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2012-09-08T04:30:00.001-07:00

互动百科新知社百科网 HDWIKI建站移动帮助免费注册登录首页 IN词图片小组任务积分换礼百科分类知识官网全球最大中文百科词条图片词条评分功能上线！欢迎体验~ 权威评审李宗瑞开放分类：人物娱乐人物热点人物编辑词条分享新知社新浪微博腾讯微博人人网 QQ空间网易微博开心001 天涯飞信空间 MSN 移动说客李宗瑞李宗瑞（1985—）原名李宗祐，台湾元大金The the Interactive Encyclopedia Awakening community hundred dot com HDWIKI Jianzhan mobile help free points for Eli Wikipedia official website of taxonomic knowledge of the world's largest Chinese encyclopedia Register Login HOME IN word picture group task The entry picture Term rating function on the line! Come experience ~ The authoritative assessment Li Zongrui Open Category: People entertainment figures hotspots figures Edit entry Share Awakening social Sina microblogging Tencent microblogging network QQ space everyone happy Netease microblogging 001 End of the World Fetion space MSN mobile lobbyists Formerly known Lizong You Lizong Rui Li Zongrui (1985 -), the son of Taiwan's Yuanta Financial Holdings directors Yue Li Cang, 2012 suspected prescription Daze was wanted for nearly 60 artists, models, surrendered on August 23. Edit Summary The entry is not yet perfect, welcome you to edit entries, to contribute their expertise! Directory 1 Introduction 2 promiscuous door 3 family background 4 emotional life 5 News 1 Introduction 2 promiscuous door 3 family background 4 emotional life 5 News Li Zongrui - Introduction Li Zongrui (Click for more) Li Zongrui (formerly Li Zongyou), Taiwan's Yuanta Yuanta Polaris Securities Director Yue Li Cang's eldest son, is fashion parties and Taipei major well-known nightclub regulars. Li Zongrui big spenders, someone called him "Lee Dong", but he is more like the others called him Justin. [1] The Li Zongrui with many artists of the entertainment business have contacts include small S husband Xu Yajun Wang Yangming, Zhu Gang, his friends, each time the party box is always full, while generous, making friends broad Li Zongrui is also very popular female artist welcome. [2] 2007 in Taipei nightclub assault, injury record. The scandal he preached object including supermodel Bai Xin Hui, Maggie Wu, Lin Wei Ru, Linley Fei et al. [3] Li Zongrui - promiscuous door Li Zongrui Daze many other female artist indecent Shots (Click to View Photos) exposure August 2012, according to Taiwan's ETTV reported, in July 2011, a pair of sisters indictment Li the alleged drugging Daze also shot sex CD, when Lee denied the sexual assault, arguing that the victim is a voluntary relationship with him. Police to trace, the Li Zongrui candid sex movie, yet there are nearly 60 actress and Female. These unsightly film very perverted, are shooting victim unknowingly than Edison porn storm, Li Zongrui will sex videos categorized, there is a different folder, even the victim of Chinese or English name subscript. The Taipei District Prosecutors tracing one year later, in August 2012 he issued arrest, while Li Zongrui leaving Taiwan. Reported that Li Zongrui had first seizure two small module, playing alternative 3P in bed, very perverted; while his usual tactics are drunk in nightclubs first goal, and then take home, if the other party is not drunk, to find an excuse to set out the woman back to the residence, and drugging, and then took the opportunity to sexual assault in the water. Some of the murdered woman throughout in a comatose state, woke up in someone halfway, Li Zongrui also the first "stop", etc. continue Chengyu each other again sleeping; small number of victims in the Lee shooting actually fit the role of alcohol or drugs, Lee will take the film to show off to friends. [4] On Aug. 16, a group of more than the Yanzhao of of Zhang Li Zongrui female artist in Fig exposure by friends Photos spread rapidly on the Internet, users talking about, difficult to distinguish between true and false, even Kelly Lin also be involved, but its brokerage The company has denied this, users may also PS old photo picture himself admitted Kelly Lin Department. Fugitive August 1, 2012, the North seized confirmed the Li Zongrui suspected of the Offenses Against Sexual Autonomy and prejudice secret sin, because repeatedly summoned, summoned not ordered the arrest. Li Zongrui has fled. Kinky little rape actress the given medicines "bed according to the the alleged rape actress sex disc shooting, was wanted for fleeing less rich Li Zongrui, collect debts owed nightclub the drinks were, his mother Shi Jinxiu come up with NT $ 200,000 for his girlfriend JOYCE compensatory allegedly misappropriated NT $ 100,000. Surrendered August 23, 2012, Li Zongrui wanted 23 days, and finally in the cloth of the prosecutors and police dragnet, fully sever his contacts and financial aid, the initiative appeared collected evidence surrendered. 23 o'clock forensic court inquest late confirm Li Zongrui porn actor. Surrendered Li Zongrui hair, looked tired. [5] Trial At 3:20 on the August 24 2012, the Taipei District Court hearing identified Li Zongrui involved guilty of aggravated forcible felony prejudice the secret, plus fleeing fact, serial card and repeated the offense was committed Yu, a judge in the morning 4:40 ruled detain permitted. Arrived at the Taipei Detention Center about 6:25. Li Zongrui after appearing in court, insisted no prescription Daze victims, claiming sexual relations women are, I wish you love, and do not spread the videos or photos. The Li Zongrui - family background Maggie Wu and Li Zongrui, male and female friends The Li Zongrui Taiwan Fu II. His father is Taiwan's Yuanta Yuanta Polaris Securities director of Yue Li Cang. The Li Zongrui after the incident, Li Yue Cang resigned company directorships. [6] The Li Zongrui and illegitimate children. His mother Postgraduate Course, whose real name is Dan Jinxiu, were removed from the more than two decades in the pleasure quarters, obtained the title of "wine country famous flowers. In the late 1990s, she operated the "307 Club" to her club to socialize with superb networking skills to attract a lot of political and business elite. Postgraduate Course marriage the object exchanges after the divorce also many political and business people. Postgraduate Course has over Pentecost, but still proper maintenance, known as "for mature US witch. [7] The Li Zongrui - love life 2008 exchanges with Maggie Wu, outgoing her wrists for him, after the pass Female Lin Wei Ru love. 2009 biography of Bai Xin Hui calls. 2011 street hug with Linley Fei eaten after a meal. Connection of nearly 60 artists, models 2012 start, the victim, there is no lack of front-line star, also candid sex CD "collected evidence" has issued arrest. The Li Zongrui - News The Li Zongrui after appearing in court, the a lot of people think that the "the first seizure door event" temporarily, a paragraph, but previously suspected Lee sex video and more spread to tens of seconds of video, but now suspected that there are people who are interested malicious outflow of the total capacity of 27.5G 93 of a total of 883 minutes in length sex videos, files classified in accordance victim nickname into 48 information folders, each folder 1-3 Sex Videos, and even 3P sex video and 3P Daze. "27.5G" also became the first 26 Google keyword search. Taiwan's ETTV reported, it is understood, the capacity of up to 27.5GB full version indecent photos, many photos of woman obviously was unconscious, shooting both in the same room, and shot from the same angle. Hot figure Category I want to mention is recommended hot figure scandal figure the network Reds cultural figures subject that newsmakers prodigy entertainment figures Drawings upload pictures more >> Li Zongrui indecent photographs Li Zongrui indecent photographs Li Zongrui indecent photographs Bai Xin Hui and Li Zongrui, for pass ... Oriented entry Add Video and Photos related images Notes and References: [1] ^ Hubei network television: Daze! The victims of the son of Yuanta directors Yue Li Cang Li Zongrui wanted as many as 60 people 2012-08-09 [2] ^ LOS ANGELES: Taiwan Fu less Linley Fei, Li Zongrui involving sexual assault, even behind their innocence (Figure) 2012-08-09 [3] ^ Golden Eagle Network: Taiwan media explosion rich less Li Zongrui Daze 60 actress congregation glimmer of the artist lying in gun 2012-08-08 [4] ^ the rich less Li Zongrui Daze nearly 60 artists Female was wanted had hurt a criminal record [5] ^ Li Zongrui determine when to flee for porn actor hiding female close friend home [6] ^ Southern Metropolis Daily: By Daze case of victimization list new wife Li Zongrui father to resign August 14, 2012 [7] ^ China Daily: the kinky little Li Zongrui traced not legitimate son mother habitually on August 13, 2012, cited often mixed: Li Zongrui has been as follows media references to supplement media: Title: URL: Author: Date: Save cancel Open Category: People entertainment figures to supplement hot figure Open Category: [deleted] [deleted] [deleted] synonym: the Li Zongyou station Daze the case Li Zongrui Daze case Li Zongrui porn Synonyms: [deleted] [deleted] [deleted] [deleted] 60 entries helpful for me to share: I want suggestions The interactive encyclopedia entries (including the attached picture) uploaded by the users, if the alleged infringement, please contact customer service, we will be in accordance with the relevant provisions of the law in a timely manner for processing. For reprint, please indicate comes from. WIKI heat created by: Kazuhiko News small number of Communication Studies assistant editor: 78 times historical version involved in editing the number: 35 Updated :2012 -09-07 16:37:08 contribution to the Hall of Fame more fkb119 The Captain Nemo Computer Science and Technology assistant nibudongde Spinach Spinach Journalism and Communication assistant Apple Yatsushiro This Article Add Figures General Editing Chinese name: Li Zongrui Alias: Lizong You Place of Birth: Taiwan Gender: Male Nationality: Chinese Date of birth: 1985 Important events: in 2012, was wanted on suspicion of first seizure 60 actress. Height: 170 cm Map character relations editing Father Yue Li Cang Bai Xin Hui rumored girlfriend Maggie Wu rumored girlfriend Lin Wei Ru rumored girlfriend Linley Fei rumored girlfriend Li Zongrui edit Related entries editing Bai Xin Hui Maggie Wu Lin Wei Rulin Li Fei "Next Magazine" Please mention opinions Help Center 7 * 24 hours service hotline :86-10-62,303,127 About Us News Services Agreement interactive cooperation Recruitment Information Contact Us Site Map interactive online Copyright Powered by HDwiki © 2005-2012 title Contents 1 Introduction 2 promiscuous door 3 family background 4 emotional life 5 News控董事李岳苍的儿子，2012年涉嫌对将近60名艺人、模特儿下药迷奸被通缉，于8月23日自首。编辑摘要本词条内容尚未完善，欢迎各位编辑词条，贡献自己的专业知识！目录 1 简介 2 淫乱门 3 家庭背景 4 感情生活 5 最新动态 1 简介 2 淫乱门 3 家庭背景 4 感情生活 5 最新动态李宗瑞 - 简介李宗瑞（点击查看更多）李宗瑞（原名李宗祐），台湾元大金控及元大宝来证券董事李岳苍的长子，是时尚派对及台北市各大知名夜店常客。李宗瑞出手阔绰，有人叫他“李董”，但他较喜欢别人叫他Justin。[1] 李宗瑞与娱乐圈很多艺人都有交往，包括小S老公许雅钧、王阳明、祝钒刚等都是他的朋友，每次开party包厢总是爆满，而出手大方、交游广阔的李宗瑞也很受女艺人欢迎。[2] 2007年因在台北夜店殴人，有伤害前科。与他传过绯闻的对象包括名模白歆惠、吴亚馨、林苇茹、林利霏等人。[3] 李宗瑞 - 淫乱门李宗瑞迷奸多名女艺人不雅照曝光（点击查看组图）曝光 2012年8月，据台湾东森新闻报道，2011年7月，有一对姐妹花控诉李涉嫌下药迷奸还拍性爱光碟，当时李否认性侵，辩称被害人是自愿与他发生关系。警方追查后发现，李宗瑞偷拍的性爱影片中，竟然有将近60位女星和女模。这些不堪入目的影片十分变态，都是在受害人不知情的状况下拍摄，数量比陈冠希的淫照风波还多，李宗瑞还将性爱影片分门别类，存在不同资料夹，甚至用被害人的中文或英文名字下标。台北地检追查1年后，于2012年8月对他发布通缉，而李宗瑞已离开台湾。报导指出，李宗瑞曾同时迷奸两名小模，在床上大玩另类3P，十分变态；而他惯用的手法都是在夜店先把目标灌醉，再带回家，若对方没醉，就找藉口载女方回住处，并在水里下药，再趁机性侵。被害女子有的从头到尾都处于昏睡状态，有人半途中醒来，李宗瑞还会先“停机”，等对方再度昏睡时继续逞欲；少数受害人在酒精或药物作用下竟配合李拍摄，李还会拿影片给友人炫耀。[4] 8月16日，又有一组多张李宗瑞及女艺人的艳照图遭网友曝光，这组图在网上迅速传开，网友议论纷纷，难辨真假，连林熙蕾也被牵扯其中，但其经纪公司已出面否认，网友也亲口承认林熙蕾的图片系PS旧照。逃亡 2012年8月1日，北检证实李宗瑞涉嫌妨害性自主罪及妨害秘密罪，因为屡次传唤、拘提不到，下令通缉。当时李宗瑞已经逃亡。淫少迷奸女星"喂药"床照涉嫌迷奸女星并拍摄性爱光盘，遭通缉逃亡的富少李宗瑞，因积欠夜店酒钱遭讨债，他的母亲史锦秀为此拿出20万台币请他女友JOYCE代偿，疑遭私吞10万台币。自首 2012年8月23日，李宗瑞在被通缉23天后，终于在检警布下天罗地网，全面断绝他的人脉及金援下，主动现身台北地检署投案。晚23时许经法医当庭勘验，确认李宗瑞就是淫照中的男主角。投案时李宗瑞头发蓬松，神情疲惫。[5] 审判 2012年8月24日凌晨3点20分，台北地院开庭，认定李宗瑞涉犯加重强制性交及妨害秘密等重罪，加上有逃亡的事实、串证及反覆实施犯罪之虞，法官在凌晨4点40分裁定声押获准。约6点25分抵达台北看守所。李宗瑞到案后，坚称没有下药迷奸被害人，声称发生性关系的女性都是你情我愿，且没有散布影片或照片。李宗瑞 - 家庭背景吴亚馨曾和李宗瑞是男女朋友李宗瑞是台湾知名富二代。他的父亲是台湾元大金控和元大宝来证券董事李岳苍。李宗瑞案发后，李岳苍辞去了公司董事职务。[6] 李宗瑞并非婚生子。他的母亲杨小莉，本名石锦秀，曾在风月场混迹逾二十年，获得“酒国名花”称号。20世纪90年代末，她经营“307俱乐部”，凭借高超的交际手腕，吸引不少政商名流来她的俱乐部应酬。杨小莉有过一次婚姻，离婚后交往的对象也多为政商界人士。现在杨小莉已年过五旬，但依然保养得宜，被誉为“熟龄美魔女”。[7] 李宗瑞 - 感情生活 2008年与吴亚馨交往，传出她为他割腕，之後传与女模林苇茹谈恋爱。 2009年传与白歆惠来电。　 2011年与林利霏吃过饭后当街拥抱。　 2012年涉嫌对将近60名艺人、模特儿下手，受害人不乏一线女星，还偷拍性爱光碟，“台北地检署”已经发布通缉。李宗瑞 - 最新动态李宗瑞到案后，很多人以为「迷姦门事件」能暂时告一个段落，但先前疑似李的性爱影片多以几十秒的短片方式流传，现在却疑似有有心人士恶意外流总容量27.5G，93部共长883分钟的性爱影片，档案内还依被害人暱称分类成48个资料夹，每个资料夹有1至3部性爱影片，甚至还有3P性爱影片以及3P迷姦。而“27.5G”也成了26日Google关键字搜寻的第一名。台湾东森新闻报道，据了解，这个容量多达27.5GB的完整版不雅照，有许多照片中的女子明显呈昏迷状态，拍摄皆在同一房间，且从同一角度拍摄。热点人物分类我要提建议热点人物绯闻人物网络红人文化人物话题人物新闻人物神童娱乐人物附图上传图片更多>> 李宗瑞不雅照片李宗瑞不雅照片李宗瑞不雅照片白歆惠曾和李宗瑞传… 为本词条添加视频和组图相关影像注释与参考： [1] ^湖北网络电视台：迷奸！元大金控董事李岳苍之子李宗瑞被通缉受害者多达60人2012-08-09 [2] ^新浪娱乐：台湾富少李宗瑞涉性侵林利霏力挺其清白(图)2012-08-09 [3] ^金鹰网：台媒爆富少李宗瑞迷奸60女星众一线艺人躺着中枪 2012-08-08 [4] ^台湾富少李宗瑞迷奸近60艺人女模遭通缉曾有伤害前科 [5] ^李宗瑞被确定为淫照男主角逃亡时藏身女密友家 [6] ^南方都市报：台迷奸案受害名单新增人妻李宗瑞父亲请辞2012年08月14日 [7] ^华商报：淫少李宗瑞被曝不是婚生子母亲常混风月场2012年08月13日被引用：李宗瑞已被如下媒体引用我来补充媒体：标题： URL：作者：日期：保存取消开放分类：我来补充人物娱乐人物热点人物开放分类： [删除] [删除] [删除] 同义词：李宗祐台迷奸案李宗瑞迷奸案李宗瑞淫照同义词： [删除] [删除] [删除] [删除] 60本词条对我有帮助分享到：我要提建议互动百科的词条（含所附图片）系由网友上传，如果涉嫌侵权，请与客服联系，我们将按照法律之相关规定及时进行处理。如需转载，请注明来源于www.hudong.com。 WIKI热度创建者：小彦新闻传播学助教编辑次数： 78次历史版本参与编辑人数： 35位最近更新时间：2012-09-07 16:37:08 贡献光荣榜更多 fkb119 尼摩船长计算机科学技术助教 nibudongde 菠菜菠菜新闻传播学助教苹果八代此词条还可添加人物通用编辑中文名：李宗瑞别名：李宗祐出生地：台湾性别：男国籍：中国出生年月： 1985年重要事件： 2012年，因涉嫌迷奸60名女星遭到通缉。身高： 170厘米地图人物关系编辑李岳苍父亲白歆惠绯闻女友吴亚馨绯闻女友林苇茹绯闻女友林利霏绯闻女友李宗瑞编辑相关词条编辑白歆惠吴亚馨林苇茹林利霏《壹周刊》请提意见帮助中心 7*24小时服务热线：86-10-62303127 关于我们新闻中心服务协议互动合作招聘信息联系我们站点地图互动在线版权所有 Powered by HDwiki © 2005-2012 title 目录1 简介 2 淫乱门 3 家庭背景 4 感情生活 5 最新动态

李宗瑞

2012-09-08T04:29:00.001-07:00

互动百科新知社百科网 HDWIKI建站移动帮助免费注册登录首页 IN词图片小组任务积分换礼百科分类知识官网全球最大中文百科词条图片词条评分功能上线！欢迎体验~ 权威评审李宗瑞开放分类：人物娱乐人物热点人物编辑词条分享新知社新浪微博腾讯微博人人网 QQ空间网易微博开心001 天涯飞信空间 MSN 移动说客李宗瑞李宗瑞（1985—）原名李宗祐，台湾元大金控董事李岳苍的儿子，2012年涉嫌对将近60名艺人、模特儿下药迷奸被通缉，于8月23日自首。编辑摘要本词条内容尚未完善，欢迎各位编辑词条，贡献自己的专业知识！目录 1 简介 2 淫乱门 3 家庭背景 4 感情生活 5 最新动态 1 简介 2 淫乱门 3 家庭背景 4 感情生活 5 最新动态李宗瑞 - 简介李宗瑞（点击查看更多）李宗瑞（原名李宗祐），台湾元大金控及元大宝来证券董事李岳苍的长子，是时尚派对及台北市各大知名夜店常客。李宗瑞出手阔绰，有人叫他“李董”，但他较喜欢别人叫他Justin。[1] 李宗瑞与娱乐圈很多艺人都有交往，包括小S老公许雅钧、王阳明、祝钒刚等都是他的朋友，每次开party包厢总是爆满，而出手大方、交游广阔的李宗瑞也很受女艺人欢迎。[2] 2007年因在台北夜店殴人，有伤害前科。与他传过绯闻的对象包括名模白歆惠、吴亚馨、林苇茹、林利霏等人。[3] 李宗瑞 - 淫乱门李宗瑞迷奸多名女艺人不雅照曝光（点击查看组图）曝光 2012年8月，据台湾东森新闻报道，2011年7月，有一对姐妹花控诉李涉嫌下药迷奸还拍性爱光碟，当时李否认性侵，辩称被害人是自愿与他发生关系。警方追查后发现，李宗瑞偷拍的性爱影片中，竟然有将近60位女星和女模。这些不堪入目的影片十分变态，都是在受害人不知情的状况下拍摄，数量比陈冠希的淫照风波还多，李宗瑞还将性爱影片分门别类，存在不同资料夹，甚至用被害人的中文或英文名字下标。台北地检追查1年后，于2012年8月对他发布通缉，而李宗瑞已离开台湾。报导指出，李宗瑞曾同时迷奸两名小模，在床上大玩另类3P，十分变态；而他惯用的手法都是在夜店先把目标灌醉，再带回家，若对方没醉，就找藉口载女方回住处，并在水里下药，再趁机性侵。被害女子有的从头到尾都处于昏睡状态，有人半途中醒来，李宗瑞还会先“停机”，等对方再度昏睡时继续逞欲；少数受害人在酒精或药物作用下竟配合李拍摄，李还会拿影片给友人炫耀。[4] 8月16日，又有一组多张李宗瑞及女艺人的艳照图遭网友曝光，这组图在网上迅速传开，网友议论纷纷，难辨真假，连林熙蕾也被牵扯其中，但其经纪公司已出面否认，网友也亲口承认林熙蕾的图片系PS旧照。逃亡 2012年8月1日，北检证实李宗瑞涉嫌妨害性自主罪及妨害秘密罪，因为屡次传唤、拘提不到，下令通缉。当时李宗瑞已经逃亡。淫少迷奸女星"喂药"床照涉嫌迷奸女星并拍摄性爱光盘，遭通缉逃亡的富少李宗瑞，因积欠夜店酒钱遭讨债，他的母亲史锦秀为此拿出20万台币请他女友JOYCE代偿，疑遭私吞10万台币。自首 2012年8月23日，李宗瑞在被通缉23天后，终于在检警布下天罗地网，全面断绝他的人脉及金援下，主动现身台北地检署投案。晚23时许经法医当庭勘验，确认李宗瑞就是淫照中的男主角。投案时李宗瑞头发蓬松，神情疲惫。[5] 审判 2012年8月24日凌晨3点20分，台北地院开庭，认定李宗瑞涉犯加重强制性交及妨害秘密等重罪，加上有逃亡的事实、串证及反覆实施犯罪之虞，法官在凌晨4点40分裁定声押获准。约6点25分抵达台北看守所。李宗瑞到案后，坚称没有下药迷奸被害人，声称发生性关系的女性都是你情我愿，且没有散布影片或照片。李宗瑞 - 家庭背景吴亚馨曾和李宗瑞是男女朋友李宗瑞是台湾知名富二代。他的父亲是台湾元大金控和元大宝来证券董事李岳苍。李宗瑞案发后，李岳苍辞去了公司董事职务。[6] 李宗瑞并非婚生子。他的母亲杨小莉，本名石锦秀，曾在风月场混迹逾二十年，获得“酒国名花”称号。20世纪90年代末，她经营“307俱乐部”，凭借高超的交际手腕，吸引不少政商名流来她的俱乐部应酬。杨小莉有过一次婚姻，离婚后交往的对象也多为政商界人士。现在杨小莉已年过五旬，但依然保养得宜，被誉为“熟龄美魔女”。[7] 李宗瑞 - 感情生活 2008年与吴亚馨交往，传出她为他割腕，之後传与女模林苇茹谈恋爱。 2009年传与白歆惠来电。　 2011年与林利霏吃过饭后当街拥抱。　 2012年涉嫌对将近60名艺人、模特儿下手，受害人不乏一线女星，还偷拍性爱光碟，“台北地检署”已经发布通缉。李宗瑞 - 最新动态李宗瑞到案后，很多人以为「迷姦门事件」能暂时告一个段落，但先前疑似李的性爱影片多以几十秒的短片方式流传，现在却疑似有有心人士恶意外流总容量27.5G，93部共长883分钟的性爱影片，档案内还依被害人暱称分类成48个资料夹，每个资料夹有1至3部性爱影片，甚至还有3P性爱影片以及3P迷姦。而“27.5G”也成了26日Google关键字搜寻的第一名。台湾东森新闻报道，据了解，这个容量多达27.5GB的完整版不雅照，有许多照片中的女子明显呈昏迷状态，拍摄皆在同一房间，且从同一角度拍摄。热点人物分类我要提建议热点人物绯闻人物网络红人文化人物话题人物新闻人物神童娱乐人物附图上传图片更多>> 李宗瑞不雅照片李宗瑞不雅照片李宗瑞不雅照片白歆惠曾和李宗瑞传… 为本词条添加视频和组图相关影像注释与参考： [1] ^湖北网络电视台：迷奸！元大金控董事李岳苍之子李宗瑞被通缉受害者多达60人2012-08-09 [2] ^新浪娱乐：台湾富少李宗瑞涉性侵林利霏力挺其清白(图)2012-08-09 [3] ^金鹰网：台媒爆富少李宗瑞迷奸60女星众一线艺人躺着中枪 2012-08-08 [4] ^台湾富少李宗瑞迷奸近60艺人女模遭通缉曾有伤害前科 [5] ^李宗瑞被确定为淫照男主角逃亡时藏身女密友家 [6] ^南方都市报：台迷奸案受害名单新增人妻李宗瑞父亲请辞2012年08月14日 [7] ^华商报：淫少李宗瑞被曝不是婚生子母亲常混风月场2012年08月13日被引用：李宗瑞已被如下媒体引用我来补充媒体：标题： URL：作者：日期：保存取消开放分类：我来补充人物娱乐人物热点人物开放分类： [删除] [删除] [删除] 同义词：李宗祐台迷奸案李宗瑞迷奸案李宗瑞淫照同义词： [删除] [删除] [删除] [删除] 60本词条对我有帮助分享到：我要提建议互动百科的词条（含所附图片）系由网友上传，如果涉嫌侵权，请与客服联系，我们将按照法律之相关规定及时进行处理。如需转载，请注明来源于www.hudong.com。 WIKI热度创建者：小彦新闻传播学助教编辑次数： 78次历史版本参与编辑人数： 35位最近更新时间：2012-09-07 16:37:08 贡献光荣榜更多 fkb119 尼摩船长计算机科学技术助教 nibudongde 菠菜菠菜新闻传播学助教苹果八代此词条还可添加人物通用编辑中文名：李宗瑞别名：李宗祐出生地：台湾性别：男国籍：中国出生年月： 1985年重要事件： 2012年，因涉嫌迷奸60名女星遭到通缉。身高： 170厘米地图人物关系编辑李岳苍父亲白歆惠绯闻女友吴亚馨绯闻女友林苇茹绯闻女友林利霏绯闻女友李宗瑞编辑相关词条编辑白歆惠吴亚馨林苇茹林利霏《壹周刊》请提意见帮助中心 7*24小时服务热线：86-10-62303127 关于我们新闻中心服务协议互动合作招聘信息联系我们站点地图互动在线版权所有 Powered by HDwiki © 2005-2012 title 目录1 简介 2 淫乱门 3 家庭背景 4 感情生活 5 最新动态

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2012-09-08T04:28:00.001-07:00

The the Interactive Encyclopedia Awakening community hundred dot com HDWIKI Jianzhan mobile help free points for Eli Wikipedia official website of taxonomic knowledge of the world's largest Chinese encyclopedia Register Login HOME IN word picture group task The entry picture Term rating function on the line! Come experience ~ Open Category the authoritative assessment crack the mystery of the sinking of the nuclear submarine Kursk in 2000: the nuclear-powered submarine Edit entry Share Awakening social Sina microblogging Tencent microblogging network QQ space everyone happy Netease microblogging 001 End of the World Fetion space MSN mobile lobbyists Please describe the term used for some simple words immediately add summary. The entry is not yet perfect, welcome you to edit entries, to contribute their expertise! Crack the mystery of the sinking of the nuclear submarine Kursk in 2000 Kursk submarine accident before Terrorists armed to blow up? Foreign submarine malicious collision? --- The cost of one billion U.S. dollars of the nuclear submarine Kursk, Russia's most advanced defensive weapons. It has two nuclear reactors, the submarine is 150 meters long, six-storey volume reached more than twice that of the jumbo jet. Kursk has a unique double-hull hull and 9 waterproof compartments, will not sink even if a direct hit by a torpedo. On the morning of August 12, 2000, a gust of explosions occurred in the Kursk crisis Why so fast, actually make submarines too late surfaced? Why is there no survivors? Disaster does not occur without cause, the United States, "National Geographic Channel" to "return to the crisis scene" will unveil the fatal moment of truth. After the Kursk disaster, Russian officials immediately launched a secret investigation, but a person know that they will not publish the results. This person is Sir Truscott, he is a Russian adviser of the British government, his senior and Russia and the Western world have his wife, who was also the Russian people. Truscott decided to conduct their own investigations, he used his special relationship, began to study the small amount of information at his disposal. Chechen Islamic militants blew up the Kursk? After the Kursk disaster, a Chechen news agency stunned the world. The agency reported that, in order to support Islamic militants in Chechnya, a crew blew up the Kursk. But, who can enter the submarine front part? Who has placed the bomb motives? Boat, two people from the Islamic regions of Russia, one of them into the torpedo compartment, he called plus quarter Aliyev. Truscott discovery the plus quarter Aliyev offered to monitoring the torpedo battery, so that he can go to the front of the submarine. Do plus quarter Nazarbayev is the suicide bomber? Truscott verification by the top echelon of his knowledge. Truscott said: "I know some of the secrets of weapons R & D staff, survey plus quarter Aliyev background, he is very loyal to the Navy, it is absolutely impossible to organized terrorist attacks." Russia so plus quarter yeah husband served in the Kursk is clearly for propaganda purposes, the possibility of terrorist attacks have been excluded. Kursk sank collision? Then, the Russian Navy started promoting other theories about the sinking of the Kursk, claiming that it had occurred and foreign submarines collided. They know that the incident, the date of the Barents Sea is not only the Northern Fleet, there are at least two NATO submarines in the monitoring exercise in Russia. Truscott found this intrigues games often turn into unexpected underwater collision. Since 1967, the Russian Navy has 25 submarines collided accident record. Truscott master message, even the British Navy that the Kursk sank collision. Truscott said: "They first thought is that the Kursk may be a U.S. submarine sank in the Barents Sea." But they do not have definitive evidence. Then, the Russian Navy disclosed a U.S. submarine Memphis satellite photos, it is parked in the Norwegian military, shooting time is seven days after the Kursk sank. Russia believes that photo proves aboard U.S. submarines had hit. The U.S. categorically denies Memphis No. collision occurred. Russian navy refused to yield, they held a press conference, in the announcement of the image data, seems to be a huge incision in the side of the Kursk. They insisted that is evidence of a collision, the culprit is not the Memphis No. is other submarines, and perhaps the British submarine. For a time, the Kursk has become a thorny political issue. The British Ministry of Defence that it is necessary to explore the collision that since NATO submarines have been condemned and they must know the truth. But later, the NATO countries was finally able to breathe a sigh of relief, and a seismic research institutions in Norway announced Kursk missing, they had detected the Barents Sea once abnormal vibration. Kursk explosion shockwave hidden evidence of impact? The British government made these important information to give it to David Bowers, earthquake experts. Bowles seismogram and seismic signals were compared, it does not meet the undersea earthquake or submarine collided mode, but in full compliance with the the known underwater explosion mode. Powers that the explosion occurred in Kursk twice their signal is very similar to the first signal of only one hundredth of a second explosion, equivalent to 50 kilograms of TNT. Bowles OK twice abnormal vibrations are underwater explosion caused. NATO off the hook, the hardliners in the Russian Navy has to admit that, not because the sinking of the Kursk submarine collided. 5-7 torpedo explosion apparently expanding the political impact of the disaster of the second cause of the explosion, President Vladimir Putin approved a bold salvage plan to salvage the Kursk from the seabed. The salvage operation to allocate $ 130 million in special funds, even more than the entire annual budget of the Northern Fleet. In the 14 months after the sinking, the Kursk was transported to a secret naval base in the Kola Peninsula. Identification experts began to study the huge wreckage. They soon discovered that the cruise missiles are not damaged, they began to investigate the submarine torpedo. Torpedo compartment are still bottom of the sea, in the wreckage throughout the damage, the researchers speculated that there were 5-7 torpedo simultaneous explosion. This is equivalent to 4.5 tons of TNT exploded, consistent and seismic survey data. Truscott believes he has found a second cause of the explosion. Crack the mystery of the sinking of the nuclear submarine Kursk in 2000 Russia plunged into grief after the Kursk disaster, But why the Kursk, a large number of arms will explode? The clue must also on submarines twisted wreckage. The appraisal team confirmed the former Ministry of the wreckage has been burned, internal as hot like a blast furnace to 2000 degrees Celsius. The detailed analysis of the results showed that the fire had already started before the torpedo explosion. Truscott from the seismic survey data to identify reasons --- first small explosion likely caused the fire. To identify the initial cause of the explosion is a survey of the most critical issues. But the the submarine front end of the wreckage are still undersea Truscott doubt very much that can find important evidence. A no hydrogen peroxide torpedo warhead manufacturing the initial explosion Truscott said: "how might solve the mystery it? Blown to pieces of the torpedo compartment are still seabed survey encountered a big problem." But important discoveries from the seabed finally opened a mystery. 50 meters from the rear of the main wreckage, found near the site of a fourth torpedo hatches hull debris. The location of the piece of debris completely incredible, it is located in the rear of other debris, it is the first bombing of the debris from the submarine. To its original position on the submarine is the place of the explosion. Truscott said: "This is important evidence, because it proves that the first explosion of the torpedo launch tubes on the 4th. Remaining question is, which part of the torpedo explosion." Truscott know explosion most likely source is the torpedo warhead. But he found that the Kursk was about to launch a practice torpedo and not warheads. The explosion must be caused by other parts of the torpedo. Professionals told him, torpedo launchers, before you hit the target, sometimes to advance several kilometers, energy torpedo propulsion system has usually bigger than the warhead. Truscott carefully studied the practice torpedo propulsion system, so that the forward torpedo in the water turbine based kerosene-powered. But in the absence of air in the water is the oxygen of the fuel required for combustion provided by the high concentration of hydrogen peroxide. In theory, this propulsion system is very safe and effective, but Truscott heard some bad characteristics of hydrogen peroxide. Certain metals or rust contact becomes hydrogen peroxide catalyst, hydrogen peroxide is decomposed into oxygen and steam, and releases a lot of heat, and five thousandfold increase in volume in an instant. The torpedo, this power is fatal. Truscott found that many times naval accident with hydrogen peroxide. The most serious of which is the 1955 explosion of the British Navy submarines West comma. Routine loading operations, West comma of a new hydrogen peroxide torpedo launch tube explosion, in which 13 people were killed. West comma global naval recognize should not use hydrogen peroxide torpedo, we get lessons, only Russia exception. Adverse welding?? Also victims of this chemical time bomb? Truscott Russian submarine expert Culkin, understanding, and entrusted Culkin began to study hydrogen peroxide propulsion system to understand the cause of the Kursk accident possibility. Culkin first calculated the explosive energy of the propulsion system, the result is about the power of 50-100 kg of TNT, roughly consistent with the first explosion seismic traces. Culkin know, hydrogen peroxide torpedoes have a safety device to avoid torpedoes pressure increased degree of risk. The security system of the torpedo damaged? Through his special intelligence sources, Culkin made the the Kursk practice torpedo maintenance records. The veteran commander surprise. Torpedo produced in 1990, the same batch of communism 10, six of them immediately identified as unqualified because of their welding. Culkin learned that the military never checked practice torpedo welding, they saw no need to, because the practice torpedo warheads. Culkin reluctantly came to the conclusion that, bad welding may cause hydrogen peroxide leaked from the practice torpedo, causing irreparable consequences. However, the evidence in the wrong? After investigation Kursk thousands of metal fragments, Culkin finally rewarded. They found fragments of the torpedo launch tube, twisting and signs of damage are high fever, torpedoes will have the same traces of destruction from the explosion of the central point of explosion in a critical weld. The complex hydrogen peroxide theory opened a part of the mystery. The first explosion caused the fatal consequences but there is still a big problem, why this small explosions enable command center paralyzed Kursk impasse? Emergency drainage only takes a few seconds, why even this most basic emergency procedures did not start? The answer to this question in the Russian fleet set off a firestorm. Defect of the the the welding lead Kursk front cabin torpedo explosion, the bulkhead was not supposed to be blasted, but bombing wear. Truscott again ask submarine expert Culkin. Culkin know, separated from the first two compartment bulkheads, should be able to ensure that the first explosion to spread to the outside of the part of the torpedo compartment. So, he began to study the submarine front of the weaknesses. The ventilation system will immediately have doubts, he Ventilation piping through the first four compartments. The ventilating pipe diameter of 40 cm across the bulkhead, however, the vent tube itself is made of light alloy. And ordinary ventilation tube, almost home, office ventilation tube, when the explosion occurred, immediately exploded. First explosion pressure wave along the ventilation tube burst into the command center, the pipeline was blown to atoms introduced into the tanks, the flames and smoke. The cabin staff had a chance to press the alarm device, was fire and smoke poured, no one can survive. Crack the mystery of the sinking of the nuclear submarine Kursk in 2000 to crack the mystery of the sinking of the nuclear submarine Kursk in 2000 The submarine safe spaces see underwater salvage a nuclear submarine wreckage Extended reading Now, Truscott has been able to recount all been aboard the Russian super submarine and all personnel were killed. August 12, 2000, 5 minutes and 30 seconds before the disaster. The Kursk ready to a practice torpedo launcher, Peter the Great. The commanders operating submarines, submarine in the front end of the torpedo hydrogen peroxide being infiltrated into the launch tube, clustered into a pool. Torpedo operator to open the launch tube, and clean up the circuit connection. 135 seconds before the disaster, hydrogen peroxide liquid and a small rust 5 thousandfold increase in the volume instantly. Tremendous pressure shattering torpedo shell and the kerosene tank rupture. The febrile steam ignited kerosene, the release of oxygen fueling the fire of kerosene the torpedo compartment into a sea of fire, cabin personnel died on the spot. The shock wave from the vent pipe into the command center, the seawater influx from the launch tube, the Kursk began slowly sinking. At that time, 21 torpedo like on the oven on 500 kg of kerosene burning fiercely. When the internal temperature reaches 400 degrees Celsius, the warheads will automatically explode. 11:30:15 disaster. Within a fifth of a second, a total of seven torpedo explosion. Supersonic shock wave shattered the Kursk sealed bulkhead and toward nuclear reactors rushed. Reactor shock absorber absorption 50G forces bulkhead block shockwave. At this time in the front-end of the submarine pressure hull load has exceeded the limit of 5 cm thick steel pipe burst, water influx from the 70-meter-long hole in the submarine. At this distance the first explosion just a few minutes. 118 officers and soldiers, most of them died on the spot. Submarine rear 23 people in eight hours after the explosion is still struggling. According to their own life experience, Culkin depicts the terrible scenes and death struggle. And the water only 108 meters away, and are trained to know you can wear life jackets in order to swim out of the door, and thus escape from the deep-sea. But doing so is very dangerous to swim to the sea, they will be with the sea water rafting, went missing in the sea and freeze to death, they are waiting for the other vessels to reach the top of the submarine. They have plenty of food and water, as long as it is used with care, cabin air can be used several days. With each breath, they will exhale carbon dioxide, even a low concentration of carbon dioxide can be deadly. In order to avoid this danger, the submarine is equipped with air wash chemicals to remove the carbon dioxide in the air. Increasingly opaque, air, boat crew will air wash hanging on the ventilation tube. Culkin found that their fate depends on these life-saving devices. The identification report documents the evidence found at the scene of the fire on the 9th compartment fire air wash. Culkin know, the wash will explode in contact with oil or water, leading to a vicious chemical fire. He gradually learned that, in the death throes of the process, the crew had to hang another wash. But in the dark and cold cabin, their hands and feet become very flexible, wash fall into the greasy water, a fire caused by a chemical reaction. The fire consumed the oxygen in the air, so that they inhaled poisonous carbon monoxide, so Death had come. After the disaster, the Navy removal of hydrogen peroxide in the Russian submarine torpedo. The official report noted, no human error in the accident. Who can not determine The nuclear technician Alexei whether made the decision to shut down the reactor. If it is his decision, his acts of bravery, perhaps to avoid another Chernobyl nuclear disaster. 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The WIKI heat created by: alone Tequila Edit: 4 times historical version involved in editing the number of: 2 Updated :2006-11-08 10:53:21 contribution to the Hall of Fame More Thinker Lonely Tequila This Article Add module Map Related to the entry editing submarine earthquake "Kursk" long jaw Russian Navy's force structure required to fish class conventional submarines Karl Doenitz China Navy conventional submarines "Silent Hunter 3" advocates-class patrol submarine Kursk nuclear submarine, please advice Help Center 7 * 24-hour service hotline :86 -10-62303127 interactive cooperation Service Agreement About Us News Careers Contact Us Site Map interactive online Copyright Powered by HDwiki © 2005-2012 title

Submarine Open Category: Chinese Navy submarine countries water weapons Naval Weapons

2012-09-08T04:27:00.001-07:00

Submarine Open Category: Chinese Navy submarine countries water weapons Naval Weapons Edit entry Share Awakening social Sina microblogging Tencent microblogging network QQ space everyone happy Netease microblogging 001 End of the World Fetion space MSN mobile lobbyists Submarines, also known as submarine ships, referring mainly to run underwater. The submarines, including large ships (mainly military), medium-sized or small boat (Pocket submarine, submersible). It is one of the major naval vessels of the Navy. Has good invisibility, greater self-sufficiency in force, endurance and a strong assault powerful. Used to attack land-based strategic objectives, large, medium-sized surface ships and submarines, attacked coastal facilities and land an important goal, and mine-laying, reconnaissance, removal of special personnel landing. Edit Summary Directory 1 Introduction 2 Development history 3 deep dive principle 4 power plant 5 Structure 1 Introduction 1.1 submarines use 1.2 submarine combat role 2 Development history 3 deep dive principle 4 power plant 4.1 diesel-powered breathing tube 4.2 of Nuclear Power 4.3 absolute gas propulsion system 5 Structure 6 weapons systems 7 navigation system 8 communications equipment 9 living facilities 9.1 submarines oxygen source 9.2 lifesaving equipment 10 Category 10.1 a military submarine 11 designers Level of 12 Chinese submarines and history Submarine - Introduction Virginia-class submarines of the U.S. submarine uses Widely used submarines for military purposes, but also for military purposes. Military purposes including attacking enemy warships or submarines, near-shore protection, blockade, laid mines, reconnaissance and transport tasks such as special units. The submarine's initial military applications is in the First World War, and many large multinational naval equipment. The submarine widely used in World War II, played an important role in naval warfare. The submarine's non-military purposes, including marine scientific research, salvage, exploration, mining, scientific detection, maintenance of equipment, as professional tools such as search and rescue, or undersea cable repair, can be used to do the sea travel The tourism industry and academic surveys, in the seaside tourist places such as Hawaii, Hainan Island, also has a tourist submarine. Even under the sea as a super-rich mobile mansion. Submarine combat role The submarine combat combat role is: Destroy the transport ship, destroy the enemy's sea lines of communication; attacks and medium-sized surface ships and submarines; land-based strategic objectives to carry out attacks, to destroy the enemy's military, political and economic center; perform Bray, reconnaissance , rescue and repatriation of special personnel landing. Submarines, mainly by the hull, steering systems, power units, weapons systems, navigation systems, detection systems, communication equipment, the sound of water against, life-saving equipment and living life facilities. The submarine was originally a wide range of military applications play an important role in the First World War, and in many large national naval. Military purposes including attacking enemy warships or submarines, near-shore protection, blockade, laid mines, reconnaissance and transport tasks such as special units. The submarine's non-military purposes, including marine scientific research, salvage, worthy of exploration, mining, scientific detection, maintenance of equipment, can also be used as professional tools such as search and rescue, or undersea cable repair, can be used as a sea The tourism industry and the academic investigation, even under the sea as a super-rich mobile mansion. The wide variety of submarine the civilian diving detectors, it ranges from small automatic boat operating one or two persons of a certain number of hours, maintain up to 3-6 months to hundreds of people like the Russian Typhoon class nuclear submarines submerged standby . Modern deep-sea submarine work originated in deep-sea diving deeper than human divers can survive or work place. Most large submarines contain a cylindrical body and a usually fixed midship vertical structure (bridge), it there are communications, sensors and periscope. This bridge structure early special compartment known as the "control tower" - a separation in cylindrical hull placement periscope and control equipment. The deep submarine or professional submarines often protruding bridge. Countries disarmament or arms expansion negotiations has generally been recognized as a strategic weapon. Most submarines are used for military purposes, and only a small number of submarines used for scientific research, tourism and other non-military purposes. The submarines - Development history The 1800 Nautilus 1770s, Americans D. Bushnell built a single manipulation Muke boat "sea turtles", through the foot valve to the tank water, the boat can dive to underwater 6 meters, can stay under water for about 30 minutes. In September 1776, the "Turtle" submarine attack on the British warship moored in New York Harbor Eagle ", although not successful, but creating a the submarine first attack warships try. The end of the 18th century to the end of the 19th century is an important period of development of the submarine. In 1801, the Americans R. Fulton built Nautilus submarine, the hull is the hob copper shell the captain seven meters, carrying two mines, manipulation by 4 people. Water folding mast, sail for power. Underwater using a hand-cranked propeller propulsion. The 1860s, the American Civil War, "Henry submarine built by the Yugoslav Army is about 12 meters, was the cigar-shaped, with eight people shaking propeller forward speed of 4, the use of mines attack enemy ships. The night of 17 February 1864, "Henry" water mines sunk the the North army battleship "ho Sartori Nick", the first submarine sank the warship's wars. September 1880, the first submarine built in Tianjin, boat shape, such as olive, underwater travel, very agile, underwater BCC mines placed under letters of marque. In 1863, the French built submarine Diver, use the power of 58.8 kW (80 hp) compressed air engine for power, speed 2.4, can be submerged in water 3 hours, dive depth of 12 meters. In 1886, the British built the submarine "Nautilus", the use of battery propulsion, Speed 6, with a cruising range of about 80 nautical miles. In 1897, the United States built the "Holland" a Ⅵ No. submarine, the water use 33 kilowatts (45 horsepower) of gasoline power unit, Speed 7, 1000 sea miles endurance; underwater use motor-powered, Speed 5 Jie, life force 50 nautical miles , this is the beginning of the submarine dual propulsion system. Retired submarines in Qingdao Naval Museum in 1866, the British R. Whitehead made a torpedo. 1881 T. Nord Felt and G. Garrett the "Nordisk Felt submarine construction, for the first time equipment torpedo tubes; same year, the United States to build the" Holland "II submarine can the underwater launch torpedo torpedo tubes, this is an important development in the history of submarine development. In 1863, the French built a "diver" submarine. The design of the hull to imitate the shape of dolphins, 42.67 meters long with a displacement of 420 tons. Use a power of 59 kW (80 hp) steam engine for power, speed 2.4, can be submerged in water 3 hours, dive depth of 12 m. "Divers" steam engine powered dimension exceeds all submarine has become the largest submarine in the 20th century before. The submarine has become in the last 10 years of the 19th century, at least a potential deterrent weapons. However, due to the Navy of the United Kingdom, the United States and other major powers on the submarine remained skeptical, and always think the submarines only weapons used to attack the weaker countries, and this hinders the development of the submarine. The beginning of the 20th century, the submarine is equipped gradually improve the performance gradually improved, and appear to have some real ability submarine. These submarines using double-shell, airworthiness, amounting to one hundred tons displacement, the use of diesel engines - motor dual propulsion system, the surface speed of about 10 to 15 underwater speed of 6 to 8, significantly improved endurance; weapons and artillery, mines and torpedoes. Before World War I, the main naval countries have submarines, more than 260 vessels, to become one of the Navy's combat forces. Submarine - deep dive principle World War II German Navy U-XXI type submarines diagram for submarines dive float, underwater balanced change depth. Submarine main ballast water tanks filled with water, add weight to offset the reserve buoyancy to dive from the surface of the water. The water from the main ballast water tanks with compressed air, the weight is reduced reserve buoyancy recovery that surfaced from underwater. The lifeboat has specialized buoyancy adjustment tank for injection or discharge the right amount of water to adjust the submarine buoyancy due to the consumption of supplies, ammunition and seawater density change caused by the change. The first boat, the boat tail also has a trim balance tank, first by adjusting the tail balance tank water to eliminate the submarine underwater may arise trim. The first boat and each has a pair of horizontal tail elevator, some submarines in the command room surrounded shell to install a pair of horizontal elevator needs to manipulation submarine transform and maintain submerged depth. Equipped with a propeller and rudder, aft guarantee the submarine sailing and tacking. The submarines - power device Diesel-powered breathing tube The Royal Navy tiger cat diesel generator No. earliest ever tried as a the submarine power source of compressed air, human, steam, fuel and electricity and so on. The real mature first submarine power source in a diesel engine with an electric motor as a common power source (diesel-electric). The basic structure of the breathing tube is very simple, is a elongated vent pipe to the outside air to the diesel engine emissions generated through the breathing tube row to send out additional Additional prevent seawater to enter and will enter waters excluded pipeline. Allows submarines to use diesel engines, so the submarine periscope depth case you do not have to go up to supplement the electricity through the use of a breathing tube. The breathing tube substantial change practices and flexibility of the submarine. Before using the breathing tube, the submarine must be surfaced for ventilation and charging job, while the operating time limit at night. After the breathing tube, the submarine simply breathing tube above sea level charge of the work to be carried out, not only reduces the submarine was found that the probability of also expansion the submarines can charge the timing. Nuclear power Nuclear power is Following diesel-powered development after a driving force. The principle of nuclear power is the high temperatures generated by nuclear reactors to generate steam in a steam engine to drive a steam turbine driven propeller or generator power. The first successful submarine install nuclear reactors is the U.S. Navy's submarine Nautilus, the world publicly declared five countries with nuclear power, which the highest proportion of use in the United States and Russia. The United States announced that it would no longer even in 1958 the construction of non-nuclear-powered submarines. Compared to conventional diesel-electric submarines nuclear-powered submarines, power output and high power endurance (fuel supplement of the nuclear-powered submarine replacement is usually more than 10 years, only a few weeks or a few months compared to diesel-powered submarines greatly increased, so it is usually considered infinite life), speed, etc.. The nuclear-powered submarines there are technical difficulty, poor stability, the high cost of construction, noise, and high maintenance requirements shortcomings. Diesel-electric submarines and absolute gas propulsion technology development, nuclear-powered submarines is no longer the standard of advanced submarines powered only. Absolute gas propulsion system AIP Air-Independent Propulsion short, the Chinese called absolute gas propulsion. In 1930, Germany, Dr. Walter (Walter) hydrogen peroxide as fuel, power machine system, after several years of research and testing at the end of World War II, Walter invented the "Walter-power machine", the principle is driven by the combustion of hydrogen peroxide internal combustion engine work, due to excessive combustion of hydrogen peroxide reflecting produce oxygen, so no additional air, the the early Walter-power machine is not reliable because the reaction of hydrogen peroxide prone to spontaneous combustion, so the German production of several ships XVIIB to hydrogen peroxide powered submarines. Although the absolute gas propulsion has greatly improved the ability of the diesel-powered submarines, but due to the poor stability of oxidants such as hydrogen peroxide, making absolute gas propulsion security is often questioned. In fact, regardless of early Walt trials after World War II the United States, the Soviet Union's in-depth study, all more or less accidents and problems. Modern absolute gas propulsion device class air enclosed diesel engine, closed cycle steam turbine, Sterling closed power machine, and fuel cell. The structure of the submarine - Los Angeles-class attack submarines can clearly see its cigar casing modern submarines are usually cigar has been a great change in this design compared to the earliest Turtle egg-shaped, so the housing also commonly referred to as "water drop shell. Submarine designers have found water drop shell is found underwater path of least resistance casing shape, this shape was poor ability to resist the waves some floating. The German submarine developed technology and ideas have been a huge change, they began to focus on underwater speed and build the first underwater speed faster than water submarine - U-XXI type, followed by the construction of a U- XXIII type. These two types of submarines not only used near water drop case, first revoke the the submarine deck on the deck artillery, the bridge part nearly streamlined ", so that the submarine is not only faster and compared to the time the Allies quieter submarines, underwater combat strength. Modern submarines in the water drop outside the enclosure usually have laying anechoic tiles, is actually a way to reduce this boat sound radiation and absorb external sonic material, making the submarine quieter. The highlight of the bridge of the submarine upper shell around part of the growth periscope and radio antenna length. Generally speaking, the bridge confining shell usually have radio equipment, radar, electronic warfare equipment, through the trachea and other equipment. Roughly divided into two "schools" - single-shell structure with double-shell structure in the development of modern military submarines structure. The monocoque structure name suggests is a layer of shell to withstand outside that pressure to maintain the lifeboat Pressure. Double casing is out of the casing plus loaded layer of the casing, this layer of the casing is called the "outer housing", "light housing" is also often referred to as the "non-pressure hull. The shell itself does not withstand the pressure, like internal shell monocoque structure to withstand external pressure to maintain the internal pressure. The advantage of the double hull pressure hull material requirements to be much lower than the single shell, but also laid a lot of pressure equipment, such as the the sonar probe emplaced non-pressure hull, so that not only reduce the pressure-resistant hull space but also significantly decreased anti-pressure operation of these devices to reduce the pressure hull and the pressure hull deformation. Once the submarine by the shock, impact, when in actual combat, although the outer shell may have been Devastate, but due to the effective protection of the internal pressure hull, resulting in the safety of the submarine to be effectively protected. Outer casing internal retrofitting muffler material also can greatly reduce the interior noise, to improve quiet capability. Another double-shell structure of the submarine reserve buoyancy, anti-sinking submarine are generally higher than the single shell. The displacement of the double hull submarines are too large, which caused the increase in the the submarines resistance and noise. Second, the structure of the double hull requirements of the welding process and the cost is much higher than the single shell, virtually increase the the submarine manufacturing cycle and reduce the cost-effective. But it is worth mentioning that Alfa-class submarine of the Soviet Union had considered the manufacture of single shell to improve the speed and reduce the displacement and the United States in recent years also intend to manufacture the submarine in order to improve the loading capacity of the double-shell structure, quietness and operability. The submarine - weapons systems Australian Navy Mark-48 torpedo test Atlas ballistic missiles, cruise missiles, anti-submarine missiles, torpedoes, mines, weapons and their control systems and launching devices. Ballistic missiles, strategic missile submarines main weapon for attacking land targets, a strategic missile submarines equipped with ballistic missiles, 12 to 24. An attack submarines to carry cruise missiles, anti-submarine missiles from 8 to 24 or 12 to 24 torpedoes. Cruise missiles, tactical cruise missiles and strategic cruise missiles. Tactical cruise missiles, is mainly used to attack large, medium-sized surface ships; strategic cruise missiles, mainly used to attack land targets. Anti-submarine missiles, a Rocket Assisted torpedoes or depth charges, some nuclear charge, is mainly used to attack submarines. Torpedo, with direct flights torpedo wake homing torpedoes, acoustic homing torpedoes, and wire-guided torpedoes, mainly used for ship, submarine attack. Submarine mines, sub-sink to the bottom mines, anchor Ray the SLMM, etc., laid in enemy bases, ports and waterways near for destroying enemy ships or enemy blockade. Weapon control system is the use of digital computers, can be calculated simultaneously tracking several groups of target, providing the basis for decision making, to find the best target shooting array bit and calculated target firing arms fire command automation. The submarines - navigation system Including the magnetic compass, gyro compass, odometer meter, depth sounder, Track since plotter, autopilot and radio, Stars, satellite, inertial navigation equipment and so on. Inertial navigation system able to continuously and accurately provide submarine underwater boat position and heading, speed, vertical and horizontal inclination information. NAVSTAR Global Positioning System, the submarines at sea instant positioning accuracy of about 10 meters. Detection equipment periscope, radar, sonar and radar reconnaissance warning receiver. The submarine the underwater will periscope lens liter out of the water, can be used to the sight of the sea, air and coastal, determination of the orientation of the target, the distance and estimated its movement elements. On modern submarine periscope mounted laser rangefinder, thermal imaging, night vision and other sensors with night observation, photography and celestial positioning functions (see submarine periscope). Radar by radar lifting antenna can be measured in a certain depth of the underwater target orientation, distance and motion elements ensure submarine navigational safety and the implementation of a torpedo or missile attack surface ships, the radar reconnaissance alarm receiver antenna specialized lifting mast or parasites on the other lifting devices to ensure that the submarine periscope the sailed state when the enemy radar reconnaissance and warning. The sonar submarine activities detection tools, noisy sonar and echo sonar. Noise sonar on ships passive identification, tracking, direction finding and ranging; echo sonar can take the initiative for the determination of the target position, distance and movement elements. In addition, mine detection sonar measuring ice sonar identification sonar and acoustic line trajectory instrument. The submarines - communication equipment Shortwave, FM transceiver, very long wavelength receiver, satellite communications and underwater acoustic communications equipment. The submarine shore command center in shortwave communication receiver shore command post Telecommunications very long wavelength receiver, and implementation of short-range communication with other ships, aircraft or coastal contacted the main use of ultrashort wave communication. The submarine can lift antenna receiver in some depth, drag antenna receiver in greater depth. Satellite communications, allows submarines via satellite and shore command, communication, communication distance. Underwater acoustic communication for underwater communication and identification with other submarines, surface ships. In order to ensure the hidden nature of the communication, the submarine is generally one-way communication, the use of ultra-fast communication systems enables the submarine to shore command post letters in a very short moment. Reconnaissance sonar and underwater acoustic interference equipment for underwater acoustic warfare equipment. Reconnaissance sonar, the reconnaissance target active sonar sound waves emitted its technical parameters. Interference from underwater acoustic equipment mainly underwater acoustic jammers, water Decoy (submarine simulator) gas curtain bomb, used to suppress, confusion, lured open enemy sonar tracking or acoustic homing torpedo attack. The submarines - life facilities Including air fresheners, air control, the detection of radioactive contamination, temperature and humidity regulation system, life living and diet, water, lighting, excretion, medical facilities, and for maintaining the appropriate lifeboat survival and activity environment to protect crew health. The submarines in oxygen sources Submariners breathe oxygen mainly from four areas: ventilation tube device, air conditioning unit, air reproducing apparatus and air purification devices. Snorkel device is a tube can lift when sailing in coastal waters or at night, submarines sometimes go up to periscope depth, in meters or more than ten meters deep from the surface of the water out the periscope to observe the surface of the water and the air, the enemy's situation, such as conditions allow the outtake up out of the water, the air through pipe into the submarine cabin, cabin polluted air exhaust pipe through the shell around the rear of the podium with the exhaust fan discharge, reduced interior air convection, can keep the fresh air . Periscope depth in tactical terms called dangerous depth concealed sake, submarines are afraid to use this work because it is vulnerable to enemy anti-submarine forces found in the coastal waters also easy to shock or upset fishnet. The air conditioning unit is to keep the lifeboat of temperature, humidity, etc., so that the crew have a comfortable living environment and working conditions, while ensuring the normal operation of the electronic equipment, which itself does not produce oxygen. 3. Air regeneration apparatus is an apparatus of oxygen is generated, it is composed by the regenerative blower, oxygen plant, carbon dioxide absorption means. Fan will work cabin dirty air by wind tube evacuated to a carbon dioxide absorption means to remove carbon dioxide, and then added in the treated air generated by the oxygen plant and the oxygen, and then sent to the various compartments duct for crew breathing, and so on, in order to achieve the purpose of air fresheners. This air regeneration device is usually the electrolysis of water can also be used to oxygen, the decomposition of oxygen available for 70 to 100 people breathing for several hours, but because of too much power, not suitable for conventional submarines. In addition, there are some of the oxygen in the pre-stored method, such as regenerative medicine board, oxygen bottles, liquid oxygen and oxygen candles like. Regenerative medicine plate is an obsolete by various chemical substances, and the filler made of perforated plate, the air flow will be able to produce a chemical reaction to generate oxygen. With regenerative medicine board general submarines, 500 to 1500 hours. Oxygen bottle oxygen stored in a high pressure vessel, used to open the valve to bleed, mainly for the diving bell, bathyscaphs. The liquid oxygen is also a the oxygen bottles similar to the high-pressure container, it is available for 90 days 100 crew. Oxygen candle is the Candle A chemical materials made of combustible material, made oxygen to ignite. A 1-foot, 3-inch diameter oxygen candles emit oxygen available for 40 people to breathe one hour. Air cleaning devices lifeboat air of harmful gases and impurities control in allowable standard value following a processing device, commonly used in the following four: First, eliminate hydrogen combustion devices, it is mainly electric heater. The air flowing through the heating, and then to make the hydrogen in the catalytic effect of the catalytic combustion bed, the oxygen generating chemical reaction to generate steam, hydrogen is burned out. Second, is harmful to the gas combustion apparatus, and the way it works with a first substantially identical, but it is flared harmful gases. Third, the carbon dioxide purification apparatus, which through a special chemical liquid to absorb carbon dioxide. Fourth, the activated carbon filter with activated carbon filter is composed by a special charcoal porous adsorbents to absorb the harmful gases, and thus achieve the purpose of air purification. Life-saving equipment Wreck buoy and single life-saving. Submarine accident and emit of wreck buoys to mark the submarine wreck location, and contact with the outside world. Single life-saving device available for the crew through the torpedo tubes, the command room designed to escape with life-saving Gateway sets the water from the boat. The submarine accident, by submarines or lifeboat into the high-pressure gas discharge the main ballast water tanks of water, so that the submarine surfaced submarine main ballast the water cabin is also equipped with a the emergency blow drainage system. Submarine - Category Heaven operation torpedo divided military submarines and civilian submarine Bowfin Submarine Museum in Hawaii on display in the back A. Military submarines In accordance with the classification of submarine size: large (more than 2000 tons displacement), medium (displacement 600-2000 tons), small (displacement of 100-600 tons) and pocket (a displacement of 100 tons) submarines. Classified in accordance with the mission, can be divided into the attack submarines, cruise missiles, submarines and ballistic missile submarines. Classification, then the hull structure, double-hull submarines and single-hull submarines (For details, see the structure for some). Submarine classification, can be divided into the diesel-electric submarines, nuclear submarines. Attack submarines The so-called attack submarines in fact is a distinction in terms of strategic submarines. This submarine is mainly based on attacking enemy ships, submarines and over the sea under the target as the main task. Usually have very little, or just have a few orders of magnitude the ability of the land on the empty. These submarines main Wubei the early chisel boat drill, the touch explosive gradually developed, until the First World War, torpedoes, mines, and the deck gun became the standard equipment of the submarine weapons. With the high-speed development of the World War II German U-submarine underwater, deck guns since after the U-XXI type exit the stage of history. Cruise missile submarine Oscar-class nuclear submarines with the development of the submarine, and another weapon - missiles became another direction of development of the submarine. V-II missiles became the German ideals submarine weapon, the World War II German installation on missile submarine had begun to study this research project with the spoils of war become Americans. In February 1964, the United States on the SS-348 cod No. install "Tiens Star" cruise missile launch test success. However, with the United States in the late 1960s to the 1970s the rapid development of the submarine ballistic missiles, submarines, cruise missiles along with abandon. With the end of the Cold War, the large-scale nuclear confrontation ends and war localized trend makes the United States also recognize the importance of the cruise missile submarine. In September 2002, the United States began as four Ohio-class nuclear submarines converted into cruise missile launchers as well as special forces put on the boat. And the subsequent development of wiki Virginia-class attack submarine also installed 12 cruise missile launch tube. Ballistic missile submarine Typhoon-class nuclear submarines, ballistic missile submarines of the Cold War "mutually assured destruction" an important tool for thinking. To when we suffered a devastating nuclear strike, land-based ballistic missiles and space-based strategic bombers enemy nuclear weapons to project power has been destroyed, ballistic missile submarines as a covert nuclear attack force to give the enemy a devastating The combat, which is referred to as the "second nuclear strike". In more before 1959, the first ballistic missile submarines in the United States, Washington put into service. The installation is a range of 2200 kilometers Polaris missile. In 2007, the Chinese government publicly newly developed 093 submarine, unofficial channels also released some 094 nuclear submarines news, the submarine is the JL-2 missile. Civil submarine Research with submarines Under-sea research submersible submarine was originally a tool for underwater exploration in the earliest. The earliest submarine is evolved by the Diving Bell, The Diving Bell usually does not have its own power, need water vessels drag road. But then the submarine the militarization makes submarines for civilian purposes once stagnant. Subsequently accompanied World War II, and the rise of the marine scientific research and civilian research submarine revival. Civilian research submarine, the development of the most advanced technology in the United States and Japan. January 23, 1960, Americans Piccard and Walsh by "-2" Trieste dive to a depth of 10,916 meters in the Mariana Trench, the Pacific, setting a manned submersible dive depth world record. In 1995, the Mariana Trench, the deepest in the world, the Japan Trench "No. submerged water depth of 10,970 meters, a record unmanned submersible deepest dive record. Sightseeing with submarines With the development of science and technology and the opening up of the submarine market, sightseeing submarine has become the new mobile mansion "in some rich also become a sea popular tourist places Strait tourism equipment. Ruby Design Bureau design and manufacture of a sea tourist submarine. This submarine is named the the "Sha Duoke" (Sadko). The submarine can carry 40 passengers, safe dive depth of 100 meters, the ultimate depth of 200-250 meters, and usually only in the depth of about 40 meters sneak to guarantee security and crew are equipped with underwater escape equipment. The boat is equipped with three staff responsible for the manipulation of the submarines and passenger services. Since 2001, investment in tourism in Cyprus this submarine service. Submarine - Designer Made the greatest contribution to the development of modern submarines, was undoubtedly the American submarine designer - John Holland. John Holland was born in 1841 in the the Ireland the Langley Skye satisfied town, his father is an employee of the British Coast Guard. Father's occupation Holland grew up on the ocean and warships full of curiosity. Secondary school graduation, his father unfortunately died, young Holland was forced to end their studies, to a school as a science teacher, to stir up the burden of family life. In the meantime, Holland while working, while designed submarines. In 1873, Holland resigned from the work of teachers, to the United States with his submarine design drawings. In the United States, his side in a church school teacher, while perfecting his submarine design. In 1875, Holland will plan for the construction of new submarine sent to the Department of the Navy. The submarine was named for the number of "Holland - I" is driven by a single-person submarine. Captain of five meters, equipped with a gasoline internal combustion engine, 3.5 nautical miles per hour speed sailing. The submarines - Chinese submarine level with history Chinese Song-class submarines in addition to the new procurement Kilo (Kilo) class, as well as early type of 031, 033 is still the original NATO Russian-made Golf ("G-class") and Romeo (Romeo, referred to as "R-class") The class named, the other is based on the ancient Chinese dynasties named Xia, Shang, Han, Jin, Song, Yuan, Ming several levels. The only exception is the modification of the R-Class (can be emitted at the surface anti-ship missiles), into the level of the single-ship "Wuhan" class submarine No. 351. In August 1950, the People's Liberation Army Navy Jianjun policy clearly states: based on existing forces, and focus on the development of the new PT boats, submarines and naval air forces (referred to as "empty, latent, and fast"), gradually building a strong The National Navy. Choose to give priority to the development of the submarine, is undoubtedly a wise move for the People's Liberation Army Navy. In April 1951, the People's Liberation Army Navy established the 275 submarines learning team in Lushun tiger tail to the Soviet Navy Pacific Fleet submarine detachment learning. In June 1954, the first branch of the PLA Navy submarine force - the independent Navy submarine brigade was established, under the two old-fashioned small submarines - "11" and "12 New China". Although the two submarines are old and small, is very significant, because the significance of this since the late Qing Dynasty, China's naval personnel spend years struggling submarine dream for the first time come true. The history of the Chinese navy, naval personnel had repeatedly asked the funds to purchase submarines to defend the country. According to unconfirmed reports in the Taiwan military magazine said: full before the outbreak of the Sino-Japanese War, the Chinese navy had ordered was very state-of-the-art German submarine, to deal with the brutal invasion of Japan. Unfortunately, the submarine was detained in Germany and later for the Atlantic submarine warfare. After World War II, the United States to halt the rise of the Chinese navy, specified in the Kuomintang navy naval equipment: the largest surface ship only to the frigate, never to above destroyer ships; guns only to 4 inches (105 mm) guns, decision do not give more than 5 inches (127 mm) guns; submarine is still state-of-the-art weapons is absolutely not to. Members of the modern naval ship "- warships," boat "- lightweight boat, this is the explanation for the" ship "and" boat "in the dictionary. While in the Navy in the array, the different kinds of ships feature diversity, division of tasks, the distinction absolutely not that simple. National Defense University Professor Li Daguang recent the modern naval family several key members of the Xinhua News Agency reporters were introduced. "Sea generalists" - destroyers, the "the territorial seas guards" - frigates, "rushing Xiao Qiang" - landing ship, the "the underwater ghost" - submarine, "sea land" - an aircraft carrier. Destroyers, frigates landing ship Submarine aircraft carrier Fleet Overview Fleet of the Chinese Navy the resident Zhubo port naval base defense and regional scale North Sea Fleet in Qingdao Qingdao, Jiaonan, Port Arthur, Huludao, Weihai, Chengshan Lushun Base (jurisdiction of Dalian, Yingkou Marine District); Qingdao base (jurisdiction of Weihai, of Jiaonan water police district); the Huludao bases (jurisdiction Qinhuangdao, Tianjin Marine ) Lianyungang north of the Bohai Sea, Yellow Sea defense missions has 330 ships, a detachment of destroyers, a frigate detachment, a nuclear submarine detachment, a conventional submarine detachment, a missile boats, minesweepers, submarine chasers, torpedo speedboat detachment, in addition to a landing ship brigade. South of the East China Sea Fleet, Ningbo, Shanghai, Wusong, Zhoushan, Dinghai, Hangzhou, Shanghai base (Lianyungang jurisdiction, Wusong water police districts); Zhoushan base (jurisdiction dinghai, Wenzhou water police district); Fujian base (exempted Ningde, Xiamen Marine region) of Lianyungang defense missions in the East China Sea and the Taiwan Strait to the north of Nanao Island 600 ships, a destroyer, frigate mixed detachment, a frigate detachment, a submarine detachment, a landing flotillas, a missile boats, minesweepers, submarine chasers, torpedo boats, etc. a speedboat detachment. South Sea Fleet Zhanjiang Zhanjiang, Shantou, Guangzhou, Haikou, Yulin, Beihai, Huangpu Zhanjiang Base (jurisdiction, Zhanjiang, Beihai Marine District); Guangzhou-based (jurisdiction Huangpu, Shantou Marine District); Yulin base the (jurisdiction Haikou, Xisha Marine District ); ships Nanao Island in Hong Kong to Western Nankai including defense tasks of the Xisha, Nansha Islands 300 ships, a destroyer detachment, a frigates detachment, a nuclear submarine conventional submarines mixed detachment, a conventional submarine detachment, a landing flotillas, as well as a missile boats, minesweepers, submarine chasers, torpedo boat detachment. Drawings upload pictures oriented the entries add video and Photos related images Entertainment yacht + latent ... College students self-made multi-function ... Submarine aircraft carriers in the future ... Beekman scientific world, ... Secret glass fiber Hi-Tech ... Official pictures: China Sea ... Secret Soviet secret submarine ... Secret Soviet secret submarine ... Notes and references: fast ask The deep sea overlord cited: submarine has been quoted in the media to supplement media: Title: URL: Author: Date: This Article Add module Map

Stock trading Open Category

2012-09-08T04:26:00.001-07:00

Stock trading Open Category: foreign exchange financial economy economic jargon stock terminology Edit entry Share Awakening social Sina microblogging Tencent microblogging network QQ space everyone happy Netease microblogging 001 End of the World Fetion space MSN mobile lobbyists Stock trading is the trading of stock investors in accordance with the market price of the issued shares listed. Stock transferable in the open spaces First Stock Exchange. China currently only two exchanges, the Shanghai Stock Exchange and Shenzhen Stock Exchange. Edit Summary Directory Stock market 2 Stock Exchange 3 stock issuance 4 types of stocks Stock Dividends Stock market 2 Stock Exchange 3 stock issuance 4 types of stocks Stock Dividends 6 clearing and settlement 7 ex-dividend The 8 stock trading account 9 References Stock trading - the stock market Stock market and strive upward stock market, also known as the secondary market or the secondary market, is the place of the stock issued and outstanding, it can be said that refers to the sale and transfer of the place of the stock issued. Stock transactions are realized through the stock market. In general, the stock market can be divided into one, two, one market, also known as stock issue market, secondary market, also known as the stock market. The stock is a marketable securities. Securities other than shares, including government bonds, corporate bonds, mortgage backed bonds and so on. State bonds appeared earlier, is the first to put into transaction valuable bonds. With the development of the commodity economy, and later the gradual emergence of stocks and other marketable debt securities. Therefore, the stock trading just a part of the price of the bond trading, the stock market is only one of several in the price of the bond market. Currently, few single stock market, stock market, but the stock in the stock market franchise. Stock exchange - Stock Exchanges The Shenzhen Stock Exchange was established centralized approval of the competent authority of government securities in accordance with the relevant state laws, the Securities and Exchange tangible place. Two: the Shanghai Stock Exchange and Shenzhen Stock Exchange in China. Stock Exchange is divided into two kinds of corporate system and membership. Both stock exchanges can be a government or public body funded operations (called public stock exchange), it can be privately funded operations (known as private stock exchange), you can also government and private co- funded operations (called public-private partnership of the Stock Exchange). Stock trading - stock issuance The stock issued to meet the conditions of the issuer in accordance with statutory procedures, the sale of shares to investors to raise funds in the process. Shares of stock issued by the Company, after approval by the relevant authorities, the publicly listed in the stock market (stock exchange) listing and trading activities. Stock must have traded on certain conditions, according to certain principles and procedures for the operation and functioning. Stock exchange - stock types The old version of stock a shareholder rights sub- 1, preferred stock: preferred stock is "ordinary shares" symmetrical. Shares issued by the Company's shares than ordinary shares have priority in the distribution of dividends and the remaining property. Preferred stock is also a period have the right credentials, the preferred shareholders are generally not in the middle of asking the company Divestment (a small number of redeemable preference shares exceptions). 2 ordinary shares Ordinary shares "Preferred Shares" symmetrical, with changes in corporate profits and changes in shares, the company's capital structure, the most common, the most basic of the shares, is a fundamental part of the shares of the enterprise funds. The basic features of the ordinary shares is based investment interests (dividend and bonus) is not at the time of purchase agreement, but afterwards to determine the company's operating real plot of the stock, the company's operating real plot, ordinary shares of income; operating The actual plot is poor, ordinary shares on low income. Ordinary shares is the most important in the capital structure of the AG, the most basic of the shares, and also is one of the greatest risk shares, but stocks in the most basic, the most common kind. 3, after the allotment After the rights issue stock interests or interest dividends and surplus property distribution than ordinary shares at a disadvantage, and the general redistribution of the remaining interest after the allocation of the ordinary shares. If the enormous profitability of the company, the number of shares to be issued after the allotment is very limited, and the purchase after the rights issue shareholders can obtain high returns. Rights issue after issue, the financing of the general funds not immediately generate revenue and restricted range of investors, so utilization is not high. At par in the form classification 1, bearer shares Bearer shares in issue, on the face of record with the names of the shareholders, and recorded in the company's register of shareholders. Bearer shares feature is the addition to the holders and the official agent or legal successor donee, anyone can not exercise its equity. Bearer shares can not be any transfer, the time of the transfer, both want the name of the assignee, address records in their par procedures for transfer, but also on the company's register of shareholders or the transfer can not be effective. Obviously this stock, security, fear of loss of advantages, but the transfer of cumbersome. This stock, who transfers, such as inheritance and gift behavior occurs immediately after the transfer behavior must apply for a transfer and other procedures. 2, bearer shares Such stock at issue in the stock does not record the names of the shareholders. Holders to transfer of shares, any person will also be entitled to the rights of shareholders held without otherwise way to prove their own shareholders eligible. Stock transfer procedure is simple, but it should also be realized through legal transactions of the securities market for sale. 3, the nominal value of shares The face value of the stock, referred to the amount of stock or the par value of the stock recorded in the stock on the face of a certain amount of money, such as per 100 yuan, 200 yuan. The amount of stock to stock with a par value, so that you can easily determine the proportion of each share in the AG. 4, no par value shares Also known as the proportion of stock or no par value stock. No par value stock issuance records only show that the proportion of total capital per share. Its value increase or decrease with the increase or decrease of the company's property. Therefore, the intrinsic value of such stock is always in a state of flux. The biggest advantages of this stock is to avoid the real assets of the Company and the nominal assets departure from the par value of the shares is often illusory, people are concerned about is not the par value of the shares, but the stock price. The issuance of this stock, demanding of management, financial accounting, legal responsibility, and therefore only the more popular in the United States, many countries do not allow issuance. Shares investment entities classified Shares of listed companies in China can be divided into state-owned shares and legal person shares and public shares. Formed by the department or agency of the state-owned stock index the right to represent the state investment of state-owned assets to the Investment Company shares converted into shares of state-owned assets to the company's existing. Since most of our joint-stock companies are former state-owned large and medium-sized enterprises from the restructuring, the state-owned shares in the company's equity account for a large proportion. The corporate stock index corporate enterprises or public institutions and social organizations with legal personality its assets to operate in accordance with the law to the flow of the equity portion of the investment company unlisted shares. At present, the shareholding structure of China's listed companies, corporate shares accounted for an average of about 20%. Public shares to individuals and institutions of our country, its legitimate property of the company can be traded for shares of the equity portion of the investment. Fourth, classified by place of listing A shares, B shares, H shares, N shares, S shares of stock of the New York Stock Exchange listed companies distinguish. This distinction is based primarily on the stock listed locations and investors face. The official name of the A shares of RMB common stock. It is issued by companies in China for domestic institutions, organizations or individuals (excluding Taiwan, Hong Kong and Macao investors) subscription and transactions in RMB ordinary shares. The official name of the B shares Renminbi Special Shares. It is based on the RMB value indicated subscribed and traded in foreign currencies, the Stock Exchange in China (Shanghai, Shenzhen). It is limited to investors: foreign natural persons, legal persons and other organizations, Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan of natural persons, legal persons and other organizations, the Chinese citizens settled abroad, the China Securities Regulatory Commission and other investors. B shares at the present stage investors, mainly institutional investors in the above categories. B-share companies incorporated and listed in all the territory, but outside investors in China, Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan. H shares registered in the Mainland, listing of foreign shares. English in Hong Kong is Hong Kong, whichever prefix, foreign shares listed in Hong Kong called H shares. And so on, New York's first letter is N, Singapore's first letter is S, New York and Singapore-listed stocks are called N shares and S shares. 5, according to the company performance categories Blue chip stocks is the good performance of the company's stock. In China, the main measure of blue chip stocks to investors means the file is the after-tax profit per share and return on net assets. In general, the after-tax profit per share in all listed companies in the upper position, the return on net assets after the listing of the company for three consecutive years significantly more than 10% of the stock was undoubtedly the blue chip stocks listed. Abroad, mainly referring to the blue chip stocks is an excellent performance and stable large-company stocks. Through the efforts of these big companies, the industry achieved a high market share, operating scale advantages, steady growth in profits and high market visibility. Blue chip stocks with a high return on investment, and investment value. The company has the advantage of capital, market, reputation, and other aspects of to have strong easygoing adaptability to various changes in the market price of blue chip stocks are generally relatively stable and long-term upward trend. Thus, the blue chip stocks are always popular with investors, especially those in favor of long-term investment in robust investor. Stock trading - dividend bonus The dividend for shareholders on a regular basis was taken from the listed companies earnings at a certain rate, the bonus is in the listed companies distribute dividends to shareholders pro rata allocation of the remaining profits. For dividends and bonuses, the basic purpose for investors to invest in listed companies, but also the basic economic rights of the investors. In general, the listed company after the accounting year end will be according to the number of shareholding will be part of the profits distributed as dividends to shareholders. Structured according to the management of information disclosure of listed companies, China's listed companies must publish an annual financial report within 120 days of the end of the year in the accounting, and profit distribution plan to be announced in the annual report, dividend distribution of listed companies are generally concentrated in the times the second and third quarters of the year. Distribution of dividends and bonus the preferred shareholders exercise their income allocation provisions dividend yield, then ordinary shareholders to dividends based on the profits of the remaining, its dividend yield is not necessarily fixed. After dispensing dividend, listed companies there are profits available for distribution, dividends can be paid to common shareholders under the circumstances. Stock trading - clearing and settlement The liquidation of the number and amount of buying and selling stocks were eliminated, and then through the Stock Exchange, the delivery net difference between the stock price a program. Liquidation significance is that while reducing the actual delivery of shares through the stock exchange and the price, and save a lot of manpower, material and financial resources. Stock Exchange if no liquidation, every securities dealer must be to each other individually delivery of shares and price, rather cumbersome formalities, take up a lot of manpower, material and financial resources and time. The delivery is the activities of investors buying and selling stocks to pay off the money forwarded stock. Commission to buy shares traded, the investor should be within the prescribed time, pay off the money and receive stock. Similarly, after selling the stock should be within the prescribed time delivery of the share certificates and receive the price. This is a necessary part of the process of stock trading, one must fulfill the formalities. Stock trading - ex dividend Listed companies allocated to the stock dividend to shareholders is the company's surplus to a capital increase or allotment, it is necessary to share price ex-rights (XR) the XR is EXCLUD (removing) RIGHT (right) shorthand.  listed companies to allocate the surplus cash to shareholders, the stock price is necessary to ex-dividend (XD), XD is short for EXCLUD (removing) DIVIDEN (interest). Stock trading - a stock trading account 2007 bull market surge in the stock account of new investors to do the first thing they opened a stock account (ie shareholders cards). The stock account is equivalent to a bank account, the investor only opened a stock account in order to purchase and sell securities. To trading of stocks listed in Shanghai, Shenzhen, investors were required to open the Shanghai Securities Exchange account and Shenzhen Shanghai stock exchange stock account, the creation of the Shanghai and Shenzhen A shares account securities registration company or handled authorized by the account opening agent. The Beijing Securities Depository Co., Ltd. Beijing area investors statutory bodies to handle the Shanghai and Shenzhen A shares account opening business only. The stock account many different kinds. Individual investors trading Lu, A-shares of the Shenzhen Stock A shares, you need to set up the account.

Stock Exchange Open Category

2012-09-08T04:25:00.001-07:00

Stock Exchange Open Category: five-word financial noun business terms business words legal legal terminology Edit entry Share Awakening social Sina microblogging Tencent microblogging network QQ space everyone happy Netease microblogging 001 End of the World Fetion space MSN mobile lobbyists Stock Exchange, Stock Exchange, the approval of the competent authority of government securities in accordance with the relevant state laws, the establishment of the centralized securities transactions tangible place. In our country there are four: the Shanghai Stock Exchange and Shenzhen Stock Exchange, Hong Kong Stock Exchange, the Taiwan Stock Exchange. June 6, 1918, China's first stock exchange opened. Edit Summary Directory 1 Introduction 2 Function 3 Features 4 species 5 members 1 Introduction 2 Function 3 Features 4 species 5 members 6 Management 7 regulatory 8 oversight Stock Exchange - Introduction Stock Exchange Stock Exchange, trading in stocks, corporate bonds, government bonds and other securities markets. Collection of securities trading, after the securities broker intermediary to complete the transaction. The first stock exchange was established in 1613 Amsterdam, The Netherlands Stock Exchange. In mainland China, the oldest stock exchanges in 1905 foreign organizations the Shanghai public sector offices, as well as the Stock Exchange, established in Beijing in 1918. The larger modern exchange such as the Nasdaq Stock Exchange, New York Stock Exchange and the London Stock Exchange, engaged in securities transactions in various countries. The emergence of the stock exchange for securities trading and create a permanent market, monetary capital in order to achieve long-term investment agency, because usually call it the "long-term financial markets. The stock exchange is established centralized approval of the competent authority of government securities in accordance with the relevant state laws, the Securities and Exchange tangible place. In our country there are two: the Shanghai Stock Exchange and Shenzhen Stock Exchange. Stock Exchange - feature Stock Exchange can be seen from the practice of stock trading, stock exchange helps to ensure the continuity of the running of the stock market, the efficient allocation of the funds, a reasonable price, reducing the risk of investment in securities, links the long-term and short-term market interest rates. However, the Stock Exchange may also have the following negative effects: Disrupt the financial price. Large part of the transactions in the stock exchange only resale and repurchase stock exchange, securities trading turnover is large, but not large, the actual delivery. And, in fact, does not mean that the sale and purchase of real financial assets such transactions, the supply and demand in the form largely does not reflect the actual situation, may disrupt the financial price to some extent. Vulnerable to the impact of false news. Stock Exchange, are particularly sensitive to various types of news. Therefore, as long as someone is intentionally spread false information, or submitting a false financial situation of enterprises, or walking virtual political trends, and so on. Are likely to cause changes in the exchange price is dramatic, some speculators will suffer great losses, while others may be large gains. Engaged in improper trading. Engaged in improper trading including those engaged in the match trading transactions and eat regularly trading, virtual toss. Match trading refers to trading through a variety of ways, commissioned two brokers buy their price fixing by the party, a party to sell the same number of securities, elevation or depression of the normal price of the securities. Throwing virtual trading is high prices, traders deliberately Securities thrown wills another broker acquisitions and conventions all the losses still vested in the seller burden, the result is likely to cause false prosperity of the securities. Eat regularly trading refers to price-fixing, once the purpose is reached, join as a partner shall be dissolved, including trading join as a partner (join as a partner who they are interested in secretly buy securities in the open market so as not to raise the price of these securities by two or more gang or by walking adverse news on the company to depress its desire to purchase the stock price) and the option join as a partner (investors to purchase securities at favorable prices, which usually get through the Board of Directors of the Company, the general part of the profit in the private return to directors). Insider manipulation of the stock market. Companies manage power rests in the hands of large shareholders, and it is possible that these people directly distribute the profitability of the company issuing bonus and expansion plans, acquisitions, mergers, and other messages to manipulate the price of company stock; using insider information for profit, such as in The company announced conducive to the message of the company's stock price rose before secretly buy high-priced throws, etc. announced; company will announce bad news before the announcement secretly thrown announced then buy low. 5. Cheating of stockbrokers and Exchange staff. Stock brokers, stock exchange transactions, cheating may buy and sell (ie on behalf of clients for a while to buy while selling, or deliberately strained to persuade customers to quickly buy or sell, so that it can be from each transaction was the commission), occupation of trading commissions false market price, unauthorized trading customer funds for their own profit, or to false customer non-compliance and make a transaction compensation. Exchange staff cheating may have: their own in the dark of illegal stock trading, stock broker collusion with stock brokers secretly engaged in stock trading. Stock Exchange - characteristics Under normal circumstances, the stock exchange tissue has the following characteristics: The Stock Exchange is a non-profit corporation composed by a number of Member. Constitute the membership of the stock exchange are securities companies, the official member, also an associate member. The establishment of the stock exchange is subject to the approval of the state. Stock Exchange's decision-making body is the General Meeting (AGM) and Board (the Board). Among them, the General Assembly is the highest authority of the decisions on the basic principle of the Stock Exchange; Council by the chairman and director of a number of agreement of institutions necessary to formulate the basic guideline for the implementation of the General Assembly decided to develop regulations regime. 4. Stock Exchange chairman and a permanent member, the executing agency. Chairman of the Prime Minister of the business. Stock Exchange - Type Stock Exchange Stock Exchange is divided into two kinds of corporate system and membership. Both stock exchanges can be a government or public body funded operations (called public stock exchange), it can be privately funded operations (known as private stock exchange), you can also government and private co- funded operations (called public-private partnership of the Stock Exchange). A company stock exchange Company stock exchange is for the purpose of profit, trading venues and service personnel, the stock exchange to facilitate the trading and settlement of Securities Dealers. As can be seen from the practice of stock trading, this stock exchange listing fees and securities transaction commission to charge the issuing company, its main income from trading a certain percentage of the turnover. Personnel to operate such Exchange is not involved in the trading of securities, which can ensure the fairness of the transaction to a certain extent. In the company's stock exchange, the general manager is responsible to the Board of Directors, is responsible for the day-to-day affairs of the Stock Exchange. Directors' duties: Approved Prospectus and business financial principles; the intended budget accounts and surplus distribution plan; approved investment; approved list of securities firms to participate in the stock trading; approved securities dealer shall pay operating margin trading in the amount of the handling fee and other payments ; nuclear Yee listed stock registration changes, undo, suspension, and listing fees levied; validation motion and report to the shareholders' meeting; decide the selection of managers and a member of the evaluation committee, dismissal, and approval of other projects. Supervisors' responsibilities include the review of the annual report on the accounts and monitor business, check all accounts. 2. Membership stock Membership-based stock exchange is not for the purpose of profit, to member autonomous self-discipline, mutual constraints, participation in the operation members can participate in the exchange of stock trading in the stock trading and settlement. This Exchange commission and listing fees are lower, which to some extent can be placed OTC listed stocks. However, due to the operating members of the exchanges is stock trading participants, and thus in the stock exchange will inevitably lead to the injustice of the transaction. The same time, because the buyers and sellers involved in the transaction is only limited to the members of the stock exchange, the new members to join the general agreed to go through the original members, which formed a de facto monopoly, is not conducive to the provision of quality of service and lower fees. Membership stock, the Council's responsibilities are: to determine the policy, and general manager responsible for the preparation of the budget and submitted it to the members of the General Assembly approval; maintain Member disciplinary, given a fine for violation of the rules and regulations of the Member to cease operation and removal of sanctions; approve new members into; approved a new stock market; decide how allocated to the trading floor counter will be listed on the stock;, etc. Stock Exchange - Members Stock exchange, whether corporate Exchange or membership of the Exchange, its participants are securities brokers and-dealers. 1 member Members include stock brokers, securities dealers and professional members. The stockbroker mainly commission agents, that is dedicated to buying and selling stocks for clients and charge a commission broker. Exchange requires only members can enter the hall for stock trading. Therefore, if you want to exchange-traded stock, it must be through a broker non-member investors. The stock dealers not customer stock trading, stock trading securities for their own companies, according to the scope of their business can be divided into direct operating and zero the number of dealers. The direct business is registered in the Stock Exchange, you can buy and sell stocks directly in the Exchange Member members without paying commissions, profits from short-term stock price movements. Zero the number of dealers is specialized in the number of zero-dealer transactions (zero number of transactions enough a unit that contains the number of shares trading), the dealer can not charge commission, its revenue comes mainly from below of the entire spread earned by the trading price of securities acquired from the hands of clients of securities companies, then sold to a number of zero stock price higher than that of the entire transaction buyers. A professional member of the re-Exchange hall is the trading of one or more of the stock exchange members, their duties on the stock to maintain a free and continuous market. Professional members of other brokers in the transaction object, in accordance with the regulations can not be directly with the public trading of securities. In stock trading practice that can broker a professional member of the identity, self-identity as to participate in the business of trading in the stock, but he can not be two jobs at the same time to participate in stock trading. 2 traders Trading into the Exchange is divided into of special brokers and floor brokers. The special agent is the central figure of the Exchange hall, each specialty brokers are several roles are: to act as the agent of the other stock brokers; directly involved in the transaction, to rolling flat price gap between buyers and sellers, to facilitate transactions; play the role of the auctioneer in the trading of large blocks of shares, and is responsible for assessment to determine a fair price on the the other brokers bid and offer; responsible for the trading of the region to promote its turnover; provide a variety of information to other brokers. Floor broker commission agents and independent brokers. Commission agents are described above, in addition to no longer be introduced. Independent brokers mainly refers to the some independent individual entrepreneurs. If a company does not own agent, you can become an independent broker customers, each doing a deal, the companies pay a commission. In practice, an independent broker will be tried according to the request of the Company stock trading, and to get a good reputation and rich rewards. The relationship between customers and brokers Stock investment trading activities, the client and the broker is interdependent relationship, mainly in the following four areas: (1) is authorized by the relationship between the man and the agent. Customers as an authorized person, brokers as agents, brokers must provide for the customer, for the benefit of help. Broker proceeds for the commission. (2) the relationship between the debtor and the creditor. This is the in margin credit transactions in the relationship between the client and the broker's performance. Customers to buy shares in margin transactions, only a security deposit certain shortfall borrower to the broker. Whether the borrower is lent by the broker or advanced by commercial banks, when the brokers are creditors, customers are debtor. (3) is secured relationship. Customers in need of payments required to hold the stock to the broker secured borrowings, customers as collateral agent for the mortgagor, etc. after the stock is sold, the broker may be deducted from the amount the borrower number. Can be the customer's stock broker itself powerless loans to commercial banks to re-mortgage. (4) the relationship of trust. Customers will be handed over the money and securities broker saved broker for the customer's quasi-trustee. In the trust relationship, the broker customers may not use the property for their own profit-making. If you want to engage in stock trading customers must first open an account with the stock broker company, in order to obtain all the necessary information, and then re-commissioned; broker shall not disobey or changes in customer commissioned. Stock Exchange - Management In China, the stock exchange by the local municipal People's Government, the China Securities Regulatory Commission oversight. Management of the stock exchange include the following: The establishment of a stock exchange and dissolution The establishment of a stock exchange, and audit by the Securities and Exchange Commission of the State Council, the State Council for approval. In practice, the application for the establishment of stock exchanges should be submitted to the Securities and Exchange Commission of the State Council, the following documents: application form; draft charter and business rules; intended to join the committee list; Council of the list of candidates and their resumes; note of space, equipment and funding; Aspiring description; management. Among them, the stock exchange matters of the Constitution: the establishment of purpose; names; the location of the main office and trading venues and facilities, the scope of functions; membership and join and leave the program; Member of powers and obligations; sanctions on Member disciplinary; organization its terms of reference; generation of senior management, appointment and removal of its duties; capital and financial matters; dissolution of the conditions and procedures;, etc. If the stock exchange reasons for dissolution as stipulated in the constitution, dissolved by Member resolution after examination and approval by the Management Committee of the State Council, the State Council for approval dissolved. If the stock exchange there are serious violations by the Management Committee of the State Council to make the dissolution of the decision, the State Council for approval dissolution. (2) Stock Exchange duties The stock exchange should be to create an open and fair market environment, facilitating conditions so as to ensure the normal operation of the stock trading. The Stock Exchange's main duties include: provide stock trading venues and facilities; develop the business rules of the stock exchange; audit approved stock listing application; organization, supervising the activities of the stock exchange; providing stock market information and management stock exchange, and so on. Stock exchange business rules The business rules of the stock exchange listing rules, trading rules and other rules relating to stock trading activity. Specifically, the content and format of the listing announcement should include the following items: stock market conditions, the application procedures as well as the content and format of the Listing Agreement;; stock type and duration of the transaction; stock transactions and operating procedures; transaction disputes solve; trading margin deposited; listed stocks pause, resume and cancel the transaction; closed and shut down the stock exchange; listing fees, transaction fees charged; provision and management of the Stock Exchange, stock market information; violation of securities Exchange behavior of business rules processing; Organization of stock exchange Stock Exchange Committee established by the General Assembly, the Council and special committees. The General Assembly is the highest authority of the Stock Exchange, held at least once a year. General terms of reference: the development of stock exchange shall; election and removal of directors; considered by the report on the work of the Council, the General Manager; consideration, through the Stock Exchange, financial budgets and final accounts report; decide other major matters of the Stock Exchange . Council member General Assembly is responsible for decision-making body of the stock exchange, elected for a term of three years. Council's main duties include: an executive member of the resolutions of the General Assembly; intended to modify the business rules of the stock exchange; appointment, general manager and to appoint deputy general manager of the nomination of the general; validation work plan submitted by the general, financial budget and final accounts ; validation acceptance and action; members needed to determine the set of special committees; Stock Exchange, a general manager, deputy general manager of 1-3 people; term of office of the general manager and deputy general manager for three years. General manager responsible for the day-to-day management of the stock exchange under the leadership of the Council, the legal representative of the stock exchange. The general manager is unable to perform their duties, the discharge of their duties by the Vice President on behalf of. Special committees of the Listing Committee and the Commission. The Listing Committee consists of 13 members (lawyers, certified public accountants, stock exchange seat Member and field Member on behalf of two each; China Securities Regulatory Commission and the Stock Exchange, the seat of government authorized agencies you send one person; Stock Exchange governing Long, general manager; Stock Exchange, other governing their duties approval of the listing of the stock and the intended listing requirements and proposing to modify the Listing Rules. Commission consists of nine members (Stock Exchange seat member, field Member 4 people, a lawyer and certified public accountant; governing 1), elected for a term of three years, its main responsibilities: Monitoring of directors, general manager and other senior management of the executive member of the General Assembly, the Council resolution; monitoring governing total managers and other staff to comply with the laws, regulations and stock exchange charter, business rules; monitor Stock Exchange financial situation; Stock Exchange - Regulatory Stock exchange regulation on stock trading activities include the following: (1) Stock Exchange should make immediate announcements of the market, making the stock market on a daily basis, table, documented and published in an appropriate manner following items: name listed stocks; opening, highest, lowest and closing price; with the previous day's closing the ups and downs of the market price comparison; meter of volume, value and total; stock index and its ups and downs;, etc. (2) The stock exchange shall prepare a daily report of transactions within the market, weekly reports, monthly reports and annual reports, and to the public in a timely manner. (3) The stock exchange shall supervise listed companies to disclose information in accordance with regulations. (4) Stock Exchange listed companies should be entered into a Listing Agreement, to determine the mutual rights and obligations. (5) The stock exchange should be established the listing recommender systems to ensure that listed companies comply with the listing requirements. (6) The stock exchange shall, in accordance with the stock regulations and the Listing Rules of the Stock Exchange, the provisions of the Listing Agreement, or according to the requirements of the China Securities Regulatory Commission, the listed stocks pause, resume or cancel its trading decision. (7) The Stock Exchange listed companies should set up archives, and listed shares held by the listed company directors, supervisors and senior management personnel statistics, and monitor its movements. (8) The Stock Exchange member shall abide by the charter, business rules of the stock exchange, seat fees, fees and expenses paid to the Stock Exchange in accordance with the relevant provisions of the charter, business rules, and paid into the trading margin. (9) The Stock Exchange member shall be provided to the Stock Exchange and China Securities Regulatory Commission quarterly, interim and annual reports, and take the initiative to report the situation; Stock Exchange reserves the right to ask its members to provide information about the report, books, trading records and other documents . Stock Exchange - supervision (1) The Stock Exchange shall not in any manner transfer its establishment and business license obtained in accordance with stock exchange regulations. (2) non-member directors of the Stock Exchange and other staff shall not in any form of part-time at the stock exchange member companies. (3) Stock Exchange director, general manager, deputy general manager and other staff shall not disclose in any way, or the use of insider information, and shall not in any way a member of the Stock Exchange, the listed company to obtain benefits. (4) Stock Exchange's senior management and other staff in the performance of their duties, where I have a family relationship or other stakes situations, should be avoided. (5) The stock exchange should be established in line with stock supervision, management and implementation of the system of monitoring requirements, and in accordance with the requirements of the Stock Exchange, the seat of government and the China Securities Regulatory Management Committee, providing stock market information. (6) Stock Exchange, the seat of government authority and the China Securities Regulatory Commission has the right to require the stock exchange members and listed companies related materials. (7) The Stock Exchange shall, within three months after the end of each financial year, is compiled by the stock practitioners of independent accounting qualification CPA audited financial report at the Stock Exchange, the local authority of the People's Government and the China Securities Regulatory The management committee for the record, at the same time send a copy to the Securities and Exchange Commission of the State Council. (8) Stock Exchange, the occasional unexpected event led to the suspension or technical suspension measures taken to safeguard Stock Exchange normal order must be immediately reported to the Stock Exchange, the seat of government and the China Securities Regulatory Commission, and send a copy to the State Council's securities Management Committee. (9) Stock Exchange, the seat of government authority and the China Securities Regulatory Commission the right to require stock exchanges to provide information about the business, financial and other aspects of the report and material and the right staff to check the stock exchange business, financial condition, and The accounting books and other relevant information. (10) The stock exchange shall, in accordance with relevant state regulations on margin trading of its members to deposit into the bank a special account, and are not allowed to trial. (11) Stock Exchange, Stock Exchange member involved in litigation, as well as the senior management of these units are involved in litigation arising from the performance of duties in accordance with the the stock regulations should be relieved of his duties punishment, the Stock Exchange shall promptly to the stock exchange seat of the People's Government authority and the China Securities Regulatory Commission report.

Securities margin trading

2012-09-08T04:18:00.001-07:00

"Securities margin trading, also known as" securities credit trading: broker investor financing, securities lending and financial institutions finance brokerage, securities lending four. Market usually say "margin" refers investors to the Shenzhen Stock Exchange membership of the securities company to provide collateral and borrowed funds to buy the listed securities or borrow listed securities and selling behavior. Edit Summary The economic demon June 18, the margin balance first breaking 60 billion, over 10 million shares financing scale. Eight stocks, financial stocks accounted for five seats, including CITIC Securities and four bank stocks, the first scale of financing is the subject of over 10 billion shares of China Ping An has quietly exit 1 billion club " Add to shortlist Directory 1 Definitions 2 Features 3 Role 4 trading patterns 5 management mechanism 1 Definitions 2 Features 3 Role 4 trading patterns 5 management mechanism 6 impact 6.1 positive impact 6.2 negative impact 7 introduction of margin trading course 8 Operating Precautions 9 brokerage income Interpretation of the 10 instances Margin - Interpretation Margin, also known as "securities credit transactions" refers investors to the securities companies to provide collateral to borrow funds to purchase securities or borrow securities to sell behavior. Including the broker investor financing, securities lending and financial institutions, brokerage margin trading. Financing is to borrow money to buy securities, securities loans to customers to buy securities, customer repayment of principal and interest at maturity, the customer financing to securities companies to buy securities known as "buy empty; short selling borrowed securities to sell, and then be returned to the Securities, Securities The companies lend securities sold to the customer, the customer due to the return of the same type and quantity of securities and the payment of interest, customer sold short securities companies, known as "short selling". [1] International Margin mode basic four: securities financing company model, the investors direct credit mode, mode, and Depository Trust & Clearing Corporation securities company credit credit mode. China Package margin mode including the broker investor financing, trading and financial institutions, brokerage margin trading. Before the amendments to the Securities Act prohibit securities credit trading margin. Margin - Features Margin has the following characteristics 1 leverage. Compared with the common stock, margin simply pay a deposit you can carry out this business. The investors financing by the company with the Securities and financing, to obtain greater profits with less capital. 2 liquidity. Margin trading guide funds to ensure the orderly flow between the money market and the capital market, the efficiency of the securities market. The 3 Credit duality. The existence of dual credit relationships margin trading business, but only allow securities companies to use its own funds and the freedom of securities in margin trading business in China during the pilot, so in the meantime, China is only the first layer of credit relationships. 4 short mechanism. Margin business, investors can borrow shares to sell, and so fell and then buy back the return of securities companies, so investors can also profit fell. The role of the margin - Margin, to play the role of price stability Perfect market system, the credit trading system can play the role of price stability, that is, when the market is excessive the speculative or Zuozhuang, result in a stock price soaring, investors can sell stock short selling, which share prices fall; Conversely, when a particular stock is undervalued, investors can buy shares through margin purchases, thus contributing to the price rise. 2, effectively alleviate the financial pressure of the market Financing channels for securities companies can now fund a variety of ways, and finance liberalization and bank funds into the market will take two steps. The stock market downturn, the fund such needs funds regulated institutions, not only to meet their urgent needs, will also have a pretty good return on investment. 3, to stimulate the active A-share market Margin trading business is conducive to active trading market, the-market stock funds amplification effect is also active in a way to stimulate the A-share market. 4, to improve broker living environment Margin business in addition to brokerage brought a lot of money in commission income and interest margin gains derived a lot of opportunities for product innovation, reduce costs and hedging and proprietary business possible. 5, multi-level securities market Margin system is the basis of the modern multi-level securities market, is also supporting policies to address the structural imbalance between supply and demand must appear in the new old. Margin trading and short-mechanism, stock index futures is supporting linked together, will be huge amplification effect as well as the size of funds and market risk. Credit transactions in the imperfect market system not only does not play the role of price stability, it will further exacerbate market volatility. Risk manifested in two aspects, the the First, overdrafts ratio is too large, and its loss will be doubled once fell; Second, when the market index to go bear credit trading will help down the role. [1] Margin trading - trading patterns American model, including securities companies in securities margin trading, margin trading and securities companies to customers refinancing of funds, securities, two aspects. The refinancing of credit concentration and dispersion of the points. The centralized credit model by specialized institutions, such as securities finance company; refinancing provided by the funds or securities in the financial markets in distributed mode. 1, the dispersion of credit mode. Investors to securities companies to apply the margin provided by the securities company directly to its credit. When securities companies, funds or stock; facility to the financial markets or through standard by getting the appropriate funds and stocks. This model is developed on the basis of the financial markets, there is no agency specializing in the financing of credit transactions. This model as the representative of the United States, the Hong Kong market has also adopted a similar pattern. Centralized credit mode. Brokerage margin for investors to set up a semi-official nature with certain monopolistic nature of the securities and financial companies for securities companies, funds and securities refinancing, in order to regulate the securities market of credit funds inflows and outflows and The amount of securities, flexible management, securities market credit trading activities. Japan, South Korea, represented by this model. 3, the two-track system of credit mode. Japan and South Korea mode in securities companies, only a portion has direct margin license the company can provide customers with margin trading services, then refinancing from securities finance companies. Securities companies without permission can only accept a client, agency client application for margin trading, securities and financial companies to complete the direct margin services. China Taiwan region represented by this model. The distinctive three modes, play an important role in the countries (regions) credit transactions. Choose what kind of credit trading patterns to the degree of development depends largely on the financial markets, financial institutions, risk awareness and internal control level factors. Of Securities credit trading patterns, the selection issue has basically formed a consensus, securities and financial companies led the centralized credit model should be taken as a transitional, specialized service provided to the brokerage margin, and strengthen supervision and control of credit transactions. [2] Margin - management mechanism Margin mode countries to establish a mechanism to control the various risks in credit transactions mainly from the following aspects. Securities qualification. The great difference of different quality and price volatility of the securities will have a direct impact on the level of risk of the credit transaction. The main criteria for selection of credit trading securities is less stock price volatility, liquidity is better, and therefore should choose the stability of the main business, less volatile industry, improve the corporate governance structure, the outstanding capital stock of the larger stock. Margin ratio. Margin ratio is the most important parameters affecting the securities margin trading level of credit expansion, including a proportion of the minimum initial margin and maintenance margin ratio of. The United States under the initial margin ratio of 50% financing to maintain 25% margin and maintenance margin ratio of margin trading, short selling of shares and different. Taiwan specified initial margin ratio of 50%, financing the maintenance margin ratio was 28.6%, short selling maintenance margin ratio of 28%. Expected that the proportion of China's initial margin will be determined to be 50%, the maintenance margin financing and securities lending ratio of about 30%. Limit margin management. The Taiwan model provides total brokerage margin investors should not exceed a certain limit of net capital provisions brokerage financing and securities lending limit on individual securities and their net capital ratio to provide brokerage financing and securities lending limit for a single customer its net capital ratio. Taiwan provides single securities companies the securities of a single financing should not be more than t0%, short selling should not be more than 5% of the customer's total margin can not exceed 250% of its capital. Single stock line of credit management system. Credit line management of stocks in order to prevent excessive margin stock and lead to an increased risk or manipulated. Reference to the experience of overseas markets, when a stock's margin amounted to 25% of its outstanding capital stock, the Exchange should stop financing to buy or short sale, when the ratio dropped to 18%. Below and then resumed trading, when short selling in excess of the amount of financing, margin trading should be stopped until the return to a balanced and then re-start trading. The impact of the margin - Positive impact First of all, you can provide investors with financing, will inevitably bring new funding increment to the stock market, it would be the stock market to generate a positive role in promoting. Secondly, the margin apparent active trading role, as well as improve the market's price discovery function. Financing transactions are the most active in the market, the most part, able to explore market opportunities on the market and reasonable pricing, rapid response information will play a catalytic role. Turnover of U.S. and European markets financing transactions accounted for about 18-20% of stock market transactions, the Taiwan market accounted for 40% and sometimes, therefore, the introduction of margin trading will have a great role in promoting active on the entire market. The introduction of short selling mechanism will change the original market unilateral market situation conducive to the market price discovery. Again, the introduction of margin trading provides investors with a new profit model. Financing so that investors can leveraging their investments, while short selling allows investors to achieve profitability when the market fell. This offer investors a new profit model. Negative impact First, the margin may have implications for help or increased market volatility. Second, it is possible to increase the systemic risk in the financial system. Brokerage income First, the introduction of margin trading will greatly improve the trading activity, so as to bring more brokerage income securities companies. According to international experience, the margin generally give a revenue growth of 30% -40% of the securities brokerage business. Second, margin trading business can also become an important business of securities companies. In the United States in 1980, all brokerage income, 13% from the interest income of the investor financing. Higher in Hong Kong and Taiwan, can reach more than 1/3 of the total income of the brokerage business. Of course, the comparison of the United States in 2003 and 1980, the securities company's revenue structure found financing interest income declined from 13% to 3% financing interest income is not necessarily enough lasting, known as the main source of income of the securities company. And if the establishment of specialized securities and financial companies with a certain monopoly, this part of the interest income may be more to the securities and financial companies, and securities companies refinancing can be obtained spreads will be relatively small. Margin system, only part of the securities company licensed to provide investors with margin trading, for qualified securities company, you can enjoy this new business earnings, but are not eligible securities companies may face the loss of customers, Therefore, the margin of the pilot and the gradual introduction of the Securities Brokerage will inevitably cause further concentrated. Margin - the margin launched course March 30, 2010: Shenzhen and Shanghai Stock Exchange informed the pilot margin trading was officially launched on March 31. January 8, 2010: The State Council has agreed in principle to set up pilot margin trading. October 31, 2008: Securities Regulatory Commission issued the securities business scope of approval Interim Provisions ". October 5, 2008: SFC announced the launch of a pilot margin trading. April 25, 2008: Supervision and Management Regulations "of securities companies, securities companies risk Disposal Ordinance introduced. On April 8, 2008: SFC securities firms risk control indicators management approach "to further regulate the securities outlets" (draft), "securities company branch regulatory requirements (for trial implementation)" open comments. September 5, 2006: "margin contract essential terms and conditions" and "margin trading risk disclosure statement Mandatory Provisions published. August 29, 2006: CSI Gordon released the "China Securities Depository and Clearing Corporation Limited pilot margin trading Registration and Settlement of the implementation details. August 21, 2006: "margin trading pilot implementation details released. June 30, 2006: SFC a securities company margin pilot management approach "(effective as of August 1, 2006). Margin - Operating Conditions Margin business processes, the speed and extent of the share price correction vote short sales may cause a panic, cause the market to follow suit and sell-off, which will make investors out of unwinding pressure rather than voluntary lighten up. Therefore, investors should try to avoid large-scale short sales should be especially careful, especially in a market downturn. 2, the the retail funds and bondholders amount of all relatively small, and therefore, under normal circumstances is only suitable for institutional investors based on the short sales of short motives; retail investors only adhere to long-term bearish stocks, or follow the trend of the broader market downstream when short selling short, but must be spotted stocks with the general trend, otherwise the risk would be greater. Fell process, investors hold stocks often deep-set, but lack of funds to cover their short positions to driving down the cost of ownership. 4, margin trading data can provide the market with the latest trends weathervane. When brokerage firms forced liquidation or off investors credit accounts, investors will lose the opportunity to return to profitability in the market rebound to recoup their losses. The margin - brokerage income First, the introduction of margin trading, will greatly enhance the trading activity, so as to bring more brokerage income securities companies. According to international experience, the margin generally give a revenue growth of 30% -40% of the securities brokerage business. Second, margin trading business can also become an important business of securities companies. In the United States in 1980, all brokerage income, 13% from the interest income of the investor financing. Higher in Hong Kong and Taiwan, can reach more than 1/3 of the total income of the brokerage business. Of course, comparing the United States in 1980 and 2003, the securities company's revenue structure can be found, financing interest income declined from 13% to 3% financing interest income is not necessarily enough lasting called a securities company's main source of income. And if the establishment of specialized securities and financial companies with a certain monopoly, this part of the interest income may be more to the securities and financial companies, and securities companies refinancing can be obtained spreads will be relatively small. Margin institutional arrangements, financing interest income will be relatively limited, but in any case, within the margin trading in China has just introduced a considerable period of time, will give the securities company to provide a new revenue channels. China is likely to draw on the two-track mode, the only part of the securities company licensed to provide investors with margin for qualified securities company, you can enjoy this new business earnings but are not eligible Securities companies may face the loss of customers and, therefore, the pilot of the margin and gradually introduced to further focus will inevitably result in the Securities Brokerage. Margin - instance interpretation If investors to finance its investment in the margin of 5,000 yuan, the investors from financial brokerage office was 10,000 yuan. Thus, the investors financing after the total market value of $ 1.5 million. If investors want to short selling, the existing act as the market value of the securities margin of 5,000 yuan. Then the market value of the securities, the investors can melt was 10,000 yuan, the total market value after the short selling 1.5 million. Loss more margin calls Provisions margin ratio, the Shenzhen Stock Exchange also requires customers to maintain a guaranteed 130%. Instances of interpretation: Prevail in the previous example, customer margin, market capitalization of $ 1.5 million, if one day the total decrease in the market value (ie financial funds or securities market value of 130%) of the 1.3 million, the broker will require additional margin, or forced liquidation. .撤消修改

Matthew Effect

2012-09-08T04:16:00.002-07:00

Matthew Effect (Matthew Effect), refers to the strong stronger and the weak weaker phenomenon, widely used in many fields of social psychology, education, finance, and science. Its name from the Bible New Testament · Matthew in a parable: "Where some, but also add to him called him redundant;, even what he has will be taken away from him." Matthew Effect " inconsistent with the balance at the "Pareto rule" similar, is important to the natural law. Edit Summary Economic demon Matthew effect unique conditions for growth and expansion of the large state-owned enterprises, private enterprises difficult growth probability and difficulty squeeze into the upper classes of society, while the labor force living in the lowest stratum of society in their offspring also very large. Add to shortlist Directory 1 Introduction 2 Source 3 social phenomenon 4 expansion 5 Application 1 Introduction 2 Source 3 social phenomenon 4 expansion 5 Application 5.1 Economics 5.2 Social Psychology 5.3 Organic Chemistry 5.4 Library and Information Science Matthew Effect - Introduction Matthew Effect Matthew Effect (Matthew Effect), the better is good, bad worse and worse, and much more, less and less of a phenomenon. The name comes from a parable in the Bible, Matthew ". Twenty-five chapters of the Bible and the New Testament, "Matthew says so:" Where hath, to him told him to excess; not, even what he has will be taken from him. " In 1968, the history of science researcher Robert Morton (Robert K. Merton) proposed the term used to generalize a social psychological phenomenon: "relative to those unknown researchers, prominent scientists usually get more prestige their achievements are similar, the same way, in the same project, the reputation is usually given to those who are already well-known researchers, for example, an award almost always granted to the most senior researchers, even if all the work is completed a graduate student. ' Robert Morton summarized the "Matthew Effect": any individual, group, or region, once a (eg, money, fame, status, etc.) to obtain success and progress, it will produce an accumulation of advantage, there will be more many opportunities to achieve greater success and progress. Borrow this term economic circles, unfair income distribution reflects the poor poorer and the rich richer, winner-take-all economics. Often borrow the term social psychology. Matthew Effect - sources Matthew effect Matthew effect the name from a parable in the Bible New Testament · Matthew. Bible in Matthew Chapter XXV by so few words: "Where some, but also gave him told him to excess; does not have, even what he has will be taken away." 1968 history of science researchers Morton a social psychological phenomenon summarized with this sentence: "already considerable reputation of scientists to make scientific contributions to give honor more and more, not for those who are not well-known scientists admit that they achievements. "Morton will this social psychological phenomenon named" Matthew Effect ". Matthew effect reveals a growing demand for personal and enterprise resource principles related to personal success and a happy life, so it is an important principle of the impact of corporate development and personal success. Matthew Effect - social phenomenon Matthew "Matthew Effect" is widespread in the social and economic sphere, for example, international trends between regions mainly two different perspectives: a convergence hypothesis of neoclassical growth theory. The hypothesis that, due to the law of diminishing returns of capital, when the developed regions of the diminishing returns of capital, capital will flow yet to diminishing returns in the less developed regions, the developed areas of growth has slowed, while the less developed regions growth accelerated, eventually leading to the degree of convergence of the two types of areas developed. Another view is that, when taking into account the system, human resources, and other factors, often there will be a different result, and presents the "Matthew Effect" Development divergence "between developed areas and underdeveloped areas. In another example, the talent crisis is a world phenomenon, talent possession "Matthew Effect" will become more apparent: possession of more talent, more attractive for talent;, in turn, more recognized talent scarcity. In addition, the "Matthew effect" exists in the scientific and academic research, more research is often the more famous, the more the more famous people results, the last academic authority. Matthew Effect - Extended Matthew effect in 1968, the history of science researcher Robert Morton (Robert K · Merton) for the first time with the "Matthew Effect" to describe this social psychological phenomenon. "The honor given to the contribution to the already considerable reputation of scientists more and more, and for those who are not well-known scientists refused to recognize their achievements." Social psychologists believe that the "Matthew Effect" is both negative role and a positive role in the social psychological phenomenon. Its negative role: celebrities not famous dry out the same results, the former often superiors praise, the reporter interviews, ask for advice and visitors followed various Laurel also pick a one floated, the results tend to make the some people because there is no clear self-understanding and no sensible attitude and grown arrogant or somersault on the road of life; latter nobody cares, or even suffer blame and jealousy. Positive role: First, you can prevent the premature recognition of those not mature results or premature to accept the seemingly correct results; Second, the "Matthew effect" arising from "honor append" and "Honor lifelong "and other phenomena, a huge attraction nameless, promote nameless to struggle, and this struggle must have celebrity was well ahead of past achievements to aspire to honor. [1] "Matthew Effect" is widespread in society. In particular, is a widespread phenomenon in the economic field: Hengqiang weak constant weak, or that the winner-take-all. Matthew Effect - Applications Economics Reflect the unequal distribution of income in the poor become poorer and the rich richer, and the winner-take-all economics phenomenon. Social Psychology The long-term Matthew Effect in education is the use of psychologist Keith of Stano Wick (Keith E. Stanovich), he was widely done a study of reading skills and language disability. Stano Wake term "Matthew effect" to describe the early success to obtain the ability to read, this phenomenon usually lead to success as learners Adult Should no reading can be obtained in the first three years or four years ability, may cause long-term, difficult to learn different new skills. The backward children start reading, but also will increase the gap between them and their peers. Later, when the students need to "reading to learn" (which, before learning to read), their reading difficulties caused by the problem of learning most other subjects. In this way, their knowledge and abilities will gradually decline and further behind academic the decline increased more than their peers. The higher the students' ability to read, the faster growth of vocabulary and knowledge of the world, the more the results to further enhance the ability to read, both benign cycle; lower the ability to read, the slower growth of vocabulary and knowledge of the world, the less This result is further impeded the development of reading ability, both vicious cycle. Thus, a high reading ability of children, children with low reading skills, language proficiency, knowledge of the world smart performance, the difference is only increasing, the poor become poorer and the rich richer, and always beyond repair . Therefore, if the teachers and parents of backward children hold a wait-and-see, this idea is unrealistic to expect their reading ability increased with age naturally in time. Organic Chemistry A famous textbook of organic chemistry, "Louis Fischer (LF Fieser) and Mary Fischer (M. Fieser): Organic Chemistry Introduction" (Introduction to Oganic Chemistry, Boston: Heath, 1957) "mentioned: plug Norio (Saytzeff, 1875), empirical rules, dehydration of alcohol, hydrogen will first be separated from the adjacent carbon atoms, hydrogen more scarce. "with a note in the discussion of this law: Matthew Chapter 25, 29, ... 'not even he has will be taken away from him.' ", apparently Matthew not only exist in human behavior and social processes being. Library and Information Science Matthew Effect helps to improve the scientific achievements of prominent scientists visibility. "Matthew Effect" information generation and distribution in the generation, transmission and use of social information flow process, information and related factors often show obvious trends in the core and centralized orientation, as few publishers become the authority of certain types of books publishing institutions (core), one of the few scientific journals published a large number of papers on the subject areas and become the core journals in the field, to become a certain minority of (information producers) written up, the highest rate of The core of the field; handful of sites focused on a large number of users, the transfer function is strong vocabulary is often selected; 80% of the citations in the SCI concentrated in the 15% to 20% of the journals phenomenon. Journal work as a social activity, by the domination and control of the Matthew effect, mainly as follows: 1, the high-yielding authors appear ─ ─ papers concentrate on the trend; 2, the formation of the core publications the ─ ─ literature concentrated trends; Of distribution uneven ─ ─ of central tendency; 4, the papers accelerate the aging-time central tendency. Matthew central tendency journals, so that information concentrated, focused, information reduced the waste of resources, the formation mechanism of competition between the publication conducive to the readers as soon as possible to obtain the required information accurately. To suppress but do not need or excessive accumulation of advantage, to pay sufficient attention given to papers with original ideas at odds with the traditional view of young research scientist, to overcome the negative effects of celebrity, should also be careful of excellent papers distributed unevenly caused by the outflow of and the impact of China's scientific research work.撤消修改

Crop Circles

2012-09-07T05:59:00.003-07:00

Crop Circles (Crop circle) in the wheat fields or other farmland, through some kind of force to crops flatten produce geometric patterns. This phenomenon began in the late 1970s, public attention. Currently, many crop circles events or expose for someone deliberately made to pleasure or solicit tourists. The only crop crop circles "smooth collapsed" as well as plant stem nodes charred traces is not human can do flatten MIT students tried to replicate this phenomenon with a homemade device reverse but still failed to reach still does not explain the phenomenon of what equipment or practices can be achieved. This point is also the main evidence of extraterrestrial support commentators foundation.DirectoryDefinitionPhenomenon ProfileSaid magnetic field causesTornado saidExtraterrestrial manufacture saidNotice saidArtificial sayHigh-frequency radiation saidOther conjectureThe main features ofHistorical dataGenerationCracking attemptHuman suspenseTypical cycle of jellyfish-shaped vicious circleThe Phoenix Nirvana shape vicious circleDesert vicious circleThe Indonesian first is the "crop circles"Crop Circles - Crop Circles Mystery has 365 years of historyThe title trackCrop Circles coordinatesExpand the definition ofPhenomenon ProfileSaid magnetic field causesTornado saidExtraterrestrial manufacture saidNotice saidArtificial sayHigh-frequency radiation saidOther conjectureThe main features ofHistorical dataGenerationCracking attemptHuman suspenseTypical cycle of jellyfish-shaped vicious circleThe Phoenix Nirvana shape vicious circleDesert vicious circleThe Indonesian first is the "crop circles"Crop Circles - Crop Circles Mystery has 365 years of historyThe title trackCrop Circles coordinatesExpand Edit this paragraph the definition of crop circles in wheat fields or other farmland, through some kind of force to flatten the crop to produce geometric patterns. Introduction to edit this paragraph phenomenon occurred mainly in Europe and North America, the United Kingdom's Stonehenge (Stonehenge), the English hill figures (British hill Figure: horse graphics), West Kennet Long Barrow (of West Kennet Nagatsuka) monuments often found in crops pastoral. This phenomenon began in the late 1970s, public attention. Currently, many crop circles events or expose someone deliberately manufactured to fun or solicitation tourists, some manufacturers advertising, the creation of the artist, and also suggested that because the south of England, the groundwater contains more caused natural phenomenon is a pseudo-science. Supernatural aliens support commentators have suggested that the crop circles in the plant stem nodes charred traces is not a human can do flatten, Massachusetts Institute of Technology students have tried to replicate this phenomenon with a homemade device reverse speculated internode rupture of the water due to the relationship between the microwave, but still failed to reach, so under the plant dehydration can not continue to grow, sometimes found near the crop circles that there will be the size of football ball of light appeared, and the Royal Air Force will be deployed The combat capability of the helicopter at low altitude to follow, but the military refused to respond to why flying at low altitude near the crop circles. Skeptics argue that all the crop circle phenomenon can explain, for example, traces of charred plant stem nodes, because to be artificially bending, one side of the growth rate of more than the other side, the internal gas pressure is too large, from stem Festival at the explosion, sometimes caused due to dry and hot combustion becomes charred. 1991 two elderly retirees, crop circles in the hundreds of years ago, claiming they manufactured to prank; but they made crop circles does not meet the researchers identified wheat unbroken contains electromagnetic wave conditions, especially when they have declared themselves no longer continue to create crop circles, so far there are more and more graphic increasingly more complicated crop circles continue emerging, even if the crop circles found under the rain, but the crop is not because of the mud and leave a footprint, never been any indication that walked in the above line. Inside crop circles, according to the latest test wheat straw lodging unable electricity storage, electromagnetic fields rather than the outside of the circle wheat fields weak; Some crop circles radiation reaction is caused due to soil containing potassium 40, and this natural Radiation is a very common phenomenon. Crop circle design contest has been released, the team overnight to suppress amazing huge crop circles. Another scientific community was invited to five hours, the pressing of the very large and complex crop circle pattern, and the National Geographic Channel's "anecdote Big Secret" series broadcast. This experiment lasted five hours, but failed to explain why many crop circles, but often in less than half an hour in the dark light conditions, the sudden formation contains extremely complex geometry of the large number of giant totem. Edit this paragraph causes regrettable that 30 years, the scientific community on how the circles are formed there has been controversy about the causes, there are five main argument. The world a variety of views about the causes of the vicious circle.Magnetic field saidSome experts believe that an amazing mobile force, the magnetic field can generate an electric current, so that the crop "lying on the ground. Jeffrey Wilson, U.S. experts studied more than 130 crop circles, found that 90% of the cycle has connections in the vicinity of high-voltage wire and the transformer within a radius of 270 meters, has a pool. Accepted that the release of the soil at the bottom of the irrigation, wheat ion will produce a negative electric transformer and connected to the high-voltage wire is generated positively charged, negative electricity and electropositive collision will generate electromagnetic energy, thus the knockdown wheat forming circles.Tornado saidFrom the relevant records, crop circles appear most of the season in the spring and summer, some people think, the summer weather is changeable, the tornado is the main reason causing the vicious circle. Many crop circles appear in the hillside from the Hill sixty-seven km, this place is very easy to form a tornado.Extraterrestrial manufacture said
Crop CirclesMany people believe that most of the crop circles formed overnight, is likely to be the masterpiece of alien. It is said that many crop circles also occur UFO. Therefore, some people think that crop circles are the marks left by the body of intelligent life outside Earth, Earth humans to digest these messages to the same high wisdom; others think is the singular force in the Earth's people want to communicate through crop circles days. In fact, for the formation of the mysterious crop circles, the various types of scientists are trying to explain: Meteorologists estimate that this could be caused by the cyclone or lightning, said the geographer is strata under some kind of magnetic field caused by the more some people think this is completely human mischief, all of these explanations, however, are difficult to convince. Farmers in the UK can be traced to several generations ago, a simple circle pattern has emerged in a cornfield. British media first reported in the early 1980s, the these wheat fields mysterious circle pattern. To the crop circles in the 1990s shocked people around the world, because these mysterious circle pattern from simple graphics into a huge area, full of profound and complex geometry beautiful patterns! Crop Circle is a global phenomenon, an incredible number of new annual pattern around smoke. The whole world's attention is concentrated in the south of England, the largest number here, and also close to the remains of ancient civilizations such as: Stonehenge, Avebury (UK Wiltshire village near spherical chalk stone pit walls and other the Neolithic relics) and Silbury Hill (Europe's largest prehistoric man-made mountain). Although these mysterious circle pattern has long been all kinds of production, or to say, but now do not have a strong and complete explanation of these circle pattern in the end how to appear? However, more convincing evidence: Catcher mysterious circle pattern appears, photographed real video segment. The picture shows several mysterious small ball of light or white in a cornfield! Many of these mysterious ball of light in which a multi-segment video; also appear in some daylight shooting, a clear picture of the video. These mysterious light balls the presentation rules direction and wisdom mobile Obviously, you allow us to mysterious ball of light and associate crop circles? The Catcher in the plant samples can also be used for scientific laboratory. This work by the American biologist Dr William Levengood. He pointed out that the a similar microwave energy effect may be one of the reasons for the formation of crop circles. The mysterious Catcher circle investigating officers were asked to use creativity and imagination in research work. Some meditation applied test patterns of light and music, crop circles seems to be interrelated with human brain waves. These patterns sure to let us know that we are to survive in the world beyond our imagination and complexity. Some people say that England and downs rolling fields where most magical forces, because there are many puzzling phenomenon: The more famous is the mysterious "crop circles". It is said that the first "crop circles" is found in England in 1647. The original uniform of wheat fields, overnight turned into a giant geometric drawings. Since most of the "vicious circle" overnight formation, but also a very large area, so at first a lot of people think that it is a masterpiece of alien residents a Contact them on Earth. Present in the world each year about 250 different patterns cycle, especially in the south of England, circle phenomenon is endless.Notice saidSome people believe that the kind of mysterious force behind the crop circles, like the Bermuda Triangle. According to this speculation, some people believe that crop circles are a "disaster trailer.Artificial sayA considerable number of people believe that the so-called crop circles are just some prank. British scientist Andrew after 17 years of research, 80% of man-made crop circles. After an investigation, found that most of the prank of some people, but the people are still keen on this this cherished great curiosity. However, shortly after the wheat fields near the Chilbolton Observatory in Hampshire, England again found two patterns, one of which is a face shape, a lot of people say that the image much like the film and television aliens. Arecibo amended in November 1974 to the M13 globular nebula emission pattern. Frequent crop circles become front-page news, and it is these characteristics so that the cycle of doubt the. If it is man-made, and how these phenomena can explain it? Numeral 6 is the key. Professor Guo has been concerned about the the foreign crop circles research progress, he believes that the crop circles are a masterpiece of manufacturing in the dark under the cover of some artists. These people usually choose the shape is not the latest computer graphics software manufacturing results, drafted a design they like and earlier in the day. Secret tools of these artists than one would expect, complex instrument, but simply with the feet of rope, wood and surveyors. Helicopter infrared camera has taken over the production of the crop circles to describe this process, Professor Guo told reporters. Manufacturer holding a tool into the wheat field, I remember the first feature of the crop circles? (No PhysAtlas of Crop Circles (1) ical Evidence), it is not an absolute fact, check carefully you can find the footprints. Usually underground is very hard to follow the path, little footprints will be left, and the manufacturer will say is caused by subsequent visitors, they can always be justified. Channel into the wheat field crops trails. These trails go farmer used to transport, fertilization and harvest field trail. Maker arrived in the wheat fields within a pre-determined location, one of them standing in the center point, another man began to draw the first circle, no nail any mark in the ground, because they do not leave marks. After the completion of the first circle, a bunch of wheat will not flatten, but as the center point for all future measurements to do according to this position. Afraid of being heard, they cypher Contact. At this time, manufacturers began to use homemade wood flatten crops, manufacturing curved pattern. Planks have a different size, each block of wood with holes at both ends, so that the rope passes through. Each team member pulled the rope has been running forward, wherever wheat is flattened the Catcher in shape so quietly changed as the shape of the design. The size of this wood created a complex weave pattern (Complex Woven Patterns). However, all crop circles are produced according to geometric principles it? (Secred Geometry) Professor Guo said, those artists who acknowledged no interest in the manufacture of simple geometric patterns, the key is the orbit (Fram, Lines). Geometry is an important number in the detectors, it is not difficult to find a detail, the main shape of all the diameter of the circle can be divisible by 6. The law of this operation proved why crop circles can always form a symmetrical pattern. Ridiculous, why these people want to create crop circles? Professor Guo said: "Over the years, those vicious circle maker super feeling has always been interested in them engaged in a wide range of programs, including art and photography. They gradually become hidden artists by traditional artists, partner to create crop circles, because they think crop circles of the United States is an act of artistic expression. grotesquerie often appear near their home, but no reasonable explanation of how to manufacture, they finally decided to see if the human can do. they were not disappointed, in a few hours to complete the pattern did not leave any evidence of a crime. recent magnetic field, said Professor Guo that untrusted "If you do not prove that crop circles are all fake, also said that the establishment does not mean that the magnetic field. Will not have a large enough magnetic field energy to produce a big crop circles, at the same time, the magnetic field can not cause crop circles form geometric patterns. The crop circles trick speculation pursuit of miracle. "White crow actions are humans first organized the arrest of crop circle makers! 20 years ago (June 1989), the the white crow action began. Humans for the first time organized the" arrest "crop circles the manufacturer of the action! than a week's time, dozens of people, 24 hours a day monitoring the wheat fields ... The following is a report of Colin Andrews, one of the initiators of this action: the white crow Action (Operation White Crow) is the first times organized monitoring the actions of the crop circles, I (Colin Andrews), Pat Delgado and Busty Taylor personal planning and launching of the reason why we decided to initiate this action would like to know if we are lucky enough to have witnessed Catcher white crow action occurred during in the wheat fields over whiteCircle formation. The operation duration of 10 days. We have a box-type car, as the command center, parked in a wheat field near an observation point. Car with low brightness and high-definition photographic equipment. Our research team consists of 25 people. At least four people in a group, the 24-hour observation Catcher. In the vicinity have repeatedly crop circles, but during the action of the white crow does not capture the new formation of crop circles. However, over the wheat fields at night, but we take some exception light. The light is white crow action observers watched for a few minutes. Photo by David Stuart with high-speed 35mm film photographed this light is also a low brightness camera capture to. This year is the 21 anniversary of the White Crow action, the mystery of the crop circles are attracting more people to join the team to search for the truth.High-frequency radiation saidThe Russian Geological Association members Smirnov is determined to unravel this mystery. Smirnov from Catcher in picking up some buckwheat stalks and put them back in their own laboratories. Buckwheat stalk into the microwave oven, and then add a cup of water, 600-watt high-frequency radiation, after 12 seconds, buckwheat stalks strange change all test straw bending at the knots, the fields of its shape pottery Liyadimai of lodging straw. Smirnov therefore draw the inference, Togliatti wheat fields must be subject to high-frequency radiation, but where the high-frequency radiation? Smirnov, perhaps from a change in the magnetic field of the Earth's interior. Individuals making crop circlesThe experts of the Russian Institute of Electrical Engineering Al Aliyev view and Smirnov opposite, he believes that the high-frequency radiation from lightning. Al Aliyev said, the high-frequency radiation herb regularity lodging is not rare, 50 years ago, they have done this thing on the college lawn. Year, Alcatel Aliyev together with two young assistants in the college lawn test frequency equipment, when the high-voltage cables hanging over the lawn when it is turned on, the cable beneath the lawn immediately was fall in a clockwise direction, forming a extremely regular circle. Al Aliyev explained, when the cable is energized, the lawn is electromagnetic, and the lawn is equivalent to the stator in the motor, and the cable is the rotor, the effect of the electromagnetic torque, a lawn grass will be distorted. Alcatel will Aliyev that the electromagnetic phenomena generated by the cable equivalent artificial lightning natural lightning is more wonderful, it will produce a more complex electromagnetic field and, therefore, can draw more wonderful patterns. Formation about the mysterious phenomenon of crop circles, Alcatel Aliyev Smirnov two scholars view seemed convincing, however, even if the wheat circle the phenomenon of high-frequency radiation, but the two have not confirmed , high-frequency radiation from geomagnetic phenomena? Or sky lightning?Other conjecture1. Outer space particle beam or energy beam hit caused. Seven Wonders of Nature is the largest manufacturer, in a short period of time to create so much rules masterpiece without being aware of the possibility of artificially created very low; another vicious circle Earth at the energy band and the plants and soil variability characteristics can be judged is not caused by mechanical means, and the greatest possibility of hitting caused by outer space flying particle beam or ray beam. In summary, the vicious circle is likely the divergence hit caused by the Earth's magnetic field energy beam from outer space.2. British World War II documents that "crop circles" as a Nazi agents across the UK over the mysterious "crop circles", 20, "the Daily Express reported, mysterious, its causes is still an unsolved mystery, Some people even think it is a masterpiece of aliens. The number of the latest decryption of Military Intelligence (MI5) World War II file draw amazing point of view: "Crop Circles" was first Nazi secret agents inventions, which is intended to provide for the bombers of the Luftwaffe aerial bombs or paratroopers landed mark. This amazing secret smell is disclosed in the documents of the Second World War from the British National Archives released the latest batch of the Security Service (MI5). The document said that during World War II, began a large number of unknown origin in the south of England, the wheat fields and corn, ground signs. The report entitled "the ground markings survey Case files show that in May 1940, the pilot found that North Newquay, Cornwall, the ground had a strange mark, and photographed. Photo study found that those marks are stacked according to the laws made by the agricultural lime. Scotia county region, Mongolia spear cornfield in May 1941, an unusual mark, about 30 meters long, like a capital letter 'G'. In October 1943, near Kent, the pilot saw a huge white circle on the ground. According to reports, the "ground signs of unexplained, so that British intelligence in the war was in its guard. The documents released, said David Petrie was appointed MI5 competent in 1941, when he was ordered to investigate. Allegedly, in order to find out the truth, MI5 not only make unannounced visits to a number of the UK over the farmer and Air Force officials, and close cooperation with allies investigation. MI5 shocked, almost at the same time, all over Europe, emerging like mysterious signs. File writes: "Poland, the Netherlands, France and Belgium are continuing reports that local found a strange mark - such as brushing the roof of the special color, white chimney or linen spell out a special pattern." The most MI5 investigators shocked Poland Allied, said that there had been a large Polish "about 20 meters in diameter," cut down cornfield. The declassified documents show that, after careful investigation, MI5 finally concluded: These appear in the UK and across Europe, the so-called "crop circles", "masterpiece" of the Nazi secret agents. Them is likely to be the Nazi Germans interrelated way, used as bombers and paratroopers navigation. The document said: 'Crop Circles' is likely hidden in an encrypted information, and easily observed from the air, which is what the Nazis as a communication tool important reason. "Edit the main features of this paragraph (1) circle majority formed in the night, usually midnight to 4 am, forming at an alarming rate. Catcher the near not find any traces left by people, animals or machinery, no one witnessed the circle pattern generation process. Animals away from the scene, crop circles appear disoriented behavior. ⑵ near the crop circles often appear the unknown bright or abnormal sound. ⑶ graphics absolutely accurate calculation painting, often apply a very complex geometry, or golden section. Crop circles span of over 180 meters, bigger than a football field. The most complex crop circle a total of more than 400 yen, which is known as the mother of the mother of the crop circles crop circles⑷ crops according to a certain direction, dumping rules like a spiral or straight, sometimes layered weaving, and up to five layers, but each of them the crop still like exquisite arrangements generally orderly. Body bold ⑸ stalk of wheat and extends outward, stalk puncture deformation germ broken or stepped on, and people are obviously different. ⑹ the straw bent position carbon molecular structure by magnetic fields affect abnormal, but turned out to be able to continue normal growth. The growth rate is faster than the wheat does not overwhelm. Flowering period of the crop, if the formation of crop circles, not seed. Mature wheat crop circles formed, leaving the fruit mutate smaller. ⑺ circle like drying mud containing non-natural radioactive isotopes of trace amounts of radiation, radiation-enhanced three times. Soil ⑻ crop circles have the many magnetic PELLETS multiple magnetic fine particles of 10 to 50 microns in diameter, but only under a microscope to see. IR Blaster ⑼ graphics inside and outside. ⑽ mostly in the Earth's magnetic field energy bands. Electromagnetic field weakened, compass, phone, battery, camera, car and even power stations disorders. Edit this paragraph history data of the first crop circles found in England in 1647, when people do not know this is how it is, and do a carving in the vicious circle. Pair of carved when people speculate on the causes of crop circles, crop circles at the time was counterclockwise. Crop circles appear often in the spring and summer, and throughout the world, the United States, Australia, Europe, South America, Asia, everywhere. In fact, only South Africa, a country in the world, there is no crop circles [1]. Up to now, the world each year about 250 crop circles, the pattern is different. Illustration old books found in 1678 found that the first crop circles. Reaper devil painting a devil handheld sickle Catcher in round figures, as the 17th century, there is evidence of the vicious circle of this diagram. But illustrations show the devil does not let the wheat bent, but cut off a little bit different with crop circles. Since the early 1980s, there have been more than 2000 of this circle appears in the farmland around the world, so that scientists and a large number of self-proclaimed farmland vicious circle of experts puzzled. At first these circles almost exclusively in British Wade County and Hampshire, but in recent years, many regions in the United Kingdom as well as Canada, Japan, more than a dozen countries, some people find this circle. This circle is growing more and more complex, and gradually evolved into the geometry, the British astrophysicist called "alien sent to earth person pictograph", for example: May 1990 month, Hampshire, UK Ashton town a wheat field on a circle 20 meters in diameter, the circle of wheat a clockwise spiral pattern. It around six meters in diameter and four "satellite" circle spiral circle counterclockwise direction. July 17th, 1991, a British helicopter pilots flying over the wheat fields in Swinton near Babri Castle, was surprised to find a equilateral triangle on the wheat fields, bilateral large circle within the triangle, the other every corner, each with a small circle. July 30, 1991, the Wade County Locke Proscar town near a farmland there has been a weird fish-shaped pattern, and another seven similar pattern appears in the area within the next month. However, most of the world was shocked is found on July 12, 1990 in the British Wade County 名叫阿尔顿巴 Nice small village farmland vicious circle. 10,000 people visited the farmland vicious circle, including a number of scientists. This huge graphic is 120 meters long, by a subsidiary of the circle and claw-like graphics, several astrophysicist visited published their own feelings, they think: this cycle is definitely not man-made, is likely to be from outer space. Seen a UFO photos scientists think that the spiral pattern of wheat fell to the ground like rolling across formed by a UFO. June 4, 1991, six scientists, led by Mike Cali and David Morgan Johnstown command station waiting in the top of the hill of the the British Weed the county Diweisesi town near Morgan Hill, watching a row TV screen, hoping to record a process has never been recorded to great expectations: After the formation of the farmland vicious circle. The probe team is equipped with £ 100,000 worth of high-tech night observation equipment, video recorders, and a directional microphone. Them with an arm of the 21-meter-long "days Leveraged television cameras, so they can have a broad perspective. They chose to scout the area, because this area has become the object of study of other research staff of farmland vicious circle, within just a few months, the band frequently appeared farmland vicious circle of more than a dozen different sizes, causing researchers interest. They are waiting for more than 20 days, the screen What unusual thing did not see, in the early morning hours of June 29, a group of researchers are monitoring that wheat just above fog landing in. Although invisible mist, but continue to let the camera is switched on. 6 o'clock in the morning, the fog began to dissipate, the two singular circle out there in the wheat fields. The six researchers amazed, immediately ran down the mountain to look closely, found wheat in two circles inside completely flatten and become fully clockwise vortex shape. The straw bent, but not broken, outside the circle of wheat slightest unaffected. In order to prevent someone trickery, the probe team has possession on the edge of a wheat field with ultra-sensitive motion detectors. Anything after their infrared one, will touch the alarm, but the sirens all night have not rung. No There have been signs of entering the Catcher in the wheat fields muddy ground. Audio and video tapes did not record any clues, the two circles seems dubious origin. Pat Delgado is a meteorologist and geologist, from 1981 onwards, he began to study the farmland vicious circle. He believed that these circles is "some science has failed to explain the Earth's energy manufacturing. Like the Bermuda Triangle frequent occurrence wonders. He has recorded many circle "incredible event". Originally functioning cameras, radios and other electronic devices into the circle after sudden failure. He had recorded several circle to a strange humming sound, which he described as "electronic sparrow sound. One day in summer 1989, Delgado and six friends sat in the center of a town near the city of Winchester, UK farmland vicious circle. "Abruptly, I completely Shenbuyouyi, by some mysterious force pushing taxiing six meters out of the outside of the circle." He believes that this power is likely to be associated with the Earth's magnetic poles.Since the 1980s, the British "meteorology magazine editor, retired physics Professor Terrence medon, scrutiny over 1000 farmland vicious circle, and statistics on over 2000 cycle of preparation, hoping to find the explanation consistent with the scientific now, he may have found the answer. He believes that the real farmland circles are caused by a mass of rotating air and charged. This mass of air is called "plasma vortex", is formed by a slight atmospheric disturbances - such as wind - blowing the hill. "The wind rapidly burst into the still air of the hill on the other side, resulting in a spiral moving air column," he explained, "Then, air and electricity being sucked into the rotating air flow, forming a small whirlwind when the vortex it touches the ground, it will crop flatten the spiral pattern farmland. "To support their argument, medon have collected about the vortex manufacturing farmland vicious circle of eyewitness reports. For example: May 17, 1990, farmer Gary Tang Linsheng and his wife, Wei Wenli British Surrey Han Bouton town on a wheat field along the path walk. Then, abruptly, a mist floated from an approximately 100-meter-high hill, and after a few seconds, they feel intense cyclone with shares pushed from the side and above them. Like Taishanyading pressed against them, so that the two hair stood on end. Later, the whirlwind seems divided into two shares, and the fog then zigzag to drift away, leaving both of them stood in a 3-meter-wide wheat fields inside the circle. But, medon argument may only explain simple farmland cycle of complex How to explain it? Whirlwind will never blow out the key-shaped and heart-shaped. August 13, 1991, the United Kingdom Cambridgeshire a remote wheat fields there has been a huge heart-shaped pattern. There is an argument that the vicious circle of farmland is a product of the mind, one day in August 1991, an engineer, and his wife has a sixth sense starting driving home along the A34 from Oxford City, he said to his wife: "I really hope we can find out for yourself a farmland vicious circle." then just off the mouth they found in the street near field of a dumbbell-shaped farmland circle. But has yet to find a second example. Books about this phenomenon, has published nearly 20 species addition keen on farmland vicious circle can also buy the videotapes of these graphics, color photographs, postcards and keychains etc.. But from a scientific standpoint, farmland circle phenomenon has yet to get a satisfactory explanation, and UFO perhaps facing the scientists had to overcome a challenge! Edit this paragraph Generation of British Crop CirclesEach year, the world will be newly discovered thousands of crop circles, most of which is in the United Kingdom, the experts think that this is the decision by Britain's geographical features. Therefore, every summer, there is always a large number of researchers came to England to study work. You know, there are tens of thousands of people around the world in efforts to unravel the mystery of nature! The mysterious circle pattern, and true around the world Catcher; they who produce or how to produce it? Also no one knows the answer. Farmers in the UK can be traced to several generations ago, a simple circle pattern has emerged in a cornfield. British media first reported in the early 1980s, the these wheat fields mysterious circle pattern. To the crop circles in the 1990s shocked people around the world, because these mysterious circle pattern from simple graphics into a huge area, full of profound and complex geometry beautiful patterns! Crop Circle is a global phenomenon, an incredible number of new annual pattern around smoke. The whole world's attention is concentrated in the south of England, the largest number here, and also close to the remains of ancient civilizations such as: Stonehenge, Avebury (UK Wiltshire village near spherical chalk stone pit walls and other the Neolithic relics) and Silbury Hill (Europe's largest prehistoric man-made mountain). Although these mysterious circle pattern has long been all kinds of production, or to say, but now do not have a strong and complete explanation of these circle pattern in the end how to appear? However, more convincing evidence: Catcher mysterious circle pattern appears, photographed real video segment. The picture shows several mysterious small ball of light or white in a cornfield! Many of these mysterious ball of light in which a multi-segment video; also appear in some daylight shooting, a clear picture of the video. These mysterious light balls the presentation rules direction and wisdom mobile Obviously, you allow us to mysterious ball of light and associate crop circles? The Catcher in the plant samples can also be used for scientific laboratory. This work by the American biologist Dr William Levengood. He pointed out that the a similar microwave energy effect may be one of the reasons for the formation of crop circles. The mysterious Catcher circle investigating officers were asked to use creativity and imagination in research work. Some meditation applied test patterns of light and music, crop circles seems to be interrelated with human brain waves. These patterns sure to let us know that we are to survive in the world beyond our imagination and complexity. April to August, Britain's The Catcher will appear mysterious circle pattern. Friendly express and share this fascinating and mysterious phenomenon. Because the recent hit movie in the United States "Tensel, crop circles once again become a hot topic. Since the 1980s, after another bizarre crop circles appear around the world, It is said that every summer to autumn season is the crop circles appear the peak of it. Currently, various places around the world such as the United States, Japan, New Zealand, Canada, France, the Netherlands estimated runes has thousands of crop circles appear. Crop circle patterns are complex and esoteric, with only a few laps from the initial pattern, to late complex criss-cross, with occasional spider web, from time to time but up to 180 meters long tail scorpion, more than 100 meters in diameter flower-shaped, or even a large car, as well as geometric patterns, the galaxies of the universe, the ancient text and even hepatitis, bacterial pattern, meaning quite puzzling. Strange crop circle patterns are symmetrical to each other, and raises questions about whom such a large measure of the equipment can be made in one night a few feet of the stadium-like crop circles. European average every year several crop circles Report, more famous Stonehenge in the United Kingdom and some other ancient monuments, tombs nearby, do the crop circles preferences? Baffling, crop circles and more appear in the middle of the night to four o'clock in the mature wheat. Many scientists have to take a look at the wheat crop circles, level, neatly off the ground about a half to 2 inches position to start bending fallen. In addition, traces of the wheat was not broken, but the direction of the growth of plants and unusual changes and stem portion of a chemical change. Farmers happy is that wheat can still be depressed lateral growth, production will increase 40%. Edit this paragraph crack attempt to May 9, 2001, the Xinhua News Agency from Urumqi, made a "rubble tomb of Xinjiang and 'crop circles' contour consistent Telecommunications, are summarized as follows:" Xinjiang Museum research assistant researcher of the occult sciences Zhang Hui, comparative study of Qinghe County, Xinjiang, more than 20 giant rubble tomb around the world crop circle pattern: rubble tomb outline the consistent form of crop circles. "is considered to be 'mysterious phenomenon' crop circles due to unknown reasons, a variety of regular giant-shaped pattern, mainly in the wheat fields, so called 'crop circles'. According to reports, around the world and more than 2,000 various 'crop circle' phenomenon pattern of a single round, or by a circle comic, or a combination of geometric shapes and lines, dumbbell-shaped crescent like, wheel-like, in the United Kingdom, Russia, Australia and other places have had. "Zhang Hui released according to the 'International Crop Circle Research Center' crop circle pattern, with a contour map of the rubble tomb contrast, found consistency. Further reasoned that rubble tomb is built according to the crop circle pattern." Hui also collected the rubble tomb in Xinjiang and static contour map, the results show that at them with a variety of crop circle patterns are consistent. "Some newspapers forward on this telecommunications, said:" crop circles are discovered by the British in 1983: crop circles without any footprints around the circle straw bending down, did not break, it can be concluded the feet pressed out. The direction of the circle of the growth of plants with unusual changes. The Catcher in the circle of soil micro radiation, the wheat harvest is not only not reduced, but to improve ... It had been claimed to see a crop circle formed within 3 seconds, and does not appear in the vicinity of any object. An increasing number of the global crop circles, the pattern also by the initial small simple circle to large, complex pattern of recent years, such as geometry, animals, ancient text, galaxies, chaos math graphs, hepatitis bacterial Figure ... All the analysis shows that crop circles in powerful role of energy, in an instant, which is hidden mathematics, chemistry, molecular science message mystery. "Now we have to be investigated for the ins and outs of the crop circles to see whether it is not a mysterious phenomenon. Crop circles appear in the fields of large geometric patterns, mainly in the 4 to 8 months in a cornfield round. Lord, hence the name. were mostly concentrated in the south of England, Wiltshire and Hampshire area and some British farmers claimed that they would have noticed this phenomenon even existed since ancient times, but well documented attracted media attention in 1980, and soon became a "mysterious scientist" object, as aliens visit Earth's evidence some crop circles formed when the alien flying saucer landing some think that is the pattern of the alien intends to produce, to express some kind of information and self-proclaimed experts claim that the radioactive soil of crop circles, the soil of the amount of radiation is not higher than normal, but the actual determination that level. published in the magazine study the mysterious phenomenon results claimed pattern of crop circles crop circle patterns become more and more beautiful, more and more complex, more and more huge, growing "meaning". Catcher circle pattern. the straw crop circles crystal structure changes, but they are not used in modern biology research methods, but with the invention of the 17th century philosopher Sir Digby (Sir Kenelm Digby) alchemy extracted from plants "crystal" - a person must be a lot of strange invention, such as if you want to to treatment Jianshang make drug coated on the sword, rather than wound. scientific mind some more people, trying to make a scientific explanation for the formation of crop circles, a variety of theories have been proposed, wind, animals, heat, cyclones, ball lightning, plasma, etc. have been used as the reason of the formation of crop circles some meteorological scientist attributed the crop circles formed an extremely rare natural phenomenon "plasma whirlwind international academic journal" meteorology magazine "once also controversy over the matter, its editor in chief Te Lunsi Dr. · medon, (Terence Meaden) is the main advocate of this theory, a book published in 1989 for this "circle effect and its mystique (of The Circles Effect and Its Mysteries) prevailed in the 1980s found that the shape of the crop circles are simple, not round is pentagonal, can barely explain is a natural formation. However, after the 1990s, though it would medon Dr. joke, crop circles, shape becomes more and more complex, ovals, triangles, complex circular , irregular patterns, hieroglyphs ...... medon outset would like to amend its theory to explain them, and finally had to admit that his theory can only be explained by the simple graphics, and most of the crop circles are man-made prank before medon recognized as such, have someone stand up and assume responsibility. become major news in the United Kingdom in September 1991, when the crop circles, even panic, Doug Bauer (Doug Bower) and David the car Lee (Dave Chorley) announced that the media widely reported crop circles are dry, and on the spot to do the show this event, an event known as "Doug and Dave". channel Getan White said: "I always interested in UFOs and UFO, so I would like to manufacture the signs of their landing. "In the summer of 1978, one night, Doug and David walks in Hampshire, the wild, and talked about the UFO from Melbourne, Australia, Doug remembered in 1966, it was claimed that a swamp of Queensland in Australia see UFO from soaring into the sky, they pointed to the nearby Catcher David said: "We are in that one also how to make a nest in a circular grass nest? One would think that a UFO landed there. "They hand, foot and a door with a four-foot-long metal stick, manufacturing in Medina, one of Hampshire's first crop circles. Since they manufacture about 250 crop circles.The mysterious phenomenon advocates of course, will not stop. They say, Doug and David, by the instigation of the British government, to make false statements to calm the panic caused by crop circles, the real crop circles are not manufactured, the "experts" were able to distinguish between the mysterious crop circles formed and forged crop circles. Try these "experts" was asked to reporters to testify, manufacturing crop circles, and then announced the unexpected discovery of crop circles, crop circles self-proclaimed "experts" have come after the study, announced that it was mysterious form ! Even if this scandal does not prevent many people firmly believe that the authenticity of the crop circles, and some people study it as a career. Zhang Hui cited that, according to the "International Crop Circle Research Center, the name sounds scary, in fact, this pheasant institutions. Some township governments in the south of England, also continue to intentionally or unintentionally rendering the mystique of the crop circles as a way to attract visitors, increase tourism revenue. Doug and Dave Frankly, no doubt inspired many people inspiration, secretly a large number of imitators. Beginning in 1991, the phenomenon of crop circles out of the UK, popular around the world, continental Europe, Asia, North America, South America, Australia, all over have discovered crop circles. In the major countries of the world, only China and South Africa did not find the crop circles whether aliens dismissive of it, these two countries and the two countries have not engaged in the culture of this prank Art? The sharp increase in the number of crop circles, every year thousands are found, after years of practice and secretly competition, the pattern becomes more and more beautiful, more complex, more and more huge, more and more "meaning" the same year, for example, in the June 17, 1996, in the United Kingdom Alton Barnes (Alton Barnes) appeared in a double-helix pattern of crop circles, considered by some to represent alien DNA; July 29 , in Wiltshire, found a 4100 ft long giant crop circles. No matter how mysterious phenomenon advocates worship, to explain the type of crop circles, they are clearly people secretly manufacturing middle of the night, was also arrested on the spot. Some people simply to create crop circles as a kind of performance art, became public this industry artists. London John Lundeboge, (John Lundberg) is one of the most famous. As early as 1990, in the before Doug, and Dai Weitan White, Lundeboge on is no longer self-taught through surreptitiously manufacturing crop circles. Early attempt is quite rough, as he gradually mastered the trick, making crop circles are more and more sophisticated, and even amazing, indeed became an art. The regular media Lundeboge do making crop circles show the mysterious crop circles fooled "mysterious scientist, but also continue to secretly concocted. Production tools and production methods of crop circles. In the summer of 1995, he set up a dedicated website introduced the art of making crop circles and collect the crop circle pattern produced by a variety of others, and even teach you how to make crop circles. The tools he uses a 4-foot-long, 2 feet wide planks, the two tied the rope to form a trap; a 2-foot-long wooden sticks, for the fixed center of the circle; a string of one end of the stick on. In the production of a foot dragging board planks overwhelming wheat, and pulled the cord and to maintain a fixed distance from the center, and gradually form a circle. He taught everyone to practice, spend thirty-four hours can produce a large crop circles. Do not know already taken by many people from Lundeboge there, anyway, the production level of the crop circles are becoming more sophisticated. Edit this paragraph artificial suspense crop circles have five characteristics of human manufacture doubt Catcher vicious circle, however, the high percentage of data did not able to resist the mysterious cycle of curiosity. Reporters found in the online forum, even scientists have confirmed that the majority of beautiful patterns is man-made, but still posted by prefer to believe the circles are from some kind of extraterrestrial civilizations. Why the thesis of the scientists still can not convince people? What adds to crack the vicious circle of difficulty? Science researcher at the Institute of China, Professor Guo Zhengyi told reporters that most of the circle in the barley and wheat Tanaka, the vicious circle of all wheat fields at least four characteristics, these characteristics to crack the vicious circle created suspense. Another important feature is that the circle of thousands around the world, according to the researchers said, have not tried the spot was to see the manufacturing process. Frequent crop circles become front-page news, and it is these characteristics so that the cycle of doubt the. If it is man-made, and how these phenomena can explain it? The number 6 is a key expert on crop circles artificial details of Professor Guo has been concerned about the crop circles abroad, he believes that the crop circles is manufactured by a number of artists in the dark under the cover of a masterpiece. These people usually choose the shape is not the latest computer graphics software manufacturing results, drafted a design they like and earlier in the day. The crop circles secret tools of these artists is not expected complex instrument, but with the feet of rope, wood and surveyors simple. Helicopter infrared camera has taken over the production of the crop circles to describe this process, Professor Guo told reporters. Manufacturer holding a tool into the wheat field, I remember the first feature of the crop circles? (No Physical Evidence), it is not an absolute fact, check carefully you can find the footprints. Usually underground very hard to follow the trajectory will leave little footprints , and the manufacturer will be caused by subsequent visitors, they can always be justified. channel into the wheat field crops trails. these trails go when the farmer used to transport, fertilization and harvest field trail when the manufacturer arrived Catcher within a pre-determined location, one of them standing in the center point, another man began to draw the first circle, no nail any mark in the ground, because they do not leave marks. crop circles when the first after the completion of a circle, bunch of wheat will not flatten, but as the center point of all future measurements to this location to do according to afraid of being heard, so they contacted with secret codes, manufacturers began to use homemade wood flatten crops manufacturing curved pattern. different size planks, each plank hole at both ends, to allow the rope to pass through each team pulling rope ran straight ahead, wherever wheat is flattened the Catcher in shape so with the the design shape quietly changed the size of this wood created a complex weave pattern (Complex Woven Patterns) However, all crop circles are produced according to geometric principles do? (Secred Geometry) Crop Circles Professor Guo said, those artists Grotesquerie often appear near their home, but no reasonable explanation of how to manufacture, they finally decided to take a look at the human can do. August 2004, much of the world's farmland again appear mysterious pattern, but in previous years, most of them coming out in the UK. The place where most of the crop circles in Wiltshire, UK famous Baimashan, mysterious Stonehenge. Baimashan under there have been at least three crop circles, speculation mysterious graphics may have some connection to the ancient ruins. Many people believe that Stonehenge and crop circles to convey the same information. The huge crop circles appear next to Stonehenge in July 1991 is very complex, it is a combination of three geometric shapes, as if after a precise calculation. The vicious circle seems to pay tribute to the ancient ruins, and like to draw attention to the mysterious connection between implied. And the growth of plants in the vicious circle section enlargement, like heating, or a sudden outbreak of intensive energy. With more and more attention of the researchers, these mysterious vicious circle is also starting to change, slowly evolved into a two or three similar round by a circle. We do not know whether the crop circles is a miracle of nature. There are a lot of people the mysterious crop circles with extraterrestrial intelligent life up in the air in order to fully see the symbol, is not alien to us some information? 1991 pictograms pattern, some like a box or a key, there's even like people! There are thousands of crop circles around the world start to appear, but mischievous, these mischief-makers must not only understand the manufacturing exquisite graphics drawing and calculation of crop circles, but also be very careful not awakened by the farmer and livestock. In fact, each year appear mysterious crop circles, has become a hot spot for some of Britain's provinces and cities to attract tourists. Now, crop circles boom has receded, most of the people are beginning to believe that all this is just a huge prank, this argument does not explain the variability of crop circle plants and radiation-enhanced doubt, but people still believe that crop circles production is the man himself. Wide range of crop circles, went to the middle 30 minutes, and a total of 409 round.Began, many crop circle enthusiasts and experts trying to uncover the meaning of the crop circles, but almost all failed. Experts, this latest crop circles are a partial solar eclipse landscape, this eclipse spectacle will appear on August 1 this year.Until omitted (ellipsis) before the blue blocks of color, each color block number and π value 3.141592654 corresponding to 150 meters in diameter, the UK's most complex crop circles Netease Exploration reported June 18, according to the "Daily Mail" reported on the 18th British astrophysicist recently cracked one of Britain's most complex crop circles, it is the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter π ten digital coded graphic. Babo Li (Barbury) Castle in British Wirth County early June, this vicious circle pattern was found 150 meters in diameter. Initially, crop circle enthusiasts puzzled by the meaning of the picture, and even many experts also felt "incredible". Retired astrophysicist Mike. Reed see pictures, patterns and mathematical link. He said, Babo Li (Barbury) Catcher pattern clearly shows the first ten digits of pi π (3.141592654). Reed said, the photos can be seen by observing the patterns represent the first ten digits of pi π tenth digit is also appropriate rounding (Editor's note: 3.141592654 last digit "4" compared 3.14159265359 in "3" according to rounding derived). Near the center of origin, compared with a decimal point. So mysterious crop circles, strange explanation, However, my research and calculations, no matter how complicated how crop circles change, it can use a function description, ρθ = ρ + θ = κ = constant, which is a binary function of the polar coordinates, where ρ is the polar radius, θ is the polar angle, ρ, θ are variables, this formula is not an expert first proposed to. June 24, 2011, Wiltshire, United Kingdom and recently appeared in a crop circle, according to local media reports, the vicious circle is formed overnight.
Oxfordshire, England, recently discovered a 183-meter-long giant crop circles were jellyfish shape, perfect shape amazing. This crop circle appeared in a wheat field near Oxfordshire 金斯顿库姆 than.It is reported that recently the United Kingdom there has been a Phoenix Nirvana-like crop circles. The crop circle experts believe the latest crop circles coincides with the possible and the Mayan prophecy.It is learned that the painting is based on a mathematical theorem named "ApollonianGasket" creation.The pattern generally circular with a diameter of about 70 meters, the internal rules of the ring, fan and some irregular shapes. Indonesian meteorological, climate and geophysics agency warning center director Li Budi extended care that the rice plants lodging is likely to be caused by the cyclone after, but he could not explain why there is a vicious circle pattern. After investigation, most of the "crop circles" Department of the human prank or the result of artistic creation. Was that vicious circle counterclockwise. Since then, the United States, Australia, Europe, South America, Asia, and other places are frequently found such a "vicious circle", most of which are in the UK. View from the relevant records, crop circles appear up to the season is in the spring and summer.

Voyager 1

2012-09-07T05:57:00.002-07:00

Voyager 1 (Voyager 1) is an unmanned outer solar system space probe, weighing 815 kg, was launched on September 5, 1977. It visited Jupiter and Saturn, the first clear photo of their high-resolution satellite. It is the farthest away from the Earth and fastest flight the artificial aircraft, flying out of the solar system in the true sense, for the first time into the galaxy space. Voyager 1 and its sister ship Voyager 2 the plutonium battery (carry nuclear-powered battery) will continue until 2025. When the battery is exhausted, they will stop working, and will continue to advance toward the center of the Milky Way. June 14, 2012, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) announced, "Voyager 1 spacecraft, flying approximately $ 17.7 billion km trek after 33 years, is already close to the solar system edge.
Chinese name: the Voyager 1 spacecraftForeign Name: Voyager 1Membership organizations: the United States National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)Manufacturing Country: United States
NSSDC ID: 1977-084ASisters detectors: Voyager 2Launch time: September 5, 1977

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Basic introductionMission objectivesFlight biographical launchVisit JupiterVisit SaturnInterplanetary explorationHeliospheric topGalaxy edgeEquipped itemsExpand basic introductionMission objectivesFlight biographical launchVisit JupiterVisit SaturnInterplanetary explorationHeliospheric topGalaxy edgeEquipped itemsExpand basic introduction to this paragraph Voyager 1 (Voyager 1), formerly known as the United States, "the sailor" sailor "is a no in the space flight of the Voyager 1 spacecraftPeople outside the solar system, the nuclear-powered space probe, carrying 105 kg of scientific instruments. Its main body is a flat surface prisms 10, the top equipped with a parabolic antenna having a diameter of 3.7 meters, about each extending on both sides of a cantilever, a longer one is the backbone of the magnetometer, the shorter one is Scientific Instruments bracket. [1] Its flight speed than the cut-off to any man-made spacecraft faster point, so compared to its launch two weeks earlier sister ship Voyager 2 is always not go beyond it, even on Earth than two New Horizons spacecraft launch speed into space is also true. It's life that has benefited several times the gravitational acceleration. Voyager 1 is now in the the sun sphere of influence with the interstellar medium, will fly out of the solar system in the true sense of the 2012. Voyager 1 has entered the heliosheath, that is, between the terminal shock wave region between the solar system and interstellar matter. If Voyager 1 was effective in ultimately leaving the top of the heliosphere, the scientists will have the opportunity to measure for the first time to the actual situation of the interstellar matter. Need more than 16 hours to reach its controlled launch spacecraft signals sent[2] Centers for Jet Propulsion Laboratory, NASA, in collaboration with the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena, California. Voyager 1 runs along the hyperbolic orbits, and has reached the third cosmic speed. This track means he can no longer guide the spacecraft returning to the solar system has stopped operating, with no way to contact Pioneer 10, Pioneer 11 and its sister ship Voyager 2 become an interstellar space ship. May 7, 2012, according to NASA, Voyager One now has to fly to the edge of the solar system, will soon be pulled out of the solar system, the scope of a spaceship in stellar space travel, contact the dissemination of Earth culture and other universe biological services. As a sister probe Voyager 1, Voyager 2 on August 20, 1977 at the Kennedy Space Center successfully launched, initially the detector as the 12th sailor sailor plans. It became the travelers plan Voyager 1 (also called the sailors on the 11th) sisters detector. Voyager 2, Voyager 2 flew over NeptuneA somewhat different trajectory close to Saturn, in any case, close to Titan (Titan) gravitational gravitational slingshot, which later went on to fly to Uranus and Neptune. Voyager 2 in 1986 after Uranus, Neptune in 1989 after. Detector instrument has now closed, but it continues to probe the environment of the solar system. Edit this paragraph mission objectives Voyager 1 original main goal is to detect Jupiter and Saturn and its moons and rings. The task becomes the detection top solar wind, and solar wind particle measurements. The two Voyagers are three radioisotope thermoelectric generators as a power source. These generators have been well beyond the design life of at first, is generally believed that before about 2020, they can still provide enough electricity to power the spacecraft is able to continue contact with the Earth.Flight line (2) in February 2011, there are indications that the "transition zone" on the edge of the solar system, Voyager 1 has arrived at some point before the transition zone is the end of the junction of the solar system and interstellar space Office. Now, Voyager 1 has arrived at the boundary, that is, it will soon enter interstellar space. Once into interstellar space, Voyager 1 will need 40,000 years to reach the next line galaxies. As for the battery on Voyager 1, scientists say, carrying two nuclear detector battery to ensure that it continues to fly to 2025. Once the battery is depleted, Voyager 1 will continue to advance to the center of the galaxy and never come back. [3] space travel log at 12:56 on September 5th 1977 the Cape Canaveral Air Force Base in the United States starting to leave the Earth. December 1977 to catch up with the first step to leave the Earth's twin brother, Voyager 2. September 1978, leaving the asteroid belt. March 1979 at close range "visit" Jupiter, see Jupiter back the sunny side of Aurora. November 1980 at close range "visits" Saturn sent back more than 10,000 color photos. 1989 to advance to the direction of the center of the galaxy. May 2012 to reach the solar system edge. Edit this paragraph flight biographical launchVoyager 1 was originally planned to belong to the sailor's sailor plans 11 spacecraft, its design takes advantage of belonging to the then new technology gravitational acceleration. "Voyager" spacecraft prototypeFortunately, this task happened to the geometric arrangement of the planets of the 176-year return period. The spacecraft only need a small amount of fuel as a fairway correction, the rest of the time can make use of the various planets gravitational acceleration, the spacecraft will be able to visit the four gas planets in the solar system: Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune. Two sister ship Voyager 1 and 2 to this opportunity and design, the launch time is calculated in order to try to take full advantage of this opportunity. Also thanks to this opportunity to give them, the two spacecraft only need to spend 12 years time will be able to visit the four planets, rather than the general 30 years. Voyager 1, September 5, 1977 in Cape Canaveral, Florida, is equipped with a Titan 3 E Centaur rocket was launched. Just Voyager 2 shortly after the launch on August 20 the same year. Although the launch time as compared to the 2nd, but it seems to be launched into faster track into it a little faster than the 2nd to reach Jupiter and Saturn. Initially, about a second in the second stage of the the Titan 3 E rocket combustion process burning inadequate, the ground staff had to worry about not therefore for the spacecraft to reach Jupiter. Later fortunately confirmed in the the Centauri upper combustion still enough fuel Youdou in.Visit Jupiter
Photographs taken around Jupiter (10) after the launch of the Voyager 1, for the first time in January 1979, Jupiter shooting. From Jupiter closest to March 5, the same year, only 349,000 km from the center of Jupiter. So close to skip the spacecraft in close flight time of 48 hours, to be the satellite of Jupiter, ring, magnetic field and radiation environment for in-depth understanding and high resolution shooting. The entire shooting process eventually completed in April. The two spacecraft made many important discoveries of Jupiter and its moons, the most surprising is the discovery of volcanic activity on Io. This was not observed on Earth, and even the Pioneer 10 and 11 not been observed.Visit SaturnSmoothly by the gravitational pull of Jupiter, the spacecraft is marching toward the direction of the Saturn.Shooting photos of Saturn (2) Voyager 1 in November 1980, skip Saturn closest to Saturn on November 12, 124,000 km (77,000 miles) or less from Saturn highest clouds. The spacecraft detected the complex structure of Saturn's rings, and observations of Titan's atmosphere. Control officers eventually discovered Titan has a thick atmosphere, Jet Propulsion Laboratory's Voyager 1 approached the point Titan research and subsequently terminated, it continues to visit the other two planets. The results of the task had handed over to visit Uranus and Neptune Voyager 2. The near Titan's decision to make the spacecraft by the additional gravitational influence, and finally to the spacecraft left the ecliptic, terminated its exploration of planetary missions.Interplanetary explorationLeave the Saturn, Voyager 1 is described by NASA for interplanetary exploration missions. Estimated the two travelers spacecraft on batteries, are able to provide enough electricity to 2025, the operation of the ship for part of the instrument. (Note: in the following table to stop data terminal ready operation "showed that only 1.4 yuan per second to 70 m / 34 m antenna array to receive information) loss of function timetable Year stop operation due to limited power functionThe ion subsystem operation of stop, etc.2008 stop planetary radio astronomy experiment2010 stop scanning platform and ultraviolet spectrometer observations2015 stops the operation of the data tape (70 m/34 m antenna array receiving 1.4k bit rate data rate limitations determine which is the lowest rate of the tape drive is able to read data.)About 2016 to stop the operation of the gyroscopeScientific Instruments (2020 begin to close until March 18, 2008, close order is still undecided, but the low-energy charged particles, cosmic rays subsystem, magnetometer and plasma wave subsystem instruments are expected to continue to run)2025 or after, there is not enough power supply for any single instrument
Heliospheric topVoyager 1 is in the heliosheath (Heliosheath) Voyager 1 positive interstellar space marching instruments on board will continue to study the solar system. The Jet Propulsion Laboratory of science are contained in the ship's plasma wave experiment to verify the presence of the top of the heliosphere. The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory science believe that in February 2003, Voyager 1 has entered the Voyager 1 spacecraft arrived at the edge of the solar system schematic diagramTerminal shock wave region. However, some scientists expressed doubts on November 6, 2003, the prestigious scientific journal "Nature". In the morning of May 25, 2005, in New Orleans held a scientific meeting of the American Geophysical Union (AGU), Dr. Ed Situo En submitted was in December 2004, Voyager 1 to leave the terminal the shockwave evidence "SH22A-01". Due to the the onboard solar wind detector as early ceased operation in 1990, so this discussion has not concluded a few months later, had to look forward to other information to hand so far. The final NASA press release will be issued in May 2005, said to have been a consensus Voyager 1 in the heliosheath. The scientists believe that the spacecraft will arrive in 2015, the top of the heliosphere, the edge of the solar system. The help of the Cassini spacecraft, ground control center of NASA's Voyager probes and analysis of the Voyager 1 spacecraft returned data, found sometime before Voyager 1 has entered the solar system and interstellar space the boundaries of this point in time than previously thought before the lot, which also makes scientists feel to accidents, the detector aboard the 1977 launch, has experienced 33 years of space flight, to fly out of the solar system will be the true meaning of 2012 . The research results have been published in the latest Nature magazine. Jet Propulsion Laboratory reporting: low-energy charged particles in the detector instrument data received from the Voyager 1 probe, low-energy charged particles emitted by the sun stream arrival at the location of Voyager 1, its speed has been reduced zero. In February 2011, the solar wind has begun to stagnate. From the these indications point of view, the Voyager 1 spacecraft has arrived at a time before the "transition zone" on the edge of the solar system, the transition zone is the final at the junction of the solar system and interstellar space. [4] Once into interstellar space, "Voyager 1 will take 40,000 years to reach the next line galaxies. Therefore, as the late American astronomer, science writer Carl Edward Sagan said, the only advanced life capable of space travel in interstellar space, the detector on the album might encounter targeted and play. But Carl still spoke highly of the significance of this move, he said, promising that the future of life on this planet (Earth) or to the vastness of the universe, "launch this thing." (Note: The contents of November 2011 written in the 7th month) Voyager 1 is equipped with gold plateIn this process, the Cassini probe ion and neutral particle mass spectrometer has played a big role, the particle mass spectrometer data have never been mentioned in public, its main role is to collect from outside the solar system into the solar system neutral The data of the particle. The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory in Maryland, is the of the the Cassini detector the magnetosphere analyzer and ion and neutral particle mass spectrometer data analysis, combined with Voyager 1 low energy charged particle detector on the edge of the solar system Charged Particle distribution concluded. This is the time Earth and in the solar system border exchange of information, and also the first time that Voyager 1 arrived at the transition area in advance. November 7, 2011, the Voyager 1 position in ascension 17.184, Declination at 12.14 ° and 34.9 ° latitude position in the ecliptic, Earth observation point of view it is toward the Ophiuchus forward about 119.488 astronomical units from Earth. The speed of light communication in radio signals between the spacecraft and the Earth took about 16.13 hours. (An example for comparison from the Sun and the nearest star, Proxima Centauri, about 4.2 light years from Earth is 260,005 thousand astronomical units) Voyager 1 relative speed of 17.062 km / s or 61,452 km / hour (about 38,185 miles / hour). This speed is about 3.599 astronomical units per year, 10% faster than the sister No. Voyager 2. . Voyager 1 and not toward any particular constellation forward in this position and velocity, 40,000 years later, it will be in a distance of 1.6 light years through Ophiuchus AC +79 3888 stars, 70003 16 years Centauri Proxima. This stellar largely in terms of the speed of 119 kilometers per second toward the solar system mobile. Every day to NASA Deep Space Network tracking the Voyager 1, the network Voyager 1 radio signals to measure the altitude and azimuth, and will measure the distance between the Earth and Voyager 1 . Voyager 1 card equipped with humanMarch 31, 2006, from the German AMSAT (Amateur Radio Satellite Communications Organization) track and receive data from the Voyager 1 in Bochum use a 20-meter dish antenna with long observation time technology. Subsequently those data with the Deep Space Network in the data obtained by the observation station in Madrid, Spain proofreading and verification.Galaxy edgeJune 17, 2012, in the United States, California, United States Space Agency (NASA) Jet Propulsion Laboratory, said in a statement, launched in 1977, the Voyager 1 probe sent back data show that it has arrived in the solar system edge. Lonely travel in space, 35 years of detectors will be out of the solar system is expected to become the first man-made object. Time to remove the message spread Voyager 1 reaches the edge of the solar system time in May 2012. Space Agency, said the past three years, the two high-energy telescope carried on the Voyager 1 received a growing number of cosmic rays, last month, a sharp increase in the number of cosmic rays from outside the solar system. In addition, the number of energetic particles detector sensed changes, decreased the number of these particles from the sun. Based on these data, the the project scientists concluded: "The human sent a messenger to the interstellar space has the edge of the solar system. "Voyager project scientist Ed Stone said, the laws of physics that Voyager 1 will become the first man-made object into outer space in the future one day, but the exact date is still unable to determine. [5] "Voyager 1, the closer to the edge of the solar wind, the more cosmic particles that penetrate the filter on the detector device. May 7, 2012, a phenomenon suddenly intensified. Stabilized in early July, and this can only be interpreted as' travelers '1 junction through the solar system and interstellar matter. In theory here is a narrow unstable region, which is known as the 'top' sun layer. Exciting moment to fly out of the solar system in the detector, because this is the first man-made object out of the solar system. NASA measurement tools confirmed "travelers" fly out of the solar system, we will be able to eventually learned the exact volume of the solar system. Now know that its thickness is about 0.5 astronomical units (an astronomical unit is the average distance of the Earth to the sun, about 150 million kilometers) from the sun 120 astronomical units [6]. Edit this paragraph carry items traveler gold record in 2006, the Voyager probes will be the third and fourth pieces of man-made objects to leave the entire solar system. In fact, the Pioneer program has long been in the 10th and the 11th in 1972 and 1973, respectively, was launched into space earlier than the Voyager probes from the gravitational pull of the sun, and they launched pioneers to be carrying a small gold-plated aluminum plate to the time and place, in order to be found in the near future their space explorers identification. Pioneers example, the United States National Aeronautics and Space Administration to design a more complex and detailed message board, placed on top of the Voyager probes. The new message board is more like a time capsule, we human beings living in the world intend to tell the other creatures of the outer space. Carrying a copper disk LP Voyager 1, it has a 12-inch thick, gold-plated surface, built-diamond phonograph needle. This means that even after billions of years, the sound quality of the album is still new. Its contents include greeting and all kinds of music, with 55 kinds of human language recording disk 115 images, including pictures of the solar system planets, images and descriptions of the human sex organs, Voyager 1 carry plated copper recordThese data is intended to express the human greetings to the "alien". Very unfamiliar language of ancient Mesopotamia 达米亚阿卡 the language included in the 55 kinds of human language, as well as four dialects (Mandarin, Xiamen, Guangdong, Wu). Greeting: "the children of the planet Earth () to say hello to you. The album also includes the following: when he was the greeting of the United Nations Secretary-General Kurt Waldheim. The greetings of the then U.S. President Jimmy Carter, is: "This is a gift from a remote little world. Inscribed with our voices, our science, our images, our music, our thoughts and feelings We are trying to have lived our times, enter your age record within a 90-minute vocal highlights, including the various sounds of the Earth's natural world as well as 27 international hits, including Chinese opera and ancient classical "Mountain and Flowing Water "Mozart's" The Magic Flute "and the Japanese Shakuhachi song. A total of 115 images, the pictures of the planets of the solar system, the human reproductive organs images and descriptions. [7] In addition, the album covers, including a high-purity uranium 238. Since the known decay half-life of plutonium-239 is about 4.17 billion years, so captured extraterrestrial life to the launch date of the detector Based on projections of this album. The following are 55 kinds of language included in the Gold Record recording language: Chinese Yue (Cantonese)) Xiamen dialect of Aramaic ArmenianBengali Burmese Czech Dutch EnglishArabic French German Greek GujaratiHebrew, Hindi West Taiwanese Hungarian JapaneseIra tribe verbal Indonesian Korean Latin Uganda languageItalian Kannada Marathi Nguni language Qiqie Wa languageThe Akkadian Aulia language Nepali Persian PolishPortuguese Punjabi Quechua Russian Romania languageThe Rajasthani language Serbo - Croatian Sinhala Sesotho SpanishSumerian Swedish Telugu Thai TurkishUkrainian Urdu Vietnamese Welsh

Wu (Chinese dialect)

90 minutes of vocal highlights of the album song collection of classical music of different cultures, including: Germany - Bach F major, the first movement of the Second Brandenburg Concerto, played by the Munich Bach Orchestra, Karl Richter conductor. 4 minutes and 40 seconds Java - types of flowers, gamelan played by Pura Paku Alaman by the KRT W gold record about one of the pictures in China - Great Wallasitodipuro guidance, recorded by Robert Brown. 4 minutes and 43 seconds Senegal - Percussion by recording of Charles Du Lauderdale (Charles Duvelle). 2 minutes 08 seconds of the Democratic Republic of the Congo - of Pygmy Women's founding song, recorded by Colin Turnbull. 56 seconds Australia - Australian Aboriginal song "Morning Star" and "evil bird", recorded by Sandra LeBrun Holmes. 1 minute 26 seconds - "El Cascabel" (doorbell), Mexico played by Lorenzo Barcelata Mariachi México. 3 minutes and 14 seconds - "Johnny B. Goode" by Chuck Berry, composer and played. 2 minutes 38 seconds of New Guinea - the men's house song, recorded by Robert MacLennan. 1 minutes and 20 seconds - the shakuhachi "巣 air gap, Crane のも ri" (crane nests), played by Yamaguchi Goro. 4 minutes and 51 seconds Germany / Belgium - Bach's "Gavotte en rondeaux (roundabout Golden Harvest Dance) from the violin E major Suite No. 3, played by Arthur Grumiaux. 2 minutes and 55 seconds, Austria / Germany - Mozart's "Die Zauberflöte" (The Magic Flute), on the 14th night after aria, soprano Mozer, by the Bavarian State Opera, directed by Wolfgang Sava Jülich . 2 minutes and 55 seconds Georgia - Chorus "Tchakrulo", extracted from Moscow radio. 2 minutes and 18 seconds - Pan Flute and drums, as extracted from the house of culture, Lima in Peru. 52 seconds - Moody Blues, played by Louis Armstrong and his band. 3 minutes and 5 seconds of Azerbaijan - bagpipes Ugam "recorded by the Moscow radio. 2 minutes and 30 seconds in Russia / France / United States - Stella Stravinsky "The Rite of Spring" Ancient Dance, Columbia Symphony Orchestra, directed by Stravinsky. 4 minutes and 35 seconds of Germany / Canada - Bach for piano by the law of averages Volume C Prelude and Fugue No. by Glen Gould piano playing. 4 minutes and 48 seconds of Germany / England - Beethoven, "the first movement of the Fifth Symphony, the Philharmonia Orchestra, conducted by Otto Klemperer. 7 minutes and 20 seconds in Bulgaria - "Излел е Делю хайдутин" (Izlel je Delyo Hajdutin) by Valya Balkanska concert. 4 minutes and 59 seconds - Navajo Indians, Nocturne, recorded by Luo Disi. 57 seconds England - Anthony · Huo Boen, fairies around the "from" Pavan dance, triple time dance, folk dance in Germany and other short melody ", played by David Monroe and of London Ancient Music Ensemble. 1 minute, 17 seconds, the Solomon Islands - Pan Flute, extracted from the Solomon Islands Broadcasting Service. 1 minutes and 12 seconds Peru - marry song recorded by high John. 38 seconds - the Guqin "Mountain and Flowing Water", Guan Pinghu by Boya composer, played. 7 minutes 37 seconds India - 100 Lamy Raja, "Jaat Kahan Ho" by composer Surshri Kesar Bai Kerkar. 3 minutes and 30 seconds - "dark night, cold plains", by blind Willie composer and played. 3 minutes and 15 seconds of Germany / Hungary - Beethoven "in B flat major String Quartet 13" works 130 solo cavatina by the Budapest String Quartet playing. 6 minutes and 37 seconds to burn picturesGold disc contains pictures (12) gold plate above picture is a picture to reflect the status and characteristics of human civilization, but also deliberately not published on the nuclear explosion mushroom cloud, about the image of poverty and disease.

Molecular clouds (molecular cloud)

2012-09-07T05:56:00.002-07:00

Molecular clouds (molecular cloud) is an interstellar cloud, its density and size allow molecules ─ ─ the most common of which is the formation of hydrogen molecule (H2) ─ ─. Its density is high enough to produce molecules can begin. Molecular clouds usually only emit electromagnetic radiation at radio wavelengths, the discovery and study of the molecular cloud are also in the band.
Directory
Molecular cloudThe process of star formationPhysical propertiesAppeared spacesMolecular cloud type of giant molecular clouds (GMCs)Small molecular cloudHigh galactic latitude diffuse molecular clouds.Expand the molecular cloudThe process of star formationPhysical propertiesAppeared spacesMolecular cloud type of giant molecular clouds (GMCs)Small molecular cloudHigh galactic latitude diffuse molecular clouds.Expand edit this paragraph molecular cloudIt is the gathering area of interstellar molecules. The observations show that, although some interstellar molecules, such as CO, almost scattered in the sky, but most of the interstellar molecules assembled into a group, the formation of molecular clouds. Molecular cloud is usually dark, invisible at optical wavelengths, temperatures typical value is 20K, the molecule an average density of 102 to 104 cm 3, the density of the central molecule cm 3 up to 106, the quality is generally 104 to 107 the mass of the sun, clouds with enough dust shield ultraviolet starlight, the molecules from destruction. A giant molecular cloud behind the Orion Nebula, it is one of the molecular clouds closest to the sun, by the small, dense core and extended low-density cloud is composed of two parts. The diameter of the former is a gap of 0.15 seconds, a density of 105 molecules cm 3, the mass 5 of mass of the sun; latter diameter of at least 10 seconds behind the great density of 103 molecules cm 3, the quality of the mass of the sun 104. Is considered to be the stars being formed BN celestial bodies in the middle of the Orion molecular cloud the BN Astrometry near another infrared source, may also include young stars are forming stars. Edit this paragraph the process of star formationAs far as we know, in the current universe, the newly formed stars are totally in the molecular cloud produced, under low-temperature and high-pressure natural result can lead to gravitational collapse beyond resist the collapse of the internal pressure. The observational evidence also shows that huge, being formed stellar cloud in large part by their own gravitational binding (as in the stars, planets and galaxies), but not bound by external pressure (like clouds in the Earth's atmosphere) . This evidence comes from the turbulent velocity and orbital velocity inferred from the carbon monoxide (CO) line width is proportional to (virial theorem).Physical propertiesThe physical properties of the molecular cloud is difficult to understand, and still controversial, their internal movement is controlled by the cold and magnetized gas turbulence. Massive molecular cloud turbulence movement far more than the speed of sound, but compared with the speed of the magnetic field disturbances. This state will lose energy quickly, than will the overall collapse is to have a stable energy reinfusion. Before star formation in molecular clouds most of the quality, they will also be some process of the collapse ─ ─ the most massive stars. Molecular clouds, especially the giant molecular clouds are usually the source of astrophysical maser (astronomical masers). Edit this paragraph appear place in our own Milky Way galaxy, molecular gas in the interstellar medium, accounting for less than one percent of the volume, but it still is the most densely within the orbits of the sun around the galactic center, and occupies about half the mass of the gas . Most of these molecular gas in the annular region of 3.5 to 7.5 thousand parsecs from the galactic center (the sun from the center is about 850 one thousand seconds gap). Carbon monoxide into the large-scale galaxy diagram related to the position of this gas and the spiral arms of the galaxy. The molecular gas in the spiral arms, indicating that the molecular cloud formation and dissipation time should be less than a thousand of years, because it is a substance through the jib to spend time. Molecular gas is located in the thickness of about 50-75 seconds gap narrow galactic plane middle, compared to the same warm cloud of atoms belonging to the ISM (of Z = 130-400pc) and the hot ionized gas in the vertical direction (Z = 1000pc) thin many. [5] in the spatial distribution of the ionized gas, the distribution of the HII region is an exception. HII regions in the molecular cloud by the intense radiation of young, massive stars inspire the the thermionic bubble formation, similar to the thickness of the molecular gas distribution in the vertical direction. On the large-scale distribution of molecular gas is smooth, but on a small scale distribution is very irregular, mostly concentrated in isolated molecular clouds and molecular cloud complex being. Edit this paragraph molecular cloud type giant molecular clouds (GMCs)Giant molecular cloud is a collection of a large number of molecular gas quality between 104-106 times the mass of the Sun. The nebula's diameter can reach dozens of parsecs, density in 102-103 particles per cubic centimeter (near the sun is an average per cubic centimeter of a particle). Secondary structures within these clouds have complex forms, including filaments, in the form of flakes, bubbles and irregular clumps. The highest density of filaments and clumps part called "molecular cloud cores, the highest density of molecular cloud cores, known as" dense molecular cloud cores, the density can be as high as 104-106 particles per cubic centimeter. Observations can with carbon monoxide search molecular cloud cores using ammonia Search dense molecular cloud cores. Concentrated in the molecular cloud of nuclear dust will block background starlight, caused by the effect of interstellar extinction formation of dark nebulae. Our "local" giant molecular clouds usually occupies a significant position in the constellation of the sky in their often constellation named, such as the Orion Molecular Cloud (OMC) or the Taurus Molecular Cloud (TMC). These molecular clouds around the sun into a circular array, called Gould tape. The quality largest molecular clouds in the Milky Way is Sagittarius B2 120 parsecs from the galactic center, forming a ring. The Sagittarius region contains abundant chemical element, is a good specimen of astronomers find new molecules in interstellar space.Small molecular cloudIsolated, gravitationally bound, quality small following in the hundreds of solar masses of molecular cloud known as Bok globule. In such a small molecular cloud in the highest density regions with nuclear equivalent of giant molecular clouds in the molecular cloud, so common among the same study.High galactic latitude diffuse molecular clouds.In 1984, the Infrared Astronomical Satellite, IRAS (IRAS) Identified a new type of diffuse molecular clouds. Dispersion into filamentous cloud at high galactic latitude regions (left the Galactic disk space) can be observed, the clouds in about 30 particles per cubic centimeter sub

Transgenic technology

2012-09-07T05:55:00.001-07:00

Transgenic technology is the manual separation and the modified gene is introduced into the organisms genome, due to the expression of the introduced gene, causing modification of the genetic traits of the organism can be, this technique is referred to as transgenic technology (at Transgene technology). Commonly known as "genetic engineering, genetic engineering, genetic transformation are transgenic synonym. Modified organisms by transgenic technology is often referred to in the media "genetically modified organisms" (Genetically modified organism, GMO). August 30, 2012, the international environmental organization Greenpeace disclosed to the media, Tufts University, USA Chinese children transgenic rice experiment, the university has admitted.
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The nouns Introduction of genetically modifiedTechnical presentationsGMOsGenetically modified foodsTransgenic commercializationTechnological developmentThe plant common method for Agrobacterium-mediated transformation methodPollen tube pathwayBiolisticAnimals commonly used technology nuclear microinjectionSperm-mediated gene transfectionNuclear transplant transgenic methodSomatic cell nuclear transplantationTransgenic technology and traditional technology of transgenic plantsTransgenic animalsAn important impact on the real lifeEcological speciesEnvironmental SystemsTechnology applicationsRumors and rumorControversial dispute reportsScholars criticizedControversyKnowledge expansionExpand nouns introduced transgenicTechnical presentationsGMOsGenetically modified foodsTransgenic commercializationTechnological developmentThe plant common method for Agrobacterium-mediated transformation methodPollen tube pathwayBiolisticAnimals commonly used technology nuclear microinjectionSperm-mediated gene transfectionNuclear transplant transgenic methodSomatic cell nuclear transplantationTransgenic technology and traditional technology of transgenic plantsTransgenic animalsAn important impact on the real lifeEcological speciesEnvironmental SystemsTechnology applicationsRumors and rumorControversial dispute reportsScholars criticizedControversyKnowledge expansionTo expand Edit this paragraph noun introduced transgenicGenetically Modified - genetically modified (GM). Refers to the use of scientific means genes extracted from a biological need to be transferred to another organism, the restructuring with the genes of another organism, resulting in particular with the substance of the variability of genetic traits. The use of transgenic technology can change the traits of animals and plants, breeding new varieties. Other organisms breed desired biological products can also be used for medicine, food and other aspects. [1] genetically modified genetically modified classification in accordance with the pathway can be divided into artificial transgenic and natural transgenic plant transgenic and transgenic animals can be divided in accordance with the object. Artificial transgenic manual separation and the modified gene is introduced into the organisms genome, due to the expression of the introduced gene, causing the traits of the organism a genetic modification, this technique is called transgenic technology (at Transgene technology). Commonly known as "genetic engineering, genetic engineering, genetic transformation are transgenic synonym. Modified organisms by transgenic technology is often referred to in the media "genetically modified organisms" (Genetically modified organism, GMO). Nature the transgenic is not a human-oriented, independent transgenic animal or plant nature. The plants transgenic plant transgenic plants containing the exogenous gene in the genome. By protoplast fusion and cell reorganization, transfer of genetic material, chromosome engineering technology, it is possible to change some of the genetic characteristics of the plant, cultivate high-yield, high-quality, anti-viral, insect resistance, cold, drought, waterlogging, salt alkali, such as herbicide-resistant crop varieties. And can be used to genetically modified plants or cultured cells in vitro, and the production of exogenous gene expression products, such as human growth hormone, insulin, interferon, interleukin-2, epidermal growth factor, hepatitis B vaccine and other genes in transgenic plants expressed. Animals Transgenic animals containing the exogenous gene in the genome of transgenic animals. It is in accordance with the pre-design through cell fusion and cell reorganization, transfer of genetic material, chromosome engineering and genetic engineering techniques exogenous gene into sperm, egg or fertilized reproductive engineering, bred transgenic animals. Auxin genes, prolific gene, promote egg gene, high milk yield gene, lean type gene, keratin genes, anti-parasite genes, gene transfer of antiviral genes, may be bred short growth cycle, calving, Health more eggs, and milk yield, genetically modified super rat than ordinary mice approximately doubled. Meat production, good the fur quality with processing performance and resistance, and has made some achievements in domestic animals such as cattle, sheep, pigs, chickens, fish. Transgenic animals by genetic mosaic and heterozygous sexual reproduction offspring variation, it is difficult to form a stable transgenic lines of genetic. Thus, try out of mitochondria isolated from the recipient animal cells, the exogenous gene be transformed in vitro, and then transgenic mitochondrial import fertilized eggs develop into a transgenic animal females cultured egg and Renyi Xiong individual mating or artificial insemination, in vitro, mitochondrial cytoplasmic sexual offspring may all transgenic individuals. [2]Technical presentationsTransgenic technology is the manual separation and the modified gene introduced into the genome of the organism of the destination, so as to achieve the purpose of the modified organisms. GM technology is transferred to an organism's genes in the DNA of another organism biotechnology. The commonly used methods and tools, including microinjection, gene gun, electric Spellbreaker liposomes. Transgenic initially used to study gene function, exogenous genes into the recipient organism genome (generally model organisms such as Arabidopsis or zebra fish), observed organisms exhibit traits achieve reveal gene function purposes. [3]GMOsGenetically Modified Organism - genetic transformation modified organisms, or called genetically modified organisms, referred to as the GMO by transgenic technology modified organisms, often referred to in the media. [4]Genetically modified foodsMultinational food company, through genetic modification techniques (transgenic technology), manufacturing GMF (genetically modified food), remains controversial because of its security undetermined. The usual practice is that the injection of the specific transgenic material, so that it has a specific genetic characteristics to the the crops genetic intranuclear DNA helix structure. Usually injected with Bt genes and turn Ht gene. Bt transgenic crops pest-resistant characteristics. Turn Ht genes make the crops with herbicide-resistant characteristics. The origin of the so-called genetically modified food genetically modified foods, is the use of molecular biology techniques, certain biological gene transfer to other species, genetic material modified organisms to human traits, nutritional quality, consumer-quality target changes to genetically modified organisms for direct food or for the production of raw materials processed food is genetically modified food. The history of it has been studied for decades, but the real business of nearly a decade. The early 1990s, the first to market a genetically modified foods in the United States, is a fresh tomato, this research is the successful study in the United Kingdom, but the British did not dare to commercialization, the Americans became the first a person to eat crab, conservative Britons regret not cope. Since then, genetically modified foods is rampant. According to statistics, 43 kinds of transgenic varieties have been identified by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Edit this paragraph transgenic commercialization of the commercial production of genetically modified staple food to be taken seriouslyNovember 27, 2009, approved by the Ministry of Agriculture, the 1st Huahui Bt Shanyou 63 "two kinds of transgenic rice to a BVLA430101 of transgenic maize security certificate, two products were limited production in Hubei Province and Shandong Province Application. Obtained two transgenic rice security certificate Huazhong Agricultural University, Professor Zhang Qifa and colleagues. This is the first time China issued safety certificates for genetically modified rice, the world's first genetically modified staple food issued a security certificate. However, the commercial cultivation of genetically modified rice news led to a variety of concerns, also caused strong opposition from some netizens. On August 8, 2000, China signed the International Convention on Biological Diversity "under the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety, the State Council ratified the Protocol on April 27, 2005, China officially became the Parties. The objective of the Protocol is to ensure that the transferred gene biological and its product's security, to minimize its potential for biodiversity and human health may be caused by the damage, in the absence of sufficient scientific basis, can other countries trying to entry transgenic biological and products strict restrictions and banned measures. The provisions of Article 23 of the Convention, the genetically modified organisms to conduct rigorous risk assessment, risk management and increased decision-making, transparency and public participation in the decision-making process for public comment, to inform the public of the results. However, about 1.3 billion people staple rice for commercial production of genetically modified, Ministry of Agriculture, there is no public comment. Transgenic commercialization focus lies not only in commercialization, capital controls and transgenic technology. At this stage, to avoid the quick success, to avoid genetically modified varieties cheat, or hazardous events to avoid seriously infringe on the interests of the public events continue to occur, must control all commercial varieties are a step-by-step control scale, from the overall management of transgenic commercialization it , must integrate low-level duplicated deepening domestic research must be given to protect the boot so that they can compete with large foreign capital support project, from ecology, bio-diversity, stability, from China in agriculture, agro-processing industry, the economically active population, and so consider the proactive management of project approval and varieties of transgenic security. With the transgenic increasingly become a hot, more and more people begin to pay attention to genetically modified, but there has also been a lot of controversy about genetically modified. The growing number of dissenting voices tell us that there is a huge controversy of genetically modified foods. With many scientific research institutions of the international investigation of the genetically modified food, genetically modified foods will indeed bring many uncertainties on human health. Many scholars have said: there is a huge controversy, genetically modified foods genetically modified does not equal progress! Its a matter of national security and even hidden behind a conspiracy. Many articles and books (such as "biochemical unrestricted warfare: genetically modified food and vaccine conspiracy") is to expose the Ins and Outs of transgenic conspiracy. Even the opposition to support the transgenic say became a fundamentalist hysteria. Of course, advances in biotechnology and people's lives are closely related to the question of genetically modified foods are not opposed to GM technology, we are opposed to the abuse of transgenic technology. Edit this paragraph technology development will manually separated and the modified gene is introduced into the organisms genome, expression of the introduced gene, causing the traits of the organism a genetic modification, this technique is called transgenic technology (at Transgene technology). Commonly known as "genetic engineering, genetic engineering, genetic transformation are transgenic synonym. Modified organisms by transgenic technology is often referred to in the media "genetically modified organisms" (Genetically modified organism, GMO). TransgenicIn 1974, the Polish geneticist Gerais Barr Sharansky (Waclaw Szybalski) known as recombinant DNA technology to the concept of synthetic biology, in 1978, the Nobel Prize to biomedical discovery of DNA restriction enzyme Na Sensi (Daniel Nathans), Asia Bo (Werner Arber) and Smith (Hamilton Smith) Gerais Barr Sharansky wrote in the journal "Gene": the restriction enzyme will lead us into a new era of synthetic biology. Transferred gene technology, including exogenous gene cloning, expression vector, recipient cells transfected gene pathway, exogenous gene artificial synthesis technology, gene regulatory networks artificial design development, led to a 21st century turn gene technology will move towards transgenic systems biological Technology - 2000 reintroduced the concept of synthetic biology, and defined as based on the principles of genetic engineering of systems biology and transgenic technology. Edit this paragraph plants commonly used method of genetic transformation methods according to their need to through tissue culture, plant regeneration can be divided into two categories, the first category need to be regenerated plants by tissue culture, the common method of Agrobacterium mediated transformation, particle bombardment; another type of approach does not require training through the organization, the more mature the major pollen tube pathway, the pollen tube pathway proposed by Chinese scientists.Agrobacterium-mediated transformation methodAgrobacterium is widespread in a gram-negative bacteria in the soil, can most dicotyledonous plants infected under natural conditions chemotaxis injured parts, and induce crown gall tumors or hairy roots. Agrobacterium tumefaciens and hair roots in the cells of Agrobacterium containing a Ti plasmid and the Ri plasmid, on the section of the T-DNA to the infested plants wound into cells, Agrobacterium T-DNA insertion into the plant genome. Therefore, Agrobacterium is a natural plant genetic transformation system. People inserted into the target gene after transformation of the T-DNA region, to achieve the transfer and integration of exogenous genes into plant cells by means of Agrobacterium infection, and then through the cell and tissue culture techniques, regeneration of transgenic plants. Agrobacterium-mediated transformation was initially only used for dicots, since the technical bottleneck is broken, Agrobacterium mediated transformation has also been widely used in monocots, including rice has been studied as a model plant.Pollen tube pathwayAfter pollination ovary injection of the DNA solution containing the objective gene, the use of plants in bloom, pollen tube pathway formed in the process of fertilization, the exogenous DNA is introduced into a fertilized egg cell, and further been integrated into the genome of the receptor cells, with forward to the development of fertilized eggs become new individuals with genetically modified. The method in the early 1980s by the Chinese scholar Zhou Guangyu, promote the largest area of transgenic cotton is cultivated with pollen tube pathway out. The biggest advantage of this method is not dependent on tissue culture artificial plant regeneration technique is simple and does not require well-equipped laboratories, conventional breeding workers is easy to grasp.BiolisticFed directly to the high-speed micro bomb explode gunpowder or high pressure gas acceleration (the acceleration device is referred to as gene gun), the parcel with the desired gene DNA solution the complete plant tissues and cells, and then through the cell and tissue culture techniques. regenerated plants selected positive transgenic plants is the transgenic plants. Compared with the Agrobacterium transformation, Biolistic transformation of a major advantage is to limit the scope of not recipient plant. And its carrier plasmid is relatively simple and therefore turn is widely used in the genetic study of a method. [5] Edit this paragraph animals commonly used technology nuclear microinjection methodNuclear microinjection method is the most commonly used method in the animal transgenic technology. It is under the microscope exogenous gene injected into the fertilized egg cell of the original nucleus, the injection of exogenous genes with embryonic gene group fusion, and then cultured in vitro, the last transplant to receptor dams uterine development, such maternity of the animal body of each one The cells contain a new DNA fragment. - The disadvantage of this method is low efficiency expression of uncertainty in the results caused by the position effect (exogenous gene insertion sites randomness), animals low utilization that in ruminants there is still a long reproductive cycle, and have strong The time limit, the characteristics of a large number of donor and recipient animals, etc. is required. Detailed steps: Under the microscope, with a very fine glass needle (1-2 microns in diameter) directly to the DNA injected into the nucleus of the embryo, then the injected DNA of the embryo is transplanted into an animal, so that develop into normal pups. About one tenth of the animals produced in this way integration of exogenous gene in transgenic animals.Sperm-mediated gene transfection
Transgenic technology iconSperm-mediated gene transfer is the sperm for proper treatment, it has the ability to carry exogenous gene. Then carrying exogenous genes sperm to estrus females inseminated. In the offspring of dams, there is a certain proportion of animals are integrated exogenous gene transgenic animals. Compared with the microinjection method, sperm-mediated gene transfer has two advantages: First, its low cost, only the microinjection cost 1/10. Secondly, because it does not involve the processing of animals, therefore, you can experiment with the production of the herd or flock to each experiment can be successful.Nuclear transplant transgenic methodSCNT is emerging in recent years, a transgenic technology. The method is first exogenous gene, and the donor cells cultured in a medium, so that the exogenous gene into the donor cells, the donor cells are then transplanted into recipient cells nucleus - enucleated oocytes, constitutes reconstruction embryo, and then transplanted into pseudopregnant maternal transgenic cloned animals until their pregnancy, childbirth, can be obtained.Somatic cell nuclear transplantationThe first gene into somatic cells in vitro, and screened with genetically modified cells. Then, with the transgenic body to remove the nucleus of the egg cell nuclear transplantation in the production of reconstructed embryos. Reconstructed embryos via transplanted to the mother, the newborn animal produced 100% of transgenic animals. Edit this paragraph transgenic technology with traditional technology since the human cultivated crops, our ancestors never stopped the genetic improvement of crops. Crops improved in the past few thousand years is mainly the selection and use of the natural mutation good genes and recombinant accumulated through random and natural way to good genes. Genetics was founded nearly a century of animal and plant breeding using artificial hybridization method excellent gene recombination and exogenous gene into the genetic improvement. Thus, transgenic technology with traditional technology can be traced to the same origin, and its essence is to obtain good genes for genetic improvement. However, the scope and efficiency of gene transfer, transgenic technology and traditional breeding techniques, there are two important differences. First, the traditional technology generally only between individuals within a species gene transfer switch gene transfer in gene technology are excluded from the limit of kinship between organisms. Second, conventional hybridization and selection techniques are generally on the level of individual organisms, the operation whole genome, the transfer of a large number of genes, not possible to accurately operate and select a gene, predictable performance of offspring poor. Transgenic technology operation and transfer of general after a clear definition of gene function clear, offspring performance can be accurately expected. Therefore, transgenic technology development and complement the traditional technology. Closely integrate the two can complement each other, and greatly improve the efficiency of plant and animal species improvement. Below, respectively, of transgenic animals and transgenic plants described.Transgenic plantsThe transgenic plant is a plant containing a foreign gene in the genome. By protoplast fusion and cell reorganization, transfer of genetic material, chromosome engineering technology, it is possible to change some of the genetic characteristics of the plant, cultivate high-yield, high-quality, anti-viral, insect resistance, cold, drought, waterlogging, salt alkali, such as herbicide-resistant crop varieties. And can be used to genetically modified plants or cultured cells in vitro, and the production of exogenous gene expression products, such as human growth hormone, insulin, interferon, interleukin-2, epidermal growth factor, hepatitis B vaccine and other genes in transgenic plants expressed. With the continuous development of the field of molecular biology in the past two decades, the separation of plant genes, genetic engineering carrier build the cell's genetic transformation of transformed cells in tissue culture, plant regeneration and exogenous gene expression detection and other various technology matures and improve plant genetic engineering research advances, many previously impossible gene conversion work to be successful in a growing number of plants. The main purpose is to improve the transgenic plants The polypeptide or industrial enzyme production, improve food quality, increase crop resistance to pests and pathogens. Most of the conventional pharmaceutical proteins using biochemical methods to extract or obtained by microbial fermentation, such active substances are generally extremely small amounts in living cells, and the extraction process is complex, high-cost, far failed to meet the needs of the community. Application of transgenic plants to produce pharmaceutical proteins, including vaccines, antibodies, interferon and other cytokines, can take advantage of a large number of plant Ota plant production, significantly reduce production costs, increase production, and can also be obtained by conventional means can not be obtained drugs. The biggest advantage is the use of plants to produce the vaccine can be used as food direct oral. Through a variety of plant transgenic technology the multiple vaccine gene into the plant, thereby obtaining a transgenic plant expressing the polypeptide vaccines. With the antibody genetically engineered antibody genes can be (small active units to complete antibody light and heavy chain gene) is separated from the monoclonal antibody hybridoma, people began to think of ways to make use of transgenic plants to express these antibodies. 1989 Hiatt antibody produced by murine hybridoma gene into tobacco cells obtain plants antibody, and found that the plant antibodies having the same antigen-binding ability of the hybridoma sources antibody, both functional. After this, the full-length antibodies, single domain antibodies and single-chain antibody in transgenic plants for successful expression. Local plants antibody immunotherapy will be a compelling areas, local treatment can cure tooth decay and other common applications of high-affinity antibody. The plant transgenic available more new varieties of vegetables, fruits, flowers are able to retain their good quality optimizationTransgenic animalsTransgenic animals animals containing exogenous gene in the genome. It is in accordance with the pre-design through cell fusion and cell reorganization, transfer of genetic material, chromosome engineering and genetic engineering techniques exogenous gene into sperm, egg or fertilized reproductive engineering, bred transgenic animals. Auxin genes, prolific gene, promote egg gene, high milk yield gene, lean type gene, keratin genes, anti-parasite genes, gene transfer of antiviral genes, may be bred short growth cycle, calving, Health more eggs, and milk yield, genetically modified super rat than ordinary mice approximately doubled. Meat production, good the fur quality with processing performance and resistance, and has made some achievements in domestic animals such as cattle, sheep, pigs, chickens, fish. Gene animal refers to the experimental method of importing exogenous genes in the chromosomal gene within the stable integration and stable expression of an animal. In 1974, Jaenisch application microinjection, the world's first successful the SV40DNA transgenic mice. Subsequently, Costantini rabbit - globin gene into the fertilized eggs of mice, the fertilized egg develops into mice express rabbit Bu globin; Palmiter rat growth hormone gene introduced mouse zygotes, "super" mice; Church was the first case of transgenic cattle. So far, it has succeeded in obtaining the transferred gene mice, chickens, goats, pigs, sheep, cows, frogs, and a variety of turn transgenic fish. Can also be genetically modified animals as biological factories (Biofactories), including the mammary gland bioreactor and tubal biological reactor, such as the production of clotting factor IX in transgenic mice, tissue-type fiber plasminogen activator (t-PA) interleukin-2, of α1-anti-trypsin, to turn gene sheep production people of α1-anti-trypsin proteinase, to turn genes goats, cows production LAt-PA, to turn genes pig production human hemoglobin, etc., these gene products with a highly efficient, high-quality, low-cost with the corresponding human protein having the same biological activity, and multi with milk secretion, ease of separation and purification, based on the development of systems biology, transfected gene system biological technology - synthetic biology become not only a single gene but the design of multi-gene even gene group, the synthesis and transfer gene a new generation of biotechnology. Transgenic animals by genetic mosaic and heterozygous sexual reproduction offspring variation, it is difficult to form a stable transgenic lines of genetic. Thus, try out of mitochondria isolated from the recipient animal cells, the exogenous gene be transformed in vitro, and then transgenic mitochondrial import fertilized eggs develop into a transgenic animal females cultured egg and Renyi Xiong individual mating or artificial insemination, in vitro, mitochondrial cytoplasmic sexual offspring may all transgenic individuals. Edit this paragraph an important impact on the real lifeIn March 2000, the cloned piglets "turned out." Followed by Europe and the United States between genetically modified foods to eat and do not eat the issues debated. The early 1990s, the first to market a genetically modified foods in the United States, is a fresh tomato, the study results of this successful study in the United Kingdom, genetically modified foods became even more rampant. According to statistics, 43 kinds of transgenic varieties have been identified by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). The United States is the most genetically modified foods, and more than 60 percent of processed foods contain genetically modified ingredients, more than 90% of the soybeans, 50% corn, genetically modified wheat. Genetically modified foods genetically modified plants, such as: tomatoes, potatoes, corn and other transgenic animals, such as: fish, cattle, sheep. Although the conversion genetically modified food and ordinary food is not much difference in the taste, but genetically modified plants, animals have a distinct advantage: high-quality high-yielding, insect-resistant, anti-viral, anti-herbicide, improved quality, and tolerance to survive.Ecological speciesTransgenic crops is artificial varieties, we can put these varieties look as natural exotic species does not exist. In general, foreign species threat or danger to the environment or biological diversity, there will be a long period of time. Sometimes need 10 years or longer. Transgenic crop commercialization planting has the longest is 5-6 years, some of the potential risk in such a short period of time may not be able to show it. But some risk has been confirmed in the laboratory level. Mikkelsen confirmed transgenic herbicide-resistant oilseed rape herbicide-resistant gene by gene flow in a hybrid, once the process of backcross has been transferred to its wild relatives (Mikkelsen, et al, 1996).Environmental SystemsFarmland ecosystems Agro-ecosystem to increase the use of pesticides - resistance to the selection and transshipment to other compatible plants produce new farmland weeds - gene flow and hybridization of transgenic plants become weeds - Insert the traits competition new virus - different viral genome and the reorganization of the viral coat protein transgenic crops generate new crop pest pathogens - the plant interactions herbivores - plant interactions damage to non-target organisms - herbivorous this paragraph animals eating editing technology applications since 1996, the first case since the industrial applications of transgenic crops, the global rapid development of transgenic technology research and industrial applications. Strategic focus of the developed countries have the development of transgenic technology as to seize the high ground for the technologies of the future and to enhance the international competitiveness of agriculture, developing countries are also actively follow up and show the following trend: First, the breeding of speed. With the development of the life sciences, genomics, bioinformatics, and other disciplines, transgenic technology with each passing day, research tools, equipment has improved continuously, cloning technology are advancing by leaps and bounds, some new genes, new characters and new products continue to emerge. Variety cultivation was intergenerational characteristics of the world of new varieties of genetically modified organisms from the first generation of insect-resistant and herbicide-resistant products, to improve the nutritional quality and increase the production of second-generation products, as well as industrial, pharmaceutical and bio-reactor rankings changes in three generations of products, the polymerization of the composite multi-gene traits is becoming the focus of research and application of transgenic technology. Industrial applications has expanded rapidly. As of the end of 2009, 25 countries around the world have approved the commercial application of the 24 kinds of genetically modified crops. Transfer of genetically modified soybeans, cotton, corn, canola acreage of genetically modified crops, 2550 mu development by 1996 to 20 million hectares in 2009, 14 years, an increase of 79 times. The United States is still the largest-growing countries, the planting area of 9.6 million hectares in 2009; followed by Brazil, 3.21 million hectares; Argentina, 3.195 million hectares; India, 1.26 million hectares; Canada, 1.23 million hectares; China, 5550 mu; Paraguay 3300 mu; South Africa, 3150 mu. It is worth mentioning, since 2000, the United States has approved a six herbicide-resistant transgenic rice and medicinal Iran approved a transgenic rice commercial cultivation; Canada, Mexico, Australia, Colombia 4 approved genetically modified rice imports, allowing consumption. Ecological and economic benefits are very significant. In 1996-2007, the global transgenic crops cumulative gain of up to 44 billion U.S. dollars, the cumulative reduction of pesticide use 359,000 tons. In 2008, the the the global GMO market value of $ 7.5 billion. Edit this paragraph rumors and rumor rumors 1997-1998, Britain and experimental analysis found that genetically modified foods abnormal result in certain abnormal animal health and the planting area. The British government-funded studies have shown that consumption of genetically modified potatoes rat liver cancer early symptoms, testicular dysgenesis, part of the immune system and the nervous system atrophy anomalies. [Truth] see below the food safety controversy: turn the events of the genetically modified corn. Method of processing data unscientific. The rumors two 1997 Ke Laona German farmers start planting Syngenta Bt-176 maize experimental plot, the first three years, corn gratifying, no pests, 2001, when he was this corn is used to feed the cow, the cow began to violently diarrhea and stop milk production, and finally, he lost a total of 70 cattle. [Truth] Ke Laona a total loss of 12 cows, and seven died after disable GM feed. His house cows will die because feed moldy. In Spain, Bt176 least planting 22,000 hectares, the Ministry of Environment of Spain confirmed never found any animals eat bt transgenic maize to produce evidence of disease or death. [6] rumors three autumn 1998, Pusztai of the Rowett Research Institute, Professor of Scotland (Pusztai) on TV publicly declared his experiments proved mice kidneys, thymus and spleen growth abnormality or atrophy or growth improper brain atrophy several vital organs were also damaged, the immune system is weakened. [Truth] see below the food safety controversy: Pusi Tai (Pusztai) event, the experimental results can not be repeated. Rumor 1998 four EU countries pass laws, job strictly limited to genetically modified agricultural products in a lab environment or enclosed area. [Truth] EU never prohibited genetically modified crops. [7] rumors Five 1999 John Losey, Cornell University researchers published in the British magazine "Nature" report coated leaves of transgenic Bt corn pollen feeding monarch butterflies, leading to the death of 44% of the larvae. [Truth] see below, ecological safety controversy: the monarch butterfly event. Laboratory has-threatening, field no problem rumors six 2000 Nian to 2001 Nian turn genes planting area found abnormal get more confirmed in the ecological environment, for example, turn modified maize varieties itself has not yet found an exception, but its surrounding wild ecological environment appear abnormal, the transgenic varieties of sugar beet and other field tests show itself and the environment are abnormal. To this end, the Government of the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom and the European Union countries the agricultural sector the urgent establishment of agro-ecological environmental protection working group, began to closely monitor weather measures transgenic planting area. [Truth] check this matter is purely fabricated. The rumors seven 2004 Syngenta research and development of genetically modified Bt-176 maize scandals, northern Hesse, Germany farmers from 1997 to try to grow Bt-176 corn and used as cow feed supplements, 2000, when farmers began to raise the corn in proportion of the feed, the cattle are dead. Haier BAK, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Institute of Earth botany professor found in 2004, used to poison the European corn borer Bt toxin in Bt-176, can not break down, eventually poisoned cows. [Truth] and rumors, the second is the same thing. As for the Haier BAK Professor Professor List of the ETH Zurich (← "correct translation of the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology") did not see a similar name professor. The so-called "Earth Geobotany ... the college did not even this by. Rumors eight May 22, 2005, the British newspaper "Independent" and disclosed in a report in a leading biotechnology company Monsanto "to genetically modified food to feed the mice appear the organ variability and blood components change phenomenon. [Truth] and rumors First, the same thing. See below the food safety controversy: turn the events of the genetically modified corn. Method of processing data unscientific. Rumors nine November 16, 2005, a research report published by the Australian Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), a continuing four weeks of the experiment show that the lungs of mice fed GM peas generated inflammation, mice allergic reaction, and more sensitive to other allergens, which halted transgenic project lasted 10 years and cost $ 3 million. [Truth】 fact. Therefore, the outcome of the transgenic similar to this will cause problems will not be a large area of the application, even if costly also stopped. Really can bring applications are safe. Rumors ten in 2006, higher nervous activity of the Russian Academy of Sciences and the Institute of Neurophysiology scientist Dr. Ma Kewa Irina Al found eating mice transgenic soybean food, more than half of its pups born during the first three weeks of death is not eat genetically modified soybeans the rat mortality of 6 times. The Truth] see below food safety controversy: genetically modified food events in Russia rumors eleven in 2007, funded by the Austrian government, Ze Teke professor and his research team developed Mengdou Mountain genetically modified maize NK603 (anti weeding agent) and hybrid varieties of genetically modified maize MON810 (Bt insect-resistant) "experimental. After up to 20 weeks of observation, found that genetically modified mice affects the reproductive capacity. The Truth] see below the food safety controversy: turn modified maize events rumor on twelve October 2007 and November, "The New York Times and other media reported, after a long and meticulous tracking observation, found that there are two kinds of genetically modified corn planting The cause harm Butterfly survival, the level of threat to the ecological environment security is beyond the acceptable level. To this end, the EU has made a preliminary decision to prohibit the use of the genetically modified corn seed sales. [Truth] see below, ecological safety controversy: the monarch butterfly event. In addition, the EU has never banned genetically modified crops [7] rumors thirteen in 2007, French scientists confirmed, Monsanto produced a genetically modified corn is toxic to the human liver and kidney. Truth] where no article. Only mouse related messages seen below, the food safety controversy: turn one of the events of the genetically modified corn rumors fourteen December 22, 2009, the French biotechnology Commission finally announced, "do more harm than good" of genetically modified corn, which is equal to genetically modified crops planting permanent abolition in France. [Truth] France never succeeded in abolishing the still planting [8] rumors fifteen December 2009 "Bioscience International Journal published a study results showed that three kinds of Monsanto's genetically modified corn make rat liver , damage to the kidneys and other organs. Three genetically modified corn varieties, a design resistant to broad-spectrum herbicides (the so-called Roundup-ready), and the other two contain bacteria-derived protein, has insecticidal properties. The study used a Monsanto raw data. Truth] see below food safety controversy: turn one of the events of the genetically modified corn rumors and 16, according to the official website of the Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China reported, "In order to make the new success of the 2010 Shanghai World Expo, splendid and unforgettable World Expo, Technology 10 departments and units of the Ministry, a joint Ministry of Education of the Shanghai Municipal Government, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, China Academy of Engineering College set up a special Expo Technology leadership team to start the implementation of the Technology Expo special action, organization and mobilization of the national scientific and technological strength and technological resources, conduct joint public relations, as Shanghai World Expo successfully organized to provide scientific and technological support. "which, in terms of food security, has successfully developed a rapid detection of food pathogens, toxic and hazardous substances, genetically modified ingredients" "food safety testing products, and has been in Shanghai testing agencies demonstration and the surrounding areas. "[Truth] official website original no genetically modified] words, add rumors manufacturer for ulterior motives. [9] rumors seventeen scientists have proved that the GM diet will lead to the loss of fertility of the offspring! And found that the consumption of genetically modified food, the third generation of hamsters deformity, his mouth turned long-haired! Genetically modified food is absolutely harmful! [Truth] unpublished papers of their own are just "guess". [10] Edit this paragraph controversial controversy reportedFrance shooting the documentary "Monsanto are the transferred genes World" (another translation: The World According to Monsanto, Monsanto are the first: agents and genes) of The World According To Monsanto (2008) United States shooting the documentary "Food Company" Food Inc.. (2008)Scholars criticizedWilliam Grace Doyle (F. William Engdahl), Tour de economists, geopolitics, with a "war for oil: oil politics decide the new world order" food crisis: a dark conspiracy " best-selling books. "Food crisis," a book, ex Doyle said a small number of people being around food for a not for most people aware of the conspiracy, and their the the transgenic engineering studies as a means to achieve large-scale soybean, rice and other crops and chicken cows and other important control of poultry and livestock products. He added: "There is no evidence that genetically modified seeds and its supporting pesticide to increase production, the cultivation of genetically modified crops will not reduce the amount of pesticide use, cultivation actually turn after a period of time of genetically modified crops, herbicide use is not reduced but increased [11]ControversyThe the transgenic rice controversial genetically modified rice from the laboratory to the field wide world attention transgenic rice research from the laboratory to the field, reporter recently learned from the China National Rice Research Institute, transgenic rice has entered the stage of field release, is applying for commercial production. In 1996, China National Rice Research Task Force, led by researcher Huang Danian, the first time in the world developed herbicide-resistant transgenic hybrid rice, hybrid rice seed production purity is to address the long-troubled provides a new method. This achievement among the top 500 academicians from China selected the "1997 China's top ten scientific and technological progress. After that, the research group's successful preparation of a herbicide-resistant transgenic seeded rice, saving time and labor divisible weeds. Chinese rice and Zhejiang Qianjiang Biochemical Co., Ltd. jointly set up by the Zhejiang Golden Harvest Agricultural Genetic Engineering Co., Ltd., officially opened the transgenic rice to industrialization prelude. Huang Danian et al has bred a number of excellent transgenic rice mix and new lines, following laboratory validated and approved by the the Gene Product Safety Commission, the Ministry of Agriculture, security, these new varieties has begun in Fuyang, Lin'an of Zhejiang, Lishui Research and intermediate test field release and try to grow demonstration, and are to apply to the authorities for commercial production. You dare eat genetically modified foods? In March 2000, the cloned piglets "turned out." Followed by Europe and the United States between genetically modified foods to eat and do not eat the issues debated. With the arrival of China's accession to the WTO and global economic integration, the genetically modified foods have been unknowingly penetrate into the various parts of the life of the people. So, what are genetically modified foods? Genetically modified foods in the end can not eat? Brazil nuts, Brazil nuts events (Bertholletia excelsa) rich in methionine and cysteine protein 2S albumin. In order to improve the nutritional quality of soybeans, in January 1994, the American Pioneer (Pioneer) seed company researchers try Brazil nuts encoded protein 2S albumin gene into soybean (Abstract published in the Journal of Cellular Biochemistry Journal of Cellular Biochemistry, 1994, Suppl 18A: 78). However, they realize that some people are allergic to Brazil nuts, then transferred to the encoded protein soybean 2S albumin gene testing, found that people allergic to Brazil nuts also may be soy allergies, protein 2S albumin positive major allergen Brazil nuts (findings published in the New England Journal of Medicine The New England Journal of Medicine ,1996,334:688-692). So the Pioneer seed company canceled the plan of this study. The matter but it is said to be "genetically modified soybeans cause food allergies. Brazil nuts events and so far found only not been commercialized due to allergies and genetically modified foods case. In fact, there produce allergic reaction to food and its related gene list. The study of genetically modified crops, the researchers first used the genes of these allergic food; manufacture of new proteins of genetically modified crops, the need of their chemical composition and structure of the known 500 allergy original comparison with similar, will be abandoned; addition, exogenous gene formed protein digestion speed detection, if you can not be digested quickly, can not for human consumption. Pu Sitai event Pusi Tai (Pusztai) "event, that is detonated the safety of genetically modified crops and robust debate of public opinion turning point. The fall of 1998, Scotland Rowett Research Institute scientist ARPANET was Pusi Tai (Arpad Pusztai) through the television speech, said his turn in the experiment with snowdrop lectin gene of potato feeding rats, Subsequently, the rats' body weight and organ weights seriously mitigate the damage to the immune system. " Remark, that caused an international sensation a green and environmental NGO's to promote equality, Europe set off the anti-GM food craze. However long after Pusi Tai experiment was questioned. Allegedly, he is not yet completed the experiment, and no published data on the rush to the public through the media to disseminate their conclusions. He studied transgenic potatoes is to build his own, did not listed may not exist any publicity experiments urgency. Royal Society Pusi Tai event "attaches great importance to the organization of expert peer review of the experiment commenced. In May 1999, the assessment report that Pu Sitai the experiment contains 6 of mistakes and defects: can not determine transgenic there are differences in the chemical composition of non-transgenic potato; rats of eating genetically modified potatoes, add protein to prevent hunger; for small number of experimental animals fed several different foods, and not the standard of food rats, the lack of statistical significance; poor experimental design, and not a double-blind determination; inappropriate statistical methods; consistency with the experimental results. Soon after, Rowett Institute announced Pu Sitai early retirement, and no longer his remarks. Transferred gene maize events (a) France molecular endocrinology scientist Seralini their colleagues 7th, 2009 international biological science of "published articles, discuss to mice fed three kinds Meng Mountain are (Monsanto) turn modified corn of experiments and analysis conclusions. The article pointed out that the mice eating GM corn for three months, his liver, kidney and heart functions are subject to some degree of adverse effects. This article was published soon after they has been criticized by some fellow scientists and regulatory agencies. The biggest challenge is that the experimental results, etc. According to Seralini, one of the scientists who are not established the basis of person independent experiments on rats, the statistical analysis of the data in the text, in fact, derived from Monsanto before the experiment, they just select an inappropriate data

Transgenic technology

2012-09-07T05:54:00.001-07:00

disorders of purine metabolism

2012-09-07T04:09:00.002-07:00

Gout is also called " high ", disorders of purine metabolism, which belongs to a kind of arthritis. Gout is the body of purine material the new supersedes the old. Disorders, uric acid synthesis is increased or discharged is reduced, hyperuricemia, blood uric acid concentration is too high, uric acid with sodium in the form of deposits in joints, cartilage and kidneys, causing tissue foreign body inflammatory reaction, i.e. pain wind.

Western medicine: Gout

English Name: Gout

Subordinate departments: Surgery Department of orthopedics

Incidence of parts: systemic

The main symptoms: Arthritis

The main etiology: purine metabolic disorder

Multiple groups: all groups

Contagious: no infectious

Whether to enter the medical insurance : Yes

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Cause of disease

Pathological physiology

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Diagnosis of traditional Chinese Medicine

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A cup of coffee to the treatment of gout

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Earthquake

2012-09-07T03:28:00.002-07:00

At 11:19 on September 7th 2012, Yiliang County, Zhaotong City, Yunnan Province, Guizhou Province, Bijie area at the junction of Weining County 5.7 earthquake occurred, focal depth 14 km; 12:16, Yiliang County, Zhaotong City5.6 earthquake took place, the focal depth of 10 km. September 7, 2011 to 2012, 13 hours 50 minutes, the earthquake disaster has killed seven people, three people were injured, the preliminary statistics housing down losses of more than 20,000 households.

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Earthquake
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Casualties
Edit this paragraph earthquake in September 2012 January at 11:19 on the 7th, the junction of Weining County Yiliang County, Zhaotong City, Yunnan Province and Guizhou Province Bijie Region 5.7 earthquake occurred, focal depth of 14 km. 12:16, Yiliang County, Zhaotong City 5.6 earthquake occurred, focal depth of 10 km. Learned from the Guangxi Seismological Bureau monitoring Baise City to the junction of Yunnan, Guizhou seismic waveform, but its source closest distance of 331 km, the body feels strong. According to users in Baise City Youjiang District Xiangyang Road "dumping laugh, pure Yan" micro-Bo said, "The floor large flurried about 11:28. According to another report, Chengdu, Chongqing also felt [1] Edit this paragraph the rescue earthquake, the Provincial Disaster Reduction Committee immediately start two relief emergency response. The provincial government attaches great importance to the provincial party secretary Qin Guangrong, governor Liu Jiheng, Vice Governor Liu Huiyan quickly made important instructions, requiring provincial departments and disaster committees and governments at all levels to treat the injured, as far as possible to minimize disaster losses limits. Rushed to the disaster area; Liu Huiyan Vice Governor of the 13 relevant departments of the provincial working group composed of the provincial Civil Affairs Department emergency organization transported to the quake-hit areas in at 12:15 on September 7th, 2012, 6,000 tents, 6,000 quilts, cotton coat 6000, 1000 color of the cloth. Edit this paragraph casualties reported according to the Civil Affairs Bureau of Zhaotong City, September 7, 2011, up to 2012 in 13 hours 50 minutes, the earthquake disaster has killed seven people, three people were injured, preliminary statistics housing down losses of more than 20,000 households.