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C Importent Questions of first five units

2012-03-03T22:07:00.000+05:30

C Programming and Data Structures Important Questions (First 5 Units)

1. Explain and specify the interactions between various components that support the basic functionality of a computer?

2. Discuss in detail the program execution steps?

3 List the basic data types, their sizes and range of values supported by ‘C’ language?

4. Describe the purpose of commonly used conversion characters in scanf() function?

5. Explain the only ternary operator available in ‘C’ with illustrative example?

6. Differentiate between call by value and call by reference with suitable examples?

7. Write a ‘C’ program using functions to check whether the given 3x3 matrix is symmetric or not?

8. Explain how strings are declared and initialized in ‘C’?

9. What are the arithmetic operators that are permitted on pointers?

10. Write a ‘C’ function to reverse the string passed as an argument that cannot be altered?

11. Briefly explain the type definition statement in ‘C’? Give any two examples where usage of type definition statement increases the readability of programs?

12. Write a ‘C’ program to read, write, add, subtract, multiply and divide two complex numbers? (Represent complex number using structures).

13. Define Algorithm? What are the characteristics that any algorithm should satisfy?

14 Draw a flowchart for finding maximum of given three integers?

15. Differentiate between compiler and interpreter?

16 Differentiate between if-else-if ladder and switch statement?

17. What is the implicit type conversion hierarchy that is applied while evaluating expressions?

18. List and give examples for different bitwise operators available in ‘C’?

19. What is the need for user-defined functions?

20. What are the different ways in which 1-dimensional arrays can be declared and initialized?

21 Write a C program using recursion for finding GCD (Greatest Common Divisor) of two given numbers?

22. Explain the syntax with suitable examples the dynamic memory allocation functions available in C?

23. Write a C function to find the length of a string passed as an argument?

24. Differentiate between structures and unions?

25. What do you mean by bit fields? How bit fields are different from structures?

26. Suppose or oppose the statement “In C a structure contains a union inside it”.

Give suitable example?

27. Distinguish between getc() and getchar() functions?

28. Differentiate between application software and system software?

29. Draw a flowchart for finding the sum of ‘n’ numbers starting from 1?

30. Briefly discuss various computing environments with neat diagrams?

31. What do you mean by operator precedence and associativity? How one can override the precedence defined by C language? Give illustrative examples?

32 Explain the structure of a C program?

33. Discuss with suitable examples the storage classes available in C?

34 Derive the expression for finding the address of any element of a 1-dimensional array?

35 Discuss briefly the following pointers.

I. Pointer pointing to a variable

II. Pointer pointing to a constant

III. Constant pointer pointing to a variable

IV. Constant pointer pointing to constant.

36. Write a C program to swap two integers using functions.

37. How many possible ways one can access the members of a structure using a structure variable and a pointer to a structure variable? Illustrate with examples.

38 Differentiate between Arrays of structures and structures containing arrays with suitable examples?

39. List the activities involved in each phase of waterfall system development life cycle model?

40. What are the different types of errors one can encounter during the program execution?

41. What is an identifier? What are the naming rules for identifiers in C?

42. List different categories of C operators based on their functionality? Give examples?

43. Explain different types of coding constants in a C?

44. Explain different categories of functions in C with simple illustrative examples?

45. Write a C program using functions to calculate the factorial of a given number?

46. Demonstrate command-line arguments using a simple program? Explain?

47. Differentiate between a pointer and a variable? How a pointer is declared and initialized? What do you mean by pointer to another pointer?

48. Write a C function to convert the string passed as an argument to its uppercase equivalent?

49. What is an enumerated type? How it can be declared? What are the different ways one can initialize enumerations?

50. Differentiate between self referential and nested structures with suitable examples?

51. Explain different categories of an algorithm with an example?

52. What are the differences between signed and unsigned data types, list out them?

53. Explain the types of operators available in C?

54. Write a C program with Exclusive OR operation between the two integers and display the result?

55. What are the formatted and unformatted functions? What are the escape sequences?

56. Define Recursion? Write a C-Program to find the factorial of a number using Recursion?

57. Describe the features of pointers? Explain an array of pointer with an example?

58. Write a C program to accept string using character pointer and display it?

59. Write C-structures for departmental store application. Each departmental store contains departmental store Id (3 characters), store location (string), items (structures) and number of items. A store can offer 1 to 1000 items. Each Item contains Item code (4 characters), current stock, unit of measure in the following set (Single, dozen, kilogram, liter, meter, square meter) and price. Using this structure, Write C- function to count the number of items whose price is above the given amount.

60. What is meant by compilation? Explain in detail?

61. What are the C keywords? Elaborate them?

62. What are unary operators and their uses? Describe logical operators with their return values?

63. Write a C program to shift inputted data by 2 bits left?

64. Compare different ways of passing parameters with an example.

65 What are Storage classes? Explain different types of Storage Classes? Compare them?

66 Discuss the different arithmetic operations with pointers? Explain the comparison of two pointers?

67. Write a C program to display all the elements of an array using a pointer?

68. Write C-structures for the College data. College contains the following fields:

College code (2characters), College Name, year of establishment, number of courses and courses. A College can offer 1 to 50 courses. Each course is associated with course name (String), duration, number of students. The number of students in the college is sum of number of students in all the courses in the college. Write a function

int collegeStrength(struct College *c)

that returns the number of students in the college pointed by c.

69. Define Algorithm and Flow Chart?

70. A utility company charges its customers based on their monthly utilization in terms of units as follows:

Description charge:

First 100 units Rs.10 per unit

Next 200 units Rs. 9 per unit

Next 200 units Rs.8 per unit

Next units Rs.7 per unit

Write an Algorithm and flowchart that reads monthly units of a customer and output the charge amount.

71 What are various conditional and bitwise operations in ‘C’, explain them with an example?

72 Explain various looping statements in ‘C’ language with example?

73. What are various arithmetic and assignment operators in ‘C’, explain them with an example.

75. What is an array? What are different types of array? Explain with examples?

76. hat is a pointer? Define pointer-pointer concept with the help of an example?

77. Write a program using structures to display following information for each student name, Roll-number, mark1, mark2, mark3, total, average?

78. a) Define the flow chart? Draw a flow chart for finding roots of a quadratic equation with all cases?

79. What are various conditional and relational operators in ‘C’, explain them with an example.

80. Explain the control statements in ‘C’ language with an example?

81. Explain various looping statements in ‘C’ language with example?

82. Explain briefly auto and extern storage classes with examples?

83. Write short notes on scope of variables?

84. What is an array? What are different types of array? Explain with examples?

85. Write a ‘C’ program using pointer to perform string comparison?

86. What is a structure? Give its advantage? Give an example of creating and accessing members of a structure?

Click Here to Download UNIT VI FIles Management in C Language

2012-02-27T20:16:00.002+05:30

Click Here to Download C File Management

C and DS Previous BITS of JNTUH 1st Year

2012-02-11T21:23:00.002+05:30

I. Choose the correct alternative:

1. If you don’t initialize a static array, what would be the elements set to? [ ]

a) 0 b) an known value c) 1 d) the character constant ‘\0’

2. The amount of storage required for holding elements of the array depends on [ ]

a) size b) data type c) data type & size d) Runtime requirement

3. How many values a function can return at a time [ ]

a) 2 b) any number of values c) only 1 d) no values 0

4. In which parameter passing mechanism, actual argument values are unchanged? [ ]

a) By value b) by value reference c) by name d) by reference

5. The statement : printf (“%d”, size of(“”)); prints [ ]

a) zero b) 1 c) garbage d) an error message

6. One structure cannot be a member of [ ]

a) some other structure b) an array c) a union d) the same structure

7. The type of any pointer is : [ ]

a) integer data type b) character data type c) unsigned integer data type d) none of these

8. Which of the following is wrong with respect to functions [ ]

a) it facilitates the top-down modular programming b) function will provide reusability of the code

c) a function will always return some value d)reduce the length of the program

9. Structure is a data type whose members are [ ]

a) all different data types b) all same data types

c) may be different or same d) no element is defined

10. s[2][1] is same as [ ]

a) *((s+2)+1) b) *((s+2)*1) c) *(*s+2)+1) d) (*(s+2)+1)

II Fill in the blanks

11. _________is the standard library function is used to reverse the given string

12. The parameters in a function definition are called as ____________ parameters

13. ______________ input/output function is used for reading a string having multiple words

14. The pointer stores ____________of a variable

15. If one or more members are pointer to the same structure, the structure is known as ________

Structure

16. The array elements always stored in ___________memory locations

17. The ___________function is used to allocate block of memory

18. ______________is collection o f dissimilar data items

19. ____________is programming technique that allows the programmer to express operations in terms of themselves

20. _____________is a collection is related information that is permanently stored on the disk.

I. Choose the correct alternative

1. struct a [ ]

{

int I;

float j;

};

Which of the following syntax is correct to declare a structure variable

A. struct union a; B. union struct a; C. union a t; D. struct a t;

2. Which of the following is used with printf ( ) function for printing the Address of a variable [ ]

A. %d B. %u C. %f D. %c

3. struct{ int I; [ ]

flaot j;} s; sizeof (s) will be

A. 4 bytes B. 2 bytes C. 6 bytes D. 0 bytes

4. The process of calling a function using pointers to pass the address of variables is known as [ ]

A. call by argument B. call by parameter C. call by value D. call by reference

5. main( ) [ ]

{

int a=5,b,*c;c=&a;b=*c;

printf("\n value of a=%d & b=%d",a,b,)}

A. a=3,b=3 B. a=4,b=4 C. a=6,b=6 D. a=5,b=5

6. main( ) [ ]

{

char *str1="abcd";

char str2[ ]="abcd";

printf ("%d%d%d", sizeof(str1),sizeof(str2),sizeof("abcd"));

}

A. 2 5 5 B. 5 5 2 C. Compiler error D. 5 2 5

7. A block of memory is allocated using the function [ ]

A. falloc( ) B. dalloc( ) C. malloc( ) D. calloc( )

8. In union all members use [ ]

A. no location B. same location C. different location D. no stroage

9. Which of the following storage classes is used to allocate memory in cpu registers [ ]

A. auto B. register C. static D. extern

10. If we declare an array like int a[4] = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} then [ ]

A. results in compilation error B. valid but skip the last value 5.

C. valid but skip the first value 1 D. Initializes all values of array with 0

II Fill in the blanks

11. The standard library function strcmp (“JNTUH”, “JNTUK”) retruns ____________

12. The general format of realloc function is ___________

13. Structure elements can be accessed through a pointer to a structure using the operator ____________

14. Self referential structure means __________________

15. A program obtaining its memory while it is running is called as ___________.

16. The name of the array refers to ___________ address

17. In command line arguments program the first argument of the main function Indicates _________

18. In enum wd={SUN, MON, TUE=5, WED, THU, FRI, SAT}, The value Assigned to enum constant FRI is __________

19. Pointers ________ the execution speed (increased/decrease)

20. Pre Processing statements are started with ________ symbol

Storage Classes IN C

2012-01-01T19:58:00.000+05:30

Storage Classes

'Storage' refers to the scope of a variable and memory allocated by compiler to store that variable. Scope of a variable is the boundary within which a variable can be used. Storage class defines the scope and lifetime of a variable.

Storage class tells us:

1) Where the variable is stored.

2) Initial value of the variable.

3) Scope of the variable. Scope specifies the part of the program which a variable is accessed.

4) Life of the variable.

A storage class defines the scope (visibility) and life time of variables and/or functions within a C Program.

Every variable and function in C has two attributes: type and storage class.

Types of Storage Classes:

Storage classes are categorized in 4 (four) types as,

· Automatic Storage Class

· Static Storage Class

· Register Storage Class

· External Storage Class

Automatic variables:

These are the variables that are declared without using any storage class specification or by susing a storage calss specification ‘auto’. The scope of such variables are limited to the block of the function in which they are declared. Once the exexcution of the block, or function is complete, these variables are disposed off. auto is the default storage classs for local variables.

Declaration synatax:

auto type-variables list;

Type variable list;

Example:

auto int a,b,c;

auto float x,y;

int x,y,z;

float a,b,c;

Features of Automatic Variables:

· Storage Space : main memory,

· Default Initial value: garbage,

· Scope: : Limited to a block or function in which they are declarted,

· Life : it remains till the completion of execution of the block or function where they are defined.

Example 1:

main()

{

auto int i=10;

printf(“%d”, i);

}

Output:

Example 2:

main()

{

auto int i;

printf(“%d”, i);

}

Output:

1002

In example 1, i value is initialized to 10.So, output is 10.

In example 2, i value is not initialized. So, compiler reads i value is a garbage value.

Static Storage Class

o Keyword : static

o Storage Location : Main memory

o Initial Value: Zero and can be initialize once only.

o Life : depends on function calls and the whole application or program.

o Scope: Local to the block.

Static is the default storage class for global variables. The two variables below (count and road) both have a static storage class.

static int Count;

int Road;

{

printf("%d\n", Road);

}

Static variables can be 'seen' within all functions in this source file. At link time, the static variables defined here will not be seen by the object modules that are brought in.

Static can also be defined within a function. If this is done the variable is initialized at run time but is not reinitialized when the function is called. This inside a function static variable retains its value during various calls.

Example:

void func(void);

static count=10; /* Global variable - static is the default */

main()

{

while (count--)

{

func();

}

void func( void )

{

static i = 5;

i++;

printf("i is %d and count is %d\n", i, count);

}

This will produce following result

i is 6 and count is 9

i is 7 and count is 8

i is 8 and count is 7

i is 9 and count is 6

i is 10 and count is 5

i is 11 and count is 4

i is 12 and count is 3

i is 13 and count is 2

i is 14 and count is 1

i is 15 and count is 0

NOTE: Here keyword void means function does not return anything and it does not take any parameter. We can memorize void as nothing. Static variables are initialized to 0 automatically.

Example :

main()

{

add();

}

add()

{

static int i=10;

printf(“\n%d”,i);

i+=1;

}

Output:

Extern Storage Class

Extern is used to give a reference of a global variable that is visible to ALL the program files. When we use 'extern' the variable cannot be initialized as all it does is point the variable name at a storage location that has been previously defined.

When we have multiple files and we define a global variable or function which will be used in other files also, then extern will be used in another file to give reference of defined variable or function. Just for understanding extern is used to declare a global variable or function in another file.

Register Storage class

o Keyword : register

o Storage Location : CPU Register

o Initial Value : Garbage

o Life : Local to the block in which variable is declared.

o Scope : Local to the block.

#include <stdio.h>

#include <conio.h>

extern int i=10;

void main()

{

int i=20;

void show(void);

clrscr();

printf("\n\t %d",i);

show();

getch();

}

void show(void)

{

printf("\n\n\t %d",i);

}

OUTPUT:

Register Storage Class:

o Keyword : register

o Storage Location : CPU Register

o Initial Value : Garbage

o Life : Local to the block in which variable is declared.

o Scope : Local to the block.

Register is used to define local variables that should be stored in a register instead of RAM. This means that the variable has a maximum size equal to the register size (usually one word) and can’t have the unary '&' operator applied to it (as it does not have a memory location).

{

register int Miles;

}

Register should only be used for variables that require quick access - such as counters. It should also be noted that defining 'register' goes not mean that the variable will be stored in a register. It means that it MIGHT be stored in a register - depending on hardware and implementation restrictions

C program to generate Pascal triangle of Numbers

2011-12-16T18:48:00.003+05:30

#include<stdio.h>

long fact(int);
int main(){
int line,i,j;

printf("Enter the no. of lines: ");
scanf("%d",&line);

for(i=0;i<line;i++){
for(j=0;j<line-i-1;j++)
printf(" ");

for(j=0;j<=i;j++)
printf("%ld ",fact(i)/(fact(j)*fact(i-j)));
printf("\n");
}
return 0;
}

long fact(int num){
long f=1;
int i=1;
while(i<=num){
f=f*i;
i++;
}
return f;
}

Write C programs that use both recursive and non-recursive functions To find the GCD (greatest common divisor) of two given integers

2011-12-16T18:47:00.000+05:30

/* Write C programs that use both recursive and non-recursive functions

   To find the GCD (greatest common divisor) of two given integers.*/

#include<stdio.h>

#include<conio.h>

#include<math.h>

unsigned int GcdRecursive(unsigned m, unsigned n);

unsigned int GcdNonRecursive(unsigned p,unsigned q);

int main(void)

  int a,b,iGcd;

  clrscr();

  printf("Enter the two numbers whose GCD is to be found: ");

  scanf("%d%d",&a,&b);

  printf("GCD of %d and %d Using Recursive Function is %d\n",a,b,GcdRecursive(a,b));

  printf("GCD of %d and %d Using Non-Recursive Function is %d\n",a,b,GcdNonRecursive(a,b));

  getch();


 
 



 

  
 

  
  
  
   

    
    
/* Non-Recursive Function*/
unsigned int GcdNonRecursive(unsigned p,unsigned q)
{
 unsigned remainder;
 int temp;
 while(1)
 {
 if(p == 0)
   {
               return q;
   }
   else if(q == 0)
   {
               return p;
   }
   else if(q<p)
   {
               temp=p%q;
               p=temp;
 
   }
   else  if(p<q)
   {
   temp=q%p;
   q=temp;
   }
 
}
}

/* Recursive Function*/

unsigned int GcdRecursive(unsigned m, unsigned n)

 if(n>m)

        return GcdRecursive(n,m);

 if(n==0)

         return m;

 else

     return GcdRecursive(n,m%n);

A Program to find GCD or HCF of two Integer Values in C

2011-12-16T18:42:00.003+05:30

Definition of HCF (Highest common factor):

HFC is also called greatest common divisor (gcd). HCF of two numbers is a largest positive numbers which can divide both numbers without any remainder. For example HCF of two numbers 4 and 8 is 2 since 2 is the largest positive number which can dived 4 as well as 8 without a remainder.

Logic of HCF or GCD of any two numbers:

In HCF we try to find any largest number which can divide both the number.
For example: HCF or GCD of 20 and 30
Both number 20 and 30 are divisible by 1, 2,5,10.
HCF=max (1, 2, 3, 4, 10) =10

Logic for writing program:

It is clear that any number is not divisible by greater than number itself. In case of more than one numbers, a possible maximum number which can divide all of the numbers must be minimum of all of that numbers.

For example: 10, 20, and 30
Min (10, 20, 30) =10 can divide all there numbers. So we will take one for loop which will start form min of the numbers and will stop the loop when it became one, since all numbers are divisible by one. Inside for loop we will write one if conditions which will check divisibility of both the numbers.
Program:

#include<stdio.h>

int main(){

int x,y,m,i;

printf("Insert any two number: ");
scanf("%d%d",&x,&y);
if(x>y)
m=y;
else
m=x;

for(i=m;i>=1;i--){
if(x%i==0&&y%i==0){
printf("\nHCF of two number is : %d",i) ;
break;
}
}
return 0;
}

COMPUTER PROGRAMMING LAB for B.Tech CSE JNTU Hyd

2011-12-06T19:20:00.000+05:30

JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

HYDERABAD

I Year B.Tech C.S.E.

COMPUTER PROGRAMMING LAB

Objectives:

· To make the student learn a programming language.

· To teach the student to write programs in C solve the problems

· To Introduce the student to simple linear and non linear data structures such as lists, stacks, queues, trees and graphs.

Recommended Systems/Software Requirements:

· Intel based desktop PC

· ANSI C Compiler with Supporting Editors

Week l.

a) Write a C program to find the sum of individual digits of a positive integer.

b) A Fibonacci Sequence is defined as follows: the first and second terms in the sequence are 0 and 1. Subsequent terms are found by adding the preceding two terms in the sequence. Write a C program to generate the first n terms of the sequence.

c) Write a C program to generate all the prime numbers between 1 and n, where n is a value supplied by the user.

Week 2.

a) Write a C program to calculate the following Sum:

Sum=1-x²/2! +x⁴/4!-x⁶/6!+x⁸/8!-x¹⁰/10!

b) Write a C program toe find the roots of a quadratic equation.

Week 3

a) Write C programs that use both recursive and non-recursive functions

i) To find the factorial of a given integer.

ii) To find the GCD (greatest common divisor) of two given integers.

iii) To solve Towers of Hanoi problem.

Week 4

a) The total distance travelled by vehicle in ‘t’ seconds is given by distance = ut+1/2at² where ‘u’ and ‘a’ are the initial velocity (m/sec.) and acceleration (m/sec²). Write C program to find the distance travelled at regular intervals of time given the values of ‘u’ and ‘a’. The program should provide the flexibility to the user to select his own time intervals and repeat the calculations for different values of ‘u’ and ‘a’.

b) Write a C program, which takes two integer operands and one operator form the user, performs the operation and then prints the result. (Consider the operators +,-,*, /, % and use Switch Statement)

Week 5

a) Write a C program to find both the larges and smallest number in a list of integers.

b) Write a C program that uses functions to perform the following:

i) Addition of Two Matrices

ii) Multiplication of Two Matrices

Week 6

a) Write a C program that uses functions to perform the following operations:

i) To insert a sub-string in to given main string from a given position.

ii) To delete n Characters from a given position in a given string.

b) Write a C program to determine if the given string is a palindrome or not

Week 7

a) Write a C program that displays the position or index in the string S where the string T begins, or – 1 if S doesn’t contain T.

b) Write a C program to count the lines, words and characters in a given text.

Week 8

a) Write a C program to generate Pascal’s triangle.

b) Write a C program to construct a pyramid of numbers.

Week 9

Write a C program to read in two numbers, x and n, and then compute the sum of this geometric progression:

1+x+x²+x³+………….+xⁿ

For example: if n is 3 and x is 5, then the program computes 1+5+25+125.

Print x, n, the sum

Perform error checking. For example, the formula does not make sense for negative exponents – if n is less than 0. Have your program print an error message if n<0, then go back and read in the next pair of numbers of without computing the sum. Are any values of x also illegal ? If so, test for them too.

Week 10

a) 2’s complement of a number is obtained by scanning it from right to left and complementing all the bits after the first appearance of a 1. Thus 2’s complement of 11100 is 00100. Write a C program to find the 2’s complement of a binary number.

b) Write a C program to convert a Roman numeral to its decimal equivalent.

Week 11

Write a C program that uses functions to perform the following operations:

i) Reading a complex number

ii) Writing a complex number

iii) Addition of two complex numbers

iv) Multiplication of two complex numbers

(Note: represent complex number using a structure.)

Week 12

a) Write a C program which copies one file to another.

b) Write a C program to reverse the first n characters in a file.

(Note: The file name and n are specified on the command line.)

Week 13

Write a C program that uses functions to perform the following operations on singly linked list.:

i) Creation ii) Insertion iii) Deletion iv) Traversal

Week 14

Write a C program that uses functions to perform the following operations on doubly linked list.:

i) Creation ii) Insertion iii) Deletion iv) Traversal in both ways

Week 15

Write C programs that implement stack (its operations) using

i) Arrays ii) Pointers

Week 16

Write C programs that implement Queue (its operations) using

i) Arrays ii) Pointers

Week 17

Write a C program that uses Stack operations to perform the following:

i) Converting infix expression into postfix expression

ii) Evaluating the postfix expression

Week 18

Write a C program that uses functions to perform the following:

i) Creating a Binary Tree of integers

ii) Traversing the above binary tree in preorder, inorder and postorder.

Week 19

Write C programs that use both recursive and non recursive functions to perform the following searching operations for a Key value in a given list of integers :

i) Linear search ii) Binary search

Week 20

Write C programs that implement the following sorting methods to sort a given list of integers in ascending order:

i) Bubble sort ii) Quick sort

Week 21

Write C programs that implement the following sorting methods to sort a given list of integers in ascending order:

i) Insertion sort ii) Merge sort

Week 22

Write C programs to implement the Lagrange interpolation and Newton- Gregory forward interpolation.

Week 23

Write C programs to implement the linear regression and polynomial regression algorithms.

Week 24

Write C programs to implement Trapezoidal and Simpson methods.

Text Books

1. C programming and Data Structures, P. Padmanabham, Third Edition, BS Publications

2. Data Structures: A pseudo code approach with C, second edition R.F. Gilberg and B.A. Forouzan

3. Programming in C, P.Dey & M. Ghosh, Oxford Univ.Press.

4. C and Data Structures, E Balaguruswamy, TMH publications.

Write a C program toe find the roots of a quadratic equation.

2011-12-06T11:06:00.001+05:30

/* Write a C program toe find the roots of a quadratic equation. */

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<math.h>
main()
{
float a,b,c,root1,root2;
clrscr();
printf("\n Enter values of a,b,c for finding roots of a quadratic (ax2+bx+c)eq:\n");
scanf("%f%f%f",&a,&b,&c);

/*checking condition*/
if(b*b>4*a*c)
{
 root1=(-b+sqrt(b*b-4*a*c))/(2*a);
 root2=(-b-sqrt(b*b-4*a*c))/(2*a);
 printf("\nROOTS ARE\n");
 printf("\n root1=%f\n root2=%f",root1,root2);
}
else
 printf("\n Imaginary Roots.");
 getch();
 return 0;
}
/*
OutPut:

 Enter values of a,b,c for finding roots of a quadratic (ax2+bx+c)eq:
2 -7 5

ROOTS ARE

 root1=2.500000
 root2=1.000000
*

Write a C program to calculate the following Sum: Sum=1-x2/2! +x4/4!-x6/6!+x8/8!-x10/10!

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/* Write a C program to calculate the following Sum:
 Sum=1-x2/2! +x4/4!-x6/6!+x8/8!-x10/10!
*/

#include <stdio.h>
#include <math.h>

void main()
{
int counter,f_coun;
float sum=0,x,power,fact;
clrscr();

printf("PROGRAM FOR SUM OF EQ. SERIES");
printf("\n\n\tEQUATION SERIES : 1- X^2/2! + X^4/4! - X^6/6! + X^8/8! - X^10/10!");

printf("\n\tENTER VALUE OF X : ");
scanf("%f",&x);

for(counter=0, power=0; power<=10; counter++,power=power+2)
{
fact=1;
//CALC FACTORIAL OF POWER VALUE
for(f_coun=power; f_coun>=1; f_coun--)
 fact *= f_coun;
//EQ. FOR SUM SERIES
sum=sum+(pow(-1,counter)*(pow(x,power)/fact));
}

printf("SUM : %f",sum);
getch();

}
/*
Output:
PROGRAM FOR SUM OF EQ. SERIES

 EQUATION SERIES : 1- X^2/2! + X^4/4! - X^6/6! + X^8/8! - X^10/10!
 ENTER VALUE OF X : 4
SUM : -0.685785

*/

C Program for Fibonacci Series

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/* A Fibonacci Sequence is defined as follows: the first and second terms in the sequence are 0 and 1. Subsequent 
terms are found by adding the preceding two terms in the sequence. Write a C program to generate
the first n terms of the sequence.
*/

#include <stdio.h>

void main()
{
int num1=0, num2=1,no,counter,fab;
clrscr();

printf("PROGRAM TO FIND THE FIBONACCI SERIES UP TO N NO. IN SERIES");
printf("\nENTER LENGTH OF SERIES (N) : ");
scanf("%d",&no);

printf("\nFIBONACCI SERIES");
printf("\t%d  %d",num1,num2);

//LOOP WILL RUN FOR 2 TIME LESS IN SERIES AS THESE WAS PRINTED IN ADVANCE
for(counter = 1; counter <= no-2; counter++)
{
fab=num1 + num2;
printf("  %d",fab);
num1=num2;
num2=fab;
}
getch();
}
/*
Output:
PROGRAM TO FIND THE FIBONACCI SERIES UP TO N NO. IN SERIES
ENTER LENGTH OF SERIES (N) : 5

FIBONACCI SERIES        0  1  1  2  3
*/

String Constants in C language

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String Constants:

A string constant is a collection of characters that are enclosed in two double quotes. In generally a string constant is represented as collection of characters constants.

Example: “Mahatma Gandhi”

“123” , “atoz”

Simple program:

#include<stdio.h>

main( )

{

printf("This is a line of text to output.\n");

printf("And this is another ");

printf("line of text.\n\n");

printf("This is the third line.\n");

}

Operators in C Language

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Operators:

An operator is a special character that is used for operations. ‘C’ language provides different types of Operators as follows.

-> Assignment operators

-> Arithmetic operators

->Logical operators

->Relational operators

-->Increment/Decrement Operators

->Bitwise operators

Assignment operators

An assignment operator is used to store the value of a constant, variable or an expression in to another variable i.e a variable on the left hand side of an operator.

The general assignment operator is equal to (=).

In addition to equal to we have some other assignment operators (updation operators) as follows: +=, --=, *=, /=, %=, ..etc.

Eg : x = 5; à value assigned

x = y; à variable based assigned

x = x+3; à expression based assigned.

Arithmetic Operators

These operators are used to evaluate arithmetic expressions.

‘C’ language provides five arithmetic operators:

+ (addition)

- (substraction)

/ (division)

% (modulus)

* (multiplication)

Logical Operators

These operators are used to combine two or more conditions.

“C” language provides 3 logical operations.

Logical AND &&

Logical OR ││

Logical NOT !

Relational operators:

These operators are used to compare two values. They are ==,<=,>=, !=,<,>.

Eg: a=2; (2 is stored in a )

A==2 (comparing value of ‘2’ and ‘A’)

Increment/ Decrement Operators:

These variable are used to increment or decrement the value of a variable. Two types of increment and decrement operators available.

They are i) prefix operators

ii) Postfix Operators

In case of prefix operators assignment is done by after completion of operation.

In case of postfix operators assignment is done before the operation.

++ (prefix/postfix increment)

--(prefix/postfix decrement)

Eg: a=40 b=a++

a=41 b=41 value of a, b is 41.

prefix increment (++a)

postfix increment (a++)

prefix decrement(- -a)

postfix decrement (a- -)

Bitwise Logical Operators

These operators are used to work with bits of a number.

The following are the bitwise operators:

& -- Bitwise AND

| -- Bitwise OR

^ -- Bitwise XOR

~ -- Bitwise NOT

BITWISE SHIFT OPERATORS

Bitwise Left Shift ( << )

Bitwise Right Shift ( >> )

(positive values)

Bitwise Right Shift ( >> )

(negative values)

Comments in C Language

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Comments:

A comment is a single line or more than single line which is used to documentation.

It must start with /* and end with */

Eg: /* This is my first program */

Keywords in C Language

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Keywords

A keyword is a special word that has a special meaning in the ‘C’ language and defined. We cannot change the meaning of those keywords. ‘C’ language provides the following different keywords as follows.

auto

double

int

struct

break

else

long s

witch case enum register typedef char extern return union const float short unsigned

continue for signed void default goto

sizeof volatile do if static while

Back Slash (Escape Sequence) Characters in C Language

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Back Slash (Escape Sequence) Characters

Escape sequences are used only in output functions such as printf. An escape sequence always starts with ‘\’ (forward slash) followed by a single character. By using escape sequence character we can change the meaning of the output.

‘C’ language provides the following escape sequence characters:

Code Meaning

\b Backspace

\f Form feed

\n New line

\r Carriage return

\t Horizontal tab

\" Double quote

\' Single quote

\ \ Backslash

\v Vertical tab

\a Alert

\? Question mark

\N Octal constant (N is an octal constant)

\xN Hexadecimal constant (N is a hexadecimal constant

Various I/O Statements used in ‘C’ language

2011-12-03T19:04:00.001+05:30

Various Statements used in ‘C’ language:

I / O Statements:

An I/O statement is related to the operations to the performed on I/O device. There are two types I/O functions are used frequently in ‘c’ language. They are ‘printf’ and ‘scanf’.

These two functions are available in the header file ‘stdio.h’.

printf: This function is used to display the information on the screen .

It is a precompiled library function in ‘C’ language prototyped in ‘stdio.h’.

The syntax of printf is

printf(“string / formatted string / escape sequences”, value 1, value 2,…);

printf statement displays the information available in the string as usual. If it is a formatted character such as %d or %c etc the value corresponding to it substituted. If we use an escape sequence character the meaning is changed.

Example : printf( “Welcome to C”); à welcome to C

printf(“%d”, 4*20) à 80

printf(“%o”,40) à 050

printf (“%d”,’A’) à 65

Scanf: It is an input function which is used to read information from keyboard into a memory location (address of a variable).

It is a precompiled library function in ‘C’ language prototyped in stdio.h.

The syntax of scanf is as follows:

Scanf(“formatted string”,&u1,&u2,…);

To specify the address of a variable we can use operator ampersand (&) which stands for address of.

We can use scanf function in a ‘c’ program we have to use only formatted characters no others are not allowed.

Example : int a,b;

Float c;

longdouble d;

scanf(“%d%d%f%lf”,&a,&b,&c,&d);

Conversion specifications that we need presently are as follows

%d àinteger representation

%f à float representation

%c à character representation

%u àunsigned integer or address representation

%s à String representation

Different types of errors in C language occurs

2011-12-03T19:03:00.001+05:30

Different types of errors in C language occurs

Errors/bugs are very common while developing a program. If we don't detect them and correct them, they cause a program to produce wrong results. There are three types of errors — syntax, logical, and run-time errors. Let us look at them:

Syntax errors: These errors occur because of wrongly typed statements, which are not according to the syntax or grammatical rules of the language.

For example, in C, if you don’t place a semi-colon after the statement (as shown below), it results in a syntax error.

printf(“Hello,world”) – error in syntax (semicolon missing)

printf("Hello,world"); - This statement is syntactically correct.

Logical errors: These errors occur because of logically incorrect instructions in the program. Let us assume that in a 1000 line program, if there should be an instruction, which multiplies two numbers and is wrongly written to perform addition. This logically incorrect instruction may produce wrong results. Detecting such errors are difficult.

Runtime errors: These errors occur during the execution of the programs though the program is free from syntax and logical errors. Some of the most common reasons for these errors are

when you instruct your computer to divide a number by zero.
when you instruct your computer to find logarithm of a negative number.
when you instruct your computer to find the square root of a negative integer.

4. Linking Error: These errors are occurs due to the linking of header files to the current program.

Unless you run the program, there is no chance of detecting such errors

Structure of a ‘C’ program

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Structure of a ‘C’ program:

Documentation Section

Include Section ( Preprocessor Directives)

Define Section

Global variable Declaration

main( ) [function]

{

Local variable declaration

Executable Part.

}

User Defined function 1

User Defined function 2

User Defined function n

Preprocessor directives contains statements these are included before the execution of main function. All the preprocessor directives starts with ‘#’ symbol.

Global variables are those variables certain used in any part of the program.

Main function is the function where the actual program execution starts. The word "main" is very important, and must appear once, and only once, in every C program. This is the point where execution is begun when the program is run.

A local variable is the one that is used only with inn the truncated block.

Executable part contains different types of statements related to Input and Output, arithmetic, logical, data transfer statements.

A user defined function is one that is defined by the user explicitly.

o Every C program consists of one or more functions. A function is nothing but a group or sequence of C statements that are executed together.

o Each C program function performs a specific task. The ‘main()’ function is the most important function and must be present in every C program. The execution of a C program begins in the main() function.

o Preprocessor directives contains statements these are included before the execution of main function. All the preprocessor directives starts with ‘#’ symbol.

o Global variables are those variables certain used in any part of the program.

o Main function is the function where the actual program execution starts. The word "main" is very important, and must appear once, and only once, in every C program. This is the point where execution is begun when the program is run.

o A local variable is the one that is used only with inn the truncated block.

o Executable part contains different types of statements related to Input and Output, arithmetic, logical, data transfer statements.

o A user defined function is one that is defined by the user explicitly.

o Example:

/* A program to print welcome message */

#include<stdio.h>
main()
{
printf(“Hello, world”);
}

In the program, the information enclosed between ‘/* */’ is called a ‘comment’ and may appear anywhere in a C program. Comments are optional and are used to increase the readability of the program.

The ‘#include’ in the first line of the program is called a preprocessor directive. A preprocessor is a program that processes the C program before the compiler. All the lines in the C program beginning with a hash (#) sign are processed by the preprocessor.

‘stdio.h’ refers to a file supplied along with the C compiler. It contains ordinary C statements. These statements give information about many other functions that perform input-output roles.

Thus, the statement ‘#include<stdio.h>’ effectively inserts the file ‘stdio.h’ into the file hello.c making functions contained in the ‘stdio.h’ file available to the programmer. For example, one of the statements in the file ‘stdio.h’ provides the information that a function printf() exists, and can accept a string (a set of characters enclosed within the double quotes).

The next statement is the main() function. As we already know, this is the place where the execution of the C program begins. Without this function, our C program cannot execute.

Next comes the opening brace ‘{’, which indicates the beginning of the function. The closing brace ‘}’ indicates the end of the function.

The statement printf() enclosed within the braces‘{ }’ informs the compiler to print (on the screen) the message enclosed between the pair of double quotes. In this case, ‘Hello, world’ is printed.

Algorithms & Flowchart Definations

2011-12-03T18:57:00.001+05:30

Algorithms

An algorithm is a step by step procedure for solving a problem in a finite amount of time

An algorithm is merely the sequence of steps taken to solve a Problem. The steps are normally: "sequence,"

"selection, "

"iteration," and a case-type statement.

In C, "sequence statements" are imperatives.

The "selection" is the "if then else" statement and the iteration is satisfied by a number of statements, such as the "while," " do," and the "for," while the case type statement is satisfied by the "switch" statement.

Flowchart

Flow-chart is used to diagram a process on paper to make it easier to visualize. Flowchart can be useful in a variety of applications ranging from computer programming to managerial planning. A representation of algorithm and procedural logic of a program in a diagram that includes starting and ending points, procedures, modules, and decision-makings.

Flowcharts use standard geometric symbols and lines, which are connected according to the logic of the algorithm. Like pseudo code, flowcharts are useful for developing and representing algorithm, and it shows clearly how control structures operate.

Program Development Steps

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Program Development Steps

1) Statement of Problem

a) Working with existing system and using proper questionnaire, the problem should be explained clearly.

b) What inputs are available, outputs are required and what is needed for creating workable solution should be understood clearly.

2)Analysis

a) The method of solutions to solve the problem can be identified.

b) We also judge that which method gives best results among different methods of solution.

3) Designing

a) Algorithms and flow charts will be prepared.

b) Keep focus on data, architecture, user interfaces and program components.

4) Implementation

The algorithms and flow charts developed in the previous steps are converted into actual programs in the high level languages like C.

4. a)Compilation

Translate the program into machine code. This process is called as Compilation. Syntactic errors are found quickly at the time of compiling the program. These errors occur due to the usage of wrong syntaxes for the statements.

Eg: x=a*y+b

There is a syntax error in this statement, since, each and every statement in C language ends with a semicolon (;).

4.b)Execution

The next step is Program execution. In this phase, we may encounter two types of errors.

Runtime Errors: These errors occur during the execution of the program and terminate the program abnormally.

Logical Errors: These errors occur due to incorrect usage of the instructions in the program. These errors are neither detected during compilation or execution nor cause any stoppage to the program execution but produces incorrect out.

Simple requirements of ‘C’ Program

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Simple requirements of ‘C’ Program

ð Every compound statement should be enclosed in a pair of braces { }.

ð Braces can contain one or more ELEMENTARY STATEMENTS and other COMPUND STATEMENTS.

ð Compound statements can be nested or INDIVIDUAL.

ð Each expression statement must end with a SEMICOLON (;).

COMMENTS should be used, and can be used anywhere in the pro

Characteristics of a ‘C’ Program

2011-12-02T19:35:00.001+05:30

Characteristics of a ‘C’ Program

à Should be posses INTEGRITY.

à Should posses CLARITY

à Should posses SIMPLICITY

à Must contain ABSOLUTR EFFICIENCY.

àShould be specific to MODULARITY

àShould posses GENERALITY.

Advantages of ‘C’ language

2011-12-02T19:31:00.003+05:30

Advantages of ‘C’ language

Ø General purpose language

Ø Structured programming language

Ø Flexibility to words system programming

Ø Availability of large number of operators

Ø Has small instruction set.

Ø Availability of extensive library functions enhancing basic functionality.

Programs highly portable onto multiple platforms

Type Casting (Type Conversation): in C

2011-12-02T19:31:00.001+05:30

Type Casting (Type Conversation):

It is the process of converting one data type into another data type. When computing an expression in ‘C’ language encounters a value in the expressing into higher data type value explicitly. We can convert data type of a value explicitly using a method known as casting.

An integer is automatically converted into long int. A float value is automatically converted into long double, but an integer cannot be converted into float directly in the ‘c’ language. We must convert an integer into float value using casting.

Example: int a= 20;

float b;

b=(float)a/3; (or) b = a/3.0; è b=6.666.