Infotech

Increase Your Website Traffic

2013-10-01T09:13:00.001-07:00

Basic SEO Methods

Attractive Design and Layouts
Relevant File names
Optimized keywords
Optimized meta tags
Title Optimization
Content is the king
Link Building
Misc Techniques

DVD's can detect HIV

2013-06-12T19:31:00.000-07:00

A team led by Aman Russom of the KTH Royal Institute of Technology in Sweden has demonstrated proof of concept for the tool by testing for HIV.

Blood samples are loaded into micro-channels on a modified, semi-transparent DVD disc and scanned by a DVD reader, which has been adapted to detect light transmitted through the disc. The image can then be visualised on a computer screen.

The so-called "Lab-on-DVD" technology makes it possible to complete an HIV test in just a few minutes, he said.

In a proof of concept demonstration, the researchers collected cell-type CD4 + from blood and visualised it using the DVD reader technology, DVD LSM.

Enumeration of these cells using flow cytometry is now standard in HIV testing, but the practise has been limited in developing countries. Russom says DVD-based technology will provide an attractive option.

The Lab-on-DVD reaps 30 years of research and development on optical storage technology to create an alternative to flow cytometry, the standard equipment for hospitals.

The low cost of the technology makes it suitable as a diagnostic and analytical tool in clinical practise close to the patient.

Intel launches fourth generation processors

2013-06-10T23:35:00.000-07:00

Intel introduced its ground-breaking 4th generation Intel Core Processor

Fourth generation processors offer the most significant gain in battery life enabling ever achieved by Intel, up to double the graphics and significant CPU performance improvements that are delivering exciting new consumer experiences.

The processor will be immediately available for innovative desktops PCs and mobile work stations. Future availability is planned for Ultrabooks and tablet devices.

For more details click here...

You cant live without them.

2013-02-05T06:39:00.001-08:00

PROGRAM TO SWAP 2 VALUES USING POINTER

2012-06-01T09:09:00.004-07:00

#include<stdio.h>

#include<conio.h>

void main()

{

int a,b,*p,*q,t;

clrscr();

printf("Enter the values of A and B: ");

scanf("%d%d",&a,&b);

printf("\nA=%d\nB=%d",a,b);

p=&a;

q=&b;

t=*p;

*p=*q;

*q=t;

printf("\n\nSwapped numbers \n");

printf("\nA=%d\nB=%d",a,b);

getch();

}

OutPut

---------

Enter the values of A and B: 2 5

A=8

B=3

Swapped numbers

A=3

B=8

BSNL 4g- Wimax

2012-05-29T08:05:00.000-07:00

BSNL broadband offers its new BSNL Wimax plan for wireless connectivity of internet. The BSNL WiMax network plan is capable of providing internet speed around 33 mbps.

For Tariff Details.....http://www.kerala.bsnl.co.in/Wimax/wimaxtariff61010.pdf

C-PROGRAM TO PRINT THE SALARY SHEET

2012-05-21T06:59:00.002-07:00

#include<stdio.h>

#include<conio.h>

struct employ

{

char name[20];

int id,bp;

float tot,hra,dr;

};

void main()

{

struct employ list[20],temp;

char name[30];

int n,i,j,m;

clrscr();

printf("Enter the number of employees: ");

scanf("%d",&n);

for(i=0;i<n;i++)

{

printf("\nEnter the name of employee: ");

scanf("%s",list[i].name);

printf("\nEnter id number: ");

scanf("%d",&list[i].id);

printf("\nEnter the basic pay: ");

scanf("%d",&list[i].bp);

list[i].dr=.2*list[i].bp;

list[i].hra=.6*list[i].bp;

list[i].tot=list[i].dr +list[i].hra+list[i].bp;

}

for(i=0;i<n;i++)

{

for(j=0;j<n-i-1;j++)

{

if(strcmp(list[j].name,list[j+1].name)>0)

{

temp=list[j];

list[j]=list[j+1];

list[j+1]=temp;

}

printf("Salary Sheet is\n");

printf("NAME ID NO BASIC PAY SALARY\n\n");

for(i=0;i<n;i++)

printf("%s\t%d\t%d\t%f\n",list[i].name,list[i].id,list[i].bp,list[i].tot);

getch();

}

/* OutPut

---------

Enter the number of employees:2

Enter the name of employee: manu

Enter id number: 101

Enter the basic pay: 4000

Enter the name of employee: mani

Enter id number: 201

Enter the basic pay: 6000

Salary Sheet is

NAME ID NO BASIC PAY SALARY

mani 201 6000 10800.000

manu 101 4000 7200.000

Floppy Disk-Types and Working

2012-03-22T16:29:00.000-07:00

FLOPPY DISK

A soft magnetic disk. It is called floppy because it flops if you wave it (at least, the 5??-inch variety does). Unlike most hard disks, floppy disks (often called floppies or diskettes) are portable, because you can remove them from a disk drive. Disk drives for floppy disks are called floppy drives. Floppy disks are slower to access than hard disks and have less storage capacity, but they are much less expensive. And most importantly, they are portable. Floppy disk are the media used to read and write data is a floppy drive. A floppy is made up of a circular thin Mylar plastic material coated with magnetic particles. Every magnetic particles holds one data bit. The polarity of magnetic orientation will be opposite for 0 or 1,it is difficult to demagnetize a magnetic particle. However, the polarity can be reversed. The medium is permeable having high retentivity. Higher the retentivity, longer the life of information stored. The Mylar disk is enclosed in a plastic jacket to protect its surface. While floppy disk drives still have some limited uses, especially with legacy industrial computer equipment, they have been superseded by data storage methods with much greater capacity, such as USB flash drives, portable external hard disk drives, optical discs, memory cards, and computer networks.

Fig: A Floppy Disk.

Construction and Operation:

While floppy disk drives vary in terms of size and the format of data that they hold, they are all internally quite similar. In terms of construction and operation, floppy drives are similar to hard disk drives, only simpler. Of course, unlike hard disks, floppy disk drives use removable floppy media instead of integrated storage platters. This section takes a look at the basic components and physical operation of a floppy disk drive.

Read/Write Heads:

The read/write heads on the floppy disk are used to convert binary data to electromagnetic pulses, when writing to the disk, or the reverse, when reading. This is similar to what the heads on a hard disk do. There are several important differences between floppy disk and hard disk read/write heads. One is that floppy disk heads are larger and much less precise than hard disk heads, because the track density of a floppy disk is much lower than that of a hard disk. The tracks are laid down with much less precision; in general, the technology is more "primitive". Hard disks have a track density of thousands of tracks per inch, while floppy disks have a track density of 135 tracks per inch or less.

Head Actuator:

The head actuator is the device that physically positions the read/write heads over the correct track on the surface of the disk. Floppy disks generally contain 80 tracks per side. The actuator is driven by a stepper motor.

Spindle Motor:

The spindle motor on the floppy is what spins the floppy disk when it is in the drive. When the disk is inserted, clamps come down on the middle of the disk to physically grasp it. These clamps are attached to the spindle motor, which turns the disk as it spins.

Logic Board:

The floppy disk contains an integrated logic board that acts as the drive controller. Like the rest of the floppy disk this is a relatively simple affair, containing the electronics that control the read/write heads, the spindle motor, head actuator and other components. The circuits on this board also talk to the floppy disk controller over the floppy interface.

Classification of floppy disks

According to the size, floppy disks are generally classified into two:

• 5 1⁄4-inch diskette

• 3 1⁄2-inch diskette

Separate drives are used for these 2 types of diskettes.

5 1⁄4-inch floppy disks:

This disk has their apertures; the central circular aperture is to allow the diskette to be located on the hub of the spindle motor, which spins the floppy disk. The small circular hole called the index hole lines up with the small hole in the medium when it is rotated.

Index hole:

This hole is used to locate the starting sector(the 1st sector) of a track on the medium. The elongated aperture will allow the drive to read or write from or to the surface. A notch at the edged of the jacket, called write protect_ notch is to protect the disk from writing on to it, if the notch is closed, the disk is protected from being written over it.

3 1⁄2-inch floppy disk:

The 3 1⁄2-inch drives use a more rigid plastic case that helps in protecting the disk having high density of data. The metal shutter protects the medium access hole it is spring loaded. The closed shutter will be opened by the drive mechanism. The 3.5-inch (8.9 cm) disk replaced the 5.25-inch (13.34 cm) disk in the early 1990s, capable of holding 1.44 megabytes of information. For a while there were two floppy disk drive types often included with computers.

Fig: Floppy Disks and It’s parts.

Recording format

Data can be stored on a disk in different ways. There are two types of recording format.

• FM(frequency modulation)

• MFM(modified F M)

Frequency modulation:

In this format, every data bit cell starts with a flux transaction. Then if the current data is ‘1’ a flux transaction will be recorded at the middle of the bit cell.

Modified F.M:

Here there will not be any clock at the start of every bit cell. But as in the case of F.M, a flux transaction will be recorded in the middle of a bit cell if the current data is ‘1’ if the data is ‘0’ there will not be any flux transaction in the bit cell. However, if both the current data & the previous data are 0s,there will be a flux reversal at the starting of the current data bit cell. We will be able to store double the amount of data on the same area by using the MFM format instead of FM format. The recording format will be decided by the operating system.

Hard sector and Soft sector of Disks

Some disks may have multiple index, one index hole for each sector. So each sector will be identified by an index hole. Such disks are called Hard sectored diskette:. The IBM PC identify sector-1. The sectors are identified by the information recorded at the beginning of each sector. So such diskettes are called soft sector diskettes.

Clusters: DOS rarely deals with individual sectors. Instead, data storage is done in-group of sectors called clusters. The cluster size varies depending on the diskette type its format and the version of DOS.

The Floppy disk interfaces :

The interface consists of three basic components

• The Floppy drive controller

• The power cable

• The Control/Data cable

The Floppy drive controller:

The Floppy Disk drive controller is an electronic circuit board that does interface b/w the system and floppy disk driver. The major functions of the floppy disk controller are

• To translate the logic commands from the computer in to the exact electrical signal that control the disk drive

• To translate the stream of pulses generated by the floppy drive head into data in the form the computer can deal with

The major function blocks are as follows:

• System interface logic

• Floppy disk controller logic

• Read write logic

• Drive select logic

• Control logic

System interface logic:

The system interface logic communicates with the system and the controller electronics. All the signals to and from FDC are buffered through I/O slot.

Floppy disk control logic:

The PC can support to floppy drives, the FDC can be programmed to select only of the two drive at any time. The drive select logic energies the respective drive. For a read or write operation after decoding the commands received from the CPU. Before any read/write request is processed the read/write heads to locate the required track. Necessary calculations made setting the current track number and the required sector number. The control logic issues direction and step commands to head assembly to locate it over the desired address. The control logic also analysis the interface signals from write protect index hole and track 00 sensors and inform the CPU about the status of the floppy disk drive.

Decoding the command from CPU either read or write operation is executed by read/write logic. The data received in bytes are serialized and encoded in MFM format by adding necessary clock pulses before writing on to the disk. During reading, the data bit stream is read from the disk, data bits are separated and deserialised. Then the data bytes are sent to CPU. The DMA request for the data transfer is made by the FDC. At the Completion of the data transfer, Interrupt is raised to inform the CPU about the status by the FDC. The complete activities are sequenced and controlled by the timing and control unit.

How a floppy drive works?

• When you push 3.5 inch floppy disks into the drive, the floppy presses against a system of leavers. One leaver open’s the floppy’s shutter to expose the cookie-(a thin Mylar disk coated on either side with a magnetic material similar to the coating on a cassette tape that can record data.)

• Other leavers and gears move two read/write heads until they touch the cookie on either side. The heads, using tiny electromagnets generate magnetic pulses that change the polarity of metallic particles embedded in the disk’s coating.

• The drives circuit board receives signals including data and instructions for writing the data to disk, from the floppy drive’s controller board. The circuit board translates the instructions into electrical signals that control the movement of the disk and the read write heads.

• If the signal include instructions to write data to the disk, the circuit board first checks to make sure that no light is visible through a small window in one corner of the disk’s housing. But if the window is open and a beam from a light emitting diode can be detected by a photo sensitive diode on the opposite side of the disk, the drive knows the disk is write protected and refuses to record new data.

• A motor located beneath the disk spins a shaft, a notch on the hub of the disk causing the disk to spin.

• A stepper motor-which can turn a specific distance in either directions according to signals from the circuit board moves a second shaft that has a spiral groove cut into it. An arm attached to the read/write headrests inside the shaft’s groove. As the shaft turns, the arm moves back and forth positioning the read/write heads over the disk.

• When the heads are in the correct position, electrical impulses create a magnetic field in one of the heads to record data to either the top or bottom surface of the disk.

• When the heads are reading data they react to magnetic fields generated by the metallic particles on the disk by sending electrical signals to the computer.

SMPS-WORKING,TYPES AND FUNCTIONS.

2012-03-20T08:06:00.000-07:00

-->

SMPS

The role of a power supply is convert the mains voltage into a lower DC voltage which the components can run on. While there are two types of PSUs out there (linear and switching/switch-mode), we’ll just look at switch-mode power supplies (SMPSs) in this article, since they are the only type of power supply used in computers. The SMPS convert the input AC voltage to a Set of fixed DC Voltage and supplies the necessary power to motherboard, disk drives and all expansion cards. The advantage of using switch mode power supply is that it operates through fewer components such as electronic switches which work in one of two states on or off. These switches dissipate very little power and power convention can be accomplished with minimal power loss which leads to high efficiency. modern PCs use mainly two types of SMPS Units – AT and ATX.

Fig: Interior view of an ATX SMPS

Types of Power Supplies

Ferro – resonant power Supplies
Linear Power Supplies
Switch mode power Supplies

Ferro resonant Power Supplies

Principle of operation: This is the simplest type of power supply, which uses a Ferro resonant transformer. The secondary of the transformer remains instauration, even when the primary is out of saturation. By secondary saturation we mean the magnetic full density level in the transformer secondary remains more or less constant. Hence, the secondary output voltage will remain constant, regardless of input voltage variations. The output of the Ferro –resonant transformer is a sine wave.

Linear Power Supplies

They are usually conventional AC to DC supplies and commonly known as “Regulated power supplies”. In Linear supplies regulation taken place after rectification.

Type of Linear Power supplies:-

• Series regulator

• Shunt regulator

Switch mode power supplies

In a SMPS the controlling device works like an ideal switch, which is either on or off. By controlling the ratio of the duration of ‘on’ time and ‘off ’ time of a power transistor, which is also known as duty cycle, the power flow can be controlled in a very efficient way.

In a switching power supply the switching regulations taken place in the primary side, as the main power transformers in switching supplies a constant current flow which is regulated by chopping the input voltage. And controlling the average current by Means of the duty cycle. Then a higher current is drawn by the load, the control circuit of the SMPS suitably increases the on-time duration to accommodate such change in load current since the switch always operate either in situation on in cut off mode except for a brief transition period between these two states, the switching regulator can achieve very good regulation despite large fluctuations in input voltage and load variations.

Types of SMPS

• Fly back mode SMPS

• Forward mode SMPS

• Push-pull mode SMPS

Fly back mode SMPS:

It is normally used in TVs and VCRs. It is relatively simple and cheep since it does not need any output choke. But it has relatively poor regulation and high ripple context in output.

Forward mode SMPS:

Units are used in device requesting 100 to 200 watts of output power and good regulation, forward mode SMPS circuit are also not used in PCs because their power requirements may exceed 200 watts and they need even better regulation.

Push pull mode SMPS:

It is used for output power requirement is high (exceeding 200 watt) and better regulation with low are required. They are preferred choice in PCs. Push-pull designs are relatively complex and costly.

The importance of power supply in a PC:

The SMPS unit in PCs in responsible for converting the standard AC utility power into a form that the computer can use. It is responsible for powering every device in the computer. The power supply plays an important role in the following Areas of a system.

1. Stability: a high quality power supply with sufficient capacity to meet the demands of the computer will provide years do stable power for

2. Cooling: the powerfully contains the main farm that controls the flow of air through the PC case. This fan is a major component in the PC’s cooling system.

3. Expandability: the capacity of the power supply is one factor that determines the upgrade potential of system.

PC power Supply Functions

In a PC the SMPS Server three crucial functions

•Delivers Required DC Power: In a PC power supply converts the AC main supply voltage to a set of lower and smooth DC voltage +/-5V,+/-12V(and +3.3V in modern ATX system)which are required to operate the electronic components and circuits in the system.

•Cooling of the system inside: Modern SMPS units used in PCs are small, highly efficient and are equipped with fans to cool the system inside.

•Protection of system components: The SMPS also protects the pc by not switching on the PC of the power supply cannot deliver enough electrical power to the PC.

Output voltages

+5 Volt Supply: This is the basic supply voltage for nearly all electronic components. Motors now sometimes use the5 volt supply, but usually only in the smaller drives, such are the 2.5 inch and some 3.5 inch drives. The +5 volt supply wires should always be red in any standard PC system.

+12 volt Supply: the main function of the +12V power is to run disk drive motors as well as the higher output processor voltage requirements in some of the newer boards +12V supply is used by any cooling fans in the system.

-12Volt Supply: it is not used by motherboard logic and routed to pin B7 of the A bus slots. Although this voltage can be used by any add-on card plugged into the ISA bus slots, usually only the serial port driver/receiver circuits use it for converting TTL signals rather they use +/-5V. Thus, it may happen that in a modern PC the -12V is left unused.

-5Volt Supply: is the -5V signal is directly rounded to the ISA bus pin B5 for use by add on cables. In earlier floppy drive controller cards; the analog data separator circuit used-5V.

+3.3 Volt Supply: this Supply voltage does not appear on the original XT-AT or mini XT compatible power supplies starting with the ATX design in 1995 any system with ATX compatible power supplies include a 3.3 volt supply line from the power supply to the motherboard. Most CPUs and DRAM use 3.3 volts, and used as some PCI adapter cards. All high speed PCI adapter cards to use 3.3 volts for all communications with the PCI Bus.

+5VB(+5V, standby mode): the +5 VSB line is a +5 volt supply line that is active any time the AC power input is active regardless of whether the system is turned on the purpose of their supply line is to power standby circuiting, such as the PS-ON circuit the wake on LAN and remote ring on circuitry.

+3.3 Sense: it is used to sense the actual voltage of the 3.3 volt supply after it has reached the motherboard, which allows the power supply to actively adjust the 303 volt output to compensate for line losses between the power supply and the motherboard.

Linux-Gaining More Interest

2012-03-19T01:21:00.000-07:00

Linux is a computer operating system which is based on free and open source

software. Although many different varieties of Linux exist, all are Unix-like and based on

the Linux kernel, an operating system kernel created in 1992 by Linus Torvalds.

Linux V/s Windows:-

Linux doesn’t have the virus problems: Even Microsoft’s CEO Steve Balmer

couldn’t clean Windows Viruses. Still not convinced? It’s not that there aren’t any

viruses for Linux but Linux is more secure and less virus prone.

Linux doesn’t need defragging: The Linux file systems work very efficiently such

that it arranges data in a way that it doesn’t require defragging.

Linux doesn’t crash without any apparent reasons: In Linux the core operating

system (kernel) is separate from the GUl (X-Window) from the applications

(OpenOffice.org, etc). So even if the application crashes, the core operating

system is not affected. In Windows (Microsoft prefers to call this tight

integration) if the Browser crashes, it can take down the entire operating system.

Linux doesn’t crash if you accidentally pulled out your USB key/pen drive: Try

this a 100 times if you don’t believe me. But don’t blame me if your pen drive

data gets corrupt.

linux doesn’t require frequent re-installation: In Windows if the OS crashes, there

is no easy way to recover this. Many IT support staff doesn’t know what to do

and all they can do is re-install Windows. Which means that users applications

and preferences are lost, and needs to be installed again. I haven’t seen anyone

using Linux, requiring re-installing unless there is a hard drive failure. Most

things in Linux can be fixed without requiring re-installation.

Linux doesn’t require frequent rebooting: Linux runs extremely stable, even if an

application crashes, there is no need to reboot the whole system, just restart

that application or service. Linux also doesn’t require rebooting when a new

hardware device is added configured. Linux doesn’t require rebooting when you

change any setting or re-configure your Network or when you install a new

application.

No licensing headaches: Yes Linux is free and you don’t know need to bother

about the complexion licensing of per user/per PC/per server/etc. Note: Some

Linux distributions charge a yearly subscription to get the updates and patches,

however this is still simpler than the proprietary world.

100 File Systems: Linux can read over a 100 different types of file systems.

Windows is limited to its own two file systems. Well most general users may not

care about this but its extremely useful is you are working in a mixed

environment or you need to extract some data from a hard drive formatted on

another computer.

Computer knowledge for bank po & clerk exam Question paper.

2012-03-19T01:17:00.000-07:00

COMPUTER KNOWLEDGE:

1.The device consisting of electronic circuitry that executes instructions

to process data is called ____.

a. CPU

b. primary storage

c. secondary storage

d. RAM

e. None of these

Ans (a)

2. A component that expands a computer’s input, storage, or output

capabilities is referred to as a(n) ____ device.

a. input

b. output

c. storage

d. peripheral

e. None of these

Ans (d)

3. Also called laptop computers, ____ are lightweight, portable computers

with built-in monitors, keyboards, hard disk drives, batteries, and AC

adapters.

a. desktop computers

b. microcomputers

c. notebook computers

d. workstations

e. None of these

Ans (c)

4. An input device that converts letters, numbers, and other characters

into electrical signals readable by a processor is called a ____.

a. keyboard

b. mouse

c. printer

d. speaker

e. None of these

Ans (a)

5. A central computer that holds collections of data and programs for

connecting PCs, workstations, and other devices is called a ____.

a. client

b. master

c. slave

d. server

e. None of these

Ans (d)

6. Tower PCs are ____ whose case or main housing sits on a desk, with the

keyboard in front and the monitor on top.

a. minicomputers

b. nanocomputers

c. microcomputers

d. supercomputers

e. None of these

Ans (c)

7. The term that refers to the use of a computer or some other information

device, connected through a network, to access information and services

is ____.

a. telecommuting

b. chatting

c. online

d. email

e. None of these

Ans (c)

8. Users access mainframes by means of a ____, which has a display screen

and a keyboard.

a. client

b. server

c. terminal

d. local area network

e. None of these

Ans (c)

9. What interconnected system of computers all over the world stores

information in a multimedia form?

a. internet

b. World Wide Web

c. wide area network

d. local area network

e. None of these

Ans (b)

10. The technology that merges computing with high-speed communications

links carrying data, sound, and video is ____ technology.

a. information

b. communications

c. telecommunications

d. internet

e. None of these

Ans (a)

11 . One character of data is stored as one ____.

a. byte

b. bit

c. kilobyte

d. gigabyte

e. None of these

Ans (a)

12.Tiny, specialized microprocessors installed in “smart” appliances and

automobiles are called ____.

a. microcomputers

b. microcontrollers

c. servers

d. workstations

e. None of these

Ans (b)

13. A system that connects, usually by special cables, a group of desktop

PCs and other devices such as printers in an office or a building is

called ____.

a. local area network

b. client

c. internet

d. World Wide Web

e. None of these

Ans (a)

14. The next generation of smaller, faster computers that will fit into a

single human cell are known as ____.

a. nanocomputers

b. workstations

c. supercomputers

d. teleputers

e. None of these

Ans (a)

15. The process of copying software programs from secondary storage media to

the system’s hard disk is called ____.

a. download

b. installation

c. upload

d. configuration

e. None of these

Ans (b)

16. Technology that consists of electromagnetic devices and systems for

communicating over long distances is known as ____.

a. communications technology

b. information technology

c. internet

d. networking

e. None of these

Ans (a)

17.Which of the following devices allows users to make phone calls as well

as browse the World Wide Web?

a. teleputers

b. cell phones

c. smartphones

d. modems

e. None of these

Ans (c)

18. High-capacity computers with hundreds of thousands of processors that

can perform more than one trillion calculations per second are called ____.

a. desktop computers

b. supercomputers

c. laptops

d. workstations

e. None of these

Ans (b)

19. Embedded computers are known as ____.

a. microcomputers

b. microcontrollers

c. nanocomputers

d. supercomputers

e. None of these

Ans (b)

20. A communications system connecting two or more computers is called a

____.

a. modem

b. cable

c. telephone line

d. network

e. None of these

Ans (d)

21. Word enables you to do all of the following _except_:

a. create documents

b. edit existing documents

c. format documents

d. learn how to touch type

e. create World Wide Web pages

e. None of these

Ans (d)

22. Which of the following is the term for a toolbar that appears in its own

window, complete with a Title bar and Close button?

a. Standard

b. Formatted

c. Docked

d. Floating

e. None of these

Ans (d)

23. Which toolbar provides access to file management and editing commands,

in addition to special features?

a. Control Toolbox

b. Formatting

c. Standard

d. Frames

e. Reviewing

Ans (c)

24. Word can work with all of the following types of documents _except_:

a. soundtracks

b. World Wide Web pages

c. reports

d. proposals

e. cover letters

Ans (a)

25. Which of the following is _not_ one of the ways you can create a new

document?

a. start with a blank document

b. use a document template

c. use a form letter

d. use a wizard

e. all of these are ways to create a new document

Ans (c)

Cloud computing

2012-03-19T01:10:00.000-07:00

Cloud computing is growing up, and it’s time for IT management to loosen its grip. It won’t be an easy transition, and each environment requires its own solution. Andi Mann of CA Technologies offers some suggestions on how to deal with the change.

For more stay tuned....

ENIAC

2012-03-18T19:19:00.000-07:00

The world's first electronic digital computer was developed by Army Ordnance to compute World War II ballistic firing tables.

The ENIAC was a modular computer, composed of individual panels to perform different functions. Twenty of these modules were accumulators, which could not only add and subtract but hold a ten-digit decimal number in memory. Numbers were passed between these units across a number of general-purpose buses, or trays, as they were called. In order to achieve its high speed, the panels had to send and receive numbers, compute, save the answer, and trigger the next operation—all without any moving parts. Key to its versatility was the ability to branch; it could trigger different operations that depended on the sign of a computed result.

Besides its speed, the most remarkable thing about ENIAC was its size and complexity. ENIAC contained 17,468 vacuum tubes, 7,200 crystal diodes, 1,500 relays, 70,000 resistors, 10,000 capacitors and around 5 million hand-soldered joints. It weighed more than 30 short tons (27 t), was roughly 8 by 3 by 100 feet (2.4 m × 0.9 m × 30 m), took up 1800 square feet (167 m2), and consumed 150 kW of power[11][12](leading to the rumor that when ever the computer was switched on, lights in Philadelphia dimmed).[13] Input was possible from an IBM card reader, and an IBM card punch was used for output. These cards could be used to produce printed output offline using an IBM accounting machine, such as the IBM 405.

ENIAC used ten-position ring counters to store digits; each digit used 36 vacuum tubes, 10 of which were the dual triodes making up the flip-flops of the ring counter. Arithmetic was performed by "counting" pulses with the ring counters and generating carry pulses if the counter "wrapped around", the idea being to emulate in electronics the operation of the digit wheels of a mechanical adding machine. ENIAC had twenty ten-digit signed accumulators which used ten's complement representation and could perform 5,000 simple addition or subtraction operations between any of them and a source (e.g., another accumulator, or a constant transmitter) every second. It was possible to connect several accumulators to run simultaneously, so the peak speed of operation was potentially much higher due to parallel operation.

It was possible to wire the carry of one accumulator into another accumulator to perform double precision arithmetic, but the accumulator carry circuit timing prevented the wiring of three or more for higher precision. The ENIAC used four of the accumulators, controlled by a special Multiplier unit, to perform up to 385 multiplication operations per second. The ENIAC also used five of the accumulators, controlled by a special Divider/Square-Rooter unit, to perform up to forty division operations per second or three square root operations per second.

The other nine units in ENIAC were the Initiating Unit (which started and stopped the machine), the Cycling Unit (used for synchronizing the other units), the Master Programmer (which controlled "loop" sequencing), the Reader (which controlled an IBM punched card reader), the Printer (which controlled an IBM punched card punch), the Constant Transmitter, and three Function Tables.

Cpl. Irwin Goldstein (foreground) sets the switches on one of the ENIAC's function tables at the Moore School of Electrical Engineering. (U.S. Army photo)

The references by Rojas and Hashagen (or Wilkes)[14] give more details about the times for operations, which differ somewhat from those stated above. The basic machine cycle was 200 microseconds (20 cycles of the 100 kHz clock in the cycling unit), or 5,000 cycles per second for operations on the 10-digit numbers. In one of these cycles, ENIAC could write a number to a register, read a number from a register, or add/subtract two numbers. A multiplication of a 10-digit number by a d-digit number (for d up to 10) took d+4 cycles, so a 10- by 10-digit multiplication took 14 cycles, or 2800 microseconds—a rate of 357 per second. If one of the numbers had fewer than 10 digits, the operation was faster. Division and square roots took 13(d+1) cycles, where d is the number of digits in the result (quotient or square root). So a division or square root took up to 143 cycles, or 28,600 microseconds—a rate of 35 per second. (Wilkes 1956:20[14] states that a division with a 10 digit quotient required 6 milliseconds.) If the result had fewer than ten digits, it was obtained faster.

Functional Block Diagram of 8085 Microprocessor.

2012-03-18T19:10:00.000-07:00

Hot Research.

2012-03-18T03:32:00.000-07:00

Peoples' immune systems can now be duplicated in mice.

Bioengineers develop smart, self-healing hydrogel.

Gecko-inspired mess-free super-adhesive can stick a TV to the wall.

Top 10 software companies in India

2012-03-18T03:21:00.002-07:00

1. Tata Consultancy Services

2. Wipro

3. Infosys

4. Satyam Computer Services

5. HCL Technologies

6. Tech Mahindra

7. Patni Computer Systems

8. i-flex Solutions

9. MphasiS

10. L&T Infotech

2012-03-18T01:09:00.000-07:00

MILESTONES IN THE HISTORY OF COMPUTER.

· 1822 - Difference Engine

· 1837- Analyticall Engine

· First programmable computer- The Z1

· The first electric programmable computer- Colossus

· The first digital computer- ENIAC

· The first stored program computer- EDSAC

· The first computer company- Electronic Controls Company

· First stored program computer- UNIVAC 1101 or ERA 1101

· First commercial computer- Z4

· The first PC (IBM compatible) computer- Acorn

· The first computer with RAM- Whirlwind machine

· The first transistor computer- TX-O

· The first minicomputer- PDP-1.

· The first mass-market PC- HP 9100A

· The first workstation- Xerox Alto

· The first microprocessor- Intel 4004

· The first personal computer- Kenback-1

· The first laptop or portable computer- IBM 5100

· The first Apple computer- Apple I

· The first PC clone- Compaq Portable

· The first multimedia computer- M2500 XL/2 and M4020 SX computers

Computer

2012-03-18T00:19:00.000-07:00

The word “Computer” comes from the word “COMPUTE”,which means to calculate.Computer is normally considered to be a calculating device that can perform arithmetic operations at enormous speed.Computer which are in use today,are digital computers.They operate on binary digits “0”and “1”.In the case of alphabetic information,the alphabets are coded in binary digits.Binary digits are called as bit.A group of bits is called bytes.

Grace Of God.

2011-10-11T13:52:00.000-07:00

With the grace of god let this be our first posting.

May God Bless You All.

The flame of my life burns low
Under the cluttered days,
Like a fire of leaves.
But always a little blue, sweet-smelling smoke
Goes up to God.

With this beautiful words let's get started............