IT Infrastructure & Security Services

2016-07-16T10:12:00.001+05:30

File System

Definition:- The file system is a methods or data structures that a Operating System uses to store data on Disks and Partitions. so it is the way the files are organized on storage devices.

2016-07-05T10:51:00.002+05:30

What is ActiveX Control? How it works? What are the risks?

ActiveX controls are the program, sometimes also called "Add-on" that are used on the Internet. They can enhance your browsing experience by allowing animation or they can help with tasks such as animation etc.

ActiveX controls and web browser add-ons are small programs that are used extensively on the Internet. They can make browsing more enjoyable by providing toolbars, stock tickers, video, animated content, and more. These programs can malfunction, however, or give you content you don't want. In some cases, these programs can be used to collect information from your computer in ways you might not approve of, possibly damage information on your computer, install software on your computer without your consent, or allow someone else to control your computer remotely. Given these risks, you should only install ActiveX controls or add-ons if you completely trust the publisher and the website offering it.

Some websites require you to install ActiveX controls to see the site or perform certain tasks on it. When you visit such a site, Internet explorer asks if you want to install the ActiveX control.

The website that provides the ActiveX control should tell you what the control is for , It should also provide relevant details on the page before or after uou see the warning. Internet Explorer blocks websites from using and ActiveX control on your computer if the website tries to use the ActiveX control in a way that might not be safe.

What are the risks?

Unfortunately, ActiveX controls are like any other software program-- they can be misused. They can stop your computer from functioning correctly, collect your browsing habits and personal information without your knowledge, or can give you content, like Popup ads that you dont want. Also, good ActiveX controls might contain unintended code that allows bad websites to use them for malicious purposes.

Note:- If an ActiveX control is not essential to your computer activity, avoid installing it.

How To Corrupt Windows Machine Within a Minute....

2015-12-30T18:12:00.002+05:30

You can corrupt windows operating system by deleting bootmgr file, but there is two problems which prevent you by doing so.

Problem 1:- The system partitions which contains bootmgr file is not listed in your windows explorer.

Problem 2:- This file can not be deleted by normal user until you modified its ownership.

So here I m going to explain steps how to solve these problems...

Solution 1:- select computer icon & right click on it and select manage.

It will open Disk Management Utility, & there you will see the partitions but one partition does not have any drive letter like this...

Right click on that partition & select change drive letters...

click on Add then click on ok.

Now that partition is assigned letter F and open this drive but all files are hidden, so follow these steps to unhide these files in below snap you will see there are no contents..

Now go to Organize & select Folder and search options.

In folder options windows go to View Tab and select show hidden files, folders and drives radio button and uncheck all three check box below this..

after clicking on ok button your files would be in normal (unhide) condition like this..

Solution 2:- Now select Bootmgr file and click on delete, but there will be error message showing that you cant delete this file...

Now right click on bootmgr file and select properties, go to security tab and click on advanced

Go to Owner tab and click on Edit...

In next window select Other users & groups...

In users and groups search box type Everyone...

After clicking on Ok button you will be directed to permissions dialog box and there select Edit...

Now click on Add button...

Type Everyone...

& select Everyone from group or users names and assign Full control permissions like below image...and select ok

Now go back to your drive & delete bootmgr file and restart the machine.

Legal Notice:- These steps are for educational purpose only.

Hardware & Networking Interview Questions

2015-12-29T09:58:00.000+05:30

Q1:- What is Hardware Requirements of Windows XP?

Q2:- What is Hardware Compatibility?

Q3:- What are the booting files of Windows 7?

Q4:- What are the various types of partitions can be created on a basic disk?

Q5:- What is formatting?

Q6:- What is Safe Mode?

Q7:- What is Booting?

Q8:- What is the difference between NTFS & FAT?

Q9:- What is File System?

Q10:- What are the advantages of Laptop over Desktop?

Q11:- What are the various symptoms of virus infection?

Q12:- Explain about any three remote management softwares?

Q13:- What is Hot Swapping?

Q14:- What is Remote Management?

Q15:- What is IRQ?

Q16:- How to check the number of hard disk drives installed in a system?

Q17:- What is the use of Guest Account?

Q18:- How to check display driver in a system?

Q19:- Which command is used to check the connectivity between two machines?

Q20:- What is the full form of FAT?

Q21:- How many pins do serial ports have?

Q22:- What is IP Address?

Q23:- What is the difference between public & private ip address?

Q24:- What are the layers of osi model?

Q25:- What is LAN?
Ans:- LAN is short for Local Area Network it refers to the connection between computers and other networking devices that are located within a small area.

Q26:- What protocols fall under the TCP/IP Internet Layer?

Q27:- What is the one biggest advantage of mesh topology?

Q28:- What is SMTP?

Q29:- What is the biggest disadvantage of Ring Topology?

Q30:- Describe Ethernet?

Q31:- What is the difference between straight through and cross over cable?

Q32:- What is the difference between baseband & broadband transmission?

Q33:- What is Bandwidth?

Q34:- What is Subnet?

Q35:- What is Subnetting?

Q36:- What is MAC Address?

Ans:- It is the 48-bit hardware address of LAN Card. MAC Address is usually stored on a ROM chip of Network Interface Card(NIC) and it is unique.

Q37:- What is a Node?

Ans:- A node refers to a point or joint where a connection takes place. It can be a computer or device that is part of a network. Two or more nodes are needed to form a network.

Q38:- What is Hardware?

Ans:- All the physical components of a computer system are called hardware like Keyboard, Monitor, Motherboard, Disk Drives etc.

Q39:- What is Software?

Ans:- Software is a program or machine-readable instructions that directs a Computer's Processor to perform specific operations.

Q40:- What is Network?

Ans:- The interconnection of two or more computer or devices through a media is called network. It can be PAN, LAN, CAN, MAN, WAN & SAN.

Q41:- What is Networking?

Ans:- The process of creating network is called networking. It requires designing, implementing and securing the network.

Q42:- What is NIC?

Ans:- NIC stands for Network Interface Card, it is a hardware device which acts as an interface between Computer & Network.

Q43:- What is WAN?

Ans:- WAN stands for Wide Area Network, It is an interconnection of computers and networking devices that geographically dispersed. It connects networks that are located in different regions & countries.

Q44:- What is IP Address?

Ans:- IP stands for Internet Protocol and it is a 32-bit decimal address assigned to each devices which is connected to computer network.

Q45:- What is BIOS?

Ans:- BIOS stands for Basic Input Output System which works as an interface between Operating system and Hardware. It resides on ROM Chip of motherboard.

Q46:- What is WWW?

Ans:- WWW stands for World Wide Web and it is system of interlinked hypertext documents that are accessed via the Internet. With a web browser one can view web pages that can contain text, images, videos and other multimedia contents via hyperlink.

Q47:- How many pins are there in IDE/EIDE Connector?

Ans:- 40 Pins.

Q48:- What is Protocol?

Ans:- Protocol is a set of rules that govern data communication. It represents an agreement between the communicating devices without protocol two devices may be connected but not communicating like a person speaking French can not be understood by a Chinese.

Q49:- What is Gateway?

Ans:- A Gateway is a network point that act as an entrance point for another network. On a home network a broadband router serves as network gateway although a ordinary computer can also be used as a gateway. In enterprises a gateway node often acts as proxy server or firewall.

Q50:- What is Default Gateway?

Ans:- A Default Gateway is the device that passes traffic from the local subnet to the device on other subnet, it connects local network to the Internet.

Internet default gateways are typically of two types:-

On a home or small business network with a broadband router to share the internet connection, the Broadband router serves as a default gateway.
On a home or small business network without a broadband router such as residences with a dial-up internet access, a router at the ISP end serves as a default gateway.

Q51:- What is DNS?

Ans:- DNS stands for Domain Name System that maintains a database of Domain names and its IP Address. It is necessary because domain names are easy for people to remember but machines communicate on internet through IP Address.

Q52:- What is DHCP?

Ans:- Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol is a network protocol that enables a server to automatically assign IP address to clients.

Q53:- What is the difference between Northbridge & Southbridge?

Ans:- Northbridge is the portion of chipset that connects the faster I/O buses to the processor like RAM, Graphics and PCI Express. but Southbridge is the chipset that connects the slower I/O buses to the system bus like USB, Audio, LAN, Super I/O etc.

Northbridge is called Graphics Memory Controller Hub(GMCH) while southbridge is called Input/output Controller Hub(ICH)

Q54:- What is the difference between SIMM & DIMM?

Ans:- SIMM stands for Single In line Memory Module the gold or tin pins on the lower end of front and back edge of memory module are connected providing a single line of connection between Memory Module and System. And DIMM stands for Dual In line Memory Module and the pins on this module are not connected, providing two lines of communication path between module and system.

SIMM provide 32-bit channel while DIMM provide 64-bit channel.

Q55:- Explain RAID-5?

Ans:- RAID-5 provides redundancy by writing data and parity information across three or more hard disk drives thus increasing performance and it is the most popular RAID implementation.

Q56:- What is the Difference between Offline & Online UPS?

Q57:- What is NTLDR & what does it do?

Q58:- Write Short Notes on FTP, SMTP & HTTP.

Q59:- Explain two difference between Hub, Switch & Router.

Q60:- What is IRQ?

work in progress we will back soon with some more Q&A...keep visiting..

Mapping Network Drive With CMD Prompt...

2015-12-22T18:59:00.001+05:30

First of all I want to explain about Mapping, suppose there is a shared resource on your network and you need to access that resource frequently then each time you access that data you have to type the network address(IP Address) of that machine.
If you want to make shortcut of that data on your local machine then type the following command

net use z: \\100.0.0.236\sharedfolder

in my scenarios its

net use z: \\100.0.0.236\myname

in the above example the shared data name myname and we want to make shortcuts of that data in my machine as my local drives having the drive letter of Z Drive like the following image.

now we are successful in creating a mapped network drive having letter Z.

Accessing Shared Resources With CMD Prompt...

2015-12-22T17:50:00.000+05:30

Suppose your network have a computer with ip add 100.0.0.236 and having shared folder named myname & you want to access that folder on your machine, first check network connectivity with ping command

ping 100.0.0.236
if connectivity is fine between these two pc then run the following command in your command prompt

DIR \\100.0.0.236\MYNAME

Now you are done with accessing the shared resource.

Sharing Resources with CMD Prompt...

2015-12-22T17:36:00.001+05:30

Step1:- Suppose we have a folder/Directory name King in E: drive & we want to share that with command prompt.

Step2:- In above picture there is directory name king in e: drive.. & we want to share the same

NET SHARE SHARENAME=PATH

NET SHARE KING=E:\KING

but by issuing this command only Read permission will be granted to the users like in the following example.

Suppose we want to grant Change permission for that folder then modify the above command. so that users can modify the data after accessing that folder.

net share king=e:\king /GRANT:everyone, Change

If you want to unshare the shared folder run the following command

net share sharename /del

net share king /del

ok you are done with sharing your data.

2015-07-17T18:57:00.000+05:30

How To Format Drive Through Command Prompt...

Step1: Open Cmd with administrator priviledge by using Run As Administrator. Command will open in admin mode like this.

Step2: Run following command, suppose i m going to format f: drive then command will be

format f: /fs:fat32 /q (format with FAT32 File System)
format f: /fs:ntfs /q (format with NTFS File System)

then system will ask for volume name and press y for confirmation and press enter.

Done!!!

2015-07-17T16:31:00.000+05:30

Outlook Network Password Error With Solution...

When you configure your email id in outlook, then sometimes above error popup on screen that say enter your password......the problem behind this error is that when google doesnt identifies you on your new device then it blocks your id on secure apps.

Step1:- To resolve this issue first login with your gmail id which you r going to configure in outlook. You notice that one email notification from google is there saying Google Account: Sign Attempt Blocked.

Step2: Now click on that mail and show the details of your recent login session.

Step3: Follow the above link and you will be directed to turn on the secure apps page.

By default it is turn off and you have to turn it on. like below...

and your changes will be updated and close the browser and go to outlook and reconfigure your account...

Thanks for valuable visit...

How To Limit Drive Space...

2015-01-15T14:39:00.002+05:30

किसी भी ड्राइव पर डिस्क लिमिट कैसे लगाएं

Disk Quota is a limit set by system administrator for standard users to use the disk space of a system. It is only available with NTFS file system.
Here I am going to explain the step by step process of disk quota for user1 in my system.

Login with administrator account and Go to the target drive on which you want to configure quota suppose it is E: drive.

Right Click on E Drive & select Properties

Go To Quota Tab & Select all check box available and provide disk usage limit in the box.

I have provided 100 MB limit and 80 Warning level, click on Apply button & click on Quota Entries button

after clicking on quota entries button quota entries dialog box will open before you. click on new quota entry button from tollbar now it will open select users as given in following screens.

In above dialog box type the username to which you want to restrict disk usage. in my example it is user1

select Ok and close the quota entries dialog box and close the quota management dialog box also.

and after closing all dialog boxes log off from administrator account and login with user1 and try to put files larger than 100 MB it will popup a message.

How To Disable Windows Automatic Activation...

2015-01-13T16:56:00.001+05:30

आटोमेटिक एक्टिवेशन को डिसएबल करें.
Notice:- This Steps are only for educational purposes only not for commercial use.

Step1:- Open Run & type regedit.

Step2:- Go to HKEY LOCAL MACHINE > SOFTWARE > MICROSOFT > WINDOWS NT > CURRENT VERSION > SOFTWARE PROTECTION PLATEFORM > ACTIVATION

Step 3:- Double click on MANUAL & set value to 1.

Thank You for Visit...

How To Troubleshoot Domain Login Issue...

2015-01-12T13:30:00.001+05:30

डोमेन लोगिन प्रॉब्लम को कैसे ठीक करें। या किसी डोमेन क्लाइंट को वर्कग्रुप में ज्वाइन करें

If your machine is the member of a domain network and there is no response from server or server is not responsive at login time then how to troubleshoot that issue......

Press Ctrl+Alt+Delete at the above screen.

Here Maurya.com is the Domain name and Sunil is the user name, Click on Switch User button...

click on other user...

It will open a dialog box and it shows the local pc name in my example its NADEEM-PC click on OK and use PCNAME\USERNAME format for login...

Type Local username and password to login...

After login to local user account (Account on your machine) go to Computer properties > Change Settings...

On clicking change settings System Properties dialog box will open click on Change Button...

After clicking on change button it will show domain name, click on Workgroup radio button & type WORKGROUP...

In above image system is notifying you to leave from domain and join workgroup...

After Restarting the machine you can login with local account.

Thanks for Visit...
Keep visiting for more Tips & Tricks.

How To Reset Windows Password Without Any Softwares...

2015-01-06T18:29:00.002+05:30

अपना विंडोज का पासवर्ड चेंज होने से कैसे बचाये

If you want to make your windows password safe I mean anyone is not able to change your password or when it is modified you can back your password easily. Here I am going to explain the step by step process of password reset/recovery...

Step 1:- Open any drive & create a notepad file.

Step 2:- Right Click on that Notepad file and click on Edit. Notepad file will open again.

Step 3:- Go to Run and type lusrmgr.msc to open Local Users & Groups.

Double click on Users node to get all users list of your machine.

Suppose you want to reset administrator account.
Step 4:- Then go back to notepad file which is open in step 2.

And type the Net User command,
The above command will change the administrator password to 123@qwe.
Step 5:- Now go to File Menu > Save As & save that file with anyname.bat extension.

Remember the location of your Batch file in my example it is F:\reset.bat

Step 6:- Now go to Run & type gpedit.msc to open Group Policy Editor window.

Step 7:- Go to Computer Configuration > Windows Settings > Scripts.
Double Click on Scripts to open scripts node.

Double Click on Startup, It will open a new window, and click on Add Button to add the Batch file you created in earlier steps.

on clicking on Add button a Browse window will open,

Select the Batch file to add in startup scripts,

Step 7:- Go to Run and type gpupdate /force command to update the group policy.

After following the above steps when anyone is going to change your account password, he will be able to change but after restarting the machine that script will run and net user command will reset your password to 123@qwe.

Enjoy....& Visit again for more Tech Tips & Tricks...

Thanks for your valuable visit.

How To Break Windows 7 Password Without Any Third Party Software/USB Media...

2015-01-05T19:06:00.001+05:30

विंडोज ७ का पासवर्ड कैसे तोड़े बिना किसी टूल्स के उपयोग से.…

स्टेप १ :- सबसे पहले उस मशीन को रीस्टार्ट करेंगे जिसका पासवर्ड ब्रेक करना है।
स्टेप २ :- जब मशीन स्टार्टिंग विंडोज स्क्रीन पर पहुंचे तो तुरंत मशीन के पावर बटन को दबाएं जैसा की निचे के चित्र में दिखाया गया है.

फिर से मशीन को रीस्टार्ट करेंगे तो एक Launch Startup Repair ऑप्शन दिखाई देगा।

Launch Startup Repair पर एंटर करने के बाद ऑपरेटिंग सिस्टम लोडिंग स्क्रीन आयेगा.

इस विंडो के बाद स्टार्टअप रिपेयर विंडो ओपन होगा।

स्टेप ३ :- यहाँ पर आप View Problems Details लिंक पर क्लिक करेंगे तो निचे एक और लिंक नोटपैड फाइल का आयेगा.

उस लिंक पर क्लिक करते ही नोटपैड ओपन हो जायेगा जिसके फाइल मेनू से आप ओपन कमांड से Computer के ड्राइव पर जा सकते है.

स्टेप ४ :- यहाँ से आप उस ड्राइव पर जायेंगे जिसमे आपका विंडोज ७ इनस्टॉल है.

स्टेप ५ :- Windows Drive के अंदर System32 Directory होती है.

स्टेप ६ :- निचे Files of Type Box से All Files select करेंगे.

स्टेप ७ :- फिर उस विंडोज में से Sethc file को सर्च करेंगे.
स्टेप ८ :- फिर Sethc file को rename करके King करेंगे।
स्टेप ९ :- फिर cmd file को rename करके sethc करेंगे।
और मशीन को रीस्टार्ट कर लेंगे।

स्टेप १० :- और Login Screen पर पांच बार Shift दबाएंगे तो तुरंत कमांड प्रांप्ट ओपन हो जाएगा।

स्टेप ११ :- और यहाँ पर आप net user command को उपयोग करके किसी भी यूजर अकाउंट का पासवर्ड ब्रेक कर सकते है.

Command Action

net user See users list
net user username password Change user password
net user username /active:yes Enable user account
net localgroup administrators username /add To move user in admin groups.

Windows Run Commands

2015-01-04T16:53:00.001+05:30

You can use Run command to open any program, file etc. Here I am summarizing most run commands for you hope this will help you...

Command Action

Calc Calculator
firefox Mozilla Firefox
iexplore Internet Explorer
winword Microsoft Word
excel Microsoft Excel
powerpnt Microsoft Powerpoint
outlook Microsoft Outlook
notepad Notepad
write Wordpad
control Control Panel
logoff Logoff
regedit Registry Editor
taskmgr Task Manager
%programfiles% Program Files
osk On Screen Keyboard
magnify Magnifier
telnet Telnet
mstsc Remote Desktop
msra Remote Assistance
charmap Character Map
hdwwiz.cpl Add Hardware Wizard
appwiz.cpl Add Remove Programs
control admintools Administrative Tools
wuapp Windows Update
timedate.cpl Date/Time
desk.cpl Display Properties
control folders Folder Properties
fonts Fonts Folder
inetcpl.cpl Internet Properties
control keyboard Keyboard Properties
control mouse Mouse Properties
ncpa.cpl Local Area Connection
powercfg.cpl Power Configuration
control printers Printers & Faxes
intl.cpl Regional Settings
wscui.cpl Security Center
lusrmgr.msc Local Users & Groups
firewall.cpl Windows Firewall
compmgmt.msc Computer Management
devmgmt.msc Device Manager
cleanmgr Disk Cleanup Utility
dfrgui Disk Defragmenter
diskpart Disk Partition Manager
diskmgmt.msc Disk Management
sigverif Signature Verification Wizard
perfmon Performance Monitor
services.msc Services
fsmgmt.msc Shared Folders
msconfig System Configuration Utility
utilman Ease of Access
syskey Windows System Security Tools
%homepath% Home Directory
appdata Application Data
%homedrive% Windows Home Drive
%temp% Temporary Folder
%systemdrive% Windows Root Drive
%systemroot% Windows Root Directory
%windir% Windows Root Directory
documents Documents Folder
videos Videos Folder
downloads Downloads
favorites Favorites
recent Recent Folder
pictures Pictures Folder
netplwiz Advanced User Accounts
sdclt Backup & Restore
fsquirt Bluetooth File Transfer
certmgr Certificates
perfmon Performance Monitor
charmap Character Map
colorcpl Color Management
displayswitch Connect to a Projector
shrpubw Create A Shared Folder Wizard
recdisc System Repair Disk
msdt Support Diagnostics
dxdiag DirectX Diagnostics Tool
cleanmgr Disk Cleanup
dpiscaling Display
dccw Display Color Calibration
verifier Driver Verifier Manager
eventvwr.msc Event Viewer
fontview Font Viewer
joy.cpl Game Controllers
gettingstarted Getting Started
gpedit.msc Group Policy Editor
secpol.msc Local Security Policy
mip Math Input Panel
mmc Microsoft Management Console

How to Convert FAT File System to NTFS File System

2015-01-03T15:38:00.000+05:30

FAT फाइल सिस्टम को NTFS में बदलना
Step1:- Open CMD Prompt with Admin priviledge.

Step2:- Suppose you want to convert your E: Drive then type the following Command.

CONVERT E: /FS:NTFS

Note:- Converting FAT32 into NTFS is easy and safe, but converting NTFS to FAT32 will wipe out all your data and programs on that specific partition.
But if you want to convert NTFS into FAT32 you can use EASUS PARTITION MANAGER
if you want this click here

How to Know Motherboard Manufacturer and Chipset Number...

2015-01-03T12:36:00.002+05:30

अपने मदरबोर्ड का निर्माता तथा चिपसेट नम्बर जानें।

Step 1:
Press Windows + R After run window will appear as Shown Below

In The Run Window Type 'dxdiag'

Step 2: Note Down Your System Manufacturer & System Model as Shown Below

Hope This Will Help You................

You can also view System Information By Typing the following command in Run Dialog box...

And you will get detailed system information.

Thank You for your valuable visit.

How To Change Default Boot Entry With BCDEDIT Command...

2015-01-02T14:13:00.000+05:30

In dual boot machine when we start the system it shows the list of both operating system at the time of booting like this.

if you want to change these entries, you can perform by following the below steps:-

Step1:- check for dual booting by using msconfig command in run.

it will open system configuration utility where you can see two entries for dual boot machine.

Step2:- Open Cmd prompt with admin priviledge and run the following command

bcdedit /set {current} description "Naseeb Ali"

And your task has been completed successfully.

Thanks for your visit.

How to Block Websites By Editing the HOSTS File in Windows

2015-01-02T12:37:00.002+05:30

How to Block Websites By Editing the HOSTS File in Windows

DNS, which stands for Domain Name System, can convert the elusive IPv4 or IPv6 addresses to meaningful names, and then translate the characters back to IP addresses. For example, when you want to visit a website, DNS will tell your web browser the real ip add of it and then web browser will download the web page directly from that IP address.
As you may expect, the process of translating IP addresses to website names will consume some time, which could cause access delay. Particularly, if the DNS servers are down, you will not be able to visit most websites through their URL, which isn’t uncommon.

Hence, it is necessary to make a list for mapping hostnames to IP addresses. That is what Windows HOSTS file does. On most Windows systems, the HOSTS file content is used preferentially over other methods, such as the DNS.

With the proper use of Windows HOSTS file, you can accelerate the access speed of favorite websites, test a website locally and even selectively block certain websites.

In fact, blocking websites through the HOSTS file is an effective way to do it because it blocks it across all the browsers.

This article has some tips to manage the HOSTS file and block websites with it.

Edit HOSTS File Manually

Windows NT platform systems including Windows 2000, Windows XP and Windows 7 have their HOSTS file in the path %SystemRoot%\system32\drivers\etc\ (“%SystemRoot%” is relative path, which depends on the system-wide environment variable, it should be C:\Windows or C:\WINNT in most cases).

Basically, you just need to type the above mentioned path in Windows search bar (or run box) to get to the “etc” folder where you’ll find the HOSTS file.

You can use any text editor to open the file and edit it manually.

Note: For Windows 7 users, there’s one more step. Type “Notepad” in Start Menu search bar, and then right click on the “Notepad” item, choose “Run as administrator”. Now you can open HOSTS file with “File -> Open” menu in notepad

The HOSTS file contains lines of text including an IP address and one or more hostnames. You can add the mapping relationship of each websites. The comment lines are indicated by a hash (#) character, which will be ignored by system.

To block a website, simply add a line like this:
127.0.0.1 example.com

127.0.0.1 (or Localhost) is the standard hostname given to the address of your computer. You mapped the website name to your PC, hence you can’t visit the site any more. So if you want to block Facebook, just add this line: 127.0.0.1 facebook.com

Configure IP Settings through Command Prompt...

2015-01-01T12:37:00.001+05:30

IP Address:- IP Address is a 32-bit decimal address assigned to the device which is connected to computer network.

You can configure IP Address by various methods either by using GUI method or CUI method. Here I am going to explain the steps to configure IP Address, Default Gateway, Subnet Mask & DNS Servers address through command prompt.

To Get the IP Details in command prompt type the following command-

To configure IP Address...

To get DNS Add from DHCP Server

To configure DNS Address Manually type following commands...

To configure Secondary DNS address use following command...

Thank You for visit.

How to Break Windows7 Password without Third Party Softwares...

2014-12-31T17:16:00.001+05:30

Action:- Breaking Windows 7 password without third party software.
Requirements:- Bootable Windows7 pendrive or DVD.

Step1:- Insert bootable usb drive in machine & restart ur machine and press boot key for boot menu.

in my case it was F12 for gigabyte mobo.

then select your USB drive in my case it was hp pendrive.

it start booting with pendrive like this..

on above screen select next. then on next screen click on repair your computer.

it will open system recovery option, select windows7 and click next.

After clicking on next it will display all the options of system recovery.
select command prompt then cmd prompt will open like this

run the following command in command prompt..
check for OS drive by c:, d:, or e: cmd in my case it is C:\Windows\

go to C:\WINDOWS\SYSTEM32 location and type ren command to rename cmd.exe to magnify.exe.

after running the above command type exit and restart machine without pendrive (Normal OS Mode)
when it will ask for password at login screen click on Ease of Access Button at left lower corner of window.

After selecting this icon an window will open then select Magnifier and click on Apply.

After clicking on apply it will open cmd prompt. like this...

run net user command to get user details and to change user password.

If you are unable to do net user command plz see my other blog of net user commands.

Thank You.

Internet Connection Sharing...

2014-12-30T18:47:00.000+05:30

Before we discuss the services and devices that are used to connect LANs and WANs to the Internet, we will first have a look at why we need such services. As you know, corporate LANs and WANs use private address ranges, and the Internet uses public address ranges. This means that every IP address on the Internet is unique, but the addresses used in corporate networks are repeatedly used. For example, the private class A network 10.0.0.0 can be used at both company A and company B, while both their networks need to be connected to the Internet.

In this context, there are two main types of connections: routed and translated. In a routed network, every IP address must be unique. If in the above example, both company A and B would have a routed connection to the Internet, their internal addresses would be advertised on the web, resulting in conflicting duplicate IP addresses. To avoid this, companies could register public addresses and use them for their internal hosts. However, this would be very expensive, and there are simply not enough available public IP addresses to make every corporate LAN/WAN part of the same WAN (the Internet). The solution to this is a translated connection which can be accomplished by using Network Address Translation (NAT).

Network Address Translation (NAT)

Network Address Translation (NAT) is used to translate public IP addresses to private and vice versa and is typically configured on access routers and firewalls that connect home and office networks to the Internet. These networks use IP addresses from the private address ranges and therefore cannot have a routed connection to the Internet. NAT translates network addresses, thus it operates at the Network layer (Layer 3) of the OSI model.

A common type of NAT is dynamic NAT, in which case the router maintains a list of internal addresses and a list of external addresses that are dynamically mapped to each other. When a client from an internal network communicates with a web server on the Internet, the NAT router will change the source IP address in the header of the IP packet. The source address is changed from internal client’s IP address to the public IP address of the router’s external interface. For the web server, the packets will appear to be coming from the NAT router, hence that is were it sends the replies with the requested data. The NAT router will in turn forward the replies to the client that initially made the request.

With static NAT, the router is configured with an address table. This table contains static entries that maps public address to local addresses. Static NAT entries are typically used when a web or mail server resides on the internal LAN. The clients and servers on each side of the router are not aware of the translating process and do not require any additional software. A NAT router is typically also a DCHP server and DNS Proxy for its internal clients. Besides using NAT on routers connected to the Internet, NAT is also used in corporate WANs when multiple LANs use the same IP subnet. NAT offers some security as well, because only a single public IP addresses needs to be visible to external hosts while the internal network addressing schema can remain hidden.

Instead of using a list of internal and external addresses, a single external address can be used by changing the source port, which is essentially part of the complete address known as socket (the combination of an IP address and a port number). This is also known as Port Address Translation (PAT).

Firewalls

A firewall is a hardware device or software application on a computer that protects private networks from unauthorized external intruders. A firewall filters both inbound and outbound traffic by checking if it meets certain criteria. The most common firewall operates at the Network layer and is known as a packet filter. The criteria for blocking or forwarding packets are typically source and destination addresses, and the TCP/UDP port numbers. For example, you can configure a packet filter, also known as access control list, on a router that connects to the Internet to allow port 25 for inbound and outbound SMTP traffic but deny port 110 to block POP3 traffic. Because packet filtering firewalls inspect only the header of packets it has little impact on network performance. Most operating systems and routers include a packet filter options and are therefore inexpensive to implement.

The following network diagram shows a simple firewall setup. All outbound and inbound traffic must be authorized by the firewall before it can pass. The firewall can be a dedicated hardware device with two network interfaces, or a computer with two NICs running firewall software. The latter is also known as a multi-homed firewall.

The higher in the OSI model a firewall operates the more advanced criteria it can use. Application layer firewalls are able to inspect traffic all the way up to layer 7 of the OSI model. This means they do not only inspect the header of a packet, but also the data payload, allowing you to set criteria for applications without allowing or denying them entirely. Another type of firewall is the circuit-level firewall, which operates at the Transport layer of the OSI model. This firewall checks if the TCP and UDP messages used to establish a connection meet certain criteria. Once a connection is established (i.e. the TCP handshake completed successfully), traffic can pass the firewall without further checking. A newer and more advanced type of firewall, stateful firewalls, can use more advanced criteria than simple packet filter firewalls, and they are aware of the state of connections. For example, if an internal client initiates a HTTP connection to a web server on the Internet, and the firewall blocks inbound HTTP traffic, it will still allow the HTTP reply to the client as the firewall will ‘know’ it is part of an established session.

The hosts in the DMZ are typically web servers, e-mail servers, and the alike, and are accessible for both internal and external users. This allows users on the Internet to access the servers without accessing the organization’s internal network. Although the servers in the DMZ can be accessed only through the firewall, security is less strict, and they are connected to the Internet, and therefore should be locked down and hardened.

Another common firewall configuration that creates a DMZ is the screened firewall shown in the following network diagram. This setup involves two firewalls of which the screening host is often a simple packet filter and the screened host a more advanced firewall. This is a more complicated and more expensive setup but can have a great impact on performance and security. The packet filter blocks the majority of invalid traffic and provides access to the servers in the DMZ, alleviating the workload for the screened firewall.

Proxy

The word "proxy" can be defined as something or someone that impersonates some other thing or someone else. Or simply put: "something that acts on behalf of another". In the context interesting to us a proxy can be many things, the most common being the web proxy server. A proxy server is placed between the internal network and the Internet.

When a client from the internal network connects to an external resource and requests data, the proxy server pretends to be the client, retrieves the requested data, and passes it on to the client. This offers some level of protection because only the external public IP address of the proxy server is known on the external network. The main difference with NAT is that a proxy is requested to act on behalf of a client to make the actual request to the web server. With NAT, the web server is merely fooled by changing the addressing info of packets. Additionally, NAT is transparent, which means the client doesn't know anything about the translating. To use a proxy server however, the client application, such as a web browser, must support it.

Most proxy servers offer some sort of caching. For example if the proxy server in the previous diagram represents a web caching proxy, the proxy server could first check if the data an internal client requests, is previously requested by another. If that is the case, the proxy server would retrieve the data from its own hard disk instead of using the external connection. This can reduce traffic on expensive and relatively slow internet connections. Following are the most common type of proxies:

HTTP Proxy - besides providing an anonymous appearance on the web and acting as an intermediate for clients, it also caches web content requested by clients.
DNS Proxy - caches DNS lookups initiated by clients. When an internal client needs to know the IP address for a domain name, i.e. www.techexams.net, it will send the request to the DNS Proxy (i.e. a NAT router), which will forward it to DNS server on the Internet or retrieve the info from its cache if it the address has been requested previously.
WINS Proxy - works similar as a DNS Proxy except it forwards NETBIOS name lookups to a WINS server in a different subnet and is used only in Microsoft networks.

SOCKS Proxy , SOCKS is a protocol that works with TCP/IP (hence also with HTTP, FTP, POP3, SMTP, NNTP, etc.), and provides secure and transparent communication between a client and a proxy server.

A HTTP Proxy is often used in combination with a SOCKS proxy. The HTTP Proxy handles requests for web pages, and the SOCK proxy all other TCP/IP traffic, such as SMTP, POP3, and Telnet for example. Many companies today use proxy servers and virtually every ISP provides one to its subscribers. There are also many public proxy servers available. These are intended for anonymous surfing rather then for improving speed through caching.

ICS

Internet Connection Sharing (ICS) allows multiple computers to share single Internet connection and is included in several Windows versions. ICS is especially suitable for small home and small office networks. For example, in a small company with five employees who need regular access to the Internet, ICS would allow you to configure one client with a dial-up, cable or DSL connection, enable ICS, and share the connection between all five employees.

The computer with the shared internet connection must have at least two network interfaces: the shared public interface that is connected to the internet, and a private interface that is connected to the internal network. The computer with ICS enabled performs NAT, and acts as a DHCP server and DNS proxy for the other internal clients. This is at the same time a disadvantage of ICS there may already be a DHCP server in the LAN. Only IP addresses from the private IP Class C network 192.168.0.0 can be assigned to hosts in the internal network when using ICS. In Windows, ICS can be enabled on the Advanced tab of the Properties of the interface that connects to the Internet.

Extranet/Intranet

The technology of interconnecting web clients and servers, HTTP, and HTML, is also suitable for use in networks with a less public nature than the Internet. The first use is an Intranet, which is a small private piece of ‘Internet’ that is accessible only to users within the organization. It is a very suitable medium to keep employees up to date with information about both the organization and its systems. Typical examples of information you can find on an Intranet are employee directories, emergency evacuation procedures, internal job vacancies, employee of the month articles, and other more, and less, useful information. Additionally, the Intranet can be used to keep employees informed about security related information, such as virus alerts, incident response policies, and acceptable use policies.

In its most basic form, an Intranet is a web server running a website or web application and is accessible only to users with a web browser in the company’s LAN or WAN. The more advanced implementations of an Intranet often use separate servers for backend operations, such as database servers. Protecting the servers that make up the Intranet is no different from protecting the rest of the internal network; they should not be accessible to anyone outside the company. Authentication of Intranet users should preferably occur automatically by using a single sign-on system. This means that the same user credentials used to access the file servers, email, and shared printers, should be used to authenticate the user. A typical example of this is a Microsoft Windows domain with IIS as the web server.

An Extranet is similar to an Intranet, but is accessible by two or more parties. When two companies/partners need to communicate and collaborate a lot, they may benefit from connecting their networks together. Instead of creating a direct connection, which would be objectionable from a security perspective, they create a network that is accessible from both companies’ networks. Firewalls at the entrance points ensure the extranet serves as a buffer between the two companies, and prevent direct access between their networks while allowing them to collaborate and share information in a secure manner. The companies can create this network themselves, but can also introduce a third party to host and manage the extranet.

POTS / PSTN

POTS (Plain Old Telephone Service) and PSTN (Public Switched Telephone Network) refer to the standard telephone network. It is a circuit-switching network designed for analog transmission of ‘voice’ over copper wires. By using a modem, a computer can use the telephone line for transferring digital information. This dial-up connection has long been the most widely used method to connect to the Internet but has been replaced by faster methods such as DSL and cable Internet when those became available. A dial-up modem connection offers relatively slow transfer rates up to 56Kbps, in reality even less. Apart from the low transfer rates, there are several other disadvantages to using dial-up connections. Dial-up connections are established when needed, usually on demand. In other words, a dial-up connection is not permanent. It can take up to several minutes for a modem to establish a connection with a remote modem. Customers are charged per minute or second for dial-up connections, so unless it is used sporadically, it is usually less expensive to lease a permanent connection. Although dial-up Internet connections are still common, amongst mobile users with notebooks for example, they are mostly being replaced with high-speed broadband and wireless connections.

xDSL (Digital Subscriber Line)

DSL uses the standard copper telephone wires, often already installed in offices and homes, to provide a high-speed digital Internet connection. There are different types of DSL, of which Asynchronous Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL) is the most widely installed. ADSL allows the telephone wires to be used for the analog POTS system and digital data transfer simultaneously. The download speed for ADSL connections is much faster than the upload speed, which corresponds to the needs of most of the typical Internet users. Another type of DSL is Symmetric DSL (SDSL), which cannot share the physical medium with standard telephone communication and has a download speed equal to the upload speed. DSL connections are not available everywhere because of the distance limitations and incompatible POTS systems.

The actually transfer speed varies a lot per type of DSL connection, and depends a lot on the distance of the connection between the user and the provider's Central Office (CO). The CO is the location at which customers’ lines from a particular area are terminated and connected to a DSL Access Multiplexer (DSLAM). The DSLAMs are in turn connected to the telco/ISP’s backbone to provide access to the Internet and other telephone services. This is usually a high-speed ATM connection. The maximum distance of an ADSL connection to the CO is 18,000 feet (5,460 meters. This is the limit for most other types of DSL as well. The download speeds generally range from 1.544 Mbps to 8.448 Mbps depending on the distance to the CO. The upload speed usually ranges from 64 and 640 Kbps.

The ISP that offers the DSL service usually provides a DSL transceiver, commonly referred to as a DSL modem. This small box usually allows an Ethernet UTP or an USB connection directly to a PC, or to a hub, router, or switch to provide Internet access to an entire network. The DSL transceiver can also be integrated in a router or switch. In addition to providing Internet access to homes and offices, DSL can also be suitable for VPN connections between offices or for home workers remotely accessing the corporate network.

Broadband Cable (Cable modem)

The cable that has become so popular for receiving TV broadcasts turns out to be very suitable for an Internet connection as well. TV channels only take up 6 MHz each, which usually leaves several hundred MHz available. This additional space on cable allows for a permanent high-speed Internet connection. Information from the Internet travels through the cable as a single TV channel of 6 MHz. Upstream information requires just 2 MHz. Theoretically this can allows for download speeds of 5 Mbps, but in reality it usually ranges from 384Kbps to 1.5Mbps. The transmissions speeds do not depend on the distance of the connection, but since the medium is shared with other customers, they can vary a lot depending on how many users are connected in your area.

Just as with DSL, cable Internet requires a special transceiver at the customer’s premises. This cable modem translates the analog signal to digital information and vice versa. Together with the Cable Modem Termination System (CMTS) on the provider’s end, they allow to use the cable to receive and send information on frequencies not used by TV channels. Just like the DSLAM for DSL connections, the CMTS interconnects the customers’ cable connections to a single high-capacity Internet connection.

The incoming 75 ohm coaxial cable connect with an F-Type connector to the cable modem, which in turn provides one or more LAN interfaces, usually Ethernet or USB, which connect directly to a client, or a device such as a hub, switch, or wireless access router, to allow additional internal clients or entire networks to use the same connection. The cable modem is also equipped with connections for TV and radio for example.

Satellite

Using satellites for Internet access may seem a bit futuristic, but in rural areas where DSL and cable Internet services are not available, using satellite Internet access can be a very good alternative to standard dial-up connections. The download speeds is typically around 500Kbps and the upload speed around 50Kbps, but this can vary per provider. Satellite Internet requires a dish of about the same size as those used for satellite TV reception. The customer’s dish communicates with the satellite, which in turn communicates with a large dish at the provider. IP multicasting, compression, and acceleration technology is implemented throughout the entire circuit to squeeze the most out of the connection.

Wireless

Wireless Internet access is particularly useful for mobile users. With handheld devices becoming more advanced and increasingly popular, most of the major mobile telcos started offering wireless internet access in several ways. This is includes deploying WiFi hotspots in populated areas and locations such as airports and hotels. Organizations can use the same method to offer wireless access to the corporate network for mobile employees and indirectly provide them access to the Internet. Technologies such as GPRS and UMTS allow smartphones and other handhelds with Internet capabilities to access the Internet using the existing cell phone network.

Manage User Accounts through Command Prompt...

2014-12-29T13:46:00.001+05:30

Open cmd prompt with admin priviledge... & run following commands.

COMMAND ACTION

net user lists all user accounts.

net user username details about specific user.

net user username password /add create new user a/c.

net user username newpassword change user password.

net user username * /add create user a/c with hidden password.

net user username /active:yes enable user a/c.

net user username /active:no disable user a/c.

net localgroup lists all groups.

net localgroup groupname details of a specific group.

net localgroup groupname /add create a new group.

net localgroup groupname username /add move user to a group.

net localgroup groupname username /del remove user from a group.

if u r facing any problem plz contact at 9415321621.

Telnet :- Remote Control Through Command Prompt...

2014-12-29T12:22:00.001+05:30

Telnet is a text-based program you can use to connect to another computer using the Internet or Network. You'll be able to access programs and services that are on the remote computer as if you were sitting right in front of it.

here are the steps to do telnet in ur windows7 PC.
Step1:- Go to Add/Remove Windows Components to enable telnet..

Go to Run and type Appwiz.cpl

Click Turn Windows features on of off.

Select both telnet client & server to enable telnet and click on ok button.

Then go to run and type services.msc to open services console.

select telnet from services list and select startup type to automatic and start the telnet service.

After installing and starting telnet service open command prompt in admin priviledge & type telnet and remote ip address.

And here u have to provide admin username and password for authentication and after that u can use all DOS commands in telnet.

if u face any problem in telnet plz contact 9415321621.

How To Get System Details...

2014-12-24T16:28:00.000+05:30

Some people say command line tools are obsolete, out of date, no longer necessary when you can "point and click," instead. But the reality is very different. Every version of Windows sees the command line given new powers and abilities, and if you don't explore these then you really are missing out.

Take the WMIC command, for instance. It has astonishing scope and a huge set of features: the program can return useful information about your system, control running programs and generally manage just about every aspect of your PC -- all from the command line or a convenient shortcut.

How might this work? Let's suppose you need to know the model of the motherboard used in your PC. You could poke around in a system information program, but it's easier to open a command window (elevated, on Windows Vista or 7 -- click "Start," type "CMD," right-click the link to cmd.exe and select "Run As Administrator") and enter the command:

wmic baseboard get product,manufacturer

wmic bios get name

wmic BIOS get serialnumber

wmic product list brief

wmic service list brief

wmic process list brief

wmic startup list brief

wmic service get /format:hform > d:\services.html

wmic product get name

wmic product where name="mspaint" call uninstall

wmic process where name="iexplore.exe" call terminate

wmic process where name="notepad.exe" call setpriority 64

wmic /node:jetking-pc service list brief