Philosophical Mind Art

WHAT TO DO IF YOUR SELF ESTEEM TAKES A DIVE

2012-06-26T08:54:00.000-07:00

People talk a lot about raising self-esteem. I think self-esteem is a myth. It is based on doing, not being. You become a human doing instead of a human being. This theory of self-esteem is echoed by Albert Ellis, who created the REBT theory for therapy (rational emotive behavior therapy). This therapy teaches clients about the mind, the feelings, and the behaviors of people and shows them the way to self-acceptance, to unconditional self-love, instead of self-esteem that is based on what we DO. Self-esteem is a trap. If we don't perform as we've been taught or conditioned to, we feel like failures in our lives. In contrast, unconditional self-regard allows us to love ourselves regardless of what we do or who we are.

Self-esteem is one of the most talked about and one of the greatest myths of our time. Are we not worthy of respect just because we are human beings? Do we have to prove to the world, to our friends and our family, that we can jump through hoops they value in order to be regarded as valuable?

Improving ourselves is a worthy cause, and, I believe, one of the reasons we are on this earth. Yet, regardless of what we accomplish, we can still love ourselves. We just need to divorce ourselves from the conditioning from our societies and families. "Is, not become": that is the answer!

Can't a baby be loved and respected? Must he prove to us that he is valuable? The same can be said of older humans. Each person has their trials and their limitations. Does that mean that they should be loved less because they might have impediments that hold them back from accomplishing what we think they should, or what they think they should?

People who claim to be Christians are often guilty (as are non-Christians--but they are taught differently so they are more off-the-hook) of accepting and valuing others depending on what they accomplish in life. According to most Christians, this life is test to see what we can overcome, what we can learn, what we can accomplish. These judgments hold true especially for people who are not related to one another. It seems to be easier to love a child or relative, regardless of what they do in life.

Self-esteem is a myth! Let us stop talking about self-love and acceptance in this way!! Because we "are", we are worthy of love. We must learn to throw away the antiquated ideas of "you are what you do", and supplant them with "you are who you are and worthy of love and respect under any conditions."

Does this concept sound strange to you? Share your thoughts with us. Challenge this concept, if you believe differently!

SEE POST: LOW SELF-ESTEEM

FRUSTRATION WITH ISRAEL

2012-05-13T18:36:00.000-07:00

PICTURE CREDIT: Deesillustration.com

Who is Rahm Emanuel?

Why are gov't officials allowed to have one type of dual citizenship--Israeli?

What does Israel think it's accomplishing by being such greedy, hypocritical bulldogs?

How can people swallow the concept of anti-Zionism being racism?

How can Israel justify the genocide of Palestinians?

I've read Israelis' pat answers for all these questions--all of which range from unsatisfactory to ridiculous.

At the risk of sounding negative, I don't think this situation will ever resolve itself peacefully. And that frightens me...

DECLINE OF AMERICA

2012-05-13T18:20:00.002-07:00

Is America doomed to become another Greece?

Watch the video below and find out...

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1uCL6per6O0

IGNORANCE: TO JUDGE OR NOT TO JUDGE?

2012-05-13T17:51:00.000-07:00

I've been reading a long, somewhat confusing thread on ignorance and have distilled these thoughts:

I've concluded (for the time being) that there are two kinds of ignorance. (1) ignorance of ignorance, and (2) awareness of ignorance. I might be mistaken but it seems that those 2 categories cover all types of ignorance. And I think that we cannot be faulted for our ignorance unless it is willful.

I do allow myself to feel disgust of ignorance, but not of the "Ignorant" (though I'm not always successful).

What is the best way to think about ignorance? We cannot examine ignorance without considering another concept called "judgment".

I believe strongly that we cannot fully know others, therefore, we cannot accurately judge others. You might say, "I know myself better, therefore, I can judge myself." Well, yes and no. Because we are not objective, can we really know ourselves? Because we live in denial (and need to in order to survive), can we fairly judge ourselves?

Interestingly, the Bible says, "Judge not, lest ye be judged." (One of the wisest statements found in that book, I think.) It doesn't say, "You can judge yourself, but not others."

Because judgment includes concluding what is desirable or not, what is good or not, we risk condemning others (AND ourselves). Considering we all have limitations to understanding ourselves and others, judging has no place in a happy society.

"Ahhh, what about making decisions?" you ask. "You need to differentiate, use critical thinking skills, come to some conclusion." Yes, yes, yes. But we need not judge; we need only decide on what we believe is best for us--and for society, if that is a role that is freely given and accepted.

Absolute, extreme, black and white thinking, poor ego strength, and a host of other aspects all contribute to poor judgments.

And, as humans, we are just too ignorant to make valid judgments most of the time.

YOU LOOK STRESSED!

2012-04-22T15:37:00.000-07:00

If you are stressed, do you like it when others point it out? Why?
Personally, I don't like it. It's not a pet peeve of mine. It doesn't cause a knee-jerk reaction. It's not a huge thing, by any means. I just think of all the things a person could say to another, pointing out how bad someone looks is usually not appreciated.

The message being sent might be interpreted: you look haggard; you look tired; you don't look so good; your work quality is slipping; or some semblance of the above adjectives. Whatever you interpret it to be, it's generally not going to be positive (especially if you are stressed!).

It's bad enough to be stressed out, much less to hear about how it makes you look. How about some help, instead? How about suggesting a rest? Or some other diversion? Like a caring conversation about how they are feeling...

I'm sure that most of these people don't mean anything negative by it. They're not out to rattle my cage (usually).

It's just that we're conditioned to using certain phrases from our own cultures without thinking. Yet, how many times would it be better, nicer to have something positive pop out of our mouths?

PRACTICES PRESENTLY PLAGUING MENTAL HEALTH THERAPY

2012-04-20T18:06:00.000-07:00

The following is a discussion/rant about educational requirements and other serious issues presently plaguing the field of mental health.

PHILOSOPHY, PSYCHOLOGY, AND RELIGION: Is training in these fields necessary for ultimate results in therapy? The concepts of philosophy, psychology and religion are closely intertwined. If broken into segments, the encompassing “picture” of mental health is lost.

For example, the philosophical concept of dualism vs. monism brings us into the realm of religion. Therefore, the type of approach or modality used are more effective when reflecting clients' belief systems. How much do peoples' beliefs in “good” and “evil” affect their decisions and their moods? How do these belief systems affect cognition and, therefore, the emotional lives of people?

Understanding the worldviews of clients opens doors to therapists' understanding of clients' philosophies of life. Simply put, the more therapists know about their clients, the greater the potential to help them.

I believe a truly effective healer, it helps so much to be educated in at least two of these three fields. However, this kind of academic discipline is rarely required of students studying to be therapists. Therefore, their effectiveness is often limited (except in rare cases where the client is exceptionally astute, intelligent, and committed to their own continuing research and education.)

Clients' beliefs regarding philosophy, psychology, and religion helps determine the type of approach used in therapy. In other words, the theories and methods employed would be those therapists decide are most effective for the particular client.

So how effective can therapists truly be without an education in the liberal arts? To be a truly competent therapist, I believe (with some reservations), a person may need to be as disciplined and educated as a medical doctor. (How often does that happen?)

A common belief is that, in psychology we aren’t dealing with the nuts and bolts of body parts and instruments and, therefore, do not directly impact life and death. However, within the realm of the mental and spiritual life of clients, the therapist can be effective in enhancing the quality of life and even in helping to prevent early death and suicide. Considering this, appropriate therapeutic methods and qualified therapists seem indispensable!

Some therapists appear naturally intelligent and emotionally in tune with others' emotions. They seem to have incredible instincts when it comes to what to say and do with a particular client. They seem to have a natural talent. Yet, without adequate education, I still believe even the most intuitive therapist is at a disadvantage.

In providing effective therapy, counselors need to ask themselves a number of critical questions. For example, how does providing therapy affect clinicians' emotions? (Consider burn-out.) Can they effectively manage their involvement with others? Can they keep their boundaries? Have they learned tools, backed by good research that are most effective in particular cases? Can they conceptualize their clients' cases more fully due to their additional training in philosophy and/or religion?

Being a therapist is one of the most difficult professions. Considering the financial aspects alone, even if students are minimally trained, the cost of education is daunting and can be at par with training medical students.

Medical doctors are usually paid well (partly because of the AMA’s artificially limiting the number of doctors allowed to practice and other unsavory practices). The therapist, in most cases, is ubiquitous and underpaid, and that is anathema considering that they are involved in the delicate process of helping heal human minds and souls.

There are many therapists who do the minimum and who are relegated mostly to social work activities within their community mental health centers. That is a sad truth. However, in all fairness, this truth extends to most fields of endeavor. It is like a continuum, with the least capable, unlucky, or unwilling at one end of the continuum and the brightest, most committed, lucky, political, educated and driven at the other.

There are, however, exceptions: bright, committed, motivated therapists who are unwilling to cave into the political expectations of a mental health organization. There are those who are not willing to bend on ethics, as well. I guess those therapists go into private practice.

While good and stimulating opportunities for medical doctors are many, therapists’ chances of finding fulfilling work where they can be maximally effective are minimal. LPC’s and MFT’s are a dime a dozen. They are usually the last resort of choice when hiring at community mental health centers, licensed clinical social workers (LCSW’s) being preferred. Even though the state examinations for licensing are the same, the real work and expertise required for therapy differs greatly from social work.

A community health center is a bureaucracy. That means lots of red tape. That means lots of paperwork. That means lots of involvement with other agencies. That often means money shortages.

Most therapists’ time (regardless of titles) is spent dealing with these areas. Can they still be effective in therapy? Yes and no.

Those who have enough time and energy to do so, those who are willing to sacrifice personal beliefs, conform, and are capable of working within very political environments seem to be the ones who are most "successful" at their jobs. It also helps to have flexible values.

At least, therapists are usually able to give much-needed, minimal band-aids on clients' issues. However, the price therapists pay is often the sacrifice of their personal value systems, significant frustration with organizational politics, dissatisfaction with low-success rates, and paying for their own books and tools, often resulting in career apathy and early burnout.

If clients' issues are minimal, the help they receive is often perceived as great. However, most clients who frequent MHC's (mental health centers) have grave and complicated issues that most therapists are inadequately trained to deal with. This situation easily inflates the actual good MHC's do.

Another issue is that poorly supervised trainees and interns are often pressed into giving therapy they are not qualified to give, increasing the likelihood of poor quality therapy. Those issues, combined with time constraints (allowing only 6-8 or 8-12 sessions, which is usual), can only serve to scratch the surface of the clients' issues. If clients are lucky, the therapeutic band-aid is applied, and they generally feel temporarily relieved.

Most clients have additional frustrations with the time limits of sessions (45-60 minutes) and the general structure and artificial nature of conducting therapy in offices with their therapists. The hassles and costs of keeping appointments put an additional strain on clients struggling with just getting through the day.

The effectiveness of therapy depends heavily on the therapist developing a good relationship with the client. It is estimated that 30-50% of effectiveness depends on this aspect of therapy. However, trying to establish this kind of relationship in so few sessions is a challenge for even the best therapists. To complicate matters, many clients have serious trust issues; therefore, more sessions are needed to establish that kind of trust.

To sum up, lack of education, proper training, and time with clients, the structures and constraints of MHC's, and the high cost of education severely limits therapists' effectiveness for those who suffer from mental illness.

It is past time when society needs to throw out their prejudices about mental illness and therapy and place it on par with medical help, giving therapists and therapy students at least the same level of support. After all, considering the mind/body connection is crucial to effective therapy. Poor physical health is often caused by poor mental health and vice versa, either directly (e.g. by self-medicating) or indirectly (e.g. by depression and loss of hope).

I ask out of frustration, how long will it take before the stigma of mental health abates? How long before enough money is available to set up effective mental health centers?

How long before the majority of educational institutions incorporate and require a more thorough, well-rounded education for its mental health practitioner students and train them adequately, thereby treating clients ethically and effectively?

Are you familiar with any of these issues? Have you ever struggled with the mental health system and the level of therapists expertise? I am very interested to hear about it. Please blog your experiences, and share any ideas for improvement in the field of mental health.

Thank you!

COGNITIVE THERAPY: REFRAMING

2012-04-18T15:58:00.005-07:00

Some years ago, I was talking to a good friend of mine who asked, "So, how are you feeling these days?"

I quickly answered, without thinking, "Well, I've lowered my expectations, so life is actually more tolerable."

Having struck us so absurdly funny at the same time, we laughed about that for a long while. After the conversation, I thought my comment sounded negative and morbid--like I've given something up. And then I realized I did: my perfectionism.

This is what is called REFRAMING in Cognitive Therapy. It's a good thing. But I still think back on that conversation and feel torn. Yes, I know the world is not perfect and neither am I. However, when you are young, you have a tendency to look at the future with much more hope and anticipation. People tell you, "Anything is possible!"

But as you bump along in life, you find out eventually (or very quickly!), that your opportunities are shrinking and life is usually NOT what you had imagined it might be.

This situation can be worse for people who are told they should set goals, and work for them, and they will accomplish their dreams. Sounds nice--and productive; however, unless you are willing to re-set your goals along the way, willing to be very flexible, life may seem like one disappointment after another.

By middle age, in times of grief and loss, I found myself working hard on looking at the glass half-full, counting my blessings just to stay balanced and not go off the deep end. It really worked! (Usually...) It got me through some very tough times and I learned to survive.

Now, I'm grateful for knowing how to change my perspectives; I'm grateful that I know perfectionism and rigidity ("thinking errors") are unhealthy, and I can avoid them. I'm grateful to have found a way to be content most of the time, even though I realize that I am working through my subjective reality and not objective reality. (I believe there IS objective reality, but who is to say what that is for sure? ;0) But I'm getting Existential again...back to Cognitive!)

Some people are suspicious of reframing, saying that it is just a way of fooling yourself. If that is how they see it, it probably is--for them. As a therapist, we try to get clients to see that there are different ways of looking at the same situation. Certainly, as humans, that is what we all do naturally--we all have our personal perspectives. Just ask any group of people who have witnessed a car accident...

While it makes sense to me, it can be difficult to teach this tool to some clients who use black and white thinking (another thinking error); things are all one way or the other for them. Other clients snap into reframing quite quickly. I have seen the "miraculous results" of cognitive therapy often. So, I believe in its power.

And yet--I still somehow feel uncomfortable at times trying to teach reframing or reframe things for myself. If we are recreating our own reality, how far is it from actual reality? I mean, are we just becoming Pollyannas?

Some of the latest therapeutic approaches emphasize heavily the positive approach--think positive, be positive, avoid negativity whenever possible, and life will become oh-so-wonderful. When I see people really "up" like that, my first reactions are that they "drank the Kool-aid", that the person is not "genuine", living in a world of their own. (Well, it's THEIR perspective, right--isn't THAT OK?) (I sometimes wonder what would happen if objective reality ever crept into their lives. They might explode--or melt!)

I want to be "realistic" with myself and my clients. I think a worthy goal, existentially and theoretically speaking, is to bring objective and subjective reality together as closely as possible, so that we can live a practical life in the real world and reduce the denial in our lives. That sounds harsh, though, too, doesn't it? For me, it is often a balancing act between Existential and Cognitive principles. (After all, not much occurs in a vacuum.)

It is very difficult to know where to draw the line with others; how much reality can they digest? Some denial is a healthy stop-gap measure to keep us going until we are ready to face certain realities. Some people really limp through life, so it is imperative NOT to take their denial "crutches" away from them. Gently guiding, leading, over time is better. (Or, in some cases, never may be better. We don't want anyone contemplating suicide.)

So, maybe reframing can be defined as using a new perspective that is still feels REAL (whatever that is), but feels more HOPEFUL. I do think we can reframe ourselves to a place close to objective reality, if we do it skillfully in conjunction with the personal issues of the client.

Personally, I continually check myself and weigh sides to make sure I'm not just living in a "fool's paradise". Cognitive therapy, done well, can be a very tricky road; but until some other better mode of therapy comes along, I'll stay on that highway!

AARON T. BECK, M.D.

"The philosophical origins of cognitive therapy can be traced back to the Stoic philosophers"

^{~ Aaron T. Beck, father of Cognitive Therapy}

See...how philosophy and psychology overlap?

WHY HATE GILAD ATZMON?

2012-04-12T20:02:00.003-07:00

Every once in a while, I post articles that I especially like and want to share. No amount of writing on my part could communicate what this article says.

www.gilad.co.uk

Why Hate Gilad Atzmon?

By Kevin Barrett

http://www.veteranstoday.com/2012/03/08/why-hate-gilad-atzmon/ via Gilad Atzmon via rense.com

March 9, 2012

Gilad Atzmon is one of the sweetest, funniest, most charming and likable people I’ve ever met.

He’s also one of the world’s best saxaphone players. Gilad’s music is not only gorgeous, but uncommonly accessible for music in its class.

His writing, which includes two novels, a nonfiction book, and countless essays, is grounded in the highest humanistic ideals, invigorating laughter, and an irrepressible joie de vivre.

In short, Gilad is outrageously easy to like.

So why is he hated so much?

Why are his appearances protested by angry picketers? Why is the most vicious and mendacious kind of calumny being hurled at him in such quantities? Why is there an organized effort to make this gentle, loving free spirit out to be some kind of deranged Nazi?

His detractors say his writing invites it. But they’re wrong. The proof is that the anti-Atzmon brigade has to resort to lies (or to be charitable, gratuitous distortions) to make him look bad.

There must be some deeper reason why they hate him.

Maybe it’s because he’s such a powerful symbol of – and argument for – the end of Zionism.

Gilad Atzmon grew up in Israel in a Jewish family that included Holocaust survivors. He fell in love with jazz as a teenager, so when it came time to serve in the IDF he joined a military band. During his IDF service, Gilad awakened to the horrors of Zionism and its brutality toward Palestinians. Shortly after leaving the IDF, he also left Israel and never returned.

Now London-based, Gilad Atzmon is considered one of Europe’s top jazz musicians – and, increasingly, its leading ex-Israeli anti-Zionist voice. He has published two acclaimed novels, and his new book The Wandering Who? has endured vicious attacks, smear campaigns, and boycotts by such Zionists as Alan Dershowitz, and is becoming a worldwide bestseller.

In all of this, Gilad Atzmon is quite the anti-Zionist success story. His creative output, both musical and verbal, challenges arbitrary boundaries and celebrates freedom. (Jazz, the greatest art form America ever produced, is at its root a celebration of musical freedom by once-enslaved African-Americans.)

Today, more and more Israelis are lining up to get second passports and asking themselves, “Is there life after Zionism?” Gilad Atzmon offers a perfect example, with plenty of supporting arguments, of how ex-Zionist Israelis can liberate themselves from the shackles of a brutal, abusive, and ultimately doomed ideology and identity.

So that’s why they hate him. He’s the walking, talking, saxaphone-blowing embodiment of the joy of life after Zionism.

You see, most of the people who hate Gilad are radical Zionists; all (including the handful of “pro-Palestine” phonies) are prisoners of Zionist ideology. They have been trained to heap mountains of hate on anyone who crosses the one meaningful line in the whole Israel-Palestine debate: The line that separates those who support or accept the existence of a “Jewish state” in Palestine from those of us who do not.

As Norman Finkelstein inadvertently pointed out, Israel – despite its horrendous human rights record – is not going to be changed by people focusing on ephemeral abuses of human rights. The Zionists (like Finkelstein) will simply respond, “There are, and have been, human rights abuses elsewhere that are just as bad; so anybody who focuses on Israeli human rights violations must be an anti-Semite.” (Most murderers don’t get off by pleading to the judge that someone else committed an equally bad murder; but we’ll let that slide.)

Chris Hedges might respond to Finklestein that nowhere else do army snipers lure children into range of their guns, then gut-shoot them for sport; and British Medical Journal might add that the more than 600 children sport-shot during the interval they examined, who were essentially hunted and killed for fun by IDF soldiers as a de facto national policy, died from a specific and horrific type of human rights abuse that has never been seen anywhere else. But these events will be buried by the Zionist-dominated media; and no matter how horrific the abuses, there will always be different sufficiently revolting examples of inhumanity from other times and places to relativize the Israeli atrocities.

There is only one argument the Zionists cannot possibly win: The argument over whether there should be a “Jewish state” in Palestine in the first place.

Defenders of this bizarre notion must argue that it is perfectly fine for a religious-ethnic group to invade and occupy another group’s land, halfway across the world, on the basis of the aggressor group’s ancient mythology. And that it is perfectly fine for the aggressor group to dispossess and destroy the people living on that land, and to create an ethnic-specific apartheid system under which the invaders are first class citizens, while the victims are either second-class citizens or permanently exiled from their homeland.

To defend Zionism, you would also have to grant American Celts (like me) the right to invade, occupy, and erect a “Celtic state” in the Baltic or Western France or wherever our mythology says we originated. You would have to allow Andalusian Muslims (another ethnic-religious category I identify with) to invade, occupy, and ethnically-cleanse Spain. You would have to allow Protestants, whose mythology tells them that they are the true Christians, to invade and occupy the Vatican – and Palestine, for that matter. You would have to allow virtually all of the 3,000 ethnic groups on earth to invade, occupy, and ethnically cleanse someplace halfway across the world that they can claim is their “ancient homeland.”

Obviously, any and all “invade-and-occupy-our-mythological-ancient-homeland” projects are equally indefensible and equally insane.

Zionism is genocidal insanity.

It must be ended.

No more Jewish state in Occupied Palestine.

Period.

This is the bottom line. This is the line that all the Zionists, from right-wingers like Netanyahu to left-wingers like Chomsky and Finklestein and Amy Goodman and Matt Rothschild and Michael Lerner and Rob Kall and Chip Berlet and all of the hundreds of other Zionist gatekeepers that dominate the “alternative” as well as mainstream media DO NOT WANT YOU TO CROSS. These are the Police Lines that the Zionist thought police have erected, and are working overtime to maintain.
Because if you ask that one little simple question – “is the Zionist project, and the Israeli ‘nation,’ legitimate in the first place?” the whole thing crumbles to dust and ashes.

That’s the real reason the Zionists want to nuke Iran. The Iranian government is the only government in the Middle East to have, as its official policy, exactly the same position as the vast majority of the people of the Middle East: The Zionist entity in Occupied Palestine is not, and never will be, legitimate; and it must be ended, preferably by nonviolent means, as soon as possible.

And that’s why the Zionists are getting more and more hysterical in their denunciations of “delegitimizers.” (How can you delegitimize something that was never legitimate in the first place?)

And that’s why they’re hate-swarming all over Jenny Tonge, who correctly pointed out that Israel won’t last forever.

And that’s why they hate Gilad Atzmon. Not only is Gilad forthrightly anti-Zionist, thereby showing the “peacenik Zionist” phonies up for what they are; but he is also fearless in his analysis of the way Jewish identity politics fosters the delusion that Jews are an “exceptional people” who should be allowed to do things to Palestine that no other ethnic/religious group would ever be allowed to do to its mythological ancient homeland across the seas.

Worse: The guy expressing these taboo but obviously-correct views, and setting such a beautiful example as an ex-Israeli anti-Zionist, is an energetic and fabulously talented Renaissance man – a superb musician and writer and mesmerizing public speaker. This must gall the Zionists to no end.

No wonder they hate Gilad Atzmon.

Maybe someday, when they get tired of hating, they’ll drop their Zionism (itself an ideology of hatred, starting with self-hatred) and embrace the love, joy and liberation Gilad embodies so beautifully.

SEE POSTS: "DOES CRITICIZING ISRAEL MEAN YOU ARE AN ANTISEMITE?", "SETTING THE ISRAELI QUESTION STRAIGHT" and "ILLEGAL TO CRITICIZE ISRAEL?!"

BEN GURION QUOTE

2012-04-09T23:26:00.003-07:00

"Zionism is a TRANSFER of the Jews. Regarding the TRANSFER of the [Palestinian] Arabs this is much easier than any other TRANSFER. There are Arab states in the vicinity . . . . and it is clear that if the [Palestinian] Arabs are removed [to these states] this will improve their condition and not the contrary." (Expulsion Of The Palestinians, p. 159) -- Ben Gurion, Israel's 1st prime minister.

HOW WRONG CAN A PERSON BE?!!

ILLEGAL TO CRITICIZE ISRAEL?!

2012-04-09T21:56:00.002-07:00

I've been debating some of my BlogCatalog "friends" on the subject of Israel and racism. I'm shocked at the reaction my comments inspired. Intelligent, educated people (who need to be better informed ;0) attacked me verbally, calling me a "racist".

Me...a racist. Wow. Of course, these people do not know me personally. Those who do, however, may call me many things but "racist" is not one of them. Ridiculous.

So, while I've been "hibernating" in Greece, countries are beginning to make it illegal to criticize Israel. Yeah. I'm not kidding!

One even (I'm sure in his best superior attitude) said, "If you were in England, you would probably be subject to prosecution!" And that's a GOOD thing?!

Now I'm reading about Canada's law along the same lines. Aaaaahhhh!!!!!

People, they are trying to make this a law in the U.S. THE U.S! When this happens, you can be sure it is an evil harbinger for the future of FREE SPEECH in America. (I know, "evil" is a loaded word, but I am so outraged right now that I can't think of a more accurate one.)

So, the people in those countries where it is illegal to say the truth, are ham-stringed. You can criticize ANY other country--but NOT Israel! (I wanna fill this page with exclamation marks!)

I also feel sorrow for the future of the United States, the Palestinians, and anywhere else freedom of speech does not exist. We are becoming a fascist nation fast!

There are even specific words you can't say like "occupied territories" and "massacre." There's a YouTube video on "S__T Canadian Students Can't Say" at http://seriouslyfreespeech.ca.

"But I'm not a racist! I am anti-Zionist. Those are 2 totally different concepts." I have said it ad nauseum with many arguments to back up my statements.

It doesn't matter, logic doesn't matter, critical thinking skills don't matter. Denial is furiously at work in the minds of most Zionists. Really, it's like a switch is turned off in other people's minds when discussing race. Nobody home. Creepy.

The Powers That Be (TPTB) have decided that anti-Zionism and anti-Semitism mean the SAME thing. All over the web I read: anti-Zionism is racism. Huh?! But if you say it enough times, write it enough times, write it into law, voila', they have the same meaning!

ANTI-ZIONISM IS NOT RACISM. PERIOD. THEY ARE TWO DIFFERENT WORDS WITH DIFFERENT MEANINGS.

Zionists seem to be "well-conditioned" and purposely misled. Your emotions have overcome your logic. For the sake of the world, put aside your fear and get your heads straight. There really are people who are against the country of Israel, but have no ill feelings toward the inhabitants or believers of Zionism.

I don't hate Zionists; I hate their actions, their policies, their deceptions, their racism against the Arab, racism against everyone else who is NOT Jewish(!), their murders of women and children, their control over the lives of Palestinians (even over water!) purposely created to make life hell for Palestinians.

The hypocrisy of Israel is outrageous. We don't hear enough about it on U.S. TV or in the news, but the WEB--ah, the web--

I will probably post many, many articles on the Israeli conflict in the future. And I better do it fast, before it becomes illegal.

SEE POSTS: IS ANTI-ZIONISM ANTI-SEMITISM? and SETTING THE ISRAELI QUESTION STRAIGHT

THEORY IN BRIEF: PERSON OR CLIENT CENTERED

2012-03-21T18:04:00.003-07:00

NAME OF THEORY: Person Centered (Client Centered) Theory

BASIC PREMISES AND PHILOSOPHY: Create a warm, caring, and nurturing environment for clients to facilitate trust and openness to structure a climate for clients to learn. Core conditions for change to take place are: contact, genuineness, unconditional positive regard, and empathy. Focus should remain on the human experience, not on the problem (person centered vs. problem centered).

CARL ROGERS

FOUNDERS OR IMPORTANT CONTRIBUTORS: Leslie Greenberg and colleagues, Robert Carkhuff and colleagues, Carl and Natalie Rogers, Theodore Reik, Otto Rank

COUNSELING GOALS: To make clients feel valued, understood and empowered. Offer a sense of hope and potential for clients to move past their dilemmas.

ROLE OF COUNSELOR: Provide warmth and human contact. Be fully and completely attentive. Have and demonstrate openness and unconditional POSITIVE regard for clients. Provide support, trust, and caring through authenticity, warmth, and genuineness. Immediacy—pointing out ways behavior is unfolding in the moment. Demonstrate empathy and congruence. Focus on affect and feelings. Use active/reflective listening.

ROLE OF CLIENT: Be willing to discuss feelings and develop trust and good repoire with counselor. Be prepared to discuss abstract concepts and explore ambiguity. Be self-directed and motivated.

USEFUL WITH WHAT POPULATIONS AND TYPES OF PROBLEMS: Best with clients who are willing to take time for therapy and are not as interested in quick fixes or especially goal focused. Also effective for clients who are willing to be self-directed and motivated. Good for a large variety of populations and agencies or environments. Generally serves as an effective basis for communicating with others and problem solving by establishing positive relationships.

HUMANISM POSTER

EXAMPLES OF TECHNIQUES: Reflective listening; building relationship with trust and authenticity; immediacy intervention (pointing out issues as they arise and are unfolding); focus on affect and feelings. Provide full and complete presence as therapist to the client. Show full acceptance of clients, not necessarily their behaviors; verbally and non-verbally communicate respect and caring.

TERMS: reflective listening, immediacy, authenticity, empathy, acceptance, unconditional positive regard, person-centered vs. problem centered

EXISTENTIAL QUOTE

2012-03-08T17:43:00.003-08:00

Sincerity is everything. If you can fake that, you've got it made.

~ George Burns

THEORY IN BRIEF: EXISTENTIALISM

2012-03-08T17:16:00.004-08:00

BASIC PREMISES AND PHILOSOPHY: Philosophy is concerned with the meaning of life. Nothing would exist if people were not here to see it, i.e. the self cannot exist without a world and the world cannot exist without a person to perceive it. Ethical, spiritual and moral matters are considered as essential aspects of being human, rather than as by-products of biological forces.

FOUNDERS OR IMPORTANT CONTRIBUTORS: Kierkegaard, Nietzsche, Carl Rogers, Victor Frankl, Rollo May, Abraham Maslow, Erich Fromm

COUNSELING GOALS: Clients view the world as valid through their own perspective, in relation to others and the world, and embrace free will, recognizing their natural desire to improve and rise above difficulties.

ROLE OF COUNSELOR: Approach clients with empathy, understanding and unconditional positive regard encouraging self-disclosure and trust. Encourages self-knowledge through experience, addressing ethics, morals, and value of clients. Encourages realization of goals through reflections of others and promotes devotion and service to combat loneliness and anxiety.

ROLE OF CLIENT: Learn to relate and trust therapist, opening up their minds to the notion of free will, the essential goodness of humans, and the necessity of struggle for self-development. Ability to deal with ambiguity and discuss abstract concepts at length. Willingness to be self directed. Learn to trust and value self.

USEFUL WITH WHAT POPULATIONS AND TYPES OF PROBLEMS? Best used with clients who are verbally proficient, educated and literate. Clients must have desire and ability to discuss philosophical ideas and rise above black and white thinking. Limited use with some adolescents and younger population. It helps if clients are able to deal with ambiguity and are not just focused on goals and techniques to get there. Especially effective with creative personalities. Clients with acute trauma or little interest in insight are not good candidates.

EXAMPLES OF TECHNIQUES: Rogerian Therapy, Logotherapy, Client Centered Techniques, Phenomenological/Non-deterministic approaches, Observation, Art/Dance/LiteratureTherapy, Self-Exploration.

Mahrer’s approach:

1) Being in the moment;

2) Integrating the felt experience into primary relationships;

3) Making connections to the past;

4) Integrating what was learned.

TERMS: non-determinism, phenomenological, free-will, humanism, angst and dread, human potential movement, hierarchy of needs, deficiency of needs, dialectical tension, dialectical humanism, I-thou vs. I-it, peak experiences, organismic

SEE POSTS: THEORIES IN BRIEF SERIES

WORRY CARTOON

2012-02-21T19:09:00.003-08:00

YOU CAN'T CHANGE THE PAST
BUT YOU CAN RUIN THE PRESENT
BY

WORRYING ABOUT THE FUTURE

SOME THINKING ERRORS USED IN WORRYING:

AWFULIZING/

CATASTROPHIZING

POWER AND CONTROL
PERFECTIONISM
SHOULDING

CAN YOU THINK OF ANY MORE?

COMPARISONS OF THEORETICAL COUNSELING MODELS PART 4

2012-02-21T18:35:00.001-08:00

THE INFLUENCE OF THEORETICAL MODELS ON COUNSELING

The varying ideas and beliefs of counseling modalities greatly influence the manner and approach in which therapists help clients. Therapists need to use the theoretical approach most suited to each individual client’s issues to be most effective.

Cognitive Model

The cognitive model is one of the more popular theoretical models used by therapists. Cognitive therapy is brief, focused, time limited, and only deals with the presenting problem.

The major focus of cognitive therapy is on thinking patterns and their modifications. It also focuses on taking new ideas and acting them out. By examining the dysfunctional thinking and self-defeating thought patterns that keep clients from improving, therapists help clients create more satisfying relationships and functional lives.

Behavioral Model

The behavioral model helps clients through demonstrating accurate listening, concern, caring, acceptance, and understanding of the client as a unique person. For therapists to maximize their helping potential, they must first develop positive relationships with their clients, thereby ensuring greater understanding of clients’ issues and which intervention strategies to develop.

By involving clients in goal setting, therapists also provide them with enough motivation to succeed in acquiring adaptive and functional behaviors. Modern day therapists involve clients in the analysis, planning, process, and evaluation of their behavior management program.

Psychodynamic Model

Psychodynamics attempts to help clients by discovering how their past influences the present. Therapists using this approach often use free association as a tool as an aid to understanding past influences. Orthodox psychoanalysis gives special attention to sexual development during the Oedipal period. However, Jungians search for cultural archetypes in history that determine how we live our lives today, and family therapy explores how intergenerational family issues affect our present condition.

Existential Model

The existential model focuses on the meaning of human existence. Existentialism purports that people are responsible for their own lives. Using the existentialist approach, therapists help clients learn to drop their masks and become more open and self-trusting.

To help accomplish the aim of existential therapy, therapists demonstrate unconditional positive regard and empathetic understanding of clients’ internal frame of reference. Clients can become more mature and self-integrated through therapists’ reflecting clients’ feelings.

Family Systems Model

Family therapy has been compared by therapists as simultaneously running a circus with different acts. In the family systems model, therapists follow sequential stages in their attempt to help clients.

The first stage involves the first contact therapists have with their clients. During the first contact with family members, therapists connect with each person in a way that is intimate and meaningful. The second stage requires the therapist to become part of the family through trust and confidence-building with all family members. In this stage therapists use warmth, authority, and interpersonal skills to create connections with each family member.

Conclusion

While each theoretical approach and modality has its advantages and disadvantages, it is imperative that therapists choose the approach most suited to clients’ issues. For example, while there are some similarities, there are important differences between behavioral theory and existential theory.

Behavioral approaches work best with clients who are more rigid in their thought patterns, are more comfortable with structure, and are very goal-oriented. Existential approaches work best with clients who are above average in intelligence, are comfortable with the more gray areas of life, and who are have good communication skills.

Behaviorism and existentialism are alike in that both theories encourage establishing a more humanistically-oriented, warm, genuine, and generally positive relationship with clients, influenced by respect and unconditional regard for clients. Rapport with clients is an essential requirement for building a solid therapeutic foundation in both approaches. However, while behaviorism strives to be structured, concrete, immediate, and focus on goal-setting, existentialism is very flexible in focusing on abstract, philosophical constructs that influence meaning in clients’ lives.

A behavioral approach is therapist-directed, whereas existentialism lets clients decide the flow of their sessions. Behaviorism’s focus on goals contrasts with existentialism’s focus on clients’ beliefs about life and relationships and letting clients’ discover themselves through dialog and introspection. Finally, behaviorism focuses on the extrinsic or outside world and behavior, while existentialism concerns itself mainly with the intrinsic or internal world of clients, their thoughts, feelings, and attitudes.

While both approaches have the goal of alleviating clients’ suffering, their methods are very different. Yet, each is a valid approach, depending on the type of client, their issues, time allowed for therapy. Therefore, all theoretical approaches can be useful if applied appropriately. It is therapists’ responsibility to be knowledgeable about the commonly used modalities so that they know how, when and with whom to apply a particular therapeutic approach, thereby maximizing their therapeutic potential.

SEE POSTS: COMPARISONS OF THEORETICAL COUNSELING MODELS PARTS 1, 2 AND 3

COMPARISONS OF THEORETICAL COUNSELING MODELS PART 3

2012-02-21T17:48:00.001-08:00

AGE, GENDER, AND ETHNICITY

Age, gender and ethnicity play important characterological roles in the therapist/client relationship. The success or failure of therapeutic relationships is dependent on the interaction between the two cohorts in considering and accommodating gender, age and ethnicity factors. In establishing counseling relationships therapists must begin by building a positive foundation with their clients by skillfully eliciting information, establishing a rapport, trust, psychological comfort, and mutual purpose.

The Age Factor

How therapists approach counseling depends greatly on the age of clients. According Hackney and Cormier (2005), “Counseling seems to work better if children can control the distance between themselves and the counselor” (p. 70). Because children feel more comfortable talking with adults at eye level, it is important that seating during the session accommodates eye-to-eye contact.

The key element required in working with adolescents is trust-building. Adolescents sense if the counselors are genuine, have empathy, and if rapport is established. Adults are more concerned with therapists’ competence and open-mindedness. Adults also consider other factors such as the sensitivity, objectivity, and inter-personal attractiveness of counselors.

The Gender Factor

Gender influences therapists’ ability to judge clients’ state-of-being, past experience, and past client feedback. The main gender issue stems from clients’ male or female worldview and how past personal issues may impact counseling sessions. For example, if male clients believe that women are second-class citizens, pairing them with female therapists may not be productive.

Another example is female clients who have been emotionally, physically and/or verbally abused by a male. To foster productive therapy, therapists must be sensitive to clients’ needs and allow them to decide if their therapist’s gender feels comfortable to them.

Racial, Ethnic, and Cultural Factors

Having a strong foundation in clients’ culture and ethnicity supports counselors in laying groundwork for future sessions. Therapists have two ways to view clients in a cultural and ethnic framework. One is the “…etic or focused culture-specific approach…” which “…holds that all cultures are unique and must be understood for their uniqueness” (2005, p.70). By contrast, Hackney and Cormier (2005) cite Atkinson and Hackett (1998) who state that the universal approach is more subjective and includes “…how culture affects the counseling process by broadening the definition of minority to include all oppressed groups…” (p. 70).

SEE POSTS: COMPARISONS OF THEORETICAL COUNSELING MODELS PARTS 1, 2 AND 4

(References available on request.)

B.F. SKINNER QUOTE

2012-02-20T18:30:00.001-08:00

"Give me a child and I'll shape him into anything."
B.F. SKINNER, PROMOTER OF BEHAVIORAL THERAPY

COMPARISONS OF THEORETICAL COUNSELING MODELS PART 2

2012-02-20T18:05:00.002-08:00

THE ROLE OF QUESTIONING IN ASSESSMENT AND INTERVENTION

Cognitive Theory


COGNITIVE AND BEHAVIORAL MODELS ARE USUALLY COMBINED

The focus of cognitive therapy is on the idea that people are born with the potential of correct thinking. Therefore, the focus of therapists using cognitive modalities is on fighting distorted thinking by asking clients questions related to rationale. Currently, the A-B-C theory is a cognitive modality commonly used. Using questions and confrontation, therapists explore (A) activating events of clients’ issues; (B) beliefs surrounding these events; (C) the consequences of clients’ A and B thoughts. The hope is that clients’ will see the errors in their thinking, change these distortions in logic, and ease or eradicate negative consequences in their lives.

Behaviorism Theory


PAVLOV, FATHER OF BEHAVIORISM

Behavior therapy is grounded on a scientific perspective of human behavior. Behaviorists believe people are producers and produce in their own environment. The questions clients face from behavioral modalities are designed to help them gain skills to help facilitate more choices and eventually gain full control over their lives. One important goal of behaviorism is to help clients to rid themselves of maladaptive behaviors. Clients are active in their therapy by learning and applying coping skills, role-playing, and completing homework assignments from their therapists.

Psychodynamic Theory

Psychodynamic theory focuses on the id, ego, super ego, unconscious motivations and libido (which refer to sexual energy. When therapists follow a psychodynamic modality the role of questioning in assessments and interventions use the following main concepts:

1. Understanding and exploring client resistance such as: quitting therapy prematurely, canceling appointments, and resisting self-exploration.

2. Exploring underlying issues and giving new endings to some issues.

3. Exploring and using transference and countertransference.

4. Understanding the reasons clients overuse ego defenses in both counseling and other relationships that keep clients from healthy functioning.

Therapists act as a blank slate. They engage in very little self-disclosure with clients and, as clients make projection onto them, they are more able to connect and understand how clients’ feelings are associated with their unfinished business. Therapists doing psychodynamic counseling ask probing questions to help clients gain self-awareness, healthy relationships, anxiety-reduction skills, and incorporate healthy work, love and play into their lives.

Existential Theory

While practitioners of psychodynamic theory believe freedom is restricted by unconsciousness, past experiences and libido, existential therapy views freedom as a choice implying responsibility for actions and choices. Existentialist approaches focus on helping clients explore and understand passivity in their lives and how they have accepted circumstances, thus giving up control over their lives. The goal of the existential modality is, therefore, to help clients gain control over their lives. The first step in the therapeutic journey is for clients to accept responsibility. “Once individuals recognize their role in creating their own life predicament, they also realize that they, and only they, have the power to change that situation” (Corey, 2004, citing Yalom, 2003, p. 141).

The main concepts existentialist therapists focus on are: freedom and responsibility; clients’ self-awareness; clients’ ability to establish healthy relationships with self and others; life as including anxiety and death; and clients’ personal purpose, meaning, goals and values in life.

Existential therapy focuses on life passages including the struggle for identity in adolescents, coping with disappointments in middle age, adjusting to children leaving home, coping with failures in marriage and work, and dealing with increased physical limitations as clients age. Existentialist counselors tailor questions to help guide their clients through self-discovery and realize the potential power within them.

Family Systems Theory

GENOGRAM

The family systems approach focuses on the clients’ family rather than only clients alone. The belief in family systems theory is that every event and action in families has an impact on each member of the family and displaces some of the clients’ blame externally. Therapists using a family systems approach usually try to include family members in clients’ sessions to help address issues. Questions are geared to triangulations, individualism, anxiety, and emotional disconnects.

SEE POSTS: COMPARISONS OF THEORETICAL COUNSELING MODELS PARTS 1, 3 AND 4

(References available on request.)

COMPARISONS OF THEORETICAL COUNSELING MODELS PART 1

2012-02-19T21:21:00.001-08:00

CURRENT STRATEGIES USED BASED ON THEORETICAL ORIENTATION

Ideally, the strategy counselors use to treat clients are based on specific theoretical orientations they chose that are most appropriate for the presenting problems of clients. Five theoretical orientations commonly used are cognitive, behavioral, psychodynamic, existential, and family systems. Each of these theories purports different strategies as the best method for treating clients.

Cognitive Strategies

Cognitive therapy is used to treat common presenting issues such as substance abuse, anxiety, and depression. One of the cognitive strategies currently used is A-B-C-D analysis that is closely associated with rational-emotive therapy. In A-B-C-D strategy, A represents the activating event, B represents the clients’ belief system, C presents the consequence produced by the interaction between A and B, and D represents the disputation of such irrational beliefs and thoughts. The goals of the A-B-C-D modality, as in many of the strategies used in cognitive therapy, are designed to help “the client modify existing thought patterns, or remind the client to avoid undesirable thought, or even help the client assess events more constructively”. The main goal, therefore, is to change thoughts so that a positive change in feelings and behaviors of clients can follow, thereby alleviating clients’ distress.

Behavioral Strategies

Behavioral therapy is another commonly used approach in helping clients resolve issues. The general goal of behavioral therapy is to “help clients develop adaptive and supportive behaviors to a variety of settings”. Phobias are usually treated with behavioral therapy.

One of the most important strategies of behavioral therapy is goal-setting which allows clients to translate their concerns into specific therapeutic tasks. Goal setting also encourages the client to take small, successive steps toward resolving their issues. Therapeutic goals must be concrete, observable, and measurable and developed by both client and counselor to be specific and realistic.

In most cases, client-involvement in designing their goals is paramount, thus increasing the likelihood of their motivation and commitment in goal completion. For example, behavioral contracts are commonly used to help clients feel more committed to completing a task because contracts require clients to decide which behaviors they want and are able to attain.

Psychodynamic Strategies

Psychodynamic therapy places emphasis on clients’ unconscious processes. Therapists using a psychodynamic approach attempt “to deal with underlying characterological changes”. Therapists usually play an authoritative role and encourage clients’ transference to identify and resolve clients’ issues. In contrast, however, the free association psychodynamic modality often used requires therapists to become more like teachers/consultants rather than parental figures. Free association allows clients to freely report whatever enters their mind without bias or criticism from therapists thereby aiding unhampered reporting of clients’ unconscious mind.

Existential Strategies

Existential therapy allows clients to explore the meaning of life and their human existence. The existential approach is useful in helping clients examine issues of personal meaning in their lives and realize their ability for empowerment. Techniques of existentialism are extremely flexible.

Four steps essential in using an existentialist approach are: (1) being in the moment, (2) integrating the felt experience into primary relationships, (3) making connections to the past, and (4) integrating what was learned.

By including these steps, both therapists and clients are better facilitated in exploring the world of clients, thereby identifying presenting issues and possible solutions.

Family Systems

A systemic view “sees the family as the primary unit and holds that all the members of the family are important contributors to clients’ psychological functioning and development”. The family systems approach allows clients to separate the person from the problem, reduces guilt, and helps clients in joining with other family members to defeat the problem. Therapists using a family systems approach often use narrative therapy to help teach clients to externalize rather than internalize their problems.

(I wrote this post for students and practitioners of psychology/therapy; however, I believe it contains much interesting information for the layperson, especially those interested in psychology and/or philosophy.)

SEE POSTS: PARTS 2, 3 AND 4 COMPARISONS OF THEORETICAL COUNSELING MODELS

FRITZ PERLS QUOTE

2012-02-15T20:54:00.001-08:00

"Our dependency makes slaves out of us, especially if this dependency is a dependency of our self-esteem. If you need encouragement, praise, pats on the back from everybody, then you make everybody your judge."

FRITZ PERLS

SEE POST: "What to Do if Your Self-Esteem Takes a Dive?"

THEORY IN BRIEF: GESTALT THEORY

2012-02-15T19:58:00.001-08:00

I wrote this post for students and practitioners of psychology/therapy; however, I believe it contains much interesting information for the layperson, especially those interested in psychology and/or philosophy.

NAME OF THEORY: Gestalt Theory

BASIC PREMISES AND PHILOSOPHY: Learning occurs incrementally through successive reinforcement. People become disconnected from their essential selves and require reintegration of them selves into a whole to heal. Focus in on the present instead of the past. Emphasizes whimsy and playfulness. The goal is to heighten awareness and act on what is experienced. Uses clients’ behaviors to bring about awareness of their creative potential to discover and facilitate their own change.

FOUNDERS OR IMPORTANT CONTRIBUTORS: Fritz Perls, Latner, Polster, Wheeler, Kurt Lewin, Wolfgang Pohler

COUNSELING GOALS: To have clients focus on the moment and their personal immediate experience and feelings and integrate this into appropriate action, showing ownership and responsibility.

FRITZ PERLS

ROLE OF COUNSELOR: Demonstrate a high degree of authenticity, creativity, sensitivity. Be willing to confront clients on their repression and denial.

ROLE OF CLIENT: Focus on the present, be open to emotions and immediate experiences, be willing to implement solutions and take personal accountability and responsibility for change and personal behaviors.

USEFUL WITH WHAT POPULATIONS AND TYPES OF PROBLEMS: Best with clients who are willing to engage in longer-term therapy. Good with clients who are resistant to self awareness regarding their feelings. Often used in group therapy.


BOOK COVER INDICATING FAMOUS EMPTY CHAIR TECHNIQUE

EXAMPLES OF TECHNIQUES: Focus on the here and now, unfinished business (focus on resentment and other unexpressed feelings), channels of resistance (focus on defense mechanisms), choice of language indicating ownership, empty chair technique (speak to imaginary person).


CREATIVE EXPERIENTIAL GROUP THERAPY

TERMS: experiential nature, existential encounter, client awareness, channels of resistance, person-centered, process-oriented, non-verbal behavior, eureka phenomenon/”aha” moments.

See more in "THEORY IN BRIEF" series.

THEORY IN BRIEF: FAMILY SYSTEMS

2011-12-26T03:07:00.000-08:00

NAME OF THEORY: Family Systems

BASIC PREMISES AND PHILOSOPHY: This modality is a holistic shift from an individualistic to a family context perspective and how the systemic perspective affects the conceptualization of healthy human development, a presumed disorder, and appropriate therapeutic intervention. The systemic worldview sees the family as the primary unit and holds that all members of the family are important contributors to clients’ psychological functioning and development. Every family is significantly impacted by the relationships, rules, and roles that are engendered within the larger social systems of which they are a part. Therefore, human interactions are seen as cyclical rather than linear.

Focus is on the rules of relationships within family systems. A variety of approaches can be used in promoting the family systems style of therapy. Problems are understood in the context of their family systems rather than in terms individual experience alone. Individual problems represent larger family dysfunctions. If any one part of the system is changes it will affect others who are interconnected.

All therapy is family therapy. Families pass through predictable stages. What the client experiences growing up in their family of origin shapes the way the family evolves in the present. Families organize themselves in order to maintain stability and exist in a cultural context, and human behavior is often triangular. Families get stuck in repetitive patterns. Symptoms that emerge in families are often useful and functional in maintaining their stability.

FOUNDERS OR IMPORTANT CONTRIBUTORS: Alfred Adler, Lewis Thomas, Norbert Wiener, James Gleick, Edward Lorenz, quantum physicists, Von Bertalanffy, Gregory Bateson, Murray Bowen, Nathan Ackerman, James Framo, Carl Whitaker, Virginia Satir, Salvador Minuchin, Milton Erickson, Jay Haley, Cloe Madanes, Gerald Sue, Paul Pedersen, Allen Ivey Kenneth Gergen, Michael Mahoney, Michael White

COUNSELING GOALS: Uncover the cyclical influence of the family on clients and understand family dynamics and how these factors play into clients’ issues. Then help clients understand and adapt their reactions to promote healthier interactions with others.

ROLE OF COUNSELOR: To consider client’s family context when conceptualizing their healthy human development, devising an appropriate therapeutic intervention by examining, and discussing relationship, rules and roles in the family. Establish trusting relationship and explore concerns of clients, formulate assessment and treatment/action plans.

ROLE OF CLIENT: Be open to exploring relationship of self to own family and exploring how family systems and dynamics affect clients’ issues.

USEFUL WITH WHAT POPULATIONS AND TYPES OF PROBLEMS: Families, multicultural clients, for most issues

EXAMPLES OF TECHNIQUES: Various approaches: psychoanalytic, humanistic/existential, structural, strategic and multicultural, narrative therapy (externalizing conversations, mapping the influence, unique outcome questions, unique possibilities, restorying), making genograms. Establishing trust seen as fair and objective, maintain control, redefine or reframe the problem, be highly active and directive and assess interactive patterns, keep things moving

TERMS: Continued reciprocal influence, circular causality, rules of relationships, enmeshment, coalitions, life cycle, metaphors, genograms, restorying, psychoanalytic, humanistic/existential, structural approach, strategic and multicultural, structural, strategic, multicultural, constructivist, narrative theory, externalizing conversations, mapping the influence, unique outcome questions, unique possibilities.

SEE POSTS: THEORIES IN BRIEF

WORTH 1000 WORDS

2011-12-17T00:51:00.000-08:00

CREDIT: A FELLOW BLOGGER

WHAT IS PERFECTION?

2011-12-17T00:41:00.000-08:00

GEORGE ORWELL QUOTE

2011-12-10T14:23:00.000-08:00

A tragic situation exists precisely when virtue does not triumph but when it is still felt that man is nobler than the forces which destroy him.

~ George Orwell