Computer

Computer free encyclopedia

2012-09-25T06:43:00.002-07:00

Computer

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search For other uses, see Computer (disambiguation). "Computer system" redirects here. For other uses, see Computer system (disambiguation). "Computer technology" redirects here. For the company, see Computer Technology Limited. Page
semi-protected Computer Acer Aspire 8920 Gemstone by Georgy.JPGColumbia Supercomputer - NASA Advanced Supercomputing Facility.jpgIntertec Superbrain.jpg 2010-01-26-technikkrempel-by-RalfR-05.jpgThinking Machines Connection Machine CM-5 Frostburg 2.jpgG5 supplying Wikipedia via Gigabit at the Lange Nacht der Wissenschaften 2006 in Dresden.JPG DM IBM S360.jpgAcorn BBC Master Series Microcomputer.jpgDell PowerEdge Servers.jpg A computer is a general purpose device that can be programmed to carry out a finite set of arithmetic or logical operations. Since a sequence of operations can be readily changed, the computer can solve more than one kind of problem. Conventionally, a computer consists of at least one processing element and some form of memory. The processing element carries out arithmetic and logic operations, and a sequencing and control unit that can change the order of operations based on stored information. Peripheral devices allow information to be retrieved from an external source, and the result of operations saved and retrieved. The first electronic digital computers were developed between 1940 and 1945 in the United Kingdom and United States. Originally they were the size of a large room, consuming as much power as several hundred modern personal computers (PCs).[1] In this era mechanical analog computers were used for military applications. Modern computers based on integrated circuits are millions to billions of times more capable than the early machines, and occupy a fraction of the space.[2] Simple computers are small enough to fit into mobile devices, and mobile computers can be powered by small batteries. Personal computers in their various forms are icons of the Information Age and are what most people think of as "computers". However, the embedded computers found in many devices from mp3 players to fighter aircraft and from toys to industrial robots are the most numerous. Contents [hide] * 1 History of computing o 1.1 Limited-function early computers o 1.2 First general-purpose computers o 1.3 Stored-program architecture o 1.4 Semiconductors and microprocessors * 2 Programs o 2.1 Stored program architecture o 2.2 Bugs o 2.3 Machine code o 2.4 Programming language + 2.4.1 Low-level languages + 2.4.2 Higher-level languages o 2.5 Program design * 3 Components o 3.1 Control unit o 3.2 Arithmetic logic unit (ALU) o 3.3 Memory o 3.4 Input/output (I/O) o 3.5 Multitasking o 3.6 Multiprocessing o 3.7 Networking and the Internet o 3.8 Computer architecture paradigms * 4 Misconceptions o 4.1 Required technology * 5 Further topics o 5.1 Artificial intelligence o 5.2 Hardware + 5.2.1 History of computing hardware + 5.2.2 Other hardware topics o 5.3 Software o 5.4 Languages o 5.5 Professions and organizations * 6 See also * 7 Notes * 8 References * 9 External links History of computing The Jacquard loom, on display at the Museum of Science and Industry in Manchester, England, was one of the first programmable devices. Main article: History of computing hardware The first use of the word "computer" was recorded in 1613, referring to a person who carried out calculations, or computations, and the word continued with the same meaning until the middle of the 20th century. From the end of the 19th century the word began to take on its more familiar meaning, a machine that carries out computations.[3] Limited-function early computers The history of the modern computer begins with two separate technologies, automated calculation and programmability, but no single device can be identified as the earliest computer, partly because of the inconsistent application of that term. A few devices are worth mentioning though, like some mechanical aids to computing, which were very successful and survived for centuries until the advent of the electronic calculator, like the Sumerian abacus, designed around 2500 BC[4] of which a descendant won a speed competition against a modern desk calculating machine in Japan in 1946,[5] the slide rules, invented in the 1620s, which were carried on five Apollo space missions, including to the moon[6] and arguably the astrolabe and the Antikythera mechanism, an ancient astronomical computer built by the Greeks around 80 BC.[7] The Greek mathematician Hero of Alexandria (c. 10–70 AD) built a mechanical theater which performed a play lasting 10 minutes and was operated by a complex system of ropes and drums that might be considered to be a means of deciding which parts of the mechanism performed which actions and when.[8] This is the essence of programmability. Around the end of the 10th century, the French monk Gerbert d'Aurillac brought back from Spain the drawings of a machine invented by the Moors that answered either Yes or No to the questions it was asked.[9] Again in the 13th century, the monks Albertus Magnus and Roger Bacon built talking androids without any further development (Albertus Magnus complained that he had wasted forty years of his life when Thomas Aquinas, terrified by his machine, destroyed it).[10] In 1642, the Renaissance saw the invention of the mechanical calculator,[11] a device that could perform all four arithmetic operations without relying on human intelligence.[12] The mechanical calculator was at the root of the development of computers in two separate ways. Initially, it was in trying to develop more powerful and more flexible calculators[13] that the computer was first theorized by Charles Babbage[14][15] and then developed.[16] Secondly, development of a low-cost electronic calculator, successor to the mechanical calculator, resulted in the development by Intel[17] of the first commercially available microprocessor integrated circuit. First general-purpose computers In 1801, Joseph Marie Jacquard made an improvement to the textile loom by introducing a series of punched paper cards as a template which allowed his loom to weave intricate patterns automatically. The resulting Jacquard loom was an important step in the development of computers because the use of punched cards to define woven patterns can be viewed as an early, albeit limited, form of programmability.

new computer

2011-04-14T04:41:00.000-07:00

U.S. disables hackers’ henchmen in new era of cyber justice

COLIN FREEZE

From Thursday's Globe and Mail

Published Wednesday, Apr. 13, 2011 7:21PM EDT

Last updated Thursday, Apr. 14, 2011 3:05AM EDT

Acer Aspire

2011-04-02T21:56:00.000-07:00

Acer Aspire PW.SEU02.012 Desktop Computer - Athlon II X2 240e 2.80 GHz - All-in-One

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Funny Computer Prank

2011-03-27T04:36:00.000-07:00

computer parts

2011-03-22T00:50:00.000-07:00

Emage

2011-03-14T05:30:00.000-07:00

USB

2011-03-03T06:02:00.000-08:00

USB

2011-02-28T17:40:00.000-08:00

LCD Monitor

2011-02-18T16:57:00.000-08:00

personal computer

2011-02-16T06:15:00.000-08:00

A tablet personal computer (tablet PC)

is a portable personal computer equipped with a touchscreen as a primary input device[1] and designed to be operated and owned by an individual.[2] The term was made popular as a concept presented by Microsoft in 2001,[3] but tablet PCs now refer to any tablet-sized personal computer, even if it's not using Windows but another PC operating system.[4] Tablets may use virtual keyboards and handwriting recognition for text input through the touchscreen.

All tablet personal computers have a wireless adapter for Internet and local network connection. Software applications for tablet PCs include office suites,[5] web browsers,[6] games and a variety of applications. However, since portable computer hardware components are low powered, demanding PC applications may not provide an ideal experience to the user.[7]

Desktop

2011-02-11T05:39:00.000-08:00

Wyse C10LE Desktop Slimline Thin Client - C7 1 GHz

$273and up (33 stores)
The Wyse C10LE Thin Client features a separate graphic accelerator for unparalleled performance in its class. The ultra low power media system processor delivers rich multimedia and video playback up to 1080p HD resolution.

Computer outsid

2011-02-08T07:15:00.000-08:00

Computer Insid

2011-02-08T07:13:00.000-08:00

Computer Insid

2011-02-08T07:11:00.000-08:00

Computer

2011-02-08T07:08:00.000-08:00

A computer is a programmable machine that receives input, stores and automatically manipulates data, and provides output in a useful format.

Mechanical examples of computers have existed through much of recorded human history. The first electronic computers were developed in the mid-20th century (1940–1945). Originally, they were the size of a large room, consuming as much power as several hundred modern personal computers (PCs).[1]

Modern computers based on integrated circuits are millions to billions of times more capable than the early machines, and occupy a fraction of the space.[2] Simple computers are small enough to fit into mobile devices, and can be powered by a small battery. Personal computers in their various forms are icons of the Information Age and are what most people think of as "computers". However, the embedded computers found in many devices from MP3 players to fighter aircraft and from toys to industrial robots are the most numerous

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2011-02-04T17:17:00.000-08:00

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pc

2011-02-04T17:07:00.000-08:00

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2011-02-04T17:04:00.000-08:00

2011-02-04T16:56:00.000-08:00

2011-02-04T16:52:00.000-08:00

desktop computer

2011-02-02T08:10:00.000-08:00

A desktop computer
is a personal computer (PC) in a form intended for regular use at a single location, as opposed to a mobile laptop or portable computer. Prior to the widespread use of microprocessors, a computer that could fit on a desk was considered remarkably small. Desktop computers come in a variety of types ranging from large vertical tower cases to small form factor models that can be tucked behind an LCD monitor. "Desktop" can also indicate a horizontally-oriented computer case usually intended to have the display screen placed on top to save space on the desktop. Most modern desktop computers have separate screens and keyboards. Tower cases are desktop cases in the earlier sense, though not in the latter. Cases intended for home theater PC systems are usually considered to be desktop cases in both senses, regardless of orientation and placement.

what is a computer

2011-01-30T16:59:00.000-08:00

We are all familiar with what a computer is in a specific, contemporary sense. Personal computers are found in most aspects of daily life, and for some it is hard to even imagine a world without them. But the term computer means more than simply the Macs and PCs we are familiar with. A computer is, at its most basic, a machine which can take instructions, and perform computations based on those instructions.

It is the ability to take instructions — often known as programs in the parlance of computers — and execute them, that distinguishes a computer from a mechanical calculator. While both are able to make computations, a calculator responds simply to immediate input. In fact, most modern calculators are actually computers, with a number of pre-installed programs to help aid in complex tasks.

Computer History

2011-01-27T14:50:00.000-08:00

The Computer History Museum Gets a Reboot

The renovated museum, which provides a journey through the history of technology, gives forward-looking Silicon Valley a temple honoring the past
By Ashlee Vance

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In Silicon Valley, nostalgia is an unwelcome diversion. This is a region ruled by Moore's Law, an observation about improvements in transistor size that turned into a commandment that technology get faster, better, and cheaper all the time. People here trample the old in pursuit of the new—and have little time to recollect.

All of which would seem like bad news for the Computer History Museum. Since its opening here in 2002, the Mountain View (Calif.) institution has mostly been a modest gallery, basically a warehouse full of old mainframes, supercomputers, and PCs with placards tacked on them. Only a few hundred people visited each week. "Nothing had any explanation," says Leslie Berlin, the project historian for Stanford University's Silicon Valley Archives. "There were just hulking machines sitting in a corner."

On Jan. 13 the Computer History Museum got a reboot—although in a sense it's a whole new product. Thanks to a $19 million renovation (financed in large part by a $15 million gift from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation), the building has been transformed from an under-trafficked storage facility into a proper museum that documents the rise not only of computers but also of technology over thousands of years. Silicon Valley, ever focused on the future, now has a temple honoring the past.

The museum sits just off Highway 101, next door to Microsoft's (MSFT) Silicon Valley campus and about a mile from the Googleplex. The building itself is a relic, the former home of hardware giant Silicon Graphics (SGI), which boomed, busted, and relocated to a humbler site in the early 2000s.

The old version of the museum was an exercise in minimalism. An exhibit on the history of chess-playing machines and computers was the only one recognizable as well-designed museum fare. Version 2.0, by contrast, carries a dramatic flourish. The designers borrowed the aesthetic of an Apple (AAPL) store to give their 25,000 square feet of exhibition space a crisp, modern feel. The main entrance evokes computing's early days with punch-card patterns on the floor. Visitors are greeted by the sound of modems gurgling as they connect to the Web.

In the first five days after reopening, nearly 1,700 visitors trekked through the museum's 19 interlinked galleries, which provide a journey through the history of technology, from the abacus to the iPod. The exhibits are complemented by multimedia displays, including old Apple commercials and an exploration of how companies such as Intel (INTC) manufacture chips. The galleries play off "hero objects" such as the original trash-can-size disk drive; the first personal digital assistant, the Palm Pilot; and the Xerox Alto, an early version of the PC.

Stanford's Berlin says the oral history displays, in which engineers and company founders reflect on their work, are some of the museum's nicer touches. "People here are so focused on trying to figure out what the next decade will bring that they think of themselves as not giving much attention to the past," she says. Yet every technology company has what Berlin calls a "storytelling tradition," often including tales of audacious decisions that gave a company its character.

The collection has 100,000 artifacts, although most are stored in a nearby facility available to researchers. The items on display include IBM songbooks (Hail to the IBM, anyone?), a $10,000 kitchen computer from 1969 designed to help housewives with recipes, early virtual reality devices, enormous supercomputers built by hand with 100 miles of wiring, vacuum tubes galore, and the first Google servers. There is also a hunk of the bar from the Wagon Wheel, a local watering hole where venture capitalists, CIA agents, and KGB spies used to hang out to imbibe and gauge the state of the industry. "There's just way too much to see in the time I thought I had," says Bruce Molyneux of Bristol, England, who visited the museum during a recent business trip.

The juxtaposition of new(ish) and old resonated with many of the visitors who checked out the upgraded museum on its opening weekend. "It really puts things in perspective," says Benny Hsieh, a local technology administrator. "You really get a feel for how all this started."

Tourists and locals have long mourned the dearth of historic sites in the Valley. The headquarters of the first semiconductor businesses have given way to fruit stands and retail storefronts. The famed garages where Hewlett and Packard, Jobs and Wozniak, and Brin and Page developed their innovations remain private property, generally off-limits to the public. The upgraded Computer History Museum is a place for the technologically curious to learn where modernity came from—or maybe just to play Pong on an oversize screen.

The bottom line: After an impressive renovation, the Computer History Museum is a monument to the past in a region that forgets it has one.

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2011-01-25T18:52:00.000-08:00

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2011-01-25T18:50:00.000-08:00

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