مدونة الجريح

Being Attractive

2013-08-13T10:09:00.000-07:00

Being Attractive

In today's world individuals want to be actually fit to look eye-catching, they often want to look eye-catching to impress individuals. Some individuals go to extreme lengths to try and accomplish their goals. Other individuals want to be fit because of health factors.

Some individuals consider having weight reduction surgery treatment. People take this because their methods in work out and diets have failed to bring the required outcomes they desire. Weight-loss surgery treatment has a lot of dangerous adverse reactions like anemia; gallstones etc. weight reduction surgery treatment isn't ideal and can have a bad effect in one's lifestyle. People might think this is the last alternative but they are wrong, their methods on work out might not have been effective because of a lot of factors, best solution would be hiring a instructor. A instructor is there and give individuals professional advice, about diets and tells you how to work out. A instructor will be the motivation that a individual needs when exercising.

There is no substitute of effort. Try not to look for short cuts when trying to be actually fit, other methods such as weight reduction surgery treatment or not consuming at all are dangerous and can seriously effect your whole lifestyle. By having a decent health and fitness schedule and following diet plan plans you can create that change.

Cardiovascular work out is one of the most essential workouts. Cardio workouts can help you lose or maintain your bodyweight. It is excellent for your heart and it decreases the chance of diseases such as chronic disease. There is a range of equipment that you can use for aerobic work out such as treadmill, rowing, bikes etc. In fact doing sports such as swimming is also a great cardio exercise.

Weight exercising is a good way of muscle building. Weight exercising has many benefits, it creates you look eye-catching, it decreases chance of harm, it creates you strong, it decreases joint pain, and it increases your balance, stability and flexibility.

You should be constant when you are following a schedule. A stop-start schedule is not only ineffective but can cause injuries so it is essential that you consistency when exercising.

You improve your overall total well being by doing work out, this is the best way forward, work out creates you look younger, decreases pressure and gives you confidence which is essential to have in your lifestyle.

Making your human body healthier is something that everybody wants; at times it can be complicated to adhere to a specific schedule. Some targets that individuals set are simply not genuine, which creates it harder to management what you eat plan and being fit. The target should be genuine for you to adhere to. Below are some guidelines you can adhere to to have a good and balanced lifestyle.

1. You must adhere to an appropriate diet plan that is good and balanced, this is one of the most significant factors you need energy to function properly and consuming the right food can prevent illnesses. Nutritional supplements are important to obtaining diet plan plans.

2. You must Exercise. When your human body workouts this burn fats and calories. Exercise allows our bodies to be at peak situation. Exercises also decrease pressure and help you with your behavior.

3. Get enough rest. The average that a human should rest is 7-9 time a day, this is essential as it allows your psychological and strength. Insomnia can cause to dangerous symptoms such as irritable moods, hallucinations, tiredness, weakened natureal defenses etc. so getting the right amount of rest is important.

4. Get the assistance of close relatives and friends; this creates factors much easier because the assistance of buddies and close relatives will keep you motivated. Take someone with you to the GYM, this will create factors more interesting and keep you happy.

5. Don't have disbelief keep them positive. Adverse ideas can cause to pressure, which can affect your health and fitness schedule.

6. Create a schedule. Stick to the schedule and put the right time into your health and fitness to get the best possible outcomes.

7. Eliminate the emotions; don't let your ideas about something else get in the way when you're doing your exercise. Have high concentration levels, this will help your psychological faculties to keep going.

These are guidelines that will guide you on how you can be effective with your exercise program, not only it will create your lifestyle better but more interesting.

Asif Ladha is an intuitive and very dedicated individual on the articles he writes. He provides valuable information that can help a individual significantly.

What Is Cellulite

2013-08-13T10:02:00.000-07:00

What Is Cellulite?

Cellulite can happen to anyone. It is not a situation arranged only for those who have obtained weight or are obese. Thin systems are just as vulnerable to developing fat as obese systems.

What is fat and how it appears?

Though your skin may look sleek on the outer lining area, fat can be developing below and not become easily noticeable for years. Dimply skin has the overall look of an red stem. Most of enough time, you will not think of fat until you can actually see it. However, it may be hiding just below the outer lining area and will not be noticeable presently. If you cannot see it and are thinking whether or not it is developing below your skin, just press the skin on your butt or hip and legs. If it is there, your skin will appear somewhat thick, just like an red stem or bungalow type dairy products. Unless you make changes now, the fat will become noticeable and/or intensify over time.

Is fat a wellness issue?

Many believe that fat is just fat and that it is only the overall look that should cause problem. However, fat can also indicate wellness problems that you may not recognize you have. The development of fat is normally combined with such wellness problems as damaged blood stream vessels or spider blood stream vessels. It can also indicate more serious problems, such as, Yeast, a intestinal problem that is sometimes difficult to identify. Dimply skin development can also recommend a temperament to diabetic issues.

How does fat form?

Cellulite produces in the subcutaneous part of the skin. This is the third part of the skin that can be found beneath skin and the skin. The subcutaneous part is also known as the 'fat' part. This part is made up of two types of cells, adipose and areolar. These are both connective cells with different features. The adipose ligament is the part known as fat. This is the part that keeps your heat range controlled and pillows the skin. The operate of the areolar ligament is to situation the skin to muscular.

Most of the waste materials in your system are removed through the bowels or in pee. However, sometimes we are revealed to so many dangerous toxins that our systems cannot effectively remove them in our waste materials. They can then negotiate themselves in your fat cells. When this happens, there is a modify in the level of the subcutaneous part of skin resulting in a modify in the skins framework.

Though fat is found in the fat part of the skin, it is not actually fat. Dimply skin is the result of all of those poisons that become stuck in your system. Toxins can get into your system in many ways. There are dangerous toxins in the air that you take in, in foods that you eat, and even in individual cleanliness products. There are so many and they come at you from every side, it is little wonder that fat types so easily.

Cellulite does not have to be something that you 'just learn to live with.' Dimply skin can be removed from your system and your life. All you have to do to get rid of fat is arm yourself with the information and the appropriate strategy.

To-Do Record Before Admittance to an Esthetician School

2013-08-13T09:58:00.000-07:00

To-Do Record Before Admittance to an Esthetician School

Enrolling to an esthetician university provides a great probability to create your abilities necessary to have a effective profession in the elegance market. However, this also content a task as which indicates you need to get time, power, and money on it. Having said that, you need to see to it that your registration holds excellent outcomes. Otherwise, your financial commitment will just be put into spend - and you do not want this to occur.

The following can help you look for a elegance educational institutions in your area:

    Analyze out different esthetician tasks - as there are several places of skills in an esthetician's job, it is crucial that you are able to discover all of them so that you can evaluate yourself - on which place you can probably succeed. For example, you might want to are dedicated to face care or claw care (manicure, pedicure), or in wax, perhaps.

    Look for for potential educational institutions - once you are done with self-assessment (determining which place of esthetician's work you probably succeed depending on your before skills) it's about a chance to find potential esthetician educational institutions in your place. One very important point you need to take into consideration (apart from the expenses fee) is that you must discover out if your leads are logistically beneficial.

    Analyze if they are approved - apart from the cost and logistic concerns, it is also important that a particular university is approved as this one of the important angles to figure out that it has approved the factors for top quality knowledge. The Nationwide Accrediting Percentage for Cosmetology Artistry & Sciences (NACCAS) is the significant organization that is accountable for accrediting cosmetology educational institutions. Other organizations you can are ACCSC and ACCET.

    Economical aid applications - financial support is a big help most especially for those learners who are fascinated to understand yet do not have the complete potential of delivering themselves to elegance university because of economic restrictions. Programs like research now, pay later is one example that you might want to take benefits of. So, see if your leads have federal funding and try to evaluate if you are certified for such system or not.

    Analyze your prospects' popularity - an institution's popularity is also a very important place that you must not skip verifying if you are looking for an esthetician university to join to. Opinions from people around - both off-line and online - help you get the required details that would help you discover how reliable your leads are. When you are able to look at each of your leads, you are able to figure out a good option from your leads list.

What Shade Is The Best Cover-up For Black Circles

2013-08-13T09:53:00.000-07:00

What Shade Is The Best Cover-up For Black Circles?

Are you looking for the perfect concealer designed for dark circles? Does your concealer not execute its purpose? Are you frustrated that they continue to be noticeable as soon as you use a particular product? Not every concealer items are perfect to cover up up the under eye groups. There are different types of concealer that are produced for particular epidermis imperfections.

You will have to understand what types of concealers are appropriate for under eye groups, and understand why they happen within the eye place. The dark skin overall tone particularly observed under the vision may be due to several problems.

The capillary vessels which are present under the vision are incapable circulation the system in that place. When your hypertension level increases it causes the system flow to become blocked. The system obstruction is unavoidable since the veins are small to contest with the constant system movement. This situation results in system output through your capillary veins. This leak looks sort of bluish colour under your eye because the epidermis in this place could be weak.

This item normally is a tan or epidermis skin overall tone color. Cover-up does not have only a single colour or color. However, concealer items are available in different shades; this will help to reduce the effects of any type of epidermis that has imperfections. If your colour on the pimple place is bluish or even a dark colour, the concealer that you should use would be a yellow-colored or perhaps an apricot colour.

To be able to put on the right amount of concealer, you need to use a cosmetics sweep. However, if you do not have the capability to implement with a sweep, you can use your center handy. Since the vision are dreadfully sensitive; you must use items which have been approved by ophthalmologist. Products have severe ingredients can harm your vision. Several items are known to cause vision loss, so check to see if the item is allowed by FDA.

Concealers can be a advantage for every young lady going through this situation. They are pain-free to use and available. These days marketplaces are bombarded with different manufacturers of concealer, so selecting the best becomes extremely challenging.

You will discover many ways you could execute to eliminate under eye groups. However, to efficiently eliminate under eye groups from around the vision you must implement the best items as well as the most upgrade technology in epidermis maintenance systems.

2014 stades de la Coupe du Monde - Photos Coupe du Monde 2014 - Coupe du Monde 2014 au Brésil - photo tribunaux Brésil 2014 ™

2013-07-31T20:43:00.000-07:00

2014 stades de la Coupe du Monde - Photos Coupe du Monde 2014 - Coupe du Monde 2014 au Brésil - photo tribunaux Brésil 2014 ™

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هذه الصورة بحجم اخر انقر هنا لعرض الصورة بالشكل الصحيح ابعاد الصورة هي 652x366.

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2013-07-11T17:52:00.001-07:00

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Facials and ways to get rid of all skin problems, especially oily skin

2013-07-03T10:53:00.002-07:00

Oily skin:
Oily skin usually need to:
First: Frequent cleaning:
You need frequent cleaning to get rid of excess fat which are deposited Bmsam skin and تسدها, because the dust and dirt on it and this is something that is abusive to view the skin, and gives an opportunity for injury germs that are attracted to these fat deposits, and thus increase the chance of infection بالدمامل and grains.
On this oily skin must be washed three times a day using soap and water.
Due to the fact that the pores of the skin - especially if they are wide - are places where they are deposited excess fat it is useful to permit the use of holding such material pores (Asringent) the even reduce this Article chance of skin fat accumulation.
The simplest images of these materials is lemon juice, but not use it routinely from time to time work for face rinse with a solution of lemon juice.
Second: Do not eat contraband:
As for the quality of food, it was found that some species help to increase the skin secretion of fat, and so should reduce them, and these foods:
1 - spicy cuisine (acclaimed).
2 - Spices
3 - Spices
4 - very hot drinks.
Third: Facial Massage:
The massage or (massage) of the skin is one of the ways care simple and important skin, oily skin in particular benefit from massage, as the massage or massage works to rid the pores of fat and dust settled, ie it serves as a deep cleaning of the skin, plus it stimulates circulation , and this is something that improves skin tone and gives it freshness and vitality more Doctors skin and experience Bnsahon بغسول new Netzogina especially Roses Balkreb missed and green mint leaves facial p 3 minutes, wash and consequences splendor of cereals and oily skin
Fourth: the steam bath for the face:
This is also a means of fatty private skin care, where he works this bath to soften the sediment in Bmsam skin, and thus helps them salvation, which is an effective treatment for blackheads problem that oily skin is exposed to infection.
2 - Dry Skin:
It is the same almost oily skin condition, we advise بالإقلال the exposure to soap that compounded drier, it is sufficient washing the face once or at most twice a day, taking care to choose a suitable soap to reduce the likelihood of skin dryness.
The best species for this purpose are containing olive oil or glycerin.
It also must avoid the use of hot water in washing the face because it also increases the chance of drought, Felictkhaddm of cold or lukewarm water.
In severe droughts, completely dispensed soap, but not facial cleaning preparations so special, and that the best milk or lotions containing milk.
Dry skin and need more work than others (masks) on a regular basis to lubricate the skin and gained flexibility and vitality, but not at the rate of once a week at least.
In clear and droughts, which sometimes causes harassment can simply overcome that paint the face with a thin layer of olive oil or glycerin each evening or after bathing.
To overcome the smell of glycerol and relieve his wife can add a little rose water to glycerol.
You must also take into account a sufficient intake of water a day, and not to be subjected to long periods of dry air, whether cold or warm.
3 - dry and oily skin:
This type of skin needs to be a combination of care products for oily skin and dry skin together, and this care products:
1 - When cleaning, the focus is on more fatty areas of the dry areas.
2 - When the use of moisturisers, the focus is on the more arid areas of the fatty acids.
3 - Holding materials are used for oily areas only.
4 - normal skin:
And be taken care of by this skin by not over-exposed to the soap by washing in excess of the necessary so as not to become dehydrated.
It is enough washed once in the morning and again in the evening using soap or lotion especially good cleaning.
Also, care must be taken of the use of any chemicals through industrial preparations so as not to infect these beautiful skin damage.
To protect the skin using these steps:
First: nourish the skin:
For the beauty of your skin does not have to take care of Bgmaik, Feltjali much of it from plant foods, such as fruits, fresh vegetables and grains.
Besides eating meat, milk and milk products, and to reduce the intake of fat, especially if you suffer from the problem of grain face or oily skin.
Most of these fruits and vegetables and grains are the main sources of Vthiaminat needed by the skin.
Including:
Vitamin (a):
This vitamin is available at (apricots, spinach, carrots, leafy vegetables, cod liver oil).
Vitamin (b 2):
It is available in (grain that did not take away the peel especially wheat, yeast, milk and milk products, meat).
Vitamin (b 6):
And is available in (bananas, cereal that did not take away the peel, legumes, eggs, nuts, yeast, most green leafy vegetables, niacin).
Vitamin (h):
This vitamin is found in the (grain that did not take away the peel, hazelnuts, almonds, vegetable oil).
Niacin:
This type is available in (grain that did not take away the peel, in the liver, meat, yeast).
Acid Albantothink:
There is this kind of citrus (liver, eggs, cereals).
(How you have used skin care products):First: the masks:
The mask is an individual on different parts of the facial skin thin with the exception of the area around the eyes and mouth, because some preparations may be severe impact on them, but if allowed to do so based on the instructions for use of masks.
You must also take into account the face before cleaning the mask work, and should preferably be warm skin until it settles the mask, so preferably a steam bath for the face mask before.
For dry or sensitive skin, it must not be lengthened the term of the mask, it is sufficient to remain on the face for 10 minutes.
For oily skin, it can be lengthened for that period shall be (15 - 20) minutes at least.
It also takes into account before making the mask roll back hair, and isolating it from the face, and it helps to wear a headscarf.
Second: facial massage:
Nanah Taatdlak use some skin lotions and most important of detergents, where massage in this case is of great importance in a good, deep cleaning of the skin, which will save of the cavernous sediments.
And massage in general - whether oils or creams - bring many benefits skin, it stimulates circulation by making the skin takes enough food and oxygen, it also strengthens the muscles of the face and it removes stress and contractions.
To be properly massage, you must use your fingertips with a commitment to a small circular motion with light pressure on the skin and push the skin up.
And that the direction of the upper neck massage to the top of the face to cover all over the face with a focus on areas where they show defects such as wrinkles.
When you massage the neck shall put the left hand on the right hand under the chin level so that the fingers massage clade opposite her.
When you massage the cheeks always preferred using two fingers الأوسطين with payment of the skin in consecutive movements in the direction from the bottom to the top.
Steam bath for the face:
Shall exposing the face of water vapor rising from the boiling pot with towel wrapped around the head to increase the concentration of steam on the facial skin.

(Vegetables and fruits more than the beauty)

(Islands):
The islands of the oldest vegetables known to man, and I accept to be addressed after realizing what her great health benefits.
It is noteworthy that the Greeks and Romans were the first to have told about the benefits of the islands, came in their writings since about 230 BC.
The islands of the basic cosmetic means, since it is one of the richest flora vitamin (a) of this vitamin is essential for the health and safety of the skin, so it enters in many lotions natural skin care as will be seen.
As the beauty experts that eating fresh carrot juice regularly has a clear impact as an antidote to spots and skin impurities, and works as well as to improve skin color and serenity in general.
Not only the benefits of the islands on the skin only, it is useful as well as food for healthy hair and eyes they need the necessary vitamin (a).
(Option):
Choice of vegetables cheap available in our hands, which is characterized by the benefits of a healthy and aesthetic many may overlook them, Vllkhiar clear impact astringent for pores wide, so it enters the work of many masks, plus it fits perfectly women with sensitive skin in particular.
And choice as well as a clear effect in whitening the skin, get rid of dark circles under the eyes may appear, and get rid of the stains and impurities that may affect the face.
In the summer periods, cucumber juice Lye is used to treat sunburn and moisturize the skin.
(Lettuce):
To لخس famous historical significance, the ancient Egyptians praised its benefits as a useful food for sexual ability, so named it (plant fertility), as it was the main food of the Greeks.
It is likely to have originated lettuce grown for the first time in one of the ancient Greek islands.
And enters the lettuce in the preparation of many cosmetics which is characterized with moisturizer for the skin effect and thus useful in the work of the insulating layer shields the skin from the sun's heat and wind effect.
Given the richness of many vitamins and its attributes affecting cleaned it enters in the preparation of many of the nutrients the skin and facial cleansers.
(Potato):
The impact of potato in the demise of the swelling that appears under the eyes, and the use of force in the form of segments fresh used Kkmadat to the eye.
The potato is one of the best cleansers and moisturizers for women with sensitive skin, but that its impact in the treatment of skin allergies paint position infected potato juice or compresses the job of segments.
As this same method is used for the treatment of sunburn.
(Strawberry):
For the treatment of sunburns experienced by women at the resort, whether in the face or shoulders are advised to make compresses of strawberry juice (a type of berry) it may effect a strong moisturizing skin, and treatment Altzlkhat and burns.
And for those who suffer from zero أسنانهن the Nnsahhen constantly eating strawberry juice is the best thing about whitening teeth and Ijmlha.
As strawberries interference in the work of many masks due to the effect of the pores of the skin clutch that fits especially women with oily skin, as well as to effect a cleaner and Kmgz good for the skin.
(Tomatoes):
Known in the past as tomatoes: (love apple).
It is noteworthy that it is known in Europe as a wholesome food since the sixteenth century and spread in the first place in Italy.
If a woman is The breadth pores بجلدها the notes in the face or other areas which Asaye to view the skin, it is best that can be relied upon to narrow down these pores is used in the form of tomato juice or slices.
One of the unique characteristics of tomatoes in the field of cosmetic skin they fit very oily skin, as well as a severe drought, and are therefore often used in the work of the masks.
(Parsley):
Drenched uses parsley Lye excellent for dark hair rinse, and as an antidote to peel, hair drenched, parsley is also used to clean oily skin or accompanied by the appearance of acne, as it has been instrumental in ridding the pores of excess fat and dirt deposits.
It is also drenched parsley from the best possible use Lye or كغرغرة of the mouth or a few sticks of chewing parsley to overcome unpleasant odors and Repellents for some food (such as garlic).
(Mint):
The Mint knew for the first time among the ancient Egyptians, as was used by the ancient Greeks and Romans, and olive oil was used in body paint, and add to the water pools, as it is used as aromatic.
Mint and health benefits and numerous aesthetic, It is used Kmenqua the (tea) to treat colon disturbances, and as a soothing drink.
This is also used soaked (cold) wash and moisturizer for the skin, also has the effect of stain resistant and grains face.
Mint is also used in bathrooms work as refreshing and overview material for the skin.
Peppermint oil is considered one of the most important essential oils used in manufacturing soap and odors.
(Lemon):
Lemon juice is used in a variety of purposes, it is used as an astringent pores and so is especially useful with oily skin, where exposed to the deposition of excess fat and stick to of fouling Bmsam the skin.
For this purpose, use a thin layer of juice in the face paint, then rinse with lukewarm water after it is completely dry, and repeat this paint.
Lemon juice is also used as an antidote to facial freckles or spots where helps to hide, and is also used to remove yellowish teeth, Bdekha the juice on a frequent basis.
(Hibiscus):
Hibiscus or (hibiscus) the effect of the strong disinfectant for the skin, and therefore used to spray hibiscus as a treatment for ulcers or infections Alsididah.
Hibiscus is also used in the work of some hair dyes.
(Apricot):
It is one of the richest fruits in vitamin (a) and this makes it one of the best food for the health of the skin, as well as hair and eyes.
Resistive features Bmfol as wrinkles and contractions and therefore enters the masks work.
Apricot juice is also used to paint hands, Vicsabhma softness and vitality.
(Apple):
The apple is one of the oldest cosmetic means since many of the bacteria can not survive in the presence of apple juice, so it is often used in the work of cleaners skin, and in solutions hair rinse, and the work of masks also features apple cider vinegar health benefits and aesthetic numerous.
(Orange):
Orange enters the work of many, especially in cosmetics Hand care creams, masks, as well as in shampoos.
One of the simplest ways to take advantage of Orange, is to exploit the cortex removed from the fruit in the hands scrubs, where succulents existing working بالقشر on lubricate the skin of the hands and the demise of roughness and cracks.

Your beauty secret of the secrets of the Dead Sea

2013-07-03T10:40:00.001-07:00

The Dead Sea is one of the tourist areas therapeutic most active in the region, where it is said that the salts in it cures a lot of skin diseasesSuch as psoriasis and various skin sensitivities, when sea water meets the beach, it rocks colored stained the snow as a result of accumulated saltsOn the rocks of the coast, and also is one of the economic centers upon which to build many industries such as salt factories and factories cosmetics and therapeutic

Has been used by Queen Cleopatra, the Queen of Sheba, and other ancient queens Qnaathen the its therapeutic and cosmetic benefits- Dead Sea salts is 100% natural mixture of salts and materials groupMetal extracted from the Dead Sea (the lowest region in the world)And that water is one of the most benefit to the minimum water and the human body skin ..

What are the benefits of Dead Sea salts?- The secret of these salts hospitalization discovered after confirmation of their ability toCure skin diseases, in addition to ease muscle and joint pain and activateCirculation in addition to its superior ability to soften the skin. And used in theBathtubs or using cotton soaked with a solution of these salts, and these benefits:

- The treatment of diseases and skin problems such as psoriasis, eczema, acne, freckles and weeds and costs.Regular treat muscle spasms, and those resulting from the exercise of

- Give your skin freshness and vitality, beauty

Some uses of the Dead Sea Mud?- Dead Sea mud used old and new benefits for the face and body, includingClay for the bodyFactor is naturally tightens the skin and increase the flexibility of handles Alterhlat and celluliteAnd is useful in treating some skin diseases,كحب young, psoriasis, eczema, joint pain and rheumatism, and lower back pain

Face maskIs the natural and optimal solution to the problems of the skin and treat wrinkles and treat someDermatology, كحب young, psoriasis, eczema, skin infections weak infrastructure

Mud SoapUnique combination have been prepared from natural olive oil, palm oil and oilPlus coconut mixture Dead Sea mud processor, which is free fromAnimal fat, so give softness clear when to use, whileThe Dead Sea Mud gives skin strength, flexibility and purity

Mud MaskUseful in the treatment of certain skin diseases of the scalp, Kalpthor, psoriasis,Eczema, dandruff or hair loss, as well as used to strengthen hair and impartedAttractive luster it

Karim mudA mixture of rare natural sediment extracted directly from the Dead Sea naturally used as a mask for the face and body,As it works to clean up the pores of the skin of dirt and make-up effects and nourish the skin in natural minerals,Which gives the skin vitality and softness, also make the skin more youthful, because the mud creamWorks to tighten the pores of the skin,And get rid of a variety of skin problems, Kalsdwih eczema, freckles and loveYouth and other costs

• What cosmetic uses of salts of the Dead Sea?- There are many cosmetic products extracted from the Dead Sea, including:

ShampooHerbal Shampoo useful in feeding the scalp, and paperboard with Dead Sea salts to strengthen the assets of hair,And works nutritionally مقويا and Mnama hair and reduce hair loss, a provider beauty vitamin A and vitamin E

Protective creamProtective cream in the hot sun uva + uvb distinctive combination especially with Dead Sea minerals are rare,It is seamless textures and is not affected by water or sweat or other creams

And bleach for skinGives naturally whiter, after that reduces the concentration of melanin pigment in the skin

NightNatural Face Cream (Night nourishing cream) provider بفيتاميني a Uh,This cream features natural components of actors in the feed skin and known Btatheradtha of the premium in the cells of the face, in terms of purity, serenity and vitality

And slimmingComposite of herbs Alhorsteil extracts and Alolmaria known to its impact in the meltGrease in certain areas of the body

And cracksKarim special herbs to remove cracks abdomen during pregnancy or during periods of rapid growth

To clean the skinSkin gentle cream is specially formulated with Dead Sea salts, perfect for cleaning the surface of the skinWorks to remove make-up residue double skin more freshness and vitality and purity.Gently cleans and tightens the skin and leaves it soft and moist, thanks to the moisturizing factors and herbal toilet, in addition to the Dead Sea

Against wrinklesCream supports and stimulates the skin cells to resist the signs of aging, delaying the signsAging less than twelve years

Around the eyesDistinctive and unique combination rich in minerals extracted from the Dead Sea, plus vitamin e and a range of fruit extractAnd useful in the control of the dark circles and bags undesirable around the eyes caused by fatigue and ensure stress.And nourishes the skin around the eyes is the necessary vitamins and minerals naturally,And resists wrinkles and signs of aging that appeared ten years ago

Soap sandingThe almond and walnut husks in the soap sanding work on film, and is usedTo clean up the remnants of make-up and working on remove darkening neck and peeling skin cells

And bleachingSupplier of soap licorice herbs, and fruit acids that work on impartedNatural whiteness of the skinThe unique combination of herbal extracts Almtsbna (leaf Church sweetness)And olive oil, plus a combination Dead Sea salts processor. This typeOf soap more suitable for oily skin, works on acne treatment

And soften the skin

Hair OilSmooth lotion to strengthen hair and prevent brittleness and is considered an anti-dandruff, nutritionally effectiveHair and equipped with a vitamin b5Stain Remover .. Freckles and frecklesRemove skin blemishes caused by sun, acne, melasma, burnsOr skin scars, and when repeated use permanently, they go away to suitNatural skin color

Of the dayWorks on the day for skin protection from foreign pests such as drought, wind,Excess moisture, or excessive sweating, is an ideal care during the period of the day

Lift the chest and enlargedThis cream works on the increase in breast tissue elasticity and works to enlarge and tightTissues of the chest, and gives him a vital and attractive form

ShellerA rich combination of natural Dead Sea salts containing apple extract and vitamine, and wheat protein granules walnut husks that operate a natural مقشرا, to removeDead skin cells in addition to nourish the skin with Dead Sea salts,Making it softer and vitality

Soap saltsMinutes of olive oil and other pure natural oils plus sea saltsDead that nourish the skin Dead Sea minerals with high interest, so thatMake the skin supple and soft as silk, and help in getting rid of the problemsSkin, Kalsdwih eczema

What causes that drive many people to inadvertently Dead Sea area of hospitalization?There are many people who traveled to the Dead Sea from around theWorld of hospitalization of many diseases, where treatment in the area ofDead Sea on a combination of factors, including:- Material treatment: water, mud, sun- Ocean climate, temperature, atmospheric pressure, wind- Psychological factors: psychological comfort, relaxation, landscapes and change the atmosphere of living- Movement factors: sports, hiking, swimming, and therapeutic exercisesWater can be used for therapeutic healing of the following diseases:- Joints and muscles, Chnjha and تيبسها- Respiratory and explanations- Stimulate blood circulation- Skin and skin peels- Urinary tract, gravel and chronic constipation- Some gynecology (infertility)- Activate the body's bio and retrieval- Disease psoriasis, and the disappearance of skin colors

* Material treatment .. Ocean climate .. Psychological factors and factors of movementAll factors that push many people to the Dead Sea for hospitalization

Photos Abaya 2013 - the latest pictures Moroccan caftan 2014

2013-06-12T17:56:00.007-07:00

.We Nashhd the theme as: photos Abayas - latest photos Moroccan caftans.

Photos Abayas - latest photos Moroccan caftans

Photos renew Moroccan caftans and beautiful photos Abayas 2014

2013-06-12T17:51:00.000-07:00

Is the theme of talking about View photos Abaya 2013 - Photos renew Moroccan caftans and beautiful photos Abaya 2014 - the latest pictures Moroccan caftans and beautiful photos Abayas and this is by displaying the latest images Moroccan caftans and your photos abayas in 2013 - the latest pictures Kaftan Moroccan and the latest Fashion Photos Abaya Arab it is this aspect we have decided to offer you the latest images caftans Moroccan and after that, we found that many of the visitors to the ladies are looking for pictures abayas Arab - latest pictures caftans Moroccan and for this reason we have decided to dedicate this issue to view the most beautiful photos Abayas and this by the latest pictures Moroccan caftans and best photos Abayas it be by viewing the latest photos Moroccan caftans and Album photos Abaya where we show you the latest pictures Moroccan caftan 2014

اروع احلى رومانسية 2013 عتاب-صور حب2013-صور عشاق2014

2013-06-02T11:46:00.001-07:00

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--اروع و احلى صور رومانسية 201 4 حب عتاب شوق اعتذار,صور مكتوب عليها شعر خلفيات و بطاقات 2012 للعشاق جديد الصور

بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم
السلام عليكم ورحمة الله وبركاتة
جايب لكم صور رومانسيةخلفيات جميلة2013, اجمل صور2014 , اروع صور خلفيات , اجدد خلفيات رومانسية , صور حبجميلة , صور حب , صور رومانسية , صور رومانسيه , صور رومنسيه , صور رومنسية ,صور شوق , صور عتاب , صور اعتذار , صور حزينه , صور 2013 , بطاقات حب , صور الحب , صور عشق , صور عشق , صور قلوب , بطاقات رومانسية , خلفيات حب , خلفيات رومانسية 2014 , خلفيات حب 2013 , صور حب 201 4 , صور حب متحركة 2015, صور رومانسية متحركة 2015,

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خلفيات حب

صور رومانسية حب عتاب شوق اعتذار

صور رومنسيه

صور رومانسية متحركة

صور شوق

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صور رومانسيه حب , صور حب , صور للعشاق , صور عشق , صور احضان , صور عشق على البحر
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صور رومانسيه حب , صور حب , صور للعشاق , صور عشق , صور احضان , صور عشق على البحر
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صور رومانسيه حب , صور حب , صور للعشاق , صور عشق , صور احضان , صور عشق على البحر
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صور رومنسيه حب

لمشاهدة اجمل صور لتزيين غلفات الفيس بوك .. انقر هنا

Pictures of beautiful and Rod to decorate your computer desktop - Photos and Rod 2013

2013-06-02T11:25:00.000-07:00

Today offer you the most beautiful bouquets and Rhode new and beautiful for the year 2013, a group include a lot of beautiful pictures of backgrounds and Rod, violet and yellow and pink and various types of romance ..We hope to gain impressive roses lovers an impressive variety through which you can decorate

your desktop computer to your covered of Collection splendor ..

Pictures of beautiful and Ruud 2013, beautiful pictures and Rod 2014, desktop backgrounds, beautiful backgrounds 2013, Rod Yellow 2014, red roses 2013, and Rod white images, computer backgrounds 2014, backgrounds and red roses new romantic for lovers of natural roses 2014

Two red roses red white desktop hd wallpaper
Desktop wallpaper witth a fence with a pink roses
Close up of a white rose on this wallpaper
Desktop wallpaper with a beautiful blue rose
Yellow rose on a wite background
Pink rose with other flowers
Box of red roses, probably a gift
Roses and chocolate a perfect match and a perfect gift
Desktop wallpaper with orange roses
Close up of a red rose and raindrops
Yellow roses on this wallpaper
Heart of pink roses
Heart of red roses
Heart of pink roses and green leaves

Beautiful red roses with raindrops on them
3D yellow rose wallpaper
Big white rose
Big red rose
Bundle or red roses
A bundle of red and white roses
Red rose on a white background
Red rose wallpaper
Beautiful red rose wallpaper
Close up of pink roses
Desktop hd wallpaper with pink roses and a gift
Red rose in bloom
White blossom in the shape of a heart
Pink roses wallpaper and mug
Red rose with green leaves
Pink rose on a black background
Close up of a red rose with dawn
Wallpaper with pink roses in the garden
Pink roses at a wall
Two pink roses on a purple background
She has a red rose in her hands
White and pink roses
Orange, yellow, white and pink roses
Red rose with frost or ice on it
Bundle of orange roses
Red and white roses wallpaper
Pictures of beautiful and Ruud 2013, beautiful pictures and Rod 2014, desktop backgrounds, beautiful backgrounds 2013, Rod Yellow 2014, red roses 2013, and Rod white images, computer backgrounds 2014, backgrounds and red roses new romantic for lovers of natural roses 2014

Black and white wallpaper with a colorfull red rose on it
Roses in the clear blue sky

Pink rosebush in the garden
Red roses
A bundle of roses
Woman holding a rose to her mouth

Pictures of beautiful and Ruud 2013, beautiful pictures and Rod 2014, desktop backgrounds, beautiful backgrounds 2013, Rod Yellow 2014, red roses 2013, and Rod white images, computer backgrounds 2014, backgrounds and red roses new romantic for lovers of natural roses 2014

3D pink or red roses
Big white rose desktop hd wallpaper
3D yellow roses
Colored roses desktop hd wallpaper

Pictures of beautiful and Ruud 2013, beautiful pictures and Rod 2014, desktop backgrounds, beautiful backgrounds 2013, Rod Yellow 2014, red roses 2013, and Rod white images, computer backgrounds 2014, backgrounds and red roses new romantic for lovers of natural roses 2014

Beautiful true love story

2013-06-02T11:05:00.000-07:00

Put your hands this story realism

What's the most beautiful love stories on the net - love stories 2013 - 2014 beautiful love story

This story revolves in a small house his family live the bitterness of exile

But the events of the story were not for you to choose members of this family
But a girl has reached the age of sixteen, called ((Mira))

Mira was the darling of the girl all her friends,
Never know hostility in her life, she lived period of adolescence in a calm,
She sees her friends how living adolescence,
This love for the third time,
These loving son of neighbors and other Mtimh who is in her father's age,
It was not convinced by this thing called love,
Whenever she was with her friends for their suffering with a laugh Ahbabehn ... !!

Mira lived era of the Internet,
Was fond of the Internet and sit him for hours and hours of boredom or fatigue
But it is almost that separated her heart for her when line separates the Internet!!

She loved sites and wonders ÇáŰŃÇĆČ cruising around the Internet in search of

She loved her friends conversation via the Internet
And find the fun more than Mhadtthen on the phone or on the nature ..

In one day was Mira usual exercise favorite hobbies
And scouring the Internet from site to site
At the same time talked her friend at school when
She have Saarafk on the girl I met them through the Internet will do like a very,
Mira had refused to talk young people via the Internet
Because it was considered not appropriate and a betrayal of the trust of its people
I agreed Mira that the girl spoke it was like to make friends with girls
From all over the world and actually be familiar with and I found where the girl polite religious Alkhelloukh of,
And documented by blind faith and was تحادثها for hours and hours to increasing admiration for the girl
And behavior and literature bridles and wonderful ideas about politics and religion and everything.

In times of times while تحادثها was via the Internet
This girl said to her, you admit something but عديني not hate me then ..
Said Mira immediately: How Taatlfezan the word (hate)
You know how much I have Mazatk Vanity like my sister.

The girl said to her, I'll tell you the truth ..
I'm young at the age of twenty-
I did not mean to cheat
But I was impressed by your very
Did not tell the truth because I knew you do not Thadthen the young
But I could not endure more than that
I loved loving and feel like your all the same.

Here, you do not know Mira what to do
It felt that there was nothing has changed
Is it reasonable that all of this literature, religion and morality is a young man of twenty years old ..!

She felt that her heart had been shaken for the first time but has awakened itself
Saying: I love how via the Internet
I am that you oppose this way in complete opposition to love?.

She said to him: I am sorry .. You just like my brother ..

He said to her: important for me because I love you
And that Tatbrenne like your brother and this is a guide, but I loved you.

Ended the conversation here ...
For Mira feel that there is something that might change it ..
I loved Mira ..
Behold, I have knocked arrows of love heart Mira without permission
But not talked any man via the Internet
At the same time you want to talk to him
Decided to Thadth to the normal manner
Like a girl that you love her heart and discreetly love do not tell him!!

The days pass and each of them is getting attached to the other
Until he came to the day he fell ill Mira disease I stayed for a week bedding
When she recovered rushed to the Internet as rush thirsty for a drink of water
To find بريدها mail filled with messages
All messages longing and g ..
When حادثته asked: Why Trkiana the and Ahjrtini,
She told him: I was sick,
He told her: Do you love me??
And here Mira weakened and said for the first time in her life

: Yes, I love you and think of you very much ..

Here, the young man flew of joy فأخيرا the loved Habiba heart
At the same time the conflict started in the heart of Mira:
I have betrayed my trust of my family I have betrayed man who Rabbani
Abh of effort has been made which أفناه from me
In order not to betray the confidence
Vtnhi from her bed in the middle of the night

To write this letter, and I quote:

(God is my witness, I loved you
And that you are the first love of my life
I did not see you, but all good
But I love God more than any other creature
God has ordered that there be no relationship
Between the young man and the girl before marriage
I do not want is my Creator disobedience
I do not want my betraying the trust of my family
So I decided to tell you I'm the last message
The think I do not want you, but I still love you
As I write these words, my heart cracks of sadness
But not a great hope in God if God wanted
Swans We included despite the distances
I know we let each other for God

He said those who left something to be found Allah أبدله be what God is good
And if we meet better for us will happen, God willing, do not forget me
I will not forget you and I promise you my first love and the latter with safety).

Wrote Mira letter and his mission
And rushed speeding crying and pain Odjaa
But at the same time convinced
That what I did was right given
And go through the years and has become Mira at the age of twenty-
And still love the boy sitting cross-legged on the throne of her heart undisputed
Although many people attempt a break, but to no avail could not
That like other and Mira transmitted to study at the university
Where the beloved homeland
Who has not seen him since smoothness nails
And with her family, where her father was sacked from work
Was to be for the family to move to the homeland
There at the university was studying communications engineering
The send delegations University to Trade Communications
To learn about the nature of their future
The university chose a delegation to go to the gallery contacts
Mira was among the delegation
During the curfew in the exhibition
They stopped at a company from companies that offer their products
They took acquainted with each product ..
And memorable Mira notebook lectures
On the table that displays products by this company
Takes the young man who works in this company WordPad and inflict
But lost his eyes he decided to keep it
Perhaps accompanied due to question him
The young man sits in his hand WordPad and time to indicate eleventh night
The exhibition except from customers
While he was a young sitting راودته the idea
That browsing the book to find one of his papers e-mail name.

Chuckled the young man of joy
And taking turns over the pages to find the name Mira Vaitir of joy
And taking jumps and runs throughout the exhibition
Then the young man goes to the house and unable to sleep
How not Mira have returned it to fill his life again
On the morning of the next day of the exhibition rush
In the hope that Mira come to take WordPad
And actually come Mira to take the book and when he saw
Almost falling from the joy did not expect
That his heart to fail such a pretty girl
He gave her the book and took contemplates the features
Surprised this young man
فشكرته tongue but deep in itself
Used to say that he was clumsy because it did not come down his eyes from her face!!

Mira went to inflict the young man to her house
Ventzerha even entered and ask the neighbors took her and her family
He knew that they are very decent people ..
And their daughter a good girl did not know only the good reputation ..
The next day came, and with him his family proposes marriage to her
He does not want to miss a moment without Mira
Have they found the right people groom for their daughter
He is a good and religious ethics and good reputation
But Mira rejected
Also rejected by him because her heart beats only once
Will not fail again and disappointed her family
And told young man refusing Mira him, but he refused, saying:
Will not get out of the house to talk to her and in front of the young man's desire
The parents agreed provided that they are talking in front of them.

Mira came and sat
He said to her: Mira,
Pain تعرفيني the .. P
She told him: Where do I know you ..?!?

He told her: of which refused to talk to me so as not to betray the confidence of the people ..
Then Mira fainted from shock and joy Hole
فنقلت to the hospital to wake up and you see standing in front ..
And then turned her face to her father, saying: I consent Dad I consent ..
The two speeches to each
And lived most beautiful life
Did not know the way to قلبهما

Cultivate and Keep Healthy Relationships

2013-05-31T10:23:00.001-07:00

What do healthy relationships look like, and why are they important?
All of us form relationships with people, whether they’re with friends, partners, people we see sparsely, or people that we see every day. While we can say that we all form relationships, can we honestly say that they’re healthy?

It’s imperative that we learn how to cultivate healthy relationships in order to maintain friendships, or stay with our partners long-term. However, before we can learn to form and maintain healthy relationships, we must be clear on what they are.
Healthy relationships are largely characterized by respect, sharing, and trust. Additionally, they’re based on
the belief that equality, power, and control are shared between partners. In addition, building healthy patterns
in relationships can establish a solid foundation for the long run. The early months can feel effortless and
exciting, but successful long-term relationships involve ongoing evaluation, effort, and compromise.
Take a moment to think about some of your relationships. Is there one that feels like it weighs you down at
times, instead of adding joy to your life? If so, why not take a step back and reflect on whether the relationship has the characteristics of a healthy one, which are listed below.

Respect - listening to one another, respecting each other’s right to his/her own feelings, acknowledging each other’s opinions, and listening in a non-judgmental manner. Respect also involves attempting to understand and re-affirm the other’s emotions.
Trust and support – having a firm belief in the reliability, ability, or strength of one another, and supporting each other’s goals in life, opinions, friends, activities, and interests.
Honesty and accountability - communicating openly and truthfully, admitting being wrong, and accepting responsibility for mistakes.

Shared responsibility - making relationship decisions together, and mutually agreeing on the distribution of work. This may mean splitting household duties, or sharing parental responsibilities.
Negotiation and fairness - being willing to compromise, accept change, and seek mutually satisfying solutions to conflict.
Non-threatening behaviour - talking and acting in a way that promotes both partners’ feelings of safety in the relationship. Both should feel comfortable and safe in expressing him/herself and engaging in activities.

Now that we know what healthy relationships are, let’s turn our attention to maintaining them. In order to keep our relationships healthy, we need to establish clear boundaries and determine what is acceptable and what is not.
Each of us has boundaries, some of which go unspoken, in many areas of our lives. For instance, we set
boundaries in relation to physical proximity and touch; the words that are acceptable when we are spoken
to; honesty; and emotional intimacy (how expressive we are with our partners). When one or both people in
a relationship have difficulty either setting or maintaining their boundaries, the relationship suffers.
The following may indicate a problem in setting or enforcing these boundaries.

Being overwhelmed by a person. In a healthy relationship, everyone needs to make compromises, but that doesn’t mean you should feel like you’re not being yourself. For instance, neither you, nor your partner should have to pretend to like something you don’t, give up seeing your friends, or drop out of activities you love.
Letting others describe your reality. If you are unhappy, ask yourself why. Too often, relationships fail because someone loses themselves in the relationship, and become solely dependent on their partner. It is important for you to have a keen sense of yourself, so that the relationship can stay balanced. Your partner is not solely responsible for your emotional state, and it’s important for you to be accountable for your own happiness.
Ignoring difficult topics. Occasionally set aside time to check in with each other on the bigger issues like expectations and goals. If a couple ignores difficult topics for too long, their relationship is likely to drift into rocky waters without them noticing.
Being fearful of change. Changes in life outside your relationship will affect what you want and need from the relationship. Since change is inevitable, welcoming it as an opportunity to enhance the relationship is more fruitful than trying to keep it from happening.
Being non-communicative about feelings. While it is easy to assume that your partner knows your wants and needs, this is often not the case and can be the source of much stress in relationships. A healthier approach is to try to directly express your needs and wishes to your partner, and have them confirm their understanding of what you’ve expressed.

Once we have established what healthy relationships are, it is in our best interest to form and maintain them.
To do this we need to evaluate their characteristics, and proceed to set and enforce boundaries. As part of a
process, working to set and maintain boundaries will help you form new healthy relationships, help your current ones flourish, and learning to cultivate and keep these relationships will help you lead a happier life.

The Kasbah of Aït Ben Haddou

2013-05-31T10:19:00.000-07:00

A fortress of sand

A revelation of pure beauty listed as a UNESCO World Heritage site, the Aït Ben Haddou Kasbah is a stunning work of architecture overlooking the Ounila Valley. A graceful ensemble of adobe kasbahs, this is one of the oldest and most impressive ksars in all Morocco. The earliest of its buildings, a granary standing on the hilltop, dates back to the 11th century. The village gradually grew up around it over the course of the centuries, adding houses, more granaries, cowsheds, a well, and protective surrounding walls.
Architecturally, this museum-village, located some thirty kilometres from Ouarzazate, is without parallel. Its outer walls sport few shutters and only two doors, making sure that its inhabitants knew who was coming and going, while inside, a public square, a mosque, a Koranic school and the village residences jostle for space. Immortalised in such films as “Lawrence of Arabia”, “Babel” and “Indiana Jones”, this magnificent fortress stands radiant and untouched by time, an uncut diamond shining proudly forth from its rocky setting.

The Community Based Tourism Project in the Village of Timidarte

2013-05-31T10:15:00.002-07:00

Description of the Village and the Project

Timidarte is a Berber village. It is located in the South of Morocco, counting 2700 in-habitants. It is one of the villages that are found at the river Drâa and it is situated at the middle of the valley between Ouarzazate and Zagora, 15 km south of Agdz.

An inhabitant reports on Timidarte, his place of birth: "Agriculture constitutes the principle activity of the inhabitants. The soil is irrigated using the waters of the wadi drâa. But for several years the region has been experiencing adrought never known. This situation has forced numerous families to leave the village and to moveto the city. Besides, for several years, the village has been benefiting electricity and drinking water." (Mohamed El Malki). This quote illustrates some of the major problems of the village which correspond to the situation of the whole area: drought and emigration, which enforce an unfavourable economic situation. An addi-tional problem is caused by the emigration which leaves clay-built buildings (houses and kasbahs) unattended so that they are at risk of decay. These clay-built buildings need constant maintenance because the material does not resist to natural influ-ences like rain or wind. This maintenance is in Timidarte not any more given because many inhabitants have been leaving their houses and the house have not been looked after during the last years. This is especially a problem because these build-ings are part of the cultural heritage of the region.
Thus, the village community developed the idea to use their cultural heritage for tour-ism and vice versa to use tourism for the preservation of their cultural heritage and to generate additional income.
The process of the tourism development project started in 2002. The villagers elected a group of persons in charge of the planning process and its realisation. The kasbah (as first major scheme) was measured and its damages were analysed. This was done in cooperation with students of architecture from the University of Wies-baden/Germany. The financing of the project was assured by the American NGO Helen Keller International that took over the sponsorship for the project. However, the villagers themselves contribute to the project with their proper work, also tourists and interns from other countries are thought to support it, so that in the end the pro-ject is able to function autarkical. Then the renovation of the kasbah, which will serve as tourist accommodation, started. The renovation was connected to an educational program in traditional clay-building techniques. In September 2004 the renovation of the first Kasbah was finished, other kasbahs will be reno-vated.
Steps that are connected to the tourism development are:
• writing and reading courses for women (to empower them for the participation in the project),
• educational work for the children concerning the contact with foreigners (for example, that begging is not profitable),
• re-building of knotting- and weaving-mills
• organic vegetable farming,
• ecological renewal of the water-supply
Besides the cooperation with Helen Keller International, the project works together with two external partners: the German tour operator KaravanSerail and the French La Tour Des Sense. The first one has been involved in the project from the begin-ning: Its head, Muriel Brunswig, lived in Timidarte for two years and conducted field studies. Therefore she knows the village and its people well. Both tour operators of-fer project tours which provide Timidarte with tourists.
The tourism development project is embedded into a development program for Timi-darte which is mainly conducted by the local NGO Association Taskala pour le De-velopement du Douar Timidarte (ATDDT). It was founded in 1998 in Timidarte in or-der to resolve the social and economic problems of the village and thus create better conditions for life in Timidarte. The activities of the NGO comprise alphabetisation courses, the re-establishing of the school-building and school-class, a women project for breeding sheep, the set-up of an educational garden for organic vegetable farming, and the support of the tourism project. At the moment there are working groups on ecotourism, women and education. Association members contribute to the NGO’s work by active participation, identification with the project work, participation in the financing, electing and by participating in the general as-semblies. In 2003 the association had 240 members, 90 women and 150 men, which corresponds to almost 10% of the population

The Role of Tourism in the Project

As illustrated in the previous chapter, tourism in Timidarte takes place as rural tour-ism (tourism in rural areas) and is organised in a community-based way. The follow-ing examples (offers from the German tour operator KaravanSerail) show that tour-ism in Timidarte is performed as cultural and village-based tourism.
'KaravanSerail' offers two project orientated tours in cooperation with ATDDT. This cooperation gives most responsibility to the community, as the following note shows given to the customers by KaravanSerail: ”These tours are not the usual tours. KaravanSerail does not cooperate with professional agencies on site which have or-ganised every single detail. Instead, this organisational work is performed by the As-sociation Taskala. So, you are amidst the Moroccan rural society. And no matter how much the villagers are trying to arrange everythng as nice and pleasant as possiblefor you, there will be changes in program here and there, or not everything will be going like clockwork”. (own translation)
Both tours are trips for eight days. Day two to seven are spent in Timidarte. Tourists can choose between staying at private homes or at the kasbah. The first tour is titled 'Life in Clay'. The general idea is to work together with the local people as they reno-vate the kasbah in the traditional way of clay-building. Tourists will learn about the production of clay bricks and walls, arcades, roofs made of reed etc.. Since the tradi-tional architecture in southern Morocco is closely linked to the socio-cultural structure of the villages, tourists also get an insight into the village's social structures and its history by learning about traditional architecture. Besides the work at the kasbah, the tour also comprises several trips into the surrounding areas, for example into the neighbouring village Tissergat, which is already renovated. Meals are prepared by the local women and are taken together with the local community.
The second tour is titled 'Berber Cultural Week'. The general idea of this tour is to give tourists an insight into the Berber daily life and their culture. Each day is built on one topic. Day one attends to the 'cuisine berbère'. Tourists will learn about Berber ways of cooking, baking and their common spices and herbs. Day two focuses on the clay-building technique, day three offers 'Beauté berbère' and Berber crafts. Tourists will visit the joiner’s workshop and the weaving mills in Timidarte, and experience the hammam in the neighbouring village. Day four introduces the visitors to the meaning of markets and folklore. The market in the neighbouring village is visited (the 15 km are done by mule), where tourists buy the food for the evening and learn about hag-gling. In the evening tourists will participate in the traditional folklore by learning the basic drum rhythms and dancing steps.
So far, tourists seem to have come especially with the two above mentioned tour op-erators. If individual travellers come to the village, they are not allowed to stroll trough the village on their own, but they have to take a local guide. Thus, the com-munity tries to keep down negative impacts (disturbance of their daily life).
In a nutshell, tourism in Timidarte is conducted as cultural tourism and also the definition of village-based tourism fits: In both project orientated tours (traditional and present) culture, history and archaeology are major components and visitors share the daily life of the locals.

The Educated Guess: Lessons from Scientific Work on Community-based Tourism

So far, the paper put up the framework in which the rural village-based and cultural tourism of Timidarte takes place: At first, the overall situation of tourism in Morocco was looked at. This situation shows that, with efforts, Morocco can revitalise its tour-ism development, especially by focussing on circular and thus rural, cultural and na-ture-based tourism. Secondly, the paper looked at the regions Ouarzazate, Zagora and the valley Drâa surrounding the village Timidarte. The problems of this area were highlighted. They consist mainly of ecological and socio-economical problems. In a third step, information about the village Timidarte, its problems and the devel-opment program, including tourism development was given.
At this stage, the task of the paper is to combine this information with scientific work on CBT. While doing this, success factors and possible future outcomes of Timi-darte's tourism development shall be illustrated. Also, some recommendations for the tourism development will be given.

Questions to be asked

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Questions to be asked at first relate to the reasons for establishing tourism in Timidarte:
• Does tourism contribute to the conservation of the local cultural heritage?
• Does tourism contribute to a high added value in the village, to the elimination of poverty and to stem emigration from the village?
• Do the overall benefits of tourism fit the expectations and do they outweigh the costs reasonably?
The least reservations are given by the conservation of local cultural heritage. The restoration measures realised in Timidarte seem to be successful. However, there is no detailed information available about the success of the connection of tourism (in particular the number of tourists participating in the project-orientated tours) and the conservation.
If taking into account, what Lessmeister/Popp found out about trekking and desert tourism in southern Morocco, it can be said, that the way tourism is organised in Timidarte supports a high added value for the locals. Tourism there is not based on great luxury which would use up most of the income for imports (from other regions/from other countries), and there are no foreign investors who would take the revenues out of the region. However, attention has to be paid to how much of the travellers' money actually reaches Timidarte and if this money covers the nec-essary investments, or if it will cover them when the project will be working fully independently.
Every project that aims at working independently has to function economically sus-tainable, that is, commercially profitable, and it has to be able to compete on the market. Häusler/Strasdas call this condition "Community-based Tourism as a Business". Therefore a market study at the international, national, regional and local level is an absolutely necessary step in the beginning of a tourism project. If the market study reveals a positive chance for the particular tourism project, the planning process can start. The product development should be adapted to the mar-ket situation and target specific groups or visitor types and their needs. This aspect of product development has to be analysed thoroughly, as an example from South-East Asia shows. This project based on similar aims as Timidarte and it was confronted striking problems concerning the demand for this type of tourism. Tourists were looking for leisure and relaxation, not for ‘difficult’ cultural learning processes so that nobody booked the offer of living in the traditional village. Although in Timidarte the situation might be somehow more relaxed, because the visitors can at least commu-nicate with the locals in French, the example from South-East Asia should be taken as a hint. With respect to the market and visitor's profile of the WTO Timidarte should look for possibilities to meet the demand of tourists. For example, the sense of adding relaxation elements for circular tours travellers and mountain tourists (in the adjacent hiking area of the Jbel Sarhro) to the tourism offer should be considered.
Besides a profound product development, it must be ensured that there are enough resources and sufficient infrastructure in the destination. With regard to the latter requirement Häusler/Strasdas list for example cultural and environmental resources, accommodation, location, access and transportation, human resources, water, en-ergy and sewerage as well as financial resources. For Timidarte there is no detailed information available whether a SWOT-analysis, a feasibility study, infrastructure inventory or something similar to assess the situation for the kind of tourism planned in the village was performed. The planning process was mainly based on the experiences of the German tour operator and the tourism experience of one of the villagers. However, some elements of the list of requirements can be judged from the information available:
• Cultural resources: Timidarte has quite a lot to offer, starting with the historical cultural elements and continuing with the program offered to tourists. So, if tour-ists book a tour to Timidarte, they do not have to search for cultural or other ex-perience and attractions.
• Location: Timidarte has an advantage in location because the valley Drâa, which connects Ouarzazate southwards with Zagora, is one of the better-known cultural routes. It must be seen if the neighbouring famous 'route of the kasbahs', which starts in Ouarzazate and heads eastwards to Er-Rachidia will be of advantage for Timidarte or not. The favourable location also be-comes evident when looking at different tour operators and their routes. Some of them are mentioning the village explicitly, others just mention the valley Drâa. The question that remains more or less unanswered at this point is, whether Timidarte can build on a unique selling proposition (USP) that would mark it as an extraordinary destination. Possibly the way tourism is performed can already work as USP.
• Financial resources: The NGO Helen Keller International supports the associa-tion ATDDT and thus the tourism project, also the ATDDT members themselves contribute financially to the project. Since the project aims at functioning autarkic after the initial period, it has to be managed in a 'sustainable' manner: It has to work economically while not overusing its cultural and ecological resources which are viable to tourism. However, with respect to the present support by Helen Keller, the following quote should be kept in mind: " Experiences in all kinds of development work have shown that projects fully fi-nanced or run by donors fail at the moment the donor leaves the project". In the case of Timidarte a detailed business plan would be helpful. Theoretically one exists but not in a written form. Nevertheless, a success factor of Timidarte could be that the project was initiated by the villagers themselves and not by the initiative of an outsider, and that they have been participating actively in the development process from the beginning, but it is unclear whether there are offers for other fields and other groups.
• The management of the natural resource water is an important aspect to be dis-cussed in the village since, the village suffers from a lack of water despite its location at the river side. Information on Timidarte does not give details, it is only indicated that the water system is being ecologically reorganised.
• In regions with seasonal shortages of food supply, it is useful to set up a ‘seasonal calendar’. This calendar illustrates the ‘difficult’ periods of a year so that it becomes clear in which periods heavy tourism would provoke serious difficulties. On the other hand it can show visitors how the local community has to economise its supplies because of natural circumstances.
• Monitoring the generation of income, cultural and social impacts, conservation, and community participation is seen as a useful instrument to follow the success, the development and the proper carrying-out of CBT.
• CBT usually encounters a specific problem of group processes. This are power structures inside a community (e.g. men dominating women) which can become evident when a certain group takes over the process, its benefits etc.. These structures often work against the community process, so that it is necessary to be aware of them from the very beginning. Therefore it is for example recommended that women form groups of their own to get more power. Con-cerning the power structures between men and women Timidarte seems to per-form quite well: The memberships of the ATDDT show that women are involved (about 38% of the members are women). Additionally there are special training programs for women (alphabetisation, breeding sheep). However, it is not clear to what degree women do have influence and to what extent they really do partici-pate in the development process.
• Lastly, a code of conduct for visitors will take tourists into responsibility to con-tribute to the process of CBT. The best CBT concept might not work if tourists don't recognise and respect it.
As seen, there are quite a lot of aspects that have to be considered in order to give the tourism development in Timidarte a good chance for success. Yet, there are certain aspects that can be counted as strengths of the pro-ject. These are first of all the initiative of the community and their idea of using the cultural heritage for tourism and using tourism for positive effects on the village and on the cultural heritage fits well into the general tourism situation in Morocco. Also, the existence of the local NGO ATDDT, which supports the tourism development and puts it into a package of village development projects is a good base for success.
Nevertheless, factors that could lead to a failure of the tourism development seem to be the missing market studies, structured planning, documentation, and analysis of the project as well as thorough analysis of the tourism situation in the area of Timidarte.
Evidently, there is potential for success. But this potential should be accompanied by some managerial measures: market study, SWOT-analysis, documentation of the project, its ideas, visions, principles, (quantified) aims and the financial management. By doing these, the projects would become transparent: the situation in which the tourism development takes place would be documented, the steps to be taken, the responsibilities etc.. Thus, all the information would be available for everyone (villager and foreigner) who is interested in and/or affected by the project.
Lastly, in order to survive on the tourism market, Timidarte's product has to be distinct and, above all, it has to be a quality product. Tourism in Timidarte should try to find the balance between the traditional, simple life and the comfort western tourists are used to.

Conclusion

Tourism in Timidarte, in the context of the tourism situation in Morocco can be successful. Nevertheless, critical aspects for its future development exist. These can be estimated and possibly overcome with some rather simple measures (e.g. seasonal calendar) and with measures that need more effort (e.g. SWOT-analysis, documen-tation). Simply said: Timidarte should aim to create a quality professional product. Therefore, before measures are taken, it is necessary to find out about the exact situation in Timidarte and to conduct a detailed study related to the tourism situation and potential markets world-wide, nationally and locally. This work should be part of market research and of field studies within the final thesis which will be carries out in a couple of weeks, as mentioned above. Concerning the situation in Timidarte it is necessary to survey:
• Are there any written documents (mission statement, documentations, etc.)?
• How is the aspect of finance exactly organised? What does the financing plan for the future look like? Who administers and who gets the benefits?
• How many tourists are already coming? Are they coming on their own or exclu-sively with tour operators?
• What do tourists like, what do they dislike?
• How do inhabitants feel at the moment – comfortable and satisfied or disap-pointed and uncomfortable?
• To what extent is marketing useful and necessary?
• How are the chances for creating a new product which would relate to the moun-tain and circular tourism and which would put relaxation before cultural tourism?
However, without professional and profound preparations and without monitoring, chances for the tourism development in Timidarte can hardly be judged. Although preparations and monitoring as advised are not a guarantee for success, they would at least enable realistic speculations and expectations on the potential of tourism and they would bring transparency for in- and outsiders.

Sources

ATDDT (no year): Die Association Taskala pour le developement du Douar Timidarte (ATDDT). Unpublished document.
Häusler, Nicole/ Strasdas, Wolfgang (2002): Training Manual for Community-based Tourism. Zschortau: InWEnt.
Kagermeier, Andreas (2004): Tourismus im Maghreb: Quo Vadis? In: In: Meyer, Günter (publisher) (2004): Die Arabische Welt im Spiegel der Kulturge-ographie. Mainz: Zentrum für Forschung zur Arabischen Welt (ZEFAW), p. 390-399.
Kagermeier, Andreas/ Popp, Herbert (2000): Strukturen und Perspektiven der Tou-rismuswirtschaft im Mittelmeerraum. In: Petermanns Geographische Mittei-lungen (PGM) (2000/6), Gotha: Justus Perthes Verlag, S. 64-77.
Kagermeier, Andreas (1999): Neue staatlich geförderte Tourismusprojekte in Marok-ko und Tunesien und ihre Rolle für die wirtschaftliche Entwicklung peripherer Räume. In: Popp, Herbert (Hrsg.) (1999): Lokale Akteure im Tourismus. Re-sultate der Forschungen im bayrischen Forschungsverband FORAREA 1996-1998. Passau, p. 91-114.
Lessmeister, Ralph (2004): Die Lehmburgen entlang der 'Straße der Kasbahs' (Südmarokko) im Spannungsfeld zwischen baulichem Verfall und touristi-scher Revitalisierung. In: Meyer, Günter (publisher) (2004): Die Arabische Welt im Spiegel der Kulturgeographie. Mainz: Zentrum für Forschung zur A-rabischen Welt (ZEFAW), p. 412-419.
Lessmeister, Ralph/ Popp, Herbert (2004): Profitiert die Regionalbevölkerung vom ländlichen Tourismus? Das Beispiel des Trekking- und Wüstentourismus in Südmarokko. In: Meyer, Günter (publisher) (2004): Die Arabische Welt im Spiegel der Kulturgeographie. Mainz: Zentrum für Forschung zur Arabischen Welt (ZEFAW), p. 400-411.
Müller-Hohenstein, Klaus/ Popp, Herbert (1990): Marokko. Ein islamisches Entwick-lungsland mit kolonialer Vergangenheit. Stuttgart: Klett, S. 184-208.
Pfaffenbach, Carmella (2001): Neuere Trends in der Tourismusentwicklung in Nord-afrika. In: Geographische Rundschau (2001/6) Westermann, S. 50-55.
Popp, Herbert (2001): Weltkulturerbe Aït Ben Haddou (Marokko). In: Geographische Rundschau (2001/6), Westermann, S. 44-49.
Strasdas, Wolfgang (2004): Ecotourism and Rural Tourism. Unpublished presenta-tion at the University of Applied Sciences Eberswalde.
World Tourism Organisation (WTO) (2003): Inbound tourism to the Middle East and North Africa. Special Report number 23. Madrid: WTO.

Internet Sources:

Al Malki, Mohamed (no Year): Page d’accueil.
http://membres.lycos.fr/timiderte68000/photoalbum.html (opened 2005-01-31)
Brunswig, Muriel (2004): Zum Projekt Kasbah Timidarte.
www.marokko-online.net/egi-bin/forum6500/ultimatebb.egi?ubb=print_topic:t=_ (opened 2004-12-16).
Direction de l'Amenagement du Territoire (no year): Région Souss-Massa-Drâa.
www.mincom.gov.ma/french/reg_vil/regions/Souss-Massa-Drâa/index.html (opened 2005-01-24).
Encyclopedia of the Orient (no year): Drâa Valley.
http://i-cias/e.o/draa_val.htm (opened 2005-01-31)
Kacimi, Hassan (Secretary General of Ministry of Tourism, Handicraft and Social Economy) (2004): Moroccan Rural Tourism Strategy. PowerPoint Presentation at the World Tourism Organization Tourism Policy Forum at the George Wash-ington University, Washington, D.C.
www.dantei.org/wto-forum/Presentations-PFSs/Pres%20PDFs/Kacimi.pdf (opened 2005-01-24).
The Washington Times (2000-11-27): Developing tourism – and targeting investors.
www.internationalspecialreports.com/africa/00/morocco/7.html (opened 2005-01-26).
World Tourism Organisation (WTO) (2004): News Releases. 2004 to close with 70 million more international tourists.
www.world-tourism.org/newsroom/Releases/2004/november/arrivals.htm (opened 2005-01-22)
World Tourism Organisation (WTO) (2003): Outbound Tourism – international arrivals by generating region.
http://www.world-tourism.org/facts/tmt.html (opened 2005-02-01).
World Tourism Organisation (WTO) (2003a): Africa – Weak North but successful sub-Saharan destinations.
http://www.world-tourism.org/facts/tmt.html (opened 2005-02-01).

Images and maps:

Fig. 1/front page: private (Annika Burger) Kasbah of Timidarte.
Fig. 2: Michelin (2003): Marokko, Maßstab 1:1 000 000.
Fig. 3: Morrocan National Ministry of Tourism (no year): Die Straße der Kasbahs. Rabat (no publishing house) p.6.

Verbs + to-infinitive or -ing

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Some verbs are followed by a to-infinitive but not -ing: agree, aim, ask, decline, demand, fail, hesitate, hope, hurry, manage, offer, plan, prepare, refuse, want, wish.
Some verbs are followed by -ing but not a to-infinitive: admit, avoid, consider, delay, deny, detest, dread, envisage, feel like, finish, imagine, miss, recall, resent, risk, suggest.

The verbs begin, cease, start, and continue can be followed by either a to-infinitive or an -ing form with little difference in meaning:
• Even though it was raining, they continued to play / playing.
However, with these verbs we normally avoid using two -ing forms together, as a repeated pattern can sound awkward:
• I'm starting to learn Swahili. (rather than I'm starting learning Swahili.)
The verbs advise and encourage are followed by -ing when there is no object and to-infinitive when there is one. Compare:
• I'd advise taking more exercise. and • I'd advise you to take more exercise.
Other verbs can be followed by either a to-infinitive or an -ing form, but there can be a difference in meaning. These include come, go on, mean, regret, remember, stop, try.

Verb + ing

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Some verbs must have an object before an -ing form:
• The police found the man climbing the wall.
• She overheard them talking about the closure of the factory.
Other verbs like this include catch, discover, feel, hear, leave, notice, observe, see, spot, watch
Notice, however, that this is not the case when these verbs are in the passive:
• The man was found climbing the wall.
Some verbs can have an object or no object before an -ing form:
• They can't stand (him) driving his old car.
• I remember (you) buying that jumper.
Other verbs like this include detest, dislike, dread, envisage, hate, imagine, like, love, mind (in questions and negatives), miss, recall, regret, resent, risk, start, stop
Some verbs can't have an object before an -ing form:
• Despite his injury he continued playing.
• I actually enjoy cleaning shoes. It's relaxing!
Other verbs like this include admit, advise, consider, delay, deny, deserve, escape, face, finish, forget, propose, put off, suggest
Some of the verbs (admit, deny, forget, recall, regret, remember) can be followed by having + past participle instead of the -ing form, with little difference in meaning:
• He remembered having arrived at the party, but not leaving, (or He remembered arriving...)
• I now regret having bought the car. (or I now regret buying...)
These pairs of sentences have the same meaning:
• I resented Tom winning the prize. and
• I resented Tom's winning the prize.
• Mary recalled him borrowing the book, and • Mary recalled his borrowing the book.
Other verbs that can be followed by an object with a possessive and then an -ing form include verbs of '(dis)liking' such as detest, disapprove of, dislike, hate, like, love, object to, and verbs of 'thinking' such as envisage, forget, imagine, remember, think of. Notice that we can only use a possessive form (Tom's, his) like this to talk about a person or a group of people:
• I remembered the horse winning the race, (but not ...the horse's winning...)
The possessive form in this pattern is usually considered to be rather formal.
A few verbs (feel, hear, notice, observe, overhear, see, watch) can be followed either by an -ing form or a bare infinitive, but the meaning may be slightly different:

an -ing form
suggests that the action is repeated or happens
eover a period of time.
• Did you hear those dogs barking most of the night?
suggests that we watch, etc. some of the action, but not from start to finish
• I was able to watch them building the new car park from my office window.
a bare infinitive
suggests that the action happens only once
• I noticed him throw a sweet wrapper on the floor, so I asked him to pick it up.
suggests that we watch, hear, etc. the whole action from its start to its finish
• I watched him climb through the window, and then I called the police.

Morocco: Facts, characterestics and mood

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Classes
In Morocco, students are evaluated on in-class exams, regional exams, and also exams at the national level. Attendance and homework are also a big portion of student evaluations and fi nal grades. In some high schools, students remain in one classroom while teachers rotate and in others, students take classes in diff erent classrooms. Almost all of the Moroccan high schools are co-ed. Boys and girls are not separated in the classroom.

School Relationships
The relationship between students and their teachers is very formal, in most of the cases. Students call their teachers by their last names and use formal titles like Mr. or Mrs.
Extracurricular Activities
Most, if not all of Moroccan high schools, do not off er extracurricular activities. Students must belong to private sports clubs or other clubs to participate in activities. Because Moroccan high schools do not have extracurricular activities, very few parents are involved in their children’s activities.
School Rules
Fighting and other behavioral issues lead to warnings, probations, and sometimes dismissal from the school.
Return
When they return home, students are used to the American school system and fi nd it very diffi cult to readjust to the Moroccan school system.
Family Life
In Morocco, it is not uncommon for family members from multiple generations to live together in one house. Many mothers stay home and do not work. It all depends on the arrangements between the parents and it is very acceptable for mothers to work as well. In most of the cases, the father makes fi nal decisions in the Moroccan family, but it is all based on consultation with the mother. In Morocco, girls are supposed to help their mothers in the daily household chores. Boys are also asked to clean their rooms. Meals in Morocco are
oft en eaten communally. In Morocco, members of the family are entitled to have their own time and privacy. In their free time, family members can practice their individual activities but respect family rules, like curfew.
Teen Life
If a Moroccan child has something, it is generally his or her own, and not understood to be the shared property of siblings. Th is includes clothing. When siblings want to borrow something from each other, it is generally understood that they must ask fi rst. In Morocco, teenagers cannot work or have part-time jobs. Teenagers receive their allowances from their parents and spending is monitored by parents. Moroccan teenagers are expected to show respect to their parents with formality. Informality is very common between
siblings.
Responsibilities
In Morocco, the responsibility of cooking falls primarily to the mother, and sometimes to the teenage daughter, but very rarely to boys.
Parental Involvement
In Morocco, parents monitor internet use and how much time their children spend online and what they search for when they go online. Internet usage is seen as a privilege. Not all parents are in direct contact with their children’s schools. However, many parents do monitor the performance of their children at school very closely. Moroccan teenagers are dependent on their parents in almost every single aspect of their lives.
Pets
A lot of Moroccan families do not have pets. Some of them might have cats and few might have dogs. It is uncommon to allow pets into Moroccan homes.

Personal Interactions

Mixed Gender Socializing
It is acceptable for Moroccan teens to have friends of the opposite sex and to socialize with them individually.
Friendships
Moroccan teenagers sometimes socialize in groups, and sometimes one-on-one. Both ways are considered appropriate, and the choice is left up to the individual. In Morocco, teenagers make their friends through school, neighbors, and extended family members. It is uncommon for Moroccan teenagers to share money with each other.
Communication Styles
Moroccan teenagers tend to be indirect when communicating with their elders. Th e use of body language and other forms of communication are more common. Communicating negative emotions directly to an elder is uncommon, but they may to peers or siblings.
Eye Contact
Eye contact is important in Morocco and depends on the gender of the person being addressed.
Personal Hygiene
Most Moroccans will shower once per day. It is generally thought to be unclean in Morocco to wear the same clothes two days in a row or to wear the same clothes twice without washing them. Moroccan teenagers are expected to keep their bathrooms clean and dry aft er using them (towels are hung up, and hygiene products are put away). In Morocco, each member of the family has his/her own towel (and maybe two in some cases). Teenagers change into house clothes when they return from school.
Religion
Teenagers are required to attend religious events and participate in all activities. Ramadan is a good opportunity to exchange visits with family members.
Holidays
New Year, Muslim New Year, Independence Manifesto Day, Eid Miloud an Nabi, Eid al-Fitr, Ramadan, Green March, Moroccan Independence Day, and Eid El Kebir

Moroccan ICT: Initiatives and projects

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In March 2005, the Moroccan government adopted a strategy having as its main objective the hools and high schools) with Internet-connected multimedia rooms by 2008. Infrastructure, teacher training, and the development of pedagogical content are part of this national programme which the King officially launched on September 15, 2005. USAID supports this programme through the Last Mile Initiative, which provides multimedia centres in rural middle schools and teacher training in four regions of the country. The GENIE project is built around three complementary axes:
• ICT equipment:
GENIE plans to equip all Moroccan schools with computer labs with ADSL Internet access. It is estimated that 104,000 computers over three years (2005-2008), plus additional equipments like printers and scanners, will be provided. The management of GENIE is placed on a steering committee chaired by the prime minister. A project team was created to follow the implementation of GENIE programme.

• Teachers’ and school administrators’ training:

The training axis in the GENIE project is carried out in close collaboration with several international partners.

To implement the training components, regional computer labs have been set up in the 16 regional academies affiliated to the Ministry of Education. The components include:

Training in basic use of computers for 230,000 teachers and school administrator.
Training in the use of ICT as a pedagogical tool to more than 18,000 teachers
Training in maintenance to more than 700 technicians
Special training in school management

• Curriculum development:

The curriculum development axis includes installing a national laboratory for the development of educational content and installing a national educational portal. The portal will offer several services such as educational resources, discussion forums, e-mail addresses to all teachers, a virtual library, and educational search engines.

• Marwan Project:
Morocco Wide Area Network was launched in 1997 and activated in 2002. Its main objective is to ensure low-cost access to the Internet for Moroccan universities, to establish a network hosted within universities and administrated by dedicated staff, and to provide a scalable architecture and large bandwidth.

Higher Education Programs in Morocco

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Higher Education Programs

CVM: The Moroccan Virtual Campus which was launched in 2002. Its mission is to build and promote synergies between the various elearning projects within Moroccan universities, enable students to choose their study location and time, enforce the educational content quality, offer scalability to teaching and learning (individualised programmes), facilitate knowledge access, and raise the degree of responsibility of students.

CATT: Computer Assisted Teacher Training was implemented in 1999 with the support of the USAID, with the objectives of equipping CFIs, creating networks of seven CFIs, training 70 instructors and 490 teachers, and developing a community Web site.(www.ibtekar.edu.mc)

Collaborative Learning Programmes

CIVICS: Community Voices Collaborative Solutions is a project for English-language educators from Algeria, Egypt, India, Jordan, Lebanon, Morocco, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, and Tunisia who are participating in iEARN projects that focus on issues of civic education. The iEARN CIVICS project:
• Provides a model for civic education and content-based English as a second/foreign language using iEARN professional development resources and methodologies
• Integrates educators in the Near East, North Africa and South Asia into iEARN projects
• Creates safe and nurturing environments for students and educators in these regions to address civic education issues relevant to their communities.

BRIDGE: The goals of the BRIDGE (Building Respect through Internet Dialogue and Global Education) project are to:
• Generate dynamic and meaningful dialogue between educators and students in the US and countries with large Muslim populations that lead to long-term personal and institutional ties and continuing face-to-face exchanges to promote mutual understanding.
• Enhance the use of the Internet in schools in developing educational materials and methodologies that will benefit schools in teaching language, geography, social studies, and culture.
• Develop tools and a climate for discussing differing points of view, overcoming suspicion and avoiding and resolving conflict; to promote greater awareness from parents and community members about the benefits of Internet-based collaboration and face-to-face exchanges of educators and students
• Generate tangible products as an outcome of the collaborative projects. (www.thebridgeproject.org)
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English literature

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English literature is the literature written in the English language, including literature composed in English by writers not necessarily from England; Joseph Conrad was born in Poland, Robert Burns was Scottish, James Joyce was Irish, Dylan Thomas was Welsh, Edgar Allan Poe was American, V.S. Naipaul was born in Trinidad, Vladimir Nabokov was Russian. In other words, English literature is as diverse as the varieties and dialects of English spoken around the world. In academia, the term often labels departments and programmes practising English studies in secondary and tertiary educational systems. Despite the variety of authors of English literature, the works of William Shakespeare remain paramount throughout the English-speaking world.

Old English

The first works in English, written in Old English, appeared in the early Middle Ages (the oldest surviving text is Cædmon's Hymn). The oral tradition was very strong in the early English culture and most literary works were written to be performed. Epic poems were thus very popular and many, including Beowulf, have survived to the present day in the rich corpus of Anglo-Saxon literature that closely resemble today's Icelandic, Norwegian, North Frisian and the Northumbrian and Scots English dialects of modern English. Much Old English verse in the extant manuscripts is probably a "milder" adaptation of the earlier Germanic war poems from the continent. When such poetry was brought to England it was still being handed down orally from one generation to another, and the constant presence of alliterative verse, or consonant rhyme (today's newspaper headlines and marketing abundantly use this technique such as in Big is Better) helped the Anglo-Saxon peoples remember it. Such rhyme is a feature of Germanic languages and is opposed to vocalic or end-rhyme of Romance languages. But the first written literature dates to the early Christian monasteries founded by St. Augustine of Canterbury and his disciples and it is reasonable to believe that it was somehow adapted to suit to needs of Christian readers.

Middle English literature

In the 12th century, a new form of English now known as Middle English evolved. This is the earliest form of
English literature which is comprehensible to modern readers and listeners, albeit not easily. Middle English lasts up until the 1470s, when the Chancery Standard, a form of London-based English, became widespread and the printing press regularized the language. Middle English Bible translations, notably Wyclif's Bible, helped to establish English as a literary language.
There are three main categories of Middle English Literature:
Religious, Courtly love, and Arthurian. William Langland's Piers Plowman is considered by many critics to be one of the early great works of English literature along with Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Sir Gawain and the Green Knight (most likely by the Pearl Poet) during the Middle Ages. It is also the first allusion to a literary tradition of the legendary English archer, swordsman, and outlaw Robin Hood.
The most significant Middle English author was Geoffrey Chaucer who was active in the late 14th century. Often regarded as the father of English literature, Chaucer is widely credited as the first author to demonstrate the artistic legitimacy of the vernacular English language, rather than French or Latin. The Canterbury Tales was Chaucer's magnum opus, and a towering achievement of Western culture. The first recorded association of Valentine's Day with romantic love is in Chaucer's Parlement of Foules 1382.
The multilingual audience for literature in the 14th century can be illustrated by the example of John Gower, who wrote in Latin, Middle English and Anglo-Norman. Among the many religious works are those in the Katherine Group and the writings of Julian of Norwich and Richard Rolle. Since at least the 14th century, poetry in English has been written in Ireland and by Irish writers abroad. The earliest poem in English by a Welsh poet dates from about 1470.

Renaissance literature

Following the introduction of a printing press into England by William Caxton in 1476, vernacular literature
flourished. The Reformation inspired the production of vernacular liturgy which led to the Book of Common Prayer, a lasting influence on literary English language.

English early modern period

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The Elizabethan era saw a great flourishing of literature, especially in the field of drama. The Italian Renaissance had rediscovered the ancient Greek and Roman theatre, and this was instrumental in the development of the new drama, which was then beginning to evolve apart from the old mystery and miracle plays of the Middle Ages. The Italians were particularly inspired by Seneca (a major tragic playwright and philosopher, the tutor of Nero) and Plautus (its comic clichés, especially that of the boasting soldier had a powerful influence on the Renaissance and after).
However, the Italian tragedies embraced a principle contrary to Seneca's ethics: showing blood and violence on the stage. In Seneca's plays such scenes were only acted by the characters. But the English playwrights were intrigued by Italian model: a conspicuous community of Italian actors had settled in London and Giovanni Florio had brought much of the Italian language and culture to England. It is also true that the Elizabethan Era was a very violent age and that the high incidence of political assassinations in Renaissance Italy (embodied by Niccolò Machiavelli's The Prince) did little to calm fears of popish plots. As a result, representing that kind of violence on the stage was probably more cathartic for the Elizabethan spectator. Following earlier Elizabethan plays such as Gorboduc by Sackville & Norton and The Spanish Tragedy by Kyd that was to provide much material for Hamlet, William Shakespeare stands out in this period as a poet and playwright as yet unsurpassed. Shakespeare was not a man of letters by profession, and probably had only some grammar school education. He was neither a lawyer, nor an aristocrat as the "university wits" that had monopolised the English stage when he started writing. But he was very gifted and incredibly versatile, and he surpassed "professionals" as Robert Greene who mocked this "shake-scene" of low origins. Though most dramas met with great success, it is in his later years (marked by the early reign of James I) that he wrote what have been considered his greatest plays: Hamlet, Romeo and Juliet, Othello, King Lear,
Macbeth, Antony and Cleopatra, and The Tempest, a tragicomedy that inscribes within the main drama a brilliant pageant to the new king. Shakespeare also popularized the English sonnet which made significant changes to Petrarch's model.
The sonnet was introduced into English by Thomas Wyatt in the early 16th century. Poems intended to be set to music as songs, such as by Thomas Campion, became popular as printed literature was disseminated more widely in households. Other important figures in Elizabethan theatre include Christopher Marlowe, Thomas Dekker, John Fletcher and Francis Beaumont. Had Marlowe (1564–1593) not been stabbed at
twenty-nine in a tavern brawl, says Anthony Burgess, he might have rivalled, if not equalled Shakespeare himself for his poetic gifts. Remarkably, he was born only a few weeks before Shakespeare and must have known him well.
Marlowe's subject matter, though, is different: it focuses more on the moral drama of the renaissance man four years' covenant with the devil he has to surrender his soul to him. His dark heroes may have something of Marlowe himself, whose death remains a mystery. He was known for being an atheist, leading a lawless life, keeping many mistresses, consorting with ruffians: living the 'high life' of London's underworld. But many suspect that this might have been a cover-up for his activities as a secret agent for Elizabeth I, hinting that the 'accidental stabbing' might have been a premeditated assassination by the enemies of The Crown. Beaumont and Fletcher are less-known, but it is almost sure that they helped Shakespeare write some of his best dramas, and were quite popular at the time. It is also at this time that the city comedy genre develops. In the later 16th century English poetry was characterised by elaboration of language and extensive allusion to classical myths. The most important poets of this era include Edmund Spenser and Sir Philip Sidney.

Elizabeth herself, a product of Renaissance humanism, produced occasional poems such as On Monsieur’s Departure.

Jacobean literature period

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After Shakespeare's death, the poet and dramatist Ben Jonson was the leading literary figure of the Jacobean era (The reign of James I). However, Jonson's aesthetics hark back to the Middle Ages rather than to the Tudor Era: his characters embody the theory of humours. According to this contemporary medical theory, behavioral differences result from a prevalence of one of the body's four "humours" (blood, phlegm, black bile, and yellow bile) over the other three; these humours correspond with the four elements of the universe: air, water, fire, and earth. This leads Jonson to exemplify such differences to the point of creating types, or clichés.

Jonson is a master of style, and a brilliant satirist. His Volpone shows how a group of scammers are fooled by a top con-artist, vice being punished by vice, virtue meting out its reward.
Others who followed Jonson's style include Beaumont and Fletcher, who wrote the brilliant comedy, The Knight of the Burning Pestle, a mockery of the rising middle class and especially of those nouveaux riches who pretend to dictate literary taste without knowing much literature at all. In the story, a couple of grocers wrangle with professional actors to have their illiterate son play a leading role in a drama. He becomes a knight-errant wearing, appropriately, a burning pestle on his shield. Seeking to win a princess' heart, the young man is ridiculed much in the way Don Quixote was. One of Beaumont and Fletcher's chief merits was that of realising how feudalism and chivalry had turned into snobbery and make-believe and that new social classes were on the rise.
Another popular style of theatre during Jacobean times was the revenge play, popularized by John Webster and Thomas Kyd. George Chapman wrote a couple of subtle revenge tragedies, but must be remembered chiefly on account of his famous translation of Homer, one that had a profound influence on all future English literature, even inspiring John Keats to write one of his best sonnets.
The King James Bible, one of the most massive translation projects in the history of English up to this time, was started in 1604 and completed in 1611. It represents the culmination of a tradition of Bible translation into English that began with the work of William Tyndale. It became the standard Bible of the Church of England, and some consider it one of the greatest literary works of all time. This project was headed by James I himself, who supervised the work of forty-seven scholars. Although many other translations into English have been made, some of which are widely considered more accurate, many aesthetically prefer the King James Bible, whose meter is made to mimic the original Hebrew verse. Besides Shakespeare, whose figure towers over the early 17th century, the major poets of the early 17th century included John Donne and the other Metaphysical poets. Influenced by continental Baroque, and taking as his subject matter both Christian mysticism and eroticism, metaphysical poetry uses unconventional or "unpoetic" figures, such as a compass or a mosquito, to reach surprise effects. For example, in "A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning", one of Donne's Songs and Sonnets, the points of a compass represent two lovers, the woman who is home, waiting, being the centre, the farther point being her lover sailing away from her. But the larger the distance, the more the hands of the compass lean to each other: separation makes love grow fonder. The paradox or the oxymoron is a constant in this poetry whose fears and anxieties also speak of a world of spiritual certainties shaken by the modern discoveries of geography and science, one that is no longer the centre of the universe. Apart from the metaphysical poetry of Donne, the 17th century is also celebrated for its Baroque poetry. Baroque poetry served the same ends as the art of the period; the Baroque style is lofty, sweeping, epic, and religious. Many of these poets have an overtly Catholic sensibility (namely Richard Crashaw) and wrote poetry for the Catholic counter Reformation in order to establish a feeling of supremacy and mysticism that would ideally persuade newly emerging Protestant groups back toward Catholicism.