraiyur, Korkai.
3. Prehistory of India History of Indian Prehistory - Use of Geology and Sciences -Stone tools and functions -Technology of tool making - Early, Middle and Late Palaeolithic Ages -Tools and distribution, habitation and culture - Cave Art - Mesolithic Age - Neolithic revolution -Tools, Pottery, Distribution of sites -Technology and Development - Chalcolithic period - Harappan Culture -Western Indian Chalcolithic Cultures - Banas and Painted Grey ware Cultures - Iron Age cultures - Northern Black Polished Ware cultures.
4. Prehistoric Studies in Tamil NaduStone Age cultures - Kortalaiyar valley and Attirampakkam - Mesolithic Culture - Neolithic and Chalcolithic Problems in Tamil Nadu - Megalithic Culture- types of graves - Regional distribution - Artifacts and Pottery types - Economy.
5. Epigraphy Importance of Epigraphy - Early inscriptions of India - Asokan Edicts -Hathighumpha inscription of Kharavela - Importance of Satavahana Inscrtiptions -Development of Tamil Epigraphy - Tamil - Brahmi, Vatteluttu incriptions - Copper plates and Hero Stone inscriptions -Types and Forms of Inscriptions -Importance of Pallava, Chola, Pandya, and Vijayanagar inscriptions - Study of the following inscriptions: Tamil - Brahmi Inscriptions from Mangulam -Mandagappattu Inscription of Mahendravarman -Velvikkudi Copper plate inscriptions - Uttaramerur inscription of Parantaka I - Thanjavur inscriptions of Rajaraja I.
6. Development of Indian PalaeographyAncient Scripts in India - Brahmi and Kharoshti Scripts, Origin and Development- Evolution of Tamil script- Tamil-Brahmi Script - Tamil, Vatteluttu scripts - Grantha and Nagari scripts.
7. Numismatics Early coinage in India - Tribal coinage - Punch Marked coins, distribution, symbols and interpretation - Coinage of the Indo-Greeks - Roman coinage in India - Gupta coinage - Post Gupta coinage - South Indian coinage - Chalukya, Rahstrakuta, Hoysala and Vijayanagar coinage - Development of Tamil coinage - Sangam coins- Roman coins in Tamil Nadu - Imperial Chola Coinage - Pandya, Vijayanagara and Nayak coinage - Metals and Minting techniques of various coins.
8. Sculptural Art and ArchitectureEarly Sculptural Art and Architecture - Harappan Art - Mauryan Sculptural Art and Architecture- development of Stupa and Chaitya Architecture - Satavahana Art - Early Art and Architecture of Deccan - Chalukya, Rashtrakuta and Hoyasala sculptural Art and Architecture - Vijayanagara Art and Architecture - Secular Art of the Vijayanagara Period - Early Tamil Sculptural Art and Architecture- Cave Art of the Pallava, Pandyas - Structural Temples - Chola Sculptural Art and Architecture - Descriptive study of temples at Mamallapuram, Kanchipuram, Thanjavur and Gangaikonda Cholapuram.
9. Bronzes, Iconography and PaintingsDevelopment of Bronzes in India - Pallava, Chola bronzes - Iconography and Iconometry - Hindu, Jaina, and Buddhist Icons - Indian Paintings - Ajanta and Bagh caves - Pallava and Pandya paintings - Chola paintings- Vijayanagar paintings - Rajasthan and other regional painting styles.
10. Conservation and MuseologyImportance of conservation of Ancient structures- Reasons for decay -Methods of conservation of Brick, stone, mortar, and wooden structures - Removal of plants and other biological materials - Chemical methods of conservation - Preservation techniques - formation of Archaeological gardens and their uses - Mending of artifacts, pottery and other artifacts - strengthening and preservation of artifacts -Terra cotta objects and pottery, metal objects, sculptures and coins, stone and other objects - Purpose of Archaeological Museums - Display methods in museums - Preparation of Museum guide books.

TNPSC(TAMIL NADU PUBLIC SERVICE COMMISSION)EXAM:PAPER-ANTHROPOLOGY.

2010-12-28T09:59:00.000-08:00

POST GRADUATE DEGREE STANDARD

PAPER - I
SECTION I : FOUNDATIONS OF ANTHROPOLOGY(COMPULSORY)
UNIT- I ANTHROPOLOGY AND IT'S BRANCHES Meaning and scope of Anthropology - Major divisions of Anthropology - Socio - cultural Anthropology - Physical or Biological Anthropology, Linguistic Anthropology and applied Anthropology. Inter-relationships of various branches of Anthropology - The Anthropology and its relations with other social, Biological and Medical sciences.
UNIT- II BASIC CONCEPTS OF SOCIETY AND CULTURE Society ,culture and civilization; community, groups, band, tribe, institutions, Associations, Folkways and Mores, Norms and values, customs and traditions, status and Role, Enthnography, Ethnology, caste class and Race.
UNIT- III MARRIAGE FAMILY AND KINSHIP Definition of Marriage, problems in Universal definition of Marriage - Marriage Regulations Exogamy and Endogamy - Types of Marriages - Proferential and prescribed forms of marriage - Functions of Marriage - ways of Acquiring Mates , in Indian tribes, Marriage payments - Divorce - Marriage, patterns in Hindu, Muslims and Christians ; problem in the Universal definition of family - Basis of Human family - structure, organization, and functions of family - stability and changes in Indian family, Hindu joint family system and it's transition; kinship - Definition of kinship - system, it's place in social structure. Analysis of kinship. Terminology - types of kinship systems, Rules of Decent, Decent groups, kinship usages, and determinants of kinship terminologies.
UNIT -IV SOCIAL STRATIFICATION Principles of social stratification, class and caste system in India - Idea of Rank and status in tribal societies.
UNIT -V ECONOMIC ANTHROPOLOGY Meaning, scope and Relevance of Economic Anthropology; Principles governing production, distribution and consumption in communities subsisting on Hunting and gathering, Fishing, Pastoralism, Horticulture and Agriculture. Modes of exchange, barter, ceremonial exchange, reciprocity, and redistribution, market and trade in tribal communities.
UNIT- VI POLITICAL ANTHROPOLOGY Meaning and scope - power and Legitamacy - differences between state and stateless societies. Social control, Law and Justice in Primitive societies
UNIT- VII RELIGION Definition and function of Religion - Theories of origin of Religion - Religion and it's forms - Animism, Animatism, Totemism, Naturalism - Religious Functionaries, Religion, Magic and Science - Totem and Taboo and their ritual significance - Religion and world view - Religion, Economy and political system
UNIT- VIII MEDICAL ANTHROPOLOGY Meaning and scope of Medical Anthropology -Ethno medicine - socio - cultural factors influencing food nutrition, health and hygiene. Concept of disease and treatment in traditional societies - Health and disease problems in primitive societies.
UNIT- IX DEVELOPMENTAL ANTHROPOLOGY Anthropological development in planning - concepts of sustainable development, displacement and Rehabilitation - Role of Anthropology in National integration - Management of food, water resources, Environment, population dynamics with special reference to Tamilnadu.
UNIT- X REBEACH METHODS AND FIELD WORK TECHNIQUES/BASIC STATISTICS Field tradition in Anthropology - observation , case study, interview, questionnaire and schedule, Genealogical method, Visual Anthropology, Life histories and personal documents, Basic statistics; graphical representation of data. Mean mode and median-standard deviation, standard Error - chi-square and t-test, Analysis of variance - correlation, sampling methods.
UNIT- XI EMERGENCE OF MAN

A) BIOLOGICAL EVOLUTION

1) Ramapithocus

2) Australopithecenes

3) Homoerectus

4) Neanderthalas

) Modern man.
B)CULTURAL EVOLUTION Broad outlines of pre-historic cultures (India and Europe)

1) Paleolithic

2) Mesolithic

3) Neolithic

4) Chalcolithic

5) Iron age

6) Gelogical time scale

7) The great Ice age

8) A brief account of stone tool Typology and Technology and methods of problems of dating.
SUBJECT : ELECTIVE COURSE IN PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY SECTION-II:

(A) PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY UNIT I ORGANIC EVOLUTION Process and Principles of Evolution - Convergence, divergence, parallelism, adaptive Radiation, speciation, and irreversibility; Theories of Evolution - Lamarckism and Neo-Lamarckism, Darwinism and Neo-Darwinism, synthetic theory and Natural selection in man, Bio-cultural Evolution in man.
UNIT -II PRIMATES Distribution, classification and characteristics of primates - position of man in the animal kingdom - morphological and Anatomical characteristics of Apes and man; Erect posture and Bipedalism; primate social behavior.
UNIT- III HUMAN EVOLUTION Phylogenetic status, distribution and characteristics of the following:- 1) Ramapithecus 2) Australopithecines 3) Home erectus 4) Neanderthals 5) Modern man Theories of Human Evolution.
UNIT- IV CONCEPTS IN GENETICS Scope and branches, development of human genetics, cell structure, Mitosis Meiosis, Mendel's laws of inheritance, patterns of inheritance, multiple alleles, sex linkage and crossing over, lethal genes - mutation - methods of studying heredity, population genetics - Hardy -weinberg's law: Definition and Application: Breading population - mating patterns - Random, Assertative and inbreeding - inbreeding coefficient - and Genetic load. Natural selection; Genetic polymorphism concept, balanced and transient.
UNIT- V HUMAN BIOCHEMICAL VARIATION Blood groups: ABO,RH,MN,HLA system - Blood groups and diseases; Red cell enzymes; G6PD, LDH, MDH, serum proteins; Haptoglobin and Transfernins; Hemoglobin Normal and Abnormal; - Hbs and malaria (invorn errors of) metabolism - phenylketenuria, Alkaptonuria and galactosemia.
UNIT- VI HUMAN CYTOGENETICS Chromosome structure, chromosal polymorphism, Chromosomal abberation, structural and numerical; Translocations. Human genetics and society - Genetic counselling - Screening and genetic engineering.
UNIT- VII RACE Concept of Race, definiton, classification, racial criteria and distribution, major Racial groups of the world and their characteristics. UNESCO Statement - Race relations.
UNIT- VIII HUMAN GROWTH Human growth and development, stages of growth and their characteristics. Factors affecting the growth. Growth variation in world populations.
UNIT- IX PHYSIOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY Age and sex variation in physiological characteristics: Hb level, body fat, pulse rate blood pressure, Respiratory functions - sense perception in Populations. Effect of smoking, Air pollution, occupational hazards on cadio - respiratory functions. Human adaptations to different Ecological conditions. Hot, cold and High attitude.
UNIT- X APPLIED PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOG a) Anthropometry and its uses b) Forensic Anthropology c) DNA Technology and the prevention of genetic diseases.
SECTION- II: (B) THEORIES OF CULTURE AND SOCIAL TRUCTURE Concepts of culture Theories of culture and social structure Concepts and Theories of social and culture change Approaches to the study of culture and societya) Classical evolution b) Neo-evolutionism and cultural ecology. c) Historical particularism and diffusionism d) Functionalism e) Structural-functionalism f) Structuralism g) Culture and personality h) Transactionalism I) Symbolism, Cognitive approach and new-ethnography Ethnicity, cultural relativism and cultural particularism Role of field work in the development of anthropological theory. Contributions of Anthropology to gender studies Role of Anthropology in Future studies.
PAPER-II INDIAN ANTHROPOLOGY

1. India as a socio-cultural entity
2.Evolution of the Indian culture and civilizatioin:Prehistoric(Paleolithic, mesolithic and Neolithic) Protohistoric (Indus civilization) Vedic and post Vedic beginnings. Contributions of tribal cultures
3. Domographic profile of India: Ethnic and linguistic elements in the Indian population and their distribuion. Indian population, its structure, growth and factors influencing. A critical evalution of the Indian population policy with focus on Tamil Nadu Population.
4. The basis of the Indian social system: Varna, ashrama, purushartha, karma, rina and rebirth, joint family and the caste system.
5. Impact of Buddhism, Jainism, Islam and Christianity on Indian society.
6. Growth of anothropology in India:Contributions of the 19th century and early 20th century scholar administrators;contribution of Indian anthropoligists to tribal and caste studies; concept used in the study of Indian society and culture: Little traditions and Great traditions, universalization and parochialisation, sanskritisation and westernization, village studies,tribe-caste continum,dominante caste, nataure-man-spirit complex, sacred complex.
7. (a) Tribal situation in India:Biogenetic variability, Linguistic and socio- economic characteristics of the tribal population and their distributions. Racial classification in India.(b) Problems of the tribal communities:Land alientation, poverty, indebtedness, low literacy, poor educational facilities unemployment, under employment, health, nutrition; developmental policies and tribal displacement and problems of rehabilitation; development of forest policy and tribals. Impact of unbanisaction and industrialization on tribal and rural population.(c) Tribal situation in Tamil Nadu - communities, distribution, and problems. (d) Ethnographic profiles of the Teda, kotas and kurumbas of nilgiris, the malayalis, Irulas, paliyans and paniyans and kadars of Tamil Nadu.
8. History of administraion of tribal areas, tribal policies,plans, programmes of tribal development and their implementation. Role of Non-Governmental Organisations (NGO'S) in Tamil Nadu.
9. Consitutional safeguards for scheduled tribes and scheduled castes, social change and contemprorary trible societies: impact of modern democratic institutional development programmes and welfare measures on tribals. Most Backward Classes, Backward Classes and Weaker sections: emergence of ethnicity and tribal movements.
10. Role of antropology in tribal, rural and urban development, contributions of antropology to the under standing of regionalism, communalism etho-political movements and national integration.
Note : Candidate may opt either II(a) or II (b) . Section - II(a) Physical Anthropology Section II(b) - Theories of Culture and Social Structure.

TNPSC(TAMIL NADU PUBLIC SERVICE COMMISSION)EXAM:PAPER-ANCIENT HISTORY AND ARCHAEOLOGY

2010-12-28T09:49:00.000-08:00

(POST-GRADUTE STANDARD)
UNIT - I
History of Archaeology Definition, aim and scope of Archaeology - History and growth of Indian Archaeology- Salvage Archaeology- Underwater Archaeology – Archaeology and Science (Geo-archaeology, Anthropology, Environmental Archaeology, Archaeo-zoology, Palaeontology, Archaeo-botany)- Ethno-archaeology- Experimental Archaeology- Recent trends in Archaeological investigation (Remote Sensing, Aerial Photography, GIS, GPS, GPR, Photogrammetry, Digitalization, Digital Mapping etc.,)
UNIT - II
Field Archaeology Techniques of Exploration – Excavation Methods (Horizontal, Vertical and Burial excavations)- Sorting and preparation of Pottery yard– Documentation and Interpretation of excavated material – Excavation report writing – On spot Preservation methods of excavation material – Dating methods - Relative Dating (Stratigraphy, Typology) Absolute Dating (Carbon 14, Potassium Argon, Thermo luminescence, Dentro-chronology, Pollen Analysis, Varve Clay Analysis, Fission Track, Fluorine Test, Nitrogen and Phosphate Analysis, Soil Analysis) – Major Excavations in Tamil Nadu, Attirampakkam, Gudiyam, Paiyampalli, Adichchanallur, Sanur, Kunnattur, Arikkamedu, Kaveripumpattinam, Tirukampuliyur and Alagarai, Alagankulam, Korkai, Kodumanal and Uraiyur.
UNIT – III
Pre & Proto History Definition, terminology and periodization - Quaternary Archaeology and environmental conditions, flora and fauna- Stone tool technology, typology,material and study of stone artefacts – Survey of Lower, Middle and Upper Palaeolithic cultures (distribution, artefacts, technology, raw material, economy, contextual occurrence of tools, chronology, types sites)- Important region and sites (Sohan Valley, Narmada valley, Kortalaiyar river basin, Bhimbetka, Attirampakkam, Gudiyam) - Survey of Mesolithic cultures with special reference to Teri sites – Distribution of Neolithic Culture in India (Paiyampalli)- Rock Art (Distribution, style, pigment, content, Recording system, interpretation of rock art, dating of rock art) – Pre-Harappan and Harappan culture (settlement pattern, town planning, water management,environment acclimatization) - Chalcolithic Cultures (Banas, Copper hoard,Kayatha, Malwa, Jorwe and cultures, O.C.P., Painted Grey ware Cultures) -Iron Age cultures – Types of Megalithic in Tamil Nadu.
UNIT – IV
Ancient History Vedic period- Maurya period- Sangam period (socio-economic condition)-
Sunga-Satavahana period- Gupta period- Pallava-Pandya period- Chalukyasof Badami- Pratiharas- Chandellas- Paramaras- Rastrakutas- Cholas- Palas-Later Chalukyas -Hoysalas-Later Pandyas- Vijayanagara period. – Political Cultural.
UNIT – VEpigraphy Development of writing (Pictography, Ideography, Syllabic and Logo-Syllabic to Alphabet) - Epigraphy as a source of Indian history - Writing materials and antiquity of writing in India - Origin and development of Brahmi and Kharoshthi scripts - Eras and Dates in Indian inscriptions - Study of some important inscriptions from north and south India (Asokan Rock Edicts, Mangulam Brahmi Inscription Hathigumpha inscription of Kharavela, Junagadh inscription of Rudradaman I, Allahabad pillar inscription of Samudragupta,Aihole inscription of Pulakesin II, Mandagapattu inscription of Mahendravarman I, Uttiramerur inscription of Parantaka I, Manur inscription of Maran Cadaiyan, Larger Leiden Plates, - South Indian Scripts (Tamil-Brahmi and its distribution, Pallava-Grantha, Vatteluttu, Tamil script)
UNIT – VI
Numismatics
Numismatics as a source of history- Origin and antiquity of coinage in India -
Technique of minting coins (Punch-marked, cast, die-struck, etc.)- Broad
characteristics and identification of dynastic coins: Punch-marked, Indo-
Greek, Satavahana, Kushan, Gupta, Indo-Sassanian, Sangam Coins, Roman Coins in Tamil Nadu, Imperial Chola Coinage, Pandya, Vijayanagara and Nayak coinage, coins of colonial period.
UNIT – VII
Art and Architecture
Pre & Proto historic Art in India – Harappan town planning- Art and
Architecture under the Maurya, Sunga, Satavahana, Kushan, Gupta, Pallava,Pandya, Chalukya, Rashtrakuta, Chola, Hoysala, Later Chalukyas, Kalingas,Chandellas, Paramaras, and Vijayanagara-Nayak period.- Buddhist architecture (South, North and Western India), Cave architecture, Monolithic temple- Mathura school of art, Gandhara school of art and Amaravati school of art- Early and medieval mural paintings– technique and styles; with special reference to Ajanta , Sittannavasal, Ellora, Thanjavur, etc. – Terracotta art-Bronzes (technique, style and distribution with special reference to Chola and Pala period)
UNIT - VIII
Iconography
Antiquity and concept of Indian iconography - Brief introduction to sources,mudras, asanas and ayudhas of deities - Brahmanical Iconography (Siva,Vishnu, Surya, Brahma, Ganesa, Karttikeya, Goddess, Navagrahas, Ashtadikpalas and other minor divinities) - Buddhist Iconography ( Hinayana,Mahayana, Vajrayana, Mantrayana, etc.) - Jain Iconography- JainaTirtankaras- Yakshas ans Yakshinis.
UNIT – IX
Museology
Introduction to Museology (Definition of museology)-History of development of Museums in India- Types of museums, their scope and functions- Museum Collection (field exploration, excavation, purchase, gift and bequests, loans and deposits, exchanges, treasure trove, confiscation and others)-Documentation, Interpretation, Accessioning, Indexing, Cataloguing, Digital documentation and De-accessioning- Museum management and administration- Museum conservation, preservation and restoration- Museum Presentation / Exhibition (Types of exhibits and exhibitions, exhibition designing, planning, fabrication, installation and related issues)- Principles of display for permanent exhibition and reserve collection (Objectives and communication goals, target audience, concept development, story line, designing and layout of exhibits, gallery development, space, showcases and structural installations, colour scheme, lighting, labels & scripts, evaluation)
UNIT – X
Conservation
History of archaeological conservation - General principles and guidelines for conservation and preservation of monuments / sites and excavated remains -International conventions on conservation / preservation of monuments-Salvaging and transplantation of monuments- Methods of Conservation of Brick, stone, Wood, Metals and alloys, Non-ferrous metals, mortar – Causes and remedies of deterioration- Bio-deterioration-Clay pack method, Paper pulp technique – Other important methods of conservation (Grouting by pressure and gravity, Pointing, Underpinning, Stitching, filleting, etc.)- Air pollution- heritage management –major conservation on India (Taj Mahal, Mamallapuram, Ajanta, Bijapur (Gol Gumbad), Puri (Jaganath temple),
Konarak (Sun temple) – Laws related to protection of cultural properties Archaeological works code.

Selected Reference Books

Banerjee N. R. Museum and cultural heritage in India
Bedekar, Vasant Hari New Museology for India, National Museum Institute
(New Delhi)
Binford, L.R, 1968 New Perspectives in Archaeology, Aldine,
Chicago.
Brothwell, D.R., 1982, Digging up Bones, 3rd edition, Cornel
University Press, Ithaca, New York, London.
Brown, Percy 1956 Indian Architecture (Buddhist and Hindu
Periods), D.B. Taraporewale Sons and Company, Bombay.
Buhler, G 1962 Indian Paleography, 2 edn, Calcutta
Buhler, Georg., 2004 Indian Palaeography., Munshiram Manoharlal, New
Delhi.
Childe, V. Gordon, 1956, Piecing Together the Past, Routledge and
Kegan Paul, London..
Childe, V. Gordon, 1960, A Short Introduction to Archaeology,
Collier, New York.
Childe, V. Gordon, 1960, What happened in History, Penguin
Books, London.
Dayalan. D., 1995 Monolithic Temples of Madya Pradesh, Bharatiya
Kala Prakashan, Delhi.
Delhi, India)
Drewett l.Peter, 1999, Field Archaeology – An Inroduction, UCL
Press, London.
Fergusson, J. 1910 History of Indian and Eastern Architecture,
(2 Vols), John Murray Publication.
Ghosh, A., (ed)1989, An Encyclopaedia of Indain Archaeology,
(2 Vols), Munshriram Manoharlal Puyblishers, Delhi
Gopinath Rao, T.A. 1971 Elements of Hindu Iconography,
(2 Vols), Indological Book House, Varanasi.
Gupta. P.L., 1979, Coins, 2nd eds National Book Trust, India, New
Delhi.
Krishna Deva. 1977 Temples of North India, 2nd edn, National
Book Trust, Delhi.
Meister, W. Michael (ed) 1983 Encyclopaedia of Indian Temple
Architecture – South India: Lower Dravidadesa, 200 B.C. – A.D.
1324, American Institute of Indian Studies, University of
Pennsylvania Press, Delhi.
5
Mitra, Debala., 1971, Buddhist Monuments, Sahitya Samsad,
Calcutta.
Narasimhamurthi. A.V., 1993, Studies in South Indian Coins, New
Era Publications, Madras.
Nilakanta Sastri, K.A. 1955 The Colas, 2nd edn, University of
Madras.
Pillai, Swamikannu L.D., 1982, An Indian Ephemeris A.D. 700 To A.D. 1799,
Agam Prakashan, Delhi.
Ramachandran, K. S. 1971 Bibliography of Indian Megaliths,
Madras.
Ramachandran, K. S. 1980, Archaeology of South India – Tamil
Nadu, Sundeep Prakashan, Delhi..
Raman. K.V. 1986 Principles and Methods of Archaeology,
Parthajan Publication, Madras.
Sankalia, H.D, 1974 Prehistory and Proto-History of India &
Pakistan, Revised Edition, Poona.
Sivaramamurti, C. 1952 Indian Epigraphy and South Indian
Script, Govt. Press, Madras
Soundara Rajan, K.V. 1972 Indian Temple Styles, Munshiram
Manoharlal, Delhi.
Soundara Rajan, K.V. 1978 The Art of South India Tamil Nadu &
Kerala, Sundeep Prakashan, Delhi.
Soundara Rajan, K.V. 1994, Kaveripattinam Excavations 1963-73
(A Port City on the Tamil Nadu Coast), Archaeological Survey of
India, New Delhi.
Srinivasan, K. R. 1964 Cave-Temples of the Pallavas, Architectural
Survey of India, No. 1, Archaeological Survey of India, Delhi.
Srinivasan, K. R. 1975 The Dharmaraja Ratha and Its Sculptures,
Mahabalipuram, Abhubav Publication, Delhi.
Srinivasan, K. R. 1979 Temples of South India, 2nd edn, National
Book Trust, Delhi.
Wheeler, R.E.M. 1954, Archaeology from the Earth, London.
Zeuner, F.E, 1970 Dating the Past, London.
Romila Thapar, 1973 Asoka and the Decline of the Mauryas.
Nilakanta Sastri, K. A.,1958 A History of South India: From the
Earliest times to Vijayanagar.
Mahalingam, T.V., 1967 South Indian Polity, University of Madras,
Chennai,
Subramaniam, N., Sangam Polity
Nilakanta Sastry, K.A.,1982 The Pandyan Kingdom, Swathi
Publications, Chennai,.
Balambal, V., Feudatories in South India,
Appadorai, A., 1936 Economic Conditions in Southern India,
University of Madras, Chennai,.
Mahadevan, Iravatham, 2003 Early Tamil Epigraphy, Cre-A,
Chennai.
Sivaramamurthi, C.,1961 Indian Sculpture, Bombay,
6
Percy Brown, Indian Architecture.
Balasubramaniyan, S.R., 1971 Early Chola Temples, Orient
Longman,
Balasubramaniyan, S.R.,1975 Middle Chola Temples, Thomson
Press India Ltd.,
Balasubramaniyan, S.R., 1979 Later Chola Temples, Mudgala
Trust,
Sivamurhty C. Indian Bronzes
Banerjee, N.R. Museum and Cultural Hertage of India.
Agrawal, O.P. Care and preservation of Museum objects
Relevant excavation reports published by the Archaeological Survey
of India, State Department of Archaeology and Universities

TNPSC(TAMIL NADU PUBLIC SERVICE COMMISSION)EXAM:PAPER-AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION

2010-12-28T09:45:00.000-08:00

POST GRADUATE DEGREE STANDARD

UNIT -I Sustainable Rural Development: - Meaning , indicators - situational, Socio-economic and Psychological factors. Andragogy, Pedagogy learning - concepts and principles. Distance learning - concepts, feature and application. Organizational climate -learning situation,motivation and participatory learning Action (PLA).
UNIT -II Extension methods and communication technology: Selection and use of A.V.Aids and Media mix. Videography and Photography-scope and importance.
UNIT -IIIPlanning and execution of extension programmes: Principles and steps in programme planning. Evaluation: Methods of evaluation and SWOT Analysis. (S=Strength, W=Weakness, O=Opportunity and T=Threat) as applicable in Agricultural Extension. Team work and Group. Action - concepts, characteristics and importance.
UNIT -IV Leadership and Training - Traits or Qualities of a leader, role of leadership, Identification and training of leaders and extension workers.
UNIT- V Measurement techniques in extension - Attitude scale construction, Reliability and validity tests. Different methods designs and computer software for extension research.
UNIT- VI Agricultural management and Techniques: Management Information System (MIS) Transaction Analysis (TA) Management organizational stress and forcast techniques-meaning, scope, importance and application in Extension.
UNIT- VII Diffusion of Innovations and Adoption process (Innovation - Decision process): Stages, models, categories characters and consequences.
UNIT- VIII Man power planning, Human Resource Management (HRM) and Human Resource Development (HRD): concepts, scope and importance. Youth work in Extensions: Rural Agricultural Work experience (RAWEP). Role objectives and steps in formation of youth clubs, involvement of NGO's (Non-Governemntal Organi-zations) and Co-operatives in extension work.
UNIT- IX Comparitive Agricultural Extension: Organization of extension services in differeent countries Developmental programmes in India, Indigeneous technical Knowledge (ITK) and its' role in Farming system and extension Research (FSER), Technology Assessment Research(TAR) under NATP ( National Agricultural Technology Project), Privatization of extension in the light of GATT and liberalised economy and Demand Driven extension.
UNIT- X Entreprenership Development among farmers and decision making in Extension: Approaches and Strategies.
PAPER -II
UNIT- I Dynamics of Social change and development meaning, concepts and dimensions. Experential learning - learning cycle and steps. Cone of learning experience - Social Psychology and Educaiton Psychology as applied to Extension. Computer based learning meaning, concept and application.
UNIT- II Culture culture lag, Dynamics of Population, Social Legislations in India, planned change, community Development and Panchayat Raj, Special Development Projects, Rural Problems and People's participation - scope and importance in extension.
UNIT- III Group thinking and understanding roles of members, conflicting individual role in group, individual blocks. Ten commandments of good communication, community information service and libraries, Art of talking - telephone talk and Art of writing for farmers
UNIT- IV Curriculum development, Educational technology and essentials in Educaiton -Problem solving in teaching; Teacher training centres, Evaluation of student performance.
UNIT- V Training need assessment (TNA), Organizaiton of training programme; Induction, Inservice and on the Job training, Extension role of Agricultural University, Manage(Centre for Management of Agriculturel Extension) and Extension Education Institutes. Future trust of extension education.
UNIT- VI Levels of measurement and socio-metric techniques, Scientific report writing.
UNIT- VII Supervision and Administration - meaning. Scope, Characteristics, function - organization - meaning concept and nature - scalar principales - meaning and principles of Supervision - Qualities of a supervisor. Innovation characteristcs, Reasons for non-adoption
UNIT- VIII Symbolic Adoption and Adoption Quotient Agri-business manage: Scope and importance.
UNIT- IX Mass Media consumpiton in a rural community, Agricultural Journalism and Human Relations in Organizations and human behaviour in Extension Educaiton - concept and importance.
UNIT- X Acumen and enpertise (Media ware) - Still pictures, Chalk Board, Bulletin Board, Lighting Exhibits, Slides, Film strips, Opaque, Overhead and Film protection Televiosn and video recordings. Adroitness and trouble shooting - maintenance tips for Media ware, computer generated agricultural information materials and Photonic informaiton Technology.

TNPSC(TAMIL NADU PUBLIC SERVICE COMMISSION)EXAM:PAPER-AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS

2010-12-28T09:41:00.000-08:00

POST GRADUATE DEGREE STANDARD

UNIT- I Micro and macro economics - Agricultural economics : Nature and scope - consumer behaviour and theories - utility - indifference curve - revealed preference theory - elasticity of demand - theory of production and costs - theory of firm - profit maximisation and duality - Dynamic demand and supply function.
UNIT -II Market Structure - factor market - perfect competition - monopoly - monopolistic competition - oligopoly - general equilibrium analysis - income distribution - social choice theory- Public goods - welfare economics.
UNIT- III National income - concepts and accounting - Keynesian economics, consumption, investment and government expenditure - concept of multiplier and accelerator -money market - interest - integration of money and product and labour markets.
UNIT -IV Inflation: Theories and Policies - employment - banking - public finance - fiscal and and monetary policy - business cycles - economic growth - economic liberalisation and macro economic policies - rational expectations - institutional economics.
UNIT- V Role of agriculture in economic development - agriculture in five year plants -agriculture Vs. industry - agricultural resources - food and nutritional security - land tenure and reforms - poverty inequality and unemployment - measurement of development - population policies.
UNIT- VI Theories of agricultural development - rural development programmes - gender discrimination.
UNIT -VII Agricultural marketing: concepts - maraket functions - structure - marketing efficiency regulated market, co-operative marketing - Warehousing and commodity boards - future markets.
UNIT- VIII Agricultural input markets - Commission on agricultural costs and prices - methods of agricultural price fixing - price support programmes - agricultural supply and demand models - agricultural subsidies - time series analysis of agricultural prices - commodity models - spatial equilibrium of agricultural market.
UNIT- IX Agricultural finance - sources of agricultural finance - commercial banks and co-operative banks - credit structure - evaluation of agricultural credit policies - service area approach - NABARD- Self help groups - performance of agricultural credit programmes
UNIT- X Agricultural project preparation - project cycle - defining and identification of costs and benefits - measures of project worth - project appraisal and management - B2-C2 - ratio, NPV and IRR - sensitivity analysis - use of network technique - project monitoring and evaluation.

PAPER -II

UNIT- I Farm management - definition - application of economic principles in farm management relationship between farm management and production economics - resource management and allocation - yield gap - returns to scale - economics of scale - technology and input use - decision theory and expected utility hypothesis.
UNIT- II Optimisation of farm resource use - factor - factor, factor-product and product- product relationships - forms of production functions - production in dynamic setting policy impact on production - cost concepts - types of risk - estimation of risk - management response to risk - risk programming.
UNIT- III Farm efficiency - technical and economic - farm efficiency measures - balance sheet -income statement - farm records - farm planning - partial budgeting, whole farm bedgetting, linear programming, investment analysis.
UNIT- IV Natural resources : Renewable and non-renewable - land, land use pattern - land degradation - land use planning - optimal management of land, water, forests and fisheries - energy management - common property resources -investment decisions related to resource development - relationship between conservation, extraction and exploitation of resources - dynamics of resource use planning for economic growth and sustainality - resource mapping: GIS and remote sensing data - natural resource use policies, incentives, and programmes.
UNIT- V Concept and theory of enviornmental economics - environmental problems of developing countries - conflict between technology and environmental protection - measurement of environmental impact - Environmental protection : legislation, taxes, subsidies and effluent charges - role of government in resource and environmental management.
UNIT- VIScope and gains from international Trade-Terms of trade comparative costs -trade policy -tariffs and quotas for agricultural commodities - effects of monopoly, cartels and price discrimination - state trading in agricultural commodities - case for free- multilateral Trade.
UNIT- VII Balance of trade and balance of payment - foreign exchange: fixed, ,multiple and flexible rates - IMF, IBRD, IDA and IFC on agricultural development of developing countries - import and export procedures - impact of GATT and WTO on international agricultural trade - financing of export of agricultural products -infrastructure for promoting agricultural exports.
UNIT- VIII Importance and scope of research in agricultural economics - approach to research research process - hypothesis formation - testing of hypothesis - sampling theory and sampling design - probaility theory - survey methods - questionnaire designing and testing - rural rapid appraisal (RRA) Vs Household survey.
UNIT -IX Econometrics - definition - simple regression - multiple regression - OLS and MLE estimation - multicollinearity, hetero scedasticity and autocorrelation - estimation of simultaneous equation - applications of econometrics to agricultural policy analysis.
UNIT- X Linear programming : Concepts and theories - problems formulation - minimisation and maximisation problem - simplex method - duality - sensitivity analysis of the LP model Applications of LP in farm planning and regional planning.

TNPSC(TAMIL NADU PUBLIC SERVICE COMMISSION)EXAM:AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY

2010-12-28T06:03:00.000-08:00

POST GRADUATE DEGREE STANDARD

UNIT- I SOIL GENESIS Soil geology - Geomorphology & Geochemistry - origin of earth - Geological formation of India-Soil forming rocks and minerals and their classification - weathering of rocks and minerals and their classification - weathering of rocks and minerals - weathering stability, sequences - agencies and weathering indices - factors of soil formation - soil forming process .
UNIT -II REMOTE SENSING Fundamentals of remote sensing - definition, kinds - characteristics of electromagnetic radiation - remote sensors and their application - aerial photography - stereoscopy - kinds merits and demerits of aerial photography and remote sensing - aerial photo interpretations- satellite data acquisition - elements of imagery - kinds - interpretations and classification.
UNIT- III SOIL TAXONOMY AND LANDUSE PLANNING Soil classification - concepts - early and modern systems of classification - USDA soil taxonomy - Diagnostic horizons - world soil groups - soils of India and Tamil Nadu. Soil survey - concepts and objectives - methods of soil survey - soil resource inventory-soil mapping units - Soil map - cartography and soil survey reports - Land use planning. Land use maps - Soil correlation - Land capability classification - Irrigability classification Soil, land and crop suitability classification - productivity rating of soil - storie index - Soil based agro technology transfer.
UNIT- IV SOIL PHYSICS ( Texture, Structure are Soil air) Physical composition of soil, soil texture - soil separates mechanical analysis. Soil structure - types - structures formation - structural indices - soil structure and plant growth Infiltration rate - Hydraulic conductivity - permeability Laws of soil water movement - Their application in soil system. Soil air - composition, significance -factors influencing composition - soil air indices - ODR - Soil aeration and plant growth.
UNIT -V SOIL PHYSICS (Soil temperature, soil water and soil physical constraints) Soil temperature - importance - Thermal properties of soils and the factors influencing them - soil temperature and plant growth. Soil moisture - soil water balance - drainage seepage - evaporation - transpiration - nutrient movements - absorption of water - factors affecting absorption - absorptions of solutes - water use efficiencies and plant growth modes. Soil physical constraints and their managements.
UNIT -VI SOIL CHEMISTRY Chemical composition of soil - mineral and organic constituents - transformation of major and secondary nutrients under upland and gardenland conditions. Clay minerals-Nature and structure - properties - Nomenclature and classification - fixation of nutrients soil fertility as ibfluenced by clay minerals - Molar ratio - Dispersion and aggregation of clay colloids - clay humus complex - soil colloids - organic and inorganic properties - Electrical double layer - Helmholtz, sterm and Gouy layers - Isoelectric point zeta potential - Flocculation - Absorption and desorption - Ion exchange reactions-cation and anion exchange - Ion exchange equations - Soil reactions - Soil buffering capacity - Genesis, nature and properties of acids, acid sulphate, saline and alkali soils and their managements - Determination of lime and Gypsum requirement.
UNIT- VII SOIL FERTILITY Soil fertility - concept of nutrient availability - soil fertility evaluation - concept of critical limit - Principles and methods of soil test crop response studies - Response functions. Soil testing - objectives - Soil test and crop response studies - Diagnosis and recommendation integrated system approach.. Fertilizer recommendations for targetted field - Economics of fertilizer use.
UNIT- VIII DYNAMICS OF NUTRIENT IN SOILS Nitrogen cycle - sources - Nitrogen fixation - Transformation in flooded and upland soils immobilisation - mineralisation - Nitrogen in relation to atmospheric pollution. Phosphorus cycle - sources inorganic and organic fractions of soils - Fixation and transformation - availability - phosphate potential - intensity and quantity factors Phosphate buffering capacity.
UNIT- IX DYNAMICS OF NUTRIENTS IN SOILS Chemistry of soil potassium - fixation - Activity ratio - Dynamics - equilibirium Factors influencing availability in soil. Secondary and micronutrients - sources, forms, transformation and availability in soil. Chelation - advantages.
UNIT -X SOIL ORGANIC MATTER Nature, formation and properties of soil organic matter - sources of soil organic matter - Biochemistry of humus formation - Fractionation - Chemical properties -organic mettalic complexes - Nutrient availability - Recycling of organic wastes-organic farming.

PAPER -II UNIT I ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY Gravimetric estimation - Principles involved in estimation of Calcium, Magnesium and Sulphate. Volumetric estimation - preparation of standard solutions - Indicaters, buffers - Instrumental methods of analysis - colorimetry - Flame Photometry - Automic Absorption Spectrophotometry - Potentiometry Conductometry - Chromotography.
UNIT- IIBIO-CHEMISTRY (Carbohydrates & Proteins) Carbohydrates - occurence and classification, structure, synthesis and properties, Proteins-Classification, structure, synthesis and properties. Aminoacids-Classification, structure and properties
UNIT -III BIO-CHEMISTRY (Lipids, pigments, vitamins, minerals, enzymes, hormones and alkaloids) Lipids-Classification - properties - Physical and chemical constants of Oils. Phospholipids- types and importance. Plant pigments - structure and functions of chlorophyll and carotenoids. Enzymes - classification - properties affecting enzyme actions. Co-factors and co-enzymes. Vitamins and minerals - sources - deficiency and corrective measures sures. Harmones-classification and functions. Alkaloids-classification and functions.
UNIT -IV CHEMISTRY OF CROPS Classification of plant nutrients - requirements -mobility - mechanism of ion absorption - uptake -factors affecting absporption. Biosynthesis of carbohydrates, proteins and fats in cereals, pulses, oilseeds, fibres, sugarcane, fruits, vegetables, tubers, narcotics, beverages and medicinal plants. Deficiency, toxicity and corrective measures of plant nutrients. Chemical changes during germination,growth and maturity. Organic manures, fertilizers and pesticides on quality of crop produce - storage of crop produce - Nutritive value of important crop produce.
UNIT- V CHEMISTRY OF FERTILIZERS Fertilizer production and consumption - statistics - Chemistry and technology of nitrogenous fertilizers - classification - properties - slow release nitrogenous fertilizers - chemistry and technology of phosphatic fertilizers - classification -properties. Potassic fertilizers - classification - properties. Complex fertilizers mixed fertilizers - chemistry and technology of production. Secondary and micronutrient fertilizers - sources, production and properties. Quality control of fertilizers - Fertilizers control order - physical and chemical standards of straight, complex and mixed fertilizers - fertilizer use efficiency. Role of chemical fertilizers in crop production and environmental pollution. Integrated plant Nutrient system Management.
UNIT -VI FERTILIZER MANAGEMENT Fertilizer use efficiency with organics, biofertilizers and crop residues fortified and enricxhed organic manures - Integrated plant nutrient system - Management of fertilizers in substainable Agriculture.
UNIT -VII CHEMISTRY OF PESTICIDES Pesticides - formulation - Insecticides - classification - methods of preparation properties and mode of action. Natural organic and inorganic insecticides - synthetic organic insecticides - Organochlorine, organo phosphorus compounds carbarates - structure and activity relationship. Herbicides - classification - structure - method of preparation - properties - mode of action - principles in the analysis of pesticides -residues of persticides in soils and crops - pesticides and fertilizer interaction - pesticide control order - pesticides in relating to enviornmental pollution-human and animal health.
UNIT- VIII ISOTOPES IN AGRICULTURE Isotopes in Agriculture - stable and radio active isotopes - properties - energy of radiation - absorption and scattering of particles and radiation - Nuclear fission and fusion - Detection and measurements of radio activity - Mass spectrophotometer - uses and limitations - principles of equipments used in analysis of radioisotopes. Uses of stable and radio isotopes in Agriculture - Nutrient movement, irrigation management,crop growth, plant protection, pollution monitoring - Radiation hazard waste disposal.
UNIT -IX ECOSYSTEM AND SOIL AND WATER POLLUTION Agricultural ecosystem - climate and agriculture- soil, water, atmosphere and plant relationship - Recycling of agricultural wastes - bioconversion - vermiculture and vermicomposting - pollution - General classification, soil water and air pollution -global warming - Heavy Metal pollution - sources and remedies - solid and sewage waste disposal - recycling - Industrial pollutants - impact on soil and water-management of pollution for sustainable agriculture.
UNIT- X IRRIGATION WATER QUALITY AND ITS MANAGEMENT Quality of irrigation water - methods of chemical analysis - different idices for fixing the quality. Effect of quality on soil properties and plant growth - classification of irrigation water computation of salts - Principles and management of problem water for irrigation.

TNPSC(TAMIL NADU PUBLIC SERVICE COMMISSION)EXAM:PAPER-MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS FOR SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE

2010-12-28T05:41:00.000-08:00

MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS FOR SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE

POST GRADUATE DEGREE STANDARD

UNIT I Weather and crop production - Agro-ecological zones and geographical distribution of crop plants in Tamill Nadu. Cropping systems - different types and their importance in food production- Package of practices followed for major crops and cropping systems in Tamil Nadu.
UNIT II Water Management - Integrated water management - common area management-Different efficiencies in irrigation management-Irrigation management under constraints of irrigation water. Weed management-Important weeds and their distribution in Tamill Nadu-Integrated weed management.
UNIT III Tillage and Dry land agriculture - Tillage Management under wet and dry land agriculture water harvesting techniques - Technologies for increasing agricultural production in rainfed agriculture. Agroforestry-Waste land development - Problems and Prospects in Tamilnadu - Farm forestry Agroforestry Social forestry, Natural forestry.
UNIT IV Soil types of Tamilnadu and their important Physico-chemical properties and their management-problem soils - management-soil fertility management Integrated Nutrient management.
UNIT V Seed production in Vegetatively propogated crops - Seed processing - Dormancy Seed treatment - Seed pelleting - Seed Certification Certified seed production -Seed Act, New seed policy-seed storage-seed industry-Management of Physiological disorders in crop plants.
UNIT VI Germplasm-crop genetic resources-Mass selection-Hybridization and selection Mutation breeding-Production technologies for ornamentals, vegetables,fruits, spices,Plantation crops,indoor and Medicinal plants - Role of growth regulators in vegetables and fruit production.
UNIT VII Pest - Definition - categories of pests-pest control - natural, artificial-pest management IPM - IPM for important pests and nematodes - Role of parasites, predators,pathogens (NPV,Bt,Fungus) in IPM - store grain pest management.
UNIT VIII Disease - Surveillance - Assessment and forecasting integrated disease management for important plants - Role of antogonistic organisms. Biotechnological approaches in disease Management.
UNIT IX Farming systems-Integrated farming systems Farm planning and budgeting. Farm business management - farm management-principles and decision making Management of resources - land, labour,capital and machinery. Farm financial management - Agricultural marketing management - world trade concept economic liberalisation - GATT.
UNIT X Use of modern agricultural information systems - Transfer of technology - importance in agricultural development - Principles of farm journalism - participatory technology development - Role of women in agriculture.
PAPER -II
ORGANIC AGRICULTURE AND COMMERCIAL AGRICULTURE
UNIT IGreen revolution in India - After effects - Definitions of Natural Farming, Traditional farming - Their concepts and scope - Natural Farming - Institutions- their activities and role.
UNIT IIEnvironmental problems in developing countries - conflict between technology and environmental protection.
UNIT III Pesticides consumption and hazards - emerging trends in their use.
UNIT IV Role of biopesticides - Botanicals, Microbials, Pheromones, Parasitoids and predators in IPM.
UNIT V Role of biofertilizers in IPM.
UNIT VI Organic farming - concept and relevance in the present day agriculture - problems andremedies - Encouragement and dissemination for effective practicing of organic farming.
UNIT VII Production and marketing of important biocontrol agents - Egg, larval and pupal parasitoids, Predators and Pathogens (NPV, BT, Fungus) - Antagonistic fungi (Trichoderma).
UNIT VIII Production and marketing of important biofertilizers -production of mushrooms.
UNIT IX Production Technology for important flower crops - vegetables and tree crops -Landscaping, Ornamental gardening - Biotechnology - Transgenic plants.
UNIT X Agriculture and Sericulture.

TNPSC(TAMIL NADU PUBLIC SERVICE COMMISSION)EXAM:SYLLABUS.PAPER -ENGLISH

2010-12-28T05:34:00.000-08:00

(DESCRIPTIVE TYPE)
FOR GROUP - I MAIN WRITTEN EXAMINATION ONLY
S.S.L.C STANDARD
I Match the following words and phrases given in Column A with their meanings in column B. Two or three extra items may be given in one of the two columns.

II Frame sentences with the given idioms ( Very commonly used, simple idioms may be given).

III Framing sentences with the words and forms such as Noun, verb, Adjective, etc., as directed in brackets. Ten items may be given.

IV Framing sentences using the given pair of words which sound alike, so as to bring out the differences in their meanings. Five pairs may be given, each pair carrying six marks.

V Correcting grammatical errors in the given sentences. A total number of five errors may be given each carrying three marks. The number of sentences may vary.

VI Rewriting sentences as directed : -

(1) Active and Passive voice.

(2) Simple, Complex and Compound Sentences.

(3) Degree of Comparison.

(4) Direct and Indirect Speech.

(5) Interrogative Sentences and question tags, etc. Five sentences (each carrying three marks) one sentence for each item mentioned above may be framed.

VII Drafting a suitable reply to an official or business letter, whose contents are given in the question.
VIII Summarising a given passage in one's own words not exceeding one-third of the length of the original (of about 1000 words). The passage chosen may be of general interest and relatively simple.

IX Writing two short essays in about 250-300 words on given topics. Three or four topics may be given relating to social, cultural scientific and political issues.

X Comprehension of a prose passage(of about 400 words). To answer, in a sentence or two, the ten questions that follow, The passage to be chosen may be simple in language and thought.

TNPSC(TAMIL NADU PUBLIC SERVICE COMMISSION)EXAM:SYLLABUS.

2010-12-28T00:52:00.000-08:00

(OBJECTIVE TYPE)

S.S.L.C STANDARD
Code: 001
1. GENERAL SCIENCE Will Cover General appreciation and understanding of Science including matters of everyday observations and experience as may be expected of a well educated person who has not made any special study of any scientific discipline. The questions shall be from topics- in Physics, Chemistry and Biology viz.,. Scientific Laws, Scientific instruments, Inventions and Discoveries. Scientists and their contributions. Human Physiology, Diseases, their cause, cure and prevention, Diet-Balanced diet, human Genetics, Animals, Mammals and Birds, Environment and Ecology. Elements and Compounds. Acids, Bases and Salts and allied Subjects, Motion, Newtons Laws of Motion - Properties of Matter, Electricity, National Laboratories and other related topics.
2. HISTORY OF INDIA: Dates and events relating to indus Valley Civilisation, Vedic, Aryan and Sangam Age, Maurya Dynasty, Buddhism and Jainism, Guptas and Vardhanas, Pallavas, Cholas and Pandias, Sultanate and Mughal Period. Advent of European powers specially the British and other related topics.
3. GEOGRAPHY OF INDIA: Earth, Motions of Earth, Rotation and Revolution and their effects, Structure of Earth, Natural regions of India, Weather, Monsoon and Climate. Rainfall, Natural Calamities, Indian Towns and Places, Hill Stations, National parks, Major Ports, Crops and Minerals, Location of Major Industries, Forests and Wildlife, Population distribution in India and other related topics.
4. ECONOMICS AND COMMERCE: Agriculture, Major crops and crop pattern in India, Industrial Development, Major medium, small scale and cottage Industries of Tamil Nadu. Village and Rural Development in India. Housing, Drinking water and other developmental schemes - price policy, Inflation, population and unemployment problems, imports and exports.
5. INDIAN POLITY: Indian Consitution, Salient features, citizenship, elections, Parliament and State Legistature, Executive set up of States, Judiciary system, Local self Governments, Centre - State Relations, Language Policy, Foreign policy.
6. INDIAN NATIONAL MOVEMENT: National freedom movement and attainment of independence - contribution of National Leaders like Bal Ganga Dhar Tilak, Gopalakrishna Gokhale, Dada Bhai Nauvroji Mahatma Gandhi, Jawaharlal Nehru and others - Role of Tamil Nadu in Freedom Movement, Bharathiyar, V.O.C, Subramaniya Siva, Rajaji and others.
7. CURRENT EVENTS: Latest development in Science and technology, political developments in India, New developments in Trade, Transport and communicaton, historical events. Fine arts like dance, drama, films, painting, major literary works Games and Sports, National, International awards, National and International organisations, Abbreviations, who is who, Books and Authors, General Terminology, India and its Neighbours, present day India and other related topics.
8. MENTAL ABILITY TESTS: These tests are ment to verify the candidate's capability to draw conclusions through, inductive or deductive reasoning from tables and charts. It will include elementary problems from school mathematics.
Note: Some of the questions asked in this paper shall be exclusively with reference to Tamil Nadu.

TNPSC(TAMIL NADU PUBLIC SERVICE COMMISSION)EXAM:SYLLABUS.

2010-12-28T00:50:00.000-08:00

DIPLOMA STANDARD
Code: 001
1 General Science Will Cover General appreciation and understanding of Science including matters of everyday observations and experience as may be expected of a well educated person who has not made any special study of any scientific discipline. The questions shall be from topics- in Physics, Chemistry and Biology viz.,. Scientific Laws, Scientific instruments, Inventions and Discoveries. Scientists and their contributions. Human Physiology, Diseases, their cause, cure and prevention, Diet-Balanced diet, human Genetics, Animals, Mammals and Birds, Environment and Ecology. Elements and Compounds. Acids, Bases and Salts and allied Subjects, Motion, Newtons Laws of Motion - Properties of Matter, Electricity, National Laboratories and other related topics.
2 HISTORY OF INDIA: Dates and events relating to indus Valley Civilisation, Vedic, Aryan and Sangam Age, Maurya Dynasty, Buddhism and Jainism, Guptas and Vardhanas, Pallavas, Cholas and Pandias, Sultanate and Mughal Period. Advent of European powers specially the British and other related topics.
3 GEOGRAPHY OF INDIA: Earth, Motions of Earth, Rotation and Revolution and their effects, Structure of Earth, Natural regions of India, Weather, Monsoon and Climate. Rainfall, Natural Calamities, Indian Towns and Places, Hill Stations, National parks, Major Ports, Crops and Minerals, Location of Major Industries, Forests and Wildlife, Population distribution in India and other related topics.
4 ECONOMICS AND COMMERCE: Agriculture, Major crops and crop pattern in India, Industrial Development, Major medium, small scale and cottage Industries of Tamil Nadu. Village and Rural Development in India. Housing, Drinking water and other developmental schemes - price policy, Inflation, population and unemployment problems, imports and exports.
5 INDIAN POLITY: Indian Consitution, Salient features, citizenship, elections, Parliament and State Legistature, Executive set up of States, Judiciary system, Local self Governments, Centre - State Relations, Language Policy, Foreign policy.
6 INDIAN NATIONAL MOVEMENT: National freedom movement and attainment of independence - contribution of National Leaders like Bal Ganga Dhar Tilak, Gopalakrishna Gokhale, Dada Bhai Nauvroji Mahatma Gandhi, Jawaharlal Nehru and others - Role of Tamil Nadu in Freedom Movement, Bharathiyar, V.O.C, Subramaniya Siva, Rajaji and others.
7 CURRENT EVENTS: Latest development in Science and technology, political developments in India, New developments in Trade, Transport and communicaton, historical events. Fine arts like dance, drama, films, painting, major literary works Games and Sports, National, International awards, National and International organisations, Abbreviations, who is who, Books and Authors, General Terminology, India and its Neighbours, present day India and other related topics.
8 MENTAL ABILITY TESTS: These tests are ment to verify the candidate's capability to draw conclusions through, inductive or deductive reasoning from tables and charts. It will include elementary problems from school mathematics.
Note: Some of the questions asked in this paper shall be exclusively with reference to Tamil Nadu.

TNPSC(TAMIL NADU PUBLIC SERVICE COMMISSION)EXAM:SYLLABUS.

2010-12-28T00:47:00.000-08:00

Syllabus for Preliminary Examination (Objective type)
GENERAL KNOWLEDGE
The paper on general knowledge will include questions covering the following fields of knowledge. General Science, current events of national and international importance, history and culture of India, geography, Indian Polity, Indian economy, Indian National Movement andFreedom struggle, Mental ability tests and other related fields.
Questions on general science will cover general appreciation and understanding ofscience, including matters of every day observation and experience as may be expected of a
well educated person who has not made a special study of any scientific discipline

In history emphasis will be on broad general understanding of the subject in its social, economic,political aspects; social and cultural heritage of India emphasizing unity in diversity.
Questions on Tamil, Tamil Nadu, Language and Literature, Culture and heritage of its people.
In geography emphasis will be on geography of India including the physical, social, economic,geography and on the main features of Indian agriculture and natural resources. Questionson Indian polity and economy will test knowledge on the country’s political, executive, JudicialSystem, Panchayat raj, Rural and Community Development and Economic Planning in India.
Questions on Indian National Movement will relate to the nature and character of theNineteenth century resurgence, growth of nationalism and attainment of independence.
General mental ability test will include analysis of classified data, logical and behaviouralreasoning, analogies, school arithmetic, numerical ability and basic concepts of computers.
Current events will include latest developments on all the fields detailed above includingscience and technology.

TNPSC(TAMIL NADU PUBLIC SERVICE COMMISSION)EXAM:SYLLABUS.

2010-12-28T00:37:00.000-08:00

DEGREE STANDARD
Code: 001
(For all examination except for group I services - main Examination)

The paper on general knowledge will include questions covering the following fields of knowledge: General science, current events of national and international importance , history and culture of India, geography, Indian polity, Indian economy, Indian national movement and freedom struggle, mental ability tests and other related fields.

Questions on general science will cover general appreciation and understanding of science, including matters of every day observation and experience as may be expected of a well educated person who has not made a special study of any scientific discipline. In history emphasis will be on broad general understanding of the subject in its social, economic, political aspects; social and cultural heritage of India emphasizing unity in diversity . In geography emphasis will be on geography of India including the physical, social, economic geography and on the main features of Indian agriculture and natural resources. Questions on Indian polity and economy will test knowledge on the country’s political, executive, judicial system, panchayat raj, rural and community development, and economic planning in India. Questions on Indian national movement will relate to the nature and character of the nineteenth century resurgence, growth of nationalism and attainment of independence. General mental ability test will include analysis of classified data, logical and behavioral reasoning, analogies, school arithmetic, numerical ability and basic concepts of computers. Current events will include latest developments on all the fields detailed above including science and technology.

NOTE: About 20 % of the questions in this paper shall be exclusively with reference to Tamil, Tamil nadu, language and literature, culture and heritage of its people.

TNPSC(TAMIL NADU PUBLIC SERVICE COMMISSION)EXAM:SYLLABUS.

2010-12-28T00:26:00.000-08:00

(OBJECTIVE TYPE)
(For all examination except for group I services - main Examination)
The paper on general knowledge will include questions covering the following fields of knowledge: General science, current events of national and international importance , history and culture of India, geography, Indian polity, Indian economy, Indian national movement and freedom struggle, mental ability tests and other related fields.
Questions on general science will cover general appreciation and understanding of science, including matters of every day observation and experience as may be expected of a well educated person who has not made a special study of any scientific discipline. In history emphasis will be on broad general understanding of the subject in its social, economic, political aspects; social and cultural heritage of India emphasizing unity in diversity . In geography emphasis will be on geography of India including the physical, social, economic geography and on the main features of Indian agriculture and natural resources. Questions on Indian polity and economy will test knowledge on the country’s political, executive, judicial system, panchayat raj, rural and community development, and economic planning in India. Questions on Indian national movement will relate to the nature and character of the nineteenth century resurgence, growth of nationalism and attainment of independence. General mental ability test will include analysis of classified data, logical and behavioral reasoning, analogies, school arithmetic, numerical ability and basic concepts of computers. Current events will include latest developments on all the fields detailed above including science and technology.
NOTE: About 20 % of the questions in this paper shall be exclusively with reference to Tamil, Tamilnadu, language and literature, culture and heritage of its people.

GENERAL STUDIES (DESCRIPTIVE TYPE)
( for group I services main examination-TWO PAPERS)
SYLLABUS.
PAPER-1
1. Modern history of India and Indian culture2. Current events of national and international importance 3. Statistical analysis , graphs and diagrams4. Social problems and other current sensitive issues
PAPER-2
1. Indian polity2. Indian economy and geography of India 3. Role and impact of science and technology in the development of India4. Tamil language, Tamil society, its culture and heritage 5. Tamil Nadu administration
Modern history of India and Indian culture will cover the broad history of the country from about the middle of the nineteenth century (advent of European invasion) and would include questions on Gandhi, Tagore, Nehru and Periyar. Statistical analysis, graphs and diagrams will include exercises to test the candidates ability to draw commonsense conclusions from information presented in statistical, graphical and diagrammatical form and to point out deficiencies, limitations and inconsistencies therein. Social problems and sensitive issues will include problems like bonded labour, child labour, gender bias, minorities, SC/ST, illiteracy, poverty, employment etc.
Indian polity will include questions on constitution of India, and Political System in India. On Indian economy and geography, questions will be put on planning in India and the physical, economic, social geography of India. On role and impact of science and technology, questions will be asked to test the candidate’s awareness of the latest developments in science and technology with special emphasis on applied aspects. Under Tamil language and culture questions will be put to test the candidate’s general awareness on those topics. Tamil Nadu administration will cover topics in general administration like organizational structure, functions, control, social welfare oriented programmes etc.