Campus Recruitment

Why are u visiting this blog ??

2009-12-24T15:01:00.000-08:00

                                                                      by AMARISH KUMAR
                                                                           BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
                                                                           COMPUTER ENGINEERING
                                                                           KIIT UNIVERSITY


       Introduction about the need of blog :                  Campus recruitment

         First step , the written test:                  Quest of luck - topics hidden inside

   Second step, interview:                 Dont't lie , open the basket n grab the secrets

       Third step , you are victorious

Campus Recruitment: 64 TOUGH INTERVIEW QUESTIONS

2009-12-23T11:58:00.000-08:00

Campus Recruitment: 64 TOUGH INTERVIEW QUESTIONS

Chapter wise DBMS

2009-12-23T10:33:00.000-08:00

1)What is data?
Ans:Data are known facts that can be reordered and that have implicit meaning.

2)What is database?
Ans:Database is a logical collection of relevant data.It is used for storing,managing and retrieving stored information.

3)What is problem with file based system?
Ans:File involve high level of redundancy.
       Redundancy results in inconsistency.
       It is not amendable to rapid changes
       Many ad hoc queries cant b answered.
       Expensive.
       Modification in one program requires modification in other that may bring about chain of modifications.

4)Explain physical representation of data?
Ans:The smallest unit of data physically stored in database is called stored field and collection of stored field is called stored or physical record. The collection of all occurrence of one type of physical record is called physical file

5)Explain logical representation of data?
Ans:A Logical fiel,record or file is , the field,record or file as it appears to the users,that is, as it is defined in the users application programs.Its structure is different from that of stored records.It also handle system failure so that database can be recovered.

6)What are benefits of database approach?
Ans:
Redundancy can be reduced.
Inconsistency can be avoided.
Data can be shared.
Standards can be enforced.
Security restrictions can be applied.
Integrity can be maintained.
Data independence can be provided.

7) How DBMS works?
Ans:A DBMS provides for storage, updation and retrieval of data in organized manner.

1)User requests data item.
2)DBMS intercepts and interprets the request.
3)Retrieves the data from physical database.
4)Construct the record using physical/conceptual mapping.
5)Record constructed using conceptual/external mapping.
6)Derives the external record from conceptual mapping.

8)What are functions of DBMS?

Data definition:Database allows to define own data in simpler way.
Data manipulation:Database allows to manipulate i.e insert,update and delete information.
Data security and integrity:Database allows us to secure the data and a true picture of data is given to users.
Data recovery and concurrency:If crash occurs , we can go to previously defined consistent data.
Data dictionary:Database maintians meta information in its dictionary.
Performance:Performance of database is maintained irrespective of the load from users.

9)What is Database system?

Users-> application programs --> software to access stored -->software to process------>Stored database
                                                                                                                               ----->Meta data
A DBMS is a complex software that consists of number of modules.It allow communication between various type of users with physical database n operating system , without user being aware of every detail..The DBMS system must maintain information about data i.e stored in system.
The information about data in database is called meta-data.It helps in maintaining effective and efficient database system.

10)What are different kinds of users?

64 TOUGH INTERVIEW QUESTIONS

2009-12-23T04:23:00.001-08:00

WHAT ARE THE 64 TOUGHEST QUESTIONS THAT ARE GENERALLY ASKED IN INTERVIEW

Q1 Tell me about yourself

Q2 What are your greatest strengths?

Q3 What are your greatest weaknesses?

Q4 Tell me about something you did – or failed to do – that you now feel a little ashamed of.

Q5 Why are you leaving (or did you leave) this position?

Q6 The “Silent Treatment”

Q7 Why should I hire you?

Q8 Aren’t you overqualified for this position?

Q9 Where do you see yourself five years from now?

Q10 Describe your ideal company, location and job

Q11 Why do you want to work at our company?

Q12 What are your career options right now?

Q13 Why have you been out of work so long?

Q14 Tell me honestly about the strong points and weak points of your boss (company, management team, etc.)

Q16 Tell me about a situation when your work was criticized

Q17 What are your outside interest?

Q18 The “Fatal Flaw” question

Q19 How do you feel about reporting to a younger person (minority, woman, etc)?

Q20 On confidential matters

Q21 Would you lie for the company?

Q22 Looking back, what would you do differently in your life?

Q23 Could you have done better in your last job?

Q24 Can you work under pressure?

Q25 What makes you angry?

Q28 What was the toughest decision you ever had to make?

Q30 Have you been absent from work more than a few days in any previous position?

Q31 What changes would you make if you came on board?

Q32 I’m concerned that you don’t have as much experience as we’d like in

Q33 How do you feel about working nights and weekends?

Q34 Are you willing to relocate or travel?

Q35 Do you have the stomach to fire people? Have you had experience firing many people?

Q36 Why have you had so many jobs?

Q37 What do you see as the proper role/mission of… …a good (job title you’re seeking);good manager; …an executive in serving the community; …a leading company in our industry; etc.

Q38 What would you say to your boss if he’s crazy about an idea, but you think it stinks?

Q39 How could you have improved your career progress?

Q40 What would you do if a fellow executive on your own corporate level wasn’t pulling his/her weight…and this was hurting your department?

Q41 You’ve been with your firm a long time. Won’t it be hard switching to a new company?

Q42 May I contact your present employer for a reference?

Q43 Give me an example of your creativity (analytical skill…managing ability, etc.)

Q44 Where could you use some improvement?

Q45 What do you worry about?

Q46 How many hours a week do you normally work?

Q47 What’s the most difficult part of being a (job title)?

Q48 The “Hypothetical Problem”

Q50 Have you consider starting your own business?

Q51 What are your goals?

Q52 What do you for when you hire people?

Q53 Sell me this stapler…(this pencil…this clock…or some other object on interviewer’s desk).

Q54 “The Salary Question” – How much money do you want?

Q55 The Illegal Question

Q56 The “Secret” Illegal Question

Q57 What was the toughest part of your last job?

Q58 How do you define success…and how do you measure up to your own definition?.

Q59 “The Opinion Question” – What do you think about …Abortion…The President…The Death Penalty…(or any other controversial subject)? 36

Q60 If you won $10 million lottery, would you still work?

Q61 Looking back on your last position, have you done your best work?

Q62 Why should I hire you from the outside when I could promote someone from within?

Q63 Tell me something negative you’ve heard about our company

Q64 On a scale of one to ten, rate me as an interviewer

General Guidelines in Answering Interview Questions

Everyone is nervous on interviews. If you simply allow yourself to feel nervous, you'll do much better. Remember also that it's difficult for the interviewer as well. In general, be upbeat and positive. Never be negative. Rehearse your answers and time them. Never talk for more than 2 minutes straight. Don't try to memorize answers word for word. Use the answers shown here as a guide only, and don't be afraid to include your own thoughts and words. To help you remember key concepts, jot down and review a few key words for each answer. Rehearse your answers frequently, and they will come to you naturally in interviews. As you will read in the accompanying report, the single most important strategy in interviewing, as in all phases of your job search, is what we call: "The Greatest Executive Job Finding Secret." And that is... Find out what people want, than show them how you can help them get it. Find out what an employer wants most in his or her ideal candidate, then show how you meet those qualifications. In other words, you must match your abilities, with the needs of the employer. You must sell what the buyer is buying. To do that, before you know what to emphasize in your answers, you must find out what the buyer is buying... what he is looking for. And the best way to do that is to ask a few questions yourself. You will see how to bring this off skillfully as you read the first two questions of this report. But regardless of how you accomplish it, you must remember this strategy above all: before blurting out your qualifications, you must get some idea of what the employer wants most. Once you know what he wants, you can then present your qualifications as the perfect “key” that fits the “lock” of that position.

· Other important interview strategies:

· Turn weaknesses into strengths (You'll see how to do this in a few moments.)

· Think before you answer. A pause to collect your thoughts is a hallmark of a thoughtful person.

As a daily exercise, practice being more optimistic. For example, try putting a positive spin on events and situations you would normally regard as negative. This is not meant to turn you into a Pollyanna, but to sharpen your selling skills. The best salespeople, as well as the best liked interview candidates, come off as being naturally optimistic, "can do" people. You will dramatically raise your level of attractiveness by daily practicing to be more optimistic. Be honest...never lie. Keep an interview diary. Right after each interview note what you did right, what could have gone a little better, and what steps you should take next with this contact. Then take those steps. Don't be like the 95% of humanity who say they will follow up on something, but never do.

About the 64 questions...

You might feel that the answers to the following questions are “canned”, and that they will seldom match up with the exact way you are asked the questions in actual interviews. The questions and answers are designed to be as specific and realistic as possible. But no preparation can anticipate thousands of possible variations on these questions. What's important is that you thoroughly familiarize yourself with the main strategies behind each answer. And it will be invaluable to you if you commit to memory a few key words that let you instantly call to mind your best answer to the various questions. If you do this, and follow the principles of successful interviewing presented here, you're going to do very well.

Good luck...and good job-hunting!

Question 1 Tell me about yourself.

TRAPS: Beware, about 80% of all interviews begin with this “innocent” question. Many candidates, unprepared for the question, skewer themselves by rambling, recapping their life story, delving into ancient work history or personal matters.

BEST ANSWER: Start with the present and tell why you are well qualified for the position. Remember that the key to all successful interviewing is to match your qualifications to what the interviewer is looking for. In other words you must sell what the buyer is buying. This is the single most important strategy in job hunting.

So, before you answer this or any question it's imperative that you try to uncover your interviewer's greatest need, want, problem or goal. To do so, make you take these two steps:

1. Do all the homework you can before the interview to uncover this person's wants and needs (not the generalized needs of the industry or company)

2. As early as you can in the interview, ask for a more complete description of what the position entails. You might say: “I have a number of accomplishments I'd like to tell you about, but I want to make the best use of our time together and talk directly to your needs. To help me do, that, could you tell me more about the most important priorities of this position? All I know is what I (heard from the recruiter, read in the classified ad, etc.)”

Then, ALWAYS follow-up with a second and possibly, third question, to draw out his needs even more. Surprisingly, it's usually this second or third question that unearths what the interviewer is most looking for. You might ask simply, "And in addition to that?..." or, "Is there anything else you see as essential to success in this position?: This process will not feel easy or natural at first, because it is easier simply to answer questions, but only if you uncover the employer's wants and needs will your answers make the most sense. Practice asking these key questions before giving your answers, the process will feel more natural and you will be light years ahead of the other job candidates you're competing with. After uncovering what the employer is looking for, describe why the needs of this job bear striking parallels to tasks you've succeeded at before. Be sure to illustrate with specific examples of your responsibilities and especially your achievements, all of which are geared to present yourself as a perfect match for the needs he has just described.

Question 2 What are your greatest strengths?

TRAPS: This question seems like a softball lob, but be prepared. You don't want to come across as egotistical or arrogant. Neither is this a time to be humble.

BEST ANSWER: You know that your key strategy is to first uncover your interviewer's greatest wants and needs before you answer questions. And from Question 1, you know how to do this.

Prior to any interview, you should have a list mentally prepared of your greatest strengths. You should also have, a specific example or two, which illustrates each strength, an example chosen from your most recent and most impressive achievements. You should, have this list of your greatest strengths and corresponding examples from your achievements so well committed to memory that you can recite them cold after being shaken awake at 2:30AM. Then, once you uncover your interviewer's greatest wants and needs, you can choose those achievements from your list that best match up. As a general guideline, the 10 most desirable traits that all employers love to see in their employees are:

1. A proven track record as an achiever...especially if your achievements match up with the employer's greatest wants and needs.

2. Intelligence...management "savvy".

3. Honesty...integrity...a decent human being.

4. Good fit with corporate culture...someone to feel comfortable with...a team player who meshes well with interviewer's team.

5. Likeability...positive attitude...sense of humor.

6. Good communication skills.

7. Dedication...willingness to walk the extra mile to achieve excellence.

8. Definiteness of purpose...clear goals.

9. Enthusiasm...high level of motivation.

10. Confident...healthy...a leader.

Question 3 What are your greatest weaknesses?

TRAPS: Beware - this is an eliminator question, designed to shorten the candidate list. Any admission of a weakness or fault will earn you an “A” for honesty, but an “F” for the interview.

PASSABLE ANSWER: Disguise a strength as a weakness.

Example: “I sometimes push my people too hard. I like to work with a sense of urgency and everyone is not always on the same wavelength.” Drawback: This strategy is better than admitting a flaw, but it's so widely used, it is transparent to any experienced interviewer. BEST ANSWER: (and another reason it's so important to get a thorough description of your interviewer's needs before you answer questions): Assure the interviewer that you can think of nothing that would stand in the way of your performing in this position with excellence. Then, quickly review you strongest qualifications. Example: “Nobody's perfect, but based on what you've told me about this position, I believe I' d make an outstanding match. I know that when I hire people, I look for two things most of all. Do they have the qualifications to do the job well, and the motivation to do it well? Everything in my background shows I have both the qualifications and a strong desire to achieve excellence in whatever I take on. So I can say in all honesty that I see nothing that would cause you even a small concern about my ability or my strong desire to perform this job with excellence.” Alternate strategy (if you don't yet know enough about the position to talk about such a perfect fit): Instead of confessing a weakness, describe what you like most and like least, making sure that what you like most matches up with the most important qualification for success in the position, and what you like least is not essential. Example: Let's say you're applying for a teaching position. “If given a choice, I like to spend as much time as possible in front of my prospects selling, as opposed to shuffling paperwork back at the office. Of course, I long ago learned the importance of filing paperwork properly, and I do it conscientiously. But what I really love to do is sell (if your interviewer were a sales manager, this should be music to his ears.)

Question 4 Tell me about something you did – or failed to do – that you now feel a little ashamed of.

TRAPS: There are some questions your interviewer has no business asking, and this is one. But while you may feel like answering, “none of your business,” naturally you can’t. Some interviewers ask this question on the chance you admit to something, but if not, at least they’ll see how you think on your feet. Some unprepared candidates, flustered by this question, unburden themselves of guilt from their personal life or career, perhaps expressing regrets regarding a parent, spouse, child, etc. All such answers can be disastrous. BEST ANSWER: As with faults and weaknesses, never confess a regret. But don’t seem as if you’re stonewalling either. Best strategy: Say you harbor no regrets, then add a principle or habit you practice regularly for healthy human relations. Example: Pause for reflection, as if the question never occurred to you. Then say, “You know, I really can’t think of anything.” (Pause again, then add): “I would add that as a general management principle, I’ve found that the best way to avoid regrets is to avoid causing them in the first place. I practice one habit that helps me a great deal in this regard. At the end of each day, I mentally review the day’s events and conversations to take a second look at the people and developments I’m involved with and do a doublecheck of what they’re likely to be feeling. Sometimes I’ll see things that do need more follow-up, whether a pat on the back, or maybe a five minute chat in someone’s office to make sure we’re clear on things…whatever.” “I also like to make each person feel like a member of an elite team, like the Boston Celtics or LA Lakers in their prime. I’ve found that if you let each team member know you expect excellence in their performance…if you work hard to set an example yourself…and if you let people know you appreciate and respect their feelings, you wind up with a highly motivated group, a team that’s having fun at work because they’re striving for excellence rather than brooding over slights or regrets.”

Question 5 Why are you leaving (or did you leave) this position?

TRAPS: Never badmouth your previous industry, company, board, boss, staff, employees or customers. This rule is inviolable: never be negative. Any mud you hurl will only soil your suit. Especially avoid words like “personality clash”, “didn’t get along”, or others which cast a shadow on your competence, integrity, or temperament. BEST ANSWER: (If you have a job presently) If you’re not yet 100% committed to leaving your present post, don’t be afraid to say so. Since you have a job, you are in a stronger position than someone who does not. But don’t be coy either. State honestly what you’d be hoping to find in a new spot. Of course, as stated often before, you answer will all the stronger if you have already uncovered what this position is all about and you match your desires to it. (If you do not presently have a job.) Never lie about having been fired. It’s unethical – and too easily checked. But do try to deflect the reason from you personally. If your firing was the result of a takeover, merger, division wide layoff, etc., so much the better. But you should also do something totally unnatural that will demonstrate consummate professionalism. Even if it hurts , describe your own firing – candidly, succinctly and without a trace of bitterness – from the company’s point-of-view, indicating that you could understand why it happened and you might have made the same decision yourself. Your stature will rise immensely and, most important of all, you will show you are healed from the wounds inflicted by the firing. You will enhance your image as first-class management material and stand head and shoulders above the legions of firing victims who, at the slightest provocation, zip open their shirts to expose their battle scars and decry the unfairness of it all. For all prior positions: Make sure you’ve prepared a brief reason for leaving. Best reasons: more money, opportunity, responsibility or growth.

Question 6 The “Silent Treatment”

TRAPS: Beware – if you are unprepared for this question, you will probably not handle it right and possibly blow the interview. Thank goodness most interviewers don’t employ it. It’s normally used by those determined to see how you respond under stress. Here’s how it works: You answer an interviewer’s question and then, instead of asking another, he just stares at you in a deafening silence. You wait, growing a bit uneasy, and there he sits, silent as Mt. Rushmore, as if he doesn’t believe what you’ve just said, or perhaps making you feel that you’ve unwittingly violated some cardinal rule of interview etiquette. When you get this silent treatment after answering a particularly difficult question , such as “tell me about your weaknesses”, its intimidating effect can be most disquieting, even to polished job hunters. Most unprepared candidates rush in to fill the void of silence, viewing prolonged, uncomfortable silences as an invitation to clear up the previous answer which has obviously caused some problem. And that’s what they do – ramble on, sputtering more and more information, sometimes irrelevant and often damaging, because they are suddenly playing the role of someone who’s goofed and is now trying to recoup. But since the candidate doesn’t know where or how he goofed, he just keeps talking, showing how flustered and confused he is by the interviewer’s unmovable silence. BEST ANSWER: Like a primitive tribal mask, the Silent Treatment loses all it power to frighten you once you refuse to be intimidated. If your interviewer pulls it, keep quiet yourself for a while and then ask, with sincere politeness and not a trace of sarcasm, “Is there anything else I can fill in on that point?” That’s all there is to it. Whatever you do, don’t let the Silent Treatment intimidate you into talking a blue streak, because you could easily talk yourself out of the position.

Question 7 Why should I hire you?

TRAPS: Believe it or not, this is a killer question because so many candidates are unprepared for it. If you stammer or adlib you’ve blown it. BEST ANSWER: By now you can see how critical it is to apply the overall strategy of uncovering the employer’s needs before you answer questions. If you know the employer’s greatest needs and desires, this question will give you a big leg up over other candidates because you will give him better reasons for hiring you than anyone else is likely to…reasons tied directly to his needs. Whether your interviewer asks you this question explicitly or not, this is the most important question of your interview because he must answer this question favorably in is own mind before you will be hired. So help him out! Walk through each of the position’s requirements as you understand them, and follow each with a reason why you meet that requirement so well. Example: “As I understand your needs, you are first and foremost looking for someone who can manage the sales and marketing of your book publishing division. As you’ve said you need someone with a strong background in trade book sales. This is where I’ve spent almost all of my career, so I’ve chalked up 18 years of experience exactly in this area. I believe that I know the right contacts, methods, principles, and successful management techniques as well as any person can in our industry.” “You also need someone who can expand your book distribution channels. In my prior post, my innovative promotional ideas doubled, then tripled, the number of outlets selling our books. I’m confident I can do the same for you.” “You need someone to give a new shot in the arm to your mail order sales, someone who knows how to sell in space and direct mail media. Here, too, I believe I have exactly the experience you need. In the last five years, I’ve increased our mail order book sales from $600,000 to $2,800,000, and now we’re the country’s second leading marketer of scientific and medical books by mail.” Etc., etc., etc., Every one of these selling “couplets” (his need matched by your qualifications) is a touchdown that runs up your score. IT is your best opportunity to outsell your competition.

Question 8 Aren’t you overqualified for this position?

TRAPS: The employer may be concerned that you’ll grow dissatisfied and leave. BEST ANSWER: As with any objection, don’t view this as a sign of imminent defeat. It’s an invitation to teach the interviewer a new way to think about this situation, seeing advantages instead of drawbacks. Example: “I recognize the job market for what it is – a marketplace. Like any marketplace, it’s subject to the laws of supply and demand. So ‘overqualified’ can be a relative term, depending on how tight the job market is. And right now, it’s very tight. I understand and accept that.” “I also believe that there could be very positive benefits for both of us in this match.” “Because of my unusually strong experience in ________________ , I could start to contribute right away, perhaps much faster than someone who’d have to be brought along more slowly.” “There’s also the value of all the training and years of experience that other companies have invested tens of thousands of dollars to give me. You’d be getting all the value of that without having to pay an extra dime for it. With someone who has yet to acquire that experience, he’d have to gain it on your nickel.” “I could also help you in many things they don’t teach at the Harvard Business School. For example…(how to hire, train, motivate, etc.) When it comes to knowing how to work well with people and getting the most out of them, there’s just no substitute for what you learn over many years of front-line experience. You company would gain all this, too.” “From my side, there are strong benefits, as well. Right now, I am unemployed. I want to work, very much, and the position you have here is exactly what I love to do and am best at. I’ll be happy doing this work and that’s what matters most to me, a lot more that money or title.” “Most important, I’m looking to make a long term commitment in my career now. I’ve had enough of job-hunting and want a permanent spot at this point in my career. I also know that if I perform this job with excellence, other opportunities cannot help but open up for me right here. In time, I’ll find many other ways to help this company and in so doing, help myself. I really am looking to make a long-term commitment.” NOTE: The main concern behind the “overqualified” question is that you will leave your new employer as soon as something better comes your way. Anything you can say to demonstrate the sincerity of your commitment to the employer and reassure him that you’re looking to stay for the long-term will help you overcome this objection.

Question 9 Where do you see yourself five years from now?

TRAPS: One reason interviewers ask this question is to see if you’re settling for this position, using it merely as a stopover until something better comes along. Or they could be trying to gauge your level of ambition. If you’re too specific, i.e., naming the promotions you someday hope to win, you’ll sound presumptuous. If you’re too vague, you’ll seem rudderless. BEST ANSWER: Reassure your interviewer that you’re looking to make a long-term commitment…that this position entails exactly what you’re looking to do and what you do extremely well. As for your future, you believe that if you perform each job at hand with excellence, future opportunities will take care of themselves. Example: “I am definitely interested in making a long-term commitment to my next position. Judging by what you’ve told me about this position, it’s exactly what I’m looking for and what I am very well qualified to do. In terms of my future career path, I’m confident that if I do my work with excellence, opportunities will inevitable open up for me. It’s always been that way in my career, and I’m confident I’ll have similar opportunities here.”

Question 10 Describe your ideal company, location and job.

TRAPS: This is often asked by an experienced interviewer who thinks you may be overqualified, but knows better than to show his hand by posing his objection directly. So he’ll use this question instead, which often gets a candidate to reveal that, indeed, he or she is looking for something other than the position at hand.

BEST ANSWER: The only right answer is to describe what this company is offering, being sure to make your answer believable with specific reasons, stated with sincerity, why each quality represented by this opportunity is attractive to you.

Remember that if you’re coming from a company that’s the leader in its field or from a glamorous or much admired company, industry, city or position, your interviewer and his company may well have an “Avis” complex. That is, they may feel a bit defensive about being “second best” to the place you’re coming from, worried that you may consider them bush league. This anxiety could well be there even though you’ve done nothing to inspire it. You must go out of your way to assuage such anxiety, even if it’s not expressed, by putting their virtues high on the list of exactly what you’re looking for, providing credible reason for wanting these qualities. If you do not express genuine enthusiasm for the firm, its culture, location, industry, etc., you may fail to answer this “Avis” complex objection and, as a result, leave the interviewer suspecting that a hot shot like you, coming from a Fortune 500 company in New York, just wouldn’t be happy at an unknown manufacturer based in Topeka, Kansas.

Question 11 Why do you want to work at our company?

TRAPS: This question tests whether you’ve done any homework about the firm. If you haven’t, you lose. If you have, you win big. BEST ANSWER: This question is your opportunity to hit the ball out of the park, thanks to the in-depth research you should do before any interview. Best sources for researching your target company: annual reports, the corporate newsletter, contacts you know at the company or its suppliers, advertisements, articles about the company in the trade press.

Question 12 What are your career options right now?

TRAPS: The interviewer is trying to find out, “How desperate are you?” BEST ANSWER: Prepare for this question by thinking of how you can position yourself as a desired commodity. If you are still working, describe the possibilities at your present firm and why, though you’re greatly appreciated there, you’re looking for something more (challenge, money, responsibility, etc.). Also mention that you’re seriously exploring opportunities with one or two other firms. If you’re not working, you can talk about other employment possibilities you’re actually exploring. But do this with a light touch, speaking only in general terms. You don’t want to seem manipulative or coy.

Question 13 Why have you been out of work so long?

TRAPS: A tough question if you’ve been on the beach a long time. You don’t want to seem like damaged goods. BEST ANSWER: You want to emphasize factors which have prolonged your job search by your own choice. Example: “After my job was terminated, I made a conscious decision not to jump on the first opportunities to come along. In my life, I’ve found out that you can always turn a negative into a positive IF you try hard enough. This is what I determined to do. I decided to take whatever time I needed to think through what I do best, what I most want to do, where I’d like to do it…and then identify those companies that could offer such an opportunity.” “Also, in all honesty, you have to factor in the recession (consolidation, stabilization, etc.) in the (banking, financial services, manufacturing, advertising, etc.) industry.” “So between my being selective and the companies in our industry downsizing, the process has taken time. But in the end, I’m convinced that when I do find the right match, all that careful evaluation from both sides of the desk will have been well worthwhile for both the company that hires me and myself.

Question 14 Tell me honestly about the strong points and weak points of your boss (company, management team, etc.)…

TRAPS: Skillfull interviewers sometimes make it almost irresistible to open up and air a little dirty laundry from your previous position. DON’T BEST ANSWER: Remember the rule: Never be negative. Stress only the good points, no matter how charmingly you’re invited to be critical. Your interviewer doesn’t care a whit about your previous boss. He wants to find out how loyal and positive you are, and whether you’ll criticize him behind his back if pressed to do so by someone in this own company. This question is your opportunity to demonstrate your loyalty to those you work with.

Question 15 What good books have you read lately?

TRAPS: As in all matters of your interview, never fake familiarity you don’t have. Yet you don’t want to seem like a dullard who hasn’t read a book since Tom Sawyer.

BEST ANSWER: Unless you’re up for a position in academia or as book critic for The New York Times, you’re not expected to be a literary lion. But it wouldn’t hurt to have read a handful of the most recent and influential books in your profession and on management.

Consider it part of the work of your job search to read up on a few of these leading books. But make sure they are quality books that reflect favorably upon you, nothing that could even remotely be considered superficial. Finally, add a recently published bestselling work of fiction by a world-class author and you’ll pass this question with flying colors.

Question 16 Tell me about a situation when your work was criticized.

TRAPS: This is a tough question because it’s a more clever and subtle way to get you to admit to a weakness. You can’t dodge it by pretending you’ve never been criticized. Everybody has been. Yet it can be quite damaging to start admitting potential faults and failures that you’d just as soon leave buried. This question is also intended to probe how well you accept criticism and direction. BEST ANSWERS: Begin by emphasizing the extremely positive feedback you’ve gotten throughout your career and (if it’s true) that your performance reviews have been uniformly excellent. Of course, no one is perfect and you always welcome suggestions on how to improve your performance. Then, give an example of a not-too-damaging learning experience from early in your career and relate the ways this lesson has since helped you. This demonstrates that you learned from the experience and the lesson is now one of the strongest breastplates in your suit of armor. If you are pressed for a criticism from a recent position, choose something fairly trivial that in no way is essential to your successful performance. Add that you’ve learned from this, too, and over the past several years/months, it’s no longer an area of concern because you now make it a regular practice to…etc. Another way to answer this question would be to describe your intention to broaden your master of an area of growing importance in your field. For example, this might be a computer program you’ve been meaning to sit down and learn… a new management technique you’ve read about…or perhaps attending a seminar on some cutting-edge branch of your profession. Again, the key is to focus on something not essential to your brilliant performance but which adds yet another dimension to your already impressive knowledge base.

Question 17 What are your outside interests?

TRAPS: You want to be a well-rounded, not a drone. But your potential employer would be even more turned off if he suspects that your heavy extracurricular load will interfere with your commitment to your work duties. BEST ANSWERS: Try to gauge how this company’s culture would look upon your favorite outside activities and be guided accordingly. You can also use this question to shatter any stereotypes that could limit your chances. If you’re over 50, for example, describe your activities that demonstrate physical stamina. If you’re young, mention an activity that connotes wisdom and institutional trust, such as serving on the board of a popular charity. But above all, remember that your employer is hiring your for what you can do for him, not your family, yourself or outside organizations, no matter how admirable those activities may be.

Question 18 The “Fatal Flaw” question

TRAPS: If an interviewer has read your resume carefully, he may try to zero in on a “fatal flaw” of your candidacy, perhaps that you don’t have a college degree…you’ve been out of the job market for some time…you never earned your CPA, etc. A fatal flaw question can be deadly, but usually only if you respond by being overly defensive. BEST ANSWERS: As every master salesperson knows, you will encounter objections (whether stated or merely thought) in every sale. They’re part and parcel of the buyer’s anxiety. The key is not to exacerbate the buyer’s anxiety but diminish it. Here’s how… Whenever you come up against a fatal flaw question:

1. Be completely honest, open and straightforward about admitting the shortcoming. (Showing you have nothing to hide diminishes the buyer’s anxiety.)

2. Do not apologize or try to explain it away. You know that this supposed flaw is nothing to be concerned about, and this is the attitude you want your interviewer to adopt as well.

3. Add that as desirable as such a qualification might be, its lack has made you work all the harder throughout your career and has not prevented you from compiling an outstanding tack record of achievements. You might even give examples of how, through a relentless commitment to excellence, you have consistently outperformed those who do have this qualification.

Of course, the ultimate way to handle “fatal flaw” questions is to prevent them from arising in the first place. You will do that by following the master strategy described in Question 1, i.e., uncovering the employers needs and them matching your qualifications to those needs. Once you’ve gotten the employer to start talking about his most urgently-felt wants and goals for the position, and then help him see in step-by-step fashion how perfectly your background and achievements match up with those needs, you’re going to have one very enthusiastic interviewer on your hands, one who is no longer looking for “fatal flaws”.

Question 19 How do you feel about reporting to a younger person (minority, woman, etc)?

TRAPS: It’s a shame that some interviewers feel the need to ask this question, but many understand the reality that prejudices still exist among some job candidates, and it’s better to try to flush them out beforehand. The trap here is that in today’s politically sensitized environment, even a well-intentioned answer can result in planting your foot neatly in your mouth. Avoid anything which smacks of a patronizing or an insensitive attitude, such as “I think they make terrific bosses” or “Hey, some of my best friends are…” Of course, since almost anyone with an IQ above room temperature will at least try to steadfastly affirm the right answer here, your interviewer will be judging your sincerity most of all. “Do you really feel that way?” is what he or she will be wondering. So you must make your answer believable and not just automatic. If the firm is wise enough to have promoted peopled on the basis of ability alone, they’re likely quite proud of it, and prefer to hire others who will wholeheartedly share their strong sense of fair play. BEST ANSWER: You greatly admire a company that hires and promotes on merit alone and you couldn’t agree more with that philosophy. The age (gender, race, etc.) of the person you report to would certainly make no difference to you. Whoever has that position has obviously earned it and knows their job well. Both the person and the position are fully deserving of respect. You believe that all people in a company, from the receptionist to the Chairman, work best when their abilities, efforts and feelings are respected and rewarded fairly, and that includes you. That’s the best type of work environment you can hope to find.

Question 20 On confidential matters…

TRAPS: When an interviewer presses you to reveal confidential information about a present or former employer, you may feel it’s a no-win situation. If you cooperate, you could be judged untrustworthy. If you don’t, you may irritate the interviewer and seem obstinate, uncooperative or overly suspicious. BEST ANSWER: Your interviewer may press you for this information for two reasons. First, many companies use interviews to research the competition. It’s a perfect set-up. Here in their own lair, is an insider from the enemy camp who can reveal prized information on the competition’s plans, research, financial condition, etc. Second, the company may be testing your integrity to see if you can be cajoled or bullied into revealing confidential data. What to do? The answer here is easy. Never reveal anything truly confidential about a present or former employer. By all means, explain your reticence diplomatically. For example, “I certainly want to be as open as I can about that. But I also wish to respect the rights of those who have trusted me with their most sensitive information, just as you would hope to be able to trust any of your key people when talking with a competitor…” And certainly you can allude to your finest achievements in specific ways that don’t reveal the combination to the company safe. But be guided by the golden rule. If you were the owner of your present company, would you feel it ethically wrong for the information to be given to your competitors? If so, steadfastly refuse to reveal it. Remember that this question pits your desire to be cooperative against your integrity. Faced with any such choice, always choose integrity. It is a far more valuable commodity than whatever information the company may pry from you. Moreover, once you surrender the information, your stock goes down. They will surely lose respect for you. One President we know always presses candidates unmercifully for confidential information. If he doesn’t get it, he grows visibly annoyed, relentlessly inquisitive, It’s all an act. He couldn’t care less about the information. This is his way of testing the candidate’s moral fiber. Only those who hold fast are hired.

Question 21 Would you lie for the company?

TRAPS: This another question that pits two values against one another, in this case loyalty against integrity. BEST ANSWER: Try to avoid choosing between two values, giving a positive statement which covers all bases instead. Example: “I would never do anything to hurt the company..” If aggressively pressed to choose between two competing values, always choose personal integrity. It is the most prized of all values.

Question 22 Looking back, what would you do differently in your life?

TRAPS: This question is usually asked to uncover any life-influencing mistakes, regrets, disappointments or problems that may continue to affect your personality and performance. You do not want to give the interviewer anything negative to remember you by, such as some great personal or career disappointment, even long ago, that you wish could have been avoided. Nor do you wish to give any answer which may hint that your whole heart and soul will not be in your work. BEST ANSWER: Indicate that you are a happy, fulfilled, optimistic person and that, in general, you wouldn’t change a thing. Example: “It’s been a good life, rich in learning and experience, and the best it yet to come. Every experience in life is a lesson it its own way. I wouldn’t change a thing.”

Question 23 Could you have done better in your last job?

TRAPS: This is no time for true confessions of major or even minor problems. BEST ANSWER: Again never be negative. Example: “I suppose with the benefit of hindsight you can always find things to do better, of course, but off the top of my head, I can’t think of anything of major consequence.” (If more explanation seems necessary) Describer a situation that didn’t suffer because of you but from external conditions beyond your control. For example, describe the disappointment you felt with a test campaign, new product launch, merger, etc., which looked promising at first, but led to underwhelming results. “I wish we could have known at the start what we later found out (about the economy turning, the marketplace changing, etc.), but since we couldn’t, we just had to go for it. And we did learn from it…”

Question 24 Can you work under pressure?

TRAPS: An easy question, but you want to make your answer believable. BEST ANSWER: Absolutely…(then prove it with a vivid example or two of a goal or project accomplished under severe pressure.)

Question 25 What makes you angry?

TRAPS: You don’t want to come across either as a hothead or a wimp. BEST ANSWER: Give an answer that’s suited to both your personality and the management style of the firm. Here, the homework you’ve done about the company and its style can help in your choice of words. Examples: If you are a reserved person and/or the corporate culture is coolly professional: “I’m an even-tempered and positive person by nature, and I believe this helps me a great deal in keeping my department running smoothly, harmoniously and with a genuine esprit de corps. I believe in communicating clearly what’s expected, getting people’s commitment to those goals, and then following up continuously to check progress.” “If anyone or anything is going off track, I want to know about it early. If, after that kind of open communication and follow up, someone isn’t getting the job done, I’ll want to know why. If there’s no good reason, then I’ll get impatient and angry…and take appropriate steps from there. But if you hire good people, motivate them to strive for excellence and then follow up constantly, it almost never gets to that state.” If you are feisty by nature and/or the position calls for a tough straw boss. “You know what makes me angry? People who (the fill in the blanks with the most objectionable traits for this type of position)…people who don’t pull their own weight, who are negative, people who lie…etc.”

Question 26 Why aren’t you earning more money at this stage of your career?

TRAPS: You don’t want to give the impression that money is not important to you, yet you want to explain why your salary may be a little below industry standards. BEST ANSWER: You like to make money, but other factors are even more important. Example: “Making money is very important to me, and one reason I’m here is because I’m looking to make more. Throughout my career, what’s been even more important to me is doing work I really like to do at the kind of company I like and respect. (Then be prepared to be specific about what your ideal position and company would be like, matching them as closely as possible to the opportunity at hand.

Question 27 Who has inspired you in your life and why?

TRAPS: The two traps here are unpreparedness and irrelevance. If you grope for an answer, it seems you’ve never been inspired. If you ramble about your high school basketball coach, you’ve wasted an opportunity to present qualities of great value to the company. BEST ANSWER: Have a few heroes in mind, from your mental “Board of Directors” – Leaders in your industry, from history or anyone else who has been your mentor. Be prepared to give examples of how their words, actions or teachings have helped inspire your achievements. As always, prepare an answer which highlights qualities that would be highly valuable in the position you are seeking.

Question 28 What was the toughest decision you ever had to make?

TRAPS: Giving an unprepared or irrelevant answer.

BEST ANSWER: Be prepared with a good example, explaining why the decision was difficult…the process you followed in reaching it…the courageous or effective way you carried it out…and the beneficial results.

Question 29 Tell me about the most boring job you’ve ever had.

TRAPS: You give a very memorable description of a very boring job. Result? You become associated with this boring job in the interviewer’s mind. BEST ANSWER: You have never allowed yourself to grow bored with a job and you can’t understand it when others let themselves fall into that rut. Example: “Perhaps I’ve been fortunate, but that I’ve never found myself bored with any job I have ever held. I’ve always enjoyed hard work. As with actors who feel there are no small parts, I also believe that in every company or department there are exciting challenges and intriguing problems crying out for energetic and enthusiastic solutions. If you’re bored, it’s probably because you’re not challenging yourself to tackle those problems right under your nose.”

Question 30 Have you been absent from work more than a few days in any previous position?

TRAPS: If you’ve had a problem, you can’t lie. You could easily be found out. Yet admitting an attendance problem could raise many flags. BEST ANSWER: If you have had no problem, emphasize your excellent and consistent attendance record throughout your career. Also describe how important you believe such consistent attendance is for a key executive…why it’s up to you to set an example of dedication…and why there’s just no substitute for being there with your people to keep the operation running smoothly, answer questions and handle problems and crises as they arise. If you do have a past attendance problem, you want to minimize it, making it clear that it was an exceptional circumstance and that it’s cause has been corrected. To do this, give the same answer as above but preface it with something like, “Other that being out last year (or whenever) because of (your reason, which is now in the past), I have never had a problem and have enjoyed an excellent attendance record throughout my career. Furthermore, I believe, consistent attendance is important because…” (Pick up the rest of the answer as outlined above.).

Question 31 What changes would you make if you came on board?

TRAPS: Watch out! This question can derail your candidacy faster than a bomb on the tracks – and just as you are about to be hired. Reason: No matter how bright you are, you cannot know the right actions to take in a position before you settle in and get to know the operation’s strengths, weaknesses key people, financial condition, methods of operation, etc. If you lunge at this temptingly baited question, you will probably be seen as someone who shoots from the hip. Moreover, no matter how comfortable you may feel with your interviewer, you are still an outsider. No one, including your interviewer, likes to think that a know-it-all outsider is going to come in, turn the place upside down and with sweeping, grand gestures, promptly demonstrate what jerks everybody’s been for years. BEST ANSWER: You, of course, will want to take a good hard look at everything the company is doing before making any recommendations. Example: “Well, I wouldn’t be a very good doctor if I gave my diagnosis before the examination. Should you hire me, as I hope you will, I’d want to take a good hard look at everything you’re doing and understand why it’s being done that way. I’d like to have in-depth meetings with you and the other key people to get a deeper grasp of what you feel you’re doing right and what could be improved. “From what you’ve told me so far, the areas of greatest concern to you are…” (name them. Then do two things. First, ask if these are in fact his major concerns. If so then reaffirm how your experience in meeting similar needs elsewhere might prove very helpful).

Question 32 I’m concerned that you don’t have as much experience as we’d like in…

TRAPS: This could be a make-or-break question. The interviewer mostly likes what he sees, but has doubts over one key area. If you can assure him on this point, the job may be yours. BEST ANSWER: This question is related to “The Fatal Flaw” (Question 18), but here the concern is not that you are totally missing some qualifications, such as CPA certification, but rather that your experience is light in one area. Before going into any interview, try to identify the weakest aspects of your candidacy from this company’s point of view. Then prepare the best answer you possible can to shore up your defenses. To get past this question with flying colors, you are going to rely on your master strategy of uncovering the employer’s greatest wants and needs and then matching them with your strengths. Since you already know how to do this from Question 1, you are in a much stronger position. More specifically, when the interviewer poses as objection like this, you should…

1. Agree on the importance of this qualification.

2. Explain that your strength may be indeed be greater than your resume indicates because…

3. When this strength is added to your other strengths, it’s really your combination of qualifications that’s most important.

Then review the areas of your greatest strengths that match up most favorably with the company’s most urgently-felt wants and needs. This is powerful way to handle this question for two reasons. First, you’re giving your interviewer more ammunition in the area of his concern. But more importantly, you’re shifting his focus away from this one, isolated area and putting it on the unique combination of strengths you offer, strengths which tie in perfectly with his greatest wants.

Question 33 How do you feel about working nights and weekends?

TRAPS: Blurt out “no way, Jose” and you can kiss the job offer goodbye. But what if you have a family and want to work a reasonably normal schedule? Is there a way to get both the job and the schedule you want? BEST ANSWER: First, if you’re a confirmed workaholic, this question is a softball lob. Whack it out of the park on the first swing by saying this kind of schedule is just your style. Add that your family understands it. Indeed, they’re happy for you, as they know you get your greatest satisfaction from your work. If however, you prefer a more balanced lifestyle, answer this question with another: “What’s the norm for your best people here?” If the hours still sound unrealistic for you, ask, “Do you have any top people who perform exceptionally for you, but who also have families and like to get home in time to see them at night?” Chances are this company does, and this associates you with this other “top-performers-who-leave-not-later-than-six” group. Depending on the answer, be honest about how you would fit into the picture. If all those extra hours make you uncomfortable, say so, but phrase your response positively. Example: “I love my work and do it exceptionally well. I think the results speak for themselves, especially in …(mention your two or three qualifications of greater interest to the employer. Remember, this is what he wants most, not a workaholic with weak credentials). Not only would I bring these qualities, but I’ve built my whole career on working not just hard, but smart. I think you’ll find me one of the most productive people here. I do have a family who likes to see me after work and on weekends. They add balance and richness to my life, which in turn helps me be happy and productive at work. If I could handle some of the extra work at home in the evenings or on weekends, that would be ideal. You’d be getting a person of exceptional productivity who meets your needs with strong credentials. And I’d be able to handle some of the heavy workload at home where I can be under the same roof as my family. Everybody would win.”

Question 34 Are you willing to relocate or travel?

TRAPS: Answer with a flat “no” and you may slam the door shut on this opportunity. But what if you’d really prefer not to relocate or travel, yet wouldn’t want to lose the job offer over it? BEST ANSWER: First find out where you may have to relocate and how much travel may be involved. Then respond to the question. If there’s no problem, say so enthusiastically. If you do have a reservation, there are two schools of thought on how to handle it. One advises you to keep your options open and your reservations to yourself in the early going, by saying, “no problem”. You strategy here is to get the best offer you can, then make a judgment whether it’s worth it to you to relocate or travel. Also, by the time the offer comes through, you may have other offers and can make a more informed decision. Why kill of this opportunity before it has chance to blossom into something really special? And if you’re a little more desperate three months from now, you might wish you hadn’t slammed the door on relocating or traveling. The second way to handle this question is to voice a reservation, but assert that you’d be open to relocating (or traveling) for the right opportunity. The answering strategy you choose depends on how eager you are for the job. If you want to take no chances, choose the first approach. If you want to play a little harder-to-get in hopes of generating a more enticing offer, choose the second.

Question 35 Do you have the stomach to fire people? Have you had experience firing many people?

TRAPS: This “innocent” question could be a trap door which sends you down a chute and lands you in a heap of dust outside the front door. Why? Because its real intent is not just to see if you’ve got the stomach to fire, but also to uncover poor judgment in hiring which has caused you to fire so many. Also, if you fire so often, you could be a tyrant. So don’t rise to the bait by boasting how many you’ve fired, unless you’ve prepared to explain why it was beyond your control, and not the result of your poor hiring procedures or foul temperament. BEST ANSWER: Describe the rational and sensible management process you follow in both hiring and firing. Example: “My whole management approach is to hire the best people I can find, train them thoroughly and well, get them excited and proud to be part of our team, and then work with them to achieve our goals together. If you do all of that right, especially hiring the right people, I’ve found you don’t have to fire very often. “So with me, firing is a last resort. But when it’s got to be done, it’s got to be done, and the faster and cleaner, the better. A poor employee can wreak terrible damage in undermining the morale of an entire team of good people. When there’s no other way, I’ve found it’s better for all concerned to act decisively in getting rid of offenders who won’t change their ways.”

Question 36 Why have you had so many jobs?

TRAPS: Your interviewer fears you may leave this position quickly, as you have others. He’s concerned you may be unstable, or a “problem person” who can’t get along with others. BEST ANSWER: First, before you even get to the interview stage, you should try to minimize your image as job hopper. If there are several entries on your resume of less than one year, consider eliminating the less important ones. Perhaps you can specify the time you spent at previous positions in rounded years not in months and years. Example: Instead of showing three positions this way: 6/1982 – 3/1983, Position A; 4/1983 – 12/1983, Position B; 1/1984 – 8/1987, Position C; …it would be better to show simply: 1982 – 1983, Position A; 1984 – 1987 Position C. In other words, you would drop Position B altogether. Notice what a difference this makes in reducing your image as a job hopper. Once in front of the interviewer and this question comes up, you must try to reassure him. Describe each position as part of an overall pattern of growth and career destination. Be careful not to blame other people for your frequent changes. But you can and should attribute certain changes to conditions beyond your control. Example: Thanks to an upcoming merger, you wanted to avoid an ensuing bloodbath, so you made a good, upward career move before your department came under the axe of the new owners. If possible, also show that your job changes were more frequent in your younger days, while you were establishing yourself, rounding out your skills and looking for the right career path. At this stage in your career, you’re certainly much more interested in the best long-term opportunity. You might also cite the job(s) where you stayed the longest and describe that this type of situation is what you’re looking for now.

Question 37 What do you see as the proper role/mission of… …a good (job title you’re seeking); …a good manager; …an executive in serving the community; …a leading company in our industry; etc.

TRAPS: These and other “proper role” questions are designed to test your understanding of your place in the bigger picture of your department, company, community and profession….as well as the proper role each of these entities should play in its bigger picture. The question is most frequently asked by the most thoughtful individuals and companies…or by those concerned that you’re coming from a place with a radically different corporate culture (such as from a big government bureaucracy to an aggressive small company). The most frequent mistake executives make in answering is simply not being prepared (seeming as if they’ve never giving any of this a though.)…or in phrasing an answer best suited to their prior organization’s culture instead of the hiring company’s. BEST ANSWER: Think of the most essential ingredients of success for each category above – your job title, your role as manager, your firm’s role, etc. Identify at least three but no more than six qualities you feel are most important to success in each role. Then commit your response to memory. Here, again, the more information you’ve already drawn out about the greatest wants and needs of the interviewer, and the more homework you’ve done to identify the culture of the firm, the more on-target your answer will be.

Question 38 What would you say to your boss if he’s crazy about an idea, but you think it stinks?

TRAPS: This is another question that pits two values, in this case loyalty and honesty, against one another. BEST ANSWER: Remember the rule stated earlier: In any conflict between values, always choose integrity. Example: I believe that when evaluating anything, it’s important to emphasize the positive. What do I like about this idea?” “Then, if you have reservations, I certainly want to point them out, as specifically, objectively and factually as I can.” “After all, the most important thing I owe my boss is honesty. If he can’t count on me for that, then everything else I may do or say could be questionable in his eyes.” “But I also want to express my thoughts in a constructive way. So my goal in this case would be to see if my boss and I could make his idea even stronger and more appealing, so that it effectively overcomes any initial reservation I or others may have about it.” “Of course, if he overrules me and says, ‘no, let’s do it my way,’ then I owe him my full and enthusiastic support to make it work as best it can.”

Question 39 How could you have improved your career progress?

TRAPS: This is another variation on the question, “If you could, how would you live your life over?” Remember, you’re not going to fall for any such invitations to rewrite person history. You can’t win if you do. BEST ANSWER: You’re generally quite happy with your career progress. Maybe, if you had known something earlier in life (impossible to know at the time, such as the booming growth in a branch in your industry…or the corporate downsizing that would phase out your last job), you might have moved in a certain direction sooner. But all things considered, you take responsibility for where you are, how you’ve gotten there, where you are going…and you harbor no regrets.

Question 40 What would you do if a fellow executive on your own corporate level wasn’t pulling his/her weight…and this was hurting your department?

TRAPS: This question and other hypothetical ones test your sense of human relations and how you might handle office politics. BEST ANSWER: Try to gauge the political style of the firm and be guided accordingly. In general, fall back on universal principles of effective human relations – which in the end, embody the way you would like to be treated in a similar circumstance. Example: “Good human relations would call for me to go directly to the person and explain the situation, to try to enlist his help in a constructive, positive solution. If I sensed resistance, I would be as persuasive as I know how to explain the benefits we can all gain from working together, and the problems we, the company and our customers will experience if we don’t.” POSSIBLE FOLLOW-UP QUESTION: And what would you do if he still did not change his ways? ANSWER: “One thing I wouldn’t do is let the problem slide, because it would only get worse and overlooking it would set a bad precedent. I would try again and again and again, in whatever way I could, to solve the problem, involving wider and wider circles of people, both above and below the offending executive and including my own boss if necessary, so that everyone involved can see the rewards for teamwork and the drawbacks of non-cooperation.” “I might add that I’ve never yet come across a situation that couldn’t be resolved by harnessing others in a determined, constructive effort.”

Question 41 You’ve been with your firm a long time. Won’t it be hard switching to a new company?

TRAPS: Your interviewer is worried that this old dog will find it hard to learn new tricks. BEST ANSWER: To overcome this objection, you must point to the many ways you have grown and adapted to changing conditions at your present firm. It has not been a static situation. Highlight the different responsibilities you’ve held, the wide array of new situations you’ve faced and conquered. As a result, you’ve learned to adapt quickly to whatever is thrown at you, and you thrive on the stimulation of new challenges. To further assure the interviewer, describe the similarities between the new position and your prior one. Explain that you should be quite comfortable working there, since their needs and your skills make a perfect match.

Question 42 May I contact your present employer for a reference?

TRAPS: If you’re trying to keep your job search private, this is the last thing you want. But if you don’t cooperate, won’t you seem as if you’re trying to hide something? BEST ANSWER: Express your concern that you’d like to keep your job search private, but that in time, it will be perfectly okay. Example: “My present employer is not aware of my job search and, for obvious reasons; I’d prefer to keep it that way. I’d be most appreciative if we kept our discussion confidential right now. Of course, when we both agree the time is right, then by all means you should contact them. I’m very proud of my record there.

Question 43 Give me an example of your creativity (analytical skill…managing ability, etc.)

TRAPS: The worst offense here is simply being unprepared. Your hesitation may seem as if you’re having a hard time remembering the last time you were creative, analytical, etc. BEST ANSWER: Remember from Question 2 that you should commit to memory a list of your greatest and most recent achievements, ever ready on the tip of your tongue. If you have such a list, it’s easy to present any of your achievements in light of the quality the interviewer is asking about. For example, the smashing success you orchestrated at last year’s trade show could be used as an example of creativity, or analytical ability, or your ability to manage.

Question 44 Where could you use some improvement?

TRAPS: Another tricky way to get you to admit weaknesses. Don’t fall for it. BEST ANSWER: Keep this answer, like all your answers, positive. A good way to answer this question is to identify a cutting-edge branch of your profession (one that’s not essential to your employer’s needs) as an area you’re very excited about and want to explore more fully over the next six months.

Question 45 What do you worry about?

TRAPS: Admit to worrying and you could sound like a loser. Saying you never worry doesn’t sound credible. BEST ANSWER: Redefine the word ‘worry’ so that it does not reflect negatively on you. Example: “I wouldn’t call it worry, but I am a strongly goal-oriented person. So I keep turning over in my mind anything that seems to be keeping me from achieving those goals, until I find a solution. That’s part of my tenacity, I suppose.”

Question 46 How many hours a week do you normally work?

TRAPS: You don’t want to give a specific number. Make it to low, and you may not measure up. Too high, and you’ll forever feel guilty about sneaking out the door at 5:15. BEST ANSWER: If you are in fact a workaholic and you sense this company would like that: Say you are a confirmed workaholic, that you often work nights and weekends. Your family accepts this because it makes you fulfilled. If you are not a workaholic: Say you have always worked hard and put in long hours. It goes with the territory. It one sense, it’s hard to keep track of the hours because your work is a labor of love, you enjoy nothing more than solving problems. So you’re almost always thinking about your work, including times when you’re home, while shaving in the morning, while commuting, etc.

Question 47 What’s the most difficult part of being a (job title)?

TRAPS: Unless you phrase your answer properly, your interviewer may conclude that whatever you identify as “difficult” is where you are weak. BEST ANSWER: First, redefine “difficult” to be “challenging” which is more positive. Then, identify an area everyone in your profession considers challenging and in which you excel. Describe the process you follow that enables you to get splendid results…and be specific about those results. Example: “I think every sales manager finds it challenging to motivate the troops in a recession. But that’s probably the strongest test of a top sales manager. I feel this is one area where I excel.” “When I see the first sign that sales may slip or that sales force motivation is flagging because of a downturn in the economy, here’s the plan I put into action immediately…” (followed by a description of each step in the process…and most importantly, the exceptional results you’ve achieved.).

Question 48 The “Hypothetical Problem”

TRAPS: Sometimes an interviewer will describe a difficult situation and ask, “How would you handle this?” Since it is virtually impossible to have all the facts in front of you from such a short presentation, don’t fall into the trap of trying to solve this problem and giving your verdict on the spot. It will make your decision-making process seem woefully inadequate. BEST ANSWER: Instead, describe the rational, methodical process you would follow in analyzing this problem, who you would consult with, generating possible solutions, choosing the best course of action, and monitoring the results. Remember, in all such, “What would you do?” questions, always describe your process or working methods, and you’ll never go wrong.

Question 49 What was the toughest challenge you’ve ever faced?

TRAPS: Being unprepared or citing an example from so early in your life that it doesn’t score many points for you at this stage of your career. BEST ANSWER: This is an easy question if you’re prepared. Have a recent example ready that demonstrates either:

1. A quality most important to the job at hand; or

2. A quality that is always in demand, such as leadership, initiative, managerial skill, persuasiveness, courage, persistence, intelligence, etc.

Question 50 Have you consider starting your own business?

TRAPS: If you say “yes” and elaborate enthusiastically, you could be perceived as a loose cannon in a larger company, too entrepreneurial to make a good team player…or someone who had to settle for the corporate life because you couldn’t make a go of your own business. Also too much enthusiasm in answering “yes” could rouse the paranoia of a small company indicating that you may plan to go out on your own soon, perhaps taking some key accounts or trade secrets with you. On the other hand, if you answer “no, never” you could be perceived as a security-minded drone who never dreamed a big dream. BEST ANSWER: Again it’s best to:

1. Gauge this company’s corporate culture before answering and…

2. Be honest (which doesn’t mean you have to vividly share your fantasy of the franchise or bed-and-breakfast you someday plan to open).

In general, if the corporate culture is that of a large, formal, military-style structure, minimize any indication that you’d love to have your own business. You might say, “Oh, I may have given it a thought once or twice, but my whole career has been in larger organizations. That’s where I have excelled and where I want to be.” If the corporate culture is closer to the free-wheeling, everybody’s-a-deal-maker variety, then emphasize that in a firm like this, you can virtually get the best of all worlds, the excitement of seeing your own ideas and plans take shape…combined with the resources and stability of a well-established organization. Sounds like the perfect environment to you. In any case, no matter what the corporate culture, be sure to indicate that any desires about running your own show are part of your past, not your present or future. The last thing you want to project is an image of either a dreamer who failed and is now settling for the corporate cocoon…or the restless maverick who will fly out the door with key accounts, contacts and trade secrets under his arms just as soon as his bankroll has gotten rebuilt. Always remember: Match what you want with what the position offers. The more information you’ve uncovered about the position, the more believable you can make your case.

Question 51 What are your goals?

TRAPS: Not having any…or having only vague generalities, not highly specific goals.

BEST ANSWER: Many executives in a position to hire you are strong believers in goal-setting. (It’s one of the reason they’ve achieved so much). They like to hire in kind.

If you’re vague about your career and personal goals, it could be a big turnoff to may people you will encounter in your job search. Be ready to discuss your goals for each major area of your life: career, personal development and learning, family, physical (health), community service and (if your interviewer is clearly a religious person) you could briefly and generally allude to your spiritual goals (showing you are a well-rounded individual with your values in the right order). Be prepared to describe each goal in terms of specific milestones you wish to accomplish along the way, time periods you’re allotting for accomplishment, why the goal is important to you, and the specific steps you’re taking to bring it about. But do this concisely, as you never want to talk more than two minutes straight before letting your interviewer back into the conversation.

Question 52 What do you for when you hire people?

TRAPS: Being unprepared for the question. BEST ANSWER: Speak your own thoughts here, but for the best answer weave them around the three most important qualifications for any position.

1. Can the person do the work (qualifications)?

2. Will the person do the work (motivation)?

3. Will the person fit in (“our kind of team player”)?

Question 53 Sell me this stapler…(this pencil…this clock…or some other object on interviewer’s desk).

TRAPS: Some interviewers, especially business owners and hard-changing executives in marketing-driven companies, feel that good salesmanship is essential for any key position and ask for an instant demonstration of your skill. Be ready. BEST ANSWER: Of course, you already know the most important secret of all great salesmanship – “find out what people want, then show them how to get it.” If your interviewer picks up his stapler and asks, “sell this to me,” you are going to demonstrate this proven master principle. Here’s how: “Well, a good salesman must know both his product and his prospect before he sells anything. If I were selling this, I’d first get to know everything I could about it, all its features and benefits.” “Then, if my goal were to sell it you, I would do some research on how you might use a fine stapler like this. The best way to do that is by asking some questions. May I ask you a few questions?” Then ask a few questions such as, “Just out of curiosity, if you didn’t already have a stapler like this, why would you want one? And in addition to that? Any other reason? Anything else?” “And would you want such a stapler to be reliable?...Hold a good supply of staples?” (Ask more questions that point to the features this stapler has.) Once you’ve asked these questions, make your presentation citing all the features and benefits of this stapler and why it’s exactly what the interviewer just told you he’s looking for. Then close with, “Just out of curiosity, what would you consider a reasonable price for a quality stapler like this…a stapler you could have right now and would (then repeat all the problems the stapler would solve for him)? Whatever he says, (unless it’s zero), say, “Okay, we’ve got a deal.” NOTE: If your interviewer tests you by fighting every step of the way, denying that he even wants such an item, don’t fight him. Take the product away from him by saying, “Mr. Prospect, I’m delighted you’ve told me right upfront that there’s no way you’d ever want this stapler. As you well know, the first rule of the most productive salespeople in any field is to meet the needs of people who really need and want our products, and it just wastes everyone’s time if we try to force it on those who don’t. And I certainly wouldn’t want to waste your time. But we sell many items. Is there any product on this desk you would very much like to own…just one item?” When he points something out, repeat the process above. If he knows anything about selling, he may give you a standing ovation.

Question 54 “The Salary Question” – How much money do you want?

TRAPS: May also be phrases as, “What salary are you worth?”…or, “How much are you making now?” This is your most important negotiation. Handle it wrong and you can blow the job offer or go to work at far less than you might have gotten.

BEST ANSWER: For maximum salary negotiating power, remember these five guidelines:

1. Never bring up salary. Let the interviewer do it first. Good salespeople sell their products thoroughly before talking price. So should you. Make the interviewer want you first, and your bargaining position will be much stronger.

2. If your interviewer raises the salary question too early, before you’ve had a chance to create desire for your qualifications, postpone the question, saying something like, “Money is important to me, but is not my main concern. Opportunity and growth are far more important. What I’d rather do, if you don’t mind, is explore if I’m right for the position, and then talk about money. Would that be okay?”

3. The #1 rule of any negotiation is: the side with more information wins. After you’ve done a thorough job of selling the interviewer and it’s time to talk salary, the secret is to get the employer talking about what he’s willing to pay before you reveal what you’re willing to accept. So, when asked about salary, respond by asking, “I’m sure the company has already established a salary range for this position. Could you tell me what that is?” Or, “I want an income commensurate with my ability and qualifications. I trust you’ll be fair with me. What does the position pay?” Or, more simply, “What does this position pay?”

4. Know beforehand what you’d accept. To know what’s reasonable, research the job market and this position for any relevant salary information. Remember that most executives look for a 20-25%$ pay boost when they switch jobs. If you’re grossly underpaid, you may want more.

5. Never lie about what you currently make, but feel free to include the estimated cost of all your fringes, which could well tack on 25-50% more to your present “cash-only” salary.

Question 55 The Illegal Question

TRAPS: Illegal questions include any regarding your age…number and ages of your children or other dependents…marital status…maiden name…religion…political affiliation…ancestry…national origin…birthplace…naturalization of your parents, spouse or children…diseases…disabilities…clubs…or spouse’s occupation…unless any of the above are directly related to your performance of the job. You can’t even be asked about arrests, though you can be asked about convictions. BEST ANSWER: Under the ever-present threat of lawsuits, most interviewers are well aware of these taboos. Yet you may encounter, usually on a second or third interview, a senior executive who doesn’t interview much and forgets he can’t ask such questions. You can handle an illegal question in several ways. First, you can assert your legal right not to answer. But this will frighten or embarrass your interviewer and destroy any rapport you had. Second, you could swallow your concerns over privacy and answer the question straight forwardly if you feel the answer could help you. For example, your interviewer, a devout Baptist, recognizes you from church and mentions it. Here, you could gain by talking about your church. Third, if you don’t want your privacy invaded, you can diplomatically answer the concern behind the question without answering the question itself. Example: If you are over 50 and are asked, “How old are you?” you can answer with a friendly, smiling question of your own on whether there’s a concern that your age my affect your performance. Follow this up by reassuring the interviewer that there’s nothing in this job you can’t do and, in fact, your age and experience are the most important advantages you offer the employer for the following reasons… Another example: If asked, “Do you plan to have children?” you could answer, “I am wholeheartedly dedicated to my career“, perhaps adding, “I have no plans regarding children.” (You needn’t fear you’ve pledged eternal childlessness. You have every right to change your plans later. Get the job first and then enjoy all your options.) Most importantly, remember that illegal questions arise from fear that you won’t perform well. The best answer of all is to get the job and perform brilliantly. All concerns and fears will then varnish, replaced by respect and appreciation for your work.

Question 56 The “Secret” Illegal Question

TRAPS: Much more frequent than the Illegal question (see Question 55) is the secret illegal question. It’s secret because it’s asked only in the interviewer’s mind. Since it’s not even expressed to you, you have no way to respond to it, and it can there be most damaging. Example: You’re physically challenged, or a single mother returning to your professional career, or over 50, or a member of an ethnic minority, or fit any of a dozen other categories that do not strictly conform to the majority in a given company. Your interviewer wonders, “Is this person really able to handle the job?”…”Is he or she a ‘good fit’ at a place like ours?”…”Will the chemistry ever be right with someone like this?” But the interviewer never raises such questions because they’re illegal. So what can you do? BEST ANSWER: Remember that just because the interviewer doesn’t ask an illegal question doesn’t mean he doesn’t have it. More than likely, he is going to come up with his own answer. So you might as well help him out. How? Well, you obviously can’t respond to an illegal question if he hasn’t even asked. This may well offend him. And there’s always the chance he wasn’t even concerned about the issue until you brought it up, and only then begins to wonder. So you can’t address “secret” illegal questions head-on. But what you can do is make sure there’s enough counterbalancing information to more than reassure him that there’s no problem in the area he may be doubtful about. For example, let’s say you’re a sales rep who had polio as a child and you need a cane to walk. You know your condition has never impeded your performance, yet you’re concerned that your interviewer may secretly be wondering about your stamina or ability to travel. Well, make sure that you hit these abilities very hard, leaving no doubt about your capacity to handle them well. So, too, if you’re in any different from what passes for “normal”. Make sure, without in any way seeming defensive about yourself that you mention strengths, accomplishments, preferences and affiliations that strongly counterbalance any unspoken concern your interviewer may have.

Question 57 What was the toughest part of your last job?

TRAPS: This is slightly different from the question raised earlier, “What’s the most difficult part of being a (job title…)” because this asks what you personally have found most difficult in your last position. This question is more difficult to redefine into something positive. Your interviewer will assume that whatever you found toughest may give you a problem in your new position. BEST ANSWER: State that there was nothing in your prior position that you found overly difficult, and let your answer go at that. If pressed to expand your answer, you could describe the aspects of the position you enjoyed more than others, making sure that you express maximum enjoyment for those tasks most important to the open position, and you enjoyed least those tasks that are unimportant to the position at hand.

Question 58 How do you define success…and how do you measure up to your own definition?

TRAPS: Seems like an obvious enough question. Yet many executives, unprepared for it, fumble the ball. BEST ANSWER: Give a well-accepted definition of success that leads right into your own stellar collection of achievements. Example: “The best definition I’ve come across is that success is the progressive realization of a worthy goal.” “As to how I would measure up to that definition, I would consider myself both successful and fortunate…”(Then summarize your career goals and how your achievements have indeed represented a progressive path toward realization of your goals.)

Question 59 “The Opinion Question” – What do you think about …Abortion…The President…The Death Penalty…(or any other controversial subject)?

TRAPS: Obviously, these and other “opinion” questions should never be asked. Sometimes they come up over a combination dinner/interview when the interviewer has had a drink or two, is feeling relaxed, and is spouting off about something that bugged him in today’s news. If you give your opinion and it’s the opposite of his, you won’t change his opinions, but you could easily lose the job offer. BEST ANSWER: In all of these instances, just remember the tale about student and the wise old rabbi. The scene is a seminary, where an overly serious student is pressing the rabbi to answer the ultimate questions of suffering, life and death. But no matter how hard he presses, the wise old rabbi will only answer each difficult question with a question of his own. In exasperation, the seminary student demands, “Why, rabbi, do you always answer a question with another question?” To which the rabbi responds, “And why not?” If you are ever uncomfortable with any question, asking a question in return is the greatest escape hatch ever invented. It throws the onus back on the other person, sidetracks the discussion from going into an area of risk to you, and gives you time to think of your answer or, even better, your next question! In response to any of the “opinion” questions cited above, merely responding, “Why do you ask?” will usually be enough to dissipate any pressure to give your opinion. But if your interviewer again presses you for an opinion, you can ask another question. Or you could assert a generality that almost everyone would agree with. For example, if your interviewer is complaining about politicians then suddenly turns to you and asks if you’re a Republican or Democrat, you could respond by saying, “Actually, I’m finding it hard to find any politicians I like these days.” (Of course, your best question of all may be whether you want to work for someone opinionated.)

Question 60 If you won $10 million lottery, would you still work?

TRAPS: Your totally honest response might be, “Hell, no, are you serious?” That might be so, but any answer which shows you as fleeing work if given the chance could make you seem lazy. On the other hand, if you answer, “Oh, I’d want to keep doing exactly what I am doing, only doing it for your firm,” you could easily inspire your interviewer to silently mutter to himself, “Yeah, sure. Gimme a break.” BEST ANSWER: This type of question is aimed at getting at your bedrock attitude about work and how you feel about what you do. Your best answer will focus on your positive feelings. Example: “After I floated down from cloud nine, I think I would still hold my basic belief that achievement and purposeful work are essential to a happy, productive life. After all, if money alone bought happiness, then all rich people would be all happy, and that’s not true. “I love the work I do, and I think I’d always want to be involved in my career in some fashion. Winning the lottery would make it more fun because it would mean having more flexibility, more options...who knows?” “Of course, since I can’t count on winning, I’d just as soon create my own destiny by sticking with what’s worked for me, meaning good old reliable hard work and a desire to achieve. I think those qualities have built many more fortunes that all the lotteries put together.”

Question 61 Looking back on your last position, have you done your best work?

TRAPS: Tricky question. Answer “absolutely” and it can seem like your best work is behind you. Answer, “no, my best work is ahead of me,” and it can seem as if you didn’t give it your all. BEST ANSWER: To cover both possible paths this question can take, your answer should state that you always try to do your best, and the best of your career is right now. Like an athlete at the top of his game, you are just hitting your career stride thanks to several factors. Then, recap those factors, highlighting your strongest qualifications.

Question 62 Why should I hire you from the outside when I could promote someone from within?

TRAPS: This question isn’t as aggressive as it sounds. It represents the interviewer’s own dilemma over this common problem. He’s probably leaning toward you already and for reassurance, wants to hear what you have to say on the matter. BEST ANSWER: Help him see the qualifications that only you can offer. Example: “In general, I think it’s a good policy to hire from within – to look outside probably means you’re not completely comfortable choosing someone from inside. “Naturally, you want this department to be as strong as it possibly can be, so you want the strongest candidate. I feel that I can fill that bill because…(then recap your strongest qualifications that match up with his greatest needs).”

Question 63 Tell me something negative you’ve heard about our company…

TRAPS: This is a common fishing expedition to see what the industry grapevine may be saying about the company. But it’s also a trap because as an outsider, you never want to be the bearer of unflattering news or gossip about the firm. It can only hurt your chances and sidetrack the interviewer from getting sold on you.

BEST ANSWER: Just remember the rule – never be negative – and you’ll handle this one just fine.

Question 64 On a scale of one to ten, rate me as an interviewer.

TRAPS: Give a perfect “10,” and you’ll seem too easy to please. Give anything less than a perfect 10, and he could press you as to where you’re being critical, and that road leads downhill for you.

BEST ANSWER: Once again, never be negative. The interviewer will only resent criticism coming from you. This is the time to show your positivism.

However, don’t give a numerical rating. Simply praise whatever interview style he’s been using. If he’s been tough, say “You have been thorough and tough-minded, the very qualities needed to conduct a good interview.” If he’s been methodical, say, “You have been very methodical and analytical, and I’m sure that approach results in excellent hires for your firm.” In other words, pay him a sincere compliment that he can believe because it’s anchored in the behavior you’ve just seen.

Partnership

2009-12-20T11:46:00.000-08:00

INTRODUCTION:
When two or more persons they put their money in order to carry their business that deal is known as partnership.
According to the deal, the amount of the profit is divided according to the product of the ratio of their money and duration of investment respectively.

TYPES OF PARTNERSHIP:
There are two types of partnership. Such as:
Simple partnership
Compound partnership

Simple partnership:
In case of simple partnership the duration of investment is constant. So the amounts of profit is divided according to the ratio among their capital respectively.
If the ratio of their amount is a: b: c, then the profit will be divided in the ratio a: b: c respectively

Compound partnership:

In case of compound partnership the duration of investment is not constant. So the amounts of profit is divided according to the product ratio among their capital and duration of investment respectively.
If the ratio of their amount is a: b: c, and duration of investment is x: y: z, then the profit will be divided in the ratio ax: by: cz respectively

TYPES OF PARTNER:
There are two types of partners in partnership business. Such as :
(i) Working partner. The partner who works for the business is known as working partner. (ii) Sleeping partner. The partner who does not works for the business but puts his money, is known as working partner.

Questions

Three partners A, B and C invests Rs16000, Rs18000 and Rs23000 respectively in a business. How should they divide a profit of Rs19380?

A, B and C enter in to partnership. A advances Rs12000 for 4 months, B Rs14000 for 8 months, and C Rs10000 for 10 months. They gain Rs5850 altogether. Find the share of each.

A starts a business with Rs20000. B joins him after 3 months with Rs40000. C puts a sum of Rs10000 in the business for 2 months only. At the end of the year the business gave a profit of Rs5000. How should the profit be divided among them?

A and B entered in to a partnership investing Rs16000 and Rs12000 respectively. After 3 months, A withdrew Rs5000 while B invested Rs5000 more. After 3 months more C joins the business with a capital of Rs21000. The share of B exceeds that of C, out of a total profit of Rs26400 after one year, by:

Manoj got Rs6000 as his share out of the total profit of Rs9000 which he and Ramesh earned at the end of one year. If Manoj investedRs20000 for 6 months, where as Ramesh invested his amount for the whole year, the amount invested by Ramesh was:

Calendar

2009-12-20T11:29:00.000-08:00

INTRODUCTION:
There are two types of years, such as: (i) Ordinary year. (ii) Leap year. Ordinary year: It consists of 365 days. In terms of weeks, it consists of 52 weeks and the remainder is 1 which is 1 odd day.
Leap year: The non-century years which are divisible by 4 and the century years divisible by 400 are leap years. It contains 52 weeks and 2 odd days.

The number of odd days in 100 years are 5.
The number of odd days in 200 years are 3.
The number of odd days in 300 years are 1.
The number of odd days in 400 years are 0.

METHOD TO FIND OUT DAY:
To find out the day, we have to find out the number of odd days according to the following 4 steps:
Step I: Number of odd days in the passed century.
Step II: Number of odd days in the passed year.
Step III: Number of odd days in the continuing year in terms of month wise..
Step IV: Number of odd days in the continuing month till the exact day.

Finally n if the number of odd day is 1, it is Monday.
if the number of odd day is 2, it is Tuesday.
if the number of odd day is 3, it is Wednesday.
if the number of odd day is 4, it is Thursday.
if the number of odd day is 5, it is Friday.
if the number of odd day is 6, it is Saturday.
if the number of odd day is 0, it is Sunday.

Example

Find out the day on 9th June 1971.
Solution: In 1900, the number of odd day is 1.
In70 years, the number of odd days are as follows:
If all 70 years are ordinary years, the number of odd days are 70, but out of 70 years 17 are leap years in which 17 odd days more i.e. 87 odd days and finally 3 odd days.
According to month wise Jan 3, Feb 0, Mar 3, Apr 2, May 3, so finally it is 4.
According to date wise, the number of odd day is 2.
Finally, the number of odd day is 3 that’s why the day is Wednesday.

If today is Tuesday, then after 65 days it will be which day?
Solution: nIn 65 days, there are9 weeks and 2 odd days
So the day will be 2 days ahead of Tuesday i.e. Thursday.

Alligation

2009-12-19T22:19:00.000-08:00

Look through the following questions. Solve it yourself and after that look at the tricks on alligation below , u can minimize your time by 50%
1)A 20 litre mixture of milk and water contains milk and water in the ratio 3 : 2. 10 litres of the mixture is removed and replaced with pure milk and the operation is repeated once more. At the end of the two removal and replacement, what is the ratio of milk and water in the resultant mixture?
2)In what ratio must a person mix three kinds of tea costing Rs.60/kg, Rs.75/kg and Rs.100 /kg so that the resultant mixture when sold at Rs.96/kg yields a profit of 20%?
3)A merchant mixes three varieties of rice costing Rs.20/kg, Rs.24/kg and Rs.30/kg and sells the mixture at a profit of 20% at Rs.30 / kg. How many kgs of the second variety will be in the mixture if 2 kgs of the third variety is there in the mixture?
4)How many litres of water should be added to a 30 litre mixture of milk and water containing milk and water in the ratio of 7 : 3 such that the resultant mixture has 40% water in it?
5)How many kgs of Basmati rice costing Rs.42/kg should a shopkeeper mix with 25 kgs of ordinary rice costing Rs.24 per kg so that he makes a profit of 25% on selling the mixture at Rs.40/kg?
6)How many litres of a 12 litre mixture containing milk and water in the ratio of 2 : 3 be replaced with pure milk so that the resultant mixture contains milk and water in equal proportion?
7)A sample of x litres from a container having a 60 litre mixture of milk and water containing milk and water in the ratio of 2 : 3 is replaced with pure milk so that the container will have milk and water in equal proportions. What is the value of x?
8)A zookeeper counted the heads of the animals in a zoo and found it to be 80. When he counted the legs of the animals he found it to be 260. If the zoo had either pigeons or horses, how many horses were there in the zoo?
9)From a cask of milk containing 30 litres, 6 litres are drawn out and the cask is filled up with water. If the same process is repeated a second, then a third time, what will be the number of litres of milk left in the cask?
10)In a km race, A gives B a start of 20 seconds and beats him by 40m. However, when he gives B a start of 25 seconds they finish in a dead heat. What is A's speed in m/sec?
11)There are 65 students in a class. Among them, Rs.39 is distributed so that each boy gets 80 paisa and each girl gets 30 paisa. Find the no. of boys and girls in that class?
12)A person travels 285 km in 6 hour. In the 1st part of the journey he travels at 40 km/hr by bus. In the 2nd part, he travels at 55 km/hr by train. How much distance does he travel by train?
13)A trader has 50 kg of pulses, part of which he sells at 8% profit and the rest at 18% profit. He gains 14% on the whole. What is the quantity sold at 18% profit?
14)A container contains 7 part milk and 3 part water. How many parts of mixture should be taken out and replaced by water so that container contains half milk and half water?
15)Weights of two friends Ram and Shyam are in the ratio of 4: 5. Ram’s weight increases by 10% and the total weight of Ram and Shyam together becomes 82.8 kg, with an increase of 15%. By what per cent did the weight of Shyam increase?

Tips to be triumphant in interview

2009-12-14T08:31:00.001-08:00

TAMING YOUR INTERVIEW FEARS

Most people see the interviewer as the one with all the power. Remember, though, that you have
something the interviewer wants, too, or you wouldn't be in the interview in the first place.
Think of the interview not as an interrogation, but as a two-way conversation during which you and the employer determine whether you meet each other's needs. More often than not, the interviewer is nervous too.
Being properly prepared and informed about the interview process can help you focus your
energy on what needs to be done and help you find the right job.

MAKE YOURSELF THE BEST CANDIDATE

1. RESEARCH THE ORGANIZATION
Learn as much as you can about the company before you go to the interview. Visit the
company's web page or read company literature and find out about its sales volume, competitors, services and products, size and reputation.

2. RESEARCH THE JOB
In addition to researching the company, you also need to find out as much as you can about
the job itself. Analyze the job description and match your experiences, interests and abilities to
the job. Talk with people who have worked in similar positions in that organization or in other
companies.It is also important to have a good idea of a salary range for the position so that you can better negotiate when the time comes.

3. KNOW YOURSELF
Now that you have completed your company, job and salary research, you need to turn the focus onto yourself. How do your experiences and qualifications fit with the requirements of the job? Be able to discuss your strengths and weaknesses, your educational and work experiences, and your personal goals and values. Write down your accomplishments and prepare concrete and specific examples of these.

4. KNOW THE INTERVIEW FORMAT AHEAD OF TIME
One of the most important ways to prepare for your interview is to ask about the interview
format. It is a good idea to ask questions such as "with whom will I be meeting?" and/or "how
long should I plan to be at your office?" Discovering the interview format will help you to
prepare for and visualize your interviewing experience.

5. PREPARE FOR AND ANTICIPATE QUESTIONS
Read the job description thoroughly and anticipate questions that may be asked of you.Prepare answers beforehand to some of the more difficult or sensitive questions by practicing aloud or with a friend.

6. MAKE A LIST OF QUESTIONS TO ASK
The questions you ask will reveal a lot about your level of interest in the company and your preparedness for the interview. Don't ask questions that could be easily answered through your own research. Instead ask questions which demonstrate a genuine interest in and knowledge of the company and the position.
Examples:
• "What characteristics does a successful person have at your company?"
• "Describe the typical first year assignment."
• "What have been some of the major contributions made by individuals
who have held this job previously?"
• "What are the problems I will be expected to solve?"
• "What is the career path for this position?"
• "Could you tell me about the people with whom I will be working directly?"
• "How is an employee evaluated?"
• "When may I expect to hear from you regarding my candidacy?"

7)During the first few minutes of the interview, the interviewer makes certain judgments about
your character and work style based on your dress, demeanor and body language. Be on time; sit
where the interviewer indicates; and don't smoke or chew gum. Smile and offer a firm
handshake. Maintain good eye contact and control nervous mannerisms. Dress professionally.
Conservative business attire is best.

8. PREPARE YOUR REFERENCES
Develop a list of 3-5 people who can attest to your professional abilities. Your references might include former managers, co-workers, professors, clients or others who are familiar with your qualifications and on-the-job performance.

9. FOLLOW UP
Write a brief letter of thanks for the interview. Reiterate your interest in the position and
briefly state why you are the best candidate. Inquire about the next steps in the interview process, and when you will be contacted again. If you don't hear from anyone in a week, call to express your continued interest in the position.

WHAT KINDS OF QUESTIONS WILL I BE ASKED?

BEHAVIOR-BASED INTERVIEW QUESTIONS

Many employers use behavioral questions asking you to discuss specific examples of yourself as a successful employee. In responding, you may use examples from work, school, community service, or any setting in which you have had work-related success. Examples of behavioral questions include:
· "Please give me an example of a time when you had to juggle multiple tasks."
· "Tell me about a situation in which you solved a problem as a member of a group or team. What was your role?"
· "This position requires meeting frequent deadlines. Please give me an example of a time when you had to work under time pressure.
· "Tell me about a time when you had to deal with a difficult customer. How did you handle the situation and what happened?"

Answering Behavior-Based Questions
Strong answers to behavioral questions described specific situations where your actions are the focus. In asking behavior-based questions, employers are attempting to get a "glimpse" of you as a worker. Often, behavioral questions cover specific "themes" required by the position, such as: time management, team work, initiative, organizational and communication skills, etc. In preparing for an interview, review the job description to discover what kinds of behavioral
questions the employer may ask.
One strategy for answering behavior-based questions is to use the S.T.A.R. formula (Situation, Task, Actions, Response). Using S.T.A.R. ensures that you deliver a complete and concise answer. For example, let's take the last question above and answer it according to the S.T.A.R. model.
"Tell me about a time when you had to deal with a difficult customer. How did you handle the situation and what happened?"
Situation "While working as a salesperson for Deluxe Caterers, I was given an account that had been mishandled by our company in the past. When this customer came in to place a large, new order, she was angry, expressing dissatisfaction with past service and asked us to guarantee
superior work this time around."
Task "I wanted to maintain this customer relationship, but also to not promise service we could not deliver and compound the problem. I expressed regret to her over past service problems and told her I would review her order in detail with my supervisor and get back to her within 24 hours."
Action "I scheduled a meeting with my supervisor and we reviewed her order, identifying potential pitfalls, resulting in our adjusting the services we could provide. I then returned the customer's call, negotiated a new contract, and faxed it to her."
Result "While the customer was a little disappointed that we could not provide everything she wanted, she appreciated my being honest about what we could do. In the end both parties were happy."
Don't be frustrated if the interviewer interrupts you to ask probing questions that will enhance his or her understanding of your work style. This gives you an opportunity to clarify your response.

TRADITIONAL QUESTIONS

"What are your strengths and weaknesses?" The employer may be assessing how well you know
yourself and how honest and open you are. You have an opportunity to showcase and give examples of your strengths and also to reveal a not too serious weakness. It is best to demonstrate how you are working to improve your stated weakness. For example, you might say, "My computer experience is somewhat limited. However, I recently took a week long training program on using Microsoft Office and I'm looking forward to building on the skills I learned."
"Where do you see yourself in five years?" They want to know if you are ambitious. If you find it hard to look five years out, try this: "Five years seems like a long time. I can see myself as a programmer analyst in two years. Five years from now, I might be a software developer or a systems analyst. I cannot know which direction I want to take until I've been in the field for awhile."
"Why should I hire you?" Here's where they find out how well you understand their needs and how confident you are of your qualifications for the position. A possible response could be: "I think you should hire me because I have the skills you need for this marketing support position. My technical skills exactly match the requirements as I've been using your software in my Co-op job. And my interpersonal skills are strong as a result of my student government experience."
"Why do you want to work here?" This is where the employer finds out how much you know about the organization. You want to convey your interest in contributing to their mission or in being part of an important project they've been awarded. For example: "I've read about your contract to develop tax accounting software for the federal government, and I want to be part of the action..."

HANDLING DIFFICULT QUESTIONS

Then there are those questions that you hope no one asks but they inevitably do--important questions that demand a well-prepared response from you. For example, if your resume doesn't show continuous employment, you should expect to be asked for an explanation. What positive results came out of your decision not to work? An upbeat way to explain might be, "That's correct, I did not work in 1988. I was nearing the end of my degree program at Northeastern. I realized that if I attended school full time I could complete my bachelor's degree in one year, rather than working and taking three years to finish. I feel I made the right decision--when I went back to work, I was offered a salary considerably higher than my previous earnings.
Perhaps you were laid off last year, so you dread being asked why you left your last job. You want to frame your explanation in a way that dispels any shame or guilt you may be harboring. "I was one of 180 people laid off last September when XYZ Corporation went through a major downsizing." What if you were fired for some reason? "To be honest with you, I just didn't fit into the organization. Finally, my supervisor and I decided it was best for me to leave. While this was a difficult experience, I feel I am ready to begin again."
These examples show honest, straight forward responses that will be acceptable to an employer. The important thing is for you to come to terms with the issue, see the positive side, and demonstrate that you are eager to move on in your career.

TWENTY QUESTIONS

Below are some questions you may review to help you prepare for your interview.
1. Why are you interested in this position?
2. Tell me about yourself.
3. Can you describe a time on the job when something didn't go as planned?
4. Can you describe one or two of your most important accomplishments?
5. What is important to you in a company? What things do you look for in an organization?
6. Why did you major in x?
7. Can you think of a problem you have encountered when the old solutions didn't work and you came up with new ones?
8. What has been a high pressure situation you have been under in recent years? How did you cope with this?
9. In your last review what did your supervisor suggest needed improvement?
10. What would you say is the most important thing you learned from your college career?
11. What qualities do you look for in a supervisor?
12. How do you handle stress?
13. What has been your favorite extracurricular activity in school and why?
14. Describe a situation in which you had to be creative. What did you find challenging and/or exciting about this?
15. List three things former coworkers would say about you.
16. What did you do in your last job that helped facilitate teamwork?
17. How would you describe your leadership style? Give specific examples of how you practice this.
18. How do you keep up with what's going on in your company/industry/profession?
19. What was the most important idea or suggestion you received recently from your coworkers or supervisor? What happened as a result?
20. Please give me an example of a conflict you have encountered and how you handled it?

SALARY NEGOTIATION AND RESPONDING TO THE JOB OFFER

Salary negotiation often makes candidates uncomfortable, and rightfully so, as this is one of the trickiest parts of interviewing. A few suggestions on how to manage this topic may eliminate some of the discomfort.
First of all, if the topic comes up too early in the interviewing process, it is advisable to postpone the discussion. For example, you could say, "I would be happy to discuss my salary requirements, but I feel I need to know more about the position first. Could you tell me about..?" The idea here is to buy some time. The more you know about the job, the better you will be able to pinpoint what it is worth in today's market. And, of course, you will have done your homework on researching salaries for similar positions.
Secondly, if you are in the final round of interviewing and you are asked about your salary expectations,it is appropriate to clarify, "Are you prepared to make me an offer?" Try to get the interviewer to commit to you as the preferred candidate. Your negotiating position will be greatly enhanced if you establish that you are their first choice.
Finally, there comes a time when the negotiation can't be delayed any longer. Ideally, you know a lot about the position and how it compares in the market because you've done your homework, and you are the front running candidate. You are still likely to do better in the process if you aren't the first one to name a figure. You may be able to ask what they have in mind or what they have budgeted. If they tell you, for example, that the position is rated at $32,000 to $36,000, you can then say why you think you deserve to receive the higher end of the scale, based on your knowledge and experience.

Important topics to be covered

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TOPICS REQUIRED TO BE VICTORIOUS IN CAMPUS PLACEMENTS

(just hit the link below to go to any topics you want to cover)

Reasoning

It includes a variety of topics to be dealt with ,that can be

Quantitative Aptitude

It includes a variety of topics to be dealt with, that can be from basic mathematical fields such as

Verbal Ability

It includes a variety of topics to be dealt with, that can be from english usage and application such as

Technical aspects

It includes a variety of topics to be dealt with, that can be from your academic course in the three years of your college life.Important among them are

Software engineering

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Chapter -1

Introduction to Software Engineering

Generic view of process

1)What is software engineering?

Ans: Software engineering is the establishment and use of sound engineering principles in order to obtain economically software that is reliable and work efficiently on real machines.

2)What are layers of Software engineering?

Ans:

a)A quality focus (It is the bedrock that supports software engineering process,any organization depends on its commitment to quality)

b)Process(It is the glue that holds different layers together and ensures rational and timely development of software,it defines framework for development of software)

c)Methods(It provide technical how to for building software,includes communication,requirement analysis,design modeling,program construction,testing and support)

d)Tools(It provides automated or semi-automated support for process and methods)

3)What is a process framework?

Ans:A process framework establishes the foundation for software process by identifying small framework activities that are applicable to all projects regardless of their size and complexity(Umbrella activity)

Each framework activity is populated by a set of software engineering actions ,collection of related tasks that produces software work product.

The various generic process framework used are:

1)Communication

2)Planning

3)Modeling

3)Construction

4)Deployment

4)What are umbrella activities complimenting framework?

Ans:

a)Software project tracking and control

b)Risk management

c)Quality assurance

c)Formal technical reviews

d)Measurment

e)Software configuration management

f)Reusability management

g)Work product preparation and production

5)What is CMMI?

Ans:

CMMI stands for Capability maturity model integration developed by SEI(software engineering institute).It a comprehensive process meta - model that is predicated on a set of system and software engineering capabilities that should be present as organization reach different level of process capability and maturity.

It is represented in teo ways:

a)as a continuous model

b)as a staged model

6)What are different capability levels required by organization as described by CMMI?

Ans:

Level 0:incomplete->The process area is either not performed or does not achieve all goals and objectives defined by CMMI for level 1 capability.

Level 1:performed->All specific goals of process area has been satisfied. Works tasks required to produce defined work products are conducted.

Level 2:Managed->All level 1 criterion is satisfied.All works associated with process area conforms to organization defined policy,all people doing work have adequate resources to get the job done,stakeholders are actively involved to monitor ,control, and review work tasks.

Level 3:Defined->All level 2 criterion is achieved.The process is tailored from organization set of standard process according to organization tailoring guidelines, and contributes work products,measures, and other process improvement information to organization process assets.

Level 4:Quantitatively managed->All level 3 criterion is achieved.The process area is improved using measurement and quantitative assessment.

Quantitative objectives are established.

Level 5:Optimized->All level 4 criterion is achieved.The process area is adapted and optimized using quantitative means to meet changing customer needs and improve efficacy of process under consideration.

7)What are specific goals and specific practices defined for project planning?

Sg 1: Establish estimates

sp1:estimate scope of project.

sp2:establish estimates of work products and tasks attributes.

sp3:define project life cycle.

sp4:determine estimate of effort and cost.

Sg 2 Develop project plans.

sp1:establish budget schedule.

sp2:identify project risks.

sp3:plan for data management.

sp4:plan for project resource.

sp5:plan for needed knowledge and skills.

sp6:plan stake holder investment.

sp7:establish project plan.

Sg 3 Obtain commitment to plan

sp1:review plan that affect hte project

sp2:reconcile work and resouce levels.

sp3:obtain plan commitment.

Operating System

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1)What is an operating system?
Ans: It is a program that acts as intermediary between computer user and computer hardware and provides basis for application programs.

2)What operating systems do?
Ans:It controls and coordinates the use of hardware among various application programs .

3)Why operating system is regarded as resource allocator ?
Ans:The operating system acts as the manager of different resources of computer such as CPU time,memory space,file storage space,I/O devices etc. The operating system decides how to allocate resources to specific program and users for efficient working of computer system.

4)What is a control program?
Ans:Control program manages the execution of user programs to prevent errors and improper use of computer.

4)What is a bootstrap program?
Ans:The intial program needed by computer to start running when computer is rebooted or powered on is called boot strap program.It is stored in ROM or EEPROM (firmware).
It initializes all aspects of system from cpu registers to device controllers to memory contents.

5)Discuss computer system operation?
Ans:
->Run bootstrap program.
->Bootstrap program load and locate into memory the operating system kernel.
->O.S execute first process such as init and wait for some event to occur.
->Occurrence of event is signaled by interrupt from h/w(system bus sending signal to CPU) or s/w(system or monitor call).
->When cpu is interrupted , it stops what it is doing and transfers execution to fixed location.
->Fixed location contains starting address where service routine for interrupt is located.
->Execution of interrupt service routine.
->CPU resumes interrupted computation after completing interrupt service routine.

6)How multiprogramming increases CPU utilization?
Ans: Multiprogramming increase CPU utilization by organizing jobs :
->O.S keeps several jobs in memory.
->It is a subset of job pool(total number of jobs that enter the system).
->O.S picks and begins to execute one of the job in memory.
->Eventually job has to wait for some time till resource is unavailable.
->Thus CPU never remains idle as it always has one or other job to do.

7)What is difference between multiprogramming and Time Sharing?
Ans:Time sharing is logical extension of multiprogramming.In time sharing ,users can interact with each program as switching between the jobs take place frequently whereas in case of multiprogramming there is no user interaction with the computer system.

8)

Database management system

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1)What is database?

Ans: A database is logically coherent collection of data with some inherent meaning,representing some aspects of real world.

2)What is DBMS?

Ans:It is a program that enable user to create and maintain a database.It is a general purpose software which helps in defining,constructing and manipulating of database.

3)What is database system?

Ans:The database and DBMS software together is called database system.

4)What are advantages of DBMS?

Ans:
Redundancy is controlled.
Unauthorised access.
Provides multiple user interfaces.
Enforces integrity constants.
Provides back up and recovery.

5)What are disadvantages of file processing system?

Ans:
Data redundancy and inconsistency.
Data isolation
Data integration
Data security
Difficulty in accessing data
Concurrent access is not possible.

6)Describe the three level of data abstraction?

Ans:
Physical level:Lowest level,describes how data are stored.
Logical level:Next level ,describes which type of data are stored in next level and relationship among data.
View level:Highest level,descibes part of entire database.

7)Define integrity rules?

Ans:
Entity integrity:Primary key cannot have null value.
Referential integrity:Foreign key should have null value or should be primary key of foremer relation.

8)What is extension and intension?

Ans:
Extension:It is number of tuples present in a table at any instance.This is time dependent.
Intension:It is the constant value that gives name,structure of table and constraints laid on it.

9)What is system R? What are its two major subsystems?

Ans:System R is a prototype and its purpose is to demonstrate that it is possible to build a relational system that can be used in real life environment to solve real life problems,whith performance comparable to that of existing system.
Its two major subsystems are:
Research storage
System Relational data systems.

10. How is the data structure of System R different from the relational structure?

Unlike Relational systems in System R

Domains are not supported

Enforcement of candidate key uniqueness is optional

Enforcement of entity integrity is optional

Referential integrity is not enforced

11. What is Data Independence?

Data independence means that “the application is independent of the storage structure and access strategy of data”. In other words, The ability to modify the schema definition in one level should not affect the schema definition in the next higher level.

Two types of Data Independence:

Physical Data Independence: Modification in physical level should not affect the logical level.

Logical Data Independence: Modification in logical level should affect the view level.

NOTE: Logical Data Independence is more difficult to achieve

12. What is a view? How it is related to data independence?

A view may be thought of as a virtual table, that is, a table that does not really exist in its own right but is instead derived from one or more underlying base table. In other words, there is no stored file that direct represents the view instead a definition of view is stored in data dictionary.

Growth and restructuring of base tables is not reflected in views. Thus the view can insulate users from the effects of restructuring and growth in the database. Hence accounts for logical data independence.

13. What is Data Model?

A collection of conceptual tools for describing data, data relationships data semantics and constraints.

14. What is E-R model?

This data model is based on real world that consists of basic objects called entities and of relationship among these objects. Entities are described in a database by a set of attributes.

15. What is Object Oriented model?

This model is based on collection of objects. An object contains values stored in instance variables with in the object. An object also contains bodies of code that operate on the object. These bodies of code are called methods. Objects that contain same types of values and the same methods are grouped together into classes.

16. What is an Entity?

It is a 'thing' in the real world with an independent existence.

17. What is an Entity type?

It is a collection (set) of entities that have same attributes.

18. What is an Entity set?

It is a collection of all entities of particular entity type in the database.

19. What is an Extension of entity type?

The collections of entities of a particular entity type are grouped together into an entity set.

20. What is Weak Entity set?

An entity set may not have sufficient attributes to form a primary key, and its primary key compromises of its partial key and primary key of its parent entity, then it is said to be Weak Entity set.

21. What is an attribute?

It is a particular property, which describes the entity.

22. What is a Relation Schema and a Relation?

A relation Schema denoted by R(A1, A2, …, An) is made up of the relation name R and the list of attributes Ai that it contains. A relation is defined as a set of tuples. Let r be the relation which contains set tuples (t1, t2, t3, ..., tn). Each tuple is an ordered list of n-values t=(v1,v2, ..., vn).

23. What is degree of a Relation?

It is the number of attribute of its relation schema.

24. What is Relationship?

It is an association among two or more entities.

25. What is Relationship set?

The collection (or set) of similar relationships.

26. What is Relationship type?

Relationship type defines a set of associations or a relationship set among a given set of entity types.

27. What is degree of Relationship type?

It is the number of entity type participating.

25. What is DDL (Data Definition Language)?

A data base schema is specified by a set of definitions expressed by a special language called DDL.

26. What is VDL (View Definition Language)?

It specifies user views and their mappings to the conceptual schema.

27. What is SDL (Storage Definition Language)?

This language is to specify the internal schema. This language may specify the mapping between two schemas.

28. What is Data Storage - Definition Language?

The storage structures and access methods used by database system are specified by a set of definition in a special type of DDL called data storage-definition language.

29. What is DML (Data Manipulation Language)?

This language that enable user to access or manipulate data as organised by appropriate data model.

-> Procedural DML or Low level: DML requires a user to specify what data are needed and how to get those data.

-> Non-Procedural DML or High level: DML requires a user to specify what data are needed without specifying how to get those data.

31. What is DML Compiler?

It translates DML statements in a query language into low-level instruction that the query evaluation engine can understand.

32. What is Query evaluation engine?

It executes low-level instruction generated by compiler.

33. What is DDL Interpreter?

It interprets DDL statements and record them in tables containing metadata.

34. What is Record-at-a-time?

The Low level or Procedural DML can specify and retrieve each record from a set of records. This retrieve of a record is said to be Record-at-a-time.

35. What is Set-at-a-time or Set-oriented?

The High level or Non-procedural DML can specify and retrieve many records in a single DML statement. This retrieve of a record is said to be Set-at-a-time or Set-oriented.

36. What is Relational Algebra?

It is procedural query language. It consists of a set of operations that take one or two relations as input and produce a new relation.

37. What is Relational Calculus?

It is an applied predicate calculus specifically tailored for relational databases proposed by E.F. Codd. E.g. of languages based on it are DSL ALPHA, QUEL.

38. How does Tuple-oriented relational calculus differ from domain-oriented relational calculus

The tuple-oriented calculus uses a tuple variables i.e., variable whose only permitted values are tuples of that relation. E.g. QUEL

The domain-oriented calculus has domain variables i.e., variables that range over the underlying domains instead of over relation. E.g. ILL, DEDUCE.

39. What is normalization?

It is a process of analysing the given relation schemas based on their Functional Dependencies (FDs) and primary key to achieve the properties

Minimizing redundancy

Minimizing insertion, deletion and update anomalies.

40. What is Functional Dependency?

A Functional dependency is denoted by X Y between two sets of attributes X and Y that are subsets of R specifies a constraint on the possible tuple that can form a relation state r of R. The constraint is for any two tuples t1 and t2 in r if t1[X] = t2[X] then they have t1[Y] = t2[Y]. This means the value of X component of a tuple uniquely determines the value of component Y.

41. When is a functional dependency F said to be minimal?

Every dependency in F has a single attribute for its right hand side.

We cannot replace any dependency X A in F with a dependency Y A where Y is a proper subset of X and still have a set of dependency that is equivalent to F.

We cannot remove any dependency from F and still have set of dependency that is equivalent to F.

42. What is multivalued dependency?

Multivalued dependency denoted by X Y specified on relation schema R, where X and Y are both subsets of R, specifies the following constraint on any relation r of R: if two tuples t1 and t2 exist in r such that t1[X] = t2[X] then t3 and t4 should also exist in r with the following properties

Ø t3[x] = t4[X] = t1[X] = t2[X]

Ø t3[Y] = t1[Y] and t4[Y] = t2[Y]

Ø t3[Z] = t2[Z] and t4[Z] = t1[Z]

where [Z = (R-(X U Y)) ]

43. What is Lossless join property?

It guarantees that the spurious tuple generation does not occur with respect to relation schemas after decomposition.

44. What is 1 NF (Normal Form)?

The domain of attribute must include only atomic (simple, indivisible) values.

45. What is Fully Functional dependency?

It is based on concept of full functional dependency. A functional dependency X Y is full functional dependency if removal of any attribute A from X means that the dependency does not hold any more.

46. What is 2NF?

A relation schema R is in 2NF if it is in 1NF and every non-prime attribute A in R is fully functionally dependent on primary key.

47. What is 3NF?

A relation schema R is in 3NF if it is in 2NF and for every FD X A either of the following is true

Ø X is a Super-key of R.

Ø A is a prime attribute of R.

In other words, if every non prime attribute is non-transitively dependent on primary key.

48. What is BCNF (Boyce-Codd Normal Form)?

A relation schema R is in BCNF if it is in 3NF and satisfies an additional constraint that for every FD X A, X must be a candidate key.

49. What is 4NF?

A relation schema R is said to be in 4NF if for every Multivalued dependency X Y that holds over R, one of following is true

Ø X is subset or equal to (or) XY = R.

Ø X is a super key.

50. What is 5NF?

A Relation schema R is said to be 5NF if for every join dependency {R1, R2, ..., Rn} that holds R, one the following is true

Ø Ri = R for some i.

Ø The join dependency is implied by the set of FD, over R in which the left side is key of R

51. What is Domain-Key Normal Form?

A relation is said to be in DKNF if all constraints and dependencies that should hold on the the constraint can be enforced by simply enforcing the domain constraint and key constraint on the relation.

52. What are partial, alternate,, artificial, compound and natural key?

Partial Key:

It is a set of attributes that can uniquely identify weak entities and that are related to same owner entity. It is sometime called as Discriminator.

Alternate Key:

All Candidate Keys excluding the Primary Key are known as Alternate Keys.

Artificial Key:

If no obvious key, either stand alone or compound is available, then the last resort is to simply create a key, by assigning a unique number to each record or occurrence. Then this is known as developing an artificial key.

Compound Key:

If no single data element uniquely identifies occurrences within a construct, then combining multiple elements to create a unique identifier for the construct is known as creating a compound key.

Natural Key:

When one of the data elements stored within a construct is utilized as the primary key, then it is called the natural key.

53. What is indexing and what are the different kinds of indexing?

Indexing is a technique for determining how quickly specific data can be found.

Types:

Ø Binary search style indexing

Ø B-Tree indexing

Ø Inverted list indexing

Ø Memory resident table

Ø Table indexing

54. What is system catalog or catalog relation? How is better known as?

A RDBMS maintains a description of all the data that it contains, information about every relation and index that it contains. This information is stored in a collection of relations maintained by the system called metadata. It is also called data dictionary.

55. What is meant by query optimization?

The phase that identifies an efficient execution plan for evaluating a query that has the least estimated cost is referred to as query optimization.

56. What is join dependency and inclusion dependency?

Join Dependency:

A Join dependency is generalization of Multivalued dependency.A JD {R1, R2, ..., Rn} is said to hold over a relation R if R1, R2, R3, ..., Rn is a lossless-join decomposition of R . There is no set of sound and complete inference rules for JD.

Inclusion Dependency:

An Inclusion Dependency is a statement of the form that some columns of a relation are contained in other columns. A foreign key constraint is an example of inclusion dependency.

57. What is durability in DBMS?

Once the DBMS informs the user that a transaction has successfully completed, its effects should persist even if the system crashes before all its changes are reflected on disk. This property is called durability.

58. What do you mean by atomicity and aggregation?

Atomicity:

Either all actions are carried out or none are. Users should not have to worry about the effect of incomplete transactions. DBMS ensures this by undoing the actions of incomplete transactions.

Aggregation:

A concept which is used to model a relationship between a collection of entities and relationships. It is used when we need to express a relationship among relationships.

59. What is a Phantom Deadlock?

In distributed deadlock detection, the delay in propagating local information might cause the deadlock detection algorithms to identify deadlocks that do not really exist. Such situations are called phantom deadlocks and they lead to unnecessary aborts.

60. What is a checkpoint and when does it occur?

A Checkpoint is like a snapshot of the DBMS state. By taking checkpoints, the DBMS can reduce the amount of work to be done during restart in the event of subsequent crashes.

61. What are the different phases of transaction?

Different phases are

Ø Analysis phase

Ø Redo Phase

Ø Undo phase

62. What do you mean by flat file database?

It is a database in which there are no programs or user access languages. It has no cross-filed capabilities but is user-friendly and provides user-interface management.

63. What is "transparent DBMS"?

It is one, which keeps its Physical Structure hidden from user.

64. Brief theory of Network, Hierarchical schemas and their properties

Network schema uses a graph data structure to organize records example for such a database management system is CTCG while a hierarchical schema uses a tree data structure example for such a system is IMS.

65. What is a query?

A query with respect to DBMS relates to user commands that are used to interact with a data base. The query language can be classified into data definition language and data manipulation language.

66. What do you mean by Correlated subquery?

Subqueries, or nested queries, are used to bring back a set of rows to be used by the parent query. Depending on how the subquery is written, it can be executed once for the parent query or it can be executed once for each row returned by the parent query. If the subquery is executed for each row of the parent, this is called a correlated subquery.

A correlated subquery can be easily identified if it contains any references to the parent subquery columns in its WHERE clause. Columns from the subquery cannot be referenced anywhere else in the parent query. The following example demonstrates a non-correlated subquery.

E.g. Select * From CUST Where '10/03/1990' IN (Select ODATE From ORDER Where CUST.CNUM = ORDER.CNUM)

67. What are the primitive operations common to all record management systems?

Addition, deletion and modification.

68. Name the buffer in which all the commands that are typed in are stored

‘Edit’ Buffer

69. What are the unary operations in Relational Algebra?

PROJECTION and SELECTION.

70. Are the resulting relations of PRODUCT and JOIN operation the same?

No.

PRODUCT: Concatenation of every row in one relation with every row in another.

JOIN: Concatenation of rows from one relation and related rows from another.

71. What is RDBMS KERNEL?

Two important pieces of RDBMS architecture are the kernel, which is the software, and the data dictionary, which consists of the system-level data structures used by the kernel to manage the database

You might think of an RDBMS as an operating system (or set of subsystems), designed specifically for controlling data access; its primary functions are storing, retrieving, and securing data. An RDBMS maintains its own list of authorized users and their associated privileges; manages memory caches and paging; controls locking for concurrent resource usage; dispatches and schedules user requests; and manages space usage within its table-space structures

72. Name the sub-systems of a RDBMS

I/O, Security, Language Processing, Process Control, Storage Management, Logging and Recovery, Distribution Control, Transaction Control, Memory Management, Lock Management

73. Which part of the RDBMS takes care of the data dictionary?

Data dictionary is a set of tables and database objects that is stored in a special area of the database and maintained exclusively by the kernel.

74. What is the job of the information stored in data-dictionary?

The information in the data dictionary validates the existence of the objects, provides access to them, and maps the actual physical storage location.

75. Not only RDBMS takes care of locating data it also

Determines an optimal access path to store or retrieve the data

76. How do you communicate with an RDBMS?

You communicate with an RDBMS using Structured Query Language (SQL)

77. Define SQL and state the differences between SQL and other conventional programming Languages

SQL is a nonprocedural language that is designed specifically for data access operations on normalized relational database structures. The primary difference between SQL and other conventional programming languages is that SQL statements specify what data operations should be performed rather than how to perform them.

78. Name the three major set of files on disk that compose a database in Oracle

There are three major sets of files on disk that compose a database. All the files are binary. These are

Ø Database files

Ø Control files

Ø Redo logs

The most important of these are the database files where the actual data resides. The control files and the redo logs support the functioning of the architecture itself.

All three sets of files must be present, open, and available to Oracle for any data on the database to be useable. Without these files, you cannot access the database, and the database administrator might have to recover some or all of the database using a backup, if there is one.

79. What is an Oracle Instance?

The Oracle system processes, also known as Oracle background processes, provide functions for the user processes—functions that would otherwise be done by the user processes themselves

Oracle database-wide system memory is known as the SGA, the system global area or shared global area. The data and control structures in the SGA are shareable, and all the Oracle background processes and user processes can use them.

The combination of the SGA and the Oracle background processes is known as an Oracle instance

80. What are the four Oracle system processes that must always be up and running for the database to be useable

The four Oracle system processes that must always be up and running for the database to be useable include DBWR (Database Writer), LGWR (Log Writer), SMON (System Monitor), and PMON (Process Monitor).

81. What are database files, control files and log files. How many of these files should a database have at least? Why?

Database Files

The database files hold the actual data and are typically the largest in size. Depending on their sizes, the tables (and other objects) for all the user accounts can go in one database file—but that's not an ideal situation because it does not make the database structure very flexible for controlling access to storage for different users, putting the database on different disk drives, or backing up and restoring just part of the database.

You must have at least one database file but usually, more than one files are used. In terms of accessing and using the data in the tables and other objects, the number (or location) of the files is immaterial.

The database files are fixed in size and never grow bigger than the size at which they were created

Control Files

The control files and redo logs support the rest of the architecture. Any database must have at least one control file, although you typically have more than one to guard against loss. The control file records the name of the database, the date and time it was created, the location of the database and redoes logs, and the synchronization information to ensure that all three sets of files are always in step. Every time you add a new database or redo log file to the database, the information is recorded in the control files.

Redo Logs

Any database must have at least two redo logs. These are the journals for the database; the redo logs record all changes to the user objects or system objects. If any type of failure occurs, the changes recorded in the redo logs can be used to bring the database to a consistent state without losing any committed transactions. In the case of non-data loss failure, Oracle can apply the information in the redo logs automatically without intervention from the DBA.

The redo log files are fixed in size and never grow dynamically from the size at which they were created.

82. What is ROWID?

The ROWID is a unique database-wide physical address for every row on every table. Once assigned (when the row is first inserted into the database), it never changes until the row is deleted or the table is dropped.

The ROWID consists of the following three components, the combination of which uniquely identifies the physical storage location of the row.

Ø Oracle database file number, which contains the block with the rows

Ø Oracle block address, which contains the row

Ø The row within the block (because each block can hold many rows)

The ROWID is used internally in indexes as a quick means of retrieving rows with a particular key value. Application developers also use it in SQL statements as a quick way to access a row once they know the ROWID

83. What is Oracle Block? Can two Oracle Blocks have the same address?

Oracle "formats" the database files into a number of Oracle blocks when they are first created—making it easier for the RDBMS software to manage the files and easier to read data into the memory areas.

The block size should be a multiple of the operating system block size. Regardless of the block size, the entire block is not available for holding data; Oracle takes up some space to manage the contents of the block. This block header has a minimum size, but it can grow.

These Oracle blocks are the smallest unit of storage. Increasing the Oracle block size can improve performance, but it should be done only when the database is first created.

Each Oracle block is numbered sequentially for each database file starting at 1. Two blocks can have the same block address if they are in different database files.

84. What is database Trigger?

A database trigger is a PL/SQL block that can defined to automatically execute for insert, update, and delete statements against a table. The trigger can e defined to execute once for the entire statement or once for every row that is inserted, updated, or deleted. For any one table, there are twelve events for which you can define database triggers. A database trigger can call database procedures that are also written in PL/SQL.

85. Name two utilities that Oracle provides, which are use for backup and recovery.

Along with the RDBMS software, Oracle provides two utilities that you can use to back up and restore the database. These utilities are Export and Import.

The Export utility dumps the definitions and data for the specified part of the database to an operating system binary file. The Import utility reads the file produced by an export, recreates the definitions of objects, and inserts the data

If Export and Import are used as a means of backing up and recovering the database, all the changes made to the database cannot be recovered since the export was performed. The best you can do is recover the database to the time when the export was last performed.

86. What are stored-procedures? And what are the advantages of using them.

Stored procedures are database objects that perform a user defined operation. A stored procedure can have a set of compound SQL statements. A stored procedure executes the SQL commands and returns the result to the client. Stored procedures are used to reduce network traffic.

87. How are exceptions handled in PL/SQL? Give some of the internal exceptions' name

PL/SQL exception handling is a mechanism for dealing with run-time errors encountered during procedure execution. Use of this mechanism enables execution to continue if the error is not severe enough to cause procedure termination.

The exception handler must be defined within a subprogram specification. Errors cause the program to raise an exception with a transfer of control to the exception-handler block. After the exception handler executes, control returns to the block in which the handler was defined. If there are no more executable statements in the block, control returns to the caller.

User-Defined Exceptions

PL/SQL enables the user to define exception handlers in the declarations area of subprogram specifications. User accomplishes this by naming an exception as in the following example:

ot_failure EXCEPTION;

In this case, the exception name is ot_failure. Code associated with this handler is written in the EXCEPTION specification area as follows:

EXCEPTION

when OT_FAILURE then

out_status_code := g_out_status_code;

out_msg := g_out_msg;

The following is an example of a subprogram exception:

EXCEPTION

when NO_DATA_FOUND then

g_out_status_code := 'FAIL';

RAISE ot_failure;

Within this exception is the RAISE statement that transfers control back to the ot_failure exception handler. This technique of raising the exception is used to invoke all user-defined exceptions.

System-Defined Exceptions

Exceptions internal to PL/SQL are raised automatically upon error. NO_DATA_FOUND is a system-defined exception. Table below gives a complete list of internal exceptions.

PL/SQL internal exceptions.

*Exception Name*	*Oracle Error*
CURSOR_ALREADY_OPEN	ORA-06511
DUP_VAL_ON_INDEX	ORA-00001
INVALID_CURSOR	ORA-01001
INVALID_NUMBER	ORA-01722
LOGIN_DENIED	ORA-01017
NO_DATA_FOUND	ORA-01403
NOT_LOGGED_ON	ORA-01012
PROGRAM_ERROR	ORA-06501
STORAGE_ERROR	ORA-06500
TIMEOUT_ON_RESOURCE	ORA-00051
TOO_MANY_ROWS	ORA-01422
TRANSACTION_BACKED_OUT	ORA-00061
VALUE_ERROR	ORA-06502
ZERO_DIVIDE	ORA-01476

In addition to this list of exceptions, there is a catch-all exception named OTHERS that traps all errors for which specific error handling has not been established.

88. Does PL/SQL support "overloading"? Explain

The concept of overloading in PL/SQL relates to the idea that you can define procedures and functions with the same name. PL/SQL does not look only at the referenced name, however, to resolve a procedure or function call. The count and data types of formal parameters are also considered.

PL/SQL also attempts to resolve any procedure or function calls in locally defined packages before looking at globally defined packages or internal functions. To further ensure calling the proper procedure, you can use the dot notation. Prefacing a procedure or function name with the package name fully qualifies any procedure or function reference.

89. Tables derived from the ERD

a) Are totally unnormalised

b) Are always in 1NF

c) Can be further denormalised

d) May have multi-valued attributes

(b) Are always in 1NF

90. Spurious tuples may occur due to

i. Bad normalization

ii. Theta joins

iii. Updating tables from join

a) i & ii b) ii & iii

c) i & iii d) ii & iii

(a) i & iii because theta joins are joins made on keys that are not primary keys.

91. A B C is a set of attributes. The functional dependency is as follows

AB -> B

AC -> C

C -> B

a) is in 1NF

b) is in 2NF

c) is in 3NF

d) is in BCNF

(a) is in 1NF since (AC)⁺ = { A, B, C} hence AC is the primary key. Since C B is a FD given, where neither C is a Key nor B is a prime attribute, this it is not in 3NF. Further B is not functionally dependent on key AC thus it is not in 2NF. Thus the given FDs is in 1NF.

92. In mapping of ERD to DFD

a) Entities in ERD should correspond to an existing entity/store in DFD

b) Entity in DFD is converted to attributes of an entity in ERD

c) Relations in ERD has 1 to 1 correspondence to processes in DFD

d) Relationships in ERD has 1 to 1 correspondence to flows in DFD

(a) Entities in ERD should correspond to an existing entity/store in DFD

93. A dominant entity is the entity

a) on the N side in a 1 : N relationship

b) on the 1 side in a 1 : N relationship

c) on either side in a 1 : 1 relationship

d) nothing to do with 1 : 1 or 1 : N relationship

(b) on the 1 side in a 1 : N relationship

94. Select 'NORTH', CUSTOMER From CUST_DTLS Where REGION = 'N' Order By

CUSTOMER Union Select 'EAST', CUSTOMER From CUST_DTLS Where REGION = 'E' Order By CUSTOMER

The above is

a) Not an error

b) Error - the string in single quotes 'NORTH' and 'SOUTH'

c) Error - the string should be in double quotes

d) Error - ORDER BY clause

(d) Error - the ORDER BY clause. Since ORDER BY clause cannot be used in UNIONS

95. What is Storage Manager?

It is a program module that provides the interface between the low-level data stored in database, application programs and queries submitted to the system.

96. What is Buffer Manager?

It is a program module, which is responsible for fetching data from disk storage into main memory and deciding what data to be cache in memory.

97. What is Transaction Manager?

It is a program module, which ensures that database, remains in a consistent state despite system failures and concurrent transaction execution proceeds without conflicting.

98. What is File Manager?

It is a program module, which manages the allocation of space on disk storage and data structure used to represent information stored on a disk.

99. What is Authorization and Integrity manager?

It is the program module, which tests for the satisfaction of integrity constraint and checks the authority of user to access data.

100. What are stand-alone procedures?

Procedures that are not part of a package are known as stand-alone because they independently defined. A good example of a stand-alone procedure is one written in a SQL*Forms application. These types of procedures are not available for reference from other Oracle tools. Another limitation of stand-alone procedures is that they are compiled at run time, which slows execution.

101. What are cursors give different types of cursors.

PL/SQL uses cursors for all database information accesses statements. The language supports the use two types of cursors

Ø Implicit

Ø Explicit

102. What is cold backup and hot backup (in case of Oracle)?

Cold Backup:

It is copying the three sets of files (database files, redo logs, and control file) when the instance is shut down. This is a straight file copy, usually from the disk directly to tape. You must shut down the instance to guarantee a consistent copy.

If a cold backup is performed, the only option available in the event of data file loss is restoring all the files from the latest backup. All work performed on the database since the last backup is lost.

Hot Backup:

Some sites (such as worldwide airline reservations systems) cannot shut down the database while making a backup copy of the files. The cold backup is not an available option.

So different means of backing up database must be used — the hot backup. Issue a SQL command to indicate to Oracle, on a tablespace-by-tablespace basis, that the files of the tablespace are to backed up. The users can continue to make full use of the files, including making changes to the data. Once the user has indicated that he/she wants to back up the tablespace files, he/she can use the operating system to copy those files to the desired backup destination.

The database must be running in ARCHIVELOG mode for the hot backup option.

If a data loss failure does occur, the lost database files can be restored using the hot backup and the online and offline redo logs created since the backup was done. The database is restored to the most consistent state without any loss of committed transactions.

103. What are Armstrong rules? How do we say that they are complete and/or sound

The well-known inference rules for FDs

Ø Reflexive rule :

If Y is subset or equal to X then X Y.

Ø Augmentation rule:

If X Y then XZ YZ.

Ø Transitive rule:

If {X Y, Y Z} then X Z.

Ø Decomposition rule :

If X YZ then X Y.

Ø Union or Additive rule:

If {X Y, X Z} then X YZ.

Ø Pseudo Transitive rule :

If {X Y, WY Z} then WX Z.

Of these the first three are known as Armstrong Rules. They are sound because it is enough if a set of FDs satisfy these three. They are called complete because using these three rules we can generate the rest all inference rules.

104. How can you find the minimal key of relational schema?

Minimal key is one which can identify each tuple of the given relation schema uniquely. For finding the minimal key it is required to find the closure that is the set of all attributes that are dependent on any given set of attributes under the given set of functional dependency.

Algo. I Determining X⁺, closure for X, given set of FDs F

1. Set X⁺ = X

2. Set Old X^{+ =}X⁺

3. For each FD Y Z in F and if Y belongs to X⁺ then add Z to X⁺

4. Repeat steps 2 and 3 until Old X⁺ = X⁺

Algo.II Determining minimal K for relation schema R, given set of FDs F

1. Set K to R that is make K a set of all attributes in R

2. For each attribute A in K

a. Compute (K – A)⁺ with respect to F

b. If (K – A)⁺ = R then set K = (K – A)⁺

105. What do you understand by dependency preservation?

Given a relation R and a set of FDs F, dependency preservation states that the closure of the union of the projection of F on each decomposed relation Ri is equal to the closure of F. i.e.,

((P_R1(F)) U … U (P_Rn(F)))⁺ = F⁺

if decomposition is not dependency preserving, then some dependency is lost in the decomposition.

106. What is meant by Proactive, Retroactive and Simultaneous Update.

Proactive Update:

The updates that are applied to database before it becomes effective in real world .

Retroactive Update:

The updates that are applied to database after it becomes effective in real world .

Simulatneous Update:

The updates that are applied to database at the same time when it becomes effective in real world .

C ++

2009-12-07T13:57:00.001-08:00

1) class Sample

{

public:

int *ptr;

Sample(int i)

{

ptr = new int(i);

}

~Sample()

{

delete ptr;

}

void PrintVal()

{

cout << "The value is " << *ptr;

}

};

void SomeFunc(Sample x)

{

cout << "Say i am in someFunc " <<>

}

int main()

{

Sample s1= 10;

SomeFunc(s1);

s1.PrintVal();

}

Answer:

Say i am in someFunc

Null pointer assignment(Run-time error)

Explanation:

As the object is passed by value to SomeFunc the destructor of the object is called when the control returns from the function. So when PrintVal is called it meets up with ptr that has been freed.The solution is to pass the Sample object by reference to SomeFunc:

void SomeFunc(Sample &x)

{

cout << "Say i am in someFunc " <<>

}

because when we pass objects by refernece that object is not destroyed. while returning from the function.

2) Which is the parameter that is added to every non-static member function when it is called?

Answer:

‘this’ pointer

3) class base

{

public:

int bval;

base(){ bval=0;}

};

class deri:public base

{

public:

int dval;

deri(){ dval=1;}

};

void SomeFunc(base *arr,int size)

{

for(int i=0; i

cout<bval;

cout<

}

int main()

{

base BaseArr[5];

SomeFunc(BaseArr,5);

deri DeriArr[5];

SomeFunc(DeriArr,5);

}

Answer:

00000

01010

Explanation:

The function SomeFunc expects two arguments.The first one is a pointer to an array of base class objects and the second one is the sizeof the array.The first call of someFunc calls it with an array of bae objects, so it works correctly and prints the bval of all the objects. When Somefunc is called the second time the argument passed is the pointeer to an array of derived class objects and not the array of base class objects. But that is what the function expects to be sent. So the derived class pointer is promoted to base class pointer and the address is sent to the function. SomeFunc() knows nothing about this and just treats the pointer as an array of base class objects. So when arr++ is met, the size of base class object is taken into consideration and is incremented by sizeof(int) bytes for bval (the deri class objects have bval and dval as members and so is of size >= sizeof(int)+sizeof(int) ).

4) class base

{

public:

void baseFun(){ cout<<"from base"<

};

class deri:public base

{

public:

void baseFun(){ cout<< "from derived"<

};

void SomeFunc(base *baseObj)

{

baseObj->baseFun();

}

int main()

{

base baseObject;

SomeFunc(&baseObject);

deri deriObject;

SomeFunc(&deriObject);

}

Answer:

from base

Explanation:

As we have seen in the previous case, SomeFunc expects a pointer to a base class. Since a pointer to a derived class object is passed, it treats the argument only as a base class pointer and the corresponding base function is called.

5) class base

{

public:

virtual void baseFun(){ cout<<"from base"<

};

class deri:public base

{

public:

void baseFun(){ cout<< "from derived"<

};

void SomeFunc(base *baseObj)

{

baseObj->baseFun();

}

int main()

{

base baseObject;

SomeFunc(&baseObject);

deri deriObject;

SomeFunc(&deriObject);

}

Answer:

from base

from derived

Explanation:

Remember that baseFunc is a virtual function. That means that it supports run-time polymorphism. So the function corresponding to the derived class object is called.

void main()

{

int a, *pa, &ra;

pa = &a;

ra = a;

cout <<"a="<

}

Answer :

Compiler Error: 'ra',reference must be initialized

Explanation :

Pointers are different from references. One of the main

differences is that the pointers can be both initialized and assigned,

whereas references can only be initialized. So this code issues an error.

const int size = 5;

void print(int *ptr)

{

cout<

}

void print(int ptr[size])

{

cout<

}

void main()

{

int a[size] = {1,2,3,4,5};

int *b = new int(size);

print(a);

print(b);

}

Answer:

Compiler Error : function 'void print(int *)' already has a body

Explanation:

Arrays cannot be passed to functions, only pointers (for arrays, base addresses)

can be passed. So the arguments int *ptr and int prt[size] have no difference

as function arguments. In other words, both the functoins have the same signature and

so cannot be overloaded.

class some{

public:

~some()

{

cout<<"some's destructor"<

}

};

void main()

{

some s;

s.~some();

}

Answer:

some's destructor

Explanation:

Destructors can be called explicitly. Here 's.~some()' explicitly calls the

destructor of 's'. When main() returns, destructor of s is called again,

hence the result.

#include

class fig2d

{

int dim1;

int dim2;

public:

fig2d() { dim1=5; dim2=6;}

virtual void operator<<(ostream & rhs);

};

void fig2d::operator<<(ostream &rhs)

{

rhs <dim1<<" "<dim2<<" ";

}

/*class fig3d : public fig2d

{

int dim3;

public:

fig3d() { dim3=7;}

virtual void operator<<(ostream &rhs);

};

void fig3d::operator<<(ostream &rhs)

{

fig2d::operator <<(rhs);

rhs<dim3;

}

void main()

{

fig2d obj1;

// fig3d obj2;

obj1 <<>

// obj2 <<>

}

Answer :

5 6

Explanation:

In this program, the <<>

This enables the 'cout' to be present at the right-hand-side. Normally, 'cout'

is implemented as global function, but it doesn't mean that 'cout' is not possible

to be overloaded as member function.

Overloading <<>

it is overloaded is inherited, and this becomes available to be overrided. This is as opposed

to global friend functions, where friend's are not inherited.

class opOverload{

public:

bool operator==(opOverload temp);

};

bool opOverload::operator==(opOverload temp){

if(*this == temp ){

cout<<"The both are same objects\n";

return true;

}

else{

cout<<"The both are different\n";

return false;

}

void main(){

opOverload a1, a2;

a1= =a2;

}

Answer :

Runtime Error: Stack Overflow

Explanation :

Just like normal functions, operator functions can be called recursively. This program just illustrates that point, by calling the operator == function recursively, leading to an infinite loop.

class complex{

double re;

double im;

public:

complex() : re(1),im(0.5) {}

bool operator==(complex &rhs);

operator int(){}

};

bool complex::operator == (complex &rhs){

if((this->re == rhs.re) && (this->im == rhs.im))

return true;

else

return false;

}

int main(){

complex c1;

cout<< c1;

}

Answer : Garbage value

Explanation:

The programmer wishes to print the complex object using output

re-direction operator,which he has not defined for his lass.But the compiler instead of giving an error sees the conversion function

and converts the user defined object to standard object and prints

some garbage value.

class complex{

double re;

double im;

public:

complex() : re(0),im(0) {}

complex(double n) { re=n,im=n;};

complex(int m,int n) { re=m,im=n;}

void print() { cout<

};

void main(){

complex c3;

double i=5;

c3 = i;

c3.print();

}

Answer:

5,5

Explanation:

Though no operator= function taking complex, double is defined, the double on the rhs is converted into a temporary object using the single argument constructor taking double and assigned to the lvalue.

void main()

{

int a, *pa, &ra;

pa = &a;

ra = a;

cout <<"a="<

}

Answer :

Compiler Error: 'ra',reference must be initialized

Explanation :

Pointers are different from references. One of the main

differences is that the pointers can be both initialized and assigned,

whereas references can only be initialized. So this code issues an error.

Try it Yourself

1) Determine the output of the 'C++' Codelet.

class base

{

public :

out()

{

cout<<"base ";

}

};

class deri{

public : out()

{

cout<<"deri ";

}

};

void main()

{ deri dp[3];

base *bp = (base*)dp;

for (int i=0; i<3;i++)

(bp++)->out();

}

2) Justify the use of virtual constructors and destructors in C++.

3) Each C++ object possesses the 4 member fns,(which can be declared by the programmer explicitly or by the implementation if they are not available). What are those 4 functions?

4) What is wrong with this class declaration?

class something

{

char *str;

public:

something(){

st = new char[10]; }

~something()

{

delete str;

}

};

5) Inheritance is also known as -------- relationship. Containership as ________ relationship.

6) When is it necessary to use member-wise initialization list (also known as header initialization list) in C++?

7) Which is the only operator in C++ which can be overloaded but NOT inherited.

8) Is there anything wrong with this C++ class declaration?

class temp

{

int value1;

mutable int value2;

public :

void fun(int val)

const{

((temp*) this)->value1 = 10;

value2 = 10;

}

};

1. What is a modifier?

Answer:

A modifier, also called a modifying function is a member function that changes the value of at least one data member. In other words, an operation that modifies the state of an object. Modifiers are also known as ‘mutators’.

2. What is an accessor?

Answer:

An accessor is a class operation that does not modify the state of an object. The accessor functions need to be declared as const operations

3. Differentiate between a template class and class template.

Answer:

Template class:

A generic definition or a parameterized class not instantiated until the client provides the needed information. It’s jargon for plain templates.

Class template:

A class template specifies how individual classes can be constructed much like the way a class specifies how individual objects can be constructed. It’s jargon for plain classes.

4. When does a name clash occur?

Answer:

A name clash occurs when a name is defined in more than one place. For example., two different class libraries could give two different classes the same name. If you try to use many class libraries at the same time, there is a fair chance that you will be unable to compile or link the program because of name clashes.

5. Define namespace.

Answer:

It is a feature in c++ to minimize name collisions in the global name space. This namespace keyword assigns a distinct name to a library that allows other libraries to use the same identifier names without creating any name collisions. Furthermore, the compiler uses the namespace signature for differentiating the definitions.

6. What is the use of ‘using’ declaration.

Answer:

A using declaration makes it possible to use a name from a namespace without the scope operator.

7. What is an Iterator class?

Answer:

A class that is used to traverse through the objects maintained by a container class. There are five categories of iterators:

Ø input iterators,

Ø output iterators,

Ø forward iterators,

Ø bidirectional iterators,

Ø random access.

An iterator is an entity that gives access to the contents of a container object without violating encapsulation constraints. Access to the contents is granted on a one-at-a-time basis in order. The order can be storage order (as in lists and queues) or some arbitrary order (as in array indices) or according to some ordering relation (as in an ordered binary tree). The iterator is a construct, which provides an interface that, when called, yields either the next element in the container, or some value denoting the fact that there are no more elements to examine. Iterators hide the details of access to and update of the elements of a container class.

The simplest and safest iterators are those that permit read-only access to the contents of a container class. The following code fragment shows how an iterator might appear in code:

cont_iter:=new cont_iterator();

x:=cont_iter.next();

while x/=none do

...

s(x);

...

x:=cont_iter.next();

end;

In this example, cont_iter is the name of the iterator. It is created on the first line by instantiation of cont_iterator class, an iterator class defined to iterate over some container class, cont. Succesive elements from the container are carried to x. The loop terminates when x is bound to some empty value. (Here, none)In the middle of the loop, there is s(x) an operation on x, the current element from the container. The next element of the container is obtained at the bottom of the loop.

9. List out some of the OODBMS available.

Answer:

Ø GEMSTONE/OPAL of Gemstone systems.

Ø ONTOS of Ontos.

Ø Objectivity of Objectivity inc.

Ø Versant of Versant object technology.

Ø Object store of Object Design.

Ø ARDENT of ARDENT software.

Ø POET of POET software.

10. List out some of the object-oriented methodologies.

Answer:

Ø Object Oriented Development (OOD) (Booch 1991,1994).

Ø Object Oriented Analysis and Design (OOA/D) (Coad and Yourdon 1991).

Ø Object Modelling Techniques (OMT) (Rumbaugh 1991).

Ø Object Oriented Software Engineering (Objectory) (Jacobson 1992).

Ø Object Oriented Analysis (OOA) (Shlaer and Mellor 1992).

Ø The Fusion Method (Coleman 1991).

11. What is an incomplete type?

Answer:

Incomplete types refers to pointers in which there is non availability of the implementation of the referenced location or it points to some location whose value is not available for modification.

Example:

int *i=0x400 // i points to address 400

*i=0; //set the value of memory location pointed by i.

Incomplete types are otherwise called uninitialized pointers.

12. What is a dangling pointer?

Answer:

A dangling pointer arises when you use the address of an object after its lifetime is over.

This may occur in situations like returning addresses of the automatic variables from a function or using the address of the memory block after it is freed.

13. Differentiate between the message and method.

Answer:

Message Method

Objects communicate by sending messages Provides response to a message.

to each other.

A message is sent to invoke a method. It is an implementation of an operation.

14. What is an adaptor class or Wrapper class?

Answer:

A class that has no functionality of its own. Its member functions hide the use of a third party software component or an object with the non-compatible interface or a non- object- oriented implementation.

15. What is a Null object?

Answer:

It is an object of some class whose purpose is to indicate that a real object of that class does not exist. One common use for a null object is a return value from a member function that is supposed to return an object with some specified properties but cannot find such an object.

16. What is class invariant?

Answer:

A class invariant is a condition that defines all valid states for an object. It is a logical condition to ensure the correct working of a class. Class invariants must hold when an object is created, and they must be preserved under all operations of the class. In particular all class invariants are both preconditions and post-conditions for all operations or member functions of the class.

17. What do you mean by Stack unwinding?

Answer:

It is a process during exception handling when the destructor is called for all local objects between the place where the exception was thrown and where it is caught.

18. Define precondition and post-condition to a member function.

Answer:

Precondition:

A precondition is a condition that must be true on entry to a member function. A class is used correctly if preconditions are never false. An operation is not responsible for doing anything sensible if its precondition fails to hold.

For example, the interface invariants of stack class say nothing about pushing yet another element on a stack that is already full. We say that isful() is a precondition of the push operation.

Post-condition:

A post-condition is a condition that must be true on exit from a member function if the precondition was valid on entry to that function. A class is implemented correctly if post-conditions are never false.

For example, after pushing an element on the stack, we know that isempty() must necessarily hold. This is a post-condition of the push operation.

19. What are the conditions that have to be met for a condition to be an invariant of the class?

Answer:

Ø The condition should hold at the end of every constructor.

Ø The condition should hold at the end of every mutator(non-const) operation.

20. What are proxy objects?

Answer:

Objects that stand for other objects are called proxy objects or surrogates.

Example:

template

class Array2D

{

public:

class Array1D

{

public:

T& operator[] (int index);

const T& operator[] (int index) const;

...

};

Array1D operator[] (int index);

const Array1D operator[] (int index) const;

...

};

The following then becomes legal:

Array2Ddata(10,20);

........

cout< // fine

Here data[3] yields an Array1D object and the operator [] invocation on that object yields the float in position(3,6) of the original two dimensional array. Clients of the Array2D class need not be aware of the presence of the Array1D class. Objects of this latter class stand for one-dimensional array objects that, conceptually, do not exist for clients of Array2D. Such clients program as if they were using real, live, two-dimensional arrays. Each Array1D object stands for a one-dimensional array that is absent from a conceptual model used by the clients of Array2D. In the above example, Array1D is a proxy class. Its instances stand for one-dimensional arrays that, conceptually, do not exist.

21. Name some pure object oriented languages.

Answer:

Ø Smalltalk,

Ø Java,

Ø Eiffel,

Ø Sather.

22. Name the operators that cannot be overloaded.

Answer:

sizeof . .* .-> :: ?:

23. What is a node class?

Answer:

A node class is a class that,

Ø relies on the base class for services and implementation,

Ø provides a wider interface to te users than its base class,

Ø relies primarily on virtual functions in its public interface

Ø depends on all its direct and indirect base class

Ø can be understood only in the context of the base class

Ø can be used as base for further derivation

Ø can be used to create objects.

A node class is a class that has added new services or functionality beyond the services inherited from its base class.

24. What is an orthogonal base class?

Answer:

If two base classes have no overlapping methods or data they are said to be independent of, or orthogonal to each other. Orthogonal in the sense means that two classes operate in different dimensions and do not interfere with each other in any way. The same derived class may inherit such classes with no difficulty.

25. What is a container class? What are the types of container classes?

Answer:

A container class is a class that is used to hold objects in memory or external storage. A container class acts as a generic holder. A container class has a predefined behavior and a well-known interface. A container class is a supporting class whose purpose is to hide the topology used for maintaining the list of objects in memory. When a container class contains a group of mixed objects, the container is called a heterogeneous container; when the container is holding a group of objects that are all the same, the container is called a homogeneous container.

26. What is a protocol class?

Answer:

An abstract class is a protocol class if:

Ø it neither contains nor inherits from classes that contain member data, non-virtual functions, or private (or protected) members of any kind.

Ø it has a non-inline virtual destructor defined with an empty implementation,

Ø all member functions other than the destructor including inherited functions, are declared pure virtual functions and left undefined.

27. What is a mixin class?

Answer:

A class that provides some but not all of the implementation for a virtual base class is often called mixin. Derivation done just for the purpose of redefining the virtual functions in the base classes is often called mixin inheritance. Mixin classes typically don't share common bases.

28. What is a concrete class?

Answer:

A concrete class is used to define a useful object that can be instantiated as an automatic variable on the program stack. The implementation of a concrete class is defined. The concrete class is not intended to be a base class and no attempt to minimize dependency on other classes in the implementation or behavior of the class.

29.What is the handle class?

Answer:

A handle is a class that maintains a pointer to an object that is programmatically accessible through the public interface of the handle class.

Explanation:

In case of abstract classes, unless one manipulates the objects of these classes through pointers and references, the benefits of the virtual functions are lost. User code may become dependent on details of implementation classes because an abstract type cannot be allocated statistically or on the stack without its size being known. Using pointers or references implies that the burden of memory management falls on the user. Another limitation of abstract class object is of fixed size. Classes however are used to represent concepts that require varying amounts of storage to implement them.

A popular technique for dealing with these issues is to separate what is used as a single object in two parts: a handle providing the user interface and a representation holding all or most of the object's state. The connection between the handle and the representation is typically a pointer in the handle. Often, handles have a bit more data than the simple representation pointer, but not much more. Hence the layout of the handle is typically stable, even when the representation changes and also that handles are small enough to move around relatively freely so that the user needn’t use the pointers and the references.

30. What is an action class?

Answer:

The simplest and most obvious way to specify an action in C++ is to write a function. However, if the action has to be delayed, has to be transmitted 'elsewhere' before being performed, requires its own data, has to be combined with other actions, etc then it often becomes attractive to provide the action in the form of a class that can execute the desired action and provide other services as well. Manipulators used with iostreams is an obvious example.

Explanation:

A common form of action class is a simple class containing just one virtual function.

class Action

{

public:

virtual int do_it( int )=0;

virtual ~Action( );

}

Given this, we can write code say a member that can store actions for later execution without using pointers to functions, without knowing anything about the objects involved, and without even knowing the name of the operation it invokes. For example:

class write_file : public Action

{

File& f;

public:

int do_it(int)

{

return fwrite( ).suceed( );

}

};

class error_message: public Action

{

response_box db(message.cstr( ),"Continue","Cancel","Retry");

switch (db.getresponse( ))

{

case 0: return 0;

case 1: abort();

case 2: current_operation.redo( );return 1;

}

};

A user of the Action class will be completely isolated from any knowledge of derived classes such as write_file and error_message.

31. When can you tell that a memory leak will occur?

Answer:

A memory leak occurs when a program loses the ability to free a block of dynamically allocated memory.

32.What is a parameterized type?

Answer:

A template is a parameterized construct or type containing generic code that can use or manipulate any type. It is called parameterized because an actual type is a parameter of the code body. Polymorphism may be achieved through parameterized types. This type of polymorphism is called parameteric polymorphism. Parameteric polymorphism is the mechanism by which the same code is used on different types passed as parameters.

33. Differentiate between a deep copy and a shallow copy?

Answer:

Deep copy involves using the contents of one object to create another instance of the same class. In a deep copy, the two objects may contain ht same information but the target object will have its own buffers and resources. the destruction of either object will not affect the remaining object. The overloaded assignment operator would create a deep copy of objects.

Shallow copy involves copying the contents of one object into another instance of the same class thus creating a mirror image. Owing to straight copying of references and pointers, the two objects will share the same externally contained contents of the other object to be unpredictable.

Explanation:

Using a copy constructor we simply copy the data values member by member. This method of copying is called shallow copy. If the object is a simple class, comprised of built in types and no pointers this would be acceptable. This function would use the values and the objects and its behavior would not be altered with a shallow copy, only the addresses of pointers that are members are copied and not the value the address is pointing to. The data values of the object would then be inadvertently altered by the function. When the function goes out of scope, the copy of the object with all its data is popped off the stack.

If the object has any pointers a deep copy needs to be executed. With the deep copy of an object, memory is allocated for the object in free store and the elements pointed to are copied. A deep copy is used for objects that are returned from a function.

34. What is an opaque pointer?

Answer:

A pointer is said to be opaque if the definition of the type to which it points to is not included in the current translation unit. A translation unit is the result of merging an implementation file with all its headers and header files.

35. What is a smart pointer?

Answer:

A smart pointer is an object that acts, looks and feels like a normal pointer but offers more functionality. In C++, smart pointers are implemented as template classes that encapsulate a pointer and override standard pointer operators. They have a number of advantages over regular pointers. They are guaranteed to be initialized as either null pointers or pointers to a heap object. Indirection through a null pointer is checked. No delete is ever necessary. Objects are automatically freed when the last pointer to them has gone away. One significant problem with these smart pointers is that unlike regular pointers, they don't respect inheritance. Smart pointers are unattractive for polymorphic code. Given below is an example for the implementation of smart pointers.

Example:

template

class smart_pointer

{

public:

smart_pointer(); // makes a null pointer

smart_pointer(const X& x) // makes pointer to copy of x

X& operator *( );

const X& operator*( ) const;

X* operator->() const;

smart_pointer(const smart_pointer &);

const smart_pointer & operator =(const smart_pointer&);

~smart_pointer();

private:

//...

};

This class implement a smart pointer to an object of type X. The object itself is located on the heap. Here is how to use it:

smart_pointer p= employee("Harris",1333);

Like other overloaded operators, p will behave like a regular pointer,

cout<<*p;

p->raise_salary(0.5);

36. What is reflexive association?

Answer:

The 'is-a' is called a reflexive association because the reflexive association permits classes to bear the is-a association not only with their super-classes but also with themselves. It differs from a 'specializes-from' as 'specializes-from' is usually used to describe the association between a super-class and a sub-class. For example:

Printer is-a printer.

37. What is slicing?

Answer:

Slicing means that the data added by a subclass are discarded when an object of the subclass is passed or returned by value or from a function expecting a base class object.

Explanation:

Consider the following class declaration:

class base

{

...

base& operator =(const base&);

base (const base&);

}

void fun( )

{

base e=m;

e=m;

}

As base copy functions don't know anything about the derived only the base part of the derived is copied. This is commonly referred to as slicing. One reason to pass objects of classes in a hierarchy is to avoid slicing. Other reasons are to preserve polymorphic behavior and to gain efficiency.

38. What is name mangling?

Answer:

Name mangling is the process through which your c++ compilers give each function in your program a unique name. In C++, all programs have at-least a few functions with the same name. Name mangling is a concession to the fact that linker always insists on all function names being unique.

Example:

In general, member names are made unique by concatenating the name of the member with that of the class e.g. given the declaration:

class Bar

{

public:

int ival;

...

};

ival becomes something like:

// a possible member name mangling

ival__3Bar

Consider this derivation:

class Foo : public Bar

{

public:

int ival;

...

}

The internal representation of a Foo object is the concatenation of its base and derived class members.

// Pseudo C++ code

// Internal representation of Foo

class Foo

{

public:

int ival__3Bar;

int ival__3Foo;

...

};

Unambiguous access of either ival members is achieved through name mangling. Member functions, because they can be overloaded, require an extensive mangling to provide each with a unique name. Here the compiler generates the same name for the two overloaded instances(Their argument lists make their instances unique).

39. What are proxy objects?

Answer:

Objects that points to other objects are called proxy objects or surrogates. Its an object that provides the same interface as its server object but does not have any functionality. During a method invocation, it routes data to the true server object and sends back the return value to the object.

40. Differentiate between declaration and definition in C++.

Answer:

A declaration introduces a name into the program; a definition provides a unique description of an entity (e.g. type, instance, and function). Declarations can be repeated in a given scope, it introduces a name in a given scope. There must be exactly one definition of every object, function or class used in a C++ program.

A declaration is a definition unless:

Ø it declares a function without specifying its body,

Ø it contains an extern specifier and no initializer or function body,

Ø it is the declaration of a static class data member without a class definition,

Ø it is a class name definition,

Ø it is a typedef declaration.

A definition is a declaration unless:

Ø it defines a static class data member,

Ø it defines a non-inline member function.

41. What is cloning?

Answer:

An object can carry out copying in two ways i.e. it can set itself to be a copy of another object, or it can return a copy of itself. The latter process is called cloning.

42. Describe the main characteristics of static functions.

Answer:

The main characteristics of static functions include,

Ø It is without the a this pointer,

Ø It can't directly access the non-static members of its class

Ø It can't be declared const, volatile or virtual.

Ø It doesn't need to be invoked through an object of its class, although for convenience, it may.

43. Will the inline function be compiled as the inline function always? Justify.

Answer:

An inline function is a request and not a command. Hence it won't be compiled as an inline function always.

Explanation:

Inline-expansion could fail if the inline function contains loops, the address of an inline function is used, or an inline function is called in a complex expression. The rules for inlining are compiler dependent.

44. Define a way other than using the keyword inline to make a function inline.

Answer:

The function must be defined inside the class.

45. How can a '::' operator be used as unary operator?

Answer:

The scope operator can be used to refer to members of the global namespace. Because the global namespace doesn’t have a name, the notation :: member-name refers to a member of the global namespace. This can be useful for referring to members of global namespace whose names have been hidden by names declared in nested local scope. Unless we specify to the compiler in which namespace to search for a declaration, the compiler simple searches the current scope, and any scopes in which the current scope is nested, to find the declaration for the name.

46. What is placement new?

Answer:

When you want to call a constructor directly, you use the placement new. Sometimes you have some raw memory that's already been allocated, and you need to construct an object in the memory you have. Operator new's special version placement new allows you to do it.

class Widget

{

public :

Widget(int widgetsize);

...

Widget* Construct_widget_int_buffer(void *buffer,int widgetsize)

{

return new(buffer) Widget(widgetsize);

}

};

This function returns a pointer to a Widget object that's constructed within the buffer passed to the function. Such a function might be useful for applications using shared memory or memory-mapped I/O, because objects in such applications must be placed at specific addresses or in memory allocated by special routines.

OOAD

1. What do you mean by analysis and design?

Analysis:

Basically, it is the process of determining what needs to be done before how it should be done. In order to accomplish this, the developer refers the existing systems and documents. So, simply it is an art of discovery.

Design:

It is the process of adopting/choosing the one among the many, which best accomplishes the users needs. So, simply, it is compromising mechanism.

2. What are the steps involved in designing?

Before getting into the design the designer should go through the SRS prepared by the System Analyst.

The main tasks of design are Architectural Design and Detailed Design.

In Architectural Design we find what are the main modules in the problem domain.

In Detailed Design we find what should be done within each module.

3. What are the main underlying concepts of object orientation?

Objects, messages, class, inheritance and polymorphism are the main concepts of object orientation.

4. What do u meant by "SBI" of an object?

SBI stands for State, Behavior and Identity. Since every object has the above three.

Ø State:

It is just a value to the attribute of an object at a particular time.

Ø Behaviour:

It describes the actions and their reactions of that object.

Ø Identity:

An object has an identity that characterizes its own existence. The identity makes it possible to distinguish any object in an unambiguous way, and independently from its state.

5. Differentiate persistent & non-persistent objects?

Persistent refers to an object's ability to transcend time or space. A persistent object stores/saves its state in a permanent storage system with out losing the information represented by the object.

A non-persistent object is said to be transient or ephemeral. By default objects are considered as non-persistent.

6. What do you meant by active and passive objects?

Active objects are one which instigate an interaction which owns a thread and they are responsible for handling control to other objects. In simple words it can be referred as client.

Passive objects are one, which passively waits for the message to be processed. It waits for another object that requires its services. In simple words it can be referred as server.

Diagram:

client server

(Active) (Passive)

7. What is meant by software development method?

Software development method describes how to model and build software systems in a reliable and reproducible way. To put it simple, methods that are used to represent ones' thinking using graphical notations.

8. What are models and meta models?

Model:

It is a complete description of something (i.e. system).

Meta model:

It describes the model elements, syntax and semantics of the notation that allows their manipulation.

9. What do you meant by static and dynamic modeling?

Static modeling is used to specify structure of the objects that exist in the problem domain. These are expressed using class, object and USECASE diagrams.

But Dynamic modeling refers representing the object interactions during runtime. It is represented by sequence, activity, collaboration and statechart diagrams.

10. How to represent the interaction between the modeling elements?

Model element is just a notation to represent (Graphically) the entities that exist in the problem domain. e.g. for modeling element is class notation, object notation etc.

Relationships are used to represent the interaction between the modeling elements.

The following are the Relationships.

Ø Association: Its' just a semantic connection two classes.

e.g.:

Ø Aggregation: Its' the relationship between two classes which are related in the fashion that master and slave. The master takes full rights than the slave. Since the slave works under the master. It is represented as line with diamond in the master area.

ex:

car contains wheels, etc.

car

Ø Containment: This relationship is applied when the part contained with in the whole part, dies when the whole part dies.

It is represented as darked diamond at the whole part.

example:

class A{

//some code

};

class B

{

A aa; // an object of class A;

// some code for class B;

};

In the above example we see that an object of class A is instantiated with in the class B. so the object class A dies when the object class B dies.we can represnt it in diagram like this.

Ø Generalization: This relationship used when we want represents a class, which captures the common states of objects of different classes. It is represented as arrow line pointed at the class, which has captured the common states.

Ø Dependency: It is the relationship between dependent and independent classes. Any change in the independent class will affect the states of the dependent class.

DIAGRAM:

class A class B

11. Why generalization is very strong?

Even though Generalization satisfies Structural, Interface, Behaviour properties. It is mathematically very strong, as it is Antisymmetric and Transitive.

Antisymmetric: employee is a person, but not all persons are employees. Mathematically all As’ are B, but all Bs’ not A.

Transitive: A=>B, B=>c then A=>c.

A. Salesman.

B. Employee.

C. Person.

Note: All the other relationships satisfy all the properties like Structural properties, Interface properties, Behaviour properties.

12. Differentiate Aggregation and containment?

Aggregation is the relationship between the whole and a part. We can add/subtract some properties in the part (slave) side. It won't affect the whole part.

Best example is Car, which contains the wheels and some extra parts. Even though the parts are not there we can call it as car.

But, in the case of containment the whole part is affected when the part within that got affected. The human body is an apt example for this relationship. When the whole body dies the parts (heart etc) are died.

13. Can link and Association applied interchangeably?

No, You cannot apply the link and Association interchangeably. Since link is used represent the relationship between the two objects.

But Association is used represent the relationship between the two classes.

link :: student:Abhilash course:MCA

Association:: student course

14. what is meant by "method-wars"?

Before 1994 there were different methodologies like Rumbaugh, Booch, Jacobson, Meyer etc who followed their own notations to model the systems. The developers were in a dilemma to choose the method which best accomplishes their needs. This particular span was called as "method-wars"

15. Whether unified method and unified modeling language are same or different?

Unified method is convergence of the Rumbaugh and Booch.

Unified modeling lang. is the fusion of Rumbaugh, Booch and Jacobson as well as Betrand Meyer (whose contribution is "sequence diagram"). Its' the superset of all the methodologies.

16. Who were the three famous amigos and what was their contribution to the object community?

The Three amigos namely,

Ø James Rumbaugh (OMT): A veteran in analysis who came up with an idea about the objects and their Relationships (in particular Associations).

Ø Grady Booch: A veteran in design who came up with an idea about partitioning of systems into subsystems.

Ø Ivar Jacobson (Objectory): The father of USECASES, who described about the user and system interaction.

17. Differentiate the class representation of Booch, Rumbaugh and UML?

If you look at the class representaiton of Rumbaugh and UML, It is some what similar and both are very easy to draw.

Representation: OMT UML.

Diagram:

Booch: In this method classes are represented as "Clouds" which are not very easy to draw as for as the developer's view is concern.

Diagram:

18. What is an USECASE? Why it is needed?

A Use Case is a description of a set of sequence of actions that a system performs that yields an observable result of value to a particular action.

In SSAD process <=> In OOAD USECASE. It is represented elliptically.

Representation:

19. Who is an Actor?

An Actor is someone or something that must interact with the system.In addition to that an Actor initiates the process(that is USECASE).

It is represented as a stickman like this.

Diagram:

20. What is guard condition?

Guard condition is one, which acts as a firewall. The access from a particular object can be made only when the particular condition is met.

For Example,

customer check customer number ATM.

Here the object on the customer accesses the ATM facility only when the guard condition is met.

21. Differentiate the following notations?

I: :obj1 :obj2

II: :obj1 :obj2

In the above representation I, obj1 sends message to obj2. But in the case of II the data is transferred from obj1 to obj2.

22. USECASE is an implementation independent notation. How will the designer give the implementation details of a particular USECASE to the programmer?

This can be accomplished by specifying the relationship called "refinement” which talks about the two different abstraction of the same thing.

Or example,

calculate pay calculate

class1 class2 class3

23. Suppose a class acts an Actor in the problem domain, how to represent it in the static model?

In this scenario you can use “stereotype”. Since stereotype is just a string that gives extra semantic to the particular entity/model element. It is given with in the << >>.

class A

<<>>

attributes

methods.

24. Why does the function arguments are called as "signatures"?

The arguments distinguish functions with the same name (functional polymorphism). The name alone does not necessarily identify a unique function. However, the name and its arguments (signatures) will uniquely identify a function.

In real life we see suppose, in class there are two guys with same name, but they can be easily identified by their signatures. The same concept is applied here.

ex:

class person

{

public:

char getsex();

void setsex(char);

void setsex(int);

};

In the above example we see that there is a function setsex() with same name but with different signature.

C - the sea

2009-12-07T13:57:00.000-08:00

1. void main()

{

int const * p=5;

printf("%d",++(*p));

}

Answer:

Compiler error: Cannot modify a constant value.

Explanation:

p is a pointer to a "constant integer". But we tried to change the value of the "constant integer".

2. main()

{

char s[ ]="man";

int i;

for(i=0;s[ i ];i++)

printf("\n%c%c%c%c",s[ i ],*(s+i),*(i+s),i[s]);

}

Answer:

mmmm

aaaa

nnnn

Explanation:

s[i], *(i+s), *(s+i), i[s] are all different ways of expressing the same idea. Generally array name is the base address for that array. Here s is the base address. i is the index number/displacement from the base address. So, indirecting it with * is same as s[i]. i[s] may be surprising. But in the case of C it is same as s[i].

3. main()

{

float me = 1.1;

double you = 1.1;

if(me==you)

printf("I love U");

else

printf("I hate U");

}

Answer:

I hate U

Explanation:

For floating point numbers (float, double, long double) the values cannot be predicted exactly. Depending on the number of bytes, the precession with of the value represented varies. Float takes 4 bytes and long double takes 10 bytes. So float stores 0.9 with less precision than long double.

Rule of Thumb:

Never compare or at-least be cautious when using floating point numbers with relational operators (== , >, <, <=, >=,!= ) .

4. main()

{

static int var = 5;

printf("%d ",var--);

if(var)

main();

}

Answer:

5 4 3 2 1

Explanation:

When static storage class is given, it is initialized once. The change in the value of a static variable is retained even between the function calls. Main is also treated like any other ordinary function, which can be called recursively.

5. main()

{

int c[ ]={2.8,3.4,4,6.7,5};

int j,*p=c,*q=c;

for(j=0;j<5;j++)>

printf(" %d ",*c);

++q; }

for(j=0;j<5;j++){

printf(" %d ",*p);

++p; }

}

Answer:

2 2 2 2 2 2 3 4 6 5

Explanation:

Initially pointer c is assigned to both p and q. In the first loop, since only q is incremented and not c , the value 2 will be printed 5 times. In second loop p itself is incremented. So the values 2 3 4 6 5 will be printed.

6. main()

{

extern int i;

i=20;

printf("%d",i);

}

Answer:

Linker Error : Undefined symbol '_i'

Explanation:

extern storage class in the following declaration,

extern int i;

specifies to the compiler that the memory for i is allocated in some other program and that address will be given to the current program at the time of linking. But linker finds that no other variable of name i is available in any other program with memory space allocated for it. Hence a linker error has occurred .

7. main()

{

int i=-1,j=-1,k=0,l=2,m;

m=i++&&j++&&k++||l++;

printf("%d %d %d %d %d",i,j,k,l,m);

}

Answer:

0 0 1 3 1

Explanation :

Logical operations always give a result of 1 or 0 . And also the logical AND (&&) operator has higher priority over the logical OR (||) operator. So the expression ‘i++ && j++ && k++’ is executed first. The result of this expression is 0 (-1 && -1 && 0 = 0). Now the expression is 0 || 2 which evaluates to 1 (because OR operator always gives 1 except for ‘0 || 0’ combination- for which it gives 0). So the value of m is 1. The values of other variables are also incremented by 1.

8. main()

{

char *p;

printf("%d %d ",sizeof(*p),sizeof(p));

}

Answer:

1 2

Explanation:

The sizeof() operator gives the number of bytes taken by its operand. P is a character pointer, which needs one byte for storing its value (a character). Hence sizeof(*p) gives a value of 1. Since it needs two bytes to store the address of the character pointer sizeof(p) gives 2.

9. main()

{

int i=3;

switch(i)

{

default:printf("zero");

case 1: printf("one");

break;

case 2:printf("two");

break;

case 3: printf("three");

break;

}

Answer :

three

Explanation :

The default case can be placed anywhere inside the loop. It is executed only when all other cases doesn't match.

10. main()

{

printf("%x",-1<<4);

}

Answer:

fff0

Explanation :

-1 is internally represented as all 1's. When left shifted four times the least significant 4 bits are filled with 0's.The %x format specifier specifies that the integer value be printed as a hexadecimal value.

11. main()

{

char string[]="Hello World";

display(string);

}

void display(char *string)

{

printf("%s",string);

}

Answer:

Compiler Error : Type mismatch in redeclaration of function display

Explanation :

In third line, when the function display is encountered, the compiler doesn't know anything about the function display. It assumes the arguments and return types to be integers, (which is the default type). When it sees the actual function display, the arguments and type contradicts with what it has assumed previously. Hence a compile time error occurs.

12. main()

{

int c=- -2;

printf("c=%d",c);

}

Answer:

c=2;

Explanation:

Here unary minus (or negation) operator is used twice. Same maths rules applies, ie. minus * minus= plus.

Note:

However you cannot give like --2. Because -- operator can only be applied to variables as a decrement operator (eg., i--). 2 is a constant and not a variable.

13. #define int char

main()

{

int i=65;

printf("sizeof(i)=%d",sizeof(i));

}

Answer:

sizeof(i)=1

Explanation:

Since the #define replaces the string int by the macro char

14. main()

{

int i=10;

i=!i>14;

Printf ("i=%d",i);

}

Answer:

i=0

Explanation:

In the expression !i>14 , NOT (!) operator has more precedence than ‘ >’ symbol. ! is a unary logical operator. !i (!10) is 0 (not of true is false). 0>14 is false (zero).

15. #include

main()

{

char s[]={'a','b','c','\n','c','\0'};

char *p,*str,*str1;

p=&s[3];

str=p;

str1=s;

printf("%d",++*p + ++*str1-32);

}

Answer:

Explanation:

p is pointing to character '\n'. str1 is pointing to character 'a' ++*p. "p is pointing to '\n' and that is incremented by one." the ASCII value of '\n' is 10, which is then incremented to 11. The value of ++*p is 11. ++*str1, str1 is pointing to 'a' that is incremented by 1 and it becomes 'b'. ASCII value of 'b' is 98.

Now performing (11 + 98 – 32), we get 77("M");

So we get the output 77 :: "M" (Ascii is 77).

16. #include

main()

{

int a[2][2][2] = { {10,2,3,4}, {5,6,7,8} };

int *p,*q;

p=&a[2][2][2];

*q=***a;

printf("%d----%d",*p,*q);

}

Answer:

SomeGarbageValue---1

Explanation:

p=&a[2][2][2] you declare only two 2D arrays, but you are trying to access the third 2D(which you are not declared) it will print garbage values. *q=***a starting address of a is assigned integer pointer. Now q is pointing to starting address of a. If you print *q, it will print first element of 3D array.

17. #include

main()

{

struct xx

{

int x=3;

char name[]="hello";

};

struct xx *s;

printf("%d",s->x);

printf("%s",s->name);

}

Answer:

Compiler Error

Explanation:

You should not initialize variables in declaration

18. #include

main()

{

struct xx

{

int x;

struct yy

{

char s;

struct xx *p;

};

struct yy *q;

};

}

Answer:

Compiler Error

Explanation:

The structure yy is nested within structure xx. Hence, the elements are of yy are to be accessed through the instance of structure xx, which needs an instance of yy to be known. If the instance is created after defining the structure the compiler will not know about the instance relative to xx. Hence for nested structure yy you have to declare member.

19. main()

{

printf("\nab");

printf("\bsi");

printf("\rha");

}

Answer:

hai

Explanation:

\n - newline

\b - backspace

\r - linefeed

20. main()

{

int i=5;

printf("%d%d%d%d%d%d",i++,i--,++i,--i,i);

}

Answer:

45545

Explanation:

The arguments in a function call are pushed into the stack from left to right. The evaluation is by popping out from the stack. and the evaluation is from right to left, hence the result.

21. #define square(x) x*x

main()

{

int i;

i = 64/square(4);

printf("%d",i);

}

Answer:

Explanation:

the macro call square(4) will substituted by 4*4 so the expression becomes i = 64/4*4 . Since / and * has equal priority the expression will be evaluated as (64/4)*4 i.e. 16*4 = 64

22. main()

{

char *p="hai friends",*p1;

p1=p;

while(*p!='\0') ++*p++;

printf("%s %s",p,p1);

}

Answer:

ibj!gsjfoet

Explanation:

++*p++ will be parse in the given order

Ø *p that is value at the location currently pointed by p will be taken

Ø ++*p the retrieved value will be incremented

Ø when ; is encountered the location will be incremented that is p++ will be executed

Hence, in the while loop initial value pointed by p is ‘h’, which is changed to ‘i’ by executing ++*p and pointer moves to point, ‘a’ which is similarly changed to ‘b’ and so on. Similarly blank space is converted to ‘!’. Thus, we obtain value in p becomes “ibj!gsjfoet” and since p reaches ‘\0’ and p1 points to p thus p1doesnot print anything.

23. #include

#define a 10

main()

{

#define a 50

printf("%d",a);

}

Answer:

Explanation:

The preprocessor directives can be redefined anywhere in the program. So the most recently assigned value will be taken.

24. #define clrscr() 100

main()

{

clrscr();

printf("%d\n",clrscr());

}

Answer:

100

Explanation:

Preprocessor executes as a seperate pass before the execution of the compiler. So textual replacement of clrscr() to 100 occurs.The input program to compiler looks like this :

main()

{

100;

printf("%d\n",100);

}

Note:

100; is an executable statement but with no action. So it doesn't give any problem

25. main()

{

printf("%p",main);

}

Answer:

Some address will be printed.

Explanation:

Function names are just addresses (just like array names are addresses).

main() is also a function. So the address of function main will be printed. %p in printf specifies that the argument is an address. They are printed as hexadecimal numbers.

27) main()

{

clrscr();

}

clrscr();

Answer:

No output/error

Explanation:

The first clrscr() occurs inside a function. So it becomes a function call. In the second clrscr(); is a function declaration (because it is not inside any function).

28) enum colors {BLACK,BLUE,GREEN}

main()

{

printf("%d..%d..%d",BLACK,BLUE,GREEN);

return(1);

}

Answer:

0..1..2

Explanation:

enum assigns numbers starting from 0, if not explicitly defined.

29) void main()

{

char far *farther,*farthest;

printf("%d..%d",sizeof(farther),sizeof(farthest));

}

Answer:

4..2

Explanation:

the second pointer is of char type and not a far pointer

30) main()

{

int i=400,j=300;

printf("%d..%d");

}

Answer:

400..300

Explanation:

printf takes the values of the first two assignments of the program. Any number of printf's may be given. All of them take only the first two values. If more number of assignments given in the program,then printf will take garbage values.

31) main()

{

char *p;

p="Hello";

printf("%c\n",*&*p);

}

Answer:

Explanation:

* is a dereference operator & is a reference operator. They can be applied any number of times provided it is meaningful. Here p points to the first character in the string "Hello". *p dereferences it and so its value is H. Again & references it to an address and * dereferences it to the value H.

32) main()

{

int i=1;

while (i<=5)

{

printf("%d",i);

if (i>2)

goto here;

i++;

}

fun()

{

here:

printf("PP");

}

Answer:

Compiler error: Undefined label 'here' in function main

Explanation:

Labels have functions scope, in other words The scope of the labels is limited to functions . The label 'here' is available in function fun() Hence it is not visible in function main.

33) main()

{

static char names[5][20]={"pascal","ada","cobol","fortran","perl"};

int i;

char *t;

t=names[3];

names[3]=names[4];

names[4]=t;

for (i=0;i<=4;i++)

printf("%s",names[i]);

}

Answer:

Compiler error: Lvalue required in function main

Explanation:

Array names are pointer constants. So it cannot be modified.

34) void main()

{

int i=5;

printf("%d",i++ + ++i);

}

Answer:

Output Cannot be predicted exactly.

Explanation:

Side effects are involved in the evaluation of i

35) void main()

{

int i=5;

printf("%d",i+++++i);

}

Answer:

Compiler Error

Explanation:

The expression i+++++i is parsed as i ++ ++ + i which is an illegal combination of operators.

36) #include

main()

{

int i=1,j=2;

switch(i)

{

case 1: printf("GOOD");

break;

case j: printf("BAD");

break;

}

Answer:

Compiler Error: Constant expression required in function main.

Explanation:

The case statement can have only constant expressions (this implies that we cannot use variable names directly so an error).

Note:

Enumerated types can be used in case statements.

37) main()

{

int i;

printf("%d",scanf("%d",&i)); // value 10 is given as input here

}

Answer:

Explanation:

Scanf returns number of items successfully read and not 1/0. Here 10 is given as input which should have been scanned successfully. So number of items read is 1.

38) #define f(g,g2) g##g2

main()

{

int var12=100;

printf("%d",f(var,12));

}

Answer:

100

39) main()

{

int i=0;

for(;i++;printf("%d",i)) ;

printf("%d",i);

}

Answer:

Explanation:

before entering into the for loop the checking condition is "evaluated". Here it evaluates to 0 (false) and comes out of the loop, and i is incremented (note the semicolon after the for loop).

40) #include

main()

{

char s[]={'a','b','c','\n','c','\0'};

char *p,*str,*str1;

p=&s[3];

str=p;

str1=s;

printf("%d",++*p + ++*str1-32);

}

Answer:

Explanation:

p is pointing to character '\n'.str1 is pointing to character 'a' ++*p meAnswer:"p is pointing to '\n' and that is incremented by one." the ASCII value of '\n' is 10. then it is incremented to 11. the value of ++*p is 11. ++*str1 meAnswer:"str1 is pointing to 'a' that is incremented by 1 and it becomes 'b'. ASCII value of 'b' is 98. both 11 and 98 is added and result is subtracted from 32.

i.e. (11+98-32)=77("M");

41) #include

main()

{

struct xx

{

int x=3;

char name[]="hello";

};

struct xx *s=malloc(sizeof(struct xx));

printf("%d",s->x);

printf("%s",s->name);

}

Answer:

Compiler Error

Explanation:

Initialization should not be done for structure members inside the structure declaration

42) #include

main()

{

struct xx

{

int x;

struct yy

{

char s;

struct xx *p;

};

struct yy *q;

};

}

Answer:

Compiler Error

Explanation:

in the end of nested structure yy a member have to be declared.

43) main()

{

extern int i;

i=20;

printf("%d",sizeof(i));

}

Answer:

Linker error: undefined symbol '_i'.

Explanation:

extern declaration specifies that the variable i is defined somewhere else. The compiler passes the external variable to be resolved by the linker. So compiler doesn't find an error. During linking the linker searches for the definition of i. Since it is not found the linker flags an error.

44) main()

{

printf("%d", out);

}

int out=100;

Answer:

Compiler error: undefined symbol out in function main.

Explanation:

The rule is that a variable is available for use from the point of declaration. Even though a is a global variable, it is not available for main. Hence an error.

45) main()

{

extern out;

printf("%d", out);

}

int out=100;

Answer:

100

Explanation:

This is the correct way of writing the previous program.

46) main()

{

show();

}

void show()

{

printf("I'm the greatest");

}

Answer:

Compier error: Type mismatch in redeclaration of show.

Explanation:

When the compiler sees the function show it doesn't know anything about it. So the default return type (ie, int) is assumed. But when compiler sees the actual definition of show mismatch occurs since it is declared as void. Hence the error.

The solutions are as follows:

1. declare void show() in main() .

2. define show() before main().

3. declare extern void show() before the use of show().

47) main( )

{

int a[2][3][2] = {{{2,4},{7,8},{3,4}},{{2,2},{2,3},{3,4}}};

printf(“%u %u %u %d \n”,a,*a,**a,***a);

printf(“%u %u %u %d \n”,a+1,*a+1,**a+1,***a+1);

}

Answer:

100, 100, 100, 2

114, 104, 102, 3

Explanation:

The given array is a 3-D one. It can also be viewed as a 1-D array.

100 102 104 106 108 110 112 114 116 118 120 122

thus, for the first printf statement a, *a, **a give address of first element . since the indirection ***a gives the value. Hence, the first line of the output.

for the second printf a+1 increases in the third dimension thus points to value at 114, *a+1 increments in second dimension thus points to 104, **a +1 increments the first dimension thus points to 102 and ***a+1 first gets the value at first location and then increments it by 1. Hence, the output.

48) main( )

{

int a[ ] = {10,20,30,40,50},j,*p;

for(j=0; j<5;>

{

printf(“%d” ,*a);

a++;

}

p = a;

for(j=0; j<5;>

{

printf(“%d ” ,*p);

p++;

}

Answer:

Compiler error: lvalue required.

Explanation:

Error is in line with statement a++. The operand must be an lvalue and may be of any of scalar type for the any operator, array name only when subscripted is an lvalue. Simply array name is a non-modifiable lvalue.

49) main( )

{

static int a[ ] = {0,1,2,3,4};

int *p[ ] = {a,a+1,a+2,a+3,a+4};

int **ptr = p;

ptr++;

printf(“\n %d %d %d”, ptr-p, *ptr-a, **ptr);

*ptr++;

printf(“\n %d %d %d”, ptr-p, *ptr-a, **ptr);

*++ptr;

printf(“\n %d %d %d”, ptr-p, *ptr-a, **ptr);

++*ptr;

printf(“\n %d %d %d”, ptr-p, *ptr-a, **ptr);

}

Answer:

111

222

333

344

Explanation:

Let us consider the array and the two pointers with some address

100 102 104 106 108

100

102

104

106

108

1000 1002 1004 1006 1008

ptr

1000

2000

After execution of the instruction ptr++ value in ptr becomes 1002, if scaling factor for integer is 2 bytes. Now ptr – p is value in ptr – starting location of array p, (1002 – 1000) / (scaling factor) = 1, *ptr – a = value at address pointed by ptr – starting value of array a, 1002 has a value 102 so the value is (102 – 100)/(scaling factor) = 1, **ptr is the value stored in the location pointed by the pointer of ptr = value pointed by value pointed by 1002 = value pointed by 102 = 1. Hence the output of the firs printf is 1, 1, 1.

After execution of *ptr++ increments value of the value in ptr by scaling factor, so it becomes1004. Hence, the outputs for the second printf are ptr – p = 2, *ptr – a = 2, **ptr = 2.

After execution of *++ptr increments value of the value in ptr by scaling factor, so it becomes1004. Hence, the outputs for the third printf are ptr – p = 3, *ptr – a = 3, **ptr = 3.

After execution of ++*ptr value in ptr remains the same, the value pointed by the value is incremented by the scaling factor. So the value in array p at location 1006 changes from 106 10 108,. Hence, the outputs for the fourth printf are ptr – p = 1006 – 1000 = 3, *ptr – a = 108 – 100 = 4, **ptr = 4.

50) main( )

{

char *q;

int j;

for (j=0; j<3;>

}

Explanation:

Here we have only one pointer to type char and since we take input in the same pointer thus we keep writing over in the same location, each time shifting the pointer value by 1. Suppose the inputs are MOUSE, TRACK and VIRTUAL. Then for the first input suppose the pointer starts at location 100 then the input one is stored as

M

O

U

When the second input is given the pointer is incremented as j value becomes 1, so the input is filled in memory starting from 101.

M

T

R

A

C

K

\0

The third input starts filling from the location 102

M

T

V

I

R

T

U

A

L

This is the final value stored .

The first printf prints the values at the position q, q+1 and q+2 = M T V

The second printf prints three strings starting from locations q, q+1, q+2

i.e MTVIRTUAL, TVIRTUAL and VIRTUAL.

51) main( )

{

void *vp;

char ch = ‘g’, *cp = “goofy”;

int j = 20;

vp = &ch;

printf(“%c”, *(char *)vp);

vp = &j;

printf(“%d”,*(int *)vp);

vp = cp;

printf(“%s”,(char *)vp + 3);

}

Answer:

g20fy

Explanation:

Since a void pointer is used it can be type casted to any other type pointer. vp = &ch stores address of char ch and the next statement prints the value stored in vp after type casting it to the proper data type pointer. the output is ‘g’. Similarly the output from second printf is ‘20’. The third printf statement type casts it to print the string from the 4^th value hence the output is ‘fy’.

52) main ( )

{

static char *s[ ] = {“black”, “white”, “yellow”, “violet”};

char **ptr[ ] = {s+3, s+2, s+1, s}, ***p;

p = ptr;

**++p;

printf(“%s”,*--*++p + 3);

}

Answer:

Explanation:

In this problem we have an array of char pointers pointing to start of 4 strings. Then we have ptr which is a pointer to a pointer of type char and a variable p which is a pointer to a pointer to a pointer of type char. p hold the initial value of ptr, i.e. p = s+3. The next statement increment value in p by 1 , thus now value of p = s+2. In the printf statement the expression is evaluated *++p causes gets value s+1 then the pre decrement is executed and we get s+1 – 1 = s . the indirection operator now gets the value from the array of s and adds 3 to the starting address. The string is printed starting from this position. Thus, the output is ‘ck’.

53) main()

{

int i, n;

char *x = “girl”;

n = strlen(x);

*x = x[n];

for(i=0; i

{

printf(“%s\n”,x);

x++;

}

Answer:

(blank space)

irl

Explanation:

Here a string (a pointer to char) is initialized with a value “girl”. The strlen function returns the length of the string, thus n has a value 4. The next statement assigns value at the nth location (‘\0’) to the first location. Now the string becomes “\0irl” . Now the printf statement prints the string after each iteration it increments it starting position. Loop starts from 0 to 4. The first time x[0] = ‘\0’ hence it prints nothing and pointer value is incremented. The second time it prints from x[1] i.e “irl” and the third time it prints “rl” and the last time it prints “l” and the loop terminates.

54) int i,j;

for(i=0;i<=10;i++)

{

j+=5;

assert(i<5);

}

Answer:

Runtime error: Abnormal program termination.

assert failed (i<5),>,

Explanation:

asserts are used during debugging to make sure that certain conditions are satisfied. If assertion fails, the program will terminate reporting the same. After debugging use,

#undef NDEBUG

and this will disable all the assertions from the source code. Assertion

is a good debugging tool to make use of.

55) main()

{

int i=-1;

+i;

printf("i = %d, +i = %d \n",i,+i);

}

Answer:

i = -1, +i = -1

Explanation:

Unary + is the only dummy operator in C. Where-ever it comes you can just ignore it just because it has no effect in the expressions (hence the name dummy operator).

56) What are the files which are automatically opened when a C file is executed?

Answer:

stdin, stdout, stderr (standard input,standard output,standard error).

57) what will be the position of the file marker?

a: fseek(ptr,0,SEEK_SET);

b: fseek(ptr,0,SEEK_CUR);

Answer :

a: The SEEK_SET sets the file position marker to the starting of the file.

b: The SEEK_CUR sets the file position marker to the current position

of the file.

58) main()

{

char name[10],s[12];

scanf(" \"%[^\"]\"",s);

}

How scanf will execute?

Answer:

First it checks for the leading white space and discards it.Then it matches with a quotation mark and then it reads all character upto another quotation mark.

59) What is the problem with the following code segment?

while ((fgets(receiving array,50,file_ptr)) != EOF)

;

Answer & Explanation:

fgets returns a pointer. So the correct end of file check is checking for != NULL.

60) main()

{

main();

}

Answer:

Runtime error : Stack overflow.

Explanation:

main function calls itself again and again. Each time the function is called its return address is stored in the call stack. Since there is no condition to terminate the function call, the call stack overflows at runtime. So it terminates the program and results in an error.

61) main()

{

char *cptr,c;

void *vptr,v;

c=10; v=0;

cptr=&c; vptr=&v;

printf("%c%v",c,v);

}

Answer:

Compiler error (at line number 4): size of v is Unknown.

Explanation:

You can create a variable of type void * but not of type void, since void is an empty type. In the second line you are creating variable vptr of type void * and v of type void hence an error.

62) main()

{

char *str1="abcd";

char str2[]="abcd";

printf("%d %d %d",sizeof(str1),sizeof(str2),sizeof("abcd"));

}

Answer:

2 5 5

Explanation:

In first sizeof, str1 is a character pointer so it gives you the size of the pointer variable. In second sizeof the name str2 indicates the name of the array whose size is 5 (including the '\0' termination character). The third sizeof is similar to the second one.

63) main()

{

char not;

not=!2;

printf("%d",not);

}

Answer:

Explanation:

! is a logical operator. In C the value 0 is considered to be the boolean value FALSE, and any non-zero value is considered to be the boolean value TRUE. Here 2 is a non-zero value so TRUE. !TRUE is FALSE (0) so it prints 0.

64) #define FALSE -1

#define TRUE 1

#define NULL 0

main() {

if(NULL)

puts("NULL");

else if(FALSE)

puts("TRUE");

else

puts("FALSE");

}

Answer:

TRUE

Explanation:

The input program to the compiler after processing by the preprocessor is,

main(){

if(0)

puts("NULL");

else if(-1)

puts("TRUE");

else

puts("FALSE");

}

Preprocessor doesn't replace the values given inside the double quotes. The check by if condition is boolean value false so it goes to else. In second if -1 is boolean value true hence "TRUE" is printed.

65) main()

{

int k=1;

printf("%d==1 is ""%s",k,k==1?"TRUE":"FALSE");

}

Answer:

1==1 is TRUE

Explanation:

When two strings are placed together (or separated by white-space) they are concatenated (this is called as "stringization" operation). So the string is as if it is given as "%d==1 is %s". The conditional operator( ?: ) evaluates to "TRUE".

66) main()

{

int y;

scanf("%d",&y); // input given is 2000

if( (y%4==0 && y%100 != 0) || y%100 == 0 )

printf("%d is a leap year");

else

printf("%d is not a leap year");

}

Answer:

2000 is a leap year

Explanation:

An ordinary program to check if leap year or not.

67) #define max 5

#define int arr1[max]

main()

{

typedef char arr2[max];

arr1 list={0,1,2,3,4};

arr2 name="name";

printf("%d %s",list[0],name);

}

Answer:

Compiler error (in the line arr1 list = {0,1,2,3,4})

Explanation:

arr2 is declared of type array of size 5 of characters. So it can be used to declare the variable name of the type arr2. But it is not the case of arr1. Hence an error.

Rule of Thumb:

#defines are used for textual replacement whereas typedefs are used for declaring new types.

68) int i=10;

main()

{

extern int i;

{

int i=20;

{

const volatile unsigned i=30;

printf("%d",i);

}

printf("%d",i);

}

printf("%d",i);

}

Answer:

30,20,10

Explanation:

'{' introduces new block and thus new scope. In the innermost block i is declared as,

const volatile unsigned

which is a valid declaration. i is assumed of type int. So printf prints 30. In the next block, i has value 20 and so printf prints 20. In the outermost block, i is declared as extern, so no storage space is allocated for it. After compilation is over the linker resolves it to global variable i (since it is the only variable visible there). So it prints i's value as 10.

69) main()

{

int *j;

{

int i=10;

j=&i;

}

printf("%d",*j);

}

Answer:

Explanation:

The variable i is a block level variable and the visibility is inside that block only. But the lifetime of i is lifetime of the function so it lives upto the exit of main function. Since the i is still allocated space, *j prints the value stored in i since j points i.

70) main()

{

int i=-1;

-i;

printf("i = %d, -i = %d \n",i,-i);

}

Answer:

i = -1, -i = 1

Explanation:

-i is executed and this execution doesn't affect the value of i. In printf first you just print the value of i. After that the value of the expression -i = -(-1) is printed.

71) #include

main()

{

const int i=4;

float j;

j = ++i;

printf("%d %f", i,++j);

}

Answer:

Compiler error

Explanation:

i is a constant. you cannot change the value of constant

72) #include

main()

{

int a[2][2][2] = { {10,2,3,4}, {5,6,7,8} };

int *p,*q;

p=&a[2][2][2];

*q=***a;

printf("%d..%d",*p,*q);

}

Answer:

garbagevalue..1

Explanation:

p=&a[2][2][2] you declare only two 2D arrays. but you are trying to access the third 2D(which you are not declared) it will print garbage values. *q=***a starting address of a is assigned integer pointer. now q is pointing to starting address of a.if you print *q meAnswer:it will print first element of 3D array.

73) #include

main()

{

char j[]= "hello";

printf("%s %d",j,i);

}

Answer:

hello 5

Explanation:

if you declare i as register compiler will treat it as ordinary integer and it will take integer value. i value may be stored either in register or in memory.

74) main()

{

int i=5,j=6,z;

printf("%d",i+++j);

}

Answer:

Explanation:

the expression i+++j is treated as (i++ + j)

76) struct aaa{

struct aaa *prev;

int i;

struct aaa *next;

};

main()

{

struct aaa abc,def,ghi,jkl;

int x=100;

abc.i=0;abc.prev=&jkl;

abc.next=&def;

def.i=1;def.prev=&abc;def.next=&ghi;

ghi.i=2;ghi.prev=&def;

ghi.next=&jkl;

jkl.i=3;jkl.prev=&ghi;jkl.next=&abc;

x=abc.next->next->prev->next->i;

printf("%d",x);

}

Answer:

Explanation:

above all statements form a double circular linked list;

abc.next->next->prev->next->i

this one points to "ghi" node the value of at particular node is 2.

77) struct point

{

int x;

int y;

};

struct point origin,*pp;

main()

{

pp=&origin;

printf("origin is(%d%d)\n",(*pp).x,(*pp).y);

printf("origin is (%d%d)\n",pp->x,pp->y);

}

Answer:

origin is(0,0)

Explanation:

pp is a pointer to structure. we can access the elements of the structure either with arrow mark or with indirection operator.

Note:

Since structure point is globally declared x & y are initialized as zeroes

78) main()

{

int i=_l_abc(10);

printf("%d\n",--i);

}

int _l_abc(int i)

{

return(i++);

}

Answer:

Explanation:

return(i++) it will first return i and then increments. i.e. 10 will be returned.

79) main()

{

char *p;

int *q;

long *r;

p=q=r=0;

p++;

q++;

r++;

printf("%p...%p...%p",p,q,r);

}

Answer:

0001...0002...0004

Explanation:

++ operator when applied to pointers increments address according to their corresponding data-types.

80) main()

{

char c=' ',x,convert(z);

getc(c);

if((c>='a') && (c<='z'))

x=convert(c);

printf("%c",x);

}

convert(z)

{

return z-32;

}

Answer:

Compiler error

Explanation:

declaration of convert and format of getc() are wrong.

81) main(int argc, char **argv)

{

printf("enter the character");

getchar();

sum(argv[1],argv[2]);

}

sum(num1,num2)

int num1,num2;

{

return num1+num2;

}

Answer:

Compiler error.

Explanation:

argv[1] & argv[2] are strings. They are passed to the function sum without converting it to integer values.

82) # include

int one_d[]={1,2,3};

main()

{

int *ptr;

ptr=one_d;

ptr+=3;

printf("%d",*ptr);

}

Answer:

garbage value

Explanation:

ptr pointer is pointing to out of the array range of one_d.

83) # include

aaa() {

printf("hi");

}

bbb(){

printf("hello");

}

ccc(){

printf("bye");

}

main()

{

int (*ptr[3])();

ptr[0]=aaa;

ptr[1]=bbb;

ptr[2]=ccc;

ptr[2]();

}

Answer:

bye

Explanation:

ptr is array of pointers to functions of return type int.ptr[0] is assigned to address of the function aaa. Similarly ptr[1] and ptr[2] for bbb and ccc respectively. ptr[2]() is in effect of writing ccc(), since ptr[2] points to ccc.

85) #include

main()

{

FILE *ptr;

char i;

ptr=fopen("zzz.c","r");

while((i=fgetch(ptr))!=EOF)

printf("%c",i);

}

Answer:

contents of zzz.c followed by an infinite loop

Explanation:

The condition is checked against EOF, it should be checked against NULL.

86) main()

{

int i =0;j=0;

if(i && j++)

printf("%d..%d",i++,j);

printf("%d..%d,i,j);

}

Answer:

0..0

Explanation:

The value of i is 0. Since this information is enough to determine the truth value of the boolean expression. So the statement following the if statement is not executed. The values of i and j remain unchanged and get printed.

87) main()

{

int i;

i = abc();

printf("%d",i);

}

abc()

{

_AX = 1000;

}

Answer:

1000

Explanation:

Normally the return value from the function is through the information from the accumulator. Here _AH is the pseudo global variable denoting the accumulator. Hence, the value of the accumulator is set 1000 so the function returns value 1000.

88) int i;

main(){

int t;

for ( t=4;scanf("%d",&i)-t;printf("%d\n",i))

printf("%d--",t--);

}

// If the inputs are 0,1,2,3 find the o/p

Answer:

4--0

3--1

2--2

Explanation:

Let us assume some x= scanf("%d",&i)-t the values during execution

will be,

t i x

4 0 -4

3 1 -2

2 2 0

89) main(){

int a= 0;int b = 20;char x =1;char y =10;

if(a,b,x,y)

printf("hello");

}

Answer:

hello

Explanation:

The comma operator has associativity from left to right. Only the rightmost value is returned and the other values are evaluated and ignored. Thus the value of last variable y is returned to check in if. Since it is a non zero value if becomes true so, "hello" will be printed.

90) main(){

unsigned int i;

for(i=1;i>-2;i--)

printf("c aptitude");

}

Explanation:

i is an unsigned integer. It is compared with a signed value. Since the both types doesn't match, signed is promoted to unsigned value. The unsigned equivalent of -2 is a huge value so condition becomes false and control comes out of the loop.

91) In the following pgm add a stmt in the function fun such that the address of

'a' gets stored in 'j'.

main(){

int * j;

void fun(int **);

fun(&j);

}

void fun(int **k) {

int a =0;

/* add a stmt here*/

}

Answer:

*k = &a

Explanation:

The argument of the function is a pointer to a pointer.

92) What are the following notations of defining functions known as?

i. int abc(int a,float b)

{

/* some code */

}

ii. int abc(a,b)

int a; float b;

{

/* some code*/

}

Answer:

i. ANSI C notation

ii. Kernighan & Ritche notation

93) main()

{

char *p;

p="%d\n";

p++;

printf(p-2,300);

}

Answer:

300

Explanation:

The pointer points to % since it is incremented twice and again decremented by 2, it points to '%d\n' and 300 is printed.

94) main(){

char a[100];

a[0]='a';a[1]]='b';a[2]='c';a[4]='d';

abc(a);

}

abc(char a[]){

a++;

printf("%c",*a);

a++;

printf("%c",*a);

}

Explanation:

The base address is modified only in function and as a result a points to 'b' then after incrementing to 'c' so bc will be printed.

95) func(a,b)

int a,b;

{

return( a= (a==b) );

}

main()

{

int process(),func();

printf("The value of process is %d !\n ",process(func,3,6));

}

process(pf,val1,val2)

int (*pf) ();

int val1,val2;

{

return((*pf) (val1,val2));

}

Answer:

The value if process is 0 !

Explanation:

The function 'process' has 3 parameters - 1, a pointer to another function 2 and 3, integers. When this function is invoked from main, the following substitutions for formal parameters take place: func for pf, 3 for val1 and 6 for val2. This function returns the result of the operation performed by the function 'func'. The function func has two integer parameters. The formal parameters are substituted as 3 for a and 6 for b. since 3 is not equal to 6, a==b returns 0. therefore the function returns 0 which in turn is returned by the function 'process'.

96) void main()

{

static int i=5;

if(--i){

main();

printf("%d ",i);

}

Answer:

0 0 0 0

Explanation:

The variable "I" is declared as static, hence memory for I will be allocated for only once, as it encounters the statement. The function main() will be called recursively unless I becomes equal to 0, and since main() is recursively called, so the value of static I ie., 0 will be printed every time the control is returned.

97) void main()

{

int k=ret(sizeof(float));

printf("\n here value is %d",++k);

}

int ret(int ret)

{

ret += 2.5;

return(ret);

}

Answer:

Here value is 7

Explanation:

The int ret(int ret), ie., the function name and the argument name can be the same.

Firstly, the function ret() is called in which the sizeof(float) ie., 4 is passed, after the first expression the value in ret will be 6, as ret is integer hence the value stored in ret will have implicit type conversion from float to int. The ret is returned in main() it is printed after and preincrement.

98) void main()

{

char a[]="12345\0";

int i=strlen(a);

printf("here in 3 %d\n",++i);

}

Answer:

here in 3 6

Explanation:

The char array 'a' will hold the initialized string, whose length will be counted from 0 till the null character. Hence the 'I' will hold the value equal to 5, after the pre-increment in the printf statement, the 6 will be printed.

99) void main()

{

unsigned giveit=-1;

int gotit;

printf("%u ",++giveit);

printf("%u \n",gotit=--giveit);

}

Answer:

0 65535

Explanation:

100) void main()

{

int i;

char a[]="\0";

if(printf("%s\n",a))

printf("Ok here \n");

else

printf("Forget it\n");

}

Answer:

Ok here

Explanation:

Printf will return how many characters does it print. Hence printing a null character returns 1 which makes the if statement true, thus "Ok here" is printed.

101) void main()

{

void *v;

int integer=2;

int *i=&integer;

v=i;

printf("%d",(int*)*v);

}

Answer:

Compiler Error. We cannot apply indirection on type void*.

Explanation:

Void pointer is a generic pointer type. No pointer arithmetic can be done on it. Void pointers are normally used for,

1. Passing generic pointers to functions and returning such pointers.

2. As a intermediate pointer type.

3. Used when the exact pointer type will be known at a later point of time.

102) void main()

{

int i=i++,j=j++,k=k++;

printf(“%d%d%d”,i,j,k);

}

Answer:

Garbage values.

Explanation:

An identifier is available to use in program code from the point of its declaration.

So expressions such as i = i++ are valid statements. The i, j and k are automatic variables and so they contain some garbage value. Garbage in is garbage out (GIGO).

103) void main()

{

static int i=i++, j=j++, k=k++;

printf(“i = %d j = %d k = %d”, i, j, k);

}

Answer:

i = 1 j = 1 k = 1

Explanation:

Since static variables are initialized to zero by default.

104) void main()

{

while(1){

if(printf("%d",printf("%d")))

break;

else

continue;

}

Answer:

Garbage values

Explanation:

The inner printf executes first to print some garbage value. The printf returns no of characters printed and this value also cannot be predicted. Still the outer printf prints something and so returns a non-zero value. So it encounters the break statement and comes out of the while statement.

104) main()

{

unsigned int i=10;

while(i-->=0)

printf("%u ",i);

}

Answer:

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 65535 65534…..

Explanation:

Since i is an unsigned integer it can never become negative. So the expression i-- >=0 will always be true, leading to an infinite loop.

105) #include

main()

{

int x,y=2,z,a;

if(x=y%2) z=2;

a=2;

printf("%d %d ",z,x);

}

Answer:

Garbage-value 0

Explanation:

The value of y%2 is 0. This value is assigned to x. The condition reduces to if (x) or in other words if(0) and so z goes uninitialized.

Thumb Rule: Check all control paths to write bug free code.

106) main()

{

int a[10];

printf("%d",*a+1-*a+3);

}

Answer:

Explanation:

*a and -*a cancels out. The result is as simple as 1 + 3 = 4 !

107) #define prod(a,b) a*b

main()

{

int x=3,y=4;

printf("%d",prod(x+2,y-1));

}

Answer:

Explanation:

The macro expands and evaluates to as:

x+2*y-1 => x+(2*y)-1 => 10

108) main()

{

unsigned int i=65000;

while(i++!=0);

printf("%d",i);

}

Answer:

Explanation:

Note the semicolon after the while statement. When the value of i becomes 0 it comes out of while loop. Due to post-increment on i the value of i while printing is 1.

109) main()

{

int i=0;

while(+(+i--)!=0)

i-=i++;

printf("%d",i);

}

Answer:

-1

Explanation:

Unary + is the only dummy operator in C. So it has no effect on the expression and now the while loop is, while(i--!=0) which is false and so breaks out of while loop. The value –1 is printed due to the post-decrement operator.

113) main()

{

float f=5,g=10;

enum{i=10,j=20,k=50};

printf("%d\n",++k);

printf("%f\n",f<<2);

printf("%lf\n",f%g);

printf("%lf\n",fmod(f,g));

}

Answer:

Line no 5: Error: Lvalue required

Line no 6: Cannot apply leftshift to float

Line no 7: Cannot apply mod to float

Explanation:

Enumeration constants cannot be modified, so you cannot apply ++.

Bit-wise operators and % operators cannot be applied on float values.

fmod() is to find the modulus values for floats as % operator is for ints.

110) main()

{

int i=10;

void pascal f(int,int,int);

f(i++,i++,i++);

printf(" %d",i);

}

void pascal f(integer :i,integer:j,integer :k)

{

write(i,j,k);

}

Answer:

Compiler error: unknown type integer

Compiler error: undeclared function write

Explanation:

Pascal keyword doesn’t mean that pascal code can be used. It means that the function follows Pascal argument passing mechanism in calling the functions.

111) void pascal f(int i,int j,int k)

{

printf(“%d %d %d”,i, j, k);

}

void cdecl f(int i,int j,int k)

{

printf(“%d %d %d”,i, j, k);

}

main()

{

int i=10;

f(i++,i++,i++);

printf(" %d\n",i);

i=10;

f(i++,i++,i++);

printf(" %d",i);

}

Answer:

10 11 12 13

12 11 10 13

Explanation:

Pascal argument passing mechanism forces the arguments to be called from left to right. cdecl is the normal C argument passing mechanism where the arguments are passed from right to left.

112). What is the output of the program given below

main()

{

signed char i=0;

for(;i>=0;i++) ;

printf("%d\n",i);

}

Answer

-128

Explanation

Notice the semicolon at the end of the for loop. THe initial value of the i is set to 0. The inner loop executes to increment the value from 0 to 127 (the positive range of char) and then it rotates to the negative value of -128. The condition in the for loop fails and so comes out of the for loop. It prints the current value of i that is -128.

113) main()

{

unsigned char i=0;

for(;i>=0;i++) ;

printf("%d\n",i);

}

Answer

infinite loop

Explanation

The difference between the previous question and this one is that the char is declared to be unsigned. So the i++ can never yield negative value and i>=0 never becomes false so that it can come out of the for loop.

114) main()

{

char i=0;

for(;i>=0;i++) ;

printf("%d\n",i);

}

Answer:

Behavior is implementation dependent.

Explanation:

The detail if the char is signed/unsigned by default is implementation dependent. If the implementation treats the char to be signed by default the program will print –128 and terminate. On the other hand if it considers char to be unsigned by default, it goes to infinite loop.

Rule:

You can write programs that have implementation dependent behavior. But dont write programs that depend on such behavior.

115) Is the following statement a declaration/definition. Find what does it mean?

int (*x)[10];

Answer

Definition.

x is a pointer to array of(size 10) integers.

Apply clock-wise rule to find the meaning of this definition.

116). What is the output for the program given below

typedef enum errorType{warning, error, exception,}error;

main()

{

error g1;

g1=1;

printf("%d",g1);

}

Answer

Compiler error: Multiple declaration for error

Explanation

The name error is used in the two meanings. One means that it is a enumerator constant with value 1. The another use is that it is a type name (due to typedef) for enum errorType. Given a situation the compiler cannot distinguish the meaning of error to know in what sense the error is used:

error g1;

g1=error;

// which error it refers in each case?

When the compiler can distinguish between usages then it will not issue error (in pure technical terms, names can only be overloaded in different namespaces).

Note: the extra comma in the declaration,

enum errorType{warning, error, exception,}

is not an error. An extra comma is valid and is provided just for programmer’s convenience.

117) typedef struct error{int warning, error, exception;}error;

main()

{

error g1;

g1.error =1;

printf("%d",g1.error);

}

Answer

Explanation

The three usages of name errors can be distinguishable by the compiler at any instance, so valid (they are in different namespaces).

Typedef struct error{int warning, error, exception;}error;

This error can be used only by preceding the error by struct kayword as in:

struct error someError;

typedef struct error{int warning, error, exception;}error;

This can be used only after . (dot) or -> (arrow) operator preceded by the variable name as in :

g1.error =1;

printf("%d",g1.error);

typedef struct error{int warning, error, exception;}error;

This can be used to define variables without using the preceding struct keyword as in:

error g1;

Since the compiler can perfectly distinguish between these three usages, it is perfectly legal and valid.

Note

This code is given here to just explain the concept behind. In real programming don’t use such overloading of names. It reduces the readability of the code. Possible doesn’t mean that we should use it!

118) #ifdef something

int some=0;

#endif

main()

{

int thing = 0;

printf("%d %d\n", some ,thing);

}

Answer:

Compiler error : undefined symbol some

Explanation:

This is a very simple example for conditional compilation. The name something is not already known to the compiler making the declaration

int some = 0;

effectively removed from the source code.

119) #if something == 0

int some=0;

#endif

main()

{

int thing = 0;

printf("%d %d\n", some ,thing);

}

Answer

0 0

Explanation

This code is to show that preprocessor expressions are not the same as the ordinary expressions. If a name is not known the preprocessor treats it to be equal to zero.

120). What is the output for the following program

main()

{

int arr2D[3][3];

printf("%d\n", ((arr2D==* arr2D)&&(* arr2D == arr2D[0])) );

}

Answer

Explanation

This is due to the close relation between the arrays and pointers. N dimensional arrays are made up of (N-1) dimensional arrays.

arr2D is made up of a 3 single arrays that contains 3 integers each .

arr2D

arr2D[1]

The name arr2D refers to the beginning of all the 3 arrays. *arr2D refers to the start of the first 1D array (of 3 integers) that is the same address as arr2D. So the expression (arr2D == *arr2D) is true (1).

Similarly, *arr2D is nothing but *(arr2D + 0), adding a zero doesn’t change the value/meaning. Again arr2D[0] is the another way of telling *(arr2D + 0). So the expression (*(arr2D + 0) == arr2D[0]) is true (1).

Since both parts of the expression evaluates to true the result is true(1) and the same is printed.

121) void main()

{

if(~0 == (unsigned int)-1)

printf(“You can answer this if you know how values are represented in memory”);

}

Answer

You can answer this if you know how values are represented in memory

Explanation

~ (tilde operator or bit-wise negation operator) operates on 0 to produce all ones to fill the space for an integer. –1 is represented in unsigned value as all 1’s and so both are equal.

122) int swap(int *a,int *b)

{

*a=*a+*b;*b=*a-*b;*a=*a-*b;

}

main()

{

int x=10,y=20;

swap(&x,&y);

printf("x= %d y = %d\n",x,y);

}

Answer

x = 20 y = 10

Explanation

This is one way of swapping two values. Simple checking will help understand this.

123) main()

{

char *p = “ayqm”;

printf(“%c”,++*(p++));

}

Answer:

124) main()

{

int i=5;

printf("%d",++i++);

}

Answer:

Compiler error: Lvalue required in function main

Explanation:

++i yields an rvalue. For postfix ++ to operate an lvalue is required.

125) main()

{

char *p = “ayqm”;

char c;

c = ++*p++;

printf(“%c”,c);

}

Answer:

Explanation:

There is no difference between the expression ++*(p++) and ++*p++. Parenthesis just works as a visual clue for the reader to see which expression is first evaluated.

126)

int aaa() {printf(“Hi”);}

int bbb(){printf(“hello”);}

iny ccc(){printf(“bye”);}

main()

{

int ( * ptr[3]) ();

ptr[0] = aaa;

ptr[1] = bbb;

ptr[2] =ccc;

ptr[2]();

}

Answer:

bye

Explanation:

int (* ptr[3])() says that ptr is an array of pointers to functions that takes no arguments and returns the type int. By the assignment ptr[0] = aaa; it means that the first function pointer in the array is initialized with the address of the function aaa. Similarly, the other two array elements also get initialized with the addresses of the functions bbb and ccc. Since ptr[2] contains the address of the function ccc, the call to the function ptr[2]() is same as calling ccc(). So it results in printing "bye".

127)

main()

{

int i=5;

printf(“%d”,i=++i ==6);

}

Answer:

Explanation:

The expression can be treated as i = (++i==6), because == is of higher precedence than = operator. In the inner expression, ++i is equal to 6 yielding true(1). Hence the result.

128) main()

{

char p[ ]="%d\n";

p[1] = 'c';

printf(p,65);

}

Answer:

Explanation:

Due to the assignment p[1] = ‘c’ the string becomes, “%c\n”. Since this string becomes the format string for printf and ASCII value of 65 is ‘A’, the same gets printed.

129) void ( * abc( int, void ( *def) () ) ) ();

Answer::

abc is a ptr to a function which takes 2 parameters .(a). an integer variable.(b). a ptrto a funtion which returns void. the return type of the function is void.

Explanation:

Apply the clock-wise rule to find the result.

130) main()

{

while (strcmp(“some”,”some\0”))

printf(“Strings are not equal\n”);

}

Answer:

No output

Explanation:

Ending the string constant with \0 explicitly makes no difference. So “some” and “some\0” are equivalent. So, strcmp returns 0 (false) hence breaking out of the while loop.

131) main()

{

char str1[] = {‘s’,’o’,’m’,’e’};

char str2[] = {‘s’,’o’,’m’,’e’,’\0’};

while (strcmp(str1,str2))

printf(“Strings are not equal\n”);

}

Answer:

“Strings are not equal”

….

Explanation:

If a string constant is initialized explicitly with characters, ‘\0’ is not appended automatically to the string. Since str1 doesn’t have null termination, it treats whatever the values that are in the following positions as part of the string until it randomly reaches a ‘\0’. So str1 and str2 are not the same, hence the result.

132) main()

{

int i = 3;

for (;i++=0;) printf(“%d”,i);

}

Answer:

Compiler Error: Lvalue required.

Explanation:

As we know that increment operators return rvalues and hence it cannot appear on the left hand side of an assignment operation.

133) void main()

{

int *mptr, *cptr;

mptr = (int*)malloc(sizeof(int));

printf(“%d”,*mptr);

int *cptr = (int*)calloc(sizeof(int),1);

printf(“%d”,*cptr);

}

Answer:

garbage-value 0

Explanation:

The memory space allocated by malloc is uninitialized, whereas calloc returns the allocated memory space initialized to zeros.

134) void main()

{

static int i;

while(i<=10)

(i>2)?i++:i--;

printf(“%d”, i);

}

Answer:

32767

Explanation:

Since i is static it is initialized to 0. Inside the while loop the conditional operator evaluates to false, executing i--. This continues till the integer value rotates to positive value (32767). The while condition becomes false and hence, comes out of the while loop, printing the i value.

135) main()

{

int i=10,j=20;

j = i, j?(i,j)?i:j:j;

printf("%d %d",i,j);

}

Answer:

10 10

Explanation:

The Ternary operator ( ? : ) is equivalent for if-then-else statement. So the question can be written as:

if(i,j)

{

if(i,j)

j = i;

else

j = j;

}

else

j = j;

136) 1. const char *a;

2. char* const a;

3. char const *a;

-Differentiate the above declarations.

Answer:

1. 'const' applies to char * rather than 'a' ( pointer to a constant char )

*a='F' : illegal

a="Hi" : legal

2. 'const' applies to 'a' rather than to the value of a (constant pointer to char )

*a='F' : legal

a="Hi" : illegal

3. Same as 1.

137) main()

{

int i=5,j=10;

i=i&=j&&10;

printf("%d %d",i,j);

}

Answer:

1 10

Explanation:

The expression can be written as i=(i&=(j&&10)); The inner expression (j&&10) evaluates to 1 because j==10. i is 5. i = 5&1 is 1. Hence the result.

138) main()

{

int i=4,j=7;

j = j || i++ && printf("YOU CAN");

printf("%d %d", i, j);

}

Answer:

4 1

Explanation:

The boolean expression needs to be evaluated only till the truth value of the expression is not known. j is not equal to zero itself means that the expression’s truth value is 1. Because it is followed by || and true || (anything) => true where (anything) will not be evaluated. So the remaining expression is not evaluated and so the value of i remains the same.

Similarly when && operator is involved in an expression, when any of the operands become false, the whole expression’s truth value becomes false and hence the remaining expression will not be evaluated.

false && (anything) => false where (anything) will not be evaluated.

139) main()

{

printf("Address of a = %d",&a);

printf("Value of a = %d",a);

}

Answer:

Compier Error: '&' on register variable

Rule to Remember:

& (address of ) operator cannot be applied on register variables.

140) main()

{

float i=1.5;

switch(i)

{

case 1: printf("1");

case 2: printf("2");

default : printf("0");

}

Answer:

Compiler Error: switch expression not integral

Explanation:

Switch statements can be applied only to integral types.

141) main()

{

extern i;

printf("%d\n",i);

{

int i=20;

printf("%d\n",i);

}

Answer:

Linker Error : Unresolved external symbol i

Explanation:

The identifier i is available in the inner block and so using extern has no use in resolving it.

142) main()

{

int a=2,*f1,*f2;

f1=f2=&a;

*f2+=*f2+=a+=2.5;

printf("\n%d %d %d",a,*f1,*f2);

}

Answer:

16 16 16

Explanation:

f1 and f2 both refer to the same memory location a. So changes through f1 and f2 ultimately affects only the value of a.

143) main()

{

char *p="GOOD";

char a[ ]="GOOD";

printf("\n sizeof(p) = %d, sizeof(*p) = %d, strlen(p) = %d", sizeof(p), sizeof(*p), strlen(p));

printf("\n sizeof(a) = %d, strlen(a) = %d", sizeof(a), strlen(a));

}

Answer:

sizeof(p) = 2, sizeof(*p) = 1, strlen(p) = 4

sizeof(a) = 5, strlen(a) = 4

Explanation:

sizeof(p) => sizeof(char*) => 2

sizeof(*p) => sizeof(char) => 1

Similarly,

sizeof(a) => size of the character array => 5

When sizeof operator is applied to an array it returns the sizeof the array and it is not the same as the sizeof the pointer variable. Here the sizeof(a) where a is the character array and the size of the array is 5 because the space necessary for the terminating NULL character should also be taken into account.

144) #define DIM( array, type) sizeof(array)/sizeof(type)

main()

{

int arr[10];

printf(“The dimension of the array is %d”, DIM(arr, int));

}

Answer:

Explanation:

The size of integer array of 10 elements is 10 * sizeof(int). The macro expands to sizeof(arr)/sizeof(int) => 10 * sizeof(int) / sizeof(int) => 10.

145) int DIM(int array[])

{

return sizeof(array)/sizeof(int );

}

main()

{

int arr[10];

printf(“The dimension of the array is %d”, DIM(arr));

}

Answer:

Explanation:

Arrays cannot be passed to functions as arguments and only the pointers can be passed. So the argument is equivalent to int * array (this is one of the very few places where [] and * usage are equivalent). The return statement becomes, sizeof(int *)/ sizeof(int) that happens to be equal in this case.

146) main()

{

static int a[3][3]={1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9};

int i,j;

static *p[]={a,a+1,a+2};

for(i=0;i<3;i++)

{

for(j=0;j<3;j++)

printf("%d\t%d\t%d\t%d\n",*(*(p+i)+j),

*(*(j+p)+i),*(*(i+p)+j),*(*(p+j)+i));

}

Answer:

1 1 1 1

2 4 2 4

3 7 3 7

4 2 4 2

5 5 5 5

6 8 6 8

7 3 7 3

8 6 8 6

9 9 9 9

Explanation:

*(*(p+i)+j) is equivalent to p[i][j].

147) main()

{

void swap();

int x=10,y=8;

swap(&x,&y);

printf("x=%d y=%d",x,y);

}

void swap(int *a, int *b)

{

*a ^= *b, *b ^= *a, *a ^= *b;

}

Answer:

x=10 y=8

Explanation:

Using ^ like this is a way to swap two variables without using a temporary variable and that too in a single statement.

Inside main(), void swap(); means that swap is a function that may take any number of arguments (not no arguments) and returns nothing. So this doesn’t issue a compiler error by the call swap(&x,&y); that has two arguments.

This convention is historically due to pre-ANSI style (referred to as Kernighan and Ritchie style) style of function declaration. In that style, the swap function will be defined as follows,

void swap()

int *a, int *b

{

*a ^= *b, *b ^= *a, *a ^= *b;

}

where the arguments follow the (). So naturally the declaration for swap will look like, void swap() which means the swap can take any number of arguments.

148) main()

{

int i = 257;

int *iPtr = &i;

printf("%d %d", *((char*)iPtr), *((char*)iPtr+1) );

}

Answer:

1 1

Explanation:

The integer value 257 is stored in the memory as, 00000001 00000001, so the individual bytes are taken by casting it to char * and get printed.

149) main()

{

int i = 258;

int *iPtr = &i;

printf("%d %d", *((char*)iPtr), *((char*)iPtr+1) );

}

Answer:

2 1

Explanation:

The integer value 257 can be represented in binary as, 00000001 00000001. Remember that the INTEL machines are ‘small-endian’ machines. Small-endian means that the lower order bytes are stored in the higher memory addresses and the higher order bytes are stored in lower addresses. The integer value 258 is stored in memory as: 00000001 00000010.

150) main()

{

int i=300;

char *ptr = &i;

*++ptr=2;

printf("%d",i);

}

Answer:

556

Explanation:

The integer value 300 in binary notation is: 00000001 00101100. It is stored in memory (small-endian) as: 00101100 00000001. Result of the expression *++ptr = 2 makes the memory representation as: 00101100 00000010. So the integer corresponding to it is 00000010 00101100 => 556.

151) #include

main()

{

char * str = "hello";

char * ptr = str;

char least = 127;

while (*ptr++)

least = (*ptr

printf("%d",least);

}

Answer:

Explanation:

After ‘ptr’ reaches the end of the string the value pointed by ‘str’ is ‘\0’. So the value of ‘str’ is less than that of ‘least’. So the value of ‘least’ finally is 0.

152) Declare an array of N pointers to functions returning pointers to functions returning pointers to characters?

Answer:

(char*(*)( )) (*ptr[N])( );

153) main()

{

struct student

{

char name[30];

struct date dob;

}stud;

struct date

{

int day,month,year;

};

scanf("%s%d%d%d", stud.rollno, &student.dob.day, &student.dob.month, &student.dob.year);

}

Answer:

Compiler Error: Undefined structure date

Explanation:

Inside the struct definition of ‘student’ the member of type struct date is given. The compiler doesn’t have the definition of date structure (forward reference is not allowed in C in this case) so it issues an error.

154) main()

{

struct date;

struct student

{

char name[30];

struct date dob;

}stud;

struct date

{

int day,month,year;

};

scanf("%s%d%d%d", stud.rollno, &student.dob.day, &student.dob.month, &student.dob.year);

}

Answer:

Compiler Error: Undefined structure date

Explanation:

Only declaration of struct date is available inside the structure definition of ‘student’ but to have a variable of type struct date the definition of the structure is required.

155) There were 10 records stored in “somefile.dat” but the following program printed 11 names. What went wrong?

void main()

{

struct student

{

char name[30], rollno[6];

}stud;

FILE *fp = fopen(“somefile.dat”,”r”);

while(!feof(fp))

{

fread(&stud, sizeof(stud), 1 , fp);

puts(stud.name);

}

Explanation:

fread reads 10 records and prints the names successfully. It will return EOF only when fread tries to read another record and fails reading EOF (and returning EOF). So it prints the last record again. After this only the condition feof(fp) becomes false, hence comes out of the while loop.

156) Is there any difference between the two declarations,

1. int foo(int *arr[]) and

2. int foo(int *arr[2])

Answer:

Explanation:

Functions can only pass pointers and not arrays. The numbers that are allowed inside the [] is just for more readability. So there is no difference between the two declarations.

157) What is the subtle error in the following code segment?

void fun(int n, int arr[])

{

int *p=0;

int i=0;

while(i++

p = &arr[i];

*p = 0;

}

Answer & Explanation:

If the body of the loop never executes p is assigned no address. So p remains NULL where *p =0 may result in problem (may rise to runtime error “NULL pointer assignment” and terminate the program).

158) What is wrong with the following code?

int *foo()

{

int *s = malloc(sizeof(int)100);

assert(s != NULL);

return s;

}

Answer & Explanation:

assert macro should be used for debugging and finding out bugs. The check s != NULL is for error/exception handling and for that assert shouldn’t be used. A plain if and the corresponding remedy statement has to be given.

159) What is the hidden bug with the following statement?

assert(val++ != 0);

Answer & Explanation:

Assert macro is used for debugging and removed in release version. In assert, the experssion involves side-effects. So the behavior of the code becomes different in case of debug version and the release version thus leading to a subtle bug.

Rule to Remember:

Don’t use expressions that have side-effects in assert statements.

160) void main()

{

int *i = 0x400; // i points to the address 400

*i = 0; // set the value of memory location pointed by i;

}

Answer:

Undefined behavior

Explanation:

The second statement results in undefined behavior because it points to some location whose value may not be available for modification. This type of pointer in which the non-availability of the implementation of the referenced location is known as 'incomplete type'.

161) #define assert(cond) if(!(cond)) \

(fprintf(stderr, "assertion failed: %s, file %s, line %d \n",#cond,\

__FILE__,__LINE__), abort())

void main()

{

int i = 10;

if(i==0)

assert(i <>

else

printf("This statement becomes else for if in assert macro");

}

Answer:

No output

Explanation:

The else part in which the printf is there becomes the else for if in the assert macro. Hence nothing is printed.

The solution is to use conditional operator instead of if statement,

#define assert(cond) ((cond)?(0): (fprintf (stderr, "assertion failed: \ %s, file %s, line %d \n",#cond, __FILE__,__LINE__), abort()))

Note:

However this problem of “matching with nearest else” cannot be solved by the usual method of placing the if statement inside a block like this,

#define assert(cond) { \

if(!(cond)) \

(fprintf(stderr, "assertion failed: %s, file %s, line %d \n",#cond,\

__FILE__,__LINE__), abort()) \

}

162) Is the following code legal?

struct a

{

int x;

struct a b;

}

Answer:

Explanation:

Is it not legal for a structure to contain a member that is of the same

type as in this case. Because this will cause the structure declaration to be recursive without end.

163) Is the following code legal?

struct a

{

int x;

struct a *b;

}

Answer:

Yes.

Explanation:

*b is a pointer to type struct a and so is legal. The compiler knows, the size of the pointer to a structure even before the size of the structure

is determined(as you know the pointer to any type is of same size). This type of structures is known as ‘self-referencing’ structure.

164) Is the following code legal?

typedef struct a

{

int x;

aType *b;

}aType

Answer:

Explanation:

The typename aType is not known at the point of declaring the structure (forward references are not made for typedefs).

165) Is the following code legal?

typedef struct a aType;

struct a

{

int x;

aType *b;

};

Answer:

Yes

Explanation:

The typename aType is known at the point of declaring the structure, because it is already typedefined.

166) Is the following code legal?

void main()

{

typedef struct a aType;

aType someVariable;

struct a

{

int x;

aType *b;

};

}

Answer:

Explanation:

When the declaration,

typedef struct a aType;

is encountered body of struct a is not known. This is known as ‘incomplete types’.

167) void main()

{

printf(“sizeof (void *) = %d \n“, sizeof( void *));

printf(“sizeof (int *) = %d \n”, sizeof(int *));

printf(“sizeof (double *) = %d \n”, sizeof(double *));

printf(“sizeof(struct unknown *) = %d \n”, sizeof(struct unknown *));

}

Answer :

sizeof (void *) = 2

sizeof (int *) = 2

sizeof (double *) = 2

sizeof(struct unknown *) = 2

Explanation:

The pointer to any type is of same size.

168) char inputString[100] = {0};

To get string input from the keyboard which one of the following is better?

1) gets(inputString)

2) fgets(inputString, sizeof(inputString), fp)

Answer & Explanation:

The second one is better because gets(inputString) doesn't know the size of the string passed and so, if a very big input (here, more than 100 chars) the charactes will be written past the input string. When fgets is used with stdin performs the same operation as gets but is safe.

169) Which version do you prefer of the following two,

1) printf(“%s”,str); // or the more curt one

2) printf(str);

Answer & Explanation:

Prefer the first one. If the str contains any format characters like %d then it will result in a subtle bug.

170) void main()

{

int i=10, j=2;

int *ip= &i, *jp = &j;

int k = *ip/*jp;

printf(“%d”,k);

}

Answer:

Compiler Error: “Unexpected end of file in comment started in line 5”.

Explanation:

The programmer intended to divide two integers, but by the “maximum munch” rule, the compiler treats the operator sequence / and * as /* which happens to be the starting of comment. To force what is intended by the programmer,

int k = *ip/ *jp;

// give space explicity separating / and *

//or

int k = *ip/(*jp);

// put braces to force the intention

will solve the problem.

171) void main()

{

char ch;

for(ch=0;ch<=127;ch++)

printf(“%c %d \n“, ch, ch);

}

Answer:

Implementaion dependent

Explanation:

The char type may be signed or unsigned by default. If it is signed then ch++ is executed after ch reaches 127 and rotates back to -128. Thus ch is always smaller than 127.

172) Is this code legal?

int *ptr;

ptr = (int *) 0x400;

Answer:

Yes

Explanation:

The pointer ptr will point at the integer in the memory location 0x400.

173) main()

{

char a[4]="HELLO";

printf("%s",a);

}

Answer:

Compiler error: Too many initializers

Explanation:

The array a is of size 4 but the string constant requires 6 bytes to get stored.

174) main()

{

char a[4]="HELL";

printf("%s",a);

}

Answer:

HELL%@!~@!@???@~~!

Explanation:

The character array has the memory just enough to hold the string “HELL” and doesnt have enough space to store the terminating null character. So it prints the HELL correctly and continues to print garbage values till it accidentally comes across a NULL character.

175) main()

{

int a=10,*j;

void *k;

j=k=&a;

j++;

k++;

printf("\n %u %u ",j,k);

}

Answer:

Compiler error: Cannot increment a void pointer

Explanation:

Void pointers are generic pointers and they can be used only when the type is not known and as an intermediate address storage type. No pointer arithmetic can be done on it and you cannot apply indirection operator (*) on void pointers.

176) main()

{

extern int i;

{ int i=20;

{

const volatile unsigned i=30; printf("%d",i);

}

printf("%d",i);

}

printf("%d",i);

}

int i;

177) Printf can be implemented by using __________ list.

Answer:

Variable length argument lists

178) char *someFun()

{

char *temp = “string constant";

return temp;

}

int main()

{

puts(someFun());

}

Answer:

string constant

Explanation:

The program suffers no problem and gives the output correctly because the character constants are stored in code/data area and not allocated in stack, so this doesn’t lead to dangling pointers.

179) char *someFun1()

{

char temp[ ] = “string";

return temp;

}

char *someFun2()

{

char temp[ ] = {‘s’, ‘t’,’r’,’i’,’n’,’g’};

return temp;

}

int main()

{

puts(someFun1());

puts(someFun2());

}

Answer:

Garbage values.

Explanation:

Both the functions suffer from the problem of dangling pointers. In someFun1() temp is a character array and so the space for it is allocated in heap and is initialized with character string “string”. This is created dynamically as the function is called, so is also deleted dynamically on exiting the function so the string data is not available in the calling function main() leading to print some garbage values. The function someFun2() also suffers from the same problem but the problem can be easily identified in this case.

Reading Comprehension

2009-12-07T13:54:00.002-08:00

Analogy

2009-12-07T13:54:00.001-08:00

Analogy questions deals with a related pair of words or phrases and is followed by a five lettered pair of words and phrases.The objective is to select the lettered pair that best expresses relationship similar to that expressed in original pair.
Testing Tactics:
->Try to state relationship between words.
->Look for narrower approach if more than one answer fits the relationship
->Consider both primary and secondary meaning of words.
->Watch error caused by eye catchers.
->Look at choices to determine word part of speech.
->Improve your vocabulary as much as you can

It cant be studied in a day , but the following list of words being updated daily will surely help u to improve your analogy and score fair marks in analogies.....

DAY 1

Sentence Correction

2009-12-07T13:52:00.003-08:00

Vocabulary

2009-12-07T13:52:00.002-08:00

abacus          frame with balls for calculating

abate           to lessen, to subside

abdication      giving up control, authority

abdomen         stomach and bowels

aberration      straying away from what is normal

abeyance        suspended action

abhor           to hate, to detest

abide           be faithful to; endure

abjure          promise or swear to give up

abraded         rubbed off, worn away by friction

abrasion        rubbing, scraping, wearing off

abrogate        repeal or annul by authority

abscond         to go away suddenly (to avoid arrest)

abstruse        difficult to comprehend; obscure

abundant        plentiful

abut            border on

abysmal         bottomless, extreme

acarpous        effete, no longer fertile, worn out

accentuate      give more force or attention to

acclaimed       welcomed with shouts and approval

accolade        praise, approval

accretion       the growing of separate things into one

acquiesce in    agree (without protest)

acquisition     smth acquired, acquiring

adamant         kind of stone; inflexible

adhere          remain faithful, stick fast to

adhesion        adhering, support

adjacent        lying near, next

admonitory      containing warning

adorn           add beauty; decorate

adulteration    making unpure, poorer in quality

affinity        close connection, relationship

aggravate       make worse; irritate

agile           active, quick-moving

ail             trouble; be ill

alacrity        eager and cheerful readiness

alienate        estrange

allegiance      duty, support, loyalty

alleviate       make (pain) easier to bear

alloy           to debase by mixing with something inferior

aloof           reserved, indifferent

amalgamate      mix, combine, unite societies

ambidextrous    able to use the left hand or the right equally well

ambiguous       doubtful, uncertain

ambivalent      having both of two contrary meanings

ameliorate      improve, make better

amendment       improving

amicable        friendly

amortize        end (a debt) by setting aside money

amplify         make large or fuller, increase the strength

animosity       strong dislike

annul           put an end to

anticlimax      sudden fall

antidote        medicine used against a poison or a disease

antithetical    direct opposing

apartheid       brutal racial discrimination

apathetic       indifference

aplomb          self-confidence

apostate        one who abandons long-held religious or political convictions

apotheosis      deification, glorification to godliness

appease         make quiet or calm

apprehensive    grasping, understanding; fear, unhappy feeling about future

apprise         give notice to, inform

approbation     approval

appropriate     take for one's own use, acquire, set aside

apropos         appropriate to the situation; apt

apt             well-suited, quick-witted

arabesque       a complex, ornate design

arabesque       whimsical

arbitrate       decide by arbitration

arboreal        of connected with trees

ardently        with full of ardor

ardor           enthusiasm

arduous         steep, difficult ascent; laborious

argot           jargon, slang

arrant          in the highest degree

arrogance       proud, superior manner of behaviour

articulate      speak distinctly, connect by joints

ascend          go or come up

ascent          the act of ascending

ascertain       get to know

ascetic         practicing self-denial, austere, stark

ascribe         consider to be the origin of or belonging to

asperity        roughness, harshness, ill temper, irritability

aspersion       slander

assail with     attack violently

asset           valuable quality, smth that has money value

assiduous       diligent, hard-working, sedulous

assuage         make smth (pain, desire) less

assumption      smth supposed but not proved

asterisk        the mark * (e.g.. omitted letters)

astringent      substance that shrinks

astute          clever; quick at seeing to get an advantage

atonement       repayment; death of Jesus

attenuate       make thin. weaken, enervate

audacious       daring, foolishly bold, impudent

augury          omen, sign

august          majestic, venerable

auspice         protection or support, patronage

auspicious      favorable, successful, prosperous

austere         severely moral and strict; simple and plain

auxiliary       helping, supporting

aver            affirm, assert, prove, justify

aversion        strong dislike

avid            eager, greedy

avow            admit. Declare openly

baleful         harmful, ominous, causing evil

balk            obstacle; purposely to get on the way of

balloon         swell out like balloon

balm            sweet-smelling oil; consolation

banal           uninteresting

band            flat, thin strip of material; range of frequencies

bane            cause of injury, poison, source of harm

baneful         causing harm or ruin, pernicious, destructive

barrage         artificial obstacle built across a river

barren          not good enough, unable to have young ones, without value

bask in         enjoy warmth and light

bazaar          market

be irreconcilable       cannot be brought into harmony

beatify         to bless, make happy, or ascribe a virtue to

bedizen         to adorn, especially in a cheap, showy manner

belie           contradict, give a false impression

belittle        cause to seem unimportant

bellicose       belligerent, pugnacious, warlike

belligerent     (person, nation) waging war

belligerently   waging war

bend            cause smth to be out of a straight line

benefactor      person who has given help

benevolence     wish or activity in doing good

benign          kind and gentle; mild (climate)

bequest         arrangement to give smth at death

berate          scold sharply

bereft          rob or dispossess of smth (material)

bewilder        puzzle, confuse

biased          prejudice

bigot           stubborn, narrow-minded person

bilge           bulge, the protuberance of a cask

blandishment    flattery, coaxing

blandness       polite manner, comforting, uninteresting

blatant         noisy and rough

blithe          cheerful, casual, carefree

blithe          gay and joyous

blueprint       plan, scheme, photographic print

blunt           plain, not troubling to be polite

boggle          be alarmed, hesitate, amazed

bogus           sham, counterfeit, not genuine

boisterous      loud, noisy, rough, lacking restraint

bolster         give greatly needed support

boorish         crude, offensive, rude

braid           strands of hair woven together, smth edging sloth

brash           hasty, rush; cheeky, saucy

brass           yellow metal (mixing copper and zinc)

brazen          made of brass

breach          opening, broken place, breaking

brisk           active, lively

brisket         breast of an animal

brittle         easily broken

broach          bring up, announce, begin to talk about

brook           to tolerate, endure

buoyant         able to float; light-hearted

burgeon         grow forth, send out buds

burnish         to polish, rub to a shine

bust            run out of money

cabal           a scheme or plot, a group of plotters

cadge           to beg, to get by begging

calipers        metal supports attached to the legs, measuring instrument

calumniate      to slander, present false accusal

calumny         slander, aspersion

candid          frank, straight-forward

canvass         discuss thoroughly; sort of touting

capricious      fickle, whimsical, given to change, unpredictable

castigate       to chastise, correct by punishing

castigation     severe punishment

casual          happening by chance, careless

catalyst        substance that causes speeding up

caustic         biting, sarcastic

censure         expression of blame or disapproval; a rebuke

census          official counting of the population

centurion       leader of a unit of 100 soldiers

chary           cautious, wary

chastened       corrected, punished

chastisement    punishment

chauvinist      a blindly devoted patriot

chisel          steel tool for shaping materials

churl           bad-tempered person

cite            give as an example

clamor          shout, complain with a lot of noise

cleanse         make pure, thoroughly clean

cling to        resist separation

clot            half-solid lump formed from liquid

cloture         closing, device (in Parliament) to end a debate by voting

coalescing      coming together and uniting into one substance

coax            get smb to do smth by kindness

coddle          treat with care and tenderness

coerce          compel, to force to make obedient

coeval          of the same period, coexisting

cogent          strong, convincing

cogitate        think deeply, mediate

cognition       knowing, awareness (emotionless)

cognizant       being fully aware of

coherent        sticking together

colander        bowl-shaped vessel with many holes used to drain off water

collaborate     work in partnership

collusion       secret agreement for a deceitful purpose

combustion      process of burning

commemorate     keep the memory of

commend         praise

commendable     worthy of praise

commingle       mingle together

commuter        person who travels regularly

complacently    with self-satisfaction

complaisance    tending to comply, obliging, willingness to please

comply          act in accordance

compound        mix or combine

comprise        be composed of

compunction     feeling of regret for one's action

conceal         hide, keep secret

conceit         over-high opinion of, too much pride

conciliatory    reconciling, soothing, comforting, mollifying

concord         agreement or harmony

concur          agree in opinion, happen together

condense        increase in density, strength, make laconic

condone         forgive

congeal         make or become stiff and solid

conjoin         to join together

connoisseur     a person with good judgement (e.g.. in art)

connotation     suggestion in addition to

consent         give agreement or permission

consequential   pompous, self important

consolation     consoling or being consoled

console         give comfort or sympathy to

conspicuous     easily seen; remarkable

consternation   surprise and fear, dismay

constrict       make tight or smaller

consume         get to the end of

contemn         to scorn or despise

contentious     argumentative, pugnacious, combative, quarrelsome

contiguous      touching, neighboring, near

contrite        filled with deep sorrow for wrongdoing

contumacious    insubordinate, rebellious

conundrum       a riddle, dilemma, enigma

conviction      convincing; firm belief

convoke         call together, summon

convoluted      complicated; coiled, twisted

cord            twisted strands

cordial         warm and sincere

cordon          line (of police acting as a guard)

corporeal       physical; of or for the body

correlate       have a mutual relation

corroboration   additional, strengthening evidence

countenance     to favor or approve of

counterfeit     forgery

countervail     counterbalance

covert          disguised

covetous        eagerly desirous

cower           crouch; shrink back

craven          cowardly

crease          line made by crushing; white line on the ground in cricket

credulity       too great a readiness to believe things

credulous       ready to believe things

crush           press, lose shape, subdue, overwhelm

cryptic         secret, with a hidden meaning

cumbersome      burdensome, heavy and awkward to carry

curmudgeon      bad-tempered person

curriculum      course of study

cursory         quick, hurried

curtail         make shorter then was planned

cynic           person who see no good in anything

dart            quick movement; missile in darts

daunt           intimidate, make fearful

dawdler         person who is slow; waste of time

dearth          shortage

debacle         a breakup, overthrow, sudden disaster

decorous        polite, decent

decorum         propriety, properness

decree          order given by authority

decry           disapprove of

defer           postpone; give way (to show respect)

deference       respect

deferential     showing respect

defiance        open disobedience or resistance

deflect         turn aside

defy            resist openly

degrade         reduce in rank or status

delineate       to portray, depict, sketch out

deluge          great flood, heavy rush of water

demagogue       person appealing not to reasons

demur           to hesitate, raise objections

denigrate       blacken, belittle, sully, defame

denouement      an outcome or solution; the unraveling of a plot

denounce        give information against

dent            hollow, depression mad by a blow

deplete         use until none remains

deposition      dethronement, depositing

deprave         make morally bad; corrupt

deprecate       protest against, express disapproval of

dereliction     deserting and leaving to fall into ruins

derision        ridicule, mockery, deriding

derivative      derived, not original or primitive

derivative      unoriginal, obtained from another source

derogatory      insulting; tending to damage

descry          catch sight of, see smth in the distance

desiccant       substance used to absorb moisture

desiccate       to dry up, dehydrate

desuetude       cessation of use; disuse

desultory       aimless, haphazard, digressing at random

detach          separate

deter           discourage, hinder

detraction      slandering, verbal attack, aspersion

detumescence    diminishing or lessening of swelling

deviance        being different in moral standards (from normal)

dexterity       skill (esp. in handling)

dexterous       clever, skillful with hands

diaphanous      transparent, gauzy

diatribe        bitter and violent attack in words

dictate         order

diffidence      shyness

diffident       lacking in self-confidence

dilate          speak comprehensively, become wider, large

dilatory        causing delay, procrastinating

disabuse        to undeceive, correct a false impression

disallow        refuse to allow or accept as a correct

discern         see with an effort but clearly

discomfit       confuse, embarrass

discomfit       to defeat, put down

disconcert      upset the self-possession of

discountenance  refuse to approve of

discourse       speech, lecture,

discredit       refuse to believe

disdain         look on with contempt

disencumber     free from encumbrance

disheveled      untidy

disingenuous    sophisticated, artful, trying to deceive, cunning

disinter        dig up from the earth

dislodge        move, force from the place occupied

dismal          sad, gloomy, miserable

disparate       essentially different

dispassionate   free from passion

dissemble       speak or behave so as to hide smth (in mind)

disseminate     distribute (esp. ideas)

dissent         have a different opinion, refuse to assent

dissipation     going away, dispersing

dissolution     disintegration, looseness in morals

distinct        easily heard, seen, understood, clearly marked

distorted       pulled out of the usual shape, give a false account of

distraught      distracted, violently upset in mind

distress        great pain; cause discomfort

divergence      getting farther apart from a point

diverse         of different kinds

divestiture     taking off, getting rid of, giving up

divulge         make known smth secret

doggerel        trivial, poorly constructed verse

dogmatic        positive, certain, arbitrary, without room for discussion

dogmatism       being dogmatic

dolt            stupid fellow

dormant         in a state of inactivity but awaiting development

dote            show much fondness, center one's attention

drone           male bee, person who isn't self-employed

drowsiness      feeling sleepy, half asleep

dubious         feeling doubt

dud             no use person, smth that fails

dulcet          melodious, harmonious

dupe            cheat, make a fool of

duplicity       deliberate deception

duress          threats to compel smb

dwarf           person or smb much below the usual size

dynamo          a generator, something that produces electric current

earthenware     dishes made of baked clay

ebullience      exuberance, outburst of feeling

ebullient       overflowing with enthusiasm; showing excitement

ecumenical      representing the whole Christian world

edacious        voracious, devouring

eddy            circular or spiral movement (e.g.. of wind)

effete          infertile, worn out, weak

efficacy        production of a desired result

effluvia        outflow in a stream of particles; a noxious odor or vapor

effrontery      boldness, impudence, arrogance

egress          way out, exit

elaborate       worked out with much care in great detail

elate           stimulate

elation         high-spirits

electorate      all the electors

elegy           a lament, a melancholy composition

elicit          draw out

eloquence       fluent speaking; skillful use of language

emaciate        make thin and weak

embellish       make beautiful

embezzle        use in a wrong way for one's own benefit

emergence       emerging

emote           stir up, excite

empirical       relying on experiment

encapsulate     enclose in capsule

encomium        warm or glowing praise; eulogy, panegyric

encumbrance     burden; things that get on the way of

endearing       making dear or liked

endemic         epidemic

endemic         prevailing in a specific area

endorse         write one's name on the back of

enduring        lasting

enervate        weaken, deprive of strength, attenuate

engender        cause, produce, give rise to

engrave         impress deeply

engrossing      taken up all the time or attention; writing in large or formal

engulf          swallow up

enigma          smth that is puzzling

enmity          hatred; being an enemy

enormity        excessive wickedness; evilness

enormousness    great size

entangle        put into difficulties

entreat         ask earnestly

enzyme          catalyst

epicure         food lover, a connoisseur of food

epicurean       devoted to pleasure (sensuous enjoyment)

epistle         letter

epithet         adjective

epitome         brief summary; representative example; a typical model

equable         steady, regular

equanimity      calmness of temperament

equilibrium     state of being balanced

equipoise       equal distribution of weight; equilibrium

equivocal       having a double or doubtful meaning; suspicious

equivocate      try to deceive by equivocal language

eradicate       get rid of; pull up by the roots

erasure         erasing, removing all traces

erode           wear away, eat into

erratic         irregular in behaviour or opinion

erudite         learned, scholarly

escalate        increase, develop

esoteric        abstruse; intended only for a small circle of

espouse         marry; give one's support to

eulogy          formal praise; panegyric

euphoria        elation; state of pleasant excitement

euthanasia      easy and painless death

evaluating      finding out the value

evaporate       change into vapor, disappear, die

evince          to show clearly, to indicate

evoke           call up, bring out

evolve          unfold, develop naturally and gradually

excoriate       to flay, stip off the skin; to denounce sharply

excoriation     severe criticism

exculpate       free from blame

exculpate       to clear from a charge of guilt

exert           but forth; bring into use

exertion        instance of exerting

exhaustive      complete, thorough

exigency        emergency, an urgent situation

exonerate       free; clear

exoneration     set smb clear, free (e.g.. from blame)

exorbitant      much too high or great

expatiate       to roam, wander freely

expedient       likely to be useful for a purpose

expiation       ending; expiring

exploit         brilliant achievement; develop; use selfishly

expostulate     argue earnestly to dissuade, correct, or protest

expurgate       to remove obscenity, purify, censor

exscind         to cut out, cut away

exsert          thrust out, push forth

extant          still in existence

extensive       far-reaching

extenuate       reduce the strength of, lessen seriousness, partially excuse

extinct         no longer active

extirpate       to destroy, exterminate, cut out, exscind

extol           praise highly

extort          obtain by threats, violence

extralegal      outside the law

extricable      that can be freed

extrovert       cheerful person

exuberance      state of growing vigorously; being full of life

facetious       humorous, funny, jocular

facile          easily done

facilitate      make easy (e.g.. a process of smth)

fallacious      based on error

fallacy         false or mistaken belief

fatuous         without sense, foolish self-satisfaction

faucet          device for controlling the outflow of a liquid

fawn            young deer, try to win smb's favor

feckless        futile, irresponsible, inefficient

feckless        lacking purpose or vitality; ineffective; careless

fecund          fertile

feint           pretend

felicitous      apt; suitably expressed, well chosen, apropos

felon           person guilty of murder

ferment         substance; become excited

ferocity        savage cruelty

ferret          discover by searching; search

fertile         producing much, full of ideas

fertilize       make fertile or productive

fervid          intense, zealous

fervid          showing earnest feeling

fervor          warmth of feelings; earnestness

fetter          to shackle, put in chains

feud            bitter quarrel over a long period of time

fidelity        loyalty, accuracy

fidget          move restlessly, make nervous

figurehead      carved image on the prow of a ship

finesse         delicate way of dealing with a situation

finical         too fussy about food, clothing, etc.

finicky         finical

finite          limited, having bounds

fission         splitting or division (esp. of cells)

fixate          stare at

flamboyant      brightly colored, florid

flammable       having tendency to burst into flames

flaunting       show off complacently

flaw            crack, lessen value

flax            pale yellow (hair); a plant

fledged         able to fly, trained, experienced

fleet           number of ships, quick-moving

fleeting        passing quickly

flexibility     easily bent without braking

flinch          draw, move back, wince

florid          very much ornamented; naturally red (e.g.. of face)

floridness      ruddiness; heavily decorated; ornateness

flout           reject, mock, to go against (as in going against tradition)

fluster         make nervous or confused

foible          defect of character (a person is wrongly proud)

foil            prevent from carrying out; contrast

foment          put smth warm (to lessen the pain)

foppish         like a man who pays too much attention to his clothes

forbear         refrain from, be patient; ancestor

forbearance     patience, willingness to wait

ford            shallow place in a river (to cross)

forestall       prevent by taking action in advance, preempt

forfeit         suffer the loss of smth

forge           workshop for the shaping of metal; to shape metal; lead

forgery         counterfeit

forswear        renounce, disallow, repudiate

fortify         strengthen

fortuitous      happening by chance

foster          nurture, care for

fragile         easily injured, broken or destroyed

fragrant        sweet-smelling

franchise       special right given by authority

frantic         wildly excited with joy, pain, anxiety

frenetic        frantic, frenzied

fret            worry; irritation; wear away

friction        the rubbing of one thing against another, difference of opinion

fringe          edge; ornamental border; part of hair over the forehead

froward         intractable, not willing to yield or comply, stubborn

frugal          careful, economical

fulminate       berate, vituperate, to thunder out, to explode

fulmination     bitter protest

fulsome         disgusting, offensive due to excessiveness

gainsay         to deny, declare false, to oppose

gambol          quick, playful jumping

garment         article of clothing

garner          to gather and save; to store up

garrulity       talkativeness

garrulous       too talkative

gaucherie       socially awkward, tactless behavior

germane         relevant; pertinent to

gist            the point, general sense

glean           gather facts in small quantities

glib            ready and smooth but not sincere

gloat over      look at with selfish delight

glut            supply to much, fill to excess

gnaw            waste away; bite steadily

goad            smth urging a person to action

gossamer        soft, light, delicate material

gouge           tool for cutting grooves in wood

grace           favor

grave           serious, requiring consideration

gregarious      living in societies; liking the company

grievance       cause for complaint or protest

grievous        causing grief or pain; serious, dire, grave

grimace         twisted expression of a face

grind           crush, polish

grooves         long channel in the surface, habitual way of living

grovel          crawl, humble oneself

guile           deceit, cunning

guileless       straight-forward, candid

gull            cheat, deceive

gullible        easily gulled

gust            outburst of feeling; sudden rain, wind, fire, etc.

hack            cut roughly; hired horse

hallow          to make holy; consecrate

hamper          basket with a lid, prevent free movement or activity

hapless         unlucky, unfortunate

harangue        a long, passionate speech

harbinger       smth or smb that foretells the coming of

harrow          to distress, create stress or torment

harsh           rough, cruel, stern

haughty         arrogant; conceited

haven           harbor, safety place

heed            pay attention; notice

heinous         odious (of crime)

heresy          belief contrary to what is generally accepted

hermetic        sealed by fusion

heterogeneous   made up of different kinds

hew             make by hard work; cut (by striking)

hirsute         hairy, shaggy

hoax            mischievous trick played on smb for a joke

hoi polloi      the masses; the rabble

hollow          not soled, with  hole

holster         leather case for a pistol

hone            stone used for sharpening tools

hoodwink        trick, mislead

hospitable      liking to give hospitality

hubris          arrogant pride

hurdle          light frame, fence to be jumped over

husk            worthless outside part of anything

hypocrisy       falsely making oneself appear to be good

iconoclast      person who attacks popular beliefs

iconoclastic    attacking cherished beliefs

idiosyncrasy    personal mannerism

idolatrous      worshipping idols

idolatry        excessive admiration of

idyll           a carefree episode or experience

ignoble         dishonorable, common, undignified

ignominious     shameful, dishonorable, undignified, disgraceful

illicit         unlawful, forbidden

illusory        deceptive; an illusion

imbroglio       complicated and embarrassing situation

immaculate      pure, faultless

immerse         absorb; put under the surface of

imminent        likely to come or happen soon

immutable       that cannot be changed

impair          worsen, diminish in value

impaired        damaged, weakened

impassive       unmoved; feeling no sign of passion

impecunious     having little or no money

impede          hinder; get in the way of

impediment      smth that hinders (e.g. stammer)

impending       imminent, being about to happen, expected

imperative      urgent, essential

imperious       commanding, haughty, arrogant

imperviousness   haughty, arrogant, commanding

impermeable     that cannot be permeated

imperturbable   calm; not capable of being excited

impervious      not allowing to pass through (of materials)

imperviousness  arrogance, commanding presence, overbearingness

impetuous       having sudden energy, impulsive, thrusting ahead, forceful

impiety         lack of reverence or dutifulness

implacable      incapable of being placated, unpleasable

implausibility  incredibility

implicate       show that smb has a share

implicit        implied though not plainly expressed

implosion       collapse; bursting inward

imply           make a suggestion

importune       beg urgently; solicit (of a prostitute)

imprecation     an invocation of evil; a curse

impromptu       without preparation

impudence       being rash, indiscreet

impudent        rash, indiscreet

impugned        challenged, to be doubted

impute          to attribute to a cause or source, ascribe

inadvertent     not paying proper attention

inane           silly, senseless

inasmuch        since, because

incense         make angry

incessant       often repeated, continual

inchoate        not yet fully formed, rudimentary, elementary

incise          engrave, make a cut in

incite          stir up, rouse

inclined        directing the mind in a certain direction

incoherently    not consistently, unclearly

incongruous     out of place, not in harmony or agreement

incorrigibility cannot be cured or corrected

incredulous     skeptical, unwilling to believe

inculcate       fix firmly by repetition

incumbents      official duties

incursion       a raid, a sudden attack

indefatigability        not easily exhaustible; tirelessness

indelible       that cannot be rubbed out

indelicate      immodest; lacking in refinement

indigence       poverty

indigenous      native

indistinct      not easily heard, seen, clearly marked

indolence       laziness

indomitable     not easily discouraged or subdued

indulge         gratify, give way to, satisfy; allow oneself

indulgent       inclined to indulge

ineffable       to great to be described in words

ineluctable     certain, inevitable

inept           unskillful; said or done at the wrong time

infertile       not fertile, barren

inflame         become red, angry

inflammatory    tending to inflame

infuriate       fill with fury or rage

infuse          put, pour, fill

ingenuous       naive, young, artless, frank, honest, sincere

ingest          take in by swallowing

inherent        existing as a natural part

inhibit         hinder, restrain

inimical        harmful or friendly

inimitable      defying imitation, unmatchable

innocuous       causing no harm

inscrutable     incapable of being discovered or understood

insensible      unconscious, unresponsive, unaffected

insinuate       suggest unpleasantly; make a way for smth gently

insipid         without taste or flavor

insouciant      unconcerned, carefree

insularity      narrow-mindedness, isolated

insurrection    rising of people to open resistance to

interdict       prohibit, forbid

interim         as an installment

intersperse     place here and there

intervene       come between; interfere to change the result

intractable     unruly, refractory, stubborn

intransigence   unwillingness to compromise, stubbornness, intractability

intransigent    uncompromising

intrepid        fearless, brave, undaunted

introspection   examining one's own thoughts and feelings

inundate        flood; cover by overflowing

inured          accustomed to, adapted

invective       abusive language, curses

inveigh         to attack verbally, denounce, deprecate

inveterate      deep-rooted. long-established

involute        complex

irascible       irritable, easily angered

irate           angry

ire             anger

irksome         tiresome

irrelevant      not relevant, not connected

irresolute      hesitating; undecided

irrevocable     final and unalterable

itinerary       plan for a journey, details or records of a route

itinerate       to travel from place to place, to peregrinate

jabber          talk excitedly; utter rapidly

jeopardize      put in danger

jibe            gibe, make fun of

jocular         meant as a joke

judicious       sound in judgment; wise

knit            draw together, unite firmly

labyrinthine    to entangle the state of affairs

lachrymose      causing tears, tearful

lackluster      (of eyes) dull

laconic         brief, to the point, terse

lag             go too slow

lament          show, feel great sorrow

lassitude       weariness, tiredness

latent          present but not yet active, developed or visible

laudatory       expressing or giving praise

lavish          giving or producing freely, liberally or generously

leakage         the process of leaking

legacy          smth handed down from ancestors

libel           statement that damages reputation

liberality      free giving; generosity

libertine       immoral person

lien            legal claim until a debt on it is repaid

limn            paint, portray

limp            lacking strength, walking unevenly

lithe           bending, twisting

loll            rest, to sit or stand in a lazy way; hang (dog's tongue)

loquacious      talkative, garrulous

lubricant       substance that makes work easier

lubricate       put oil to make work easily

lubricious      lewd, wanton, greasy, slippery

lucubrate       write in scholarly fashion

luculent        easily understood, lucid, clear

lugubrious      mournful, excessively sad

lull            become quiet or less active

luminary        star, light-giving body

lustrous        being bright, polished

macabre         gruesome, suggesting death

machination     plot, scheme (esp. evil)

maladroit       tactless, clumsy

malapropism     misuse of a word (for one that resembles it)

malevolence     wishing to do evil

malign          injurious, speak ill of smb, tell lie

malinger        to fake illness or injury, in order to shirk a duty

malleable       yielding; easily shaped; moldable; adapting

manacle         chains for the hands or feet

martial         brave, of associated with war

massacre        cruel killing of a large number of people

matriculation   be admitted, enter a university as a student

mature          come to full development, to a state ready for use

maudlin         sentimental in a silly or tearful way

maverick        rebel, nonconformist

mellifluous     sweetly flowing

mendacious      false

mendacity       dishonesty

mendicant       a beggar

mercurial       quick, changeable in character, fleeting

meretricious    attractive on the surface but of little value

mesmerize       hypnotize

meticulous      giving great attention to details

mettle          quality of endurance or courage

mettlesome      courageous, high-spirited

middling        fairly good but not very good

minatory        menacing, threatening

mince           pronounce or speak affectedly, euphemize

misanthrope     person who hates mankind

mischievous     harmful, causing mischief

miser           person who loves wealth and spends little

misogynist      one who hates women/females

missile         smth that is thrown or shot

mitigate        make less severe or painful

moderation      quality of being limited, not extreme

mollify         make calmer or quieter

molt            moult, lose hair, feathers before new growing

morbid          diseased, unhealthy (e.g.. about ideas)

morose          ill-tempered, unsocial

mortuary        place where dead bodies are taken to be kept until burial

multifarious    varied, motley, greatly diversified

mundane         worldly as opposed to spiritual; commonplace, everyday

myriad          very great number

nadir           lowest, weakest point

nascent         coming into existence, emerging

nebulous        cloud-like; hazy; vague; indistinct

negligent       taking too little care

neophyte        person who has been converted to a belief

nexus           a connection, tie, or link

nibble          show some inclination to accept (an offer)

nice            precise, sensitive to subtleness

noisome         offensive, disgusting (smell)

nonchalant      not having interest

nonplused       greatly surprised

nostrum         a quack remedy, an untested cure

notion          nominal, token

noxious         harmful

nullify         make void and null

numb            without ability to feel or move

numbness        without ability to move a finger

obdurate        hardened and unrepenting; stubborn, inflexible

obfuscate       to darken, make obscure, muddle

oblivious       unaware, having no memory

obloquy         abusively detractive language, sharp criticism, vituperation

obsequious      too eager to obey or serve

obsolete        no longer used

obstreperous    noisy, loud

obtain          to be established, accepted, or customary

obtrusive       projecting, prominent, undesirably noticeable

obviate         to make unnecessary, get rid of

occluded        blocked up

occult          hidden, concealed, beyond comprehension

odious          repulsive, hateful

odium           contempt, dislike, aversion

odor            smell; favor; reputation

officious       too eager or ready to help, offer advice

onerous         needing effort, burdensome

opprobrious     showing scorn or reproach

ossify          to turn to bone; to settle rigidly into an idea

ostensible      seeming, appearing as such, professed

ostentation     display to obtain admiration or envy

ostentatious    fond of showing ostentation

ostracism       shut out from society, refuse to meet, talk

ostrich         fast-running bird unable to fly

outset          start

overhaul        examine thoroughly to learn about the condition

overweening     presumptuously arrogant, overbearing, immoderate, being a jerk

overwhelm       weigh down, submerge

paean           song of praise or triumph

palate          roof of the mouth; sense of taste

palatial        magnificent

palliate        lessen the severity of

palliate        to make something appear less serious, to alleviate, to gloss over

palpability     can be felt, touched, understood

palpitate       tremble, beat rapidly and irregularly

panegyric       formal praise, eulogy

paradigm        a model, example, or pattern

parenthesis     sentence within another one, smth separated

pariah          an outcast, a rejected and despised person

parsimonious    too economical, miserly

partisan        one-sided, committed to a party, biased or prejudiced

patron          regular customer; person who gives support

paucity         scarcity, a lacking of

peccadillo      small sin; small weakness in one's character

pedantic        bookish, showing off learning

pedestrian      commonplace, trite, unremarkable

pellucid        transparent, easy to understand

penchant        strong inclination, a liking

penitent        feeling or showing regret

penury          extreme poverty

peregrination   traveling about, wandering

peremptory      urgent, imperative, unchallengeable, ending debate

perennial       lasting for a long time (e.g.. a year)

perfidious      treacherous, faithless

perfidy         treachery; breaking of faith

perfunctory     done as a duty without care

perilous        dangerous

peripatetic     wandering

perish          be destroyed; decay

perjury         willful false statement, unlawful act

permeate        spread into every part of

pernicious      harmful, injurious

perpetrate      be guilty; commit (a crime)

persevere       keep on steadily, continue

personable      pleasing in appearance, attractive

perspicacity    quick judging and understanding

pertain         belong as a part, have reference

pest            destructive thing or a person who is nuisance

petrified       taken away power (to think, feel, act)

petrify         to make hard, rocklike

petrous         like a rock, hard, stony

petulant        unreasonably impatient

philistine      a smug ignorant person; one who lacks knowledge

phlegmatic      calm, sluggish temperament; unemotional

picaresque      involving clever rogues or adventurers

pied            of mixed colors

pinch           be too tight, take between the thumb and finger

pious           dutiful to parents; devoted to religion

piquant         agreeably pungent, stimulating

pique           hurt the pride or self-respect, stir (curiosity)

pitfall         covered hole as a trap, unsuspected danger

pith            essential part, force, soft liquid substance

pivotal         of great importance (others depend on it)

placate         soothe, pacify, calm

plaintive       mournful, melancholy, sorrowful

plaque          flat metal on a wall as a memorial

platitude       a trite or banal statement; unoriginality

plea            request

plead           address a court of law as an advocate

plethora        glut

pliant          pliable, easily bent, shaped or twisted

plod            continue doing smth without resting

pluck           pull the feathers off, pick (e.g.. flowers)

plumb           get to the root of

plummet         fall, plunge, steeply

plunge          move quickly, suddenly and with force

poignant        deeply moving; keen

poise           be ready, be balanced, self-possession

polemical       controversial, argued

ponderous       heavy, bulky, dull

portent         omen; marvelous; threatening

poseur          someone taking on airs to impress others; a phony

posture         state, attitude; adopt a vain

poverty         state of being poor

pragmatic       practical, favoring utility

precarious      uncertain, risky, dangerous

precept         moral instruction

precepts        rules establishing standards of conduct

precipitate     throw smth violently down from a height

preclude        prevent, make impossible

precursory      preliminary, anticipating

predilection    special liking, mental preference

predominate     have more power than others

preempt         obtain by preemption or in advance

premature       doing or happening smth before the right time

preponderance   greatness in number, strength, weight

presage         warning sign

preternatural   not normal or usual

prevalent       common

prevaricate     to equivocate, to stray from the truth

prim            neat; formal

pristine        primitive, unspoiled, pure, as in earlier times, unadulterated

probity         uprightness, incorruptibility, principle

proclivity      inclination

procrastination keeping on putting off

prodigal        wasteful, reckless with money

prodigious      enormous, wonderful

profane         worldly, having contempt for God

profligate      wasteful, prodigal, licentious, extravagant

profundity      depth

proliferate     grow, reproduce by rapid  multification

prolix          tiring because too long

prone           prostrate; inclined to (undesirable things)

propagation     increasing the number, spreading, extending

propinquity     nearness in time or place, affinity of nature

propitiate      do smth to take away the anger of

propitiatory    conciliatory, appeasing, mitigating

propitious      auspicious, presenting favorable circumstances

prosaic         everyday, mundane, commonplace, trite, pedestrian

proscribe       denounce as dangerous

protracted      prolonged

provident       frugal; looking to the future

provisional     of the present time only

provoke         make angry; vax

prudence        careful forethought

prudish         easily shocked, excessively modest

prune           dried plum, silly person

pry             get smth; inquire too curiously

pugnacious      fond of, in the habit of fighting

punch           strike with the fist; tool for cutting holes; alc. drink

punctilious     precise, paying attention to trivialities

pundit          pedant, authority on a subject

pungency        sharpness; stinging quality

purvey          provide, supply

pusillanimous   cowardly, craven

pyre            large pile of wood for burning

quack           person dishonestly claiming to smth

quaff           drink deeply

quail           lose courage, turn frightened

qualm           feeling of doubt, temporary feeling of sickness

quell           suppress, subdue

quibble         try to avoid by sophistication

quiescent       at rest, dormant, torpid

quirk           habit or action peculiar to smb or smth

quixotic        generous, unselfish

quotidian       banal; everyday

rabble          mob, crowd; the lower classes of populace

raconteur       person who tells anecdotes

radiant         bright, shining

raffish         low, vulgar, base, tawdry

rail at         find fault, utter reproaches

ramify          to be divided or subdivided; to branch out

rancorous       feeling bitterness, spitefulness

rant            use extravagant language

rapacious       greedy (esp for money)

rarefy          to make thin, to make less dense, to purify or refine

reactionary     opposing progress

rebuff          snub

recalcitrant    disobedient

recant          take back as being false; give up

recast          cast or fashion anew

recidivism      relapse into antisocial or criminal behavior

reciprocity     granting of privileges in return for similar

recitals        a number of, performance of music

recluse         person who lives alone and avoids people

recompense      make payment to; reward, punish

reconcile       settle a quarrel; restore peace

recondite       little known; abstruse

recourse        smth turned to for help

recreancy       cowardice, a cowardly giving up

recuperate      become strong after illness, loss, exhaustion

redeem          get back by payment; compensate

redemptive      serving to redeem

redoubtable     formidable, causing fear

refine          make or become pure, cultural

refractory      stubborn, unmanageable, untractable

refulgent       shining, brilliant

regale          to delight or entertain; to feast

regicide        crime of killing a king

reiterate       say or do again several times

rejuvenation    becoming young in nature or appearance

relapse         fall back again

relinquish      give up

reluctant       unwilling or disinclined

remonstrate     to protest, object

render          deliver, provide, represent

renovate        restore smth to better condition

renowned        celebrated, famous

rent            regular payment for the use of smth, division or split

repast          meal

repine at       be discontented with

reproach        scold, upbraid

reprobate       person hardened in sin; one devoid of decency

repudiate       disown, refuse to accept or pay

repulsive       causing a feeling of disgust

requite         repay, give in return

resigned        unresisting, submissive

resilience      quality of quickly recovering the original shape

resolve         determine

resort to       frequently visit

restive         refusing to move; reluctant to be controlled

resurrect       bring back into use

resuscitation   coming back to consciousness

retard          check, hinder

reticent        reserved, untalkative, silent, taciturn

revere          have deep respect for

rift            split, crack, dissension

rivet           fix, take up, secure; metal pin

roll call       calling of names

rope            thick strong cord made by twisting

rotund          rich and deep; plump and round

rubric          heading, title, or category

ruffian         violent, cruel man

sagacious       having sound judgment; perceptive, wise; like a sage

salacious       obscene

salient         prominent, protruding, conspicuous, highly relevant

salubrious      healthful

salutary        remedial, wholesome, causing improvement

sanctimony      self-righteousness, hypocritical, with false piety

sanction        approval (by authority); penalty

sanguine        cheerful, confident, optimistic

sanity          health of mind; soundness of judgement

sap             weaken

sate            satiate

satiate         satisfy fully

saturnine       gloomy, dark, sullen, morose

savant          person of great learning

savor           taste, flavor smth

sawdust         tiny bits of wood

scabbard        sheath for the blade

scent           smell (esp pleasant)

scribble        write hastily

scurvy          mean, contemptible

seal            piece of wax, lead, etc stamped on the document

secular         material (not spiritual); living outside monasteries

sedulous        persevering

seminal         like a seed; constituting a source, originative

sententious     short and pithy, full of maxims/proverbs

sequence        succession, connected line of

serrated        having a toothed edge

serration       having a toothed edge

servile         like a slave, lacking independence

severance       severing

shaft           arrow or spear, smth long and narrow

shallow         little depth; not earnest

shard           piece of broken earthenware

sheath          cover for the blade of a weapon or a tool

shove           push

shrewd          astute; showing sound judgement

shrill          sharp, piercing

shun            keep away from; avoid

shunt           send from one track to another; lay aside; evade discussion

sidestep        step to one side

sinuous         winding, undulating, serpentine

skiff           small boat

skit            short piece of humorous writing

slack           sluggish; dull; not tight

slake           to assuage, to satisfy, allay

slate           king of blue-grey stone; propose; criticize

sluggard        lazy, slow-moving person

soar            rise, fly high

sober           self-controlled

sobriety        quality or condition of being sober

sodden          soaked, saturated

soggy           heavy with water

solvent         of the power of forming a solution

somatic         of the body

soot            black powder in smoke

sophisticated   complex, subtle, refined

sophistry       fallacious reasoning, faulty logic

sophomoric      self-assured though immature, affected, bombastic, overblown

sordid          wretched, comfortless, contemptible

spear           weapon with a metal point on a long shaft

specious        illogical, of questionable truth or merit

splenetic       bad-tempered, irritable

splice          join (two ends)

sponge          porous rubber for washing; live at once expense

spurious        false, counterfeit

spurn           have nothing to do; reject or refuse

squalid         foul, filthy

squander        spend wastefully

stanch          to stop the flow of a fluid

steeply         rising or falling sharply

stentorian      extremely loud and powerful

stickler        person who insists on importance of smth

stigma          mark of shame or disgrace

stigmatize      describe smb scornfully

sting           smth sharp

stingy          spending, using unwillingly

stint           to be thrifty, to set limits

stipulate       state or put forward as a necessary condition

stolid          showing no emotion; impassive

strands         smth twisted together into a rope, line of development

stray           wander, lose one's way

streak          long, thin; move very fast

striated        striped, grooved, or banded

stride          walk with long steps

strut           a supporting bar

stygian         hence, dark, gloomy

stymie          to hinder, obstruct, or block

subdue          overcome, bring under control

sublime         extreme; astounding

submerge        put under water, liquid, sink out of sight

suborn          induce by bribery or smth to commit perjury

subpoena        written order requiring a person to appear in a low court

subsume         include under a rule

succor          assistance, relief in time of distress

suffice         be enough

sullied         to be stained or discredited

summarily       briefly; without delay

sumptuous       magnificent

sundry          various, miscellaneous, separate

supercilious    disdainful; characterized by haughty scorn

superfluous     more then is needed or wanted

superimpose     put smth on the top

supersede       take the place of

supine          lying on the back; slow to act, passive

suppliant       asking humbly, beseeching

supplicate      make a humble petition to

suppress        prevent from being known; put an end to

surfeit         satiate, feed to fulness or to excess

susceptibility  sensitiveness

sustain         keep from falling; maintain; suffer; give a decision

sycophant       person who flatter to the rich and powerful

synopsis        summary or outline

taciturn        untalkative, silent

talon           claw of a bird of prey

tamp            tap or drive down by repeated light blows

tamper          interfere with

tangential      suddenly changeable

tarnished       lost brightness

taunt           contemptuous reproach, hurtful remark

taut            tightly stretched

tautology       a repetition, a redundancy

tawdry          cheap, gaudy, showy, tacky

tease           annoy; puzzling question

tedious         tiresome

teetotal        oppose to alcohol

temerity        boldness, brashness, intrepidness

temperance      abstinence from alcohol, self-control, moderation

temperate       showing self-control

tenacity        firmness, persistency, adhesiveness, tending to hang on

tenuous         insubstantial, flimsy, weak

terse           brief and to the point

thrift          care, economy, thriving, prosperous

timid           shy, easily frightened

timorous        fearful, timid, afraid

tolerable       fairly good

tonic           smth giving strength or energy

topple          be unsteady and overturn

torment         severe pain or suffering

torpid          sleeping, sluggish, lethargic, dormant

tortuous        full of twists and bends

tout            person who worries others to buy smth, to use his service

touting         act as tout

toy             think not seriously, handle absent-mindedly

tractable       easily controlled or guided

transgress      break, go beyond (a limit)

transient       temporary, fleeting

transitory      brief

trenchant       forceful, effective, vigorous; extremely perceptive, incisive

trend           tendency, general direction

trepidation     alarm, excited state of mind

trifling        unimportant

trite           not new

truculence      aggressiveness, ferocity

trudge          walk heavily

turbid          muddy, having the sediment stirred up

turbulence      being uncontrolled, violent

turgid          excessively ornate; swollen or bloated

turmoil         trouble, disturbance

turpitude       wickedness, shamefulness

tyro            tiro, beginner

ulterior        situated beyond

umbrage         offense, resentment

uncouth         rough, awkward

underbid        make a lower bid then smb else

undermine       weaken gradually, at the base, make smth under

undulate        to move in wavelike fashion, fluctuate

unencumbered    easy-going, trifle

unfeigned       not pretended, sincere

unscathed       unharmed, unhurt

untoward        unfortunate, inconvenient

upbraid         scold, reproach

urbane          elegant, refined in manners

vacillation     being uncertain, hesitating

vagary          strange act or idea

vain            without use, result; conceited

valiant         brave

valorous        brave

vanquish        conquer

vapor           stim, mist

veer            change direction

venal           ready to do smth dishonest

veneer          surface appearance covering the true nature

veneration      regard with deep respect

veracity        truth

verisimilitude  appearing true or real

veritable       real, rightly named

verve           spirit, vigor, enthusiasm

vex             annoy, distress, trouble

vigilance       watchfulness, self-appointed group who maintain order

vigilant        member of a vigilance committee

vigorous        strong, energetic

vilify          slander, say evil things

vindictive      having a desire to revenge

virago          a loud, domineering woman; a scold or nag

visceral        of the internal organs of the body

vitiate         lower the quality; weaken the strength

vituperate      curse, abuse in words

vivacious       lively, high-spirited

volatile        changeable, inconstant, fickle, unstable, explosive

volubility      fluency, verbosity, easy use of spoken language

voluble         fluent

voluminous      occupying much space

waft            scent, waving movement; carry lightly through

wag             merry person

wage            payment, carry on, engage in (war)

warmonger       person who stirs up war

warp            become bent

warrant         authority, written order, guarantee

wary            cautious

weave           make (threads) into cloth

weigh           measure hoe heavy smth is

welter          turmoil; a bewildering jumble

wend            to go, proceed

whimsical       full of odd and fanciful ideas

wince           show bodily or mental pain

woo             try to win

yarn            tale, story; fibers for knitting

Synonym and antonym

2009-12-07T13:52:00.001-08:00

SYNONYMS

----------------------------

Admonish = usurp (reprove) merry = gay

Alienate = estrange (isolate) instigate = incite

Dispel = dissipate (dismiss) belief = conviction

Covet= crave (desire) belated = too late

Solicit = beseech (seek) brim = border

Subside = wane (drop) renounce= reject

Hover = linger (stay close) divulge = reveal

Heap = to pile (collect) adhesive = bonding agent

Veer = diverge (turn) hamper = obstruct

Caprice = whim (impulse) to merit= to deserve

Stifle = suffocate (smother) inert = passive

Latent = potential (inactive) latitude = scope

Concur = acquiesce (accept) momentary = transient

Tranquil = serene (calm) overt = obvious

Lethargy = stupor (lazy) volume = quantity

Furtive= stealthy (secret) meager = scanty

Cargo = freight (load) baffle = frustrate

Efface = obliterate (wipe out) misery = distress

Pretentious = ostentatious (affected) discretion = prudence

Compunction = remorse (regret) amiable = friendly

Cajole = coax (wheedle – sweet talk) incentive = provocation

Embrace = hug (hold-cuddle) ovation = applause

Confiscate = appropriate (to take charge) emancipate = liberate

Lament = mourn penitence = to repeat

Obstinate = stubborn acumen = exactness

Metamorphosis = transform scrutiny = close examination

Annihilate = to destroy fuse = combine

Whet = sharpen behest = request

Adage = proverb

Work

2009-12-07T13:49:00.004-08:00

INTRODUCTION:
The questions are based on the following factors.
The number of days taken by different persons
The efficiencies of different persons.
The work schedule.

SOME IMPORTANT POINTS:
(i) Number of days α 1/Efficiency
(ii) Ratio between efficiency α 1/ Ratio of number of days.

METHOD :
Take the L.C.M of the number of days taken by different persons and consider it as the total part of the work. By taking the L.C.M as the total part of the work, find out ,in 1 day they can do how many parts. Then find out, the given work will be completed in how many number of days

Time and distance

2009-12-07T13:49:00.003-08:00

INTRODUCTION:
The problems based on time & distances are based on speed, time & distance. The general process to find out distance is as follows:
DISTANCE= SPEED*TIME.
where S is the speed of the moving object,
T is the time period & D is the distance covered.
Process to convert km/h in to m/s or vice versa is as follows:
1km/ h = 5/18 m/s
1 m/s = 18/5 km/h

Relative speed: The different between the speeds of two moving object with respect to their direction is known as relative speed. The relative speed according to the two different directions is as follows:
Case I: In case of same direction it is the difference between the speeds of the two moving objects.
Case II: In case of opposite direction it is the sum of the speeds of the two moving objects.

Example: Two objects are moving @ 30 km/h & 50 km/h. then the relative speed between them in two different cases are as follows:
Case I: In the same direction it is (50-30) i.e. 20 km/h
Case II: In case of opposite direction it is (50+30) i.e.80 km/h.

A boy goes to school @ 10 km/h & returns to his home @ 12 km/h respectively. If he takes 5 ½ hrs in all, find the distance between school & his home.

Solution

The L.C.M of two different speeds of 10 &12 is 60. If 60 km is the distance, then at the rate of two different speeds the times are 6 & 5 hrs respectively. When the total time is 6+5 i.e. 11hrs, the distance between the two points is 60 km. So when the total time is 5 ½ hrs, the distance between school & home is 30 km.

A person covers half of his journey @ 21 km/h, & the rest half @ 24 km/h respectively. If he takes 15 hrs in all, find the distance covered by the person.

Sol:
The L.C.M of 21 &24 i.e. 168. If 168 km is the distance, then the person covers ½ of it i.e. 84 km @ 21 km/h in 4 hrs and the rest half @ 24 km/h in 3 ½ hrs. So when the total time is 7 ½ hrs, the distance is 168 km. And if the total time is 15 hrs, the distance is 336 km.

A person goes a certain distance @ 48 km/h & returns to the starting point @ 96 km/h respectively. Find his average speed during the whole journey.

Sol:
The L.C.M of 48 @ 96 is 96.
If the distance is 96 km, then @ two different speeds the required time are 2 &1 hr respectively. Average speed= Total distance/Total time So the average speed i.e.(96+96)/2+1=64 km/h

Percentage

2009-12-07T13:49:00.001-08:00

Percentage is defined as the backbone of any calculations.Their is more than 50% campus questions that involve the use of percentage directly or indirectly. I know , that each one of you know how to perform calculation on percentage, but then also i m posting it over here....the question arises why....
The answer is very simple.Its because of the time constraint u r in when u r in the campus examination.I assure you these tips and tricks will help you to reduce your timings by almost 25%. So,friends why to waste 4 minutes when u can do it in 3 minutes...every minute is important...i hope u all agree with it....

So, lets start it

Percentage increase/decrease in quantity = (change in quantity/original quantity) * 100%

If a value p increases by x%,then the resultant value should be decreased by (x/x+100)*100 %to get back to original value p

Percentage decrease = [p*((100+x)/100)-p]/p*((100+x)/100) * 100
=(x/(100+x)*100) * 100 %

TIPS :
If a value p is increased by n/d then to get back p from resultant value, decrease the increased value by (n/n+d).
If a value p is decreased by n/d then to get back p from resultant value, increase the decrease dvalue by (n/d-n)

Some important conversion:

10%=1/10
20%=1/5
25%=1/4
40%=2/5
50%=1/2
60%=3/5
75%=3/4
80%=4/5

Questions:

The price of a Maruti car rises by 30% while the sales of the car comes down by 20%.What is the percentage change in the total revenue?

A person who has a certain amount with him goes to market. He can buy 50 oranges or 40 mangoes. He retains 10% of the amount for taxi fare and buys 20 mangoes and the balance, he purchases oranges. Number of oranges he can purchase is

I bought 5 pens, 7 pencils and 4 erasers. Rajesh bought 6 pens, 8 erasers and 14 pencils for an amount which has half more what I had paid. What percent of the total amount paid by me was paid for the pens?

One bacteria splits in to eight bacteria of the next generation. But due to environment, only 500 of one generation can produce the next generation. If the seventh generation number is 4096 million, what is the number in the first generation?

2/5 of the voters promise to vote for P and the rest promised to vote for Q. Of these, on the last day 15% of the voters went back of their promise to vote for P and 25% of voters went back of their promise to vote for Q, and P lost by 2 votes. Then, the total number of voters is

A report consists of 20 sheets each of 55 lines and each such line consists of 65 characters. This report is reduced on to sheets each of 65 lines such that each line consists of 70 characters. The percentage reduction in the number of sheets closet to

A trader makes a profit equal to the selling price of 75 articles when he sold 100 of the articles.What % profit did he make in the transaction?

Algebra

2009-12-07T13:45:00.001-08:00

Number System

2009-12-07T13:45:00.000-08:00

A certain number when successfully divided by 8 and 11 leaves remainders of 3 and 7 respectively. What will be remainder when the number is divided by the product of 8 and 11, viz 88?

What is the reminder when 91 + 92 + 93 + ...... + 99 is divided by 6?

How many times will the digit '0' appear between 1 and 10,000?

The owner of a local jewellery store hired 3 watchmen to guard his diamonds, but a thief still got in and stole some diamonds. On the way out, the thief met each watchman, one at a time. To each he gave ½ of the diamonds he had then, and 2 more besides. He escaped with one diamond. How many did he steal originally?

A child was asked to add first few natural numbers (i.e. 1+2+3+…) so long his patience permitted. As he stopped, he gave the sum as 575. When the teacher declared the result is wrong, the child discovered he had missed one number in the sequence during addition. The number he missed was:

Number S is obtained by squaring the sum of digits of a two digit number D. If the difference between S and D is 27, then the two digit number D is:

After the division of a number successively by 3, 4 and 7, the remainders obtained are 2, 1 and 4 respectively. What will be the remainder if 84 divide the same number?

When 2 256 is divided by 17, the remainder would be

Three friends, returning from a movie, stopped to eat at a restaurant. After dinner, they paid their bill and noticed a bowl of mints at the front counter. Sima took 1/3 of the mints, but returned four because she had a monetary pang of guilt.Rima then took ¼ of what was left but returned three for similar reasons. Lima then took half of the remainder but threw two back in to the bowl. The bowl had only 17 mints left when the raid was over. How many mints were originally in the bowl?

The integers 34041 and 32506, when divided by a three digit integer n, leave the same remainder. What is the value of n?

A young girl Reena leaves home with X flowers, goes to the bank of a near by river. On the bank of the river, there are four places of worship, standing in a row. She dips all the X flowers in to the river, the number of flowers doubles. Then, she enters the first place of worship, offers Y flowers to the deity. She dips the remaining flowers in to the river, and again the number of flowers doubles. She goes to the second place of worship, offers Y flowers to the deity. She dips the remaining flowers in to the river, and again the number of flowers doubles. She goes to the third place of worship, offer Y floers to the deity. She dips the remaining flowers in to the river, and again the number of flowers doubles. She goes to the fourth place of worship, offers Y flowers to the deity. Now she is left with no flowers in hand.
If Reena leaves home with 30 flowers, the number of flowers she offers to each deity is:
The minimum number of flowers that could be offered to each deity is:
The minimum number of flowers with which Reena leaves home is:

Number of students who have opted for the subjects A,B and C are 60, 84, and 108 respectively. The examination is to be conducted for these students such that only the students of the same subject are allowed in one room. Also the number of students in each room must be same. What is the minimum number of rooms that should be arranged to meet all these conditions?

A certain number when divided by 899 leaves the remainder 63. Find the remainder when the same number is divided by 29

Three wheels can complete 60, 36, 24 revolutions per minute respectively. There is a red spot on each wheel that touches the ground at time zero. After how much time, all these spots will simultaneously touch the ground again?

The number of positive integers not greater than 100, which are not divisible by 2, 3 or 5, is

A young girl counted in the following way on the fingers of her left hand. She started calling thumb 1, the index finger 2, middle finger 3, ring finger 4, little finger 5, then reversed direction, calling the ring finger 6, middle finger 7, index finger 8, thumb 9 and then back to the index finger 10, middle finger for 11, and so on. She counted up to 1994. She ended on her:

What is the least number that must be subtracted from 1856 so that the remainder when divided by 7, 12 and 16 is 4?

Three balls chime at intervals of 18 minutes, 24 minutes and 32 minutes respectively. At a certain time, they begin to chime together. What length of time will elapse before they chime together again?

Three balls chime at intervals of 18 minutes, 24 minutes and 32 minutes respectively. At a certain time, they begin to chime together. What length of time will elapse before they chime together again?

72 hens cost Rs…96.7… Then what does each hen cost, where two digits in place of …are not visible or are written in illegible hand-writing?

If n is any odd number greater than 1, then n (n2-1) is:
(a) divisible by 96 always
(b) divisible by 48 always
(c) divisible by 24 always
(d) None of these

If a number 774958A96B is to be divisible by 8 and 9, the respective values of A and B will be

A hundred digit number is formed by writing first natural numbers in front of each other as 12345678910111213….. Find the remainder when this number is divided by 8.

Critical Reasoning

2009-12-07T13:43:00.001-08:00

These are the list of useful tips that apply specifically to Critical Reasoning questions :

Always read the question stem first (before reading the passage). It will contain useful clues about what to look for and think about as you read the passage.

Questions that ask you to identify an assumption behind the argument are similar to those that ask you to select the answer choice the most seriously weakens the argument. In both types of questions, your task is to determine what must be assumed in order for the argument's conclusion to be reasonably inferable. In the latter type of question, your second task is to find the statement among the answer choices that refutes that assumption.

If the passage confuses you, try identifying the argument's conclusion (often signaled by terms such as "as a result," "consequently," and "therefore") and its premises — evidence that is given as factual (often signaled by terms such as "because," "since," and "given that.") The passages do not always present the components of an argument in the most coherent sequence. Reasoning linearly from premises to conclusion can help you make sense of it all.

In any question that asks which answer choice most effectively either weakens or strengthens the argument, you can be certain that one or two of the answer choices will go the wrong way — by accomplishing just the opposite of what the question asks for. Be on the lookout for them; it's remarkably easy to become confused and go for this type of answer choice under time pressure and during a momentary lapse of concentration.

Many passages contain superfluous statements which are irrelevant to the argument and shouldn't come into play at all in responding to the question at hand. Don't be thrown by these red herrings; separate them out from the important logical features of the argument.

Format of critical reasoning questions: Multiple-choice You'll be given a one-paragraph passage (an argument), along with a question relating to that passage

Skills tested:Ability to understand, criticize, and draw reasonable conclusions from arguments

Critical reasoning strategies:

->Recognizing how to undermine (seriously weaken) an argument("Which of the following, if true, would most seriously weaken the argument above?")

->Recognizing how to support (strengthen) an argument("Which of the following, if true, would provide most support for the conclusion of the argument above?")

->Identifying unstated assumptions("The foregoing argument depends on which of the following assumptions?")

->Drawing an inference from a series of stated premises("If all of the statements above are true, which of the following is most strongly supported by them?")

->Making valid deductions based on a series of premises and/or a conclusion("If all of the statements above are true, which of the following must also be true?")

->Recognizing patterns of reasoning("Which of the following demonstrates a pattern of reasoning most similar to the reasoning contained in the argument above?")

->Recognizing the main point, or final conclusion, of an argument("Which of the following best expresses the main point of the passage above?")

Types of questions:

Unstated-assumption questions
Undermining-evidence questions
Supporting-evidence questions

Unstated-assumption question:
As you read the argument ask yourself, "In addition to the stated premises, what must be assumed true here in order for the argument to leap to its conclusion?" Then look for that missing link among the answer choices; that choice will be the best one.

Undermining-evidence question:
As you read the argument ask yourself, "In addition to the stated premises, what must be assumed true here in order for the argument to leap to its conclusion?" Then scan the answer choices, looking for one that refutes, contradicts, or rules out that unstated assumption. That choice will be the best response to the question.

Supporting-evidence question:
As you read the argument ask yourself, "In addition to the stated premises, what must be assumed true here in order for the argument to leap to its conclusion?" Then look for the answer choice that provides, or affirms, the missing link; that choice will be the best response to the question.

Questions asked in TCS:

1)If AGRA=1310 km, DELHI=1680 km, JAIPUR=2310 km, then PURI =?

The solution is 2680(solve it yourself)

2)The purpose of the proposed law requiring a doctor's prescription.

The purpose of the proposed law requiring a doctor's prescription for obtaining hypodermic needles is to lower the incidence of drug-related deaths, both accidental and intentional, involving hypodermic needles. But even knitting needles can be lethal if they fall into the wrong hands; yet everyone would agree that imposing legal restrictions on obtaining knitting needles would be preposterous. Hence the proposed law involving hypodermic makes no sense and should not be enacted.

Which of the following, it true, would provide most support for the argument above?

(A) Knitting needles have been known to cause injury and death.
(B) The benefits of hypodermic needles outweigh those of knitting needles.
(C) The proposed law would not deter the sort of activity known to result in drug-related deaths.
(D) The proposed law could not be effectively enforced.
(E) Knitting needles are not readily available to anybody who wants to obtain them.

Solution :(C) The proposed law would not deter the sort of activity known to result in drug-related deaths(post your solutions n proper explanations).

3)Aweed killer to kill the weeds has been developed. the weed killer solution has to be applied to the growing tips. it need not to be applied to all the tips. the solution has to be prepared in a can in one hand and the plants are taken in the other hand with a glove and are immersed in the solution if we cannot immerse them in the solution the solution can be applied to the roots with a brush. it used without care it can pose danger to other plants.

->The solutions has to applied to growing leaves (True/False/Can't say)

->To use the weed killer first take the plants in the can as then pour the solution into it. ( True / False /Can't say)

->It is sufficient to apply it only to some roots (True/False/Can't say)

->It effects to the other plants. (True/False/Can't say)

Post your solutions: