Technopits

SwiftShader 3.0 in Higly Compress Form

2016-02-14T11:25:00.002+05:30

Download SwiftShader 3.0 HD game in highly compressed form.

To download the game perform these steps.

1) click the link below.

DOWNLOAD for 64 bit

2) choose the link which is perfect to your PC that is 32 bit or 64 bit.

3) Download the game.

4) Extract the file.

5) click on executable file.

6) now enjoy the game.

Layering ,Networking Protocol ,TCP/IP

2016-02-08T16:50:00.000+05:30

Networking

Usually networking protocol are developed on layering. Each layering is responsible for different activities performed during communication in a communication systems that is for performing any task in networking there is set of rules which is strictly followed by networking system.

TCP/IP

TCP/IP is the combination different set of instructions and rules and various layers. It allows protocol suite for all kind of computers and for all kind of operating systems . Basely it consists of four layer system and is below.

1. Application layer system.

For example -

Telnet
FTP
Email

2. Transport layer system.

For example -

3. Network layer system.

For example -

IP
ICMP
IGMP

4. Link layer system.

For example -

Device drivers.
Interface card.

Application layer

This layering responsible to handles the detail of particular application.

There are many TCP/IP applications which are handled by application layer system.

Telnet for remote login
FTP, the File Transfer Protocol
SMTP, the Simple Mail Transfer protocol, for electronic mail
SNMP, the Simple Network Management Protocol,

Transport layer

This layer is responsible for to handles the flow of data in between two

hosts. In the TCP/IP protocol suite there are two vastly different transport protocols:

1. TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) provides a reliable flow of data between two hosts.

2. UDP (User Datagram Protocol) sends packets of data called datagrams from one host to another host.

Network layer

This layer of TCP/Ip handles the moment of packet around a network by routing of packets through - IP (Internet Protocol), ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol), and IGMP (Internet Group Management Protocol).

Link layer

This layer is responsible for data linking that is why this layer is also known as Data-link layer. Normally it handles the operating system and the corresponding network interface card in the computer.

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Polish Mathematics of prefix, postfix , infix expressions & Algorithms

2016-02-05T23:08:00.000+05:30

Polish notation

The grate polish mathematician came up with a new technique for representation and calculation of arithmetic expression where operator will be before or after the operand called polish notation.

Normal expression A+B
Prefix                       +AB
Postfix                       AB+
Infix                       A+N

Example questions --

convert the following expression to prefix & postfix
{[(A+B)/C] *(D-E)}

Prefix

We have to solve above expression according to the priory of operators
First we solve the brackets

={[(+AB)/C]*(-DE)}

={[/+ABC]*(-DE)}

={*/+ABC-DE}

Prefix expression is */+ABC-DE

Postfix

={[(AB+)/C]*(DE-)}

={[AB+C/]*(DE-)}

={AB+CD/DE-*}

=AB+CD/DE-*

postfix expression is AB+CD/DE-*

Algorithms for converting infix to postfix using stack

Add a unique symbol # into stack and add it in the end of array infix.
A*(B+C^D)-E^F #
Scan the symbol of array infix one by one from left to right.
Symbol is left parenthesis '(' then add it to the array.
Symbol is operand then add it to array postfix.
Symbol is operator then pop the operator which have same priority or higher priority then operator which occurred .
Add the pop operator to array.
Add the scaned symbole into stack.
Symbol is right parenthesis ')' then pop all the operator from the stack.
Symbol is # then pop all the symbol from stack & add them to array except #.
You ave done it .

For example .

Infix expression is A*(B+C^D)-E^F

A*(B+C^D)-E^F #

Symbole	Stack	Postfix expression
A		A
*	*	A
(	*(	A
B	*(+	AB
+	*(+	AB
C	*(+	ABC
^	*(+^	ABC
D	*(+^	ABCD
)	*	ABCD^+
-	-	ABCD^+*
E	-	ABCD^+*E
^	-^	ABCD^+*E
F	-^	ABCD^+*EF
*	-*	ABCD^+*EF^
(	-*(	ABCD^+*EF^
G	-*(	ABCD^+*EF^G
/	-*(/	ABCD^+*EF^G
H	-*(/	ABCD^+*EF^GH
)	-*	ABCD^+*EF^GH/
#		ABCD^+EF^GH/-

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Data Structure , Dynamic Memory Allocation , C Programing

2016-02-05T12:59:00.002+05:30

Introduction to Data structure

Data structure is a way to organized data in some way so that we can perform operations on the data in effective way.
Some examples are listed below.

Link List.
Stack.
Queue.
Tree.
Graph.
Hash Table.

We select data structure according to need that is-
1) Size of data.
2) Amount of data.

For Implementing Data structure We need to understand Dynamic Memory Allocation

Pointers - A pointer is variable which contain the memory address of another variable.

Declaration Of Pointer variable -

int a; // Normal variable Declaration

int *a; // Pointer Variable Declaration

Operators Of Pointer -

& - Address Operator
* - Value at the address operator

Example of Pointer -

#include<stdio.h> // Header files

Void main()

{

int a=5;

int *p ;

p = &a ;

printf("\n %d",a); // 5

printf("\n %d",p); // address 25001

printf("\n %u",&a); //25001

printf("\n %u",&a); // 25002

printf("\n %d",*p); // 5

printf("\n %d",*(&a)); // 5

return 0;

}

Dynamic Memory Allocation

The process allocating at the time of execution is called dynamic memory allocation. The allocation and releasing of the memory space can be done with the use of some built in functions.

sizeof()
malloc()
calloc()
free()

sizeoff()

The size of operation is use to find the size of argument in terms of byte . the argument can be variable or any data type.

Example.

int a[10] ;

sizeof(a); // 20

sizeof(float); // 4

malloc()

This function is use to allocate the memory space.

Syntax - ptr =(data type *) malloc( specific size) ;

Example.

ptr =(int*) malloc(10) ;

Calloc()

This function is used to allocate the multiple blocks of memory.

syntax - ptr = (int*) calloc( number of block , size of block ) ;

Example.

ptr =(int*) calloc ( 5 , 2) ; // this allocate 5 blocks , each of 2 bytes

free()

This function is use to release the memory spaces.

Syntax - free(ptr);

Example.

free(ptr) ; // memory set to free

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RPM To DEB

2016-02-03T03:30:00.000+05:30

DEB or Debian Package is an installation package which is compatible to Ubuntu and Ubuntu Based Operating Systems while
RPM or Red-hat Package Manager is an installation package which is compatible to RedHat Based Operating Systems.

And sometimes just sometimes we get stuck with the other kind of file in the the other kind of system, but not to worry mostly you can just convert the file to the other format by following these simple steps.

For converting RPM To DEB you have to follow these steps

First we need a software package which is available on Ubuntu Based Systems. Run below command to install alien and other essentials.
```
sudo apt-get install alien dpkg-dev debhelper build-essential
```
Now we convert the file run:
```
sudo alien path/filename.rpm
```
Now we can install the deb file just run:
```
sudo dpkg -i path/filename.deb
```

For converting DEB To RPM you have to follow these steps

Firt we need a software package which is available on Red-hat Based Systems. Run below command to install alien and other essentials.
```
yum -y install alien
```
Now we convert the file run:
```
sudo alien -r path/filename.deb
```
Now we can install the deb file just run:
```
sudo rpm -Uvh path/filename.rpm
```

Well everything is just really about compatibility, if all the dependencies are satisfied then you are good to go.

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Servers, Clients, and Ports

2016-02-02T19:47:00.001+05:30

There are various host computers on the Internet which offer services to other systems on the Internet. Computers that offer services for other system to use their services called servers. Server contain all the records of all machines connected to it

Server computer is the main component used in networking. And gives the virtual access to the host computer

Here are some types of servers and clients that you may meet

Mail servers

Mail server are responsible for mailing activities of the system. Post Office
Protocol (POP) servers (or POP3 servers) store incoming mail,

while Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) servers relay outgoing mail.
Web servers

Store Web pages and send them in response to requests from
Web clients, which are usually called browsers.

FTP servers
Store files that you can transfer to or from your computer if you
have a FTP client.

New servers

Store Usenet newsgroup articles that you can read and send if

you have a new client or newsreader.

IRC servers

Act as a switchboard for Internet-based online chats. To take part, you use an IRC client.

There are some standard numbers for port which used throughout the internet. Some widely used ports listed below
Port 21 FTP (file transfer)
Port 23 Telnet (remote log in)
Port 25 SMTP (mail relaying)
Port 80 World Wide Web
Port 110 POP3 (storage of incoming mail)
Port 194 (as well as 6667 and many others) IRC (online chat)
Port 532 Usenet newsgroups (discussion groups)

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Automata

2016-02-02T18:49:00.000+05:30

Abstract Computing Devices are studied under automata. It is an important of core computer science.

Concept of Finite Automata are used in following

Software for designing and checking and checks the compatibility with the hardware.

It is used in compiler designing.

Software for scanning large bodies such as web page,to find the occurrence of word, phases, or other pattern.

Software for verification systems.

The advantage of having only a finite number of states is hat we can implement the system with a fix set of resources.

We could implement Automata as a circuit , or as simple form of
program in the codes itself to make perfect decisions. It is also
essential for the study limits of competition

A pioneer of automata theory Alan Turing (1912-1954) Father of Modern Computer Science,English mathematician ,Studied abstract machines called Turing machines even before computers existed .

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Microcontroller

2016-02-02T16:41:00.002+05:30

Integrated Circuit Which consist of A processor, Memories,Peripherals, Input & Output is termed as Microcontroller . That is it contain .

Processor for calculation needed in arithmetic and logical operations

Memory such as Read Only Memory (ROM) and Random Access Memory (RAM) for memory operations ,

Peripherals to support the processor and to extend its capabilities,

Input and Output to communicate with the world . Such as Key board for typing ,mouse for selecting , speaker

All the above terms together functioning is termed as a microprocessor and when it started working as system all together that system is termed as Microcontroller

The very first single-chip processor was built and proposed by Intel Corporation in 1971 under the name Intel 4004. It was a 4-bit central processing unit (CPU). As i can not mention all that processors you visit http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PIC_microcontroller for more information on the evaluation of processors

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Introduction To VHDL

2016-02-02T12:39:00.001+05:30

VHDL is a language of Very High Speed Digital Electronics System . That is a Hardware Description Language . It is a standard language use in structuring and functioning designs for IC's (Integrated Circuit )

The standard is adopted by IEEE ( Institute of Electrical and Electronic
Engineers )

VHLD is designed to full fill the following needs in designing process

1) It allows the description of the structure of a design of an integrated circuit

2) It allows the specification of the function of designs using familiar programming language forms

3) It allows a designer simulation before being manufactured, so that designers can quickly compare alternatives and test for correctness without the delay and expense of hardware prototyping

VHDL can also be used as a general purpose parallel programming language. If you know how to write computer programs using a conventional programming language such as Pascal, C or Ada then it is easy to work on VHDL .

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How To Register Your Domain

2016-02-02T06:36:00.000+05:30

Domain and Host Names

Domain and Host Names are provided so that People do not have remembered strings and numbers of the host computer . The last part of a domain is called TTL (Top Level Domain) .That is .com ,.edu , .in , .edu etc .

Capitalization does not matter in host names.Example.Com and example .com are both valid forms of the same name. Host names usually appear in lowercase.

Where do domain names come from?

Domains in the com, edu, net, and org zones are assigned by Network
Solutions . InterNIC Registration Services To Register a domain you need to perform following step

1. You need a host computer on internet on which domain name is provided

2. Use the WHOIS search box on the InterNIC to check the domain name you want is available for you or not

3. Read the instructions form InterNIC For registration .

4. . Ask your ISP for the IP addresses of the two domain name servers that will list your new domain

5. Fill all the details which asks for the name, address, phone number, fax number, and e-mail address of the administrative contact, technical contact etc .

6. InterNIC confirms your application. And the application had no errors then InterNIC sends you a confirmation that the domain has been assigned to you.

7. Check that your domain name works by using the Ping program.

8. Ask Your ISP ( Internet Service Provider ) how to upload pages to your new Website.

9. Pay the charges for Hosting .

10 . Congratulate You have Been successfully registered your domain .

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Attack's through IP & DNS Of Your System

2016-02-01T04:03:00.003+05:30

Nslookup

DNS ( Domain Name Servers ) contain all the sensitive information which is essential for to communicate with the network.

If you are going to send or receive mail then your network require MX record which record contains the IP address of the mail serve.

Example

04/18/00 13:55:37 dns example.com
Mail for example.com is handled by server1.example.org
Canonical name: new riders.org
Addresses:
40.40.40.5
40.40.40.15

That's it attacker gets your ip address.

Now attacker can start Mapping out the network.

Another alternative for getting your ip address is that simply PING the domain name.

For example .

Pinging newriders.com [20.20.20.8] with 32 bytes of data::

Request timed out.

Ping statistics for 20.20.20.20:

Packets: Sent = 2, Received = 0, Lost = 2 (100% loss),

Approximate round trip times in milli-seconds:

Minimum = 0ms, Maximum = 0ms, Average = 0ms Control-C

After finding your IP address now attacker has a couple of reason to used this as a staring point to start with it .

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Hacking Activities Over Internet

2016-01-28T21:48:00.002+05:30

Spoofing

It is the process in which somebody tries to get access to your system by pretending as he/she is at trusted person on your system . In this person alter his identity so anyone can trust them because they have a fake identity of your friend or any relative .

Types of Spoofing

It is of four types :

• IP spoofing.

In this attacker switch it's IP address to gain information and to get access on your computer

• Email spoofing.

In this attacker try to get essential information by sending you a frank emails . They ask you give your valuable information as reply .Your response to their emails will help them in crackiong your password

• Web spoofing.

This is the most popular attack on the web in this attacker try install their hacking tools on your system in the form of viruses after that they get all your information easily That is they try to install a key logger on your system after that they easily get your password I.D's and many more

• Non-technical spoofing.

This is attack involves corruption activities by the employ of a company or worker who knows the sensitive information about company or a system

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Pen Drive Speed Booster

2016-01-28T09:07:00.001+05:30

Your Pen drive takes too much time to transferring large amount of data or in transferring big files A trick for you Which increase the speed relatively as before using this trick

You have to fallow the following steps to

Note : If you have important data in your Pen Drive, don’t forget to back up them.

Make your pen drive as in NTFS mode therefore right click on pen drive and click on format.

from the file system drop down menu select 'NTFS' > Select ‘Default allocation size‘ from the ‘Allocation unit size‘, Uncheck ‘Quick format’ from the ‘format options‘. Click ‘Start‘ button > then ‘OK‘ in the warring box.

You have to change the file system to NTFS of your pen drive. We usually use FAT32 file system. But NTFS is better file system allowing us additional data transfer rate. So you have to change NTFS form system configuration to get higher transfer rate.

Formatting is finished you may see a conformation window. Click the ‘OK‘ button and close the format window.

Change the device policy can even increase the performance of explicit flash drives. To hurry up the flash drive’ performance you'll do one further but minor work. For this:

Don't forget to backup the important files
Then; right mouse click on the flash drive’s icon on the My computer (Windows Explorer) window > Click on ‘properties‘.
Click on ‘Hardware‘ tab.
Find your flash drive from the All disk drive list and double click on it (or select it and click ‘properties‘ in below)

5. On the opened window click on policies
6. Select ‘Better performance‘ from the ‘removal policy‘.

7. Click OK.

You have Done all the step's success

Note:you must always eject your pen drive only after clicking on safely remove your USB option in task bar and it's always suggested removing the pen drive from USB port when it's not in use.

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Increase the capacity Of Your Storage Device

2016-01-26T22:46:00.001+05:30

For to make full use of you USB and memory card you can increase the capacity of storing data

by downloading a software

Simply Follow Instructions:

Step1: Insert USB in the port

Download Link - 1

Download Link - 2

Step 2: Download the software (see download Links at last)

step 3: Open Drive increaser software

step 4 : Format the Pen drive. .

Step 5: Rename the Flash Drive or memorystick

Step 6: Open Drive Increaser 2 icon from the Downloaded folder.

Step 7: The opened file is asks USB drive Name. (Before enter the name first Rename the Memory stick or Pen drive). Just enter the renamed pen drive name. Ex: 2341

Step 8: After that, it will ask USB pendrive letter (Ex: H or I or J). Repeat this two times

Step 9 : After Drive letter entry some process will be done with Red color like this image

Step 10: Finally it shows Done Please enter any key to done.

Now your Pen drive is 4GB

Note -- This tricks might work but not compulsory This technique include the compression of data so if any software work then ok else you find any other sorce to perform the same task

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Password Cracking & Stealing Technique -- Brute-force Attack

2016-01-26T14:14:00.001+05:30

Brute-force Attacks

If attacker want to crack a password then he can crack any passwords by Brute-force attacks he has to try every possible combination of letters, numbers, and special characters until he succeeded . This is a time taking method it actually depends on the efficiency of the processor of your computer

This attack is actually based on hit and trial method used to obtain information such as a user password or personal identification number (PIN). In a brute force attack, automated programs ,scripts and codes is used to generate a large number of consecutive guesses as to the value of the desired data. Brute force attacks may be used by criminals to crack encrypted data, or by security analysts to test an organization's network security.

The following measures can be used to defend against brute force attacks:

Requiring users to have complex passwords
Limiting the number of times a user can attempt to log in
Temporarily locking out users who exceed the specified maximum number of login attempts

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Scripts and Sample Program Attacks

2016-01-24T00:56:00.000+05:30

Hello Readers !!

Generally Unix and Linux base system are suitable for this kind of attacks. And works on scripts . When the core operating system or application is installed, the manufacturers distribute sample files and scripts so that the owner of the system can better

These system works and can use the scripts to develop new applications. From a developer’s standpoint, this is extremely helpful. The most of the people think that Why to create our own when you can use someone else’s script and just build onto it? In one of my jobs, I programmed and developed source code. Being able to use sample source code as a template helped increase the development time tremendously.

One of the main areas where there are a lot of sample scripts is in web development. The earlier versions of Apache web server and some web browsers came with several scripts and most of them had vulnerabilities. Also, a lot of the new scripting tools that come with web browsers enable developers with minimal programming knowledge to develop applications in a relatively short period of time.

In these cases, the applications work, but what’s going on behind the scene is usually pretty scary from a security standpoint. There is usually a lot of extraneous code and poor error-checking, which create an open door for attackers. Active Server Pages (ASPs) are a perfect example. Much of the early development that occurred with ASPs left a lot of backdoors that attackers are exploiting. An example is the default web msite that ships with IIS. It has the remote admin tools available from the main page. These tools can be used by an attacker to compromise a system.

Be Updated Be safe

cheers !!

Application-Level Attacks

2016-01-23T15:07:00.002+05:30

Hello Readers !!

These attacks take advantage of the lack of security in today’s software.In the programming development cycle there are levels in which one of them is a security check level which is been ignored by the developers because they want to work more and earn more &
It also major problem with most software that is currently being developed is that the programmers and testers are under very tight deadlines to release a product. Because of this, testing is not as thorough as it should be. To add to this, the problem becomes worse since software that is being developed has so much added functionality and complexity that even if there were more time to test, the chances of testing every feature would still be small. Also, until very recently, consumers were not concerned about security. If it had all of the great features they needed they were happy, regardless of the number of security vulnerabilities that existed in the software. Security should not be an add-on component. To provide a high level of security, it has to be designed into the application from the beginning.

Another major problem found in most programs is error-checking. Poor or
nonexistent error-checking accounts for a large number of security holes
found in today’s programs. Buffer overflows are just one example of this
problem.

Be Updated Be safe

Cheers !!

Operating System Attacks

2016-01-23T15:05:00.003+05:30

Hello Readers !!

When software companies starts works for the satisfaction with the product. They might ignore the security of the software and operating system and for the simplicity ...
If someone installs an operating system and

the services they need such as web and authentication are not present,
most of the time they will call for help. This is why companies more software which makes its functionality easier , for just this reason everything installed by default, if someone needs it, it’s there

The default installation of windows of an operating system are the services it is running and the ports it has open. The more services and ports, the more points of access; the fewer ports and services, the fewer points of access. Based on this one would hope that a default install of an operating system would have the least number of services running and ports open (if you need more, you can install them on your system). This way, you control the points of compromise in a system.

In reality, the opposite is true. The default install of most operating
Systems has large numbers of services running and ports open. The
reason most manufacturers do this is simple, money. They want a
consumer of their product to be able to install and configure a system with
the least amount of effort and trouble. The reason for this is every time a
consumer has a problem with their product they have to call for support,
& costs the company to generate large amounts of revenue. The fewer calls, the less number of technical support staff, and the lower their costs. Also, the
fewer calls, the less frustration a user experiences, which increases

From a software manufacturers standpoint, this makes sense. From a
Security standpoint, it does not make sense. Why would anyone install a
Non-secure operating system by default? Most of the time this is unintentional, because users are not familiar enough with an operating system to realize how vulnerable it really is. To make matters worse, once the operating system is installed, companies think their job is done and fail to apply patches and updates. This leaves a company with outdated operating systems, which have a large number of vulnerabilities—not a good position to be in from a security perspective.

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Misconfiguration Attacks

2016-01-23T15:03:00.002+05:30

Hello Readers !!

In some systems that should be secure fairly & they are broken into because they were not configured correctly. In that cases An administrator is working on a system who is new to that environment . It cases the person in not well suited for that job . This is one of the reasons why some systems are broken into and others are not.

In order protect your system from the any kind of attack configuring a machine correctly, remove any unwanted services or software. By this way you can easily catch that any misfortune on your system . Misconfiguration is one area that you can control since you are the one configuring the system. Therefore, make sure you spend the time necessary and do it right. Remember, if you think that you do not have time to do it right the first time, attackers might break in and there might not be a second time.

Be Updated Be safe

cheers !!

How a Hacker Or Attacker can gain access to a system

2016-01-23T15:02:00.000+05:30

Hello Readers !!

When the people think about getting asses to system, they only think direct assessing , but there are two more areas:
Elevation of privileges
Denial of services.
All these things are useful to the attacker depending on the type of attack he wants to launch. There are also cases where they can be used in conjunction with each other.
Let take an example
Someone might be able to get into a user’s account to gain access to the system, but he does not have root access, so he might not copy a sensitive file. But at this condition , the attacker would have to try same another method i.e run an elevation of privileges attack to increase his security level so that he can access the appropriate files.
It is important to understand that an attacker can exploit a system to use it
as a launching pad for attacks against other networks. This is why system
break-ins are not always noticed, because attackers are not out to do
direct harm or steal information.In these cases, a company’s valuable
resources are being used and, technically, that company is hacking into
other companies.

The following are some ways that an attacker can gain access to a system:

• Operating system attacks
• Application-level attacks
• Scripts and sample program attacks
• Misconfiguration attacks

Think about this : if it is authorized or not & someone
is using Company A’s computers to break into Company B, when Company
B investigates, it will point back to Company A. This is called a downstream liability problem. This can have huge legal implications for a company if it is not careful—especially if the attackers want to have some fun and carefully pick the two companies so that Company A and B are major competitors. If you are the head of security for Company A, you better hope that your resume is updated.

We will discuss each attacks in the next session of Our blogs

Be Updated Be safe

cheers !!

Myths Of Assembly Language ?

2016-01-21T09:58:00.001+05:30

Assembly language has a pretty bad reputation. The common impression about assembly language programmers today is that they are all hackers or misguided individuals who need enlightenment.
Here are the reasons people give for not using assembly1:
• Assembly is hard to learn.
• Assembly is hard to read and understand.
• Assembly is hard to debug.
• Assembly is hard to maintain.
• Assembly is hard to write.
• Assembly language programming is time consuming.
• Improved compiler technology has eliminated the need for assembly language.
• Today, machines are so fast that we no longer need to use assembly.
• If you need more speed, you should use a better algorithm rather than switch to assembly
language.
• Machines have so much memory today, saving space using assembly is not important.
• Assembly language is not portable.

Myths ...

Having just read the above, you’re starting to assume that assembly must be pretty bad. And that, dear friend, is eighty percent of what’s wrong with assembly language. That is, people develop some very strong misconceptions about assembly language based on what they’ve heard from friends, instructors, articles, and books. Oh, assembly language is certainly not perfect. It does
have many real faults. Those faults, however, are blown completely out of proportion by those unfamiliar with assembly language. The next time someone starts preaching about the evils of assembly language, ask, “how many years of assembly language programming experience do you have?” Of course assembly
is hard to understand if you don’t know it. It is surprising how many people are willing to speak out against assembly language based only on conversations they’ve had or articles they’ve read.

Assembly language users also use high level languages (HLLs); assembly’s most outspoken opponents rarely use anything but HLLs. Who would you believe, an expert well versed in both types of programming languages or someone who has never taken the time to learn assembly language and develop an honest opinion of its capabilities?

I felt that very little was gained by going on and on about these points. Nonetheless, a brief rebuttal to each of the above points is in order, if for no other reason than to keep you from thinking there isn’t a decent defense for these statements.

Now No More Myths .......... We Will Move On To Assembly

Cheers !!

Reed Our Articles

PASIV Device - Dream-Share

2013-04-16T22:02:00.002+05:30

Greetings readers, it's really been a hard time for me , i mean had exams and all. Well after a whole year i am back to blogging and would really like to thank all of you for visiting my blog. Well today the topic i have is something that you can relate to the Hollywood -- The Inception, movie by Christopher Nolan.

Portable Automated Somnacin IntraVenous Device aka PASIV Device is a briefcased device that can be used to enter the world of dreams. Yes right it really does and it is neither a future tech nor an alien tech that fell from space into the hands of Human Beings.

Basic Model of PASIV Device (MV-235)

an orignal PASIV device (Zoomed in)

It is a device that uses a sedative called Somnacin and wires to allow the users to enter a shared dreamspace. Sounds cool right? Well a lot is not known about this piece of tech but i really can give my thoughts that are based on my research.

an orignal PASIV device

Somnacin is a sedative [which i believe to be a code name] that is injected into the bodies of the users through a PASIV device which work like an IV [IntraVenous] (used to insert liquids directly into the veins). Well this Pasiv device does that very timely and in an appropriate measure which eventually manipulates the dreams of all the users and brings everyone into a same dream.

Information regarding the time difference and levels are unclear. But one thing is for sure that it is secret and of course dangerous if misused.
Well a lot of other sites and blogs post a deconstruction of a PASIV device so i am just going to post a link instead of writing it down. If their are any questions then ask.
PASIV Device Instruction Manual MV-235

Information regarding the usage of PASIV device is revealed but a lot is still hidden like details of project somnacin and the founder of this technology. The actual working is also a secret. So well for now we will have to be satisfied with this much. Will keep on posting now.

and of course any queries ..... feel free

Programming in regional language | Hindi

2012-05-05T22:39:00.001+05:30

Hello Readers,
I'd like to ask you all a question - What happens if you get a chance to do all your programming in your Regional Language? plz plz give the answer of it especially If your regional language is not 'ENGLISH' and more importantly if it is 'HINDI'!
{you may need a hindi font to view the text click here to download} Well this is something that most probably you won't be knowing about it! But the place I come from, there is a person, a senior, an engineer, a very talented person he is Er. Adhokshaj Mishra,UIET, CSJMU, Kanpur (Contact him here via mail) or Read his blog here
So you would be wondering that what actually this project is all about. Well here are the details :
In the words of the developer itself

Project Name:
Programming in Regional Languages.

Source of Idea:
Since a lot of computer work requires English, the language has become mandatory even for elementary computer work. General software is being translated in regional languages like Hindi etc, but there is no work done on programming in Hindi. Some people have tried it before, but they ended merely translating some popular language. This forces you to have 2 compilers!! I thought to make a new language very similar to some popular one, and thus eliminating the need of having 2 compilers…. ;)

Main Challenges:

Unicode support in programming is limited to very basic processing. Many algorithms simply fail in case of UNICODE!
Console window does not support UNICODE output. So, you will have to develop your own console for that.
Automatic tools (LEX and YACC) for compiler writing don’t work at all! Result: You will have to do all the painful work for prototyping. (These are not used in production)
Building EXE file is quiet hard, as only ASCII set is supported in instructions.

About the compiler

This compiler is programmed in C#, and requires .NET Framework 4.0 to work. It compiles any valid source fileinto a valid .NET console executable. This executable also requires .NET 4.0.
The language is currently in under development. Some features are as follows:

Hindi Keywords: असत्य , सत्य , पाठ , बूल , संख्या , मुद्रण , पंक्तिमुद्रण , यदि , जब , लूप , अन्यथा , अंत , तो , समाप्त , फलन , उत्तर
Data Types: पाठ , बूल , संख्या
Boolean Values: असत्य , सत्य
Console output functions: मुद्रण , पंक्तिमुद्रण
Conditional Statement: यदि ……… तो …… अन्यथा ……. अंत
Looping: जब ………………….. लूप
Functions: फलन ………………….. समाप्त
Return: उत्तर

This language supports multi-character UNICODE, as well as ASCII variable names. However, UNICODE function names are not supported yet.

Currently, the language uses VB like construct, but it will be converted to C++ like syntax before its final release.

Some sample programs are as follows:

Factorial

फलन संख्या FACT( संख्या द )
यदि ( द <= 0 ) तो
उत्तर 1;
अन्यथा
उत्तर द* FACT( द- 1);
अंत
समाप्त
फलन बूल MAIN()
संख्या द ;
द= 0;
जब ( द <= 10 )
पंक्तिमुद्रण FACT( द);
द = द+ 1;
लूप
समाप्त

Factorial Program

Fibonacci Series
फलन बूल MAIN()
संख्या न ;
संख्या प ;
संख्या च ;
च = 1;
प = 0;
न = च + प ;
पंक्तिमुद्रण न ;
जब ( न < 1000 )
प = च ;
च = न ;
न = च + प ;
पंक्तिमुद्रण न ;
लूप
समाप्त

Fibonacci Series

Well this hard work is goood but I want Your opinions so please give your opinion! Till then be updated.

DIDO | MU-MIMO is it same? or Is it not? Part 2

2012-05-03T10:44:00.003+05:30

Hello Readers,
As I said in the last post I am going to write about the two technologies so here I am with
continued......

Multi User MIMO

What's new in MU-MIMO from older SU-MIMO

Multi-User MIMO (MU-MIMO) is the technique which used in the scenarios with a large number of users to be served in one cell, and high capacity gains can be achieved by transmitting independent data streams to different users sharing the same time-frequency resources. Because more than two users share the same time-frequency resources in MU-MIMO systems, there is a big problem for the receiver to cancel the interference of the other users. Inspired by the idea of interference cancellation in CDMA systems, a novel multi-user MIMO scheme is proposed in this paper. It employs spreading in the transmitter and joint detection (SP-JD) in the receiver. Simulation results show that SP-JD scheme could achieve higher sum rates capacity and better bit error rate (BER) performance than Zero-Forcing (ZF) scheme while the receiver is not aware of the precoding vectors applied to the streams transmitted to the other users.
Simply......
It is a technology that uses the available multiple independent radio terminals to enhance the communication capabilities of each individual terminal. It is also seen as the extended concept of SDMA ( Space Division Multiple Access ).

It can allow multiple users as spatially distributed transmission resources, at the cost of somewhat more expensive signal processing. It's algorithms are developed to enhance MIMO systems when the number of users, or connections, numbers greater than one (admittedly, a useful concept). Multi-user MIMO can be generalized into two categories: MIMO broadcast channels (MIMO BC) and MIMO multiple access channels (MIMO MAC) for downlink and uplink situations, respectively. Single-user MIMO can be represented as point-to-point, pairwise MIMO.

The Image says everything!!!!

To remove ambiguity of the words receiver and transmitter, we can adopt the terms access point (APN; or, base station), and user. An APN is the transmitter and a user is the receiver for downlink environments, whereas an APN is the receiver and a user is the transmitter for uplink environments. Homogeneous networks are somewhat freed from this distinction.

MU-MIMO provides a methodology whereby spatial sharing of channels can be achieved. This can be achieved at the cost of additional hardware - filters and antennas - but the incorporation does not come at the expense of additional bandwidth as is the case when technologies such as FDMA, TDMA or CDMA are used.

16 users connecting to 16 Channels

When using spatial multiplexing, MU-MIMO, the interference between the different users on the same channel is accommodated by the use of additional antennas, and additional processing when enable the spatial separation of the different users.

There are two scenarios associated with MU-MIMO, Multi-user MIMO:

Uplink - Multiple Access Channel, MAC: The development of the MIMO-MAC is based on the known single user MIMO concepts broadened out to account for multiple users.
Downlink - Broadcast Channel, BC : The MIMO-BC is the more challenging scenario. The optimum strategy involves pre-interference cancellation techniques known as "Dirty Paper Coding", DPC. This is complemented by implicit user scheduling and a power loading algorithm

MU-MIMO is very confusing and un-understandable so this is a simple image :

MU-MIMO in a simpler form

So i wrote about MU-MIMO and DIDO now it is on you to decide Is it Same? or is it not?

DIDO | MU-MIMO is it same? or Is it not? Part 1

2012-05-01T14:46:00.001+05:30

Hello Readers,
Communication Technologies play a vital role in all our lives, and nowadays it seems that the scientists are working for the same, day and night, throughout the year. Thats why so many researches are being done in this feild. So after Light Fidelty ( Li-Fi ) I'll tell you about another great technology and as the title suggest there is a controvesy regarding the technology's concept and hence i'll cover both technologies in different articles. In this article i'll cover

Digital Input, Distributed Output (DIDO)

The DIDO card

method that can increase the spectrum utilization by ten times than the todays cellular system. This method can reduce the power consumption and the silicon complexity of radios while fundamentally increasing the range of the current technology.

Steve Perlman, chief executive of Rearden Companies, a Palo Alto, California. Incubator and one of the DIDO inventors, released an white paper in which he said "We have only scratched the surface of the potential of this technology, We believe there are not only far more applications in communications, but we believe that the unprecedented control and capacity that we have with radio signals will lead to a wide range of applications in other fields, such as medicine, imaging, manufacturing and alternative energy".

HOW IT WORKS?

Diagram showing DIDO Concept

You all might be wondering that how can this be done, actually what happens is that DIDO uses a data center as a mediator for all the wireless communications. The servers compute waveforms with specific data, as requested by each client using a wireless device. Each client receives a unique waveform with just that user's data. It is done by synthesizing a private channel for each user, hence each user gets 100% of the data rate of the spectrum, regardless to the no. of users in the spectrum.

DEVELOPMENT SO FAR!

Map of the Test Conducted in Austin, Texas

Rearden has tested the technique with ten radios, each using the full data rate available for a given slice of spectrum at a site near Austin, Texas.
In a recent talk at Columbia University where Steve Perlman, first publically described DIDO. There he said that "We know we can get to one-hundred fold of what today's cellular systems provide, and we are optimistic that we can get to a thousand-fold, We don’t know what the limit is [because] this is all green-field research, he continued"The average power is easily one-tenth that of cellular, and in many cases its one one-hundredth,"Perlman said"In a fully deployed DIDO system, the antennas are far closer to the user on average than in a cellular system where, for example, many users are on the fringes of the system," he explained. "Also, DIDO doesnot transmit much power where there are no users, so this is far less wasted RF energy," he added."In terms of silicon complexity a DIDO access point radio can be as simple as an A/D, D/A and an amplifier",as said by Perlman. "All it is doing is digitizing and transmitting, or receiving and digitizing a digital waveform. It does no processing at all," he said."A DIDO user radio has a little more to it because it is a portable radio, but it is closer to a walkie-talkie thana 3G radio in complexity." said Perlman

DIDO Data transmission

CRITICSISM

The technology on white paper is no doubt, good but there are people / experts who think that the technology base is quite similar to the MU MIMO ( Multi User MIMO ) --a form of advanced Multiple Input Multiple Output technology including MIMO-BC and MIMO-MAC.I don't want this article to be too long so the discussion will be continued in my next article. If you are an technology expert with some knoledge in this feild then please leave some comments and your say on the topic! .......continued in the next article.....

Technopits

SwiftShader 3.0 in Higly Compress Form

DOWNLOAD for 32bit

DOWNLOAD for 64 bit

Layering ,Networking Protocol ,TCP/IP

Networking

TCP/IP

Application layer

Transport layer

Network layer

Link layer

Be Updated ! Be safe !

Cheers !!

Polish Mathematics of prefix, postfix , infix expressions & Algorithms

Polish notation

Example questions --

Prefix

={[(+AB)/C]*(-DE)}

={[/+ABC]*(-DE)}

={*/+ABC-DE}

Postfix

={[(AB+)/C]*(DE-)}

={[AB+C/]*(DE-)}

={AB+CD/DE-*}

=AB+CD/DE-*

Algorithms for converting infix to postfix using stack

For example .

TD P { margin-bottom: 0cm; }P { margin-bottom: 0.21cm; }

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Data Structure , Dynamic Memory Allocation , C Programing

Introduction to Data structure

For Implementing Data structure We need to understand Dynamic Memory Allocation

Declaration Of Pointer variable -

Operators Of Pointer -

Example of Pointer -

Dynamic Memory Allocation

sizeoff()

malloc()

Calloc()

free()

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RPM To DEB

For converting RPM To DEB you have to follow these steps

For converting DEB To RPM you have to follow these steps

Well everything is just really about compatibility, if all the dependencies are satisfied then you are good to go.

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Servers, Clients, and Ports

while Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) servers relay outgoing mail. Web servers Store Web pages and send them in response to requests fromWeb clients, which are usually called browsers.

FTP servers Store files that you can transfer to or from your computer if youhave a FTP client.

New servers

Store Usenet newsgroup articles that you can read and send if

you have a new client or newsreader.

IRC servers

Act as a switchboard for Internet-based online chats. To take part, you use an IRC client.

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Automata

Abstract Computing Devices are studied under automata. It is an important of core computer science.

Concept of Finite Automata are used in followingSoftware for designing and checking and checks the compatibility with the hardware.It is used in compiler designing.

Software for scanning large bodies such as web page,to find the occurrence of word, phases, or other pattern.

Software for verification systems.

The advantage of having only a finite number of states is hat we can implement the system with a fix set of resources.

We could implement Automata as a circuit , or as simple form of program in the codes itself to make perfect decisions. It is also essential for the study limits of competition

A pioneer of automata theory Alan Turing (1912-1954) Father of Modern Computer Science,English mathematician ,Studied abstract machines called Turing machines even before computers existed .

we would like to have an interactive session. Comment your question below

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Microcontroller

Integrated Circuit Which consist of A processor, Memories,Peripherals, Input & Output is termed as Microcontroller . That is it contain .

Processor for calculation needed in arithmetic and logical operations

Memory such as Read Only Memory (ROM) and Random Access Memory (RAM) for memory operations ,

Peripherals to support the processor and to extend its capabilities,

Input and Output to communicate with the world . Such as Key board for typing ,mouse for selecting , speaker

All the above terms together functioning is termed as a microprocessor and when it started working as system all together that system is termed as Microcontroller

We would like to have an interactive session . Comment your questions below

Be Updated Be Safe !

Cheers !!

while Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) servers relay outgoing mail.
Web servers

Store Web pages and send them in response to requests from
Web clients, which are usually called browsers.

FTP servers
Store files that you can transfer to or from your computer if you
have a FTP client.

Concept of Finite Automata are used in following

Software for designing and checking and checks the compatibility with the hardware.

It is used in compiler designing.

We could implement Automata as a circuit , or as simple form of
program in the codes itself to make perfect decisions. It is also
essential for the study limits of competition

The standard is adopted by IEEE ( Institute of Electrical and Electronic
Engineers )