Government Exam Preparation

BIOLOGY PART 2

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BIOLOGY 2

Plant Kingdom Part-2

BRYPOPHYTA:

· Known as amphibians of plant kingdom,

· Dominant phase is gametophyte.

· Sex organs are known as Antheridium and Archegonium (female part)

· Divides into two types on the basis of their structure and reproduction

I. Liverworts - Marchantia and Riccia

II. Mosses – Funaria

Marchantia

Funaria

Pteridophyta:

· First terrestrialal plants to possess vascular tissues and need water for fertilisation.

· Dominant phase is 'sporophytic.

· Leaves modified to form sporophylls bearing: sporangia. Sporangium undergoes to form spores.

Gymnosperm:

· Plants are shrubs, moderate tree or largest tree. (sequoia is the giant/largest tree)

· Vascular bundles are well developed

· reproductive organs are antheridia and archegonia

Angiosperms:

· These are called flowering plants as the reproductive organs are borne on flowers.

· Vascular bundles are well developed, where Xylem has vessels and tracheids and helps in Translocation of water and nutrients where as phloem has sieve cells and companion cells and helps in transpiration of food sugar). prepared by leaves by the process of photosynthesis

· Flowers are reproductive structure, may be bisexual or unisexual and plants may be monoecious or dioecious.

Eg: All flowering plants.

· True fruits - when thalamus is not included in the formation of fruit,

· False fruits - when thalamus is included in the formation of fruit.

Eg ; Strawberry and Apple.

· In Angiosperms female sex organs of a flower is the pistil/ gynoecium. Pistil has three parts ovary, style, and stigma.

· Male sex organs, stamen, has two parts - a filament and an ather

BACTERIA

· Antonic von leevenhock (known as the fateher of microbiology)

· Discovered bacteria and classified it under kingdom – Monera

· Word bacteria was coined under the christian Ehrenberg

General characteristics

· unicellular ,prokaryotic

· the most primitive organism on earth

· found in every possible habbate

· eg :methenogens halophiles thermoacidophiles

· survive both in presence of oxygen and absense of oxygen

Aerobic- in the presence of oxygen

Anaerobic – in the absence of oxygen

· obligative when exposed to oxygen the die

· facultative – when exposed to oxygen , they can survive

Smallest- Mycoplasm (0.1micro meter)

Largest – Epulopicium feshelsoni (600 micro meter)

Classification of bacteria: (according to the nutrition requirement)

· Autotrophic

· Phototrophic –depending on light energy to synthesize there organic food.

· Chemotropic – which oxidize inorganic chemicals to synthesize organic there food

· Symbiotic

· Saprophytic

· Pathogenic

Classification of bacteria: (according to shape, size and number )

· Spherical- cocci eg:-monococus, diplococos,streptococcus,staphylococus

· Rod shaped –bacilli eg:-Bacillus cereus

· Comma shaped –vibrio eg:-cholerae

· Spiral – spirillum eg:-spirillum volutans

Prokaryotic cell have a cell wall (except mycoplasma).

In addition to chromosomal DNA a circular DNA present known as plasmid.

Cell envelope of prokaryotic ( 3 layer structure )

a) Outermost structure glycocalyx,

b) Middle layer , cell wall

c) Innermost , cell membrane

Gram positive and gram negative

· Gram positive – stain gaining

· Gram negative – do not gain stain

Mesosomes:-

· Extensions of plasma membrane

· Help in –cell wall formation

- DNA replication

- Increase the surface areas of plasma membrane

BIOLOGY

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BIOLOGY 1

5- Kingdom classification (Based on NCERT)

v Biologists, such as Ernst Haeckel (1894). Robert Whittaker (1959) and Carl Woese (1977) have tried to classify all living organisms into broad categories, called kingdoms.

v The classification Whittaker proposed has five kingdoms: Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae and Animalia, and is widely used.

v These groups are formed on the basis of their cell structure, mode and source of nutrition and body organisation.

v The modification Woese introduced by dividing the Monera into Archaebacteria (or Archaea) and Eubacteria (or Bacteria) is also in use.

v Thus, by separating organisms on the basis of a hierarchy of characteristics into smaller and smaller groups, we arrive at the basic unit of classification, which is a 'species'.

v The important characteristics of the five kingdoms of Whittaker are as follows:

Monera

v These organisms do not have a defined nucleus or organelles, nor do any of them show multi-cellular body designs.

v On the other hand, they show diversity based on many other characteristics. Some of them have cell walls while some do not.

v The mode of nutrition of organisms in this group can be either by

v Synthesising their own food (autotrophic) or - getting it from the environment - (heterotrophic). This group includes bacteria, Blue-green algae or cyanobacteria, and mycoplasma.

Protista

v This group includes many kinds of unicellular eukaryotic organisms.

v Some of these organisms use appendages, such as hair-like cilia or whip-like flagella for moving around.

v Their mode of nutrition can be autotrophic or heterotrophic.

v Examples are unicellular algae, diatoms and protozoans.

Fungi

v These are heterotrophic eukaryotic organisms.

v They use decaying organic material as food and are therefore called saprophytes.

v Many of them have the capacity to multicellular organismes at certain stages in their lives.

v They have cell-walls made of a though complex sugar called chitin.

v Examples are yeast and mushrooms

v Some fungal species live in permanent mutually dependent relationships with blue green algae (or cyanobacteria).

v Such relationships are called symbiotic.

v These symbiobic life forms are called lichens.

v We have all seen lichens as the slow-growing large coloured patches on the bark of trees.

Phycomycetes (Lower Fungi)

v Saprolegnia

v Rhizopus

v Mucor

v Albugo

v Pythium

Phycomycetes (Lower Fungi)

Ascomycetes (Sac fungi)

v Yeast

v Aspergillus

v Penicillium

v Neurospora

v Peziza

Ascomycetes (Sac fungi)

Basidiomycetes (Gill fungi/ Bracket fungi)

v Agaricus

v Polyporus

v Puccinia

v Ustilago

v Lycoperdon

Basidiomycetes (Gill fungi/ Bracket fungi)

Deuteromycetes (fungi impertecti)

v Cercospora

v Collectotrichum

v Trichoderma

v Pyricularia

v Fusarium

Deuteromycetes (fungi impertecti)

Plant Kingdom

DIVISION: THALLOPHYTA (ALGAE)

o Algae are chlorophyll-bearing, thalloid, autotrophic organisms.

o They are largely aquatic (both marine and freshwater) and some occur on moist soil, stones/rocks or wood; some are epiphytes on animals like sloth bear and some are symbionts in lichens.

o Asexuat reproduction occurs during favourable conditions by the formation of zoospores or aplanospores.

o Sexual reproduction may be isogamous (e.g., some species of Chlamydomonas), anisogamous (e.g., Ulothrix) or oogamous (e.g., Volvox, Fucus, etc.) .

o Algae are classified based on

(i) the type of pigments and

(ii) the nature of reserve food into three classes namely Chlorophyceae, Phaeophyceae and Rhodophyceae

Classification of Algae

Environmental Studies

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Environmental Studies

Important Environment Days

World Ozone Day	September 16
World's Scenery Day	February 2
Coventry Forest Day	March 21
World Water Day	March 22
International Earth Day	April 22
World Turtle Protection Day	May 23
World Environment Day	June 5
World Hydrography Day	June 21
Sunderbun Day	August 21

The description of the various elements found in Earth's crust as under:

Most abundant Element in the universe

Hydrogen

Helium

Oxygen

Neon

Nitrogen

Carbon

Silicon

Magnesium

Iron

Sulphur

Summits & Conference of Environment

United nations Framework climate change conferences (UNFCCC)

Conferences of parties

COP	COUNTRY	YEAR
1 COP 1	Berlin, Germany	1995
2 COP 2	Geneva, Switzerland	1996
3 COP 3-	Kyoto, Japan	1997
4 COP 4-	Buenos Aires, Argentina	1998
5 COP 5-	Bonn, Germany	1999
6 COP 6 -	Hague, Netherlands	2000
7 COP 6	Bonn, Germany	2001
8 COP 7-	Marrakech , Morocco	2001
9 COP 8-	New Delhi, India	2002
10 COP 9-	Milan , Italy	2003
11 COP 10	Buenos Aires, Argentina	2004
12 COP 11_/CMP 1	Montreal, Canada	2005
13 COP 12- /CMP 2	Kenya , Nairobi	2006
14 COP 13- /CMP 3	Indonesia ,Bali	2007
15 COP 14- /CMP 4	Poland , Poznań	2008:
16 COP 15 /CMP 5	Denmark ,Copenhagen	2009
17 COP 16 /CMP 6	Cancún, Mexico	2010
18 COP 17- /CMP 7	Durban South, Africa	2011
19 COP 18- /CMP 8	Doha, Qatar	2012
20 COP 19- /CMP 9	Warsaw , Poland	2013
21 COP 20- /CMP 10	Lima, Peru	2014
22 COP 21- /CMP 11	Paris, France	2015
23 COP 22/CMP 12/CMA 1-1	Marrakech, Morocco	2016
24 COP 23-/CMP 13/CMA 1-2	Bonn, Germany	2017
25 COP 24- /CMP 14/CMA 1-3	Katowice, Poland	2018:
26 COP 25-/CMP 15/CMA 2	Madrid, Spain	2019

Convention of biodiversity (Biological diversity)

COP	COUNTRY	YEAR
COP 1	Nassau , Bahamas	1994
COP 2	Jakarta, Indonesia	1995
COP 3	Buenos Aires, Argentina	1996
COP 4	Bratislava Slovakia	1998
EXCOP1	Cartagena , Colombia	1999
COP 5	Nairobi Kenya	2000
COP 6	The Hague , Netherlands	2002
COP 7	Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia	2004
COP 8	Curitiba , Brazil	2006
COP 9	Bonn , Germany	2008
COP 10	Nagoya , Japan	2010
COP 11	Hyderabad , India	2012
COP 12	Pyeongchang , Republic of Korea	2014
Cop 13	Cancun, Maxico	2016
Cop 14	Sharm EI. Sheikh. Egypt	2018

Q. 1) Which of the following is related to an agenda 21?

a) Montreal Treaty

b) Rio Conference

c) Kyoto Treaty

d) POSOL-5 Summit

Q. 2) World forest day is celebrated-

a) 10th January

b) 21nd March

c) 23rd May

d) 7 December

Q. 3) How many percentages of CO2 and argon are found in the atmosphere?

a) 0.03 and 0.93 percent respectively

b) 1 and 2 percent respectively

c) 0.23 and 0.97 percent respectively

d) None of these

Q. 4) In which Indian state is the thickness of the ozone layer is highest and where is lowest

a) Uttarkanchal-Assam

b) Srinagar-Trivandrum

c) Rajasthan -Kerala

d) Arunachal-Karnataka

Q. 5) Which gas emitted from supersonic jets, dilutes the ozone layer?

a) Carbon monoxide

b) Sulfur dioxide

c) Carbon dioxide

d) Nitrogen oxide

Q. 6) The highest carbon dioxide emitting country is-

a) China

b) India

c) Russia

d) United States of America

Q. 7) According to the WHO list released on May 2, 2018, is the world's most polluted city?

a) Delhi (India)

b) Shanghai (China)

c) Tokyo (Japan)

d) New York (United States)

Q. 8) What percentage of the amount of sulphur in the green diesel is found?

a) 0.001

b) 0.01

c) 0.1

d) 1.00

Answers:-

Q 1) b, Q 2) b, Q 3) a, Q 4) b, Q 5) d, Q 6) a , Q 7) a, Q 8) a.

General Awareness Questions

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General Awareness

Q. 1) The mosque - khayr ul manzil opposite to the purana qila in delhi was constituted by whome

a) Hamida Banu Begum

b) Sakina Sultan

c) Jiji Anga

d) Maham Anga

Q. 2) Which of the following river of india does not originate from western Ghats

a) Godavari

b) Tapti

c) Kaveri

d) Kabam

Q. 3) Which country has same rank in population and area both?

a) Indonesia

b) Brazil

c) United kingdom

d) India

Q. 4) Who is the author of the book the accidental prime minister?

The accidental prime minister

a) Rajdeep Sardesai

b) Karan Thapar

c) Kuldeep Nayar

d) Sanjay Baru

Q. 5) Hanthigumpha inscription is the source of information about which king

a) Kharavel

b) Ashok

c) Harshvardhan

d) Samudragupt

Q. 6) Highest waterfall in India is

a) Jog fall

b) Kunchilla fall

c) Rakim kund fall

d) Kaveti fall

Q. 7) Gibson desert is located in which country ?

a) USA

b) Australia

c) China

d) Brazil

Q. 8) Pampas grassland is situated in which country

a) Brazil

b) Chile

c) Africa

d) Argentina

Q. 9) Lorenz curve is a measure of which of following?

a) Illiteracy

b) Unemployment

c) Population growth rate

d) Inequality of income

Q. 10) Biodiversity day is observed in

a) 22 march

b) 22 may

c) 21 June

d) 22 april

Q. 11) Which of following animal can live for the longest duration without drinking water

a) Giraffe

b) Camel

c) Kangaroo

d) Kangaroo rat

Q. 12) Which of the following country has the maximum production of milk per cow

a) Netherland

b) Great Britain

c) Denmark

d) India

Q. 13) Which of the following in the main component of natural gas

a) Ethane

b) Butane

c) Carbon mono oxide

d) Methane

Q. 14) Which is the most stable ecosystem?

a) Forest

b) Mountain

c) Desert

d) Marin

Q. 15) Which of the following is the capital of Bahrain?

a) Ankara

b) Doha

c) Manama

d) Beirut

Q. 16) Lal darwaza masjid is located in which place

a) Mandu

b) Jaunpur

c) Gaur

d) Ahmedabad

Q. 17) Sustainable growth is a focus of which five year plan

a) 9th

b) 10th

c) 11th

d) 12th

Q. 18) Which of the following is exclusive power of council of state?

a) To initiate proceeding for removal of president

b) To initiate proceeding for the removal of a judge of the supreme court

c) To recommend creation of a new all india service

d) None of above

Q. 19) After how many days of absence from parliament without permission can a M.P. be disqualified?

a) 30 days

b) 60 days

c) 90 days

d) 120 days

Q. 20) Who among the following governer general ridiculed congress as representing only a microscopic minority of people

a) Lord dufferin

b) Lord Curzon

c) Lord minto

d) Lord lansdown

Q. 21) Which river made the birds foot type shape at mouth

a) Huang ho

b) Nile

c) Danube

d) Mississippi

Q. 22) Representation from the union territories to the lok sabha

a) 15

b) 13

c) 17

d) 20

Q. 23) ABC index announced by the government of india is associated with which of following ?

a) Agriculture

b) Communication

c) Education

d) Health

Q. 24) Which of the following state has first rank in the length of road in India?

a) Uttar pradesh

b) Maharashtra

c) Rajsthan

d) Madhya pradesh

Q. 25) The maratha claim of revenue for protection is known by which name ?

a) Sardesh mukhi

b) Chauth

c) Abwab

d) Jamadani

Q.26) Which of the following countries is the leading producer of Iodine in the world?

a) Japan

b) China

c) USA

d) Chile

Q. 27) First national action plan of India on climate change released in which year

a) 2000

b) 2002

c) 2012

d) 2008

Answers :-

Q 1) d, Q 2) b, Q 3) b, Q 4) d, Q 5) a, Q 6) b, Q 7) b, Q 8) d, Q 9) d, Q 10) b, Q 11) d, Q 12) c, Q 13) d, Q 14) d, Q 15) c, Q 16) b, Q 17) c, Q 18) d, Q 19) b, Q 20) a, Q 21) d, Q 22) d, Q 23) d, Q 24) b, Q 25) b, Q 26) d, Q 27) d.

Important Previous year English Questions

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English Comprehension

Q.1 Select the option that will improve the underlined part of the sentence. In case no

improvement is needed, select 'No improvement'.

He went all the way to the school on foot, did he?

A. didn't he

B. No improvement

C. is it

D. hasn't he

Q.2 Select the most appropriate option to fill in the blank.

He ______ all his books to his juniors when he passed out of college.

A. gave off

B. gave in

C. gave away

D. gave up

Q.3 Parts of the following sentence are given as options. Identify the part that has an error.

He sat down in the sun and started to reading an old newspaper.

A. and started to reading

B. in the sun

C. He sat down

D. an old newspaper

Q.4 Select the INCORRECTLY spelt word.

A. Inconsistent

B. Incompitent

C. Incomplete

D. Incomparable

Q.5 Select the option that will improve the underlined part of the sentence. In case no

improvement is needed, select 'No improvement'.

As he was waiting there, someone bumps into him.

A. No improvement

B. bumped

C. has bumped

D. is bumping

Q.6 Parts of the following sentence are given as options. Identify the part that has an error.

Do you went for a walk early in the morning before sun rise?

A. for a walk

B. Do you went

C. early in the morning

D. before sun rise

Q.7 Parts of the following sentence are given as options. Identify the part that has an error.

The world seem to become more and more complicated each year.

A. seem to become

B. complicated each year

C. The world

D. more and more

Q.8 Select the most appropriate meaning of the following idiom.

Up to the mark

A. Remarkable

B. Satisfactory

C. Regular

D. Efficient

Q.9 Select the option that can be used as a one-word substitute for the given group of

words/phrase.

Something that is no longer in use

A. Invisible

B. Obsolete

C. Current

D. Contemporary

Q.10 Select the option that will improve the underlined part of the sentence. In case no

improvement is needed, select 'No improvement'.

No opinion poll can predict the overview of this election.

A. outcome

B. inclination

C. estimation

D. No improvement

Comprehension:

Read the given passage and answer the following questions.

A farmers’ club in Idukki district is the only farmers’ group in Kerala which runs a library

exclusively for farmers. Started in 2017, the library has over 1,000 members and 600-odd

books related to agriculture, animal husbandry and other farm ventures.

“When the younger generation wants to enter farming, they should not be left in the dark for

want of information on farming practices and techniques. The books in the library would offer

them knowledge on farming, animal husbandry and all allied areas. Its membership is open

for all farmers. Quality seeds are also sold at the club,’’ says Tom Cheriyan, club secretary.

The reading room is open to all, but books can be taken home only after paying a one-time

membership fee of Rs. 500.

The club has also brought out four books on farming, which deal with good practices and

stories of successful farmers. The write-ups in these books are by farmers, many of whom

have scripted success stories with innovative farming techniques.

For instance, one book published by the club, on “Modern farming and farming practices”,

includes an article on mango cultivation by Mathew Madathikkandam, a farmer from Kerala’s

mango hub of Muthalamada. Another article in the book, on pepper cultivation, has been

authored by George Puliyammakkal, a winner of the National Innovation Foundation award.

The club has opened a shop too, where pesticide-free vegetables and certified organic

products are sold without a chain of middlemen.

To tap the online market, the club has also developed a mobile app suitable for farmers, as

most of them use smart phones with net connectivity.

Within a year, 15,000 people from across the country have already downloaded the app,

‘farmers’ e-market’. It offers a platform for buyers and sellers from across India. Farmers can

display their products, quote prices and strike a direct deal with buyers. Besides, there are

options for trading poultry products, dairy animals and farm machinery. The app has turned

useful for scores of farmers, who can now directly interact with potential buyers.

Anwar Sadath, a dairy farm enthusiast in Idukki, says he sold three Gir cow calves within a

year through the app. “I had posted photos of the calves along with the prices. Within a few

days, they were sold. After I got the money credited in my account, I took the calves by truck

to Thrissur district. Otherwise, I would have to go to a cattle market and bargain with the help

of middlemen,’’ he says.

At Mannarakkadu in Palakkad, honeybee keeper K Joy is waiting for buyers for forest honey.

“At the wholesale market, we would get less than Rs. 200 per kg of honey. But when we sell

directly, we can get Rs. 300-320 per kg,’’ he says.

SubQuestion No : 11

Q.11 What is NOT sold at the club shop?

A. Farm machinery

B. Pesticide free vegetables

C. Good quality seeds

D. Certified organic products