<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?><rss xmlns:atom="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom" xmlns:openSearch="http://a9.com/-/spec/opensearchrss/1.0/" xmlns:blogger="http://schemas.google.com/blogger/2008" xmlns:georss="http://www.georss.org/georss" xmlns:gd="http://schemas.google.com/g/2005" xmlns:thr="http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0" version="2.0"><channel><atom:id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7302740288485214704</atom:id><lastBuildDate>Sat, 11 Apr 2026 07:16:56 +0000</lastBuildDate><category>General info</category><category>Biology</category><category>Fotografi</category><category>Unique news world</category><category>Knowledge of Islamic</category><category>Healthy food</category><category>Indonesian</category><category>Cerita rakyat</category><category>History</category><category>Tips and trick blog</category><category>Trick computer and laptop</category><category>Learning materials</category><category>Physics</category><category>Otomotif</category><category>Mobile phone</category><category>Personality</category><category>All about N-gage</category><category>Free download mp3</category><category>Internet and Technology</category><category>Economy</category><category>Tips SEO</category><category>Earn money through your blog or website</category><category>International military</category><category>Chemical</category><category>English</category><category>Free download software</category><category>All About Wonosobo</category><category>All about Kaliwiro</category><category>Art and culture</category><category>Jawa barat</category><category>Citizenship</category><category>Kedokteran</category><category>Wallpaper</category><category>Info Sepeda</category><category>Jawa timur</category><category>Pulau Bali</category><category>Jawa tengah</category><category>Learn magic</category><category>Make you smile page</category><category>Bangka belitung</category><category>Free download windows</category><category>Jakarta</category><category>TIK</category><category>Alexa tips</category><category>Banten</category><category>Design Build</category><category>Games</category><category>My inspiration</category><category>Free download anime update</category><category>Free download ebook</category><category>Free download movie/film</category><category>Gorontalo</category><category>All about kecamatan Kalibawang</category><category>Bengkulu</category><title>Make You Smile</title><description></description><link>http://alanhendrawan.blogspot.com/</link><managingEditor>noreply@blogger.com (Alan Hendrawan)</managingEditor><generator>Blogger</generator><openSearch:totalResults>1331</openSearch:totalResults><openSearch:startIndex>1</openSearch:startIndex><openSearch:itemsPerPage>25</openSearch:itemsPerPage><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7302740288485214704.post-3710046995537478751</guid><pubDate>Sat, 07 Dec 2013 04:55:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2013-12-06T20:55:43.983-08:00</atom:updated><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">Games</category><title>Free download PESEdit.com 2014 Patch 2.0 [MirrorCreator] full</title><description>&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; trbidi=&quot;on&quot;&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;PESEdit.com 2014 Patch 2.0&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;merupakan patch terbaru games&amp;nbsp;Pro Evolution Soccer (PES) 2014&amp;nbsp;yang  dirilis oleh Pesedit.com. Patch ini cukup penting karena dapat  memperbarui database pemain di PC kita. Pada versi terbaru ini ada  penambahan team baru, penambahan pemain, kits, dan tentunya perbaikan  bugs.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Windows Vista SP2, 7 SP1, 8&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Intel Core i3 530 2.93GHz or equivalent processor&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;2GB RAM&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;8GB free hard disk space&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;DirectX 9.0c compatible video card. 1024MB Pixel Shader 3.0 (NVIDIA GeForce 7950 or AMD/ATI Radeon HD2400 or better)&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;DirectX 9.0c compatible sound card&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;1280 x 720 monitor resolution&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhAK9qE7awx2w9oL4ok-z2QMR-aYRCUe7NlI9N1lfJM2qnWtwlQgceLGLgb7GqJoBhdoT5yV-SWs7WyI-CoR_FL4Vx2pnLsjA7c1pgjTovndt_BLOAWrv1by_AGwv5VFEsFKiSgR7RG7uI/s1600/PESEdit.com+2014+Patch+2.0+%282%29+_berhasil.jpg&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;PESEdit.com 2014 Patch 2.0 - MirrorCreator&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;180&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhAK9qE7awx2w9oL4ok-z2QMR-aYRCUe7NlI9N1lfJM2qnWtwlQgceLGLgb7GqJoBhdoT5yV-SWs7WyI-CoR_FL4Vx2pnLsjA7c1pgjTovndt_BLOAWrv1by_AGwv5VFEsFKiSgR7RG7uI/s320/PESEdit.com+2014+Patch+2.0+%282%29+_berhasil.jpg&quot; title=&quot;Screenshot (1)&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjOgDjP3zBz4do0iBX9w_H73mmtW8tkSnF_qGVlGZwaPIcA49DWpNhv5jm8Jar7aTO3B8WunYiY3AHGu-QXsrNIW1iQ5ZcPX3Zqi_pHOkZxGGlyO40IVjP5yRUgiuu6BIItaLLJVespvdM/s1600/PESEdit.com+2014+Patch+2.0+_berhasil.jpg&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;PESEdit.com 2014 Patch 2.0 - MirrorCreator&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;179&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjOgDjP3zBz4do0iBX9w_H73mmtW8tkSnF_qGVlGZwaPIcA49DWpNhv5jm8Jar7aTO3B8WunYiY3AHGu-QXsrNIW1iQ5ZcPX3Zqi_pHOkZxGGlyO40IVjP5yRUgiuu6BIItaLLJVespvdM/s320/PESEdit.com+2014+Patch+2.0+_berhasil.jpg&quot; title=&quot;Screenshot (2)&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Title :&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;PESEdit.com 2014 Patch 2.0&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Date Released : 2013&lt;br /&gt;
Version: 2.0&lt;br /&gt;
Category : Patch PC Games - Sports&lt;br /&gt;
Publisher: Pesedit.com&lt;br /&gt;
Format : RAR&lt;br /&gt;
Size : 1.3 GB&lt;br /&gt;
Download : &lt;a href=&quot;http://adf.ly/aOtT1&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;Click Link Download&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Password :&amp;nbsp;&lt;b style=&quot;color: cyan;&quot;&gt;aspirasisoft.us&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
</description><link>http://alanhendrawan.blogspot.com/2013/12/free-download-peseditcom-2014-patch-20.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Alan Hendrawan)</author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhAK9qE7awx2w9oL4ok-z2QMR-aYRCUe7NlI9N1lfJM2qnWtwlQgceLGLgb7GqJoBhdoT5yV-SWs7WyI-CoR_FL4Vx2pnLsjA7c1pgjTovndt_BLOAWrv1by_AGwv5VFEsFKiSgR7RG7uI/s72-c/PESEdit.com+2014+Patch+2.0+%282%29+_berhasil.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7302740288485214704.post-4659303234075651678</guid><pubDate>Fri, 06 Dec 2013 16:30:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2013-12-06T08:30:52.507-08:00</atom:updated><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">Free download software</category><title>Free download gratis WinRAR 5.01 Full License Key</title><description>&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; trbidi=&quot;on&quot;&gt;
&lt;b data-iceapw=&quot;7&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;WinRAR 5.01 Full License Key&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;merupakan
 software archive yang terdiri dari file RAR dan ZIP. Disamping 
ukurannya yang sangat ringan, software ini sangat mudah untuk digunakan 
dan memiliki tingkat rasio kompresi yang tinggi. Pada versi terbaru ini 
ada perbaikan bug dan error dari versi sebelumnya.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;System Requirements:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Windows XP/Vista/7/8 (32 and 64 bit)&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
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&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjtlZrTmpBI4zxr8n_M5828jN8S_CpDttB0BvBOGkpmR1ak_gwvBeWvVv7rT2tvbGocIT-5Lm7Amdu_iEcY__51jM-le-G_NzNH3PwWxKbmjpt2l-vsTibkmiMpH-BcROfJm8PjA5FC4u8/s1600/winrar-501_berhasil.jpg&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;WinRAR 5.01 Full License Key - RGhost&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;179&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjtlZrTmpBI4zxr8n_M5828jN8S_CpDttB0BvBOGkpmR1ak_gwvBeWvVv7rT2tvbGocIT-5Lm7Amdu_iEcY__51jM-le-G_NzNH3PwWxKbmjpt2l-vsTibkmiMpH-BcROfJm8PjA5FC4u8/s320/winrar-501_berhasil.jpg&quot; title=&quot;Screenshot di PC saya....&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Di dalam file rar sudah disediakan installer untuk 32 bit dan 64 bit. 
Dan aktivasi nya cukup mudah, tinggal install winRAR nya, otomatis 
license key nya teregistrasi (extract dulu folder dalam file rar lalu 
install winRAR nya)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Title : &lt;b data-iceapw=&quot;7&quot;&gt;WinRAR 5.01 Full License Key&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Date Released : 2013&lt;br /&gt;
Version : 5.01 (x86/x64)&lt;br /&gt;
Category : Archive Software&lt;br /&gt;
Publisher: win.rar GmbH&lt;br /&gt;
Format : RAR&lt;br /&gt;
Size : 3 MB&lt;br /&gt;
Download : &lt;a href=&quot;http://adf.ly/aNIuG&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;Rghost&lt;/a&gt; // &lt;a href=&quot;http://adf.ly/aNJ7R&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;Solidfiles&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Password: &lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: cyan;&quot;&gt;aspirasisoft.us&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Thanks for coming :D&lt;/div&gt;
</description><link>http://alanhendrawan.blogspot.com/2013/12/free-download-gratis-winrar-501-full.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Alan Hendrawan)</author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjtlZrTmpBI4zxr8n_M5828jN8S_CpDttB0BvBOGkpmR1ak_gwvBeWvVv7rT2tvbGocIT-5Lm7Amdu_iEcY__51jM-le-G_NzNH3PwWxKbmjpt2l-vsTibkmiMpH-BcROfJm8PjA5FC4u8/s72-c/winrar-501_berhasil.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7302740288485214704.post-4364012936948012762</guid><pubDate>Fri, 06 Dec 2013 16:17:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2013-12-06T08:22:27.023-08:00</atom:updated><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">Kedokteran</category><title>PERAN GINJAL TERHADAP HOMEOSTASIS TUBUH </title><description>&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; trbidi=&quot;on&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjEjTXWeGo1N1pEuwm1bgsDFL-SwMDsQlKkUTAnhWRGY3KifbDJWF14HLtzaYwS_td0N9fsxvK2zkgQ1uIAOyX8jh4kpPDgUVnq21y8xb2_pUrjxM-Rar9vgwUaJTSmblGwJtgx8duI8S4N/s1600/Naskah+kuno.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;314&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjEjTXWeGo1N1pEuwm1bgsDFL-SwMDsQlKkUTAnhWRGY3KifbDJWF14HLtzaYwS_td0N9fsxvK2zkgQ1uIAOyX8jh4kpPDgUVnq21y8xb2_pUrjxM-Rar9vgwUaJTSmblGwJtgx8duI8S4N/s320/Naskah+kuno.jpg&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;NO-BOK&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK;&quot;&gt;PENDAHULUAN&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;NO-BOK&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK;&quot;&gt;A. LATAR BELAKANG&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;NO-BOK&quot;&gt;Urinaria
 adalah suatu sistem dimana terjadinya proses penyaringan darah sehingga
 darah bebas dari zat – zat yang tidak tidak dipergunakan oleh tubuh dan
 menyerap zat – zat yang masih dipergunakan oleh tubuh.&lt;span style=&quot;mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;NO-BOK&quot;&gt;Ginjal
 melakukan dua fungsi utama, pertama mengekskresikan sebagian besar 
produk akhir metabolisme tubuh, dan kedua mereka mengatur konsentrasi 
kebanyakan unsure cairan tubuh. Dalam makalah ini membicarakan 
prinsip-prinsip pembentukan urina dan terutama mekanisme ginjal 
mengekskresikan produk air.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;NO-BOK&quot;&gt;Dengan
 pembahasan ini diharapkan makalah ini dapat membantu proses belajar 
mengajar yang efektif dan memudahkan dalam mempelajari tentang mekanisme
 pembentukan urine. Terutama dengan kita ketahui tentang mekanisme 
pembentukan urin maka, kita dapat lebih mudah mengetahui gangguan apa 
saja yang mungkin untuk terjadi dalam proses mekanisme pembentukan 
urine.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;NO-BOK&quot;&gt;Makalah
 ini mencoba menyajikan pembahasan-pembahasan yang ringkas dan mudah 
dimengerti, sehingga pembaca lebih mudah untuk mengerti mekanisme 
pembentukan urine dan gangguan-gangguan apa saja yang mungkin terjadi 
serta intervensi yang harus dilakukan jika terdapat gangguan-gangguan 
mekanisme pembentukan urine.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;NO-BOK&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK;&quot;&gt;B. TUJUAN&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;NO-BOK&quot;&gt;Adapun
 tujuan mengapa kami membahas mekanisme pembentukan urin adalah tidak 
lain agar dapat mengetahui dan memahamai tentang mekanisme pembentukan 
urine, gangguan-gangguan apa saja yang mempengaruhi perubahan mekanisme 
pembentukan urine sehingga diketahui bagaimana intervensi yang harus 
dilakukan perawat saat merawat pasien yang mengalami gangguan pada 
mekanisme pembentukan urinenya.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;NO-BOK&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;BAB II&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;NO-BOK&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK;&quot;&gt;TINJAUAN PUSTAKA&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;NO-BOK&quot;&gt;Sistem
 urinaria terdiri dari dua ginjal yang memproduksi urine, dua ureter 
yang membawa urine ke dalam seuah kandung kemih untuk penampungan 
sementara dan ureter yang megalirkan urine keluar tubuh melalui 
orifisium uretra eksterna.&lt;span style=&quot;mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;img height=&quot;20&quot; src=&quot;file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/acer/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image004.gif&quot; width=&quot;11&quot; /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manusia&quot; title=&quot;Manusia&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;NO-BOK&quot; style=&quot;color: windowtext; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;&quot;&gt;Manusia&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;NO-BOK&quot;&gt; memiliki sepasang ginjal yang terletak di belakang &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perut&quot; title=&quot;Perut&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;NO-BOK&quot; style=&quot;color: windowtext; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;&quot;&gt;perut&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;NO-BOK&quot;&gt; atau &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdomen&quot; title=&quot;Abdomen&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;NO-BOK&quot; style=&quot;color: windowtext; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;&quot;&gt;abdomen&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;NO-BOK&quot;&gt;. Ginjal ini terletak di kanan dan kiri &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tulang_belakang&amp;amp;action=edit&quot; title=&quot;Tulang belakang&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;NO-BOK&quot; style=&quot;color: windowtext; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;&quot;&gt;tulang belakang&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;NO-BOK&quot;&gt;, di bawah &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hati&quot; title=&quot;Hati&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;NO-BOK&quot; style=&quot;color: windowtext; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;&quot;&gt;hati&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;NO-BOK&quot;&gt; dan &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limpa&quot; title=&quot;Limpa&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;NO-BOK&quot; style=&quot;color: windowtext; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;&quot;&gt;limpa&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;NO-BOK&quot;&gt;. Di bagian atas (&lt;i&gt;superior&lt;/i&gt;) ginjal terdapat &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelenjar_adrenal&quot; title=&quot;Kelenjar adrenal&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;NO-BOK&quot; style=&quot;color: windowtext; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;&quot;&gt;kelenjar adrenal&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;NO-BOK&quot;&gt; (juga disebut &lt;i&gt;kelenjar suprarenal&lt;/i&gt;).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;NO-BOK&quot;&gt;Ginjal bersifat retroperitoneal, yang berarti terletak di belakang &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peritoneum&amp;amp;action=edit&quot; title=&quot;Peritoneum&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;NO-BOK&quot; style=&quot;color: windowtext; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;&quot;&gt;peritoneum&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;NO-BOK&quot;&gt; yang melapisi &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rongga_abdomen&amp;amp;action=edit&quot; title=&quot;Rongga abdomen&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;NO-BOK&quot; style=&quot;color: windowtext; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;&quot;&gt;rongga abdomen&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;NO-BOK&quot;&gt;. Kedua ginjal terletak di sekitar &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebra&quot; title=&quot;Vertebra&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;NO-BOK&quot; style=&quot;color: windowtext; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;&quot;&gt;vertebra&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;NO-BOK&quot;&gt; T12 hingga L3. Ginjal kanan biasanya terletak sedikit di bawah ginjal kiri untuk memberi tempat untuk &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hati&quot; title=&quot;Hati&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;NO-BOK&quot; style=&quot;color: windowtext; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;&quot;&gt;hati&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;NO-BOK&quot;&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;NO-BOK&quot;&gt;Sebagian dari bagian atas ginjal terlindungi oleh &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iga&quot; title=&quot;Iga&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;NO-BOK&quot; style=&quot;color: windowtext; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;&quot;&gt;iga&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;NO-BOK&quot;&gt;
 ke sebelas dan duabelas. Kedua ginjal dibungkus oleh dua lapisan lemak 
(lemak perirenal dan lemak pararenal) yang membantu meredam goncangan.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;NO-BOK&quot;&gt;Ginjal
 adalah organ berbentuk ginjal seperti kacang merah, jumlahnya sepasang 
dan terletak di dorsal kiri dan kanan tulang belakang di daerah 
pinggang. Berat ginjal diperkirakan 0,5% dari berat badan, dan 
panjangnya ± 10 cm. Setiap menit 20-25% darah dipompa oleh jantung yang 
mengalir menuju ginjal.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;NO-BOK&quot;&gt;Ginjal terdiri dari tiga bagian utama yaitu:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;NO-BOK&quot;&gt;a. korteks (bagian luar)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;NO-BOK&quot;&gt;b. medulla (sumsum ginjal)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;NO-BOK&quot;&gt;c. pelvis renalis (rongga ginjal).&lt;span style=&quot;mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;20&quot; src=&quot;file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/acer/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image006.gif&quot; width=&quot;9&quot; /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center; text-indent: .5in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;NO-BOK&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;386&quot; src=&quot;file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/acer/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image008.gif&quot; width=&quot;341&quot; /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;NO-BOK&quot;&gt;PERAN GINJAL TERHADAP HOMEOSTSASIS TUBUH&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;NO-BOK&quot;&gt;Ginjal
 berperan dalam homeostatis secara lebih ekstensif dibandingkan dengan 
organ –organ lain. Ginjal mengatur komposisi elektrolit, volume dan pH 
lingkungan internal dan mengeliminasi semua zat sisa metabolism tubuh, 
kecuali CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; yang dikeluarkan oleh system pernapasan. Ginjal 
melaksanakan fungsi pengaturan ini dengan mengeliminasi zat-zat yang 
tidak dibutuhkan oleh tubuh melalui urin, misalnya zat sisa metabolism 
dan kelebihan garam / air, sementara menahan zat yang bermanfaat bagi 
tubuh. Organ ini juga mampu mempertahankan konstituen – konstituen 
plasma yang konsentrasinya dijaga dalam rentang sempit agar tidak 
megganggu kehidupan walaupun pemasukan dan pengeluaran konstituen – 
konstituen tersebut dari jalan lain sangat bervariasi.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;NO-BOK&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Berikut ini adalah cara – cara spesifik yang dilakukan ginjal untuk membantu homeostasis&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;NO-BOK&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;Fungsi Regulasi&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;ul style=&quot;margin-top: 0in;&quot; type=&quot;circle&quot;&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-list: l15 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;NO-BOK&quot;&gt;Ginjal
 mengatur jumlah dan konsentrasi      sebagian besar elektolit CES ( 
Cairan Ekstrasel ), termasuk      elektolit-elektolit yang penting untuk
 mengatur eksitabilitas      neuromuskulus&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-list: l15 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;NO-BOK&quot;&gt;Ginjal berperan&amp;nbsp; mempertahankan pH yang sesuai dengan      mengeliminasi kelebihan H&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt; ( asam ) / HCO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; ( basa )      dalam urin&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-list: l15 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;NO-BOK&quot;&gt;Ginjal
 membantu mempertahankan volume      plasma yang sesuai untuk pengaturan
 jangka panjang tekanan darah arteri      dengan mengontrol keseimbangan
 garam dalam tubuh&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-list: l15 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;NO-BOK&quot;&gt;Ginjal
 mempertahankan keseimbangan air      dalam tubuh yang penting untuk 
mempertahankan osmolitas ( konsentrasi zat      terlarut ) CES yang 
sesuai. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;NO-BOK&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Fungsi Eksresi&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;NO-BOK&quot;&gt;Ginjal
 mengeksresikan produk – produk akhir, metabolisme dalam urin. Zat – zat
 sisa ini bersifat toksik bagi tubuh apabila tertimbun&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;NO-BOK&quot;&gt;Ginjal juga mengeksresikan banyak senyawa asing yang masuk ke dalam tubuh&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;NO-BOK&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Fungsi Hormonal&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;NO-BOK&quot;&gt;Ginjal
 mensekresikan eritropoiein, hormon yang merangsang produksi sel darah 
merah oleh sumsum tulang. Fungsi ini berperan dalam homeostasis dengan 
membantu mempertahankan kandungan O&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; yang optimal&amp;nbsp; di dalam darah lebih dari 98 % O&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; dalam darah terikat ke hemoglobin di dalam sel darah merah&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;NO-BOK&quot;&gt;Ginjal
 juga mensekresikan renin, hormon yang mengawali jalur renin 
angiotensin-oldosteron untuk mengontrol reabsorpsi Na+ oleh tubulus yang
 penting dalam pemeliharaan jangka panjang volume plasma dan tekanan 
darah arteri&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;NO-BOK&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;NO-BOK&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Fungsi Metabolisme&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;NO-BOK&quot;&gt;Ginjal membantu mengubah vitamin D menjadi bentuk aktifnya. Vitamin D penting penyerapan Ca &lt;sup&gt;++&lt;/sup&gt; dari saluran pencernaan, kalsium, sebaliknya memiliki banyak fungsi homeostatik.&lt;span style=&quot;mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;20&quot; src=&quot;file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/acer/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image010.gif&quot; width=&quot;11&quot; /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;NO-BOK&quot;&gt;STRUKTUR INTERNAL GINJAL&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;ul style=&quot;margin-top: 0in;&quot; type=&quot;circle&quot;&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;Hilus (hilum). adalah tingkat kecekungan tepi medial ginjal.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;Sinus
 ginjal adalah rongga berisi lemak yang membuka pada      hilus.sinus 
ini membuka kelekatan untuk jalan masuk dan keluar ureter,      vena dan
 arteri renalis, saraf dan limfatik.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;Pelvis
 ginjal adalah perluasan ujung proksimal ureter. Ujung ini      
berlanjut menjadi dua sampai tiga kaliks mayor, yaitu rongga yang 
mencapai      glandular, bagian penghasil urine pada ginjal.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;NO-BOK&quot;&gt;Parenkim ginjal. Adalah jaringan ginjal      yang menyelubungi struktur ginjal. &lt;/span&gt;Jaringan ini terbagi atas medulla dalam dan korteks luar.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;NO-BOK&quot;&gt;Ginjal
 terbagi lagi menjadi lobus ginjal.      Setiap lobus terdiri dari satu 
piramida ginjal, kolumna yang saling      berdekatan, dan jaringan 
korteks yang melapisinya&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: .25in; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;NO-BOK&quot;&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;NO-BOK&quot; style=&quot;background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: black; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: black; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-image: initial; border-left-color: black; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: black; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: black; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: 1pt; font-size: 0pt; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 0in; padding-right: 0in; padding-top: 0in;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;NO-BOK&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;255&quot; src=&quot;file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/acer/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image012.jpg&quot; width=&quot;300&quot; /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;NO-BOK&quot;&gt;Dalam
 satu ginjal mengandung satu sampai empat juta nefron yang merupakan 
unit pembentuk urine. Setiap nefron memiliki satu komponenvaskular 
(kapilar) dan satu komponen tubular. &lt;/span&gt;Komponen nefron terdiri atas:&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;ul style=&quot;margin-top: 0in;&quot; type=&quot;circle&quot;&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-list: l10 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;NO-BOK&quot;&gt;Glomerulus
 adalah gulunagn kapilar yang      yang dikelilingi kapsul epitel 
berdinding ganda disebut kapsul bowman.      Glomerulus dan kapsula 
bowman bersama-sama membentuk sebuah korpuskel      ginjal.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-list: l10 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;NO-BOK&quot;&gt;Tubulus
 kontortus proksimal, panjangnya      mencapai 15 mm dan sangat berliku.
 Pada permukaan yang menghadap lumen      tubulus ini terdapat sel-sel 
epithelial kuboid yang kaya akan mikrovilus      (brush border) dan 
memperluas area permukaan lumen.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-list: l10 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;NO-BOK&quot;&gt;Ansa
 Henle. Tubulus kontortus proksimal      mengarah ke tungkai desenden 
ansa Henle yang masuk kedalam medulla,      membentuk lekungan jepit 
yang tajam, dan membalik keatas membentuk tungkai      asenden ansa 
Hnele.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-list: l10 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;NO-BOK&quot;&gt;Tubulus Kontortus distal juga sangat      berliku, panjangnya sekitar 5 mm dan membentuk segmen terakhir nefron.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-list: l10 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;NO-BOK&quot;&gt;Tubulus
 dan duktus pengumpul. Karena      setiap duktus pengumpul berdesenden 
di korteks, maka tubulus tersebut akan      mengalir ke sejumlah tubulus
 kontortus distal.&lt;span style=&quot;mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;20&quot; src=&quot;file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/acer/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image014.gif&quot; width=&quot;9&quot; /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;NO-BOK&quot;&gt;TRANSPLANTASI GINJAL&lt;span style=&quot;mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;20&quot; src=&quot;file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/acer/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image016.gif&quot; width=&quot;9&quot; /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;NO-BOK&quot;&gt;Transplantasi
 (cangkok) ginjal adalah proses pencangkokan ginjal ke dalam tubuh 
seseorang melalui tindakan pembedahan. Ginjal baru bersama ginjal lama 
yang fungsinya sudah memburuk akan bekerja bersama-sama untuk 
mengeluarkan sampah metabolisme dari dalam tubuh. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: .5in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: .5in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: .5in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;NO-BOK&quot;&gt;Proses Transplantasi Ginjal&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;img align=&quot;left&quot; height=&quot;226&quot; hspace=&quot;12&quot; src=&quot;file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/acer/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image017.gif&quot; width=&quot;318&quot; /&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;NO-BOK&quot;&gt;Dokter bedah akan meletakkan ginjal di dalam perut sebelah bawah, kemudian menghubungkan pembuluh darah dan saluran kencing (&lt;i&gt;ureter&lt;/i&gt;)
 ginjal baru tersebut ke pembuluh darah dan ureter penderita. Setelah 
terhubung, ginjal akan dialiri darah yang akan dibersihkan. Air kencing (&lt;i&gt;urine&lt;/i&gt;)
 biasanya langsung diproduksi. Tetapi beberapa keadaan, urine diproduksi
 bahkan setelah beberapa minggu. Ginjal lama kita yang dua buah akan 
dibiarkan di tempatnya. Tetapi jika ginjal tersebut menyebabkan infeksi 
atau menimbulkan penyakit darah tinggi, maka harus diangkat.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;NO-BOK&quot;&gt;Persiapan Transplantasi&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;NO-BOK&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;NO-BOK&quot;&gt;Tiga
 faktor untuk menentukan kesesuaian ginjal dengan penerima (resipien). 
Faktor tersebut akan menjadi tolak ukur untuk memperkirakan apakah 
sistim imun tubuh penerima akan menerima atau menolak ginjal baru 
tersebut.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;ol start=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-top: 0in;&quot; type=&quot;1&quot;&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;Golongan      darah&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;. Golongan darah penerima (A,B, AB,      atau O) harus sesuai dengan golongan darah donor. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;NO-BOK&quot;&gt;Faktor golongan darah      merupakan faktor penentu kesesuaian yang paling penting.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;NO-BOK&quot;&gt;Human leukocyte antigens&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;NO-BOK&quot;&gt;
 (HLAs). Sel tubuh membawa 6      jenis HLAs utama, 3 dari ibu dan 3 
dari ayah. Sesama anggota keluarga      biasanya mempunyai HLAs yang 
sesuai. Resipien masih dapat menerima ginjal      dari donor walaupun 
HLAs mereka tidak sepenuhnya sesuai, asal golongan      darah mereka 
cocok, dan tes lain tidak menunjukkan adanya gangguan kesesuaian.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;NO-BOK&quot;&gt;Uji silang antigen&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;NO-BOK&quot;&gt;. Tes terakhir sebelum      dilakukan pencangkokan adalah uji silang organ. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;Sejumlah      kecil darah resipien dicampur dengan sejumlah kecil darah donor. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;NO-BOK&quot;&gt;Jika tidak terjadi reaksi,      maka hasil uji disebut uji silang negatif, dan transplantasi dapat      dilakukan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;NO-BOK&quot;&gt;Komplikasi&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;NO-BOK&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;NO-BOK&quot;&gt;Setelah
 transplantasi, dokter akan memberikan penderita obat imunosupresan, 
yang berguna untuk mencegah reaksi penolakan, yaitu reaksi dimana sistem
 tubuh menyerang ginjal baru yang dicangkokkan. Obat imunosupresan harus
 diminum setiap hari selama ginjal baru terus berfungsi. Kadang-kadang, 
reaksi penolakan tetap terjadi walaupun penderita sudah minum obat 
imunosupresan. Jika hal ini terjadi, penderita harus kembali menjalani 
dialisis, atau melakukan transplantasi dengan ginjal lain.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;NO-BOK&quot;&gt;Obat
 imunosupresan akan melemahkan daya tahan tubuh, sehingga dapat 
mempermudah timbulnya infeksi. Beberapa jenis obat imunosupresan juga 
dapat merubah penampilan. Wajah akan tampak lebih gemuk, berat badan 
bertambah, timbul jerawat, atau bulu di wajah. Tetapi tidak semua 
resipien mengalami gejala tersebut. Selain itu, imunosupresan juga dapat
 menyebabkan katarak, diabetes, asam lambung berlebihan, tekanan darah 
tinggi, dan penyakit tulang.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: .25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;Keuntungan Transplantasi Ginjal&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo4; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;NO-BOK&quot;&gt;a.&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 7pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;NO-BOK&quot;&gt;Ginjal baru akan bekerja seperti halnya ginjal normal.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo4; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;NO-BOK&quot;&gt;b.&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 7pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;NO-BOK&quot;&gt;Penderita akan merasa lebih sehat dan &quot;lebih nomal&quot;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo4; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;c.&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 7pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;Penderita tidak perlu melakukan dialisis&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo4; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;d.&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 7pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;Penderita yang mempunyai usia harapan hidup yang lebih besar.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: .25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;Kekurangan Transplantasi Ginjal&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;ul style=&quot;margin-top: 0in;&quot; type=&quot;circle&quot;&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-list: l9 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;Butuh proses      pembedahan besar.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-list: l9 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;Proses untuk      mendapatkan ginjal lebih sulit atau lebih lama.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-list: l9 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;Tubuh      menolak ginjal yang dicangkokkan.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-list: l9 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;Penderita      harus rutin minum obat imunosupresan, yang mempunyai banyak efek samping. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;NO-BOK&quot;&gt;URETER, KANDUNG KEMIH, DAN URERTA&lt;span style=&quot;mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;20&quot; src=&quot;file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/acer/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image004.gif&quot; width=&quot;11&quot; /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;NO-BOK&quot;&gt;Ureter&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;NO-BOK&quot;&gt;
 adalah perpanjangan tubular berpasangan dan berotot dari pelvis ginjal 
yang merentang sampai kandung kemih. Stiap ureter panjanganya antara 25-
 30 cm dan berdiameter 4-6 mm. Saluran ini menyempit pada tiga tempat : 
di titik asal ureter pada pelvis ginjal, di titik saat melewati pingiran
 pelvis, dan di tititk pertemuannya dengan kandung kemih. Dinding ureter
 terdiri dari tiga lapisan jaringan : lapisan terluar adalah lapisan 
fibrosa, di tengah muscularis longitudinal, dan lapisan epitelium mukosa
 di bagian terdalam.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;tab-stops: 46.5pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;NO-BOK&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
 Kandung kemih pelvis dengan adalah organ muskular berongga yang 
berfungsi sebagai kontainer penyimpanan urine. Kandung kemih ditopang 
dalam rongg pelvis dengan lipatan peritoneum dan kondensasi fasia. 
Dinding kandung kemih terdiri dari empat lapisan : serosa, otot 
detrusor, submukosa, dan trigonum.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;tab-stops: 46.5pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;NO-BOK&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
 Ureter adalah organ yang mengalirkan urine dari kandung kemih ke bagian
 eksterior tubuh. Pada laki-laki panjang ureter mencapai 20 cm dan 
melalui kelenjar prostat dan penis. Pada wanita berukuran pendek, 
sekitar 3,75 cm. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;NO-BOK&quot;&gt;GANGGUAN KOMPONEN SISTEM URINARIA&lt;span style=&quot;mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;20&quot; src=&quot;file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/acer/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image004.gif&quot; width=&quot;11&quot; /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;NO-BOK&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK;&quot;&gt;BAB III&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;NO-BOK&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK;&quot;&gt;PEMBAHASAN&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;NO-BOK&quot;&gt;KARAKTERISTIK URINE&lt;span style=&quot;mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;20&quot; src=&quot;file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/acer/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image004.gif&quot; width=&quot;11&quot; /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;NO-BOK&quot;&gt;MEKANISME PEMBENTUKAN URINE&lt;span style=&quot;mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;20&quot; src=&quot;file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/acer/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image022.gif&quot; width=&quot;11&quot; /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;NO-BOK&quot;&gt;Glomerulus
 berfungsi sebagai ultrafiltrasi pada kapsula bowman, berfungsi untuk 
menampung hasil filtrasi dari glomerulus. Pada tubulus ginjal akan 
terjadi penyerapan kembali zat-zat yang sudah disaring&amp;nbsp; pada glomerulus,
 sisa cairan akan diteruskan ke piala ginjal terus berlanjut ke ureter. 
Urine berasal dari darah ini terdiri dari bagian yang padat yaitu sel 
darah dan bagian plasma darah. Jumlah urine sekitar 900-1500 ml/24 jam, 
dengan komposisi air sekitar 96% dan bahan-bahan yang terlarut di 
dalamnya (elektrolit terutama natrium dan sisa metabolism terutama 
ureum, cyte dan erytrocite 1-2 buah/ lapangan pandang (ini noprmal). 
Pada penderita icterus adanya bilirubin dan uronilin yang menyebabkannya
 menjadi kuning. Ada tiga tahap pembentukan urine :&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;ol start=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-top: 0in;&quot; type=&quot;a&quot;&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-list: l13 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;NO-BOK&quot;&gt;Filtrasi&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;NO-BOK&quot;&gt;Terjadi
 di glomerulus, proses ini terjadi karena permukaan aferen lebih besar 
dari permukaan aferen maka terjadi penyerapan darah. Sedangkan sebagian 
tersaring adalah bagian cairan darah kecuali protein. Cairan yang 
tersaring ditampung oleh kapsula bowman yang terdiri dari glukosa, air, 
natrium, klorida, sulfat, bikarbonat, dll yang diteruskan ke tubulus 
ginjal. Filtrasi terjadi pada kapiler glomerulus pada kapsul Bowman. 
Pada glomerulus terdapat sel-sel endotelium kapiler yang berpori 
(podosit) sehingga mempermudah proses penyaringan. Beberapa faktor yang 
mempermudah proses penyaringan adalah tekanan hidrolik dan 
permeabilitias yang tinggi pada glomerulus. Selain penyaringan, di 
glomelurus terjadi pula pengikatan kembali sel-sel darah, keping darah, 
dan sebagian besar protein plasma. Bahan-bahan kecil terlarut dalam 
plasma, seperti glukosa, asam amino, natrium, kalium, klorida, 
bikarbonat, garam lain, dan urea melewati saringan dan menjadi bagian 
dari endapan.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;NO-BOK&quot;&gt;Hasil
 penyaringan di glomerulus berupa filtrat glomerulus (urin primer) yang 
komposisinya serupa dengan darah tetapi tidak mengandung protein. Pada 
filtrat glomerulus masih dapat ditemukan asam amino, glukosa, natrium, 
kalium, dan garam-garam lainnya.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;ul style=&quot;margin-top: 0in;&quot; type=&quot;circle&quot;&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-list: l12 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;NO-BOK&quot;&gt;Lapisan endotel kapiler&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-list: l12 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;NO-BOK&quot;&gt;Membran basalis&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-list: l12 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;NO-BOK&quot;&gt;Lapisan sel epitel yang diilustrasikan      pada permukaan luar kapiler glomerulu&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;NO-BOK&quot;&gt;Komposisi Filtrat Glomerulus&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;NO-BOK&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;NO-BOK&quot;&gt;Pembentukan
 urine dimulai dengan filtrasi sejumlah besar cairan oleh kapiler 
glomerulus ke dalam kapsula Bowman. Seperti kebanyakan caliper, kapiler 
glomerulus juga relative impermeable terhadap protein, sehingga cairan 
hasil filtrasi yang disebut filtrate glomerulus pada dasarnya bersifat 
bebas protein dan tidak mengandung elemen selular, termasuk sel darah 
merah. Konsentrasi unsure plasma lainnya, temasuk garam dan molekul 
organic yang terikat pada protein plasma seperi glukosa dan asam amino 
bersifat serupa baik dalam plasma maupun filtrate glomerulus, 
p;engecualian terhadap keadaan umum ini ialah zat dengan berat molekul 
rendah seperti kalsium dan asam lemak, yang tidak di filtrasi secara 
bebas Karena zat tersebut sebagian terikat pada protein plasma. Hampir 
semua dari kalsium plasma dan sebagian besar asam lemak plasma terikat 
pada protein dan bagian yang terikat ini tidak di filtrasi dari kapiler 
glomerulus. Cairan yang difiltrasikan melalui glomerulus ke dalam 
kapsula bowman disebut filtrate glomerulus. Lapisan pada membran 
glomerulus :&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;NO-BOK&quot;&gt;GFR ( laju filtrat glomerulus)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;NO-BOK&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;NO-BOK&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; GFR merupakan kira-kira 20% dari aliran plasma ginjal. Seperti pada kapiler lain GFR ditentukan oleh :&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;ul style=&quot;margin-top: 0in;&quot; type=&quot;circle&quot;&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-list: l16 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;NO-BOK&quot;&gt;Keseimbangan kekuatan osmotic koloid dan      hidro static yang bekerja melintasi membran kaliler.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-list: l16 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;NO-BOK&quot;&gt;Koefisien
 filtrasi kapiler (KF), hasil      permialbilitas dan daerah filtrasi 
kapiler. Kapiler glomerulus mempunyai      laju filtrasi yang jauh lebih
 tinggi dibandingkan banyak kapiler lainnya      karena tekanan 
hidrostatik glomerulus yang tinggi dan KF yang besar&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;NO-BOK&quot;&gt;Pada
 orang dewasa normal GFR rata-rata 125 ml/ menit, atau 180 L/ hari. 
Fraksi aliran plama renal yang difiltrasi rata-rata sekitar 0,2, ini 
menandakan bahwa kira-kira 20% plasma yang mengalir dari ginjal akan di 
filtrasi oleh kapiler glomerulus.fraksi filtrasi dihitung sebagai 
berikut : &lt;b&gt;Fraksi filtrasi = GFR / aliran plasma ginjal.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;NO-BOK&quot;&gt;Kemampuan
 filtrasi zat terlarut ditentukan oleh ukurannya dan muatan listriknya 
membran kapiler glomerulus lebih tebal dibandingkan membran kapiler 
lainnya tetapi juga lebih menyerap dank arena itu menyaring pada 
kecepatan tinggi. Meskipun laju filtrasi tinggi, sawar filtrasi 
glomerulus bersifat selektif dalam menentukan molekul yang akan di 
filtrasi, berdasarkan ukuran dan muatan listriknya.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;NO-BOK&quot;&gt;Kemampuan
 filtrasi 1,0 berarti bahwa zat di filtrasi secara bebas seperti air, 
kemampuan filtrasi 0,75 berarti bahwa zat hanya di filtrasi 75% 
kecepatan air.perhatikan bahwa elektrolit seperti natrium, dan senyawa 
organic yang kecil seperti glukosa, akan di filtrasi secara bebas. Bila 
berat molekulnya mendekati berat molekul albumin, kemampuan filtrasi 
akan menurun secara cepat hingga tingkat yang rendah, mendekati 0.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;NO-BOK&quot;&gt;Kemampuan
 filtrasi suatu zat juga ditentukan oleh muatan molekul. Pada umumnya, 
molekul besar dengan muatan negative lebih sukar di filtrasi 
dibandingkan dengan molekul bermuatan positif dengan ukuran molekul yang
 sama.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;NO-BOK&quot;&gt;Faktor Yang Mempengaruhi GFR&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;NO-BOK&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;ul style=&quot;margin-top: 0in;&quot; type=&quot;circle&quot;&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-list: l5 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;NO-BOK&quot;&gt;Tekanan
 arteri, bila tekanan arteri      meningkat, ini jelas meningkatkan 
tekanan di dalam glomerulus, sehingga      laju glomerulus meningkat, 
tetapi peningakatan filtrasi masih di atur oleh      autoregulasi untuk 
menjaga tekanan glomerulus yang meningkat drastic.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-list: l5 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;NO-BOK&quot;&gt;Efek
 kontriksi arteriol aferen, pada laju      filtrasi glomerulus kontriksi
 arteriol aferen menurunkan kecepatan aliran      darah ke dalam 
glomerulus dan juga menurunkan tekanan glomerulus,      akibatnya 
terjadi penurunan terjadi penurunan glomerulus. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-list: l5 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;NO-BOK&quot;&gt;Efek
 kontriksi arteri eferen, kontriksi      ateriol eferen meningkatan 
tahanan terhadap aliran keluar dari glomerulus      dan ini akan 
meningatkan laju glomerulus dan filtrasinya, tetapi bila      
penyempitan arteri terlalu besar dan aliran darah sangat terhalang maka 
     laju filtrasi juga akan menurun.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-list: l5 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;NO-BOK&quot;&gt;Efek
 aliran darah glomerulus atau laju      filtrasi glomerulus, bila 
arteiol eferen dan eferen berkontraksi, maka      jumlah darah yang 
mengalir ke glomerulus tiap mnitnya akan menurun.      Kemudian karena 
cairan filtrasi dari glomerulus maka konsentrasi protein      plasma dan
 tekanan osmotic koloid plasma dalam glomerulus akan meningkat.      
Sebaliknya ini akan melawan filtrasi, sehingga bila aliran darah      
glomerulus turun secara bermakna di bawah normal, maka laju filtrasi    
  mungkin menjadi tertekan secara serius walaupun tekanan glomerulus 
tinggi.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;NO-BOK&quot;&gt;b.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Proses reabsorpsi&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;NO-BOK&quot;&gt;Pada
 proses ini terjadi penyerapan kembali sebagian besar glukosa, natrium, 
klorida, fosfat, dan ion bikarbonat. Prosesnya terjadi secara pasif yang
 dikenal dengan obligator reabsorpsi terjadi pada tubulus atas. 
Sedangkan pada tubulus ginjal bagian bawah terjadi kembali penyerapan 
natrium dan ion bikarbonat. Bila diperlukan akan diserap kembali ke 
dalam tubulus bagian bawah. Penyerapannya terjadi secara aktif dikenal 
dengan reabsorpsi fakultatif dan sisanya dialirkan pada papilla renalis.
 Volume urin manusia hanya 1% dari filtrat glomerulus. Oleh karena itu, 
99% filtrat glomerulus akan direabsorbsi secara aktif pada tubulus 
kontortus proksimal dan terjadi penambahan zat-zat sisa serta urea pada 
tubulus kontortus distal.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;NO-BOK&quot;&gt;Substansi
 yang masih berguna seperti glukosa dan asam amino dikembalikan ke 
darah. Sisa sampah kelebihan garam, dan bahan lain pada filtrat 
dikeluarkan dalam urin. Tiap hari tabung ginjal mereabsorbsi lebih dari 
178 liter air, 1200 g garam, dan 150 g glukosa. Sebagian besar dari 
zat-zat ini direabsorbsi beberapa kali.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;NO-BOK&quot;&gt;Setelah
 terjadi reabsorbsi maka tubulus akan menghasilkan urin sekunder yang 
komposisinya sangat berbeda dengan urin primer. Pada urin sekunder, 
zat-zat yang masih diperlukan tidak akan ditemukan lagi. Sebaliknya, 
konsentrasi zat-zat sisa metabolisme yang bersifat racun bertambah, 
misalnya ureum dari 0,03`, dalam urin primer dapat mencapai 2% dalam 
urin sekunder. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;NO-BOK&quot;&gt;Meresapnya
 zat pada tubulus ini melalui dua cara. Gula dan asam mino meresap 
melalui peristiwa difusi, sedangkan air melalui peristiwa osmosis. 
Reabsorbsi air terjadi pada tubulus proksimal dan tubulus distal.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;NO-BOK&quot;&gt;c. Augmentasi dan Sekresi&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;NO-BOK&quot;&gt;Augmentasi
 adalah proses penambahan zat sisa dan urea yang mulai terjadi di 
tubulus kontortus distal. Komposisi urin yang dikeluarkan lewat ureter 
adalah 96% air, 1,5% garam, 2,5% urea, dan sisa substansi lain, misalnya
 pigmen empedu yang berfungsi memberi warna dan bau pada urin. Sisa 
penyerapan urin kembali yang terjadi pada tubulus dan diteruskan ke 
piala ginjal selanjutnya diteruskan ke ureter masuk ke vesika urinaria.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;NO-BOK&quot;&gt;HORMON YANG MEMPENGARUHI PEMBENTUKAN URINE&lt;span style=&quot;mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;20&quot; src=&quot;file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/acer/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image024.gif&quot; width=&quot;17&quot; /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;ul style=&quot;margin-top: 0in;&quot; type=&quot;circle&quot;&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-list: l6 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;NO-BOK&quot;&gt;Hormon Aldosteron.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;NO-BOK&quot;&gt;Fungsi
 fisiologis hormon aldosteron yaitu mengatur unsur-unsur mineral 
(mineralo kottikoid / dihasilkan oleh bagian korteks glandula 
suprarenalis / adrenalis ) Antara lain Na+ dan K+, yakni terutama 
mengatur reabsorpsi Na+ dan sekresi K+. Dalam hal ini apabila aldosteron
 meningkat, menyebabkan reabsorpsi Na+ bertambah dan sekresi K+ 
bertambah pula. Aldosteron membantu ginjal mengatur volume plasma atau 
cairan ekstra sel.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;ul style=&quot;margin-top: 0in;&quot; type=&quot;circle&quot;&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-list: l6 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;Anti      Diuretic Hormon (ADH) Vasopresin.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;NO-BOK&quot;&gt;Hormon
 ini mempuyai fungsi fisiologi sebagai “anti diuretik dengan pekerjaan 
utama untuk “retensi cairan”. Terutama untuk pengaturan volume cairan 
ekstra sel dan konsentrasi Na+ dan membantu ginjal mengatur tekanan 
osmotik plasma.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;NO-BOK&quot;&gt;Mekanisme pengaturan sekresi ADH dipengaruhi oleh :&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;NO-BOK&quot;&gt;1. Penurunan volume cairan ekstra sel.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;NO-BOK&quot;&gt;2. Peningkatan osmolaritas CES ( terutama bila kadar Na+ meningkat ). &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;ul style=&quot;margin-top: 0in;&quot; type=&quot;circle&quot;&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-list: l6 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;NO-BOK&quot;&gt;Prostaglandin&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;NO-BOK&quot;&gt;Dalam ginjal, prostaglandin ginjal berperan dalam mengatur sirkulasi ginjal, reabsorpsi natrium, dan efk ginjal pada ADH.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;ul style=&quot;margin-top: 0in;&quot; type=&quot;circle&quot;&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-list: l6 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;NO-BOK&quot;&gt;Glukokortikoid&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;NO-BOK&quot;&gt;Glukokortikoid meningkatkan reabsorpsi natrium dan air, sehingga volume darah naik dan terjadi retensi natrium.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;NO-BOK&quot;&gt;MEKANISME PEMEKATAN DAN PENGENCERAN URINE&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;NO-BOK&quot;&gt;MIKTURASI&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;NO-BOK&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;NO-BOK&quot;&gt;Mikturasi
 adalah proses pembuangan urine. Timbulnya refleks rasa ingin kecing 
bila tertimbun urine 200-300 ml dalam vesica urinaria. Kesukaran 
mikturasi biasanya disebabkan oleh :&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;NO-BOK&quot;&gt;1.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; BPH, yaitu pembesaran kelenjar prostat (sering terjadi pada pria diatas 50 tahun)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;NO-BOK&quot;&gt;2.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Batu urethra&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;NO-BOK&quot;&gt;3.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Striktura urethra, urethra menyempit penuh jaringan parut bekas infeksi.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;NO-BOK&quot;&gt;Proses
 miksi dimulai dari ginjal, ureter, vesica urinaria, uretra. Darah 
memasuki glomerulus aferen dan kemudian meningkat melalui arteriol 
aferen. Glomerulus merupakan jalinan dari 50 kapiler sejajar dan 
dilapisi oleh sel-sel epitel.&amp;nbsp; Btekanan darah di dalam glomerulus 
menyebabkan cairan difiltrasikan ke dalam kapsula Bowman. Dari situ 
cairan tersebut mengalir ke dalam ansa henle, kemudian turun ke bawah 
medulla ginjal, sekitar 1/3- 1/5 menembus jauh ke dalam medulla. Bagian 
bawah ansa henle tersebut mempunyai dinding sangat tipis dan karena itu 
disebut segmen tipis ansa henle. Dari ansa henle, cairan tersebut 
megalir ke dalam tubulus distalis. Akhirnya cairan tersebut mengalir ke 
dalam tubulus (duktus) koligens yang mengumpulkan cairan dari beberapa 
nefron. Duktus koligen berjalan dari korteks kembali ke bawah melalui 
medulla, sejajar dengan ansa henle, kemudian ia bermuara ke dalam 
velvis&amp;nbsp; ginjal.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;NO-BOK&quot;&gt;Ketika
 filtrate glomerulus megalir melalui tubulus tersebut, kebanyakan air 
dan berbagai zat yang terlarut di dalamnya direabsorpsi ke kapiler, 
peritubulus, dan sejumlah kecil solute lain disekresikan ke dalam 
nobulus. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;Air dan solute tubulus yang tersisa menjadi urina&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;VOLUME URIN YANG WAJIB DIKELUARKAN&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;Volume
 urin yang wajib dikeluarkan individu perharinya (dalam keadaan normal) 
dipengaruhi oleh osmolaritas minuman atau makanan yang diminum.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;Misal:
 jika kita meminum satu liter air laut dengan konsentrasi 2400 mOsm/L 
maka volume urin yang dikeluarkan dapat dihitung dengan &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;NO-BOK&quot;&gt;2400 : 1200 = 2 liter&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;NO-BOK&quot;&gt;Keterangan :&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;NO-BOK&quot;&gt;1200 merupakan kemampuan pemekatan urin maksimal&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;NO-BOK&quot;&gt;PEMERIKSAAN URINE&lt;span style=&quot;mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;20&quot; src=&quot;file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/acer/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image026.gif&quot; width=&quot;13&quot; /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;NO-BOK&quot;&gt;Tahu kondisi organ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;NO-BOK&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;NO-BOK&quot;&gt;Materi
 yang terkandung di dalam urin bisa diketahui melalui urinalisis atau 
pemeriksaan urin. Lewat urinalisis kita dapat mengetahui fakta tentang 
ginjal dan saluran urin. Selain itu, juga dapat diketahui mengenai faal 
berbagai organ tubuh, seperti hati, saluran empedu, pankreas, &lt;i&gt;cortex adrenal&lt;/i&gt;, dan lain sebagainya.&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Namun, memilih contoh (sampel) urin harus disesuaikan dengan
 tujuan pemeriksaan. Ketika melakukan urinalisis memakai urin kumpulan 
sepanjang 24 jam pada seseorang, ternyata susunan urin itu tidak banyak 
berbeda dari susunan urin 24 jam berikutnya. Namun, bila mengadakan 
pemeriksaan dengan sampel-sampel urin pada saat yang tidak menentu, 
seperti di waktu siang atau malam, dapat dilihat perbedaan yang jauh 
dari sampel-sampel itu.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;NO-BOK&quot;&gt;Pemeriksaan
 urin lengkap di laboratorium akan melihat warna urin, kepekatannya, pH,
 berat jenis, sel darah putih, sel darah merah, sedimen, sel epitelial, 
bakteri, kristal, glukosa, protein, keton, bilirubin, darah samar, 
nitrit, dan urobilinogen.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;NO-BOK&quot;&gt;Tanda dehidrasi&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;NO-BOK&quot;&gt;Urin
 juga menjadi penunjuk dehidrasi (tubuh kekurangan cairan). Orang yang 
tidak menderita dehidrasi akan mengeluarkan urin bening seperti air. 
Sebaliknya, orang yang mengalami dehidrasi, urinnya berwarna kuning 
pekat atau cokelat karena tubuh kehilangan garam dan mineral dalam 
jumlah yang banyak.&lt;br /&gt;
Untuk mengembalikan urin Anda ke warna semula, cobalah minum larutan garam elektrolit, misalnya oralit.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;NO-BOK&quot;&gt;Bila
 oralit tak tersedia, cobalah larutan gula-garam. Cara membuatnya mudah 
saja, yakni larutkan satu sendok teh gula dan sejumput garam ke dalam 
200 cc air matang. Bila dehidrasi tak membaik, perlu pemberian cairan 
infus.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Pengambilan Sampel Air Seni&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;NO-BOK&quot;&gt;Menurut Wachyuni dari bagian Mikrobiologi RSVP Fatmawati, Jakarta Selatan, aria beberapa cara pengambilan sampel urin, yakni:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;1. Urin sewaktu&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;NO-BOK&quot;&gt;Untuk
 berbagai pemeriksaan digunakan urin sewaktu, yakni urin dikeluarkan 
pada waktu yang tidak ditentukan secara khusus. Pemeriksaan ini baik 
untuk pemeriksaan rutin tanpa keluhan khusus.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;2. Urin pagi&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;NO-BOK&quot;&gt;Maksudnya,
 urin yang pertama-tama dikeluarkan di pagi hari setelah bangun tidur. 
Urin ini lebih pekat daripada urin yang dikeluarkan di siang hari. 
Pemeriksaan urin pagi baik untuk sedimen, berat jenis, protein, juga tes
 kehamilan. Sebaliknya, urin pagi tidak baik untuk pemeriksaan penyaring
 karena adanya glukosuria.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;3. Urin postprandial&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;NO-BOK&quot;&gt;Maksudnya, urin yang pertama kali dikeluarkan 1,5 - 3 jam sehabis makan. Sampel ini berguna untuk pemeriksaan glukosuria.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;NO-BOK&quot;&gt;4. Urin 24 jam&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;NO-BOK&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;NO-BOK&quot;&gt;Sampel
 ini digunakan untuk mengetahui keandalan angka analisis. Untuk 
mengumpulkan urin 24 jam diperlukan botol besar, bervolume 1,5 liter 
atau lebih yang ditutup dengan baik. Botol harus bersih dan memerlukan 
zat pengawet.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;NO-BOK&quot;&gt;Cara mengumpulkan urin ini dikenal juga sebagai &lt;i&gt;timed specimen&lt;/i&gt;, yakni urin siang 12 jam, dan urin malam 12 jam. Urin siang 12 jam dikumpulkan dari pukul 07.00 sampai 19.00.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;NO-BOK&quot;&gt;Sementara
 urin malam 12 jam, dikumpulkan dari pukul 19.00 sampai pukul 7.00 
keesokan harinya. Adakalanya urin 24 jam ditampung terpisah-pisah dalam 
beberapa botol dengan maksud tertentu. Contohnya, pada penderita 
diabetes melitus untuk melihat banyaknya glukosa dari santapan satu 
hingga santapan berikutnya.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;5. Urin 3 gelas dan 2 gelas pada laki-laki&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;NO-BOK&quot;&gt;Urin
 jenis ini digunakan untuk pemeriksaan urologis. Selain itu, juga untuk 
mendapatkan gambaran tentang letak radang atau lesi lain, yang 
mengakibatkan adanya nanah atau darah dalam air kencing pria.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;Membaca Arti Warna Urin&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;1. Kuning&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;Zat warna normal dalam jumlah besar: urobilin, urochrom.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;NO-BOK&quot;&gt;Zat warna abnormal: bilirubin.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;NO-BOK&quot;&gt;Pengaruh obat-obat: santonin, riboflavin, atau pengaruh permen.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;NO-BOK&quot;&gt;Indikasi penyakit: tidak ada (normal).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;2. Hijau&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;Zat warna normal dalam jumlah besar: indikan (indoxilsulfat).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;Pengaruh obat-obat: methyleneblue, evan&#39;s blue.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;Indikasi penyakit: obstruksi (penyumbatan usus kecil).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;3. Merah&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;Zat warna normal dalam jumlah besar: uroerythrin.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;Zat warna abnormal: hemoglobin, porfirin, porfobilin.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;Pengaruh obat-obat: santonin, amidopyrin, congored, atau juga zat warna makanan.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;NO-BOK&quot;&gt;Indikasi penyakit: glomerulonevitis nefitit akut (penyakit ginjal), kanker kandung kencing.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;4. Cokelat&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;Zat warna normal dalam jumlah besar: urobilin.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;Zat warna abnormal: bilirubin, hematin, porfobilin.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;Indikasi penyakit: hepatitis.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;5. Cokelat tua atau hitam&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;Zat warna normal dalam jumlah besar: indikan.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;Zat warna abnormal: darah tua, alkapton, melamin.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;NO-BOK&quot;&gt;Pengaruh obat-obat: derivat fenol, argyrol.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;NO-BOK&quot;&gt;Indikasi penyakit: sindroma nefrotika (penyakit ginjal).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;6. Serupa susu&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;Zat warna normal dalam jumlah besar: fosfat, urat.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;Zat warna abnormal: pus, getah prostat, chylus, zat-zat lemak, bakteri-bakteri, protein yang membeku.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;Indikasi penyakit: infeksi saluran kencing, kebocoran kelenjar limfa.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;NO-BOK&quot;&gt;FAKTOR YANG MEMPENGARUHI JUMLAH DAN TERBENTUKNYA URINE &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;NO-BOK&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;NO-BOK&quot;&gt;1.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Usia &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;NO-BOK&quot;&gt;Pengeluaran
 urin usia balita lebih sering karena balita belum bisa mengendalikan 
rangsangan untuk miksi dan balita makanan balita lebih banyak berjenis 
cairan sehingga urin yang dihasilkan lebih banyak sedangkan pengeluaran 
urin pada lansia lebih sedikit karena setelah usia 40 tahun, jumlah 
nefron yang berfungsi biasanya menurun kira-kira 10% tiap tahun.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;NO-BOK&quot;&gt;2.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Jenis dan jumlah makanan dan minuman yang masuk ke dalam tubuh&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;NO-BOK&quot;&gt;3.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Life Style dan aktivitas&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;NO-BOK&quot;&gt;Seorang
 yang suka berolahraga, urin yang terbentuk akan lebih sedikit dan lebih
 pekat karena cairan lebih banyak digunakan untuk membentuk energy 
sehingga cairan yang dikeluarkan lebih banyak dalam bentuk keringat.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;NO-BOK&quot;&gt;4.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Status kesehatan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;NO-BOK&quot;&gt;Orang
 yang dalam keadaan sehat produksi urinnya akan berbeda dengan orang 
sakit. Orang yang sakit mengeluarkan urin bisa lebih banyak ataupun 
sedikit bergantung pada penyakit yang dideritanya.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;NO-BOK&quot;&gt;5.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Psikologis &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;Orang yang cemas metabolismenya lebih cepat sehingga urin lebih cepat dikeluarkan.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;6.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Cuaca &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;Bila
 cuaca panas cairan tubuh lebih banyak dikeluarkan dalam bentuk keringat
 sedangkan cuaca dingin cairan tubuh akan dikeluarkan dalam bentuk urin.
 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;7.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Jumlah air yang diminum&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;Akibat
 banyaknya air yang diminum, akan menurunkan konsentrasi protein yang 
dapat menyebabkan tekanan koloid protein menurun sehingga tekanan 
filtrasi kurang efektif. Hasilnya, urin yang diproduksi banyak.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;8.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Saraf&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;Rangsangan pada saraf ginjal akan menyebabkan penyempitan duktus aferen sehingga aliran darah ke glomerulus berkurang. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;NO-BOK&quot;&gt;Akibatnya, filtrasi kurang efektif karena tekanan darah menurun.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;NO-BOK&quot;&gt;9.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Banyak sedikitnya hormone insulin&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;NO-BOK&quot;&gt;Apabila
 hormon insulin kurang (penderita diabetes melitus), kadar gula dalam 
darah akan dikeluarkan lewat tubulus distal. Kelebihan kadar gula dalam 
tubulus distal mengganggu proses penyerapan air, sehingga orang akan 
sering mengeluarkan urin.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;NO-BOK&quot;&gt;KESEIMBANGAN CAIRAN TUBUH, ELEKTROLIT, DAN ASAM-BASA&lt;span style=&quot;mso-text-raise: -2.0pt; position: relative; top: 2.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;20&quot; src=&quot;file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/acer/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image028.gif&quot; width=&quot;13&quot; /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;NO-BOK&quot;&gt;Manusia sebagai organisme multiseluler dikelilingi oleh lingkungan luar (&lt;i&gt;milieu exterior&lt;/i&gt;) dan sel-selnya pun hidup dalam &lt;i&gt;milieu &lt;/i&gt;interior
 yang berupa darah dan cairan tubuh lainnya. Cairan dalam tubuh, 
termasuk darah, meliputi lebih kurang 60% dari total berat badan 
laki-laki dewasa. Dalam cairan tubuh terlarut zat-zat makanan dan 
ion-ion yang diperlukan oleh sel untuk hidup, berkembang dan menjalankan
 tugasnya. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;NO-BOK&quot;&gt;Untuk
 dapat menjalankan fungsinya dengan baik sangat dipengaruhi oleh 
lingkungan di sekitarnya. Semua pengaturan fisiologis untuk 
mempertahankan keadaan normal disebut homeostasis. Homeostasis ini 
bergantung pada kemampuan tubuh mempertahankan keseimbangan antara 
subtansi-subtansi yang ada di &lt;i&gt;milieu interior&lt;/i&gt;. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;NO-BOK&quot;&gt;Pengaturan
 keseimbangan cairan perlu memperhatikan dua parameter penting, yaitu: 
volume cairan ekstrasel dan osmolaritas cairan ektrasel. Ginjal 
mengontrol volume cairan ekstrasel dengan mempertahankan keseimbangan 
garam dan mengontrol osmolaritas cairan ekstrasel dengan mempertahankan 
keseimbangan cairan. Ginjal mempertahankan keseimbangan ini dengan 
mengatur keluaran garam dan urine sesuai kebutuhan untuk mengkompensasi 
asupan dan kehilangan abnormal dari air dan garam tersebut.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;NO-BOK&quot;&gt;Ginjal
 juga turut berperan dalam mempertahankan keseimbangan asam-basa dengan 
mengatur keluaran ion hidrogen dan ion karbonat dalam urine sesuai 
kebutuhan. Selain ginjal, yang turut berperan dalam keseimbangan 
asam-basa adalah paru-paru dengan mengekskresikan ion hidrogen dan CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;, dan sistem dapar (&lt;i&gt;buffer&lt;/i&gt;) kimi dalam cairan tubuh.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;NO-BOK&quot;&gt;Komposisi Cairan Tubuh&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;NO-BOK&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;NO-BOK&quot;&gt;Telah
 disampaikan pada pendahuluan di atas bahwa cairan dalam tubuh meliputi 
lebih kurang 60% total berat badan laki-laki dewasa. Prosentase cairan 
tubuh ini bervariasi antara individu, sesuai dengan jenis kelamin dan 
umur individu tersebut. Pada wanita dewasa, cairan tubuh meliputi 50% 
dari total berat badan. Pada bayi dan anak-anak, prosentase ini relatif 
lebih besar dibandingkan orang dewasa dan lansia.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;NO-BOK&quot;&gt;Cairan
 tubuh menempati kompartmen intrasel dan ekstrasel. 2/3 bagian dari 
cairan tubuh berada di dalam sel (cairan intrasel/CIS) dan 1/3 bagian 
berada di luar sel (cairan ekstrasel/CES). CES dibagi cairan 
intravaskuler atau plasma darah yang meliputi 20% CES atau 15% dari 
total berat badan; dan cairan intersisial yang mencapai 80% CES atau 5% 
dari total berat badan. Selain kedua kompatmen tersebut, ada kompartmen 
lain yang ditempati oleh cairan tubuh, yaitu cairan transel. Namun 
volumenya diabaikan karena kecil, yaitu cairan sendi, cairan otak, 
cairan perikard, liur pencernaan, dll. Ion Na&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt; dan Cl&lt;sup&gt;-&lt;/sup&gt; terutama terdapat pada cairan ektrasel, sedangkan ion K&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt;
 di cairan intrasel. Anion protein tidak tampak dalam cairan intersisial
 karena jumlahnya paling sedikit dibandingkan dengan intrasel dan 
plasma.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;NO-BOK&quot;&gt;Perbedaan
 komposisi cairan tubuh berbagai kompartmen terjadi karena adanya barier
 yang memisahkan mereka. Membran sel memisahkan cairan intrasel dengan 
cairan intersisial, sedangkan dinding kapiler memisahkan cairan 
intersisial dengan plasma. Dalam keadaan normal, terjadi keseimbangan 
susunan dan volume cairan antar kompartmen. Bila terjadi perubahan 
konsentrasi atau tekanan di salah satu kompartmen, maka akan terjadi 
perpindahan cairan atau ion antar kompartemen sehingga terjadi 
keseimbangan kembali.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;NO-BOK&quot;&gt;Perpindahan Substansi Antar Kompartmen &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;NO-BOK&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;NO-BOK&quot;&gt;Setiap
 kompartmen dipisahkan oleh barier atau membran yang membatasi mereka. 
Setiap zat yang akan pindah harus dapat menembus barier atau membran 
tersebut. Bila substansi zat tersebut dapat melalui membran, maka 
membran tersebut permeabel terhadap zat tersebut. Jika tidak dapat 
menembusnya, maka membran tersebut tidak permeabel untuk substansi 
tersebut. Membran disebut semipermeable (permeabel selektif) bila 
beberapa partikel dapat melaluinya tetapi partikel lain tidak dapat 
menembusnya.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;Perpindahan substansi melalui membran ada yang secara aktif atau pasif. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;NO-BOK&quot;&gt;Transport aktif membutuhkan energi, sedangkan transport pasif tidak membutuhkan energi.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;NO-BOK&quot;&gt;a. Difusi&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;NO-BOK&quot;&gt;Partikel
 (ion atau molekul) suatu substansi&amp;nbsp; yang terlarut selalu bergerak dan 
cenderung menyebar dari daerah yang konsentrasinya tinggi ke konsentrasi
 yang lebih rendah sehingga konsentrasi substansi partikel tersebut 
merata. Perpindahan partikel seperti ini disebut difusi. Beberapa faktor
 yang mempengaruhi laju difusi ditentukan sesuai dengan hukum Fick (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;NO-BOK&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Tahoma, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;Fick’s law of diffusion&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;NO-BOK&quot;&gt;). &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;Faktor-faktor tersebut adalah:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;ul style=&quot;margin-top: 0in;&quot; type=&quot;circle&quot;&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-list: l4 level1 lfo11; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;Peningkatan perbedaan konsentrasi substansi.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-list: l4 level1 lfo11; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;Peningkatan permeabilitas.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-list: l4 level1 lfo11; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;Peningkatan luas permukaan difusi.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-list: l4 level1 lfo11; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;Berat molekul substansi.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-list: l4 level1 lfo11; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;Jarak yang ditempuh untuk difusi.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;NO-BOK&quot;&gt;b. Osmosis&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;NO-BOK&quot;&gt;Bila
 suatu substansi larut dalam air, konsentrasi air dalam larutan tersebut
 lebih rendah dibandingkan konsentrasi air dalam larutan air murni 
dengan volume yang sama. Hal ini karena tempat molekul air telah 
ditempati oleh molekul substansi tersebut. Jadi bila konsentrasi zat 
yang terlarut meningkatkan, konsentrasi air akan menurun.Bila suatu 
larutan dipisahkan oleh suatu membran yang semipermeabel dengan larutan 
yang volumenya sama namun berbeda konsentrasi zat terlarut, maka terjadi
 perpindahan air/zat pelarut dari larutan dengan konsentrasi zat 
terlarut lebih tinggi. Perpindahan seperti ini disebut dengan osmosis.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;NO-BOK&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;NO-BOK&quot;&gt;c. Filtrasi&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;NO-BOK&quot;&gt;Filtrasi
 terjadi karena adanya perbedaan tekanan antara dua ruang yang dibatasi 
oleh membran. Cairan akan keluar dari daerah yang bertekanan tinggi ke 
daerah bertekanan rendah. Jumlah cairan yang keluar sebanding dengan 
besar perbedaan tekanan, luas permukaan membran dan permeabilitas 
membran. Tekanan yang mempengaruhi filtrasi ini disebut tekanan 
hidrostatik.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;NO-BOK&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;NO-BOK&quot;&gt;d. Transport aktif&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;NO-BOK&quot;&gt;Transport
 aktif diperlukan untuk mengembalikan partikel yang telah berdifusi 
secara pasif dari daerah yang konsentrasinya rendah ke daerah yang 
konsentrasinya lebih tinggi. Perpindahan seperti ini membutuhkan energi 
(ATP) untuk melawan perbedaan konsentrasi. Contoh: Pompa Na-K.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;NO-BOK&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;NO-BOK&quot;&gt;Keseimbangan Cairan dan Elektrolit&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;NO-BOK&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: .5in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;NO-BOK&quot;&gt;Pengaturan
 keseimbangan cairan perlu memperhatikan dua parameter penting, yaitu 
volume cairan ekstrasel dan osmolaritas cairan ekstrasel. Ginjal 
mengontrol volume cairan ekstrasel dengan mempertahankan keseimbangan 
garam dan mengontrol osmolaritas cairan ekstrasel dengan mempertahankan 
keseimbangan cairan. Ginjal mempertahankan keseimbangan ini dengan 
mengatur keluaran garam dan air dalam urine sesuai kebutuhan untuk 
mengkompensasi asupan dan kehilangan abnormal dari air dan garam 
tersebut&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;NO-BOK&quot;&gt;1. Pengaturan volume cairan ekstrasel. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;NO-BOK&quot;&gt;Penurunan
 volume cairan ekstrasel menyebabkan penurunan tekanan darah arteri 
dengan menurunkan volume plasma. Sebaliknya, peningkatan volume cairan 
ekstrasel dapat menyebabkan peningkatan tekanan darah arteri dengan 
memperbanyak volume plasma. Pengontrolan volume cairan ekstrasel penting
 untuk pengaturan tekanan darah jangka panjang. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;NO-BOK&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;NO-BOK&quot;&gt;Mempertahankan
 keseimbangan asupan dan keluaran (intake dan output) air. Untuk 
mempertahankan volume cairan tubuh kurang lebih tetap, maka harus ada 
keseimbangan antara air yang ke luar dan yang masuk ke dalam tubuh. hal 
ini terjadi karena adanya pertukaran cairan antar kompartmen dan antara 
tubuh dengan lingkungan luarnya. &lt;i&gt;Water turnover&lt;/i&gt; dibagi dalam: 1. &lt;i&gt;eksternal fluid exchange,&lt;/i&gt; pertukaran antara tubuh dengan lingkungan luar; dan 2. &lt;i&gt;Internal fluid exchange, &lt;/i&gt;pertukaran cairan antar pelbagai kompartmen, seperti proses filtrasi dan reabsorpsi di kapiler ginjal.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;NO-BOK&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;NO-BOK&quot;&gt;Memeperhatikan
 keseimbangan garam. Seperti halnya keseimbangan air, keseimbangan garam
 juga perlu dipertahankan sehingga asupan garam sama dengan keluarannya.
 Permasalahannya adalah seseorang hampir tidak pernah memeprthatikan 
jumlah garam yang ia konsumsi sehingga sesuai dengan kebutuhannya. 
Tetapi, seseorang mengkonsumsi garam sesuai dengan seleranya dan 
cenderung lebih dari kebutuhan. Kelebihan garam yang dikonsumsi harus 
diekskresikan dalam urine untuk mempertahankan keseimbangan garam.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;Ginjal mengontrol jumlah garam yang dieksresi dengan cara: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;ul style=&quot;margin-top: 0in;&quot; type=&quot;circle&quot;&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-list: l11 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;mengontrol
      jumlah garam (natrium) yang difiltrasi dengan pengaturan Laju 
Filtrasi      Glomerulus (LFG)/ Glomerulus Filtration Rate (GFR).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-list: l11 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;mengontrol      jumlah yang direabsorbsi di tubulus ginjal&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;NO-BOK&quot;&gt;Jumlah Na&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt;
 yang direasorbsi juga bergantung pada sistem yang berperan mengontrol 
tekanan darah. Sistem Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosteron mengatur reabsorbsi 
Na&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt; dan retensi Na&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt; di tubulus distal dan &lt;i&gt;collecting&lt;/i&gt;. Retensi Na&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt;
 meningkatkan retensi air sehingga meningkatkan volume plasma dan 
menyebabkan peningkatan tekanan darah arteri.Selain sistem 
Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosteron, &lt;i&gt;Atrial Natriuretic Peptide&lt;/i&gt; (ANP) 
atau hormon atriopeptin menurunkan reabsorbsi natrium dan air. Hormon 
ini disekresi leh sel atrium jantung jika mengalami distensi peningkatan
 volume plasma. Penurunan reabsorbsi natrium dan air di tubulus ginjal 
meningkatkan eksresi urine sehingga mengembalikan volume darah kembali 
normal.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;NO-BOK&quot;&gt;2. Pengaturan Osmolaritas cairan ekstrasel.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;NO-BOK&quot;&gt;Osmolaritas
 cairan adalah ukuran konsentrasi partikel solut (zat terlarut) dalam 
suatu larutan. semakin tinggi osmolaritas, semakin tinggi konsentrasi 
solute atau semakin rendah konsentrasi solutnya lebih rendah 
(konsentrasi air lebih tinggi) ke area yang konsentrasi solutnya lebih 
tinggi (konsentrasi air lebih rendah).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;NO-BOK&quot;&gt;Osmosis
 hanya terjadi jika terjadi perbedaan konsentrasi solut yang tidak dapat
 menmbus membran plasma di intrasel dan ekstrasel. Ion natrium 
menrupakan solut yang banyak ditemukan di cairan ekstrasel, dan ion 
utama yang berperan penting dalam menentukan aktivitas osmotik cairan 
ekstrasel. sedangkan di dalam cairan intrasel, ion kalium bertanggung 
jawab dalam menentukan aktivitas osmotik cairan intrasel. Distribusi 
yang tidak merata dari ion natrium dan kalium ini menyebabkan perubahan 
kadar kedua ion ini bertanggung jawab dalam menetukan aktivitas osmotik 
di kedua kompartmen ini.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;NO-BOK&quot;&gt;Pengaturan osmolaritas cairan ekstrasel oleh tubuh dilakukan dilakukan melalui:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;ul style=&quot;margin-top: 0in;&quot; type=&quot;circle&quot;&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-list: l8 level1 lfo13; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;Perubahan      osmolaritas di nefron&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;Di
 sepanjang tubulus yang membentuk nefron ginjal, terjadi perubahan 
osmolaritas yang pada akhirnya akan membentuk urine yang sesuai dengan 
keadaan cairan tubuh secara keseluruhan di dukstus koligen. Glomerulus 
menghasilkan cairan yang isosmotik di tubulus proksimal (300 mOsm). 
Dinding tubulus ansa Henle pars decending sangat permeable terhadap air,
 sehingga di bagian ini terjadi reabsorbsi cairan ke kapiler peritubular
 atau vasa recta. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;NO-BOK&quot;&gt;Hal ini menyebabkan cairan di dalam lumen tubulus menjadi hiperosmotik.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;NO-BOK&quot;&gt;Dinding
 tubulus ansa henle pars acenden tidak permeable terhadap air dan secara
 aktif memindahkan NaCl keluar tubulus. Hal ini menyebabkan reabsobsi 
garam tanpa osmosis air. Sehingga cairan yang sampai ke tubulus distal 
dan duktus koligen menjadi hipoosmotik. Permeabilitas dinding tubulus 
distal dan duktus koligen bervariasi bergantung pada ada tidaknya 
vasopresin (ADH). Sehingga urine yang dibentuk di duktus koligen dan 
akhirnya di keluarkan ke pelvis ginjal dan ureter juga bergantung pada 
ada tidaknya vasopresis (ADH).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;ul style=&quot;margin-top: 0in;&quot; type=&quot;circle&quot;&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-list: l8 level1 lfo13; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;NO-BOK&quot;&gt;Mekanisme haus dan peranan vasopresin      (antidiuretic hormone/ADH)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;NO-BOK&quot;&gt;peningkatan
 osmolaritas cairan ekstrasel (&amp;gt;280 mOsm) akan merangsang 
osmoreseptor di hypotalamus. Rangsangan ini akan dihantarkan ke neuron 
hypotalamus yang mensintesis vasopresin. Vasopresin akan dilepaskan oleh
 hipofisis posterior ke dalam darah dan akan berikatan dengan 
reseptornya di duktus koligen. ikatan vasopresin dengan reseptornya di 
duktus koligen memicu terbentuknya aquaporin, yaitu kanal air di 
membrane bagian apeks duktus koligen. Pembentukkan aquaporin ini 
memungkinkan terjadinya reabsorbsi cairan ke vasa recta. Hal ini 
menyebabkan urine yang terbentuk di duktus&amp;nbsp; koligen menjadi sedikit dan 
hiperosmotik atau pekat, sehingga cairan di dalam tubuh tetap 
dipertahankan.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;NO-BOK&quot;&gt;selain
 itu, rangsangan pada osmoreseptor di hypotalamus akibat peningkatan 
osmolaritas cairan ekstrasel juga akan dihantarkan ke pusat haus di 
hypotalamus sehingga terbentuk perilaku untuk membatasi haus, dan cairan
 di dalam tubuh kembali normal.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;NO-BOK&quot;&gt;Pengaturan Neuroendokrin dalam Keseimbangan Cairan dan Elektrolit&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;NO-BOK&quot;&gt;Sebagai
 kesimpulan, pengaturan keseimbangan keseimbangan cairan dan elektrolit 
diperankan oleh system saraf dan sistem endokrin. Sistem saraf mendapat 
informasi adanya perubahan keseimbangan cairan dan elektrolit melalui 
baroreseptor di arkus aorta dan sinus karotikus, osmoreseptor di 
hypotalamus, dan volume reseptor atau reseptor regang di atrium. 
Sedangkan dalam sistem endokrin, hormon-hormon yang berperan saat tubuh 
mengalami kekurangan cairan adalah Angiotensin II, Aldosteron, dan 
Vasopresin/ADH dengan meningkatkan reabsorbsi natrium dan air. 
Sementara, jika terjadi peningkatan volume cairan tubuh, maka hormone 
atriopeptin (ANP) akan meningkatkan eksresi volume natrium dan air.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;NO-BOK&quot;&gt;perubahan
 volume dan osmolaritas cairan dapat terjadi pada beberapa 
keadaan.Faktor lain yang mempengaruhi keseimbangan cairan dan elektrolit
 di antaranya ialah umur, suhu lingkungan, diet, stres, dan penyakit.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;NO-BOK&quot;&gt;Dehidrasi Dan Syok &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;NO-BOK&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Dehidrasi &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;NO-BOK&quot; style=&quot;font-weight: normal; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;adalah&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;NO-BOK&quot; style=&quot;font-weight: normal; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;NO-BOK&quot;&gt;Syok&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;NO-BOK&quot; style=&quot;font-weight: normal; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;
 adalah kondisi gangguan hemodinamik dan metabolik karena 
ketidakadekuatan aliran darah dan pengiriman oksigen pada kapiler dan 
jaringan tubuh.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo17; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;NO-BOK&quot;&gt;•&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 7pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;NO-BOK&quot;&gt;Syok hipovolemik &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Wingdings; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;&quot;&gt;à&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;NO-BOK&quot;&gt; akibat : penurunan volume darah, diare, keringat berlebih, perdarahan.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo17; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;NO-BOK&quot;&gt;-&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 7pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;NO-BOK&quot;&gt;Syok
 Dehidrasi terjadi akibat kehilangan cairan tubuh yang hebat dan berat. 
Kondisi yang secara klasik menyebabkan dehidrasi adalah keringat 
berlebihan, kehilangan cairan melalui gastrointestinal atas, diabetes 
insipidus, asites, fase diuretik dari gagal ginjal akut, penyakit 
addison, dan penggunaan diuretik yang sembrono.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo17; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;NO-BOK&quot;&gt;•&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 7pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;NO-BOK&quot;&gt;Syok kardiogenik : kegagalan jantung memompa darah secara adekuat&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo17; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;NO-BOK&quot;&gt;•&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 7pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Syok vasogenik : vasodilatasi luas yang dicetuskan zat-zat vasodilator. &lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;NO-BOK&quot;&gt;Syok septik&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;NO-BOK&quot;&gt; :vasodilator yang dikeluarkan penyebab infeksi&amp;nbsp; .&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;i&gt;Syok anafilaktik&lt;/i&gt; : histamin berlebihan pada reaksi alergi.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo17; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;
•&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 7pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;NO-BOK&quot;&gt;Syok neurogenik : hilangnya tonus vaskuler oleh simpatis sehingga timbul vasodilatasi umum. &lt;/span&gt;Contoh :nyeri dalam yang hebat.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;NO-BOK&quot;&gt;Keseimbangan Asam-Basa&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;NO-BOK&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;NO-BOK&quot;&gt;Keseimbangan
 asam-basa terkait dengan pengaturan konsentrasi ion H bebas dalam 
cairan tubuh. pH rata-rata darah adalah 7,4; pH darah arteri 7,45 dan 
darah vena 7,35. Jika pH &amp;lt;7,35 dikatakan asidosi, dan jika pH darah 
&amp;gt;7,45 dikatakan alkalosis. Ion H terutama diperoleh dari aktivitas 
metabolik dalam tubuh. Ion H secara normal dan kontinyu akan ditambahkan
 ke cairan tubuh dari 3 sumber, yaitu:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;ul style=&quot;margin-top: 0in;&quot; type=&quot;circle&quot;&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-list: l1 level1 lfo14; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;NO-BOK&quot;&gt;pembentukkan asam karbonat dan sebagian      akan berdisosiasi menjadi ion H dan bikarbonat.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-list: l1 level1 lfo14; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;katabolisme      zat organik&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-list: l1 level1 lfo14; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;NO-BOK&quot;&gt;disosiasi
 asam organik pada metabolisme      intermedia, misalnya pada 
metabolisme lemak terbentuk asam lemak dan asam      laktat, sebagian 
asam ini akan berdisosiasi melepaskan ion H.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;NO-BOK&quot;&gt;Fluktuasi konsentrasi ion H dalam tubuh akan mempengaruhi fungsi normal sel, antara lain:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;ul style=&quot;margin-top: 0in;&quot; type=&quot;circle&quot;&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-list: l14 level1 lfo15; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;NO-BOK&quot;&gt;perubahan
 eksitabilitas saraf dan otot;      pada asidosis terjadi depresi 
susunan saraf pusat, sebaliknya pada alkalosis      terjadi 
hipereksitabilitas.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-list: l14 level1 lfo15; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;mempengaruhi      enzim-enzim dalam tubuh&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-list: l14 level1 lfo15; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;mempengaruhi      konsentrasi ion K&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;NO-BOK&quot;&gt;Bila terjadi perubahan konsentrasi ion H maka tubuh berusaha mempertahankan ion H seperti nilai semula dengan cara:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;ul style=&quot;margin-top: 0in;&quot; type=&quot;circle&quot;&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-list: l7 level1 lfo16; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;mengaktifkan      sistem dapar kimia&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-list: l7 level1 lfo16; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;NO-BOK&quot;&gt;mekanisme pengontrolan pH oleh sistem      pernafasan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;NO-BOK&quot;&gt;mekasnisme pengontrolan pH oleh sistem perkemihan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;Ada&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt; 4 sistem dapar:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;ul style=&quot;margin-top: 0in;&quot; type=&quot;circle&quot;&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-list: l7 level1 lfo16; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;Dapar
      bikarbonat; merupakan sistem dapar di cairan ekstrasel terutama 
untuk      perubahan yang disebabkan oleh non-bikarbonat&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-list: l7 level1 lfo16; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;NO-BOK&quot;&gt;Dapar protein; merupakan sistem dapar di      cairan ekstrasel dan intrasel&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-list: l7 level1 lfo16; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;NO-BOK&quot;&gt;Dapar hemoglobin; merupakan sistem dapar      di dalam eritrosit untuk perubahan asam karbonat&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-list: l7 level1 lfo16; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;NO-BOK&quot;&gt;Dapar fosfat; merupakan sistem dapar di      sistem perkemihan dan cairan intrasel.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;NO-BOK&quot;&gt;Sistem
 dapat kimia hanya mengatasi ketidakseimbangan asam-basa sementara. Jika
 dengan dapar kimia tidak cukup memperbaiki ketidakseimbangan, maka 
pengontrolan pH akan dilanjutkan oleh paru-paru yang berespon secara 
cepat terhadap perubahan kadar ion H dalam darah akinat rangsangan pada 
kemoreseptor dan pusat pernafasan, kemudian mempertahankan kadarnya 
sampai ginjal menghilangkan ketidakseimbangan tersebut. Ginjal mampu 
meregulasi ketidakseimbangan ion H secara lambat dengan menskresikan ion
 H dan menambahkan bikarbonat baru ke dalam darah karena memiliki dapar 
fosfat dan amonia.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;NO-BOK&quot;&gt;Ketidakseimbangan Asam-Basa&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;NO-BOK&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;NO-BOK&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Ada 4 kategori ketidakseimbangan asam-basa, yaitu:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;ul style=&quot;margin-top: 0in;&quot; type=&quot;circle&quot;&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-list: l7 level1 lfo16; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;NO-BOK&quot;&gt;Asidosis respiratori, disebabkan oleh      retensi CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; akibat hipoventilasi. Pembentukkan H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;CO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;      meningkat, dan disosiasi asam ini akan meningkatkan konsentrasi ion H.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-list: l7 level1 lfo16; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;NO-BOK&quot;&gt;Alkalosis metabolik, disebabkan oleh      kehilangan CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; yang berlebihan akibat hiperventilasi.      Pembentukan H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;CO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; menurun sehingga pembentukkan ion      H menurun.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-list: l7 level1 lfo16; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;NO-BOK&quot;&gt;Asidosis
 metabolik, asidosis yang bukan      disebabkan oleh gangguan ventilasi 
paru, diare akut, diabetes melitus,      olahraga yang terlalu berat dan
 asidosis uremia akibat gagal ginjal akan      menyebabkan penurunan 
kadar bikarbonat sehingga kadar ion H bebas      meningkat.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-list: l7 level1 lfo16; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;NO-BOK&quot;&gt;Alkalosis
 metabolik., terjadi penurunan      kadar ion H dalam plasma karena 
defiensi asam non-karbonat. Akibatnya      konsentrasi bikarbonat 
meningkat. Hal ini terjadi karena kehilangan ion H      karena 
muntah-muntah dan minum obat-obat alkalis. Hilangnyaion H akan      
menyebabkan berkurangnya kemampuan untuk menetralisir bikarbonat, 
sehingga      kadar bikarbonat plasma meningkat.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;NO-BOK&quot;&gt;Untuk mengkompensasi gangguan keseimbangan asam-basa tersebut, fungsi pernapasan dan ginjal sangat penting.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
</description><link>http://alanhendrawan.blogspot.com/2013/12/peran-ginjal-terhadap-homeostasis-tubuh.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Alan Hendrawan)</author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjEjTXWeGo1N1pEuwm1bgsDFL-SwMDsQlKkUTAnhWRGY3KifbDJWF14HLtzaYwS_td0N9fsxvK2zkgQ1uIAOyX8jh4kpPDgUVnq21y8xb2_pUrjxM-Rar9vgwUaJTSmblGwJtgx8duI8S4N/s72-c/Naskah+kuno.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7302740288485214704.post-3438452423396058802</guid><pubDate>Sat, 25 May 2013 02:13:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2013-05-24T19:13:18.908-07:00</atom:updated><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">Free download software</category><title>Free Download Cyberlink PowerDVD 13 Ultra Full Patch</title><description>&lt;b&gt;Cyberlink PowerDVD 13 Ultra Full Patch&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;merupakan aplikasi media 
player yang dapat memutar video&amp;nbsp;Blu-ray, DVD, 3D Video dan HD Movie 
dengan kualitas tinggi sehingga menambah kenyamanan kita dalam menonton 
video tersebut. Software ini sudah dilengkapi fitur khusus sehingga 
membuat gambar lebih jernih, tajam, dan halus ketika dimainkan. Software
 ini sudah mendukung beberapa jenis video, dan dapat membuka file musik,
 gambar, dan jenis media lainnya.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;b&gt;System Requirements :&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Microsoft Windows 8, Windows 7, Vista and XP SP3&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;2 GB RAM&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;400 MB disk space&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiw8zb7llh3PQc0BKdYAFd8LMuySElX7_xd0RdqZZBoLJkw76SiziWtVhWiBx9KY-QWJx4LT4wrNk54O8O7ZCWySsGCxA5nj4Jdjg9Lhrv-DbUpGDP9Crqv96D4pDynSg81GmQrttXiRX4/s1600/powerdvd13_berhasil.jpg&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;Cyberlink PowerDVD 13 Ultra Full Patch - Indowebster&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;179&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiw8zb7llh3PQc0BKdYAFd8LMuySElX7_xd0RdqZZBoLJkw76SiziWtVhWiBx9KY-QWJx4LT4wrNk54O8O7ZCWySsGCxA5nj4Jdjg9Lhrv-DbUpGDP9Crqv96D4pDynSg81GmQrttXiRX4/s320/powerdvd13_berhasil.jpg&quot; title=&quot;Screenshot di PC saya...&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Karena Indowebster yang membatas ukuran file per upload, jadi gunakan 
7-Zip untuk mengekstrak file 
&quot;[files.indowebster.com]-dvd-kekuatan.rar.7z.001&quot; dan 
&amp;nbsp;&quot;[files.indowebster.com]-dvd-kekuatan.rar.7z.002&quot; agar file berjenis 
rar bisa terbentuk.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Title : &lt;b&gt;Cyberlink PowerDVD 13 Ultra Full Patch&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Date Released : 2013&lt;br /&gt;
Version : 13.0.2720.57&lt;br /&gt;
Category : Media Player Software&lt;br /&gt;
Publisher: Cyberlink&lt;br /&gt;
Format : RAR&lt;br /&gt;
Size : 121 MB&lt;br /&gt;
Download : &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://adf.ly/PVf6l&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;Part 1&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;http://adf.ly/PVfC6&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;Part 2&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;http://adf.ly/PVfEz&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;7-Zip&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;nbsp;Password :&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: cyan;&quot;&gt;aspirasisoft.us&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: cyan;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;b&gt; &lt;/b&gt;</description><link>http://alanhendrawan.blogspot.com/2013/05/free-download-cyberlink-powerdvd-13.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Alan Hendrawan)</author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiw8zb7llh3PQc0BKdYAFd8LMuySElX7_xd0RdqZZBoLJkw76SiziWtVhWiBx9KY-QWJx4LT4wrNk54O8O7ZCWySsGCxA5nj4Jdjg9Lhrv-DbUpGDP9Crqv96D4pDynSg81GmQrttXiRX4/s72-c/powerdvd13_berhasil.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>8</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7302740288485214704.post-1646606842766354744</guid><pubDate>Sat, 25 May 2013 02:08:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2013-05-24T19:08:42.839-07:00</atom:updated><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">Games</category><title>Free Download Command &amp; Conquer 4: Tiberian Twilight Full Crack</title><description>&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEinRERMV8RLelfBh3BISjZMOPHwW8DpR4TF10D_QGy04saU-GGcOCMZCxJqJG6NGqFvX7Hv9yJxLvqQD9cl5fWPTO-BhjuEofvWdJZK6cKDAq7ng6VXjXDHqK_gUIXuFKosdgOIc2llKVm7/s1600/COMMAND_&amp;amp;_CONQUER_4__57167_zoom.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;400&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEinRERMV8RLelfBh3BISjZMOPHwW8DpR4TF10D_QGy04saU-GGcOCMZCxJqJG6NGqFvX7Hv9yJxLvqQD9cl5fWPTO-BhjuEofvWdJZK6cKDAq7ng6VXjXDHqK_gUIXuFKosdgOIc2llKVm7/s400/COMMAND_&amp;amp;_CONQUER_4__57167_zoom.jpg&quot; width=&quot;285&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Command &amp;amp; Conquer 4: Tiberian Twilight Full Crack &lt;/b&gt;merupakan  game yang dibuat oleh Electronic Arts, vendor pembuat game yang  menghasilkan game-game yang berkualitas. Untuk seri Command And Conquer 4  ini, tidak lagi mengikuti cara pengambilan sumber daya seperti seri  sebelumnya. Kita ditugaskan untuk mempertahankan markas pusat kita dari  serangan musuh dan memenangkan pertandingan. Nantinya kita akan diberi  dua pilihan kubu, apakah itu Global Defense Initiative (GDI) atau  Brotherhood of Nod. Game ini cukup seru dimainkan dan mempunyai grafis  yang bagus.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Minimum system requirements:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Windows XP/Vista/7/8&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Intel Core 2 or AMD 64 X2 Processor&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;1GB RAM&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;10GB Hard Disk Space&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;DirectX 9.0c&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;256MB Nvidia GeForce 6800/ATI Radeon X1600 Video Card&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;DirectX 9.0c Compatible Sound Card&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;8X DVD-ROM Drive&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgqpMLw8nh2OdluyQjt4-qbrMaNqMy1pAwFUOie30CE02HjxEooZJ-b7ABE8mQAK6jZ2c7VnqxHx0iO3TxHljn34QslPU7pbb5HdBJ80uthi-h62YpVrofploy4690ODWa1EO8Oo0xMVB0/s1600/sc2_aspirasisoft.jpg&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;Command &amp;amp; Conquer 4: Tiberian Twilight Full Crack - Indowebster&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;178&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgqpMLw8nh2OdluyQjt4-qbrMaNqMy1pAwFUOie30CE02HjxEooZJ-b7ABE8mQAK6jZ2c7VnqxHx0iO3TxHljn34QslPU7pbb5HdBJ80uthi-h62YpVrofploy4690ODWa1EO8Oo0xMVB0/s1600/sc2_aspirasisoft.jpg&quot; title=&quot;Screenshot (1)&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgjOdF7pmKnr0ep8iMOkFriZHKU-dGGDCAvdQCIdO1e4OY16kNcU4GbZ2cwi4PAAMnYqZ3-26vy9vTdKDdo7QsnA70dP9tjvKndEK-UPS0q8BFPhXKQwxv7QK2MlW0Iad0A0SjKgHDL_hI/s1600/sc1_aspirasisoft.jpg&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;Command &amp;amp; Conquer 4: Tiberian Twilight Full Crack - Indowebster&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;200&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgjOdF7pmKnr0ep8iMOkFriZHKU-dGGDCAvdQCIdO1e4OY16kNcU4GbZ2cwi4PAAMnYqZ3-26vy9vTdKDdo7QsnA70dP9tjvKndEK-UPS0q8BFPhXKQwxv7QK2MlW0Iad0A0SjKgHDL_hI/s1600/sc1_aspirasisoft.jpg&quot; title=&quot;Screenshot (2)&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Title :&lt;b&gt; Command &amp;amp; Conquer 4: Tiberian Twilight Full Crack&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Date Released : 2010&lt;br /&gt;
Version : 1.0 &lt;br /&gt;
Category : PC Game - Strategy&lt;br /&gt;
Publisher: Electronic Arts&lt;br /&gt;
Crack By: Reloaded&lt;br /&gt;
Format : RAR&lt;br /&gt;
Size : 7.5 GB&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Download : &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://adf.ly/PVebr&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;Link Download&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;a href=&quot;http://adf.ly/PVeiG&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;Torent Link&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Password : &lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: cyan;&quot;&gt;aspirasisoft.us&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;</description><link>http://alanhendrawan.blogspot.com/2013/05/free-download-command-conquer-4.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Alan Hendrawan)</author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEinRERMV8RLelfBh3BISjZMOPHwW8DpR4TF10D_QGy04saU-GGcOCMZCxJqJG6NGqFvX7Hv9yJxLvqQD9cl5fWPTO-BhjuEofvWdJZK6cKDAq7ng6VXjXDHqK_gUIXuFKosdgOIc2llKVm7/s72-c/COMMAND_&amp;_CONQUER_4__57167_zoom.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>1</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7302740288485214704.post-2170733171917061206</guid><pubDate>Sat, 25 May 2013 01:54:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2013-05-24T18:54:45.042-07:00</atom:updated><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">Mobile phone</category><title>iPhone 6 Rilis dan Spesifikasi [Rumor]</title><description>&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;iBerita.com&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt; – &lt;strong&gt;Rumor Spesifikasi iPhone 6 dan tanggal Rilisnya.&lt;/strong&gt;
 Anda tentu masih ingat bagaimana penantian pencinta Apple terhadap 
iPhone 5 beberapa waktu yang lalu. Rumor yang yang sangat panjang selalu
 berhembus sebelum iPhone 5 benar-benar diperkenalkan ke publik. Tanpa 
kehilangan momen, Apple sukses membuat banyak orang mengantri untuk 
mendapatkan perangkat tercanggih dari perusahaan yang bermarkas di 
Sillicon Valley itu.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Beberapa hari terakhir ini muncul rumor 
baru mengenai produk Apple, yaitu bakal hadirnya iPhone 5s, dan iPhone 
6. Belum jelas apakah iPhone 5s akan menjadi iPhone 6. Atau sesuai 
dengan prediksi beberapa pihak bahwa Apple akan meluncurkan iPhone 5s 
terlebih dahulu, dan iPhone 6 beberapa bulan kemudian.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h2 style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Rumor-Rumor iPhone 6&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;wp-caption aligncenter&quot; id=&quot;attachment_2291&quot; style=&quot;width: 580px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;img alt=&quot;Rumor Rilis iPhone 6 dan Spesifikasinya&quot; class=&quot;size-full wp-image-2291&quot; height=&quot;342&quot; src=&quot;http://www.iberita.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/Rumor-Rilis-iPhone-6-dan-Spesifikasinya.jpg&quot; title=&quot;Rumor Rilis iPhone 6 dan Spesifikasinya&quot; width=&quot;570&quot; /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;wp-caption-text&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;wp-caption-text&quot;&gt;
Gambar : ibtimes.com&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;wp-caption-text&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Kabar peluncuran iPhone 6 saat ini 
diperkirakan sekitar musim panas tahun ini. Kalau rumor ini benar 
adanya, ada kemungkinan tahun 2013 ini kita bisa melihat 2 varian iPhone
 terbaru, iPhone 5s, dan iPhone 6.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
iPhone 6 dikabarkan bakal mengusung iOS 
7, sedangkan iPhone 5s kemungkinan tidak. Hal itu disampaikan seorang 
pengembang kepada TheNextWeb beberapa waktu yang lalu. Lebih jelasnya 
kita harus menunggu ajang WWDC yang akan berlangsung Juni mendatang. 
Sedangkan di sisi kapasitas penyimpanan, Apple diharapkan memberikan 
kapasitas 128 GB untuk iPhone 6 nya. Menurut kabar dari BussinesInsider,
 iPhone 6 tidak akan menggunakan (&lt;i&gt;home button&lt;/i&gt;) seperti yang terdapat pada seri-seri iPhone sebelumnya, tetapi eakan mengandalkan Retina+ IGZO display, dan layar 4.8 Inchi.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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Rumor spesifikasi iPhone 6
 dari segi dapur pacu, sepertinya tidak banyak perubahan yang akan 
dilakukan. Dari penggunaan prosesor A6, kemungkinan kedepan mengalami 
peningkatan ke A7 quad core yang mempunyai keunggulan dari segi power 
dan efisiensi, sehingga bisa memperpanjang waktu hidup smartphone ini.&lt;/div&gt;
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Anda sudah membaca Harga dan Spesifikasi Sony Xperia Z?
 Smartphone terbaru dari Sony tersebut sudah menjadi pelopor ponsel 
pintar dengan kemampuan fotografi mumpuni. Xperia Z sudah mengusung 
kamera berkapasitas 13 Megapixel, yang diperkirakan akan diikuti oleh Samsung Galaxy S4 yang
 baru akan diperkenalkan tanggal 3 hari lagi, 14 Maret 2013 ini. Begitu 
juga dengan rumor iPhone 6 yang diharapkan mempunyai kamera canggih 
minimal 13 Megapixel.&lt;/div&gt;
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Rumor lain menyebutkan adanya perbaikan pada sektor Wi-Fi, 4G LTE yang lebih baik, dan teknologi &lt;i&gt;wireless charging&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;
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Sepertinya Apple tidak akan membiarkan 
Samsung dan produsen yang lain mengambil alih jatah pasarnya. Kita tungu
 saja kejelasan dari rumor-rumor yang berkembang.&lt;/div&gt;
</description><link>http://alanhendrawan.blogspot.com/2013/05/iphone-6-rilis-dan-spesifikasi-rumor.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Alan Hendrawan)</author><thr:total>3</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7302740288485214704.post-8014451316577175601</guid><pubDate>Sat, 25 May 2013 01:48:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2013-05-24T18:48:01.808-07:00</atom:updated><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">Free download software</category><title>Free Download Pinnacle Studio 16 Ultimate Full Activation Pack</title><description>&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-wHXGRiWIlS4/UFXqtdRRn1I/AAAAAAAAAgs/X4XNxi50n-Y/s1600/20120826-Ultimate_Box_Shot.jpg&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;Pinnacle Studio 16 Ultimate Activation Pack Free Download&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;320&quot; src=&quot;http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-wHXGRiWIlS4/UFXqtdRRn1I/AAAAAAAAAgs/X4XNxi50n-Y/s320/20120826-Ultimate_Box_Shot.jpg&quot; title=&quot;Pinnacle Studio 16 Ultimate Activation Pack Free Download&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span class=&quot;long_text&quot; id=&quot;result_box&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;Pinnacle&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;Studio 16&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;Ultimate&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;Full&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;Activation&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;Pack&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;is a software for&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;video&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;editing&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;purposes&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;ranging&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;from&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;video crop,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;video&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;smoothing&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;censoring&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps atn&quot;&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;blur&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;) video&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;insert&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;video&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;to CD&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;/&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;DVD&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;and several&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;other&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;excellent features&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;.&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;This software is&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;very&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps atn&quot;&gt;user-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;&quot;&gt;friendly&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;making it suitable&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;for beginners who&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;wish to enter&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;into the world of&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;video&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;editing&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;Minimum&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;System&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;Requirements:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;Windows 8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;, 7,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;Vista&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps atn&quot;&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;SP2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;Display&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;resolution&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;:&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;1024 x 600&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;or higher&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;2 GB&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;of&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;RAM&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;or higher&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;DirectX&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;®&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps atn&quot;&gt;9 (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;or higher)&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;graphics&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;device&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;Display&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;resolution&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;:&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;1024 x 600&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;or higher&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;4.5&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;GB of&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;HDD&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;space&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;for &lt;span class=&quot;IL_AD&quot; id=&quot;IL_AD4&quot;&gt;installation&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-dGfM8-rShPA/UFXqACtQfqI/AAAAAAAAAgk/tIeJK0_upME/s1600/pinnacle-studiosil.jpg&quot; style=&quot;clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;Pinnacle Studio 16 Ultimate Activation Pack Free Download&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;223&quot; src=&quot;http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-dGfM8-rShPA/UFXqACtQfqI/AAAAAAAAAgk/tIeJK0_upME/s400/pinnacle-studiosil.jpg&quot; title=&quot;Pinnacle Studio 16 Ultimate Activation Pack Free Download&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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Title : &lt;b&gt;Pinnacle Studio 16 Ultimate Full Activation Pack&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Date Released : 2012&lt;br /&gt;
Version : 16.0.0.75&lt;br /&gt;
Category :Video Editing Software&lt;br /&gt;
Publisher: Corel Inc.&lt;br /&gt;
Format : RAR&lt;br /&gt;
Size : 1.83 GB&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Download : &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://adf.ly/PVcSh&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;Instaler&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;a href=&quot;http://adf.ly/PVccc&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;Activation&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Password : &lt;b style=&quot;color: cyan;&quot;&gt;nugishare&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Link diatas valid ( 25 Mei 2013 ) Make you smile :)</description><link>http://alanhendrawan.blogspot.com/2013/05/free-download-pinnacle-studio-16.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Alan Hendrawan)</author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-wHXGRiWIlS4/UFXqtdRRn1I/AAAAAAAAAgs/X4XNxi50n-Y/s72-c/20120826-Ultimate_Box_Shot.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>2</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7302740288485214704.post-2059945895231832778</guid><pubDate>Mon, 15 Apr 2013 12:04:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2013-04-15T05:04:37.343-07:00</atom:updated><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">Kedokteran</category><title>Proses Ekspresi Gen</title><description>&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; trbidi=&quot;on&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
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  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;30&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Intense Quote&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
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   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
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   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light List Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
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   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
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   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
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   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
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   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
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   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light List Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
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   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
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   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
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   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
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   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
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   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
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   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
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&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IT&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt;
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   &lt;m:intLim m:val=&quot;subSup&quot;/&gt;
   &lt;m:naryLim m:val=&quot;undOvr&quot;/&gt;
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&lt;/xml&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt;
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  LatentStyleCount=&quot;267&quot;&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;0&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
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  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;9&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;heading 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;9&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;heading 7&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;9&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;heading 8&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;9&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;heading 9&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 1&quot;/&gt;
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  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 7&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 8&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 9&quot;/&gt;
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  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;1&quot; Name=&quot;Default Paragraph Font&quot;/&gt;
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   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Subtitle&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;22&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Strong&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;20&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Emphasis&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;59&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Table Grid&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Placeholder Text&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;1&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;No Spacing&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light List&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid&quot;/&gt;
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   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
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  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
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  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading&quot;/&gt;
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  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light List Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
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  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
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   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
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  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;34&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;List Paragraph&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;29&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Quote&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;30&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Intense Quote&quot;/&gt;
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   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light List Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
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  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
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  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
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   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light List Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
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   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
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   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
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   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
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   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
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   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Intense Emphasis&quot;/&gt;
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&lt;style&gt;
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&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;FI&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;EKSPRESI GEN&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;

&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IT&quot;&gt;Gen merupakan satuan unit
informasi genetika. Dalam makalah ini, kami memusatkan perhatian pada proses k&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;FI&quot;&gt;onversi informasi di dalam gen menjadi molekul-molekul yang menentukan
sifat-sifat sel dan virus.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Hal ini dilakukan
melalui sejumlah kejadian dimana informasi dalam sekuen DNA akan digandakan
menjadi molekul RNA dan kemudian digunakan untuk menentukan sekuen asam amino
dari suatu molekul protein.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;FI&quot;&gt;Protein adalah
molekul-molekul yang memiliki fungsi berikut:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;FI&quot;&gt;1.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
Bertanggungjawab untuk katalis dalam sebagian besar reaksi kimia (enzim)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;FI&quot;&gt;2.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
Pengaturan ekspresi gen (protein pengatur)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;FI&quot;&gt;3.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
Membentuk struktur sel, jaringan dan virus (protein struktur)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;FI&quot;&gt;Protein tersusun atas
satu atau beberapa asam amino yang tergabung secara kovalen. Rantai asam-asam
amino ini disebut polipeptida, yang dapat disusun dalam berbagai macam urutan.
Karena jumlah asam amino dalam polipeptida dapat mencapai ribuan, maka dapat
dibentuk molekul protein yang beraneka macam.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;FI&quot;&gt;Ekspresi gen merupakan
proses bagaimana informasi yang ada di dalam DNA bisa di copy melalui proses
traskripsi dalam organisme eukariot.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;Hasil proses transkripsi adalah &lt;i&gt;hn &lt;/i&gt;RNA (transkrip primer).&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Di dalam organisme eukariot ada tahapan
proses tertentu sebelum menghasilkan RNA, yaitu RNA processing.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Kemudian diikuti tahap translasi yang
akhirnya menghasilkan polypeptida.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Jika
dalam proses tersebut ada tahapan yang tidak terjadi, maka dalam hal ini tidak
termasuk dalam kategori bahwa gen tersebut telah terekspresi atau dengan akta
lain tidak terjadi ekspresi gen.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;FI&quot;&gt;Langkah-langkah utama
dalam ekspresi gen adalah sebagai berikut.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;FI&quot;&gt;1.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
Sintesis molekul RNA oleh &lt;i&gt;RNA polymerase&lt;/i&gt;, yang menggunakan sekuen
basa-basa dari satu utas DNA sebagai cetakan dalam reaksi polimerisasi, seperti
pada replikasi DNA. Proses ini disebut transkripsi.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;FI&quot;&gt;2.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
Molekul-molekul protein kemudian disintesis melalui penggunaan sekuen basa dari
molekul RNA untuk mengarahkan penggabungan asam-asam amino menurut urutan
tertentu. Proses ini disebut translasi.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;FI&quot;&gt;Secara umum, rantai
informasi genetik atau DNA merupakan pusat pengendali jalannya metabolisme di
dalam sel, yaitu dengan cara menyandikan protein.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Proses tersebut dilaksanakan melalui
penentuan susunan nukleotida molekul RNA, yang selanjutnya susunan nukleotida
tersebut diterjemahkan ke dalam susunan asam amino dari rantai polinukleotida
protein.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Proses penyusunan
polinukleotida RNA berdasarkan pola DNA disebut transkripsi.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Sedangkan proses penyusunan asam amino
menurut pola molekul RNA disebut translasi.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;FI&quot;&gt;B.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;TRANSKRIPSI&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;FI&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Tahapan pertama
dalam ekspresi gen adalah sintesis penggandaan sebuah molekul RNA dari segmen
DNA yang berisi gen.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;FI&quot;&gt;Tahapan-tahapan
transkripsi DNA adalah sebagai berikut.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;FI&quot;&gt;1.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
50 protein yang berbeda terikat pada tempat promoter, biasanya pada ujung 5’
dari gen yang akan ditranskripsi&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;FI&quot;&gt;2.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;SV&quot;&gt;Enzim polimerase RNA mengikat pada kompleks faktor transkripsi. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;FI&quot;&gt;Dua langkah pertama ini membuka ikatan ulir DNA.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Tahap 1 dan 2 disebut inisiasi.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;3.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
Polimerase RNA bergerak menelusuri satu rantai dalam arah 3’ &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;FI&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Wingdings;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;à&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt; 5’&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;FI&quot;&gt;4.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
Dalam gerakan ini, terbentuklah ribonukleotida (sebagai trifosfat seperti ATP)
dalam rantai baru RNA. Setiap ribonukleotida disisipkan ke dalam rantai DNA
dengan mengikuti aturan pasangan basa sebagai berikut.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;DE&quot;&gt;5.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
Sintesis RNA berlangsung dalam arah 5’ &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IT&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Wingdings;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;à&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;DE&quot;&gt; 3’&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;DE&quot;&gt;Gambar 5. Proses sintesis
RNA.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;DE&quot;&gt;6.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Saat transkripsi selesai, hasilnya dilepaskan dari polimerase dan
kemudian polimerase dilepaskan dari DNA (Tahap terminasi). Tahapan 3-6 disebut
elongasi.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;DE&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Suatu
gen tertentu dari tanaman dapat diatur gen ekspesinya, yaitu dengan mengatur
proses translasinya atau mengatur proses tranksripsi.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Apabila yang diatur adalah proses translasinya,
sedang proses lainnya bebas terjadi, maka disebut &lt;i&gt;translation level control&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Apabila kondisi &lt;i&gt;translation level control &lt;/i&gt;dalam
keadaan permisif, maka proses translasi akan berjalan, tetapi apabila
kondisinya tidak permisif maka proses translasi tidak terjadi.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Akibatnya, terjadi penumpukan (degradasi)
mRNA, atau disebut RNA &lt;i&gt;turn over&lt;/i&gt;, yaitu mRNA akan terdegradasi sebelum
terjadi akumulasi yang berlebihan.&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;DE&quot;&gt;I.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;TIPE-TIPE RNA&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;DE&quot;&gt;1.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
mRNA (&lt;i&gt;Messenger RNA&lt;/i&gt;), adalah RNA yang akan ditranslasikan menjadi
polipeptida.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Sebagian besar sel
memproduksi sejumlah kecil dari beribu ribu molekul molekul mRNA yang berbeda
dimana masing-masing ditranslasikan menjadi peptida yang diperlukan oleh sel.
Kebanyakan mRNA berupa &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;“&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;DE&quot;&gt;housekeeping&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;DE&quot;&gt;“ protein yang dibutuhkan oleh semua sel (misal enzim glikolisis). mRNA
lain adalah berupa &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;“ spesifik”&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;DE&quot;&gt; protein hanya untuk
tipe-tipe tertentu dari sel (misal hemoglobin pada sel darah merah).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;DE&quot;&gt;Gambar 7.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;mRNA
processing.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;DE&quot;&gt;2.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
rRNA (&lt;i&gt;Ribosomal RNA&lt;/i&gt;), yang akan digunakan untuk membangun ribosom
sebagai mesin sintesis protein.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;DE&quot;&gt;Ada 4 jenis rRNA pada organisme eukariot, yakni:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;DE&quot;&gt;a.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;u&gt;18S rRNA&lt;/u&gt;, satu dari molekul molekul ini, bersama dengan 30 molekul
protein yang berbeda digunakan untuk membuat subunit kecil dari ribosom.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;DE&quot;&gt;b.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;u&gt;285, 5.8S, dan 5S rRNA&lt;/u&gt;, masing-masing molekul molekul bersama dengan 45
molekul protein yang berbeda digunakan untuk membuat subunit besar dari
ribosom.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;DE&quot;&gt;c.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;u&gt;28S, 18S, dan 5.8S&lt;/u&gt; molekul diproduksi dengan proses sebuah trankrip
utama dari penggandaan sebuah gen.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;DE&quot;&gt;3.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
tRNA (&lt;i&gt;Transfer RNA&lt;/i&gt;), adalah molekul yang membawa asam-asam amino menuju
polipeptida yang sedang dirakit.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;DE&quot;&gt;Ada 32 jenis tRNA yang
berbeda pada organisme eukariot, dimana masing-masing produk adalah dari gen
yang terpisah; kecil, berisi 79-93 nukleotida-nukleotida; basa-basa&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;berpasanagan satu dengan lainnya membentuk
doubel helix; masing-masing dari tRNA membawa satu dari 20 asam amino (ujung
3’); pada loop 1 3 pasang basa yang tidak berpasangan dari antikodon; pasang
basa antara antikodon dan komplementnya pada mRNA membawa asam-asam amino yang
benar menuju rantai polipeptida.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;DE&quot;&gt;Gambar 9.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;tRNA
processing.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;DE&quot;&gt;4.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
snRNA (Small Nuclear RNA), adalah mediator dalam langkah-langkah pemrosesan
transkripsi gen-gen mRNA, rRNA dan tRNA.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;DE&quot;&gt;5.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
snoRNA (Small Nucleolar RNA).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;DE&quot;&gt;6.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
miRNA (Micro RNA), adalah RNA yang mengatur ekspresi molekul mRNA.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;DE&quot;&gt;7.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
XIST RNA, yang melakukan deaktivasi satu dari dua kromosom X pada vertebrata
betina.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-left: 27pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;DE&quot;&gt;II.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;RNA
POLIMERASE&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;DE&quot;&gt;RNA polimerase adalah
subunit protein multi komplek. Ada 3 jenis RNA polimerase yang ditemukan pada
organisme eukariote, diantaranya:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;DE&quot;&gt;1.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
RNA polimerase I, mencatat gen rRNA untuk pendahuluan pada molekul-molekul 28S,
18S, dan 5.8S &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;DE&quot;&gt;2.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
RNA polimerase II, mencatat gen-gen pengkode protein menjadi mRNA&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;DE&quot;&gt;Gambar 10 .&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;RNA polimerase II yang mencatat gen-gen
pengkode protein&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;DE&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;menjadi mRNA.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;DE&quot;&gt;3.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
RNA polimerase III, mencatat gen-gen 5S rRNA dan seluruh gen-gen tRNA.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;DE&quot;&gt;III.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;RNA PROCESSING&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;FI&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Tahapan-tahapan
RNA prosesing adalah sebagai berikut.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;1.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Sintesis
&lt;b&gt;cap&lt;/b&gt;, dimana guanine (G) ditempelkan pada ujung 5′. Cap berfungsi: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;FI&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;melindungi RNA dari pencopotan oleh enzim yang mencopot RNA dari ujung 5’, bertindak
sebagai titik perakitan bagi protein yang diperlukan untuk mengumpulkan subunit
kecil ribosom untuk memulai translalsi.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;FI&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;2.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Tahap
demi tahap menghilangkan &lt;b&gt;introns&lt;/b&gt; pada pre-mRNA dan menyisipkan &lt;b&gt;exons&lt;/b&gt;.
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;3.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Sintesis
&lt;b&gt;poly(A) tail&lt;/b&gt;. Ini adalah proses pembentangan nukleotida adenine(A). Saat
satu site pada pre-mRNA yang menempel poly(A) muncul dari RNAP II, transkrip
dipotong kemudian poli A tertempel pada ujung 5’. mRNA yang telah komplit siap
keluar ke sitosol (sisa-sisa transkripsi dilepas dan RNA polimerase
meninggalkan DNA). &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Ada beberapa tanaman yang proses
transkripsi berjalan terus, tetapi RNA processing hanya terjadi pada kondisi
permisif tertentu.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Hasil dari
transkripsi DNA yang tidak mengalami RNA processing ini dikenal dengan &lt;i&gt;post
transcription level control&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Pada
kondisi yang tidak permisif, mRNA tidak akan berfungsi, sehingga selalu dalam
bentuk &lt;i&gt;hn&lt;/i&gt; dan tidak dapat di translasi.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;Zhang et al. (2007) menyebutkan bahwa &lt;i&gt;post transcriptional
modificasion &lt;/i&gt;dapat&lt;i&gt; &lt;/i&gt;mengurangi stabilitas protein Okt-4 dan kapasitas
regenerasi pada sel ES pada tikus.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span&gt;C.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;DE&quot;&gt;TRANSLASI&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;DE&quot;&gt;Translasi adalah proses
penerjemahan RNA menjadi suatu barisan asam-asam amino yang menyusun
protein.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN&quot; style=&quot;color: #222222;&quot;&gt;Translasi
RNA &lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;messenger&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt; menjadi protein.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN&quot;&gt; Adalah suatu
proses dimana mRNA terikat dengan tRNA pasangannya untuk kemudian terikat
dengan ribosom (RNA ribosom). Setelah pembentukan protein di ribosom selesai,
maka protein tersebut kemudian dibebaskan dan keseluruhan proses tersebut
dikenal dengan translasi.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;color: #231f20; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Keberadaan
suatu transgen pada tanaman belum menunjukkan bahwa gen tersebut dapat
terekspresi. Untuk mengekspresikan dirinya, gen memerlukan seperangkat sistem
untuk memulai proses ekspresi tersebut. Gen atau DNA di dalam nukleus harus
dapat ditranskrip menjadi mRNA. Selanjut- nya mRNA ini harus dapat keluar dari
nukleus ke sitoplasma yang kemudian mengadakan proses translasi untuk
menghasilkan protein sesuai dengan &lt;i&gt;template &lt;/i&gt;DNA-nya&lt;i&gt;. &lt;/i&gt;Dalam proses
ekspresi ini banyak hal yang dapat terjadi sehingga gen tidak dapat
menghasilkan protein yang dimaksud. Hal ini dikenal dengan istilah &lt;i&gt;gene
silencing, &lt;/i&gt;suatu kasus di mana ditemukan keberadaan sekuen DNA transgen
dalam tanaman transgenic tetapi gen tersebut tidak dapat membentuk protein yang
diinginkan. Beberapa faktor yang diduga men-jadi penyebabnya adalah terjadinya
metilasi DNA dan &lt;i&gt;co-suppressing &lt;/i&gt;dari sekuen yang homolog (Meyer1995). &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Bila molekul mRNA kontak dengan ribosom, maka akan dibentuklah molekul
protein disepanjang ribosom. Proses pembentukan protein ini disebut translasi.
Jadi pada ribosom terjadi proses kimia penyusunan asam amino untuk membentuk
protein. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Translasi
merupakan tahap akhir dari ekspresi gen, yaitu penterjemahan runtunan
nukleiotida mRNA menjadi runtunan asam amoni polipeptida.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Translasi pada proses ekspresi gen
diperlihatkan pada eukariotik yang dimulai dengan pembentukan mRNA atau
transkripsi di dalam inti sel dan selanjutnya mRNA keluar dari inti untuk
menjadi model cetakan dalam translasi didalam sitoplasma.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Terdapat 3 jenis RNA yang dibentuk oleh DNA dimana tiap jenis RNA
mempunyai fungsi yang berbeda, yaitu :&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;1.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Messenger RNA (mRNA),
berfungsi membawa kode genetik ke sitoplasma untuk mengatur sintesa protein.
Fungsi ini dilaksanakan dengan cara mRNA menjadi cetakan dalam penyusunan
rangkaian asam amino dalam translasi. Informasi genetik yang dibawa oleh mRNA
terdapat pada runtunan basa yang dikandungnya. Dalam satu rantai mRNA hanya
bagiantertentu yang menjadi pola cetakan dalam sintesis protein, yaitu ruas
yang diapit oleh kodon awal dan kodon akhir. Dalam sandi genetic umum yang
menjadi kodon awal ialah rangkaian tiga basa AUG, sedangkan sebagai kodon akhir
terdapat tiga kombinasi basa yaitu UAA, UAG dan UGA. Dalam satu mRNA
prokariotik dapat ditemukan lebih dari satu ruas penyandi, sedangkan pada mRNA
eukariotik hanya terdapat satu ruas. Ruas penyandi protein inilah yang setara
dengan satu gen, dalam kasus gen penyandi protein.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;2. Transfer RNA (tRNA) untuk transport asam amino&amp;nbsp;menuju ribosom untuk
digunakan menyusun molekul protein. tRNA mempunyai fungsi sebagai pengangkut
asam amino kedalam kompleks translasi serta membaca sandi-sandi (kodon-kodon)
mRNA. Kesanggupan tRNA menjalankan tugas tersebut ialah berkat adanya simpul
anti kodon dan kemampuan membentuk satu kompleks dengan asam amino, yang
disebut aminoasil-tRNA.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Perpautan tRNA
dengan asam amino terjadi berkat adanya enzim sintetase aminoasil- tRNA, yang
dapat mengaitkan asam amino kepada ujung 3 tRNA. Dengan cara mengenali struktur
tRNA atau untuk asam amino sintetase-aminoasil- tRNA mampu bekerja memasangkan
satu jenis tRNA dengan satu jenis asam amino. Untuk 20 asam amino yang dikenali
dalam sandi genetic sekurang-kurangnya ada 31 jenis tRNA.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;3.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) untuk
membentuk ribosom bersama dengan 75 protein lainnya. Ribosom merupakan tempat
berlangsungnya translasi. Dengan komponen penyusunnya yang terdiri dari rRNA
dan protein ribosom mampu mengenali mRNA dan sejumlah enzim yang protein yang
berperanan dalam proses translasi.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Ribosom terdiri dari dua sub unit, yaitu sub unit kecil dan subunit
besar. Sub unit kecil mengandung sekitar sepertiga masa ribosom dan sisanya
terdapat pada sub unit besar. Dalam keadaan bebas kedua sub unit ribosm
terpisah satu dari yang lain, dan mereka akan bersatu pada saat proses
translasi akan dimulai. Ukuran ribosme Eukariotik adalah 80 S atau setara
dengan 4.420.000 dalton lebih besar dibandingkan dengan ribosom pada
prokariotik seperti bakteri 70 S atau setara dengan 2.520.000 dalton.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Di dalam ribosom, terdapat satu
situs untuk mRNA dan dua situs untuk tRNA dan satu situs untuk enzim
transferase peptidil.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Transferase
peptidil adalah enzim yang berperan dalam merangkaikan satu asam amino dengan
asam amino yang lain. Situs mRNA terdapat pada sub unit kecil dan sedangkan
situs tRNA, yaitu situs A dan P, terdapat pada sebagian kecil pada sub unit
kecil dan bagian terbesar pada sub unit besar. Situs tranferase peptidil
terdapat pada sub unit besar. Adanya rRNA pada ribosom memberikan kemampuan pada
ribosom untuk mengenali tRNA dan mRNA.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Sebagian besar ribosom terletak pada
sitoplasma, dan dalam sel eukariotik sejumlah ribosom terdapat dalam organel
intraseluler seperti mitokondria dan kloroplas. Ribosom-ribosom ini berfungsi
untuk memsintesis protein yang khusus berfungsi di dalam organel-organel
tersebut.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;I.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;TAHAPAN TRANSLASI&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Translasi memilik tiga proses, yaitu inisiasi protein, perpanjangan
rantai polipeptida, dan proses akhir translasi.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9.8pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;A.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Inisiasi translasi&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Inisiasi protein memiliki 3 tahapan, yaitu :&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;1.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Penempelan mRNA pada subunit kecil
ribosom dengan cara pengenalan situs Shine Dalgarno oleh rRNA 16S;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;2.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Penempelan tRNA inisiator pada situs P
subunit kecil ribosom&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;3.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Subunit besar ribosom dengan kompleks
subunit kecil ribosom-tRNA-mRNA, membentuk ribosom sempurna yang siap membaca
kodon-kodon mRNA.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Pada E. coli proses inisiasi dibantu oleh tiga faktor inisiasi. Ketiga
protein tersebut diberi sandi IF1, IF2 dan IF3 (IF singkatan dari &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;inisiasi factor&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;). Sel eukariotik mengandung faktor inisiasi
yang lebih kompleks dibandingkan dengan prokariotik. Terdapat dua faktor Eif2
yang mempunyai fungsi sama dengan gabungan IF1 dan IF2; dan IF3 mempunyai
fungsi sama dengan IF3.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;B.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Perpanjangan rantai polipeptida&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Proses ini merupakan kejadian yang lain dari proses inisiasi dengan
perangkat reaksi yang berbeda. Dalam proses perpanjangan akan terlibat sejumlah
protein faktor perpanjangan EF (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;elongation factor&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;), enzim transferase peptidil, serta GTP. Pada akhir proses insiasi
dihasilkan satu ribosom sempurna yang berasosiasi dengan aminoasil-tRNA
inisiator dan mRNA. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Pada bakteri masuknya aminoasil-tRNA kedua dan selanjutnya ke dalam
situs A akan dibantu oleh protein faktor perpanjangan EF-Tu serta GTP yang
membentuk kompleks EF-Tu-GTP-aminoasil-tRNA. Kompleks ini baru terbentuk jika,
dan hanya jika, anti kodon dari aminoasil-tRNA dapat berinteraksi dengan kodon
yang terdapat pada situs A.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Setelah dua
aminoasil-tRNA berada pada ribosom transferase peptidil akan mengkatalisis
reaksi pembentukan ikatan peptide antara dua asam amino.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;C.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Akhir proses translasi&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Bila ribosom menemui salah satu kodon akhir : UAA, UAG atau UGA, maka
tidak akan ada aminoasil-tRNA yang dapat menempel pada situs A, karena tidak
ada anti kodon yang cocok, sehingga proses perpanjangan rantai polipeptida akan
berakhir. Ini menyebabkan ribosom tRNA, mRNA dan polipeptida dipisahkan satu
dari yang lainnya. Proses pemisahan ini dibantu oleh protein RF yang merupakan
faktor pembebas (RF=&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;release factor&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;).
Pada E. coli dikenal tiga RF, yaitu :&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;1.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
RF1 : tanggap terhadap kodon UAA dan UAG&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;2.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
RF2 : tanggap terhadap kodon UAA dan UGA&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;3.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; RF3 : tidak
mempunyai kegiatan pembebasan itu sendiri tetapi merangsang reaksi yang
dikatalisis oleh RF1 dan RF2.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Faktor-faktor
pembebas dapat mengenali kodon-kodon akhir. Ini terbukti dengan menempelnya
protein-protein tersebut pada kodon akhir walaupun dalam keadaan tanpa ribosom.
Pada kodon akhir akan menempel salah satu dari RF1 atau RF2. faktor-faktor ini
akan merubah aktivitas transferase peptidil (mekanisme masih belum diketahui),
sehingga bukan mereaksikan polipeptida dengan aminoasil-tRNA melainkan dengan
air (H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IT&quot;&gt;Tahapan-tahapan translasi
dibagi menjadi 3 bagian utama, yaitu inisiasi, elongasi dan terminasi.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Tahapan tersebut adalah sebagai berikut.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;FI&quot;&gt;a.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Inisiasi&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;FI&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;1.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
Sebuah subunit kecil dari ribosom terikat pada bagian awal pesan (di 5’)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;FI&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;2.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Subunit kemudian menelusuri alur menuju 3’
sampai mendapatkan codon&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;FI&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;AUG.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;FI&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;3.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
Di sini subunit akan bergabung dengan subunit besar dan sebuah inisiator&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;FI&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;tRNA.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;FI&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;4.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
Inisiator tRNA mengikat pada P Site pada ribosom.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;FI&quot;&gt;b.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Elongasi:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;FI&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;5.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
Sebuah aminoacyl-tRNA (sebuah tRNA yang terikat kovalen pada asam aminonya)
yang dapat berpasangan basa dengan codon selanjutnya pada mRNA tiba di A site&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;FI&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;6.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
Asam amino sebelumnya (Met di awal translasi) terhubung pada asam amino yang
datang dengan ikatan peptida.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;SV&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;7.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
Inisiator tRNA dilepaskan dari P site.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;SV&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;8.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
Ribosom berpindah menuju codon selanjutnya. Pergeseran ini memindahkan tRNA
yang baru tiba, bersama peptida yang dibawanya, menuju P site dan membuka A
site untuk kedatangan aminoacyl-tRNA yang baru.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;SV&quot;&gt;c.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Terminasi&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;SV&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;9.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
Akhir translasi terjadi saat ribosom mencapai satu atau lebih codon STOP (UAA,
UAG, UGA).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;SV&quot;&gt;II.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;PENGATURAN TRANSLASI&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;SV&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Ekspresi sebagian
besar gen dikendalikan pada transkripsi. Faktor-faktor transkripsi mengikat
pada promotor yang akan menentukan gen-gen yang akan ditranskripsi. Namun,
ekspresi gen juga dapat dikendalikan pada tingkat translasi.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Molekul mRNA yang rusak dapat dihasilkan dari
mutasi pada gen dan k&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;FI&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;esalahan selama
transkripsi dan translasi (meskipun sangat jarang).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;SV&quot;&gt;Permesinan
Degradasi RNA Umum adalah:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;SV&quot;&gt;1.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Tubuh P&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;SV&quot;&gt;Cytosol dari eukariot mengandung kompleks protein yang
bersaing dengan ribosom untuk akses pada mRNA. Sementara molekul-molekul ini
meningkatkan aktivitasnya, hal ini mengurutkan mRNA dalam kumpulan besar yang
disebut tubuh P (&lt;i&gt;Processing Bodies&lt;/i&gt;).&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;FI&quot;&gt;Protein-protein penekan ini memecah mRNA dengan membuang
’kepala’, kemudian membuang ekor poly(A), dan menurunkan sisa pesan (dalam arah
5’&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;FI&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Wingdings;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;à&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;FI&quot;&gt;3’.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;FI&quot;&gt;2.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Exosome&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;FI&quot;&gt;Adalah kompleks makromolekul dengan dua bukaan. Molekul
ini mengambil molekul RNA takterlipat dan menurunkan pada arah 3’&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;FI&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Wingdings;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;à&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;FI&quot;&gt;5’&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-left: 27pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;FI&quot;&gt;3.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Dengan
MicroRNA (miRNA)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;FI&quot;&gt;Adalah molekul RNA kecil yang mengikat pada bagian
komplemen dari 3’-UTR dari mRNA dan mencegah translasi oleh ribosome serta
mencegah kehancurannya.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-left: 27pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;FI&quot;&gt;4.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Dengan
Riboswitch&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT-BR&quot;&gt;Regulasi beberapa
metabolisme dikendalikan oleh riboswitch. Suatu riboswitch adalah bagian dari
molekul mRNA dengan situs ikatan spesifik untuk metabolit.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-left: 27pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT-BR&quot;&gt;5.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Dengan
Protein Spesifik Gen&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT-BR&quot;&gt;Translasi satu mRNA
pada manusia ditekan oleh sebuah protein : aminoacyl tRNA syntetase. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT-BR&quot;&gt;D.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;KODE GENETIK&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT-BR&quot;&gt;Kode genetik terdiri
dari 64 riplet nukleotida. Triplet ini disebut codon. Dengan tiga pengecualian,
setiap codon mengkodekan untuk satu dari 20 asam amino yang digunakan dalam
sintesis protein. Ini menghasilkan beberapa redundansi dalam kode yang sebagian
besar asam amino dikodekan oleh lebih dari satu codon.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT-BR&quot;&gt;Sebuah kodon (AUG)
memberi dua fungsi yang berkaitan:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT-BR&quot;&gt;1.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
Memberi sinyal dimulainya translasi&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT-BR&quot;&gt;2.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
Mengkodekan dimasukkannya asam amino methionine (Met) ke dalam rantai
polipeptida yang sedang dirakit.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;SV&quot;&gt;Struktur tRNA alanin di
atas mempunyai molekul yang terdiri atas satu jalur tunggal 77 ribonukleotida.
Rantai ini melipat pada dirinya sendiri, dan sebagian besar basa penyusunnya
berpasangan saling berpasangan untuk membentuk empat wilayah heliks.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Paling sedikit terdapat satu jenis tRNA untuk
setiap 20 asam amino dalam sintesis protein. Setiap jenis tRNA memiliki suatu
barisan tiga nukleotida takberpasangan (anticodon) yang dapat terikat mengikut
aturan pasangan basa pada triplet komplementer pada nukleotida (codon) pada
mRNA. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IT&quot;&gt;Anticodon&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;:&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;3’ CGA 5’&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IT&quot;&gt;Codon&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;:&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;5’ GCU 3’&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT-BR&quot;&gt;Tabel 2. Kode genetik
DNA&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;table border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormalTable&quot; style=&quot;width: 415px;&quot;&gt;
 &lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;height: 14.55pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;height: 14.55pt; padding: 0.75pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;TTT&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;height: 14.55pt; padding: 0.75pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Phe&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;height: 14.55pt; padding: 0.75pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;height: 14.55pt; padding: 0.75pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;TCT&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;height: 14.55pt; padding: 0.75pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Ser&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;height: 14.55pt; padding: 0.75pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;height: 14.55pt; padding: 0.75pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;TAT&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;height: 14.55pt; padding: 0.75pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Tyr&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;height: 14.55pt; padding: 0.75pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;height: 14.55pt; padding: 0.75pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;TGT&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;height: 14.55pt; padding: 0.75pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Cys &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;height: 15.4pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;height: 15.4pt; padding: 0.75pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;TTC&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;height: 15.4pt; padding: 0.75pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Phe&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;height: 15.4pt; padding: 0.75pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;height: 15.4pt; padding: 0.75pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;TCC&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;height: 15.4pt; padding: 0.75pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Ser&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;height: 15.4pt; padding: 0.75pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;height: 15.4pt; padding: 0.75pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;TAC&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;height: 15.4pt; padding: 0.75pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Tyr&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;height: 15.4pt; padding: 0.75pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;height: 15.4pt; padding: 0.75pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;TGC&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;height: 15.4pt; padding: 0.75pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Cys &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;height: 14.55pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;height: 14.55pt; padding: 0.75pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;TTA&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;height: 14.55pt; padding: 0.75pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Leu&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;height: 14.55pt; padding: 0.75pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;height: 14.55pt; padding: 0.75pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;TCA&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;height: 14.55pt; padding: 0.75pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Ser&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
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  &lt;td style=&quot;height: 14.55pt; padding: 0.75pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;TAA&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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  &lt;td style=&quot;height: 14.55pt; padding: 0.75pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;STOP&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;height: 14.55pt; padding: 0.75pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;height: 14.55pt; padding: 0.75pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;TGA&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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  &lt;td style=&quot;height: 14.55pt; padding: 0.75pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;STOP &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;height: 15.4pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;height: 15.4pt; padding: 0.75pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;TTG&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;height: 15.4pt; padding: 0.75pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Leu&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;height: 15.4pt; padding: 0.75pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;height: 15.4pt; padding: 0.75pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;TCG&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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  &lt;td style=&quot;height: 15.4pt; padding: 0.75pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Ser&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;height: 15.4pt; padding: 0.75pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;height: 15.4pt; padding: 0.75pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;TAG&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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  &lt;td style=&quot;height: 15.4pt; padding: 0.75pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;STOP&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;height: 15.4pt; padding: 0.75pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;height: 15.4pt; padding: 0.75pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;TGG&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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  &lt;td style=&quot;height: 15.4pt; padding: 0.75pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Trp &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;height: 14.55pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;height: 14.55pt; padding: 0.75pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;CTT&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;height: 14.55pt; padding: 0.75pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Leu&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;height: 14.55pt; padding: 0.75pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;height: 14.55pt; padding: 0.75pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;CCT&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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  &lt;td style=&quot;height: 14.55pt; padding: 0.75pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Pro&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;height: 14.55pt; padding: 0.75pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;height: 14.55pt; padding: 0.75pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;CAT&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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  &lt;td style=&quot;height: 14.55pt; padding: 0.75pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;His&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;height: 14.55pt; padding: 0.75pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;height: 14.55pt; padding: 0.75pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;CGT&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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  &lt;td style=&quot;height: 14.55pt; padding: 0.75pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Arg &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;height: 14.55pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;height: 14.55pt; padding: 0.75pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;CTC&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;height: 14.55pt; padding: 0.75pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Leu&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;height: 14.55pt; padding: 0.75pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;height: 14.55pt; padding: 0.75pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;CCC&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;height: 14.55pt; padding: 0.75pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Pro&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
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  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;CAC&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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  &lt;td style=&quot;height: 14.55pt; padding: 0.75pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;His&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;height: 14.55pt; padding: 0.75pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;height: 14.55pt; padding: 0.75pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;CGC&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;height: 14.55pt; padding: 0.75pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Arg &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;height: 15.4pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;height: 15.4pt; padding: 0.75pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;CTA&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;height: 15.4pt; padding: 0.75pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Leu&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;height: 15.4pt; padding: 0.75pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;height: 15.4pt; padding: 0.75pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;CCA&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;height: 15.4pt; padding: 0.75pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Pro&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;height: 15.4pt; padding: 0.75pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;height: 15.4pt; padding: 0.75pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;CAA&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;height: 15.4pt; padding: 0.75pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Gln&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;height: 15.4pt; padding: 0.75pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;height: 15.4pt; padding: 0.75pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;CGA&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;height: 15.4pt; padding: 0.75pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Arg &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;height: 14.55pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;height: 14.55pt; padding: 0.75pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;CTG&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;height: 14.55pt; padding: 0.75pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Leu&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;height: 14.55pt; padding: 0.75pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;height: 14.55pt; padding: 0.75pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;CCG&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;height: 14.55pt; padding: 0.75pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Pro&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;height: 14.55pt; padding: 0.75pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;height: 14.55pt; padding: 0.75pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;CAG&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;height: 14.55pt; padding: 0.75pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Gln&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;height: 14.55pt; padding: 0.75pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;height: 14.55pt; padding: 0.75pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;CGG&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;height: 14.55pt; padding: 0.75pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Arg &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;height: 15.4pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;height: 15.4pt; padding: 0.75pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;ATT&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;height: 15.4pt; padding: 0.75pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Ile&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;height: 15.4pt; padding: 0.75pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;height: 15.4pt; padding: 0.75pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;ACT&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;height: 15.4pt; padding: 0.75pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Thr&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;height: 15.4pt; padding: 0.75pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;height: 15.4pt; padding: 0.75pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;AAT&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;height: 15.4pt; padding: 0.75pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Asn&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;height: 15.4pt; padding: 0.75pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;height: 15.4pt; padding: 0.75pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;AGT&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;height: 15.4pt; padding: 0.75pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Ser &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;height: 14.55pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;height: 14.55pt; padding: 0.75pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;ATC&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;height: 14.55pt; padding: 0.75pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Ile&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;height: 14.55pt; padding: 0.75pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;height: 14.55pt; padding: 0.75pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;ACC&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;height: 14.55pt; padding: 0.75pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Thr&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;height: 14.55pt; padding: 0.75pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;height: 14.55pt; padding: 0.75pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;AAC&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;height: 14.55pt; padding: 0.75pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Asn&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;height: 14.55pt; padding: 0.75pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;height: 14.55pt; padding: 0.75pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;AGC&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;height: 14.55pt; padding: 0.75pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Ser &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;height: 14.55pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;height: 14.55pt; padding: 0.75pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;ATA&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;height: 14.55pt; padding: 0.75pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Ile&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;height: 14.55pt; padding: 0.75pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;height: 14.55pt; padding: 0.75pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;ACA&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;height: 14.55pt; padding: 0.75pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Thr&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;height: 14.55pt; padding: 0.75pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;height: 14.55pt; padding: 0.75pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;AAA&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;height: 14.55pt; padding: 0.75pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Lys&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;height: 14.55pt; padding: 0.75pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;height: 14.55pt; padding: 0.75pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;AGA&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;height: 14.55pt; padding: 0.75pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Arg &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;height: 15.4pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;height: 15.4pt; padding: 0.75pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;ATG&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;height: 15.4pt; padding: 0.75pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Met*&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;height: 15.4pt; padding: 0.75pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;height: 15.4pt; padding: 0.75pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;ACG&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;height: 15.4pt; padding: 0.75pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Thr&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;height: 15.4pt; padding: 0.75pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;height: 15.4pt; padding: 0.75pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;AAG&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;height: 15.4pt; padding: 0.75pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Lys&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;height: 15.4pt; padding: 0.75pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;height: 15.4pt; padding: 0.75pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;AGG&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;height: 15.4pt; padding: 0.75pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Arg &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;height: 7.75pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;height: 7.75pt; padding: 0.75pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;GTT&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;height: 7.75pt; padding: 0.75pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Val&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;height: 7.75pt; padding: 0.75pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;height: 7.75pt; padding: 0.75pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;GCT&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;height: 7.75pt; padding: 0.75pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Ala&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;height: 7.75pt; padding: 0.75pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;height: 7.75pt; padding: 0.75pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;GAT&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;height: 7.75pt; padding: 0.75pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Asp&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;height: 7.75pt; padding: 0.75pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;height: 7.75pt; padding: 0.75pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;GGT&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;height: 7.75pt; padding: 0.75pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Gly &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;height: 7.75pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;height: 7.75pt; padding: 0.75pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;GTC&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;height: 7.75pt; padding: 0.75pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Val&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;height: 7.75pt; padding: 0.75pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;height: 7.75pt; padding: 0.75pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;GCC&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;height: 7.75pt; padding: 0.75pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Ala&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;height: 7.75pt; padding: 0.75pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;height: 7.75pt; padding: 0.75pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;GAC&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;height: 7.75pt; padding: 0.75pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Asp&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;height: 7.75pt; padding: 0.75pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;height: 7.75pt; padding: 0.75pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;GGC&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;height: 7.75pt; padding: 0.75pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Gly &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;height: 7.75pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;height: 7.75pt; padding: 0.75pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;GTA&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;height: 7.75pt; padding: 0.75pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Val&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;height: 7.75pt; padding: 0.75pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;height: 7.75pt; padding: 0.75pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;GCA&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;height: 7.75pt; padding: 0.75pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Ala&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;height: 7.75pt; padding: 0.75pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;height: 7.75pt; padding: 0.75pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;GAA&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;height: 7.75pt; padding: 0.75pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Glu&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;height: 7.75pt; padding: 0.75pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;height: 7.75pt; padding: 0.75pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;GGA&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;height: 7.75pt; padding: 0.75pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Gly &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;height: 7.75pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;height: 7.75pt; padding: 0.75pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;GTG&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;height: 7.75pt; padding: 0.75pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Val&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;height: 7.75pt; padding: 0.75pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;height: 7.75pt; padding: 0.75pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;GCG&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;height: 7.75pt; padding: 0.75pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Ala&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;height: 7.75pt; padding: 0.75pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;height: 7.75pt; padding: 0.75pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;GAG&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;height: 7.75pt; padding: 0.75pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Glu&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;height: 7.75pt; padding: 0.75pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;height: 7.75pt; padding: 0.75pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;GGG&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;height: 7.75pt; padding: 0.75pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Gly &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT-BR&quot;&gt;Tabel 1.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Kode Genetik (codon) RNA &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormalTable&quot; style=&quot;border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: 5.4pt; width: 542px;&quot;&gt;
 &lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;height: 13.15pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 13.15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 20.2pt;&quot; width=&quot;27&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;-moz-border-bottom-colors: none; -moz-border-left-colors: none; -moz-border-right-colors: none; -moz-border-top-colors: none; border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-image: none; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; height: 13.15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.7pt;&quot; width=&quot;133&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IT&quot;&gt;U&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;-moz-border-bottom-colors: none; -moz-border-left-colors: none; -moz-border-right-colors: none; -moz-border-top-colors: none; border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-image: none; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; height: 13.15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 82.45pt;&quot; width=&quot;110&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IT&quot;&gt;C&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;-moz-border-bottom-colors: none; -moz-border-left-colors: none; -moz-border-right-colors: none; -moz-border-top-colors: none; border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-image: none; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; height: 13.15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 84.6pt;&quot; width=&quot;113&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IT&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;-moz-border-bottom-colors: none; -moz-border-left-colors: none; -moz-border-right-colors: none; -moz-border-top-colors: none; border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-image: none; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; height: 13.15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 96.95pt;&quot; width=&quot;129&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IT&quot;&gt;G&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;-moz-border-bottom-colors: none; -moz-border-left-colors: none; -moz-border-right-colors: none; -moz-border-top-colors: none; border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-image: none; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; height: 13.15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 22.3pt;&quot; width=&quot;30&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;height: 40.05pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td rowspan=&quot;4&quot; style=&quot;-moz-border-bottom-colors: none; -moz-border-left-colors: none; -moz-border-right-colors: none; -moz-border-top-colors: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-image: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 40.05pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 20.2pt;&quot; width=&quot;27&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IT&quot;&gt;U&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 40.05pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.7pt;&quot; width=&quot;133&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IT&quot;&gt;UUU &lt;b&gt;Phenilalanine&lt;/b&gt; (Phe)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 40.05pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 82.45pt;&quot; width=&quot;110&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IT&quot;&gt;UCU &lt;b&gt;Serine&lt;/b&gt; (Ser)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 40.05pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 84.6pt;&quot; width=&quot;113&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IT&quot;&gt;UAU &lt;b&gt;Tyrosine&lt;/b&gt; (Tyr)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 40.05pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 96.95pt;&quot; width=&quot;129&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IT&quot;&gt;UGU &lt;b&gt;Cysteine&lt;/b&gt; (Cys)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 40.05pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 22.3pt;&quot; width=&quot;30&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IT&quot;&gt;U&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;height: 7pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 7pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.7pt;&quot; width=&quot;133&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IT&quot;&gt;UUC Phe&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 7pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 82.45pt;&quot; width=&quot;110&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IT&quot;&gt;UCC Ser&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 7pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 84.6pt;&quot; width=&quot;113&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IT&quot;&gt;UAC Tyr&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 7pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 96.95pt;&quot; width=&quot;129&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IT&quot;&gt;UGC Cys&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 7pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 22.3pt;&quot; width=&quot;30&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IT&quot;&gt;C&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;height: 7pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 7pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.7pt;&quot; width=&quot;133&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IT&quot;&gt;UUA &lt;b&gt;Leucine&lt;/b&gt;
  (Leu)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 7pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 82.45pt;&quot; width=&quot;110&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IT&quot;&gt;UCA Ser&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 7pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 84.6pt;&quot; width=&quot;113&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IT&quot;&gt;UAA &lt;b&gt;Stop&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 7pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 96.95pt;&quot; width=&quot;129&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IT&quot;&gt;UGA &lt;b&gt;Stop&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 7pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 22.3pt;&quot; width=&quot;30&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IT&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;height: 7pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 7pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.7pt;&quot; width=&quot;133&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IT&quot;&gt;UUG Leu&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 7pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 82.45pt;&quot; width=&quot;110&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IT&quot;&gt;UCG Ser&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 7pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 84.6pt;&quot; width=&quot;113&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IT&quot;&gt;UAG &lt;b&gt;Stop&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 7pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 96.95pt;&quot; width=&quot;129&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IT&quot;&gt;UGG &lt;b&gt;Tryptophan&lt;/b&gt;
  (Trp)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 7pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 22.3pt;&quot; width=&quot;30&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IT&quot;&gt;G&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;height: 26.25pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td rowspan=&quot;4&quot; style=&quot;-moz-border-bottom-colors: none; -moz-border-left-colors: none; -moz-border-right-colors: none; -moz-border-top-colors: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-image: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 26.25pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 20.2pt;&quot; width=&quot;27&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IT&quot;&gt;C&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 26.25pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.7pt;&quot; width=&quot;133&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IT&quot;&gt;CUU &lt;b&gt;Leucine&lt;/b&gt; (Leu)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 26.25pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 82.45pt;&quot; width=&quot;110&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IT&quot;&gt;CCU &lt;b&gt;Proline&lt;/b&gt; (Pro)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 26.25pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 84.6pt;&quot; width=&quot;113&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IT&quot;&gt;CAU &lt;b&gt;Histidine&lt;/b&gt; (His)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 26.25pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 96.95pt;&quot; width=&quot;129&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IT&quot;&gt;CGU &lt;b&gt;Arginine&lt;/b&gt; (Arg)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 26.25pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 22.3pt;&quot; width=&quot;30&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IT&quot;&gt;U&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;height: 7pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 7pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.7pt;&quot; width=&quot;133&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IT&quot;&gt;CUC Leu&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 7pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 82.45pt;&quot; width=&quot;110&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IT&quot;&gt;CCC Pro&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 7pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 84.6pt;&quot; width=&quot;113&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IT&quot;&gt;CAC&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 7pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 96.95pt;&quot; width=&quot;129&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IT&quot;&gt;CGC Arg&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 7pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 22.3pt;&quot; width=&quot;30&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IT&quot;&gt;C&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;height: 7pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 7pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.7pt;&quot; width=&quot;133&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IT&quot;&gt;CUA Leu&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 7pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 82.45pt;&quot; width=&quot;110&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IT&quot;&gt;CCA Pro&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 7pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 84.6pt;&quot; width=&quot;113&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IT&quot;&gt;CAA&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 7pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 96.95pt;&quot; width=&quot;129&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IT&quot;&gt;CGA Arg&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 7pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 22.3pt;&quot; width=&quot;30&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IT&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;height: 7pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 7pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.7pt;&quot; width=&quot;133&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IT&quot;&gt;CUG Leu&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 7pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 82.45pt;&quot; width=&quot;110&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IT&quot;&gt;CCG Pro&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 7pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 84.6pt;&quot; width=&quot;113&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IT&quot;&gt;CAG&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 7pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 96.95pt;&quot; width=&quot;129&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IT&quot;&gt;CGG Arg&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 7pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 22.3pt;&quot; width=&quot;30&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IT&quot;&gt;G&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;height: 39.4pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td rowspan=&quot;4&quot; style=&quot;-moz-border-bottom-colors: none; -moz-border-left-colors: none; -moz-border-right-colors: none; -moz-border-top-colors: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-image: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 39.4pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 20.2pt;&quot; width=&quot;27&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IT&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 39.4pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.7pt;&quot; width=&quot;133&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IT&quot;&gt;AUU &lt;b&gt;Isoleucine&lt;/b&gt; (Ile)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 39.4pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 82.45pt;&quot; width=&quot;110&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IT&quot;&gt;ACU &lt;b&gt;Threonine&lt;/b&gt; (Thr)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 39.4pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 84.6pt;&quot; width=&quot;113&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IT&quot;&gt;AAU &lt;b&gt;Asparagine&lt;/b&gt; (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;RTL&quot; lang=&quot;AR-SA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;ِِ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IT&quot;&gt;Asn)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 39.4pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 96.95pt;&quot; width=&quot;129&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IT&quot;&gt;AGU &lt;b&gt;Serine&lt;/b&gt; (Ser)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 39.4pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 22.3pt;&quot; width=&quot;30&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IT&quot;&gt;U&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;height: 7pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 7pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.7pt;&quot; width=&quot;133&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IT&quot;&gt;AUC Ile&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 7pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 82.45pt;&quot; width=&quot;110&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IT&quot;&gt;ACC Thr&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 7pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 84.6pt;&quot; width=&quot;113&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IT&quot;&gt;AAC Asn&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 7pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 96.95pt;&quot; width=&quot;129&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IT&quot;&gt;AGC Ser&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 7pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 22.3pt;&quot; width=&quot;30&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IT&quot;&gt;C&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;height: 7pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 7pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.7pt;&quot; width=&quot;133&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IT&quot;&gt;AUA Ile&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 7pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 82.45pt;&quot; width=&quot;110&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IT&quot;&gt;ACA Thr&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 7pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 84.6pt;&quot; width=&quot;113&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IT&quot;&gt;AAA &lt;b&gt;Lysine&lt;/b&gt; (Lys)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 7pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 96.95pt;&quot; width=&quot;129&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IT&quot;&gt;AGA &lt;b&gt;Arginine&lt;/b&gt;
  (Arg)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 7pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 22.3pt;&quot; width=&quot;30&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IT&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;height: 7pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 7pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.7pt;&quot; width=&quot;133&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;NL&quot;&gt;AUG &lt;b&gt;Methione&lt;/b&gt;
  (Met) atau &lt;b&gt;Start&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 7pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 82.45pt;&quot; width=&quot;110&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;NL&quot;&gt;ACG Thr&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 7pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 84.6pt;&quot; width=&quot;113&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;NL&quot;&gt;AAG Lys&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 7pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 96.95pt;&quot; width=&quot;129&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;NL&quot;&gt;AGG Arg&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 7pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 22.3pt;&quot; width=&quot;30&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IT&quot;&gt;G&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;height: 27pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td rowspan=&quot;4&quot; style=&quot;-moz-border-bottom-colors: none; -moz-border-left-colors: none; -moz-border-right-colors: none; -moz-border-top-colors: none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-image: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 27pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 20.2pt;&quot; width=&quot;27&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IT&quot;&gt;G&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 27pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.7pt;&quot; width=&quot;133&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IT&quot;&gt;GUU &lt;b&gt;Valine&lt;/b&gt; (Val)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 27pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 82.45pt;&quot; width=&quot;110&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IT&quot;&gt;GCU &lt;b&gt;Alanine&lt;/b&gt; (Ala)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 27pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 84.6pt;&quot; width=&quot;113&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IT&quot;&gt;GAU &lt;b&gt;Aspartic Acid&lt;/b&gt; (Asp)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 27pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 96.95pt;&quot; width=&quot;129&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IT&quot;&gt;GGU &lt;b&gt;Glycine&lt;/b&gt; (Gly)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 27pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 22.3pt;&quot; width=&quot;30&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IT&quot;&gt;U&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;height: 7pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 7pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.7pt;&quot; width=&quot;133&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IT&quot;&gt;GUC Val&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 7pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 82.45pt;&quot; width=&quot;110&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IT&quot;&gt;GCC Ala&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 7pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 84.6pt;&quot; width=&quot;113&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IT&quot;&gt;GAC Asp&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 7pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 96.95pt;&quot; width=&quot;129&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IT&quot;&gt;GGC Gly&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 7pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 22.3pt;&quot; width=&quot;30&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IT&quot;&gt;C&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;height: 7pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 7pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.7pt;&quot; width=&quot;133&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IT&quot;&gt;GUA Val&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 7pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 82.45pt;&quot; width=&quot;110&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IT&quot;&gt;GCA Ala&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 7pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 84.6pt;&quot; width=&quot;113&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IT&quot;&gt;GAA &lt;b&gt;Glutamic Acid&lt;/b&gt;
  (Glu)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 7pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 96.95pt;&quot; width=&quot;129&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IT&quot;&gt;GGA Gly&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 7pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 22.3pt;&quot; width=&quot;30&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IT&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;height: 7pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 7pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.7pt;&quot; width=&quot;133&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IT&quot;&gt;GUG Val&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 7pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 82.45pt;&quot; width=&quot;110&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IT&quot;&gt;GCG Ala&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 7pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 84.6pt;&quot; width=&quot;113&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IT&quot;&gt;GAG Glu&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 7pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 96.95pt;&quot; width=&quot;129&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IT&quot;&gt;GGG Gly&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 7pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 22.3pt;&quot; width=&quot;30&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IT&quot;&gt;G&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT-BR&quot;&gt;DAFTAR PUSTAKA&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT-BR&quot;&gt;Detke. 2007. &lt;i&gt;Post-Transcriptional
Modifications (a.k.a RNA processing).&lt;/i&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.no15rnaprocessing/pressentation.html.%20%5b21&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue;&quot;&gt;www.no15RNAprocessing/pressentation.html. [21&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; Nov
2007].&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT-BR&quot;&gt;Jusuf, M. 2001.
Genetika 1 Struktur dan Ekspresi Gen. Sagung Seto. Jakarta.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;&quot;&gt;
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[21 Nov 2007].&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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</description><link>http://alanhendrawan.blogspot.com/2013/04/proses-ekspresi-gen.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Alan Hendrawan)</author><thr:total>2</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7302740288485214704.post-8370872975372473230</guid><pubDate>Mon, 15 Apr 2013 11:55:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2013-04-15T04:55:09.365-07:00</atom:updated><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">Kedokteran</category><title>Kelainan atau Gangguan pada Kromosom</title><description>&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; trbidi=&quot;on&quot;&gt;
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   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
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   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
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   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
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   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
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   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
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   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light List Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
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   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
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   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
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   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light List Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;19&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Subtle Emphasis&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;21&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Intense Emphasis&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;31&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Subtle Reference&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;32&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Intense Reference&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;33&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Book Title&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;37&quot; Name=&quot;Bibliography&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;TOC Heading&quot;/&gt;
 &lt;/w:LatentStyles&gt;
&lt;/xml&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;!--[if gte mso 10]&gt;
&lt;style&gt;
 /* Style Definitions */
 table.MsoNormalTable
 {mso-style-name:&quot;Table Normal&quot;;
 mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
 mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
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 line-height:115%;
 mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
 font-size:11.0pt;
 font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;
 mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
 mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
 mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
 mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
 mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
 mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;}
&lt;/style&gt;
&lt;![endif]--&gt;

&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;KELAINAN-KELAINAN KROMOSOM&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Kelainan
kromosom dapat dibedakan menjadi 2, yaitu perubahan struktur kromosom dan
perubahan jumlah kromosom.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;ol start=&quot;1&quot; type=&quot;1&quot;&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Perubahan
     struktur kromosom &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-left: .5in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Perubahan struktur kromosom secara umum dapat
disebabkan oleh 4 hal, yaitu delesi, duplikasi, inversi, dan translokasi.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;ul type=&quot;disc&quot;&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Delesi&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-left: .5in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Delesi atau defisiensi merupakan peristiwa
hilangnya sebagian kromosom karena kromosom tersebut patah. Potongan kromosom
yang tidak memiliki sentromer akan tertinggal dalam anafase dan hancur dalam
plasma. Kromosom dapat patah di satu tempat dekat ujung kromosom sehingga
bagian ujung kromosom terbuang (delesi terminal) atau dapat terjadi kepatahan
di dua tempat , dan mengakibatkan hilangnya suatu segmen di bagian tengah
kromosom (delesi interkalar). Jika delesi terjadi terlalu banyak, kehilangan
gen biasanya mengakibatkan kematian dalam kandungan (maupun segera, setelah
lahir), namun dalam beberapa kasus, bayi masih dapat hidup cukup lama, tetapi
dengan kelainan-kelainan fenotip. Delesi kromosom dapat disebabkan oleh
pemanasan, radiasi, virus atau bahan kimia. Kelainan-kelainan yang disebabkan
oleh delesi pada kromosom adalah:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-left: .5in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;a) cry du chat&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-left: 49.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&quot;Cri du chat&quot; dalam bahasa
Prancis berarti &quot;teriakan kucing&quot;, dan kondisi itu dinamakan demikian
karena membuat bayi yang terkena menangis bernada tinggi yang terdengar seperti
suara seekor kucing. Tangisan ini terdengar segera setelah bayi lahir dan
berlangsung selama beberapa minggu, kemudian menghilang. Sindroma ini ditemukan
pada 1 diantara 20.000 dan 1 diantara 50.000 bayi. Sindroma Cri Du Chat (&lt;i&gt;Sindroma
Tangisan Kucing&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;Sindroma 5p&lt;/i&gt;) disebabkan oleh penghapusan bagian
dari lengan pendek kromosom 5. Penyebab terjadinya penghapusan ini tidak
diketahui, tetapi pada sebagian besar kasus, diperkirakan penyebabnya adalah
hilangnya 1 keping kromosom 5 pada saat pembentukan sel telur atau sperma.
Kasus lainnya terjadi karena salah satu orang tua membawa kromosom 5 yang telah
mengalami &lt;i&gt;translokasi&lt;/i&gt; (penyusunan ulang Individu).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Ciri-ciri:
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-left: 78.0pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Tangisan
bernada tinggi seperti suara kucing &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-left: 78.0pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Berat
badan lahir yang rendah dan pertumbuhan yang lambat &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-left: 78.0pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Kepalanya
kecil (&lt;i&gt;mikrosefalus&lt;/i&gt;) &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-left: 78.0pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Wajah
asimetris dan mulutnya tidak dapat menutup rapat&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-left: 78.0pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Hidungnya
lebar &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-left: 78.0pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Lehernya
pendek &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-left: 78.0pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Hipertelorisme&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; (kedua mata terpisah jauh) &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-left: 78.0pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Fissura
palpebra&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; (mata sipit ke
bawah) &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-left: 78.0pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Mikrognatia&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; (rahang kecil) &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-left: 78.0pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Letak
telinga lebih rendah (mungkin bentuknya juga abnormal) &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-left: 78.0pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Skin
tag&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; di depan telinga
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-left: 78.0pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Di
sela jari kaki maupun tangan terdapat kulit tambahan (seperti selaput) atau
jari-jarinya menyatu - &lt;i&gt;Simian crease&lt;/i&gt; (garis tangan pada telapak tangan
hanya satu) &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-left: 78.0pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Keterbelakangan
mental &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-left: 78.0pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Perkembangan
kemampuan motoriknya lambat atau tidak lengkap &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-left: 78.0pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Sering
disertai kelainan jantung. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/null&quot; name=&quot;more&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;b)
Wolf-Hirschhorn syndrome&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Kelainan
ini disebabkan oleh penghapusan parsial dari lengan pendek kromosom 4. Individu
yang mengalami kelainan Wolf-Hirschhorn syndrome memiliki ciri-ciri terhambatnya
pertumbuhan, keterbelakangan mental yang mendalam, dan fitur wajah yang khas
dengan &lt;span style=&quot;background: #EBEFF9;&quot;&gt;luas hidung datar dan dahi yang tinggi&lt;/span&gt;.
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;c)
Jacobsen syndrome&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background: white; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Sindrom Jacobsen, juga dikenal sebagai gangguan penghapusan
terminal kromosom 11q. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Hal
ini dapat menyebabkan cacat intelektual, penampilan wajah yang khas, dan
berbagai masalah fisik termasuk cacat jantung. &lt;span style=&quot;background: white;&quot;&gt;Sindrom
ini pertama kali diidentifikasi oleh dokter Denmark Petra Jacobsen, dan
diyakini terjadi pada sekitar 1 dari setiap 100.000 kelahiran.&lt;/span&gt; Sindrom
ini merupakan gangguan yang sangat langka. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;ul type=&quot;disc&quot;&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Duplikasi&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-left: .5in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Duplikasi ialah peristiwa bahwa suatu bagian
kromosom mempunyai gen berulang, akibat pertambahan panjang suatu lengan
kromosom. Adisi ditulis dengan tanda + (18q+). Adisi dapat&amp;nbsp; terjadi karena
pertambahan materi yang sudah ada (berupa pengulangan). Peristiwa duplikasi
dapat ditemukan pada lalat buah &lt;i&gt;Drosophila melanogaster &lt;/i&gt;. Lalat normal
bermata bulat, lalat mutan bermata sempit (&#39;Bar&#39;) hasil dari duplikasi pada
kromosom-X.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-left: .5in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;ul type=&quot;disc&quot;&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Inversi&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-left: .5in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Kelainan ini jarang ditemukan.. Pada inversi,
kromosom mempunyai urutan gen yang terbalik karena terjadinya perputaran
kromosom 180 r yang membentuk loop, keludian loop tersebut putus dan bertaut
kembali. Biasanya kelainan ini tifak menyebabkan perubahan fenotip. Inversi
dapat dikategorikan menjadi Inversi Parasentrik&amp;nbsp;bila sentromer diluar loop
ketika inversi terbatas pada satulengan kromosom saja dan Inversi
perisentrik&amp;nbsp;bila sentromer di dalam loop. Ada 2 macam, yaitu :&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-left: 49.0pt; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;1.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Inversi
parasentris: sentromer terletak di samping bidang yang mengalami inversi&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-left: 49.0pt; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;2.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Inversi
perisentris : sentromer terletak pada bidang yang mengalami inversi&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-left: 49.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;ul type=&quot;disc&quot;&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Translokasi&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-left: .5in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Translokasi terjadi ketika sebagian segmen
kromosom berpindah ke kromosom lain. Beberapamacam translokasi seperti
translokasi G/G yaitu translokasi antara kromosom 22/21, atau translokasi D/G
yaitu translokasi antara kromosom 14 atau 15 dengan kromosom 21. Dua per
tigakasus translokasi diakibatkan fusi sentrik kromosom akrosentrik. Kariotipe
kedua orangtua normal.Translokasi ini disebut translokasi Robertsonian. Bisa
pula terjadi translokasi yang menimbulkanpertukatan 2 segmen kromosom timbal
balik yang disebut translokasi resiprok. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-left: .5in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;ol start=&quot;1&quot; type=&quot;1&quot;&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Perubahan
     jumlah kromosom.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-left: .5in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Secara umum perubahan jumlah kromosom ada 2,
yaitu euploid dan aneuploid.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;ul type=&quot;disc&quot;&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo8; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Euploidi&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-left: .5in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Euploidi ialah suatu keadaan dimana jumlah
kromosom yang dimiliki oleh sesuatu makhluk merupakan kelipatan dari kromosom
dasarnya (kromosom haploidnya). Individunya disebut bersifat &lt;i&gt;euploid&lt;/i&gt;.
Banyak dijumpai pada tumbuhan, pada hewan dan manusia jarang karena menyebabkan
kematian. Salah satu contoh: semangka tanpa biji. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormalTable&quot; style=&quot;border-collapse: collapse; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;&quot;&gt;
 &lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: .75pt 5.25pt .75pt 5.25pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Tipe Euploid&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: .75pt 5.25pt .75pt 5.25pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Jumlah Genom (n)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: .75pt 5.25pt .75pt 5.25pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Komplemen Kromosom (ABC merupakan 1 genom)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;mso-yfti-irow: 1;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: .75pt 5.25pt .75pt 5.25pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Monoploid&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: .75pt 5.25pt .75pt 5.25pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Satu (n)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: .75pt 5.25pt .75pt 5.25pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;A B C&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;mso-yfti-irow: 2;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: .75pt 5.25pt .75pt 5.25pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Diploid&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: .75pt 5.25pt .75pt 5.25pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Dua (2n)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: .75pt 5.25pt .75pt 5.25pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;AA BB CC&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;mso-yfti-irow: 3;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: .75pt 5.25pt .75pt 5.25pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Triploid&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: .75pt 5.25pt .75pt 5.25pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Tiga (3n)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: .75pt 5.25pt .75pt 5.25pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;AAA BBB CCC&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;mso-yfti-irow: 4;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: .75pt 5.25pt .75pt 5.25pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Tetraploid&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: .75pt 5.25pt .75pt 5.25pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Empat (4n)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: .75pt 5.25pt .75pt 5.25pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;AAAA BBBB CCCC&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;mso-yfti-irow: 5;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: .75pt 5.25pt .75pt 5.25pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Pentaploid&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: .75pt 5.25pt .75pt 5.25pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Lima (5n)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: .75pt 5.25pt .75pt 5.25pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;AAAAA BBBBB CCCCC&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;mso-yfti-irow: 6;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: .75pt 5.25pt .75pt 5.25pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Heksaploid&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: .75pt 5.25pt .75pt 5.25pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Enam (6n)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: .75pt 5.25pt .75pt 5.25pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;AAAAAA BBBBBB CCCCCC&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;mso-yfti-irow: 7;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: .75pt 5.25pt .75pt 5.25pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Septaploid&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: .75pt 5.25pt .75pt 5.25pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Tujuh (7n)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: .75pt 5.25pt .75pt 5.25pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;AAAAAAA BBBBBBB CCCCCCC&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;mso-yfti-irow: 8; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: .75pt 5.25pt .75pt 5.25pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;dll&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: .75pt 5.25pt .75pt 5.25pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: .75pt 5.25pt .75pt 5.25pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;ul type=&quot;disc&quot;&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo9; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Aneuploidi&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;Ialah
suatu keadaan dimana suatu organisme kekurangan atau kelebihan kromosom
tertentu. Individu disebut bersifat&lt;i&gt; aneuploid&lt;/i&gt;. Biasanya disebabkan
karena nondisjunction&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormalTable&quot; style=&quot;border-collapse: collapse; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;&quot;&gt;
 &lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: .75pt 5.25pt .75pt 5.25pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Tipe &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: .75pt 5.25pt .75pt 5.25pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Formula&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: .75pt 5.25pt .75pt 5.25pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Komplemen Kromosom Dengan (ABC) Sebagai Set
  Haploid Kromosom&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;mso-yfti-irow: 1;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: .75pt 5.25pt .75pt 5.25pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Disomi (normal)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: .75pt 5.25pt .75pt 5.25pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;2n&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: .75pt 5.25pt .75pt 5.25pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;(ABC) (ABC)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;height: .25in; mso-yfti-irow: 2;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: .25in; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: .75pt 5.25pt .75pt 5.25pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Aneuploid:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: .25in; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: .75pt 5.25pt .75pt 5.25pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;2n-1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: .25in; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: .75pt 5.25pt .75pt 5.25pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;(ABC) (AB)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;height: 25.5pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 25.5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: .75pt 5.25pt .75pt 5.25pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Monosomi&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;mso-yfti-irow: 4;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: .75pt 5.25pt .75pt 5.25pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Nullisomi&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: .75pt 5.25pt .75pt 5.25pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;2n-2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: .75pt 5.25pt .75pt 5.25pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;(AB) (AB)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;height: 31.5pt; mso-yfti-irow: 5;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 31.5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: .75pt 5.25pt .75pt 5.25pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Polisomi (ada
  tambahan kromosom)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 31.5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: .75pt 5.25pt .75pt 5.25pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;2n+1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 31.5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: .75pt 5.25pt .75pt 5.25pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;(ABC) (ABC) (C)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;height: 33.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 6;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 33.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: .75pt 5.25pt .75pt 5.25pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Trisomi &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;mso-yfti-irow: 7;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: .75pt 5.25pt .75pt 5.25pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Dobel Trisomi&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: .75pt 5.25pt .75pt 5.25pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;2n+1+1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: .75pt 5.25pt .75pt 5.25pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;(ABC) (ABC) (B)(C)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;mso-yfti-irow: 8;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: .75pt 5.25pt .75pt 5.25pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Tetrasomi&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: .75pt 5.25pt .75pt 5.25pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;2n+2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: .75pt 5.25pt .75pt 5.25pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;(ABC) (ABC) (C) (C)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;mso-yfti-irow: 9; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: .75pt 5.25pt .75pt 5.25pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Pentasomi&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: .75pt 5.25pt .75pt 5.25pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;2n+3&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: .75pt 5.25pt .75pt 5.25pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;(ABC) (ABC) (C) (C) (C)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;a)
Sindroma Down (trisomi-21)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Trisoma
21 atau yang disebut sindroma Down adalah kelainan kromosom yang paling sering
terjadi dengan frekuensi 1 dari 700 bayi lahir dan bahkan lebih sering terjadi
pada ibu yang hamil pada usia (&amp;gt;35 tahun). Pada penderita sindroma Down
terdapat tiga untai kromosom 21. Jumlah kromosom 21 yang berlebih ini
mengakibatkan gejala-gejala seperti retardasi mental, kelainan jantung bawaan,
berat badan bayi yang kurang normal, pendengaran dan penglihatan berkurang,
otot-otot melemah (hipotonia) dan kecenderungan menderita kanker sel daerah
putih (leukemia).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Ciri-ciri:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-left: 49.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo10; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;IQ rendah&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-left: 49.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo10; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;tubuh pendek&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-left: 49.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo10; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;kepala lebar&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-left: 49.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo10; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;wajah membulat&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-left: 49.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo10; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;kelopak mata memiliki lipatan
epikantus mirip orang &#39;oriental&#39;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-left: 49.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo10; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;mulut selalu terbuka&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-left: 49.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Formula kromosom :&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-left: 85.0pt; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo10; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Courier New&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Courier New&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;o&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Perempuan = 47,XX, +21&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-left: 85.0pt; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo10; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Courier New&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Courier New&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;o&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Laki-laki = 47,XY, +21&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-left: 85.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;b)
Sindroma Trisomi-18 (Sindroma Edward&#39;s)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Trisomi
18 atau sindroma Edward disebabkan oleh adanya 3 untai kromosom 18 pada tiap
sel penderita. Berlebihnya jumlah kromosom 18 ini jarang terjadi dengan
frekuensi 1 dari 1500 bayi yang lahir dan gejalanya adalah retardasi mental
berat, gangguan pertumbuhan, ukuran kepala dan pinggul yang kecil, dan kelainan
pada tangan dan kaki. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Ciri-ciri
:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-left: 70.0pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo11; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;kelainan
pada banyak alat tubuh&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-left: 70.0pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo11; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;telinga
rendah&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-left: 70.0pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo11; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;rahang
bawah rendah&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-left: 70.0pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo11; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;mulut
kecil&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-left: 70.0pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo11; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;tuna
mental&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-left: 70.0pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo11; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;ginjal
dobel &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-left: 70.0pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo11; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;tulang
dada pendek&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Hanya
dijumpai pada anak2, pada dewasa tidak pernah karena mengakibatkan kematian&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;c)
Sindroma Turner &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Sindrom
Turner (disebut juga sindrom Ullrich-Turner, sindrom Bonnevie-Ullrich, sindrom
XO, atau monosomi X) adalah suatu kelainan genetik pada wanita karena
kehilangan satu kromosom X.&lt;sup&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/sup&gt;Wanita normal memiliki kromosom seks XX dengan jumlah total kromosom
sebanyak 46, namun pada penderita sindrom Turner hanya memiliki kromosom seks
XO dan total kromosom 45. Hal ini terjadi karena satu] kromosom hilang saat
nondisjungsi atau selama gametogenesis (pembentukan gamet) atau pun pada tahap
awal pembelahan zigot.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Ciri-ciri:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Wanita
dengan sindrom Turner akan memiliki kelenjar kelamin (gonad) yang tidak
berfungsi dengan baik dan dilahirkan tanpa ovari atau uterus. Apabila seorang
wanita tidak memiliki ovari maka hormon estrogen tidak diproduksi dan wanita
tersebut menjadi infertil. Namun, apabila seorang penderita sindrom Turner
memiliki sel normal (XX) dan sel cacat (sindrom Turner/XO) di dalam tubuhnya,
maka ada kemungkinan wanita tersebut fertil. Wanita dengan keadaan demikian
disebutmosaikisme (&lt;i&gt;mosaicism&lt;/i&gt;). Penderita sindrom Turner memiliki
beberapa cenderung ciri fisik tertentu seperti bertubuh pendek, kehilangan
lipatan kulit di sekitar leher, pembengkakan pada tangan dan kaki, wajah
menyerupai anak kecil, dan dada berukuran kecil. Beberapa penyakit cenderung
menyerang penderita sindrom ini, di antaranya adalah penyakit kardiovaskular,
penyakit ginjal dan tiroid, kelainan rangka tulang seperti skoliosis dan osteoporosis,
obesitas, serta gangguan pendengaran dan penglihatan.&lt;sup&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/sup&gt;Sebagian besar penderita sindrom ini tidak memiliki keterbelakangan
intelektual, namun dibandingkan wanita normal, penderita memiliki kemungkinan
yang lebih besar untuk menderita keterbelakangan intelektual Sebagian penderita
sindrom Turner memiliki kesulitan dalam menghafal, mempelajari matematika,
serta kemampuan visual pemahaman ruangnya rendah. Perbedaan fisik dengan wanita
normal juga membuat penderita sindrom Turner cenderung sulit untuk
bersosialisasi.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Pada
bayi tampak kecil, kaki dan tangan bengkak karena edema limfe, pterygium colli
(kelebihan kulit leher), batas rambut belakang rendah, pada dewasa bentuk badan
pendek, dan amenorrhea karena ovarium yang sangat kecil. Formula kromosom 45,XO&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;d)
Sindroma Klinefelter&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Penderita
pria dengan ciri seperti wanita :&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-left: 99.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo12; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;tumbuhnya
payudara&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-left: 99.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo12; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;pertumbuhan
rambut kurang&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-left: 99.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo12; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;lengan
dan kaki ekstrim panjang sehingga seluruh tubuh nampak tinggi&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-left: 99.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo12; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;suara
tinggi seperti wanita&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-left: 99.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo12; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;testis
kecil&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-left: 99.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo12; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Genitalia
eksterna tampak normal tetapi spermatozoa biasanya tidak dibentuk sehingga
individu bersifat steril&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-left: 99.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Formula kromosom : 47,XXY&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;e)
Pria XYY&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Ciri
karakteristik :&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-left: 99.0pt; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo13; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Agresif&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-left: 99.0pt; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo13; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Suka
berbuat jahat serta melanggar hukum&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-left: 99.0pt; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo13; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Abnormalitas
pada alat genitalia luar dan dalam, namun tidak menimbulkan anomali pada tubuh&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
</description><link>http://alanhendrawan.blogspot.com/2013/04/kelainan-atau-gangguan-pada-kromosom.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Alan Hendrawan)</author><thr:total>4</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7302740288485214704.post-7020178636562629865</guid><pubDate>Mon, 15 Apr 2013 11:52:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2013-04-15T04:52:43.312-07:00</atom:updated><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">Kedokteran</category><title>Kelainan Gen Penyebab Kanker Pada Anak</title><description>&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; trbidi=&quot;on&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Kelainan Gen Penyebab Kanker  Pada Anak seringkali tidak terpikir oleh orangtua, sampai anak-anak  terserang kanker itu sendiri. Anda tentu tidak ingin merasakan  penyesalan yang terlambat bukan? Jadi kenali lebih jauh tentang hubungan  gen dengan kanker ini, supaya anda dapat lebih waspada dan tahu harus  melangkah kemana ketika sungguh-sungguh berhadapan dengan si kanker ini.  Pada kasus kanker otak misalnya, meski sampai saat ini belum diketahui  penyebab pastinya, tapi ternyata gen memiliki andil dalam terjadinya  kanker otak pada anak-anak. Hal ini terjadi karena tidak terkendalinya  pertumbuhan sel akibat kelainan gen yang mengakibatkan kanker. Sementara  itu, kelainan gen sendiri terpicu oleh kromosom yang disusun ulang.  Neurofibromatosis adalah salah satu kondisi genetis selain beberapa  sindrom, dan retinoblastoma juga tercatat sebagai pemicu kanker otak  akibat terjadinya perubahan gen maupun kromosom. Tentu saja,  pengecualian genetis ini diturunkan dari orangtua kepada anak.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;entry-content&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;h2&gt;
Memahami Pengaruh Orangtua Terhadap Kelainan Gen Penyebab Kanker Pada Anak&lt;/h2&gt;
Pada keluarga yang memiliki riwayat kanker otak, resiko anak terhadap  berkembangnya tumor di system saraf pusatnya menjadi lebih besar.  Selain Kelainan Gen Penyebab Kanker Pada Anak, bahan kimia tertentu  ternyata juga dapat merubah struktur dari gen yang bertugas melindungi  tubuh dari serangan kanker maupun penyakit lain. Jadi, jika kelainan gen  ini diwariskan orangtua pada anak, maka  orangtua perlu waspada jika bekerja di perusahaan penyulingan minyak,  laboratorium kimia, maupun laboratorium nuklir. Anda yang bekerja di  beberapa tempat tersebut, lebih beresiko terserang kanker, bahkan jika  anda selamat dari kanker, belum tentu begitu pula dengan anak anda. Bagi  anak sendiri, jika di usia dini nya sudah terpapar radiasi sebagai  bentuk terapi di kepalanya dalam proses pengobatan penyakit tertentu,  ternyata justru menghadapi resiko tumbuhnya tumor. Tumor ini akan  menekan dan merusak daerah sekitarnya lalu berkembang menjadi kanker.  Selain kanker otak, jenis kanker lain yang diwaspadai sering menyerang  anak-anak adalah kanker darah, neuroblastoma, kanker kelenjar limfe,  kanker retina mata, kanker otot, sampai kanker tulang.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;h2&gt;
Mendeteksi Kelainan Gen Penyebab Kanker Pada Anak Anda&lt;/h2&gt;
Selain faktor genetis yang menjadi salah satu pemicu kanker, ternyata  lingkungan juga memiliki andil besar. Sayangnya, gejala yang timbul  seringkali tidak terdeteksi sebagai gejala kanker  karena sifatnya mirip dengan gangguan kesehatan pada umumnya. Jadi,  temukan satu gejala pembedanya yaitu adanya benjolan atau kelenjar yang  membesar. Beberapa gejala kanker yang perlu diwaspadai meski tampaknya  masalah kesehatan yang umum, adalah demam dalam waktu lama, muntah yang  muncul bersama dengan sakit kepala, penampakan yang berbeda pada  permukaan kulitnya, adanya benjolan di perut dan rongga dada, munculnya  pembesaran kelenjar di bagian leher, sampai berat badan yang menurun.  Untuk anak yang terserang kanker darah juga dapat terdeteksi dengan  memperhatikan wajahnya yang cenderung mudah pucat, anak merasa mudah  lelah, sering mengeluhkan rasa nyeri di tulang sampai mengalami  perdarahan. Berbeda dengan kanker mata yang biasanya terdeteksi dari  munculnya gejala mata kucing pada anak. Perhatikan kondisi anak anda  ketika berada di usia rentan serangan, yaitu usia empat sampai lima  tahun untuk kanker darah dan usia remaja atau belasan untuk kanker  tulang. Usia anak yang terserang kanker memang bervariasi sesuai jenis  kankernya, begitu pula dengan factor pemicunya yang salah satunya adalah  Kelainan Gen Penyebab Kanker Pada Anak.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.alanhendrawan.blogspot.com/&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;Make you smile &lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
</description><link>http://alanhendrawan.blogspot.com/2013/04/kelainan-gen-penyebab-kanker-pada-anak.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Alan Hendrawan)</author><thr:total>0</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7302740288485214704.post-843764491415216111</guid><pubDate>Mon, 15 Apr 2013 11:50:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2013-04-15T04:50:25.783-07:00</atom:updated><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">Kedokteran</category><title>Kelainan Genetik pada Janin</title><description>&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; trbidi=&quot;on&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Kompas.com - Ibu
 hamil seringkali didera rasa khawatir akan kesehatan calon bayinya. 
Untuk memupus kecemasan itu, kini sudah tersedia pemeriksaan untuk 
mendeteksi sejak dini apakah bayi yang akan dilahirkan memiliki cacat 
lahir atau kelainan bawaan.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;Pemeriksaan kelainan genetik pada 
umumnya dilakukan oleh ibu yang sebelumnya pernah melahirkan anak dengan
 cacat lahir atau memiliki riwayat penyakit genetik pada keluarga 
mereka, seperti fibrosis, thalasemia dan kelainan sel lainnya. Dengan 
demikian, bisa diketahui apakah bayi mereka terkena penyakit atau tidak.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Apa saja tes penyakit genetik yang dapat dilakukan oleh para ibu hamil?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Amniocentesis&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Ini merupakan sebuah tes untuk mendeteksi kelainan kromosom, yang menyebabkan anak menderita&lt;em&gt; down syndrom&lt;/em&gt;
 atau spina bifida. Amniocentesis biasanya dilakukan saat kehamilan 
memasuki trimester kedua (antara minggu ke-15 hingga minggu ke-20) atau 
menjelang kelahiran saat paru-paru bayi sudah terbentuk sempurna. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Pada
 tes ini dokter akan memasukkan jarum yang sangat kecil ke bagian 
dinding perut sampai masuk ke bagian rahim untuk mengambil contoh cairan
 ketuban dari kantong yang menyelimuti janin. Cairan ini kemudian 
dianalisa di laboratorium untuk mengetahui ada tidaknya kelainan genetik
 atau kromosom. Hasil tes amniocentesis bisa diketahui dua minggu 
kemudian. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Chorionic villus sampling&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Cara ini lebih akurat untuk mendeteksi ketidaknormalan kromosom, yang salah satunya mengakibatkan &lt;em&gt;down syndrome&lt;/em&gt;.
 Metode tes ini dilakukan dengan dua cara. Pertama adalah dengan 
menyuntikkan jarum yang sangat pipih dan kecil ke bagian perut ibu hamil
 untuk mengambil contoh sel dari plasenta yang disebut &lt;em&gt;chorionic villi. &lt;/em&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Cara
 kedua adalah dengan menggunakan kateter yang dimasukkan lewat vagina 
sampai ke dekat plasenta di rahim untuk mengambil contoh sel. Hasil 
sampel ini kemudian dianalisa di laboratorium. Chorionic villus sampling
 (CVS) biasanya dilakukan di awal kehamilan, yakni pada minggu ke-10 
atau minggu ke-12. Hasil tes ini juga lebih akurat dan lebih cepat. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Pemeriksaan darah&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Belum
 lama ini para peneliti dari Universitas Hongkong, China, mengenalkan 
teknik pemeriksaan darah untuk mengidentifikasi sejumlah kelainan 
penyakit bawaan pada janin. Tes ini bekerja dengan cara memeriksa DNA 
janin dalam darah ibu. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Setiap metode tes memiliki kelebihan dan 
kekurangan masing-masing. Konsultasikan dengan dokter sebelum melakukan 
tes ini. Beberapa penelitian menyebutkan tes yang dilakukan pada janin 
bisa menyebabkan keguguran atau peningkatan risiko tidak lengkapnya 
anggota tubuh yang terbentuk. Oleh sebab itu carilah informasi 
sebanyak-banyaknya dari dokter Anda!&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
</description><link>http://alanhendrawan.blogspot.com/2013/04/kelainan-genetik-pada-janin.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Alan Hendrawan)</author><thr:total>0</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7302740288485214704.post-9077595927353786830</guid><pubDate>Tue, 26 Feb 2013 03:56:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2013-02-25T19:56:01.585-08:00</atom:updated><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">Kedokteran</category><title>Pertumbuhan dan Perkembangan Gigi </title><description>&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; trbidi=&quot;on&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
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&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;&quot;&gt;PERTUMBUHAN
DAN PERKEMBANGAN DARI GIGI GELIGI&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
1. Pendahuluan&lt;br /&gt;
Pertumbuhan dan perkembangan gigi geligi dan prenatal dan posnatal yang kurang
baik dapat meyebabkan kelainan pada struktur anatomis gigi.&lt;br /&gt;
Keadaan ini sangat merugikan baik dari segi estetik maupun kesehatan. Fungsi
gigi geligi sebagai alat pencernaan dapat terganggu sehingga dapat menggangu
intake makanan dan kesehatan secara umum.&lt;br /&gt;
Selain itu kelainan pertumbuhan dan perkembangan secara umum seperti pada ‘down
syndrome’, kelainan ginjal, hipoparatiroidisme dan sebagainya juga dapat
diikuti dengan kelainan pada gigi, sehingga hal ini semakin menjadi berat dan
membutuhkan perhatian khusus.&lt;br /&gt;
Mengingat pentingnya peranan gigi geligi sebagai salah satu alat pencernaan
maka pada makalah ini akan dibahas mengenai pertumbuhan dan perkembangan gigi
geligi, serta kelainan-kelainan yang sering terjadi pada proses pertumbuhan dan
perkembangannya.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
2. Odontogenesis&lt;br /&gt;
Odontogenesis adalah proses terbentuknya jaringan gigi. Proses ini tidak
terjadi pada waktu yang bersamaan untuk semua gigi.&lt;br /&gt;
Gigi dibentuk dari lapisan ektoderm, yaitu dari jaringan ektomesenkim.
Ektomesenkim ini dibentuk dari ‘neural crest cells. Sel ini terdapat pada
sepanjang sisi lateral dari neural plate.&lt;br /&gt;
Perkembangan gigi dimulai dengan pembentukan ‘primary dental lamina’, yang
menebal dan meluas sepanjang daerah yang akan menjadi tepi oklusal dari
mandibula dan maksila dimana gigi akan erupsi. Dental lamina ini tumbuh dari
permukaan ke mesenchyme di bawahnya. Bersamaan dengan perkembangan dari primary
dental lamina , pada 10 tempat di dalam mandibular arch and pada 10 tempat di
dalam maxillary arch, beberapa sel dari dental lamina memperbanyak diri pada
laju yang lebih cepat daripada yang berada di sekitar sel, dan 10 tonjolan
kecil dari sel-sel epithel terbentuk pada dental lamina dalam tiap rahang.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Secara singkat pertumbuhan dan perkembangan dari gigi dapat dilihat pada gambar
berikut ini.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Proses odontogenesis&lt;br /&gt;
A.Tahapan Dental lamina – invaginasi dari oral epithelium ke dalam jaringan
pengubung di bawahnya (mesenchyme).&lt;br /&gt;
B.Tahapan enamel organ awal – pembentukan tunas dari epithelium dari dental
lamina.&lt;br /&gt;
C.Tahapan kuman gigi – enamel organ, dental papilia, dental sac&lt;br /&gt;
D.Inisiasi dari pembentukan dentin dan enamel di dalam gigi.&lt;br /&gt;
E.Tahapan enamel organ &amp;amp; bantalan akar yang direduksi.&lt;br /&gt;
F.Tahapan erupsi aktif – pemecahan dari bantalan akar (root sheath) dan mulai
pembentukan cementum.&lt;br /&gt;
G. Tahapan epithelium darurat dan gabungan - enamel epithelium yang direduksi
menjadi epithelium gabungan dan gigi masuk rongga mulut.&lt;br /&gt;
H. Tahapan bidang occlusal – gigi dalam posisis fungsional.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
3. Pertumbuhan dan perkembangan gigi sulung dan gigi tetap&lt;br /&gt;
Pertumbuhan dan perkembangan dari gigi geligi seperti halnya organ lainnya
telah dimulai sejak 4 – 5 bulan dalam kandungan. Pada waktu lahir, maksila dan
mandibwula merupakan tulang yang telah dipenuhi oleh benih-benih gigi dalam
berbagai tingkat perkembangan. Tulang alveolar hanya dilapisi oleh
mucoperiosteum yang merupakan bantalan dari gusi.&lt;br /&gt;
Pada saat lahir, tulang maksila dan mandibula terlihat mahkota gigi-gigi sulung
telah terbentuk dan mengalami kalsifikasi, sedangkan benih gigi-gigi tetap
masih berupa tonjolan epitel.&lt;br /&gt;
Pada umur 6 – 7 bulan telah terjadi erupsi dari gigi sulung dan pada umur 12
bulan gigi insisif pada maksila dan mandibula telah erupsi. Pada umur 2 ½ - 3
tahun semua gigi sulung telah erupsi dan email gigi-gigi sulung telah terbentuk
sempuna.&lt;br /&gt;
Pertumbuhan dan perkembangan gigi ini terlihat pada tabel berikut ini :&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
GIGI SULUNG&lt;br /&gt;
Rahang Gigi Pembentukan Erupsi Akar lengkap&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Atas Insisif pertama 4 bl inutero 7 ½ bl 1 ½ th &lt;br /&gt;
Insisif kedua 4 ½ bl inutero 9 bl 2 th&lt;br /&gt;
Caninus 5 bl inutero 18 bl 3 ½ th&lt;br /&gt;
Molar pertama 5 bl inutero 14 bl 2 ½ th&lt;br /&gt;
Molar kedua 6 bl inutero 24 bl 3 th&lt;br /&gt;
Bawah Insisif pertama 4 ½ bl inutero 7 bl 1 ½ th&lt;br /&gt;
Insisif kedua 4 ½ bl inutero 7 bl 1 ½ th&lt;br /&gt;
Caninus 5 bl inutero 16 bl 3 ½ th&lt;br /&gt;
Molar pertama 3 bl inutero 12 bl 2 ½ th&lt;br /&gt;
Molar kedua 6 bl inutero 20 bl 3 th&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
GIGI TETAP&lt;br /&gt;
Rahang Gigi Mulai terbentuk Erupsi Akar lengkap&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Atas Insisif pertama 3 - 4 bl 7 – 8 th 10 tahun&lt;br /&gt;
Insisif kedua 10 - 12 bl 8 – 9 th 11 tahun&lt;br /&gt;
Caninus 4 – 5 bl 11 – 12 th 13 – 15 th&lt;br /&gt;
Premolar pertama 18-21 bl 10 – 12 th 12 – 14 th&lt;br /&gt;
Premolar kedua 30–33 bl 10 – 12 th 12 –14 th&lt;br /&gt;
Molar pertama 0 – 3 bl 6 – 7 th 9 – 10 th&lt;br /&gt;
Molar kedua 27 – 36 bl 12 – 13 th 14 – 16 th&lt;br /&gt;
Molar ketiga 7 – 9 th 17 – 21 th 18 – 25 th&lt;br /&gt;
Bawah Insisif pertama 3 – 4 bl 6 – 7 th 9 th&lt;br /&gt;
Insisif kedua 3 – 4 bl 7 – 8 th 10 th&lt;br /&gt;
Caninus 4 – 6 bl 9 – 10 th 12 – 14 th&lt;br /&gt;
Premolar pertama 18 – 24 bl 10 – 12 th 12 –13 th&lt;br /&gt;
Premolar kedua 24 – 30 bl 11 – 12 th 13 – 14 th&lt;br /&gt;
Molar pertama 0 – 3 bl 6 – 7 th 9 – 10 th&lt;br /&gt;
Molar kedua 2 – 3 th 11 – 13 th 14 – 15 th&lt;br /&gt;
Molar ketiga 8 – 10 th 17 – 21 th 18 – 25 th&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
3. Kelainan-kelainan Erupsi Gigi&lt;br /&gt;
3.1 Neonatal teeth&lt;br /&gt;
Kadang-kadang satu atau lebih gigi-gigi telah erupsi pada waktu kelahiran
dikenal sebagai ‘neonatal teeth’. Keadaan ini biasanya merupakan rangkaian yang
normal bukan merupakan gigi supernumerari, emailnya biasanya hipoplastik dan
karena tidak terdapatnya pembentukan akar maka gigi tersebut biasanya hanya
melekat saja dan tidak kencang.&lt;br /&gt;
Keadaan ini juga dapat terjadi pada beberapa kelainan sistemik dan sindrome
berikut ini (Poole, Redford-Badwal, 1991) :&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
1.Ellis-van Creveld syndrome&lt;br /&gt;
2.Hallermann-Streiff syndrome&lt;br /&gt;
3.Pachyonychia congenita syndrome&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
3.2 “TEETHING” (pertumbuhan gigi)&lt;br /&gt;
Erupsi gigi geligi biasanya dimulai pada usia 5 atau 6 bulan. Tumbuhnya gigi
pertama kali ditunggu dengan antusias oleh orang tua, karena hal ini merupakan
awal dari perkembangan yang panjang. Pada kebanyakan kasus, erupsi gigi tidak
menyebabkan anak maupun orang tua panik, tetapi kadang-kadang proses tersebut
menyebabkan adanya iritasi lokal, yang biasanya ringan tetapi dapat cukup parah
untuk mengganggu tidur anak. Insisivus susu yang kecil biasanya dapat erupsi
tanpa kesulitan ; masalah “teething” biasanya muncul dengan erupsi gigi-gigi
molar yang relatif lebih besar.&lt;br /&gt;
Gejala-gejala “teething” dapat terlihat baik secara lokal (Seward, 1971) dan
secara sistemik (Seward, 1972a).&lt;br /&gt;
Lokal : Kemerahan atau pembengkakan gingiva pada regio yang akan erupsi.&lt;br /&gt;
Bercak eritema pada pipi.&lt;br /&gt;
Sistemik : gelisah dan menangis&lt;br /&gt;
Kehilangan nafsu makan&lt;br /&gt;
Tidak dapat tidur&lt;br /&gt;
Meningkatnya saliva dan saliva tersebut terus menetes&lt;br /&gt;
Nafsu makan berkurang&lt;br /&gt;
Rasa haus meningkat&lt;br /&gt;
Kemerahan pada tepi mulut&lt;br /&gt;
(Circum oral rash).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
3.3 KISTA ERUPSI&lt;br /&gt;
Kista erupsi dapat berkembang dalam hubungan dengan gigi susu yang sedang
erupsi. Rongga folikular yang normal di sekitar mahkota mengembang karena
pengumpulan cairan jaringan atau darah, membentuk sejenis kista dentigerous
(Shafer, Hine dan Levy, 1974 ; Shear, 1983). Kista erupsi terjadi paling sering
pada permukaan oklusal yang lebar di gigi-gigi molar susu. Mula-mula terdapat
daerah kebiru-biruan pada gigi yang sedang erupsi, dan kemudian terjadi
kemerahan dan pembengkakan mukosa. Pembesaran kista menyebabkan tergigit oleh
gigi-gigi lawannya, dan hal ini menambah rasa tidak enak pada anak.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
3.4 ERUPSI TERTUNDA DARI GIGI-GIGI TETAP&lt;br /&gt;
Data perkembangan gigi yang diberikan pada tabel 11.2 tidak memperlihatkan
bahwa terdapat variasi normal yang nyata diantara setiap anak. Walaupun
keterlambatan erupsi gigi dapat dihubungkan dengan keadaan tertentu (misal
sindroma down), kebanyakan kasus keterlambatan yang terlihat berada dalam
batas-batas normal. Para orang tua harus diberi keyakinan, dan perkembangan
oklusi harus diperiksa ulang. Bagaimanapun juga, karena gigi-gigi kontra
lateralnya biasanya erupsi bersamaan, penundaan erupsi gigi lebih dari satu
atau dua bulan memerlukan perhatian.&lt;br /&gt;
Keterlambatan erupsi yang terlokalisir lebih sering pada gigi geligi tetap
dibandingkan pada gigi geligi susu; beberapa penyebabnya diberikan di bawah
ini.&lt;br /&gt;
Insisivus: Resorpsi yang terlambat pada insisivus susu setelah trauma dan
kematian pulpa.&lt;br /&gt;
Dilaserasi&lt;br /&gt;
Gigi-gigi kelebihan (supernumerary teeth)&lt;br /&gt;
Kehilangan gigi susu yang sangat dini, diikuti oleh perkembangan tulang dalam
soket gigi&lt;br /&gt;
Kaninus : jalur erupsi kaninus rahang atas tidak sebagaimana mestinya&lt;br /&gt;
Premolar : Impaksi ke arah gigi-gigi lain disebabkan karena angulasi abnormal
atau berjejal-jejal.&lt;br /&gt;
Resorpsi terhambat pada molar susu.&lt;br /&gt;
Molar susu terpendam&lt;br /&gt;
Molar : Impaksi ke arah gigi-gigi lain ; khususnya mengenai molar ketiga.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Keadaan-keadaan lain seperti kista dentigerous, dapat mengenai setiap gigi. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
4. KELAINAN-KELAINAN PADA STRUKTUR GIGI&lt;br /&gt;
Jaringan-jaringan gigi dibentuk dalam dua tahap, mula-mula diendapkan matriks
organik dan kemudian mineralisasi terjadi. Gangguan pada salah satu dari
tahap-tahap ini dapat menyebabkan kelainan-kelainan pada struktur gigi yang
penting, khususnya email.&lt;br /&gt;
Gangguan pengendapan matriks menyebabkan hipoplasia, ditandai oleh adanya email
yang tidak teratur ketebalannya atau strukturnya tidak sempurna.&lt;br /&gt;
Gangguan pada tahap kedua perkembangan menyebabkan hipomineralisasi, walaupun
email mempunyai ketebalan normal, setidak-tidaknya sebagian dari padanya
mempunyai mineralisasi yang buruk.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
4.1 Hipoplasia dan Hipomineralisasi yang disebabkan faktor Lokal&lt;br /&gt;
Perkembangan gigi-gigi tetap dapat rusak oleh karena trauma atau infeksi yang
berhubungan dengan gigi susu.&lt;br /&gt;
Intrusi atau pergeseran insisivus susu yang parah akibat trauma dapat
mempengaruhi insisivus tetap yang sedang berkembang. Makin besar trauma yang
mengenai muka anak pada waktu terkena kecelakaan, makin besar kemungkinan email
gigi tetap akan menjadi hipoplastik. Jika kecelakaan terjadi setelah usia 4
tahun, hipomineralisasi lebih sering terjadi dari pada hipoplasia, yang tampak
sebagai bercak-bercak putih atau kecoklatan pada permukaan labial.&lt;br /&gt;
Trauma karena pencabutan gigi molar susu dapat merusakkan premolar yang sedang
berkembang, khususnya sewaktu anak berusia dibawah 4 – 5 tahun, pada saat
perkembangan premolar pada tahap awal.&lt;br /&gt;
Hal yang sama macam kerusakan yang dapat disebabkan oleh infeksi gigi sulung
tergantung pada tahap perkembangan gigi tetap penggantinya.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
4.2 Hipoplasia dan hipomineralisasi yang disebabkan faktor sistemik&lt;br /&gt;
Sampai saat kelahiran semua gigi sulung terlindung dari semua gangguan sistemik
yang paling parah, oleh karena itu email prenatal biasanya mempunyai struktur
yang homogen. Kelainan pada email postnatal biasanya dihubungkan dengan
kelainan sistemik pada waktu kelahiran atau selama perkembangan postnatal.
Faktor-faktor tersebut antara lain adala amelogenesis imperfekta (genetis),
kelainan metabolisme, seperti fenil ketonurea, hipokalsemia, anemia hemolitik,
endokrinopati seperti hipoparatiroidisme, nefropati, penyakit hepar, penyakit
gastro intestinal yang menyebabkan gangguan penyerapan fluor.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
</description><link>http://alanhendrawan.blogspot.com/2013/02/pertumbuhan-dan-perkembangan-gigi.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Alan Hendrawan)</author><thr:total>0</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7302740288485214704.post-8763519166231076771</guid><pubDate>Tue, 26 Feb 2013 03:55:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2013-02-25T19:55:59.285-08:00</atom:updated><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">Kedokteran</category><title>Sistem Limfatikum</title><description>&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; trbidi=&quot;on&quot;&gt;
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&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Sistem limfatik&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt; adalah suatu sistem sirkulasi sekunder yang berfungsi
mengalirkan limfa atau getah bening di dalam tubuh. Limfa (bukan limpa) berasal dari
plasma darah yang
keluar dari sistem kardiovaskular ke dalam jaringan
sekitarnya. Cairan ini kemudian dikumpulkan oleh sistem limfa melalui proses difusi ke dalam
kelenjar limfa dan dikembalikan ke dalam sistem sirkulasi.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Sistem limfatik adalah suatu sistem sirkulasi sekunder yang berfungsi
mengalirkan limfa atau getah bening di dalam tubuh. Limfa (bukan limpa) berasal
dari plasma darah.. yang keluar dari sistem kardiovaskular ke dalam jaringan
sekitarnya. Cairan ini kemudian dikumpulkan oleh sistem limfa melalui proses
difusi ke dalam kelenjar limfa dan dikembalikan ke dalam sistem sirkulasi
Susunan limfe&amp;nbsp;: Mirip plasma, kadar protein lebih kecil, penambahan oleh
kelenjar limfe menjadikan kadar limfosit tinggi Komponen sistem yang
lain&amp;nbsp;: saluran limfe dan kelenjar limfe (nodus limfe) Bersama organ limpa,
hati dan sumsum tulang membentuk Retikulo-Endotelial Sistem (RES)&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Fungsi sistem limfe yaitu:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
1. Mengembalikan cairan &amp;amp; protein dari
jaringan ke sirkulasi darah&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
2. Mengangkut limfosit&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
3. Membawa lemak emulsi dari
usus&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
4. Menyaring &amp;amp; menghancurkan mikroorganisme untuk menghindarkan penyebaran&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
5. Menghasilkan zat antibody&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Kelenjar / nodus limfe memiliki ciri antara lain berbentuk kecil lonjong
seperti kacang, terdapat di sepanjang pembuluh, bekerja sebagai penyaring,
banyak dijumpai di tempat pembentuk limfosit, kelompok utama terdapat di&amp;nbsp;:
Axila / ketiak, Leher, Thorak, Abdomen, Lipat paha&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Pembuluh / saluran limfe berupa vena kecil yang banyak memiliki katup.
Pembuluh terkecil terdiri selapis endotelium, khilus / lakteal = pembuluh limfe
khusus dijumpai dalam vili usus kecil. Ada 2 saluran utama&amp;nbsp;: Duktus
torasikus yang berfungsi mengalirkan dari seluruh tubuh selain bagian kanan dan
Duktus limfe kanan yang berfungsi mengalirkan dari kanan kepala dan leher,
lengan kanan dan dada kanan.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Limpa • Kelenjar limfe besar • Terletak di sebelah kiri abdomen
(hipogastrium kiri ) • Berdekatan fundus gaster, menyentuh diafragma •
Fungsi&amp;nbsp;: o membentuk sel darah merah o menghasilkan limfosit o
pembongkaran sel darah merah,sel darah putih &amp;amp; trombosit o bagian dari RES&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
</description><link>http://alanhendrawan.blogspot.com/2013/02/sistem-limfatikum_25.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Alan Hendrawan)</author><thr:total>0</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7302740288485214704.post-8473832971336161871</guid><pubDate>Tue, 26 Feb 2013 03:49:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2013-02-25T19:49:44.191-08:00</atom:updated><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">Kedokteran</category><title>Jaringan Periodontia</title><description>&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; trbidi=&quot;on&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
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  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 7&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 8&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 9&quot;/&gt;
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   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Title&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;1&quot; Name=&quot;Default Paragraph Font&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;11&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Subtitle&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;22&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Strong&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;20&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Emphasis&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;59&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Table Grid&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Placeholder Text&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;1&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;No Spacing&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light List&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
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  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
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  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
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   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light List Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
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  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
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  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;34&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;List Paragraph&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;29&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Quote&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;30&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Intense Quote&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
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  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light List Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
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   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
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   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
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   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light List Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
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   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
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   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
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   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
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   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
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   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Book Title&quot;/&gt;
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 &lt;/w:LatentStyles&gt;
&lt;/xml&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;!--[if gte mso 10]&gt;
&lt;style&gt;
 /* Style Definitions */
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 {mso-style-name:&quot;Table Normal&quot;;
 mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
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 mso-style-noshow:yes;
 mso-style-priority:99;
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&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Jaringan Periodontal&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;1. Pengertian Jaringan Periodontal&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Adalah jaringan pendukung gigi yang sebenarnya terdiri dari beberapa jaringan,
tetapi telah menjadi salah satu yakni disebut jaringan pendukung gigi atau
penyangga gigi yang terdiri dari ligament periodontal, procesus alveolaris,
cementum dan gingiva (Mahfoed dan Zein, 2005).&lt;br /&gt;
Adapun ilmu yang mempelajari jaringan periodonsium (gingiva, procesus
alveolaris, ligament periodontal dan cementum). Dalam keadaan normal maupun
menyimpang dan tindakan pencegahan, perawatan serta pemeliharaannya untuk
menjaga dan mengembalikan fungsi optimal (Akhbar, 2007).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;2. Bagian-bagian Jaringan Periodontal&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
a. Gingiva&lt;br /&gt;
Gingiva adalah bagian dari jaringan periodontal yang meliputi procesus
alveolaris dan mengililingi gigi. Fungsi gingiva adalah melindungi akar gigi,
selaput periodontium dan tulang alveolar terhadap rangsangan dari luar,
khususnya dari bakteri-bakteri dalam mulut (Itjiningsih, 1995).&lt;br /&gt;
Ciri-ciri gingiva sehat yaitu (1) gusi berwarna merah muda; (2) interdental
papil mengisi ruang interproksimal sampai titik kontak gigi dan sudutnya
runcing; (3) bagian tepi gingiva tipis dan tidak bengkak; (4) permukaan gingiva
tidak rata tapi stippled; (5) gingiva lekat sekali pada gigi dan procesus alveolaris;
(6) sulkus gingiva tidak dalam &amp;lt; = 2 mm, jika lebih dari 2 mm disebut poket;
(7) tidak ada eksudat dan tidak mudah berdarah; (8) konsistensi kenyal.&lt;br /&gt;
b. Periodontal Membran&lt;br /&gt;
Periodontal membran adalah jaringan yang menghubungkan gigi dengan tulang alveolar.&lt;br /&gt;
Fungsi periodontal membran yaitu : (1) meneruskan daya kunyah ke tulang
alveolar; (2) melekatkan gigi pada tulang alveolar; (3) mempertahankan jaringan
gingiva pada tempatnya; (4) mengurangi tekanan dari luar; (5) meresorbsi dan
memperbaiki cementum dan tulang alveolar; (6) sebagai fungsi sensoris, artinya
meneruskan rangsangan dari saraf; (7) memberi makanan pada jaringan penyangga
gigi lain melalui pembuluh darah dan pembuluh limfe.&lt;br /&gt;
c. Cementum&lt;br /&gt;
Cementum adalah jaringan yang meliputi seluruh permukaan akar gigi, dengan
fungsinya sebagai berikut :&lt;br /&gt;
1) Mehubungkan gigi dengan periodontal fiber (ligament), dengan kata lain
merupakan pegangan dari gigi ke tulang alveolar.&lt;br /&gt;
2) Memperbaiki cementum dan dentin dari beberapa kasus fraktur dari akar gigi.&lt;br /&gt;
d. Tulang Alveolar&lt;br /&gt;
Tulang alveolar adalah bagian dari rahang atas dan rahanh bawah yang memegang
gigi pada tempatnya dengan perantara periodontal membran dan membentuk suatu
kantong gigi yang disebut socket (Itjiningsih, 1995).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
3. Kelainan-kelainan Jaringan Periodontal&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
a. Gingivitis&lt;br /&gt;
Gingivitis adalah peradangan pada gingiva yang menunjukan adanya tanda-tanda
penyakit / kelainan pada gingiva. Gingivitis ditandai dengan keadaan gusi
berwarna merah dan mudah berdarah, gusi bengkak, terdapat eksudat, bau yang
tidak sedap dan terdapat kantung gusi atau pocket antara gusi dengan permukaan
gigi.&lt;br /&gt;
b. Periodontitis&lt;br /&gt;
Periodontitis ditandai oleh rasa sakit di dalam tulang alveolar, bau tidak
enak, rasa gatal pada gingiva, adanya eksudat, sakit apabila ada tekanan dan
gigi terasa memanjang (Depkes RI., 1996). Periodontitis aialah infeksi bakteri
jaringan yang mengelilingi dan penyangga gigi, yaiti gusi atau gingiva,
ligament periodontal dan tulang tempat gigi. Periodontitis ini merupakan
penyebab tanggalnya gigi sesudah berumur empat puluh tahun ke atas (Haringe dan
Shyock, 2003).&lt;br /&gt;
Periodontitis merupakan infeksi yang disebabkan oleh bakteri yang terakumulasi
di dalam kalkulus (karang gigi) yang biasanya terdapat pada leher gigi.
Penyakit periodontal ini dapat ringan seperti : peradangan hanya pada gusi.
Keadaan lebih berat terjadi kerusakan pada tulang pendukung gigi (Rustika,
2007).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;4. Penyebab terjadinya Kelainan Periodontal&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Kelainan jaringan penyangga gigi dapat disebabkan oleh faktor lokal dan
sistemik.&lt;br /&gt;
a. Faktor lokal&lt;br /&gt;
1) Plak yaitu endapan tipis yang melekat pada permukaan gigi, endapan ini
terdiri dari bahan perekat seperti agar-agar dan kuman-kuman. Apabila plak ini
tidak dibersihkan maka akan menjadi keras dan merusak jaringan penyangga gigi
(Depkes RI., 1994).&lt;br /&gt;
2) Karang gigi adalah jaringan keras yang melekat pada permukaan gigi yang
berwarna mulai dari kekuning-kuningan, kecoklat-coklatan dan coklat
kehitam-hitaman (Tarigan, 1995).&lt;br /&gt;
Bila karang gigi terus-menerus menumpuk, mengera dan dapat masuk ke dalam gusi
bagian dalam maka akan merusak jaringan penyangga gigi, sebagai akibat akhirnya
gigi menjadi goyang dan kemudian lepas dari penyangga gigi (Depkes RI., 1994).&lt;br /&gt;
3) Kelainan oklusi dan penyakit jaringan penyangga gigi.&lt;br /&gt;
Oklusi adalah hubungan kontak antara gigi-geligi rahang atas dengan gigi-geligi
di rahang bawah waktu mulut dalam keadaan tertutup (Itjiningsih, 1995).&lt;br /&gt;
Pertumbuhan gigi yang tidak normal akan menyebabkan oklusi yang tidak normal
pula sehingga terjadi penekanan yang berlebihan terhadap satu atau kelompok gigi
dan gigi akan menderita akhirnya jaringan penyanggapun akan rusak, lama
kelamaan apabila keadaan ini tidak dirawat maka fungsi pengunyahan akan
terganggu.&lt;br /&gt;
4) Kebiasaan buruk terhadap jaringan penyangga gigi.&lt;br /&gt;
Kebiasaan buruk yang merugikan gigi adalah menusuk-nusuk sela gigi dengan
benda-benda tertentu seperti korek api, kayu dan pemakaian tusuk gigi yang
salah karena adanya sisa-sisa makanan yang tertinggal. Kebiasaan buruk tadi
mengakibatkan terjadinya pendarahan dan kerusakan gusi, akibat selanjutnya jaringan
penyangga akan terinfeksi. Karena benda tersebut tidak steril dan akhirnya gigi
akan goyang (Depkes RI., 1994).&lt;br /&gt;
5) Geligi tiruan sebagian lepas dengan desain yang buruk, geligi tiruan adalah
benda asing yang dapat menimbulkan iritasi pada jaringan penyangga. Geligi
tiruan seringkali terbenam kedalam mukosa dan menekan tepi gingiva yang
menyebabkan inflamasi dan kerusakan jaringan. Efek ini akan bertambah buruk
bila geligi tiruan tidak dibersihkan dengan baik dan tetap dipakai selama
pasien tidur.&lt;br /&gt;
6) Merokok tembakau, tembakau dapat memperkasar permukaan gigi, stain bukanlah
faktor satu-satunya. Fakta sebenarnya adalah bahwa perokok sering tidak
membersihkan gigi-geliginya sebaik yang tidak merokok. Insiden gingivitis
kelihatannya lebih besar pada perokok yang juga menunjukan adanya kerusakan
periodontal yang parah (Moestopo, 1986).&lt;br /&gt;
b. Faktor sistemik&lt;br /&gt;
1) Penyakit diabetes mellitus, penderita diabetes dewasa terutama pada kasus
jangka panjang dengan perubahan retina mengalami kerusakan periodontal yang lebih
besar dari pada mereka yang tidak menderita diabetes.&lt;br /&gt;
2) Leukimia, pada penderita leukemia akut gingivitis umumnya lunak, warna merah
gelap dan bengkak. Terlihat pendarahan spontan dari gingiva sehingga jaringan
periodontal mengalami kerusakan yang berlangsung dengan cepat disertai dengan
kerusakan tulang alveolar dan tulang apikal serta goyangnya gigi geligi (Manson
&amp;amp; Eley cit. Anastasia, 1993).&lt;br /&gt;
3) Kekurangan vitamin, kekurangan vitamin seperti vitamin C dapat berakibat
kelainan-kelainan pada selaput lendir mulut, seperti peradangan, terganggunya
penyembuhan luka dan sariawan. Apabila hal ini tidak segera diatasi dapat
menimbulkan kelainan yang lebih parah dan menurunnya kesehatan secara umum yang
khususnya pada jaringan periodontal.&lt;br /&gt;
4) Gangguan hormonal terhadap jaringan periodontal. Gangguan hormonal adalah
menyimpangnya sistem hormonal dari keadaan normal, hal ini dapat terjadi pada
masa-masa kehamilan, pubertas dan menopause. Secara psikologis hal tersebut
dapat mempengaruhi penderita secara keseluruhan diantaranya gangguan emosional
seperti malas. Hal tersebut akan menimbulkan tingkat keasaman ludah yang
berlebihan, kekeringan selaput lendir mulut, peradangan gusi dan dikombinasi
dengan faktor emosional maka sebagai akibat akhir gigi dan jaringan periodontal
akan rusak (Depkes RI., 1996).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;5. Akibat Kelainan Jaringan Periodontal&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
a. Menurut Depkes RI., (1994), akibat kelainan jaringan periodontal antara
lain:&lt;br /&gt;
1) Gigi menjadi goyang karena pendukungnya rusak.&lt;br /&gt;
2) Gigi tanggal sebelum waktunya sehingga fungsi gigi hilang.&lt;br /&gt;
3) Terjadinya infeksi pada rongga mulut sehingga mulut menjadi bau dan tidak
sedap.&lt;br /&gt;
4) Akibat dari hal-hal di atas, fungsi pengunyahan berkurang, infeksi menjalar
ke seluruh tubuh dan dapat mempengaruhi kesehatan mulut.&lt;br /&gt;
b. Menurut Nio (1987), akibat periodontitis yang tidak dirawat antara lain
adalah:&lt;br /&gt;
1) Gusi mudah berdarah dan bengkak.&lt;br /&gt;
2) Keluarnya nanah dari leher gigi.&lt;br /&gt;
3) Rasa sakit waktu mengunyah.&lt;br /&gt;
4) Nafas yang bau busuk.&lt;br /&gt;
5) Gigi gonyang.&lt;br /&gt;
6) Gigi lepas.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
6. Pencegahan Penyakit Periodontal&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Penyakit Periodontal dapat dicegah dengan melakukan hal-hal sebagai berikut:&lt;br /&gt;
a. Pemeliharaan kesehatan gigi dan mulut secara teratur dengan menyikat gigi 2
kali sehari pagi setelah makan dan malam sebelum tidur.&lt;br /&gt;
b. Membersihkan sela-sela gigi dengan menggunakan alat-alat pembantu sikat
gigi.&lt;br /&gt;
c. Membiasakan makan-makanan yang bergizi dan cukup mengandung kalsium.&lt;br /&gt;
d. Membersihkan karang gigi.&lt;br /&gt;
e. Mintalah bantuan dokter gigi untuk dibuatkan gigi palsu bila giginya ompong.&lt;br /&gt;
f. Periksalah gigi secara berkala setiap 6 bulan sekali (Depkes RI., 1996)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
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</description><link>http://alanhendrawan.blogspot.com/2013/02/jaringan-periodontia_6566.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Alan Hendrawan)</author><thr:total>0</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7302740288485214704.post-4710110012772772013</guid><pubDate>Tue, 26 Feb 2013 03:44:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2013-02-25T19:44:56.191-08:00</atom:updated><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">Learning materials</category><title>Penerapan Model Pembelajaran Problem Based Learning Untuk Meningkatkan Hasil Belajar dan Kreativitas Siswa</title><description>&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; trbidi=&quot;on&quot;&gt;
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  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;9&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;heading 8&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;9&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;heading 9&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 7&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 8&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 9&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;35&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;caption&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;10&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Title&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;1&quot; Name=&quot;Default Paragraph Font&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;11&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Subtitle&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;22&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Strong&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;20&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Emphasis&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;59&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Table Grid&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Placeholder Text&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;1&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;No Spacing&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light List&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light List Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Revision&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;34&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;List Paragraph&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;29&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Quote&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;30&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Intense Quote&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light List Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light List Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light List Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light List Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light List Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;19&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Subtle Emphasis&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;21&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Intense Emphasis&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;31&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Subtle Reference&quot;/&gt;
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&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;ABSTRAK&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Anisa, Nur. 2009. &lt;i&gt;Penerapan Model Pembelajaran
“Problem Based Learning”&lt;/i&gt; &lt;i&gt;Untuk Meningkatkan Hasil Belajar dan
Kreativitas Siswa (Studi Pada&lt;/i&gt; &lt;i&gt;Siswa Kelas XI Jurusan APK-2 di SMK Negeri
1 Turen Pada Mata Diklat&lt;/i&gt; &lt;i&gt;Mail Handling)&lt;/i&gt;. Skripsi. Program Studi
Pendidikan Administrasi Perkantoran Fakultas Ekonomi Universitas Negeri Malang.&lt;br /&gt;
Pembimbing : (1) Dr. Budi Eko Soetjipto, M.Si., M.Ed, (2) Dr. Syihabudhin S.E.,
M.Si&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Pada pelaksanaan pembelajaran pada umumnya, pembelajaran di dalam kelas pada
beberapa sekolah masih menggunakan metode pembelajaran konvensional yang mana
guru masih mendominasi dengan kegiatan ceramah. Apabila hal ini dilakukan
secara terus menerus maka kondisi pembelajarn di dalam kelas tidak dapat
berkembang. Hal ini dikarenakan setiap siswa dalam proses pembelajaran tidak
dapat mengapresiasikan pendapatnya ketika dia menemukan suatu permasalahan yang
memerlukan pemecahan. Seharusnya pembelajaran di dalam kelas sudah harus
diarahkan untuk membentuk siswa menjadi manusia yang mandiri dalam
menyelesaikan berbagai permasalahan yang dijumpainya ketika dia dihadapkan pada
permasalahan di kehidupan nyata. Banyaknya model pembelajaran pada metode
kooperatif dapat menjadi salah satu pilihan seorang pendidik untuk mengurangi
dominasi pembelajaran di dalam kelas. Siswa sudah harus aktif untuk
mengaplikasikan antara materi yang ada dengan permasalahan yang akan dihadapi
dalam dunia nyata. Hal ini dapat menguntungkan siswa, apabila siswa dapat
berkreasi dengan ide-ide yang ada dalam setiap permasalahan yang ada, maka
seorang siswa akan terbiasa menghadapi permasalahan yang berkaitan dengan
materi yang telah dipelajarinya. Salah satu model pembelajaran alternatif
tersebut adalah model pembelajaran &lt;i&gt;problem based learning&lt;/i&gt; atau model
pembelajaran pemecahan masalah. Model pembelajaran ini dapat mengurangi
dominasi guru dalam mengajar di dalam kelas.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Model pembelajaran ini sekaligus dapat mengorganisir siswa dalam menyelesaikan
masalah yang diberikan guru pada kegiatan pembelajaran. Sekaligus model
pembelajaran ini dapat membiasakan siswa untuk bekerja dalam sebuah kelompok
kecil. Lokasi penelitian ini dilaksanakan di SMK Negeri 1 Turen. Subjek
penelitian adalah siswa kelas XI jurusan APK-2 SMK Negeri 1 Turen. Dengan
jumlah siswa 43 siswa, 2 orang siswa putra dan 41 siswa putri. Jenis penelitian
ini adalah Penelitian Tindakan Kelas (PTK) atau &lt;i&gt;Classroom Action Research&lt;/i&gt;
(CAR), karena dalam penelitian ini peneliti bekerja sama dan berkolaborasi
dengan guru dalam proses pembelajaran di kelas. Penelitian tindakan kelas yang
digunakan dalam penelitian ini dilakukan dengan dua siklus. Dimana dalam setiap
siklus meliputi empat tahapan yaitu: Perencanaan, tindakan/obesravasi,
evaluasi, dan refleksi. Dari hasil pelaksanaan model pembelajaran &lt;i&gt;problem
based learning&lt;/i&gt; ini dapat diketahui peningkatan nilai yang didapat oleh
siswa dari dua siklus pelaksanaan model pembelajaran &lt;i&gt;problem based learning&lt;/i&gt;
mengalami peningkatan, baik itu penilaian dari aspek kognitif, aspek
psikomotorik, dan aspek afektif. Namun peningkatan yang paling menentukan
keberhasilan ini adalah dilihat dari penilaian aspek kognitif, yaitu
perbandingan antara nilai pre test dan post test yang di dapat pada siklus
pertama dan siklus ke dua.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Kesimpulan yang didapat dari hasil pelaksanaan penelitian penerapan model
pembelajaran &lt;i&gt;problem based learning&lt;/i&gt; adalah sebagai berikut: (1)
Penerapan model pembelajaran &lt;i&gt;problem based learning&lt;/i&gt; dapat meningkatkan
hasil belajar siswa pada kelas XI APK-2 di SMK Negeri 1 Turen pada mata diklat &lt;i&gt;Mail
Handling&lt;/i&gt;. Peningkatan ini dapat dilihat dari tiga aspek penilaian ranah
kognitif, ranah afektif, dan ranah psikomotorik. (2) Penerapan model
pembelajaran &lt;i&gt;problem based learning&lt;/i&gt; dapat meningkatkan kreativitas siswa
pada kelas XI APK-2 di SMK Negeri 1 Turen pada mata diklat &lt;i&gt;Mail Handling&lt;/i&gt;
ketika mereka menghadapi permasalahan yang harus dicari pemecahannya. Adapun
saran yang diberikan peneliti untuk peneliti selanjutnya dalah sebagai berikut
: (1)Untuk guru pengajar SMK khususnya pada mata diklat &lt;i&gt;mail handling&lt;/i&gt;
dalam melakukan proses pembelajaran dapat menggunakan metode pembelajaran
kooperatif dengan memilih model pembelajaran &lt;i&gt;problem based&lt;/i&gt; &lt;i&gt;learning&lt;/i&gt;
untuk meningkatkan hasil belajar dan kreatifitas siswa. (2) Dalam pemilihan
permasalahan atau artikel dalam penerapan model pembelajaran &lt;i&gt;problem based
learning&lt;/i&gt; baiknya dipilih suatu artikel permasalahan yang sesuai dengan
materi pelajaran yang diberikan kepada murid. Kalaupun ada sedikit perbedaan,
sebaiknya perbedaan yang ada itu tidak menyimpang terlalu jauh dari mata diklat
yang diajarkan. (3) Dalam melaksanakan proses pembelajaran &lt;i&gt;problem based
learning&lt;/i&gt; hendaknya dipertimbangkan masalah waktu dengan tujuan pembelajaran
yang akan dicapai. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Posted 04 Aug 2011 07:41 PM by admin in &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://blog.tp.ac.id/category/abstrak-penelitian&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;color: blue; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Abstrak Penelitian&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Artikel ini disalin dari : &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://blog.tp.ac.id/penerapan-model-pembelajaran-problem-based-learning-untuk-meningkatkan-hasil-belajar-dan-kreativitas-siswa#ixzz26aXnNBsA&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;color: #003399; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;http://blog.tp.ac.id/penerapan-model-pembelajaran-problem-based-learning-untuk-meningkatkan-hasil-belajar-dan-kreativitas-siswa#ixzz26aXnNBsA&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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</description><link>http://alanhendrawan.blogspot.com/2013/02/penerapan-model-pembelajaran-problem.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Alan Hendrawan)</author><thr:total>1</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7302740288485214704.post-5659096456800358042</guid><pubDate>Mon, 21 Jan 2013 02:16:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2013-01-20T18:16:33.869-08:00</atom:updated><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">Kedokteran</category><title>CANINUS TEETH MORPHOLOGY</title><description>&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; trbidi=&quot;on&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEibL25AX4eb8kX85jgKOr1zgCGXiQz1beuoGd3_N8-L-zgjX5bUgw1JpnJPqJWz6V1yf0ngVVy38d2GvbwqoRcDPpOU_IdqkRn132pWdrfy9-jtvaKW-63Vov9IXsAqb42Xq4btSl0Iu0Zz/s1600/lidah+manusia.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;282&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEibL25AX4eb8kX85jgKOr1zgCGXiQz1beuoGd3_N8-L-zgjX5bUgw1JpnJPqJWz6V1yf0ngVVy38d2GvbwqoRcDPpOU_IdqkRn132pWdrfy9-jtvaKW-63Vov9IXsAqb42Xq4btSl0Iu0Zz/s320/lidah+manusia.jpg&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;”Betapa
beruntungnya kita masih mendapat fasilitas dan bisa sekolah di kg umy ini
sehingga masih bisa kuliah tanpa memikirkan biaya atau bagaimana saya bisa
membayar sop, untuk itu saya mengajak teman teman untuk selalu bersyukur dan
memanfaatkan ini semua semaksimal mungkin, untuk terus belajar dan memperkuat
iman kita &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;J&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; coba liat saudara
saudara kita yang dijalanan mereka tidak bisa menikmati yang kita nikmati.”&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;a name=&#39;more&#39;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;CANINE&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;MORPHOLOGY&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormalCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;Erlina SM,drg,M Kes&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormalCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormalCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormalCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;Canine atau Caninus adalah nama lain dari gigi taring gigi &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;yang berfungsi untuk merobe&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;k makanan, &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Kali ini saya akan mengulas tentang ciri-ciri gigi taring :)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormalCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormalCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;Maxillary Canine&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormalCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormalCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;•&lt;span style=&quot;-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Bukti kalsifikasi 4-5 bulan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormalCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;•&lt;span style=&quot;-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Enamel menyelesaikan 6-7
tahun&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormalCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;•&lt;span style=&quot;-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Letusan 11-12 tahun&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormalCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;•&lt;span style=&quot;-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;height: 208px; left: 0px; margin-left: 416px; margin-top: 6px; position: absolute; width: 110px; z-index: 251659746;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Akar menyelesaikan
13-15 tahun&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormalCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;Maxillary canine, cont’&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormalCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormalCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;•&lt;span style=&quot;-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;Crown spt mata tombak&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormalCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;•&lt;span style=&quot;-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;Gigi terpanjang &amp;amp;gigi terkuat di anterior&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormalCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;•&lt;span style=&quot;-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;Punya 1 tonjol&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormalCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormalCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;Labial aspect&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormalCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;•&lt;span style=&quot;-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;Convec&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormalCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;•&lt;span style=&quot;-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;Crista ke arah permukaan membagi facies labial jadi 2 bagian&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormalCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1in; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;–&lt;span style=&quot;-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;Fc mesio labial (sempit, mir &amp;lt; dir)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormalCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1in; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;–&lt;span style=&quot;-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;Fc disto labial (lebar)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormalCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Mir/dir : mesio/disto incisal
ridge&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormalCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormalCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Incisal aspect &lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormalCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;•&lt;span style=&quot;-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;Incisal ridge membentuk huruf V&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormalCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;•&lt;span style=&quot;-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;Bagian mesial lebih rendah&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormalCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;•&lt;span style=&quot;-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;Ujung cusp pada poros gigi&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormalCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormalCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;Proximal aspect&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormalCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;•&lt;span style=&quot;-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;Ujung cusp cenderung lebih ke labial dari poros gigi&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormalCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;•&lt;span style=&quot;-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormalCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormalCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormalCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;Palatinal aspect&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormalCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;•&lt;span style=&quot;-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;Cingulum, tubercullum, fossa, jelas&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormalCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;•&lt;span style=&quot;-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;Fossa palatinal terbagi 2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormalCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1in; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;–&lt;span style=&quot;-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;Fossa mesio palatinal&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormalCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1in; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;–&lt;span style=&quot;-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;height: 183px; left: 0px; margin-left: 451px; margin-top: 16px; position: absolute; width: 86px; z-index: 251662818;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;Fossa disto palatinal&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormalCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;•&lt;span style=&quot;-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;Kedua fossa dibatasi (3 crista):&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormalCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1in; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;–&lt;span style=&quot;-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;Crista mesialis&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormalCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1in; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;–&lt;span style=&quot;-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;Crista palatinalis&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormalCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1in; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;–&lt;span style=&quot;-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;Crista distalis&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormalCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormalCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;Radix&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormalCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;•&lt;span style=&quot;-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;Satu, panjang 2-2,5 kali pjg crown&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormalCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;•&lt;span style=&quot;-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;Canal pulp 1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormalCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;•&lt;span style=&quot;-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;Permukaan akar sebelah mesial dan bucal ada sulcus&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormalCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormalCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormalCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span&gt;Mandibulary Canine&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormalCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormalCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;•&lt;span style=&quot;-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Bukti kalsifikasi 4 bulan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormalCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;•&lt;span style=&quot;-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Enamel menyelesaikan 7 tahun&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormalCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;•&lt;span style=&quot;-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Letusan 9-10 tahun&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormalCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;•&lt;span style=&quot;-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Akar menyelesaikan 13 tahun&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;u&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;“Bentuk seperti upper
Canine tapi lebih ramping, runcing, halusMahkota distal lebih membulat”&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormalCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;Labial aspect&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormalCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;•&lt;span style=&quot;-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;Crown kelihatan panjang&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormalCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;•&lt;span style=&quot;-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;Amat convex &amp;amp; membelok ke arah lingual&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormalCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;KRONENFLUCHT&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormalCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;•&lt;span style=&quot;-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;Crista yg membagi fc labial menjadi 2 tidak jelas&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormalCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;•&lt;span style=&quot;-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;Ujung cusp lebih ke mesial dari as gigi&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormalCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormalCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;Proximal&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormalCxSpMiddle&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;•&lt;span style=&quot;-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;Puncak cusp lebih ke lingual dari as gigi&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormalCxSpMiddle&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormalCxSpMiddle&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;Radix&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormalCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;•&lt;span style=&quot;-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;Dibanding Canine atas lebih gepeng&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormalCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;•&lt;span style=&quot;-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;Jika membelok ke arah distal&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormalCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;•&lt;span style=&quot;-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;pul[p canal 1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;•&lt;span style=&quot;-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;Permukaan mesial dan distal radix ada sulcus&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormalCxSpMiddle&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;Incisal&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;•&lt;span style=&quot;-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;height: 182px; left: 0px; margin-left: 495px; margin-top: 13px; position: absolute; width: 88px; z-index: 251666914;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;height: 93px; left: 0px; margin-left: 397px; margin-top: 12px; position: absolute; width: 81px; z-index: 251672034;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;Incisal ridge bentuk V&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;•&lt;span style=&quot;-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;Mir lebih pendek dari dir&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;•&lt;span style=&quot;-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;Bagian distal lebih rendah dari mesial&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormalCxSpMiddle&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;Lingual aspect&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;•&lt;span style=&quot;-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;Cingulum tidak jelas&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;Fossa, ridge kurang jelas&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormalCxSpMiddle&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormalCxSpMiddle&quot;&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;b&gt; &lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;T&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;erima kasih sebesar-besarnya untuk sumber belajar kita, berbagi ilmu adalah hal yang sa&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;ngat mulia dan &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;insya&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Allah akan mendapat balasan dari Allah sebijak-bi&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;jaknya :)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
</description><link>http://alanhendrawan.blogspot.com/2013/01/caninus-teeth-morphology.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Alan Hendrawan)</author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEibL25AX4eb8kX85jgKOr1zgCGXiQz1beuoGd3_N8-L-zgjX5bUgw1JpnJPqJWz6V1yf0ngVVy38d2GvbwqoRcDPpOU_IdqkRn132pWdrfy9-jtvaKW-63Vov9IXsAqb42Xq4btSl0Iu0Zz/s72-c/lidah+manusia.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7302740288485214704.post-5851839636227582740</guid><pubDate>Mon, 21 Jan 2013 02:15:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2013-01-20T18:15:25.648-08:00</atom:updated><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">Kedokteran</category><title>INCISIVUS TEETH MORPHOLOGY</title><description>&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; trbidi=&quot;on&quot;&gt;
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  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 7&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 8&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 9&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;35&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;caption&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;10&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Title&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;1&quot; Name=&quot;Default Paragraph Font&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;11&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Subtitle&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;22&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Strong&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;20&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Emphasis&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;59&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Table Grid&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Placeholder Text&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;1&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;No Spacing&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light List&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light List Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Revision&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;34&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;List Paragraph&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;29&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Quote&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;30&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Intense Quote&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light List Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light List Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light List Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light List Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light List Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;19&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Subtle Emphasis&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;21&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Intense Emphasis&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;31&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Subtle Reference&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;32&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Intense Reference&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;33&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Book Title&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;37&quot; Name=&quot;Bibliography&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;TOC Heading&quot;/&gt;
 &lt;/w:LatentStyles&gt;
&lt;/xml&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;!--[if gte mso 10]&gt;
&lt;style&gt;
 /* Style Definitions */
 table.MsoNormalTable
 {mso-style-name:&quot;Table Normal&quot;;
 mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
 mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
 mso-style-noshow:yes;
 mso-style-priority:99;
 mso-style-parent:&quot;&quot;;
 mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;
 mso-para-margin:0in;
 mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt;
 mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
 font-size:10.0pt;
 font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;
 mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;}
&lt;/style&gt;
&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt;
 &lt;o:shapedefaults v:ext=&quot;edit&quot; spidmax=&quot;1055&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/xml&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt;
 &lt;o:shapelayout v:ext=&quot;edit&quot;&gt;
  &lt;o:idmap v:ext=&quot;edit&quot; data=&quot;1&quot;/&gt;
 &lt;/o:shapelayout&gt;&lt;/xml&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEixJkuf2fWxWgAjrN0b4h9MUKIGx6nol1ER3cNvSdmDqN9LTg36TbUcLG6Q-4bPuB4TbSagXWO7g8L7-vdWc2zQkJXI8RvVdO4Is0bdrJGlKW9uKPIk7pdz4nkyTMwZ5gTAOloLwLVfV8xH/s1600/lidah+manusia.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;282&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEixJkuf2fWxWgAjrN0b4h9MUKIGx6nol1ER3cNvSdmDqN9LTg36TbUcLG6Q-4bPuB4TbSagXWO7g8L7-vdWc2zQkJXI8RvVdO4Is0bdrJGlKW9uKPIk7pdz4nkyTMwZ5gTAOloLwLVfV8xH/s320/lidah+manusia.jpg&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormalCxSpFirst&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormalCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;”Betapa
beruntungnya kita masih mendapat fasilitas dan bisa sekolah di kg umy ini
sehingga masih bisa kuliah tanpa memikirkan biaya atau bagaimana saya bisa
membayar sop, untuk itu saya mengajak teman teman untuk selalu bersyukur dan
memanfaatkan ini semua semaksimal mungkin, untuk terus belajar dan memperkuat
iman kita &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;J&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; coba liat saudara
saudara kita yang dijalanan mereka tidak bisa menikmati yang kita nikmati.” &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;a name=&#39;more&#39;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormalCxSpFirst&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormalCxSpFirst&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;INCISIVUS
TEETH&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormalCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;By
Erlina SM, DDS, MH&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormalCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormalCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormalCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormalCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;Insicivus adalah bahasa latin atau ilmi&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;ah dari gigi seri kali ini kita akan mem&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;pelajari ciri-ciri gigi seri tersebut .&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormalCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormalCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormalCxSpLast&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;INCISIVUS
PERMANENT TEETH&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormalCxSpLast&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;-&lt;span style=&quot;-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;8 gigi&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;-&lt;span style=&quot;-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Incisivus centralis, atas
dan bawah, kanan dan kiri&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpLast&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;-&lt;span style=&quot;-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Incisivus lateralis, atas
dan bawah, kanan dan kiri&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpLast&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormalCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span&gt;Maxillary Incisivus
Centralis&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormalCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormalCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;²&lt;span style=&quot;-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Bukti bulan kalsifikasi 3-4&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormalCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;²&lt;span style=&quot;-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Enamel menyelesaikan 4-5 tahun&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormalCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;²&lt;span style=&quot;-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Letusan 7-8 tahun&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormalCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;²&lt;span style=&quot;-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Akar menyelesaikan 10 tahun&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormalCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormalCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;height: 185px; margin-left: 337px; margin-top: 12px; position: absolute; width: 100px; z-index: 251646434;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormalCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;Labial
aspect&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormalCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Crown seperti sekop&lt;br /&gt;
Insisal ridge mamelon&lt;br /&gt;
Disto insisal ridge, membulat /&lt;br /&gt;
Mesio insisal ridge, tajam 90&lt;br /&gt;
2 sulkus, menghilang Ke arah leher rahim&lt;br /&gt;
- Sulkus labial disto&lt;br /&gt;
-sulkus labial mesio&lt;br /&gt;
membagi jadi 3 bagian triconodont&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormalCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;height: 185px; margin-left: 455px; margin-top: 2px; position: absolute; width: 103px; z-index: 251647458;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormalCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormalCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormalCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;Palatal
aspect&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormalCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;²&lt;span style=&quot;-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;Concaf&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormalCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;²&lt;span style=&quot;-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;Fossa palatina terdapat
crista mesialis dan crysta distalis&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormalCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;²&lt;span style=&quot;-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;Cingulum &amp;amp;
tubercullum di cervic&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormalCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormalCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormalCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormalCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;height: 185px; margin-left: 399px; margin-top: 11px; position: absolute; width: 95px; z-index: 251648482;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormalCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;Akar
/ radix&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormalCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;²&lt;span style=&quot;-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;Satu, pulp canal 1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormalCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;²&lt;span style=&quot;-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;Panjang 1-1,5 kali crown&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormalCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;²&lt;span style=&quot;-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;Lurus atau bengkok ke
palatinal/distal&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormalCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;²&lt;span style=&quot;-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;Bentuk seperti kerucut&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormalCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;²&lt;span style=&quot;-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;Tebal, apex bulat&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormalCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;²&lt;span style=&quot;-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;Potongan melintang
berbentuk segitiga sama sisi&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormalCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormalCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormalCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormalCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span&gt;Maxillary Incisivus
Lateralis&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormalCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormalCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;²&lt;span style=&quot;-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Bukti kalsifikasi 10 - 12 bulan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormalCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;²&lt;span style=&quot;-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;e&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;namel
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;selesai&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt; 4-5 tahun&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormalCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;²&lt;span style=&quot;-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;height: 220px; left: 0px; margin-left: 306px; margin-top: 11px; position: absolute; width: 93px; z-index: 251650530;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Letusan 8-9 tahun&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormalCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;²&lt;span style=&quot;-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Akar menyelesaikan 11 tahun&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormalCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormalCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;Labial
aspect&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormalCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;²&lt;span style=&quot;-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;Lebih convec dari
incisivus sentralis&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormalCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;²&lt;span style=&quot;-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;Sudut mesio incisal
lancip, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormalCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;height: 229px; margin-left: 413px; margin-top: 4px; position: absolute; width: 97px; z-index: 251643362;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormalCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormalCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormalCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;Palatal
aspect&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormalCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;²&lt;span style=&quot;-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;Lebih concaf dari I
centralis&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormalCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;²&lt;span style=&quot;-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;height: 247px; left: 0px; margin-left: 529px; margin-top: 11px; position: absolute; width: 105px; z-index: 251651554;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;Ada lingual pit&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormalCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;²&lt;span style=&quot;-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;Fossa palatinal lebih
jelas&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormalCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;²&lt;span style=&quot;-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;Corak marginal ridge,
huruf V&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormalCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormalCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;Radiks
/ akar&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormalCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;²&lt;span style=&quot;-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;Satu, panjang 1-1,5 crown&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormalCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;²&lt;span style=&quot;-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;Apex runcing, membelok ke
distal&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormalCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;²&lt;span style=&quot;-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;Pulp canal 1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormalCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;²&lt;span style=&quot;-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;Akar lebih ramping &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormalCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormalCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;position: relative; z-index: 251652578;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;height: 331px; left: 51px; position: absolute; top: -69px; width: 513px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormalCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormalCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormalCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span&gt;Mandibulary Centralis
Incisivus&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormalCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormalCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;²&lt;span style=&quot;-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Bukti kalsifikasi 10 - 12 bulan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormalCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;²&lt;span style=&quot;-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;e&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;namel
menyelesaikan 4-5 tahun&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormalCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;²&lt;span style=&quot;-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Letusan 8-9 tahun&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormalCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;²&lt;span style=&quot;-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;height: 244px; left: 0px; margin-left: 469px; margin-top: 11px; position: absolute; width: 103px; z-index: 251653602;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Akar menyelesaikan 11 tahun&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormalCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormalCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;Labial
aspect&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormalCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;²&lt;span style=&quot;-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;Crown bentuk pahat, halus&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormalCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;²&lt;span style=&quot;-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;Mesio incisal lancip&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormalCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;²&lt;span style=&quot;-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;Disto incisal lebih bulat&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormalCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;²&lt;span style=&quot;-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;Mesio facial line angle
&amp;gt; panjang dari disto facial line angle&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormalCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormalCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormalCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;Lingual aspect&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormalCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;²&lt;span style=&quot;-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;Cingulum amat kecil&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormalCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;²&lt;span style=&quot;-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;Tubercullum dan pit tidak
ada&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormalCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;²&lt;span style=&quot;-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;height: 166px; left: 0px; margin-left: 482px; margin-top: 15px; position: absolute; width: 70px; z-index: 251654626;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;height: 165px; left: 0px; margin-left: 372px; margin-top: 15px; position: absolute; width: 81px; z-index: 251645410;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;height: 165px; left: 0px; margin-left: 271px; margin-top: 15px; position: absolute; width: 73px; z-index: 251644386;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;Fossa lingual dangkal&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormalCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormalCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormalCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;Proximal aspect&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormalCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;²&lt;span style=&quot;-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;Datar&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormalCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;²&lt;span style=&quot;-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;Berbentuk segitiga&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormalCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormalCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormalCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;Radix
/ Akar&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormalCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;²&lt;span style=&quot;-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;Lurus dan gepeng/pipih&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormalCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;²&lt;span style=&quot;-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;Belok ke distal/labial&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormalCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;²&lt;span style=&quot;-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;Potongan melintang berbentuk oval&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormalCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;²&lt;span style=&quot;-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;Mesial dstal radix ada sulcus, distal lebih jelas&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormalCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;²&lt;span style=&quot;-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;Pulp canal 1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormalCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;height: 365px; margin-left: 144px; margin-top: 12px; position: absolute; width: 354px; z-index: 251655650;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormalCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormalCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormalCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormalCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormalCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span&gt;Mandibulary Lateralis
Incisivus&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormalCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormalCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;²&lt;span style=&quot;-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Bukti bulan kalsifikasi 3-4&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormalCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;²&lt;span style=&quot;-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;e&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;namel menyelesaikan 4-5 tahun&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormalCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;²&lt;span style=&quot;-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Letusan 7-8 tahun&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormalCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;²&lt;span style=&quot;-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;IN&quot;&gt;Akar menyelesaikan 10 tahun&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormalCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormalCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;‘Bentuk sama dengan
Incisivus centralis, tetapi sedikit lebih besar dan tebal’&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormalCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormalCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;height: 211px; margin-left: 468px; margin-top: 6px; position: absolute; width: 109px; z-index: 251656674;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormalCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormalCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;Labial
aspect&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormalCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;²&lt;span style=&quot;-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;Mesial dostal lebih bulat&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormalCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;²&lt;span style=&quot;-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;Mesio facial line angle &amp;gt; disto facila line angle&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormalCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;²&lt;span style=&quot;-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;Incisal ridge miring ke distal &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormalCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;²&lt;span style=&quot;-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;Sulcus pada labial lebih dalam dibanding incisivus centralis&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormalCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormalCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;position: relative; z-index: 251657698;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;height: 209px; left: 402px; position: absolute; top: -25px; width: 96px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;Lingual aspec&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormalCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;²&lt;span style=&quot;-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;Lebih menonjol dibanding incisivus centralis&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormalCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;²&lt;span style=&quot;-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;Ridge berkembang&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormalCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;²&lt;span style=&quot;-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;Fossa kelihatan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormalCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormalCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormalCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;Radix
/ Akar&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormalCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;²&lt;span style=&quot;-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;Panjang dan pipih&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormalCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;²&lt;span style=&quot;-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;Sulcus mesial distallebih
jelas&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormalCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormalCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormalCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormalCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;T&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;erima kasih sebesar-besarnya untuk sumber belajar kita, berbagi ilmu adalah hal yang sa&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;ngat mulia dan &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;insya&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Allah akan mendapat balasan dari Allah sebijak-bi&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;jaknya :)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
</description><link>http://alanhendrawan.blogspot.com/2013/01/incisivus-teeth-morphology.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Alan Hendrawan)</author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEixJkuf2fWxWgAjrN0b4h9MUKIGx6nol1ER3cNvSdmDqN9LTg36TbUcLG6Q-4bPuB4TbSagXWO7g8L7-vdWc2zQkJXI8RvVdO4Is0bdrJGlKW9uKPIk7pdz4nkyTMwZ5gTAOloLwLVfV8xH/s72-c/lidah+manusia.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7302740288485214704.post-9047373599640023488</guid><pubDate>Tue, 27 Nov 2012 15:30:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2012-11-27T07:30:45.142-08:00</atom:updated><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">Kedokteran</category><title>Muskuloskeletal Kedokteran Dasar </title><description>&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; trbidi=&quot;on&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjs13ps18001ZIp_bYxOz-E7SOsJ1PPbp-vQOFYusDY3wwvfeUnDarcux6hyFUKzKZSpJYnOOt0vO3poA_sBZUp6R94ECGyOoydQhr0gvjZtPYX-bQGzlwZyTcRON6Vbwu13bv_BniV67gP/s1600/Arcee_motorcycle.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;311&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjs13ps18001ZIp_bYxOz-E7SOsJ1PPbp-vQOFYusDY3wwvfeUnDarcux6hyFUKzKZSpJYnOOt0vO3poA_sBZUp6R94ECGyOoydQhr0gvjZtPYX-bQGzlwZyTcRON6Vbwu13bv_BniV67gP/s320/Arcee_motorcycle.jpg&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Materi Kedokteran Dasar untuk Kedokteran Gigi, Muskuloskeletal.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;a name=&#39;more&#39;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
PENGANTAR SISTEM MUSKULOSKELETAL 1&lt;br /&gt;Oleh : dr. Dirwan Suryo Soularto2&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
Di Publikasikan Oleh Tim Modul KG UMY 2012&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;TIU :&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Setelah mempelajari bab ini mahasiswa dapat mendiskusikan peran sistem&lt;br /&gt;muskuloskeletal dalam sistem lokomomotor&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;TIK :&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Setelah mempelajari bab ini mahasiswa dapat :&lt;br /&gt;1. Menyebutkan fungsi sistem otot, tulang dan persendian&lt;br /&gt;2. Menerangkan proses kejadian tulang&lt;br /&gt;3. Menyebutkan struktur makroskopik dan mikroskopik otot dan tulang&lt;br /&gt;4. Mengklasifikasikan berbagai jenis tulang, otot dan persendian&lt;br /&gt;5. Menerangkan mekanisme kontraksi otot rangka&lt;br /&gt;6. Menganalisis berbagai macam aksi otot rangka saat melakukan gerakan&lt;br /&gt;7. Mengaitkan sistem muskuloskeletal dengan sistem lainnya antara lain&lt;br /&gt;sistem lokomotor, saraf (inervasi) dan pembuluh darah (vascularisasi)&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Silahkan Download materi dengan klik lambang download dibawah ini :&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;http://adf.ly/FMCnt&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEilBcULNNM3sUl4ZNqtOHFWzGJmjwAOjXHqx6OajrooUn9INaIzR1y4U0elIRaOr7XKJcXI0CMm54KHhbgtrXXLQFx3M7dVEVY6YXx99ch6phaVHWvU0jMt30Fy-S01631G3fchzIEygq4/s1600/Download.png&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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Terimakasih atas kerjasamanya :) Semoga sukses dan semoga materi ini dapat bermanfaat untuk teman teman. &lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
</description><link>http://alanhendrawan.blogspot.com/2012/11/muskuloskeletal-kedokteran-dasar.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Alan Hendrawan)</author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjs13ps18001ZIp_bYxOz-E7SOsJ1PPbp-vQOFYusDY3wwvfeUnDarcux6hyFUKzKZSpJYnOOt0vO3poA_sBZUp6R94ECGyOoydQhr0gvjZtPYX-bQGzlwZyTcRON6Vbwu13bv_BniV67gP/s72-c/Arcee_motorcycle.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7302740288485214704.post-4809878738775390693</guid><pubDate>Thu, 02 Aug 2012 02:23:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2012-08-01T19:23:00.330-07:00</atom:updated><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">Mobile phone</category><title>Tips Membaca BBM Tanpa Merubah &quot;D&quot; Menjadi &quot;R&quot;</title><description>&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; trbidi=&quot;on&quot;&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjWusaTfHp_AKN3Pssx-26wPkA16i3bwiDGLiReJwgZa9_O0LpmFfiN1WyU-NvERDFMAlF_FMFwBFdtz8z0eKgJQg9z0VgH72hwH848xYThkrvRJjFmXbLAaz5K4jiXz_7Wn1txgR6_ZNn/s1600/12819923251949.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;240&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjWusaTfHp_AKN3Pssx-26wPkA16i3bwiDGLiReJwgZa9_O0LpmFfiN1WyU-NvERDFMAlF_FMFwBFdtz8z0eKgJQg9z0VgH72hwH848xYThkrvRJjFmXbLAaz5K4jiXz_7Wn1txgR6_ZNn/s320/12819923251949.jpg&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Tips membaca BBM tanpa merubah D menjadi R!!&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Sebenarnya ini adalah cara yang agak sedikit curang. Tetapi fitur 
tersebut sudah lama tersedia di BBM dari versi jaman masih menggunakan 
BBM versi 4.5.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;a name=&#39;more&#39;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Berikut tipsnya:&lt;br /&gt;
•Bukalah App BBM Anda&lt;br /&gt;
•Setelah masuk dan terlihat list contact Anda, tekan tombol menu&lt;br /&gt;
•Pilih option, carilah “save chat history”, lalu ganti “never” menjadi 
Device atau Mediacard. Saran saja, sebaiknya pilih Media Card. Lalu 
tekan tombol back dan save.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Okay… Sekarang sebenarnya Anda sudah siap untuk menghindar dari Pasangan
 Anda. Tetapi lakukan dulu pengetesan dengan menggunakan BB teman Anda. 
Minta teman Anda untuk mengirim pesan BBM ke Anda. Ketika pesan BBM 
masuk, jangan langsung dibuka pesannya. Biarkan saja dulu.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Sekarang buka Aplikasi BBM, Anda akan melihat pesan yang belum terbaca 
tadi. Arahkan cursor ke pengirim tersebut. Tapi JANGAN DIBUKA YA.. 
selanjutnya, tekan Menu, pilih “view chat history”. Lihat tanggal 
terakhir, dan taraaaaa!! Anda bisa membaca pesan BBM tersebut. 
Sebenarnya yang Anda baca adalah history dari chat BBM. Sehingga tidak 
akan terkirim notifikasi yang berhuruf “R” ke si pengirim. Silahkan cek 
ke BBM pengirim, apakah berubah menjadi “R”? yang tertulis pasti hanya 
notifikasi “D” yang artinya pesan telah sampai ke penerima, tetapi belum
 dibaca.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Jadi mulai sekarang, Anda dengan mudah bisa menghindar dari Pasangan 
Anda. Dengan alasan “Maaf sayang, baru baca BBMnya, tadi lagi nyetir” 
atau “BB saya ketinggalan di dalam tas, gak kedengeran” atau &quot;Kapan 
kirimnya? oh iya.. masuk kok sibuk dari tadi&quot; , padahal Anda sebenarnya 
sudah membaca pesan tersebut tetapi tidak diketahui oleh si pengirim.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Tips dan Trik BlackBerry &lt;/div&gt;</description><link>http://alanhendrawan.blogspot.com/2012/08/tips-membaca-bbm-tanpa-merubah-d.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Alan Hendrawan)</author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjWusaTfHp_AKN3Pssx-26wPkA16i3bwiDGLiReJwgZa9_O0LpmFfiN1WyU-NvERDFMAlF_FMFwBFdtz8z0eKgJQg9z0VgH72hwH848xYThkrvRJjFmXbLAaz5K4jiXz_7Wn1txgR6_ZNn/s72-c/12819923251949.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>2</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7302740288485214704.post-6002398758827294349</guid><pubDate>Thu, 02 Aug 2012 02:19:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2012-08-01T19:19:27.526-07:00</atom:updated><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">Wallpaper</category><title>Kumpulan Sky Wallpaper</title><description>&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; trbidi=&quot;on&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiBNZXhNuKoY9W_YYZE-BdTDrUd6vjhq4mr_DX3fkXMVJtdZ0wASZJs6thPbZ_xvoHOlS0HnNzkKfQ7OSrDqcc_hBK23MHDUqoKbHv6Mc9o38sPuGukjd0CPdYQLLLWD_3iE8490DsOS7e2/s1600/sunset_over_the_cloud_ii_by_niophee-d2v6vpc.jpg&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;300&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiBNZXhNuKoY9W_YYZE-BdTDrUd6vjhq4mr_DX3fkXMVJtdZ0wASZJs6thPbZ_xvoHOlS0HnNzkKfQ7OSrDqcc_hBK23MHDUqoKbHv6Mc9o38sPuGukjd0CPdYQLLLWD_3iE8490DsOS7e2/s400/sunset_over_the_cloud_ii_by_niophee-d2v6vpc.jpg&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
Silahkan unduh atau langsung copy saja kumpulan gambar awan atau sky wallpaper atau sunset wallpaper dijamin mak nyuss. Sumber dari google, yang terangkum dengan baik.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;a name=&#39;more&#39;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;/div&gt;</description><link>http://alanhendrawan.blogspot.com/2012/08/kumpulan-sky-wallpaper.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Alan Hendrawan)</author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiBNZXhNuKoY9W_YYZE-BdTDrUd6vjhq4mr_DX3fkXMVJtdZ0wASZJs6thPbZ_xvoHOlS0HnNzkKfQ7OSrDqcc_hBK23MHDUqoKbHv6Mc9o38sPuGukjd0CPdYQLLLWD_3iE8490DsOS7e2/s72-c/sunset_over_the_cloud_ii_by_niophee-d2v6vpc.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>2</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7302740288485214704.post-5140421846383151162</guid><pubDate>Fri, 20 Jul 2012 02:31:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2012-07-19T19:31:09.604-07:00</atom:updated><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">General info</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">Knowledge of Islamic</category><title>Kumpulan Ucapan dan Kata-kata SMS Ucapan Selamat Puasa Ramadhan</title><description>&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; trbidi=&quot;on&quot;&gt;
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Kumpulan kata-kata ucapan ramadhan 2012, selamat menikmati, gratis :).&lt;br /&gt;Mohon maaf yang sebesar-besarnya ada saya - Makeyousmile&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;a name=&#39;more&#39;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;ol&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Ya Allah, muliakan &amp;amp; sayangilah saudaraku ini, bahagiakan  keluarganya, berkahi rizkinya, kuatkan imannya. Berikanlah kenikmatan  ibadahnya, jauhkan dari segala fitnah. amiin. &quot;AHLAN WASAHLAN YA  RAMADHAN&quot; mohon maaf lahir dan batin&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Marhaban yaa Ramadhan, pucuk selasih bertunas menjulang  dahannya patah tolong betulkan, puasa Ramadhan kembali menjelang, salah  dan khilaf mohon dimaafkan. Selamat Menunaikan Ibadah puasa&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Hari berlalu begitu cepat segudang aktivitas telah menguras  tenaga &amp;amp; pikiran kita, hingga tanpa terasa hanya dalam hitungan  berapa puluh jam lagi kita akan songsong fajar suci ramadhon yang akan  mencuci lahir dan batin kita selama 1 tahun. Tapi sebelumnya dengan  segala kerendahan hati, saya mohon maaf lahir dan batin, sebelum  akhirnya kita akan berserah diri pada Allah SWT. Amin...&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Assalamualaikum Wr..Buka hati dapat CINTA&lt;br /&gt;
buka fikiran .... dapat ILMU&lt;br /&gt;
buka mata.......cari Rizki...&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp; buka Handphone 1 pesan diterima&lt;br /&gt;
&quot;selamat menjalankan ibadah puasa, wish Allah give U the Best lives. I  Pray... N Mohon dimaafin segala ksalahan2 Pancallok ya? Tq Marhaban Ya  Ramadhan&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Sebelum lidah keluh, sebelum hati keabali membeku, sebelum  jempol kaku &amp;amp; sulit hanya untuk sekedar minta maaf lewat sms &amp;amp;  sebelum semua operator sibuk..MOHON Maaf atas semua khilaf yg ku lakuin.  Maafin yaks!&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Marhaban yang ramadhan..bln suci kembali tiba..saat tepat  menyucikan diri dari segala dosa..tanpa basa basi mhn dimaafkan segala  kesalahan&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Pergilah keluh, ku tak mau berteman dengamu. Silahkan kesah,  kau bukan takdirku… mujahadah adalah temanku, dakwah adalah nafasku, dan  Allah adalah kasihku… Maafkan segala kesalahan&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Mengingat Kata yang Salah, Hati yang Berprasangka, janji yang  terlupakan,Sikap &amp;amp; Sifat yang menyakitkan, di hari ini ijinkanlah ku  juga mengucapkan mohon maaf LAHIR DAN BATHIN&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Pelanggan yang terhormat. Selamat menunaikan ibadah puasa 1930 H. Mohon maaf lahir dan batin.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Sebelum HCl jadi basa, NaOH jadi asam, NaCl jadi manis n  glukosa jadi asin, hati selalu tertengadah mengharap titrasi maaf dari  buret hatimu. Marhaban Ya Ramadhan&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Anak melayu mengail ikan, perahu berlabuh ditengah lautan,  sambil menunggu datangnya ramdhan jari ku susun mohon ampunan, selamat  menyambut bulan suci ramadhan bagi semua umat muslim..&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Mungkin hari-hari yang lewat telah menyisakan sebersit kenangan  yang tak terlupa…..,ada salah, ada khilaf, ada dosa yang mengikuti  perjalanan hari – hari itu.&lt;br /&gt;
agar tak ada sesal, tak ada dendam, tak ada penyesalan ….&lt;br /&gt;
mari kita sama-sama sucikan hati,diri,dan jiwa kita.&lt;br /&gt;
Marhaban Yaa Ramadhan……&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Jika hati ini seringkali jengkel,&lt;br /&gt;
Jadikan ia jernih sejernih XL,&lt;br /&gt;
Jika hati ini seringkali iri,&lt;br /&gt;
Jadikan ia cerah secerah MENTARI,&lt;br /&gt;
Jika hati ini seringkali dendam&lt;br /&gt;
Jadikan ia penuh kemesraan FREN&lt;br /&gt;
Jika hati ini seringkali dengki&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;
Jadikan ia penuh SIMPATI&lt;br /&gt;
Ahlan Wa Sahlan Wa Marhaban Ya Ramadhan&lt;br /&gt;
Bebaskan Diri dari ROAMING dosa,&lt;br /&gt;
Raihlah HOKI&lt;br /&gt;
Raihlah JEMPOL dari Ilahi&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Semoga di bulan Ramadhan ini kita bisa beningkan hati seperti XL,&lt;br /&gt;
Dapat berpikir luas seperti SIMPATI,&lt;br /&gt;
memberi maaf secara cuma2 seperti AS,&lt;br /&gt;
memberi banyak kesempatan seperti IM3,&lt;br /&gt;
murah senyum seperti JEMPOL,&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;amp; yang palingg penting kita dpt berpikir cerah seeprti MENTARI.&lt;br /&gt;
Sebelum cahaya Illahi dipadamkan,&lt;br /&gt;
sebelum langit runtuh,&lt;br /&gt;
sebelum pintu taubat ditutup,&lt;br /&gt;
sebelum malaikat menjemput,&lt;br /&gt;
sebelum ramadhan tiba,&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;
maaf kalau ada perkataan yg menyinggung sampai telinga panas seperti ESIA..&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Berharap padi dalam lesung, yang ada cuma rumpun jerami,&lt;br /&gt;
harapan hati bertatap langsung, cuma terlayang sms ini.&lt;br /&gt;
Sebelum cahaya padam, Sebelum hidup berakhir,&lt;br /&gt;
Sebelum pintu tobat tertutup, Sebelum Ramadhan datang,&lt;br /&gt;
saya mohon maaf lahir dan bathin….&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Jika semua HARTA adalah RACUN maka ZAKAT-lah penawarnya,&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;
Jika seluruh UMUR adalah DOSA maka TAQWA&amp;amp;TOBAT lah obatnya,&lt;br /&gt;
Jika seluruh BULAN adalah NODA maka RAMADHAN lah pemutihnya,MOHON MAAF LAHIR&amp;amp;BATHIN,SELAMAT MENUNAIKAN IBADAH PUASA.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Bila hati saling terpaut rasa cinta terjalin indah&lt;br /&gt;
Bila salah &amp;amp; Khilaf telah terjadi maka Mohon Maaf&lt;br /&gt;
Lahir &amp;amp; Batin atas kesalahan,&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;
“Marhaban Ya Ramadhan”&lt;br /&gt;
Selamat Menunaikan Ibadah Puasa&lt;br /&gt;
Semoga kita selalu diberkahi dibulan yang penuh mahrifah&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Jika hati seputih awan jangan biarkan ia mendung,jika hati seindah bulan hiasi dengan senyuman……..&lt;br /&gt;
marhaban ya ramadhan…………….&lt;br /&gt;
selamat menunaikan ibadah puasa mohon maaf lahir dan bathin&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Gersang bumi tanpa hujan..gersang akal tanpa ilmu,,gersang hati tanpa iman..gersang jiwa tanpa amal..&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;
marhaban ya ramadhan…………….&lt;br /&gt;
selamat menunaikan ibadah puasa mohon maaf lahir dan bathin&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Ya Allah……&lt;br /&gt;
Perkayalah Saudaraku ini dengan keilmuan&lt;br /&gt;
Hiasi hatinya dengan kesabaran&lt;br /&gt;
Muliakan wajahnya dengan ketaqwaan&lt;br /&gt;
Perindalah fisiknya dengan kesehatan&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;
Serta terimalah amal ibadahnya dengan kelipat gandaan&lt;br /&gt;
Karena hanya Engkau Dzat penguasa sekalian alam&lt;br /&gt;
Marhaban Ya Ramadhan...&lt;br /&gt;
Mohon maaf lahir dan bathin...&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;SEIRING TERBENAM MENTARI DI AKHIR SYA’BAN,&lt;br /&gt;
TIBALAH KINI BULAN RAMADHAN,&lt;br /&gt;
PESAN INI SEBAGAI GANTI JABAT TANGAN UNTUK&lt;br /&gt;
MOHONKAN MAAF DAN KEKHILAFAN.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;
MARHABAN YA RAMADHAN.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Gelap malamMU ku terjaga, karnaMU ku bergerak melangkah  menuju mentariMU, kusambut pemberianMU , dengan harapan kudapat  keridoanMU……..&lt;br /&gt;
Slama menunaikan Ibadah Puasa……&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Manusia tak pernah Luput dari salah dan hilap&lt;br /&gt;
karena manusai bukan mahkluk yang sempurna&lt;br /&gt;
di bulan yang suci ini mari kita bermaafan&lt;br /&gt;
agar tak ada dendam dan rasa dengki&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;
marhaban ya ramadhan&lt;br /&gt;
mohon maaf lahir batin&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Matahari berdzikir,&lt;br /&gt;
angin bertasbih dan pepohonan memuji keagungan-Mu.&lt;br /&gt;
Semua menyambut datangnya malam Seribu Bulan.&lt;br /&gt;
Selamat datang Ramadhan, Selamat beribadah puasa.&lt;br /&gt;
Mohon Maaf Lahir dan Bathin.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Hidup ini hanya sebentarlagi&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;
bentar marah,bentar ketawa&lt;br /&gt;
betar berduit,bentar boke&lt;br /&gt;
bentar senang,bentar susah&lt;br /&gt;
ooo ye…bentar lagi bulan puasa&lt;br /&gt;
met ramadhan…mohon maaf lahir bathin&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Tiada kemenangan tanpa zikrullah&lt;br /&gt;
tiada amal tanpa keikhlasan&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;
tiada ampunan tanpa maaf dari sesama&lt;br /&gt;
marhaban ya ramadhan..&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Fajar ramadhan segera menghampiri dunia, selembar sutra  menghapus noda, sebening embun penyejuk kalbu, sucikan hati bersihkan  jiwa di bulan yang suci. selamat menunaikan ibadah puasa 1429 H semoga  amal kita diterima disisi Alllah SWT..Amiiin…&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Marhaban ya Ramadhan,&lt;br /&gt;
semoga bulan ini penuh BBM (Bulan Barokah dan Maghfirah)&lt;br /&gt;
mari kita PREMIUM (Pre Makan dan Minum)&lt;br /&gt;
serta SOLAR (Sholat Lebih Rajin ), dan&lt;br /&gt;
MINYAK TANAH (Meningkatkan Iman dan Banyak Tahan Nafsu Amarah)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;
serta PERTAMAX (Perangi Tabiat Maksiat)&lt;br /&gt;
Mohon Maaf Lahir dan Bathin&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Tiada kata yang dapat terucap&lt;br /&gt;
hati merasa malu&lt;br /&gt;
dalam kalbu q bisa menjerit tuhan,&lt;br /&gt;
batin menangis,&lt;br /&gt;
betapapun dosa itu&lt;br /&gt;
q yakin KAU maha pengampun&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;
saat aku sedih&lt;br /&gt;
hanya padamulah aku cerita&lt;br /&gt;
saat aku marasa sendiri&lt;br /&gt;
aku yakin kaupun bersamaku&lt;br /&gt;
tuhan&lt;br /&gt;
aku rela saat ini jika harus menghadapmu&lt;br /&gt;
jika ITU LEBIH BAIK&lt;br /&gt;
ridhoMUlah yang senantiasa q harap&lt;br /&gt;
maafq tuhan&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;
maafq wahai smua hamba allah yang ada dialam fana ini&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;marhaban ya ramadhan….&lt;br /&gt;
termenung ku sejenak&lt;br /&gt;
mengingat akan keselahanku yang lampau&lt;br /&gt;
andai kalian smua ada disini sobat&lt;br /&gt;
maafku trucap dari hati yang paling dalam..&lt;br /&gt;
maafin ya… smua kesalahanku&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Perkataan yg indah adalah “ALLAH”&lt;br /&gt;
Lagu yg merdu adlh “ADZAN”&lt;br /&gt;
Media yg terbaik adlh “AL QUR’AN”&lt;br /&gt;
Senam yg sehat adlh “SHALAT”&lt;br /&gt;
Diet yg sempurna adlh “PUASA”&lt;br /&gt;
Kebersihan yg menyegarkan adlh “WUDHU”&lt;br /&gt;
Perjalanan yg indah adlh “HAJI”&lt;br /&gt;
Khayalan yg baik adlh ingat akan “DOSA&amp;amp;TAUBAT”&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Mudah2an bln yg suci ini bs membawa iman dan takwa, Amien..&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Let’s join us for ‘RAMADHAN SALE&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;
Diskon pnghapus dosa besar2an s/d 100% utk semua jns dosa&lt;br /&gt;
Tin9ktkn ibadah wajib, sunnah, perbnyk istigfar%shdaqah&lt;br /&gt;
Lebih heboh lg, ikuti DOOR PRIZE lailatul qadar&lt;br /&gt;
Slamat berpuasa maaf lahir batin&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Nafaspun menjadi tasbih, tidurpun menjadi ibadah, amal diterima&amp;amp;doa2 dijabah&lt;br /&gt;
bagi orang yang shaum&amp;amp;rajin membaca Kitab-Nya di bulan ramadhan&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;
Marhaban ya Ramadhan, maaf lahir dan bathin, selamat menjalankan ibadah PUASA&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Aku sadar memang bukan teman yang sempurna untuk kamu.&lt;br /&gt;
Kesalahan dan kekhilafan. Selalu saja ada diantara kita.&lt;br /&gt;
Terutama aku yang sering ngerepotin kamu.&lt;br /&gt;
Met puasa dan Maafkan Lahir Batin.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Ayah dan Ibu sudah menukar seluruh jiwa&lt;br /&gt;
semata untuk kebahagian aku&lt;br /&gt;
Dan sampai saat ini belum tentu aku bisa&lt;br /&gt;
mengganti dengan kebahagian untuk Ayah dan Ibu berdua.&lt;br /&gt;
Selamat Beribadah Puasa, Ayah, Ibu&lt;br /&gt;
Mohon maaf lahir dan bathin.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Satu tahun tidak terasa&lt;br /&gt;
Ramadhan telah kembali kengunjungi kita&lt;br /&gt;
Semoga yang dilalui dan dilakukan&lt;br /&gt;
Menjadikan kebaikan di bulan suci ini&lt;br /&gt;
Marhaban yaa Ramadhan&lt;br /&gt;
Mohon Maaf Lahir dan Bathin&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Matahari berdzikir, angin bertasbih dan pepohonan memuji keagungan-Mu.&lt;br /&gt;
Semua menyambut datangnya Seribu Bulan.&lt;br /&gt;
Selamat datang Ramadhan, Selamat beribadah puasa.&lt;br /&gt;
Mohon Maaf Lahir dan Bathin.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Semua yang kulakukan adalah untuk kebahagianmu.&lt;br /&gt;
Segalanya adalah untukmu.&lt;br /&gt;
Hanya saja aku bukan lelaki yang sempurna&lt;br /&gt;
selalu saja ada kata dan kesalahan&lt;br /&gt;
yang mungkin bisa menyakiti hatimu.&lt;br /&gt;
Selamat berpuasa sayang, terimalah maafku.&lt;br /&gt;
Bersama 1000 cinta, Aa.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Mungkin baru 90 hari kita berpacaran&lt;br /&gt;
namun tidak lebih banyak aku bisa&lt;br /&gt;
membuat kamu ceria dan bahagia.&lt;br /&gt;
Beri aku lebih banyak hari, bulan, bahkan tahun,&lt;br /&gt;
untuk dapat lebih membahagiakanmu.&lt;br /&gt;
Bersama bulan suci ini, kita rajut kembali&lt;br /&gt;
benang-benang pengertian diantara kita.&lt;br /&gt;
Aa, lahir dan bathin.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Maaf kalo selama ini aku suka bikin kamu kesal.&lt;br /&gt;
Jujur juga, memang aku gak gampang ngertiin kamu.&lt;br /&gt;
Tapi aku 100% cinta kamu.&lt;br /&gt;
Met Puasa, maafkan aku lahir dan batin ya.&lt;br /&gt;
I Love U.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Ayah menyadari sepenuhnya masih banyak&lt;br /&gt;
mimpi kita yang belum bisa diwujudkan.&lt;br /&gt;
Ramadhan tahun ini semoga kembali&lt;br /&gt;
menghadirkan kebahagiaan ke rumah kita.&lt;br /&gt;
Selamat beribadah puasa ya Bu,&lt;br /&gt;
jangan bosan bangunkan tidur ayah saat sahur.&lt;br /&gt;
Mohon maaf lahir dan bathin.&lt;br /&gt;
1000 Kisses, Ayah.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Dalam kerendahan hati ada ketinggian budi.&lt;br /&gt;
Dalam kemiskinan harta ada kekayaan jiwa.&lt;br /&gt;
Hidup ini terasa indah jika ada maaf.&lt;br /&gt;
Taqabalallahu Minna Waminkum…&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Pergilah keluh, ku tak mau berteman dengamu&lt;br /&gt;
Silahkan kesah, kau bukan takdirku&lt;br /&gt;
Mujahadah adalah temanku, dakwah adalah nafasku,&lt;br /&gt;
dan Allah adalah kasihku.&lt;br /&gt;
Maafkan segala kesalahan.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Parkir motor merasa was-was&lt;br /&gt;
Tak ada penjaga takut kecurian&lt;br /&gt;
Tidak puasa merasa was-was&lt;br /&gt;
masuk neraka didera siksaan&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Di sini bingung&lt;br /&gt;
Di sana bingung&lt;br /&gt;
Bila hidup tanpa pedoman&lt;br /&gt;
Bulan Ramadhan kita jadikan&lt;br /&gt;
tempat diri perteguh iman&lt;br /&gt;
tak lupa salahku mohon dimaafkan&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Dari dulu ingin minta maaf padamu&lt;br /&gt;
Tapi diriku terlalu malu&lt;br /&gt;
Hari ini keberanikan diri memintamu&lt;br /&gt;
menjelang puasa kau berikan maafmu&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Antara surga dan neraka&lt;br /&gt;
Antara pahala dan dosa&lt;br /&gt;
Antara bahagia dan gelisah&lt;br /&gt;
Pilih yang pertama agar bahagia&lt;br /&gt;
Tak lupa puasa kala Ramadhan tiba&lt;br /&gt;
Maafkan segala dosaku sebelum puasa&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Kalau maaf itu hujan&lt;br /&gt;
Aku adalah padi yang kekeringan&lt;br /&gt;
Kalau maafmu boleh kuminta&lt;br /&gt;
Curahkan padaku di bulan puasa&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;</description><link>http://alanhendrawan.blogspot.com/2012/07/kumpulan-ucapan-dan-kata-kata-sms.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Alan Hendrawan)</author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiWnneBruuugIKvJuUTFLgez9_5E52N9xjub-Bkv8CslYZDTbT7X82U-T5Cx82hN6XrUcMfCLO43j2Un6cf2_8u2cgdiXGFxHHQ0YJ0r4l3RwA0H6WCR5Fuf5prb5ZNDRyiay_s4AfJIvgj/s72-c/ramadhan-karim6.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7302740288485214704.post-8869562053600126478</guid><pubDate>Sat, 30 Jun 2012 02:08:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2012-06-29T19:09:39.239-07:00</atom:updated><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">Free download mp3</category><title>Download The All-American Rejects – Kids In The Street</title><description>&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; trbidi=&quot;on&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjXQRHLxJsQ1NA74kPobNKW9Db5sUhxsNKlDQ77jJ4JxNBHBN6c8DgG_xZh7b8B97BljSvgcFntWnvBYDTMSn6V5JHuunirZy7q38IN2BYhHF6Uoi8SOmfWO-lFfNxUQoK-YnYAx-5mHg0-/s1600/The+All-American+Rejects+%E2%80%93+Kids+In+The+Street.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;320&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjXQRHLxJsQ1NA74kPobNKW9Db5sUhxsNKlDQ77jJ4JxNBHBN6c8DgG_xZh7b8B97BljSvgcFntWnvBYDTMSn6V5JHuunirZy7q38IN2BYhHF6Uoi8SOmfWO-lFfNxUQoK-YnYAx-5mHg0-/s320/The+All-American+Rejects+%E2%80%93+Kids+In+The+Street.jpg&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Download &lt;i&gt;Mp3&lt;/i&gt; &lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;The All-American Rejects – Kids In &lt;span class=&quot;IL_AD&quot; id=&quot;IL_AD2&quot;&gt;The Street&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;New Album in 2012 &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;a name=&#39;more&#39;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Tracklist :&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
1. Someday’s Gone&lt;br /&gt;
2. Beekeeper’s Daughter&lt;br /&gt;
3. Fast And Slow&lt;br /&gt;
4. Heartbeat slowing Down&lt;br /&gt;
5. Walk Over Me&lt;br /&gt;
6. Out &lt;span class=&quot;IL_AD&quot; id=&quot;IL_AD1&quot;&gt;The Door&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
7. Kids In The Street&lt;br /&gt;
8. Bleed Into Your Mind&lt;br /&gt;
9. Gonzo&lt;br /&gt;
10. Affection&lt;br /&gt;
11. I For You&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Download Album :&lt;br /&gt;
- &lt;a href=&quot;http://j.gs/19EW&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;DOWNLOAD&lt;/a&gt; - 51mb &lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;
www.alanhendrawan.com :)&lt;/div&gt;</description><link>http://alanhendrawan.blogspot.com/2012/06/download-all-american-rejects-kids-in.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Alan Hendrawan)</author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjXQRHLxJsQ1NA74kPobNKW9Db5sUhxsNKlDQ77jJ4JxNBHBN6c8DgG_xZh7b8B97BljSvgcFntWnvBYDTMSn6V5JHuunirZy7q38IN2BYhHF6Uoi8SOmfWO-lFfNxUQoK-YnYAx-5mHg0-/s72-c/The+All-American+Rejects+%E2%80%93+Kids+In+The+Street.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>1</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7302740288485214704.post-3099708752136677756</guid><pubDate>Fri, 01 Jun 2012 01:02:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2012-05-31T18:02:08.541-07:00</atom:updated><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">Healthy food</category><title>Tips dan Cara Menghilangkan Jerawat Secara Alami</title><description>&lt;div style=&quot;font-family: inherit; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ahliwasir.com/image-upload/acne2.jpg&quot; style=&quot;clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;201&quot; id=&quot;imgb&quot; src=&quot;http://www.ahliwasir.com/image-upload/acne2.jpg&quot; width=&quot;150&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font-family: inherit; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Tips dan Cara Menghilangkan Jerawat&lt;/b&gt;. Kali ini saya akan share beberapa &lt;u&gt;tips dan cara menghilangkan jerawat&lt;/u&gt;, lebih tepatnya &lt;i&gt;14 tips dan cara menghilangkan jerawat&lt;/i&gt; yang mengganggu wajah sobat. &lt;b&gt;Tips dan cara menghilangkan jerawat&lt;/b&gt; ini saya ambil dari beberapa sumber diantaranya pusatgratis.com dan rofingi.com. Berikut ini adalah &lt;i&gt;14 Tips dan cara menghilangkan jerawat&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;a name=&#39;more&#39;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;

&lt;h3 style=&quot;font-family: inherit; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;


  Tips mencegah / mengatasi timbulnya Jerawat&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot; /&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;1. Mencuci wajah 2 kali sehari bisa menghilangkan jerawat&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot; /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;
Untuk menghilangkan jerawat sobat bisa mencuci wajah minimal 2 kali 
sehari akan membantu menghilangkan minyak di permukaan kulit kita. Tapi 
jangan hanya mencuci wajah saja yah, mandi juga&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot; /&gt;
&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot; /&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;2. Sesuaikan kosmetik dengan jenis kulit anda mungkin akan menghilangkan jerawat&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot; /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;
Berhati-hatilah dalam memilih kosmetik.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot; /&gt;
&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot; /&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;3. sebisa mungkin hindari kosmetik yang berminyak untuk menghilangkan jerawat.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot; /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;
Hindarilah menggunakan kosmetik yang berlebihan karena minyak dan debu 
akan menjadi media bakteri penyebab jerawat untuk bermukim di wajah 
kita.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot; /&gt;
&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot; /&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;4. Keringkan wajah kita dengan handuk yang bersih setelah cuci muka 
atau mandi, karena bakteri juga menyukai tempat yang lembab dan hangat.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot; /&gt;
&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot; /&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;5. Minum air putih minimal 2 liter sehari, maka kulit kita akan selalu fit dan sehat.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot; /&gt;
&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot; /&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;6. Menggunakan pelembab akan membantu menyehatkan kulit kita&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;, 
terutama dari kulit kering dan pecah2. Namun pelembab disini bukan 
berarti pelembab yang berminyak..sekarang sudah banyak produk kosmetik 
yang berbahan dasar air.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot; /&gt;
&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot; /&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;7. selalu pastikan kulit anda bersih sebelum tidur dengan mencuci muka anda sebelum tidur agar kulit beregenerasi dengan baik.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot; /&gt;
&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot; /&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;8. Sering-seringlah makan sayur dan buah.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot; /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;
Perbanyaklah makan sayur atau buah, terutama yang mengandung vitamin E. 
Dengan kulit yang sehat, maka jerawat akan sukar untuk tumbuh dan 
berkembang.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot; /&gt;
&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot; /&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;9. Tidur yang cukup dan teratur.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot; /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;
Biasakanlah untuk tidur yang cukup dan teratur. Karena saat kita tidur, 
kulit akan beregenerasi dan membuang racun2 yang berbahaya sehingga saat
 kita bangun keesokan harinya kulit kita akan kebali segar.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot; /&gt;
&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot; /&gt;
&lt;h2 style=&quot;font-family: inherit; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;


 Cara Menghilangkan Jerawat Secara Alami&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;h3 style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;


  Cara Menghilangkan Jerawat Dengan Jeruk nipis&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;blockquote class=&quot;tr_bq&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;

&lt;b&gt;Cara Menghilangkan Jerawat Dengan Jeruk nipis&lt;/b&gt; Sangat mudah,yaitu 
campurkan jus/perasan lemon dengan air mawar kemudian oleskan di wajah. 
biarkan kira-kira 15 menit. Jika sudah, bilas dengan air hangat. Jeruk 
nipis Bisa digunakan untuk mengobati jerawat karena mengandung citric 
acid. citric acid sangat baik untuk memindahkan sel-sel kulit yang mati 
yang bisa menyebabkan &lt;i&gt;jerawat&lt;/i&gt;. lakukan ini dengan rutin dan konsisten selama kurang lebih 15 hari dan lihat hasilnya.&lt;/blockquote&gt;
&lt;h3 style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;


  Cara Menghilangkan Jerawat Dengan Putih Telur&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;blockquote class=&quot;tr_bq&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;

&lt;b&gt;Cara Menghilangkan Jerawat Dengan Putih Telur&lt;/b&gt; juga bisa. Pertama 
pisahkan kuning telur dan ambil putih telurnya. Kocok dan oleskan ke 
wajah kemudian diamkan selama 15 menit. Putih telur dapat digunakan 
untuk mengurangi minyak di wajah yang yang bisa menjadi &lt;i&gt;pemicu jerawat&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;/blockquote&gt;
&lt;h3 style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;


  Cara Menghilangkan Jerawat Dengan Pasta Gigi&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;blockquote class=&quot;tr_bq&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;

&lt;b&gt;Cara Menghilangkan Jerawat Dengan Pasta Gigi&lt;/b&gt; mungkin juga bisa 
dicoba. Pasta gigi yang digunakan atau yang bisa kita pakai untuk 
mengobati jerawat adalah yang berbentuk pasta bukan jell. Tinggal 
Oleskan pasta gigi ke jerawat dan bagian lain di sekitar &lt;b&gt;jerawat&lt;/b&gt; tersebut sebelum tidur. Kemudian Biarkan sampai pagi hari.&lt;/blockquote&gt;
&lt;h3 style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;


  Cara Menghilangkan Jerawat Dengan Tomat&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;blockquote class=&quot;tr_bq&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;

&lt;b&gt;Cara Menghilangkan Jerawat Dengan Tomat&lt;/b&gt; juga bisa. Buah ini 
sangat ampuh untuk menghilangkan komedo hitam(blackheads). Caranya cukup
 mudah, Buah tomat dibelah jadi dua,kemudian di usap-usapkan kewajah 
yang berjerawat. Diamkan sampai 1jam kemudian bilas sampai bersih.&lt;/blockquote&gt;
&lt;h3 style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;


  Cara Menghilangkan Jerawat Dengan Bawang Putih&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;blockquote class=&quot;tr_bq&quot; style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;

&lt;b&gt;Cara Menghilangkan Jerawat Dengan Bawang Putih&lt;/b&gt; adalah hal sangat 
mudah diantara cara-cara yang lain. Tumbuk atau diiris bawang putih 
tadi, kemudian usapkan pada wajah yang berjerawat, tunggu hingga 
beberapa menit dan bilas sampai bersih&lt;/blockquote&gt;
&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot; /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;
Itulah beberapa &lt;/span&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;cara menghilangkan jerawat secara Alami&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;, Sebelum 
jerawat tumbuh dan menghapus rasa percaya diri anda, ada baiknya kita 
mencegah dengan selalu menjaga kebersihan wajah dan makan-makanan yang 
bergizi. Jangan sampai karena jerawat membuat kita &lt;/span&gt;galau&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt; dan selalu kepikiran.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot; /&gt;
&lt;br style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot; /&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;14 cara menghilangkan jerawat&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt; diatas merupakan &lt;/span&gt;&lt;u style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;tips menghilangkan jerawat&lt;/u&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;
 yang sangat mudah untuk diikuti. Jika anda melakukannya dengan teratur 
dan disiplin, bukan tidak mungkin jerawat di wajah anda akan 
berangsur-angsur hilang dan wajah anda menjadi mulus lagi serta bebas 
jerawat.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Terima kasih sudah membaca artikel &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;cara menghilangkan jerawat&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.alanhendrawan.com/&quot;&gt;www.alanhendrawan.com&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;</description><link>http://alanhendrawan.blogspot.com/2012/05/tips-dan-cara-menghilangkan-jerawat.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Alan Hendrawan)</author><thr:total>3</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7302740288485214704.post-8405198240938022969</guid><pubDate>Fri, 01 Jun 2012 00:48:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2012-05-31T17:49:02.604-07:00</atom:updated><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">Personality</category><title>Kumpulan kata-kata Galau Terbaru</title><description>&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhg_4sZNlXZeDkkP7MWf8tJ4b9K1ldiNDq4Ng4Oh3tTv4qqRYWkvunQ9q9WBPuucsqsibKLb8HvtleHHsoKtz1mQkUvaOx8mSA76xpq02_KMj3mtZR8OHXDTdW0qEhibVtrJ3dBvfNmxrhc/s1600/Bagaimana+Kita+Tahu+Mana+Cinta+Sejati+%2526+Mana+Yang+Bukan+Temukan+Jawabannya+Disini+2.jpg&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;273&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhg_4sZNlXZeDkkP7MWf8tJ4b9K1ldiNDq4Ng4Oh3tTv4qqRYWkvunQ9q9WBPuucsqsibKLb8HvtleHHsoKtz1mQkUvaOx8mSA76xpq02_KMj3mtZR8OHXDTdW0qEhibVtrJ3dBvfNmxrhc/s400/Bagaimana+Kita+Tahu+Mana+Cinta+Sejati+%2526+Mana+Yang+Bukan+Temukan+Jawabannya+Disini+2.jpg&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Kata kata galau terbaru update&lt;/b&gt;. Sebelumnya saya sudah pernah sharing &lt;u&gt;200 kata kata galau&lt;/u&gt; yang bisa anda pilih, namun entah kenapa artikel &lt;i&gt;200 kata galau&lt;/i&gt; tersebut hilang dari search engine, apakah kena google sandbox lagi atau gimana, ga tau dah. Hadeh bener bener bikin &lt;b&gt;galau&lt;/b&gt; #hahaha. Ok buat sobat yang lagi &lt;i&gt;galau&lt;/i&gt; inilah &lt;u&gt;80++ kata-kata galau yang baru&lt;/u&gt; saya kumpulkan khusus untuk sobat semua :p.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;a name=&#39;more&#39;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;


  Kata Kata Galau Terbaru&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Dihianati itu rasanya kaya mau ngambil bunga mawar, eh keambil durinya&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
kita temen? Sejak kapan?&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Harus kuat jangan mau dibilang lemah tapi kok susah sih ya?&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Waktu ngeliat lo nggak sengaja itu, semua memory yang indah dan buruk berputar dalam sekejap&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Cinta memang rumit, kadang menyenangkan kadang menyakitkan&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Mungkin sebagian orang menganggap biasa, tp bagi kita luar biasa&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Kalo punya perasaan pasti kamu bisa mikir yg kamu lakuin nyakitin orang lain ga sih&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Dan sekarang cuma tinggal kenangan yg ga bisa dirubah&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Sebelum terlalu jauh mending menjauh dari sekarang sebelum semuanya berakhir menyakitkan&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Sekarang susah nyari yg setia apa lagi yg tulus&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
kenapa cuma gue yg disalahin? sementara orang lain jg ngelakuin hal yg gue lakuin&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&quot;Sorry&quot; kata yang simple, dan paling sering dilakukan oleh orang&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Dengerin nama lo aja udah bikin bete -_-&quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Was ist Ihre &lt;a href=&quot;http://studien-erfolg.com/&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;Abschlussarbeit&lt;/a&gt;? Ich bin nicht wirklich in der Liebe zu essen. : ((&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Mending gue punya temen dikit tp beneran temen gue drpd banyak tp ga ada satupun yg cuma ngaku &quot;temen&quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Udah terbiasa disakitin lamalama gue kebal&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Banyak yg protes sama tulisan gue barusan, maaf galauers, tp gue bener2 jengkel banget ☹&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Gara-gara lo, gue jadi jauh ama temen-temen gue !!! Lo sadar ga sih?????&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Jangan pedulikan dia yg membencimu, dia bukan orang yg pantas dapatkan perhatianmu. Yg penting adalah dia yg selalu ada untukmu.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Jangan tanyakan mengapa seseorang membencimu, sebelum kamu tanyakan dirimu sendiri mengapa kamu peduli akan hal itu.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Males nih gue ama lo, udahan yuk?&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Diajak putus ogah, giliran ga jadi tetep aja ngelakuin kesalahan yg sama -_-&quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&quot;Just forget me!! Forget me and go move on !!&quot; = &quot;Please, don&#39;t forget me ☹&quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&quot;I&#39;m okay, don&#39;t worry about me&quot; = &quot;You know it&#39;s hurting me so much ☹&quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&quot;Lo kenapa ngikutin gue mulu sih? Gue kan udah bilang gue benci itu!&quot; = &quot;Please tetep kayak gini sama gue&quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Gue gak butuh jadi prioritas lo. Tapi gue juga gak mau ngga lo peduliin sama sekali&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Percuma, lo juga gak akan sadar gue nyesek&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Jika kamu punya rasa pada orang yang menyayangi kamu, walaupun sedikit, biarkanlah dan jangan halangi rasa itu tumbuh :)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Karena jika kamu halangi, bisa saja kamu sendiri yang akan menyesal nantinya.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Jangan pernah siasiakan orang yang menyayangimu. Terkadang kita harus 
meng egoiskan diri kita sendiri, dengarkan hati paling dalam ;)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Apa ya lo pantes dibilang temen?&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Kenapa mesti libur sih ☹ kan jadi ngga bisa ketemu kamu ☹&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Gue dan lo sama sama tau, kita ga akan saling memiliki. Gue gabisa berharap lebih kan? :&quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Udah ngantuk ya? Yaudah tidur aja kamu = jangan tidur please bilang lo bakal nungguin dan nemenin gue sampe gue tidur&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Co: Udah makan? | ce: Belom | co: makan gih | ce: aku lg males makan = paksa gue makan doong, biar gue tau kalo lo perhatian&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Berhenti mencintai bukanlah cara yang tepat untuk menghindari sakit hati&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Mungkin gue gak pernah ngomong kalo gue udah pendam perasaan nyesek selama ini. Gue cuman mau lo ngerti arti &quot;diam&quot; gue&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Kadang nyesel kenapa semua itu cuman sekedar kenangan manis aja&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Gue mau lo tau isi hati gue yang sebenarnya. Tapi gue ngga bisa ngerangkai kata supaya elo ngerti perasaan gue gimana&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Waktu menyembuhkan luka, tetapi tidak menghilangkan bekas luka itu&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Mencoba untuk tegar itu tidak semudah kita berfikir untuk melakukannya&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;h3 style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;


  Kata Kata Galau Cinta Terbaru&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;i&gt;Dunia ini seperti milik kita berdua ya ,,, yang lainnya ngontrak ... !!!&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Bukanya aku gc mau terima &#39;&#39;CINTA&#39;&#39; mu .. tp krna Q gc mau jadi orang ke 3 antara &#39;&#39;KAU&#39;&#39; DAN &#39;&#39;DIA&#39;&#39;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Maaf bila suatu saat nanti ku sudah tak ada disisimu lagi, bkn karna ku 
berhenti mencintaimu, tp ku berusaha berhenti saling menyakiti. :&#39;)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Dalam hidup, orang tak akan peduli berapa banyak yg kamu tahu hingga mereka tahu berapa banyak kamu peduli pada mereka.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Kau takkan tahu sbrp tulus ssorg mencintaimu sampai kau melihat sbrp tulus ia mencintaimu dlm kondisi terburukmu&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Ketika kamu membenci seseorang, kamu sedang membuat hidupmu semakin rumit.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Jangan pernah menyerah! Jika Tuhan belum menjawab doamu, itu karena Tuhan punya rencana yg lebih baik tuk hidupmu.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Kenapa kau tak prnah mengerti prasaan q walaupun q sdah brkorban dmi cnta q ke kmu tetapi mlah kmu memlih dia&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Kita pacaran kayak TV aku yah , Suka putus-Putus channel nya :&#39;(&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Janjimu kesaya untuk berFOTO pre-wedding, tapi sekarang bukan dengan diriku, tapi melainkan dengan orang lain&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Hanya foto-fotomu yang menemani hari-hariku. Karena cuma itu yang kamu sisakan untukku&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Percuma aku pacaran sama kamu ternyata kamu cuman fotocopy dari penjahat yg mau bunuh aku&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Ktika harga utk foto box cuma 55rb sbanyak 8x foto..itu sama saja cinta kmu&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Mengagumi kamu itu ibarat Foto,bisa dilihat tapi gak bisa disentuh&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Aku tau kamu udah jadi milik dia,tapi apakah aku boleh bila masih mencintaimu? #galau&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Kau telah menjadi miliknya , tak sepantasnya ku rebut kau darinya , biarlah ini menjadi kisah cintaku.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Oh my God!! Napa ya cintaku seperti klise foto?? :( Terlihat jelas pesonanya ketika hanya disinari cahaya dollar.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
gue th&#39; pengen nangiz d.dpan loe ! biar loe tch&#39; tew rasaa sakittttt yg gue alamii :&#39;(&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
ksalah yg kmu lakuin lebih sakiiiit kmu slingkuh masih q maaf kan 
tapi....ksalhan q hanya telat waktu kmu sdah tinggalin aq...knpa beib 
knpa....kamu tega...&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Sakit karna hujan itu tak seberapa,,ketimbang sakitnya hati,,saat kau tinggalkan aku bersama diri&#39;a...T_T&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
km bagai kn tukang poto yg keliling ya krna km sllu mengeli”ngi hati aku dan hati cowo² yg lain&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Bieb, inikah bukti sayangmu? Fotonya kamu buat wallpaper di HP, kau taruh di dompetmu! Sedang fotoku u/ nakutin tikus&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
foto aja bisa membagikan hasilnya ke banyak orang tapi kamu ga membagikan hati ke aku&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Mungkin foto kamu di kamarku bisa aku bakar dan menghilang tapi foto kamu di hatiku selalu terbingkai dan tak hilang&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
it foto spa?|fotoku|sendirian aja foto.a?|iya|seandai.a aku bs jd psngan d foto itu, psti km ga bkl sndirian kLo foto&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Waktu lo upload foto lo di twitt, gue sneng. Tapi pas lo upload foto lo sma dia. Hati gue SAKIT BGT ! TAU GK LO&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Tau gak foto apa yang bikin gue galau? | Apa emang? | Fotoin kamu pra wedding sama pacar kamu&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Yang bisa aku lakuin cuma ngambil fotomu secara candid, karena kamu ngga pernah mau deket-deket sama aku&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Liat kamu inget foto KTP . Abis Kecil-kecil bermakna , meski kecil membuat hati terpana&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Aku buatmu seperti fotoku dalam dompetmu..dibawa tapi tak tersentuh..dibiarkan..tak dilihat&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Aku gak bisa lupain kamu yang dulu pernah ada dihati aku dan sampaii sekarang :(&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
saat ini cuma foto kamu yang menemani aku..cepat pulang agar aku tak perlu menangis dengan memeluk fotomu lagi&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Foto kamu aja masi ada didompetku,tapi fotoku uda tergantikan sama cewek laen&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Terima kasih atas kunjungan anda : &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.alanhendrawan.com/&quot;&gt;www.alanhendrawan.com&lt;/a&gt;</description><link>http://alanhendrawan.blogspot.com/2012/05/kumpulan-kata-kata-galau-terbar.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Alan Hendrawan)</author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhg_4sZNlXZeDkkP7MWf8tJ4b9K1ldiNDq4Ng4Oh3tTv4qqRYWkvunQ9q9WBPuucsqsibKLb8HvtleHHsoKtz1mQkUvaOx8mSA76xpq02_KMj3mtZR8OHXDTdW0qEhibVtrJ3dBvfNmxrhc/s72-c/Bagaimana+Kita+Tahu+Mana+Cinta+Sejati+%2526+Mana+Yang+Bukan+Temukan+Jawabannya+Disini+2.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>2</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7302740288485214704.post-2428253984449589260</guid><pubDate>Fri, 13 Apr 2012 14:21:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2012-04-13T07:21:14.385-07:00</atom:updated><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">English</category><title>Cara Menghafalkan Kosakata Bahasa Inggris</title><description>&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;float: left; padding: 0px 10px 5px 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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Kata-kata adalah prioritas pertama dalam mempelajari bahasa kedua.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Jika  Anda membuat kesalahan tata bahasa - orang mungkin masih memahami 
Anda,  tapi jika Anda memilih kata yang salah - kemungkinan 
kesalahpahaman  sangat tinggi.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;a name=&#39;more&#39;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Tips di bawah ini telah terbukti bermanfaat dalam belajar dan mempertahankan kosa kata yang lebih baik:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
1.  Jadilah pendengar yang baik. Membuka diri ke tempat-tempat di mana 
Anda  bisa mendengar penutur asli bahasa Inggris. Jika Anda tinggal di 
sebuah  negara di mana bahasa Inggris bukan dominan - dengarkan bahasa 
Inggris  melaluui saluran TV dan radio, podcast dan audio latihan di 
Internet.  Anda mungkin bahkan perlu pergi ke tempat-tempat wisata 
terkenal di kota  Anda yang sering dikunjungi oleh wisatawan berbicara 
dengan bahasa  Inggris. Jika Anda tinggal di negara di mana bahasa 
Inggris digunakan  sebagai bahasa resmi, ada lebih banyak pilihan. 
Mendaftarlah pada  bidang-bidang yang menarik perhatian Anda (klub 
kebugaran, tim sepak  bola, les tari), terlibat dalam sekolah anak Anda 
(dalam rapat-rapat  wali murid) atau relawan dalam komunitas Anda di 
mana Anda dapat  berdampingan dengan orang-orang berbahasa Inggris.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Hal terbaik  untuk belajar bahasa Inggris adalah berteman dengan penutur
 asli bahasa  Inggris atau orang yang memiliki kemampuan bahasa Inggris 
yang baik.  Ketika Anda menikmati persahabatan, akan ada banyak situasi 
di mana Anda  bisa mendengar dan menggunakan bahasa Inggris!&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Seraplah apa  yang Anda dengar dan cobalah untuk meniru apa yang telah 
Anda dengar.  Catatlah jika Anda menemukan informasi baru. Pelajarilah 
kata-kata baru  dan ungkapan-ungkapan yang Anda dapatkan. Cobalah untuk 
mengingat  situasi di mana kosakata baru tersebut muncul - ini akan 
membantu Anda  untuk mempertahankan kosakata tersebut dengan lebih baik.
 Memori visual  Anda akan membantu untuk mengasosiasikan kata-kata 
tersebut dengan  situasi di mana Anda menemukannya.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
2. Perhatikan  hubungan/keterkaitan antara satu kata dengan kata 
lainnya. Beberapa kata  ada terkait dengan kata lain namun ada pula yang
 tidak. Keterkaitan  antara satu kata dengan kata lainnya disebut 
collocations.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
3.  Kenali kelompok-kelompok kata yang memiliki satu arti. Kelompok kata
 ini  disebut prasa verbal (kata kerja dan partikel), yang terdiri dari 
dua  kata atau lebih, yang akan memiliki makna tersendiri jika digabung 
 (Contohnya, call off = membatalkan, figure out = menyelesaikan).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Ingat,  bahwa partikel tidak selalu berada tepat setelah kata kerja - 
mungkin  saja ia muncul setelah kata-kata lain di belakang kata kerja.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
4. Idiom, ungkapan dalam kata-kata yang tidak dapat dipahami secara harfiah, adalah hal yang sering menyulitkan.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Beberapa  idiom dapat dipahami berdasarkan konteks, tapi banyak juga 
yang tidak.  Oleh karena itu peserta didik yang benar-benar ingin 
berkomunikasi  sebagaimana penutur asli bahasa Inggris - harus 
mencurahkan waktu untuk  mempelajarinya.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Di samping itu semua, ada juga yang dinamakan  &#39;juice of the language. 
Antara lain descriptive (contoh, &#39;on the dot&#39;  bermakna &#39;persis&#39;), 
humorous (contoh, &#39;when the pigs fly&#39; bermakna  &#39;tidak pernah&#39;), culture
 (contoh, &#39;average Joe&#39; bermakna &#39;orang biasa&#39;)  dan colorful (contoh, 
&#39;pitch dark&#39; bermakna &#39;gelap gulita&#39;).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Ciptakan  kesempatan belajar bahasa Inggris sebanyak mungkin (selain di 
kelas  atau kursus-kursus), maka Anda akan mendapatkan kemajuan yang 
cepat  dalam diri Anda dalam mengidentifikasi, memahami dan menggunakan 
 ungkapan-ungkapan dalam percakapan diri Anda.</description><link>http://alanhendrawan.blogspot.com/2012/04/cara-menghafalkan-kosakata-bahasa.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Alan Hendrawan)</author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiWg20s5tXwF05Aje_pncZZoHB1ig_p3k3JvBG17a3LUnN2iDvlexF3FsBBfMRswnihCCO4VL5N_xEpftnapjKBvoq-F4-_KPmFQt_w3ZrGyLiLfdf5-2HcF1V97OHFIV50kGs55IF2FgWO/s72-c/Book+of+English.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>2</thr:total></item></channel></rss>