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Pesawa Fokker TNI Jatuh di Kompleks HALIM

2012-06-21T03:01:00.000-07:00

Diambil dari :VIVAnews - Kecelakaan pesawat terjadi di Kompleks Lapangan Udara Halim Perdana Kusuma, Kamis 21 Juni 2012.

Humas Lanud Halim Kolonel Azman Yunus yang dimintai informasi membenarkan kabar kecelakaan tersebut. "Betul ada pesawat kami yang jatuh di Halim," kata dia saat dihubungi VIVAnews, Kamis sore.

Pesawat, dia menambahkan, baru saja dikabarkan jatuh. Namun, ia tidak bisa memastikan kapan persisnya. "Saya baru ke luar dari Cilangkap, sedang menuju ke Halim. Untuk detail kecelakaan belum bisa saya paparkan," kata Azman.

Ia hanya menyebut jenis pesawat yang jatuh itu. "Fokker 27. Keterangan lebih lanjut nanti," kata dia.

Sebelumnya kecelakaan pesawat juga terjadi Rabu 9 Mei 2012. Pesawat Sukhoi Superjet-100 yang terbang dari Lanud Halim tiba-tiba hilang dari radar.

Belakangan diketahui, pesawat hancur menabrak Gunung Salak. Sebanyak 45 orang di dalamnya, kru juga penumpang tewas. (umi)

SKHOI LOST WITH INDONESIAN PEOPLES

2012-05-09T07:03:00.000-07:00

SUKHOI Aircraft from Rusia was take Indonesian peoples for promotion on the plane take them to shiping then they lost of contact and now Analyzing is trought the Transmitting Log

Makanan Penting untuk Warna Kulit Lebih Cerah

2012-01-31T09:37:00.001-08:00

By Lika Aprilia Samiadi Friday March 11, 2011 06:42 pm WIT

Percuma saja menghabiskan ratusan ribu rupiah untuk produk pencerah kulit jika tak melakukan perawatan dari dalam. Dengan nutrisi yang baik, kulit jadi sehat dan otomatis terlihat lebih cerah. Makanan apa saja yang wajib dikonsumsi supaya kulit tak lagi gelap dan kusam?

1. Jeruk
Semua jenis buah jeruk, termasuk jeruk bali, merupakan sumber vitamin C yang memiliki banyak manfaat untuk kulit. Vitamin C meningkatkan produksi kolagen dan elastin dalam tubuh kita, yang berfungsi untuk mengurangi kerutan dan menghambat penuaan kulit. Ia juga dipercaya dapat memperlambat produksi melanin, pigmen yang membuat kulit terlihat lebih gelap. Usahakan mengkonsumsi jeruk segar satu kali dalam sehari. Selain jeruk, tomat juga merupakan buah yang kaya vitamin C.

2. Sayuran berwarna merah dan hijau
Bayam, wortel, brokoli, dan kawan-kawannya mengandung banyak beta-carotene yang berfungsi sebagai antioksidan untuk kulit. Selain mencegah kerusakan sel, beta-carotene juga akan diubah oleh tubuh menjadi vitamin A yang berguna untuk memerangi jerawat, memproduksi sel kulit baru, dan membuat warna kulit terlihat cerah dan muda. Akan lebih baik jika vitamin A kita dapatkan langsung dari makanan dan bukan dari suplemen vitamin, karena kelebihan vitamin A justru dapat mengganggu kesehatan kita.

3. Ikan
Makhluk air ini kaya akan asam lemak Omega-3 yang merupakan resep utama untuk kulit yang cerah cemerlang. Selain itu, mengkonsumi sarden, tuna, atau salmon yang kaya protein dapat membantu melindungi kulit dari paparan sinar matahari dan polusi. Protein yang terkandung di dalamnya membantu reproduksi sel dan membuat kulit terlihat bercahaya.

4. Alpukat
Alpukat adalah sumber vitamin E. Ia berguna untuk menghambat penuaan dan membersihkan kulit dari segala noda seperti bekas jerawat, flek hitam, dan masalah lain. Mengonsumsi alpukat secara teratur juga akan mencegah kulit menjadi kendur seiring bertambahnya usia.

5. Gandum
Bisa didapat dalam bentuk sereal maupun roti, gandum mengandung biotin yang berfungsi membantu sel tubuh memproses lemak. Kekurangan biotin dapat menyebabkan kulit kering dan terlihat kusam.

6. Minyak zaitun
Makanan paling sehat untuk kulit? Salad buah dan sayuran yang diperciki minyak zaitun sebagai penyedap. Minyak ini mengandung asam lemak yang esensial untuk membuat kulit terlihat cerah, bercahaya, dan sehat.

taked from here

Pejabat Inggris: "Perang Israel VS Iran paling lambat Januari 2012"

2012-01-31T09:29:00.001-08:00

Provokasi atas Iran oleh Israel dan sekutu terus terjadi. Kali ini tampaknya lebih serius. Pejabat tingkat tinggi di pemerintahan Inggris mengklaim dia punya informasi soal kapan Iran bakal diserang.

"Israel kemungkinan menyerang lokasi nuklir Iran setidaknya dua bulan ke depan," demikian sumber yang minta identitasnya dirahasiakan itu, seperti dikutip harian Haaretz.

Menurut dia, ada konsensus yang mengetahui kalau Israel akan menghancurkan, atau minimal merusak fasilitas nuklir Iran. Perusakan itu dibantu oleh logistik dari Amerika Serikat. Demikian Daily Mail melaporkan.

Sumber lainnya, pejabat senior di lingkungan Kementerian Luar Negeri Inggris, mengatakan sejumlah menteri di kabinet Inggris tahu rencana ini. Bahwa Israel menyerang Iran untuk mencegah negara itu memiliki teknologi senjata nuklir yang bisa mengancam hegemoni Israel di Timur Tengah.

"Mereka tahu, kemungkinan rencana ini bakal berjalan lebih cepat dari yang dijadwalkan. Kami kira sekitar akhir Desember atau awal Januari 2012 (serangan ke Iran)," demikian si sumber mengatakan.

Menlu Inggris, William Hague, setelah membaca laporan Badan Atom Internasional yang memeriksa Iran, mengatakan laporan itu mendiskreditkan Iran. Bahwa Iran, menurut Badan Atom, bisa mengembangkan teknologi nuklir sipilnya menjadi teknologi militer.

Dalam laporan itu disebutkan Iran terus menerus mencoba teknologi nuklirnya untuk menjadi senjata sejak 2003. Atas hal ini, Inggris mengusulkan agar Iran kena embargo ekonomi.

Namun harian The Independent mengingatkan, media kerapkali dimanfaatkan oleh pemerintah untuk merakayasa berita tertentu, seperti berita soal Iran ini. Bahwa ada informasi yang memang sengaja dihembuskan atau dilebih-lebihkan untuk mendukung rencana pemerintah atau si pemberi informasi.

yahoo

E-MAIL Iran's Nuclear Program

2012-01-31T09:26:00.000-08:00

AP Photo/GeoEye/SIME

Updated: Jan. 26, 2012
Iran’s nuclear program is one of the most polarizing issues in one of the world’s most volatile regions. While American and European officials believe Tehran is planning to build nuclear weapons, Iran’s leadership says that its goal in developing a nuclear program is to generate electricity without dipping into the oil supply it prefers to sell abroad, and to provide fuel for medical reactors.
But a United Nations report released in November 2011 challenged that claim. The International Atomic Energy Agency released a trove of evidence that they said makes a “credible” case that “Iran has carried out activities relevant to the development of a nuclear device” and that the project may still be under way. The report said the I.A.E.A. had amassed “over a thousand pages” of documents, presumably leaked out of Iran, showing “research, development and testing activities” on a range of technologies that would only be useful in designing a nuclear weapon.
The report offered no estimate of how long it would take for Iran to be able to produce a nuclear weapon. But it laid out the case that Iran had moved far beyond the blackboard to create computer models of nuclear explosions in 2008 and 2009, and conducted experiments on nuclear triggers. The report said that starting in 2000, the Iranians constructed a vessel to conduct those tests, which was not shown to inspectors who visited the site five years later.
The report, the harshest judgment that U.N. weapons inspectors had ever issued in their decade-long struggle to pierce the secrecy surrounding the Iranian program, rekindled a debate among the Western allies and Israel about whether increased diplomatic pressure, sanctions, sabotage or military action could stop Iran’s program.
Efforts to Impose Sanctions
On Nov. 22, the United States and other major Western powers took significant steps to cut Iran off from the international financial system, announcing coordinated sanctions aimed at its central bank and commercial banks. The measures tightened the vise on Iran but fell short of a blanket cutoff. In addition, the United States also imposed sanctions on companies involved in Iran’s nuclear industry, as well as on its petrochemical and oil industries, adding to existing measures that seek to weaken the Iranian government by depriving it of its ability to refine gasoline or invest in its petroleum industry.

In retaliation, Tehran issued a blunt warning in late December that it would block the Strait of Hormuz, the world’s most important oil transit point, if Western powers attempted to impose an embargo on Iranian petroleum exports. If Iran were to follow through with its blockade threat, the impact would be immediate: Energy analysts say the price of oil would start to soar and could rise 50 percent or more within days.
Both the Defense Department and the U.S. Navy’s Fifth Fleet, which is based in Bahrain, made statements that suggested American warships would stop the Iranians if necessary.
On Dec. 31, President Obama signed new sanctions aimed at stopping Iran’s oil exports. On Jan. 3, 2012, Iran’s military sharpened its tone by saying that an American aircraft carrier that had left the Persian Gulf just days before through the strait should not return. Iran did not say what action it would take if the carrier were to re-enter the Persian Gulf. The United States dismissed Iran’s threats to close the strait, saying that the deployment of U.S. military assets in the Persian Gulf region would continue.
On Jan. 12, 2012, pressure on Iran mounted, with the United States saying it was determined to isolate the country’s central bank, and three of Iran’s largest oil customers — Japan, South Korea and China — getting assurances that Saudi Arabia and other Persian Gulf producers would help make up any gap in supplies if they curtailed oil purchases from Iran. The same day, The New York Times reported that the Obama administration was relying on a secret channel of communication to warn Iran’s supreme leader, Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, that closing the Strait of Hormuz was a “red line” that would provoke an American response, according to U.S. government officials.
Seeking to lower the tone of increasingly nervous discourse as powers maneuvered to intensify sanctions against Iran, Defense Minister Ehud Barak of Israel said on Jan. 18 that any decision on attacking Iran because of its nuclear program was “very far off.” At the same time, Foreign Minister Sergey V. Lavrov of Russia renewed his country’s aversion to sanctions and military threats against Tehran.
On Jan. 23, the 27 nations of the European Union increased pressure on Iran over its nuclear program by agreeing to ban oil imports. Under the deal, E.U. members agreed not to sign new oil contracts with Iran and to end existing ones by July 1, according to a statement from European foreign ministers. The embargo will cover imports of crude oil, petroleum products and petrochemical products. It will also cover the export of key equipment and technology for the sector. The assets of the Iranian central bank within the E.U. will be frozen with limited exemptions to permit the continuation of legitimate trade.
Is Iran Ready for Negotiations?
The previous round of negotiations over Iran’s nuclear program broke down over a year ago in Turkey after Iran presented conditions considered unacceptable to the West.
But in January 2012, amid the tough economic sanctions adopted by the United States and Europe, Iran signaled readiness to resume talks with the United States, China, Russia, France, Germany and Britain, but its terms for resuming the talks were not clear.
On Jan. 18, the Iranian foreign minister, Ali Akbar Salehi, said that the country was ready to resume talks. During a visit to Turkey, he said negotiations were under way about the site and date, and that the talks “will most probably be held in Istanbul.”
On Jan. 26, the Iranian president, Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, publicly declared his readiness for nuclear talks. According to the Associated Press, Mr. Ahmadinejad told students in the southern city of Kerman that he is ready for negotiations, but he said that the new sanctions would not force Iran to give in to demands by the Western powers to end its nuclear enrichment program.
Some Western diplomats have viewed Iran’s latest public offers of negotiations as an effort to buy time, allowing the country to enrich more uranium as talks get under way. Mr. Ahmadinejad’s statements did not appear to coincide with any official diplomatic response, European officials said.
Deepening Fury Over a Nuclear Scientist’s Death
On Jan. 11, as tensions increased over Iran’s nuclear program and belligerence toward the West mounted, Iran reported that an Iranian nuclear scientist died in what was termed a “terrorist bomb blast” in northern Tehran when an unidentified motorcyclist attached a magnetic explosive device to the scientist’s car. It was the fourth such attack reported in two years and, as after the previous incidents, Iranian officials indicated that they believed the United States and Israel were responsible.
The next day, Iran expressed deepening fury at Israel and the United States over the scientist’s death, and signaled that its Islamic Revolutionary Guards Corps might carry out revenge assassinations.
News of the killing dominated Iran’s state-run news media, which were filled with vitriolic denunciations both of Israel, seen in Iran as the main suspect in his death, and the United States, where top officials have gone out of their way to issue strongly worded denials of responsibility.
Israeli officials, who regard Iran as their country’s main enemy, have not categorically denied any role in the killing, which came against a backdrop of growing pressure on Iran over its disputed nuclear program.
A Second Uranium Enrichment Site
Also in January 2012, Iran’s top nuclear official announced defiantly that the country was on the verge of starting production at its second major uranium enrichment site. The new facility is buried deep underground on a well-defended military site and is considered far more resistant to airstrikes than the existing enrichment site at Natanz, limiting what Israeli officials, in particular, consider an important deterrent to Iran’s nuclear aims
The opening of the plant does not significantly affect estimates of how long it could take Iran to produce a nuclear weapon, if that is its true intention. The new facility has been inspected regularly, and unless the Iranians barred inspectors or managed to deceive them, any effort to produce uranium at bomb-grade levels would most likely be detected. American officials have estimated that they would have six months to a year to react, if needed, before the enrichment was completed.
But if it came to that, satellite photographs showed that the new plant is surrounded by anti-aircraft guns, and the mountainous setting was designed to make a bombing campaign nearly impossible.
The C.I.A., according to current and former officials, has repeatedly tried to derail Iran’s uranium enrichment program by covert means, including introducing sabotaged parts into Iran’s supply chain.
In addition, the agency is believed to have encouraged some Iranian nuclear scientists to defect, an effort that came to light in 2010 when a scientist, Shahram Amiri, who had come to the United States, claimed to have been kidnapped by the C.I.A. and returned to Iran. (Press reports say he has since been arrested and tried for treason.) A former deputy defense minister, Ali-Reza Asgari, disappeared while visiting Turkey in 2006 and is widely believed to have defected, possibly to the United States.
Iran’s Reaction to the U.N. Report
Angered by the release of the U.N. report in November 2011, Iran’s leaders sought to cast it as an American fabrication. President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad of Iran led the verbal assault on the report, saying it had been orchestrated by Iran’s enemies, principally the United States, which he said had dictated the report’s findings.
The supreme leader of Iran, Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, added his voice to the country’s bellicose backlash, warning any potential military attackers that they would face a “strong slap and iron fist.”
The comments escalated Iran’s portrayal of itself as the victim of a campaign to foment “Iranophobia” mounted by corrupt foreign states. But the remarks also appeared to reflect growing concern in the Iranian hierarchy that Israel and possibly the United States might use the report as a justification to bomb sites in Iran suspected of harboring facilities for the development of nuclear weapons.
In a continuing display of displeasure at being rebuked by the U.N., Iran boycotted a meeting at the Vienna headquarters of the I.A.E.A. on Nov. 21. Iran was one of 97 countries invited to the meeting, which was held to discuss nuclear issues relating to the Middle East.
The apparent boycott seemed to widen the already yawning gap between Iran and outside powers, including the United States, seeking to defuse the dispute over Tehran’s nuclear program.
A month before the U.N. report was released, Mr. Obama pressed U.N. inspectors to release classified intelligence information showing that Iran was designing and experimenting with nuclear weapons technology. The president’s push was part of a larger American effort to further isolate and increase pressure on Iran after accusing it of a plot to assassinate Saudi Arabia’s ambassador to the United States.
The Obama Response
After years of conflict between Iran and President George W. Bush, President Barack Obama spent his first years in office trying to engage Iran diplomatically, only to see Tehran back away from a tentative agreement to ship some uranium out of the country for enrichment.
On Sept. 9, 2009, American intelligence agencies concluded that Iran had created enough nuclear fuel to make a rapid, if risky, sprint for a nuclear weapon. But new intelligence reports delivered to the White House said that the country has deliberately stopped short of the critical last steps to make a bomb.
In late September 2009, Mr. Obama, along with Prime Minister Gordon Brown of Britain and President Nicolas Sarkozy of France, revealed the existence of a secret underground plant near Qom. American officials said they had been tracking the project for years, but that the president decided to make public the American findings after Iran discovered that the secrecy surrounding the project had been breached.
Talks were then held between Iran and the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council — the United States, Russia, China, Britain and France — as well as Germany, and led by the European Union‘s foreign policy chief, Javier Solana. At the talks, Iran agreed in principle to export most of its enriched uranium for processing, a step that would have bought more time for negotiations by reducing the amount of potential bomb-making material in Iran’s hands for up to a year.
The news raised a tumult in Iran, with conservative politicians arguing that the West could not be trusted to return the uranium. Shortly after the accord was announced, Iran began raising objections and backtracking. On Oct. 29, Iran told the U.N.’s chief nuclear inspector that it was rejecting the deal.
A 2010 Report Raises Questions
In February 2010, the United Nations’ nuclear inspectors declared for the first time that they had extensive evidence of “past or current undisclosed activities” by Iran’s military to develop a nuclear warhead, an unusually strongly worded conclusion likely to accelerate Iran’s confrontation with the United States and other Western countries.
The report, the first under the new director general of the International Atomic Energy Agency, Yukiya Amano, also concluded that the nation’s weapons-related activity apparently continued “beyond 2004.”
Following the agency’s announcement, Russia said that it was “very alarmed” by Iran’s unwillingness to cooperate with the I.A.E.A. And in late March, a Russian official disclosed that Russian and Chinese envoys had pressed Iran’s government to accept a United Nations plan on uranium enrichment during meetings in Tehran earlier in the month but that Iran had refused, leaving “less and less room for diplomatic maneuvering.”
Questions of Iran’s sincerity were again raised by its announcement on May 17 of an agreement negotiated by Turkey and Brazil that could offer a short-term solution to its ongoing nuclear standoff with the West, or prove to be a tactic aimed at derailing efforts to bring new sanctions against Tehran.
The deal called for Iran to ship 2,640 pounds of low enriched uranium to Turkey, where it would be stored. In exchange, after one year, Iran would have the right to receive about 265 pounds of material enriched to 20 percent from Russia and France.
The next day, Secretary of State Hillary Rodham Clinton announced that a deal had been struck with other major powers, including Russia and China, to impose new sanctions on Iran, a sharp repudiation of the agreement between Iran and Turkey.
A New Round of Sanctions
In June 2010, after months of lobbying by the Obama administration and Europe, the U.N. Security council voted to impose a new round of sanctions on Iran, the fourth such move. But the measures did little to overcome widespread doubts that they — or even the additional steps pledged by American and European officials — would accomplish the Council’s longstanding goal: halting Iran’s production of nuclear fuel.
The new resolution, hailed by President Obama as delivering “the toughest sanctions ever faced by the Iranian government,” took months to negotiate and major concessions by American officials, but still failed to carry the symbolic weight of a unanimous decision. Twelve of the 15 nations on the council voted for the measure, while Turkey and Brazil voted against it and Lebanon abstained.
After the Obama administration imposed additional sanctions on more than a dozen Iranian companies and individuals with links to the country’s nuclear and missile programs, the European Union followed suit with what it called “inevitable” new measures against Tehran.
The main thrust of the sanctions is against military purchases, trade and financial transactions carried out by the Islamic Revolutionary Guards Corps, which controls the nuclear program and has taken a more central role in running the country and the economy.
The United States had sought broader measures against Iran’s banks, insurance industry and other trade, but China and Russia were adamant that the sanctions not affect Iran’s day-to-day economy.
In late November, a trove of diplomatic documents obtained by Wikileaks showed deep concern among Iran’s neighbors over its nuclear program and revealed that American officials believed Tehran had obtained advanced missiles from North Korea that could let it strike at Western European capitals and Moscow. It also provided a detailed look at how President Obama had assembled support for tough sanctions that had eluded President George W. Bush.
In January 2011, Secretary of State Hillary Rodham Clinton said that international sanctions had slowed Iran’s nuclear program, and the restrictions seem to have disrupted sectors of the economy, particularly banking and export-related industries.
The Mysterious Stuxnet Worm
Also in January 2011, the retired leader of Israel’s intelligence agency said Iran could not develop a bomb before 2015, an assessment most American officials agreed with. The biggest single factor seems to have been a computer virus — the so-called Stuxnet worm — that is believed to have destroyed one-fifth of Iran’s nuclear centrifuges.
Stuxnet turned up in industrial programs around the world in mid-2009. But experts dissecting it soon determined that it had been precisely calibrated in a way that would send nuclear centrifuges wildly out of control, adding to suspicions that it was meant to sabotage Iran’s nuclear program.
It appears to have wiped out roughly a fifth of Iran’s nuclear centrifuges and helped delay, though not destroy, Tehran’s ability to make its first nuclear arms.
After its spread, intelligence officials began to talk of setbacks in Iran’s program that could delay the day it is able to produce a nuclear weapon (a goal Iran denies having).
Many mysteries remain, chief among them was who constructed Stuxnet, which appears to have several authors on several continents. But the digital trail is littered with intriguing bits of evidence, many of which suggest that the virus was designed as an American-Israeli project to sabotage the Iranian program.
In August 2011, intelligence officials said Iran was moving its most sensitive nuclear fuel production to a heavily defended underground military facility outside the holy city of Qum, where it was less vulnerable to attack from the air and, the Iranians hoped, to cyberattacks like the Stuxnet worm.
The Bush Response
The United Nations Security Council voted in December 2006 to impose sanctions on Iran for failing to heed calls for a suspension. In Washington, administration hawks, led by Vice President Dick Cheney, were reported to favor consideration of more aggressive measures, including possible air strikes, while Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice pushed for more diplomacy.
President George W. Bush sided with Ms. Rice, but declared that the United States would not negotiate directly with Iran until it suspended the nuclear research program. Months of inconclusive talks about talks followed.
The situation was muddied in December 2007 when American intelligence agencies issued a new National Intelligence Estimate that concluded that the weapons portion of the Iranian nuclear program remained on hold. That document said that Iran would probably be able to produce a nuclear weapon between 2010 and 2015, while cautioning that there was no evidence that the Iranian government had decided to do so, contradicting the assessment made in 2005. The estimates given by American military officials in April 2010 are roughly in line with the 2007 estimate. But in June, in the run up to a Security Council vote on sanctions, American officials made clear to their diplomatic counterparts that they now think that Iran has revived elements of its program to design nuclear weapons that the 2007 assessment concluded had gone dormant.
The Role of Israel
In 2008, President Bush deflected a secret request by Israel for specialized bunker-busting bombs it wanted for an attack on Iran’s main nuclear complex and told the Israelis that he had authorized new covert action intended to sabotage Iran’s suspected effort to develop nuclear weapons, according to senior American and foreign officials.
The White House denied Israel’s request to fly over Iraq to reach Iran’s major nuclear complex at Natanz, American officials said, and the Israelis backed off their plans, at least temporarily. But the tense exchanges also prompted the White House to step up intelligence-sharing with Israel and brief Israeli officials on new American efforts to subtly sabotage Iran’s nuclear infrastructure.
Iran’s announcement in February 2010 that it would begin enriching its stockpile of uranium drew a furious response from Israel, which has said it would regard an Iranian nuclear weapon as an existential threat. Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu told European diplomats that the sanctions needed to progress quickly.
In November 2011, Israel tested what experts said was a long-range ballistic missile, firing it out to sea from an Air Force base just south of Tel Aviv. The test came after nearly a week of reports and speculation in the Israeli news media about whether the country’s prime minister and defense minister had decided to attack Iran’s nuclear complexes.

A Nuclear ‘Trigger’
Starting in early 2008, the United Nations’ International Atomic Energy Agency repeatedly accused Iran of dragging its feet in addressing “possible military dimensions” of its nuclear program. Tehran has declared that all of the evidence gathered by the agency — mostly from the intelligence agencies of member countries, and some from its own inspectors — are fabrications.
An I.A.E.A. report issued in February 2011 listed seven outstanding questions about work Iran apparently conducted on warhead design. The documents in the hands of the agency raise questions about work on how to turn uranium into bomb fuel, how to cast conventional explosives in a shape that can trigger a nuclear blast, how to make detonators, generate neutrons to spur a chain reaction, measure detonation waves and make nose-cones for missiles.
The May report gave new details for all seven of the categories of allegations. The disclosure about the atomic trigger centered on a rare material — uranium deuteride, a form of the element made with deuterium, or heavy hydrogen. Nuclear experts say China and Pakistan appear to have used the material as a kind of atomic sparkplug.
The report said it had asked Iran about evidence of “experiments involving the explosive compression of uranium deuteride to produce a short burst of neutrons” — the speeding particles that split atoms in two in a surge of nuclear energy. In a bomb, an initial burst of neutrons is needed to help initiate a rapid chain reaction.
Harold M. Agnew, a former director of the Los Alamos weapons laboratory, said the compression of uranium deuteride suggested work on an atomic trigger.
The agency’s disclosure about Iran’s alleged use of uranium deuteride also suggests another possible connection between Tehran’s program and Abdul Qadeer Khan, the rogue Pakistani engineer who sold nuclear information.
A famous photograph of Dr. Khan, whom Pakistan has released from house arrest in Islamabad, shows him in front of the schematic diagram of an atom bomb on a blackboard. A pointer to the bomb’s center is labeled uranium deuteride.
The May report also gave fresh charges on the design of missile warheads. Documentary evidence, it said, suggested that Iran had conducted “studies involving the removal of the conventional high explosive payload from the warhead of the Shahab-3 missile and replace it with a spherical nuclear payload.”
The Shahab-3 is one of Iran’s deadliest weapons, standing 56 feet tall. In parades, Iran has draped them with banners reading, “Wipe Israel off the map.”
Iran’s Nuclear History
Iran’s first nuclear program began in the 1960s under the shah. It made little progress, and was abandoned after the 1979 revolution, which brought to power the hard-line Islamic regime. In the mid-1990s, a new effort began, raising suspicions in Washington and elsewhere. Iran insisted that it was living up to its obligations under the Non-Proliferation Treaty, but in 2002, an exile group obtained documents revealing a clandestine program. Faced with the likelihood of international sanctions, the government of Mohammad Khatami agreed in 2003 to suspend work on uranium enrichment and allow a stepped-up level of inspections by the International Atomic Energy Agency while continuing negotiations with Britain, France and Germany.
In August 2005, Mr. Khatami, a relative moderate, was succeeded as president by Mr. Ahmadinejad, a hard-line conservative. The following January, Iran announced that it would resume enrichment work, leading the three European nations to break off their long-running talks. Under the Non-Proliferation Treaty, Iran has the right to enrich uranium, but the atomic energy association called for the program to be halted until questions about the earlier, secret program were resolved.

taked from : here
cn answer : hwang, i dont really sure about this

Iran test-fires missiles in Gulf exercise

2012-01-31T09:11:00.000-08:00

Mon Jan 2, 2012 11:04am EST

Iran said on Monday it had successfully test-fired what it described as two long-range missiles, flexing its military muscle in the face of mounting Western pressure over its nuclear program.
The announcement came at the climax of 10 days of naval exercises in the Gulf, during which Tehran has warned it could shut the Strait of Hormuz, through which 40 percent of world oil is shipped, if sanctions were imposed on its crude exports.
Analysts say Iran's increasingly strident rhetoric, which has pushed oil prices higher, is aimed at sending a message to the West that it should think twice about the economic cost of putting further pressure on Tehran.
"We have successfully test-fired long-range shore-to-sea and surface-to-surface missiles, called Qader (Capable) and Nour (Light) today," Deputy Navy Commander Mahmoud Mousavi told state television.
Despite his use of the term 'long-range', the semi-official Fars news agency said the Qader's range was only 200 km (125 miles), and no figure was given for the Nour.
Iran is about 225 km (140 miles) at its nearest point from Bahrain, where the U.S. Fifth Fleet is based, and about 1,000 km (625 miles) from Israel. Its longest-range missile, the Sajjil-2, has a range of up to 2,400 km (1,500 miles).
Iran said on Monday it had no intention to close the Strait of Hormuz, but has carried out "mock" exercises on shutting it.
"No order has been given for the closure of the Strait of Hormuz. But we are prepared for various scenarios," state television quoted navy chief Habibollah Sayyari as saying.
The U.S. Fifth Fleet said it would not allow shipping to be disrupted in the strategic waterway.
Tehran denies Western accusations that it is trying to build atomic bombs, saying it needs nuclear technology to generate electricity.
The United States and Israel have not ruled out military action against Iran if diplomacy fails to resolve the Islamic state's nuclear row with the West.
ISRAELI REACTION
Israel played down the military impact of Iran's announcement, saying Tehran's forces were no match for the West's in the Gulf.
Moshe Yaalon, vice prime minister and minister of strategic affairs, told Israel Radio the exercises reflected Iran's concern about sanctions to curb its nuclear ambitions, and its efforts to suggest its naval forces could match those of the West, led by the United States, in the Gulf.
On that point, Yaalon was dismissive. "Really, this couldn't even be called a fair fight between the two sides." He repeated Israel's call for tougher economic sanctions against Iran accompanied by "a credible military option as a last resort."
The European Union is considering following the United States in banning imports of Iranian crude oil. U.S. President Barack Obama signed new sanctions against Iran into law on Saturday, stepping up the pressure with sanctions on financial institutions that deal with Iran's central bank.
If enforced strictly, the sanctions could make it nearly impossible for most refiners to buy crude from Iran, the world's fourth biggest producer.
The United Nations Security Council has already imposed four rounds of global sanctions on Iran over its refusal to halt sensitive nuclear activities.
Iran has so far shown no willingness to change its nuclear course but Iranian media reported on Saturday that nuclear negotiator Saeed Jalili would write to the EU foreign policy chief to say Tehran was ready for fresh talks on its nuclear program.
Talks between Iran and six world powers - the United States, Russia, China, Britain, France and Germany - stalled in January.
(Additional reporting by Hossein Jaseb in Tehran and Jeffrey Heller in Jerusalem; Editing by Mark Trevelyan)

taked from here

NJapan to provide $17 million to Afghanistan

2012-01-11T08:04:00.000-08:00

The government of Japan has pledged $17 million dollars to Afghanistan so it can be used to improve access to drinking water, electricity, and to boost agriculture. According to Afghan media reports, the money will be given to Afghanistan’s Ministry of Energy and Water. The head of the ministry, Mohammad Ismael Khan, told reporters that $10 million will be spent in Kabul in order to provide more people with clean drinking water and electricity. Khan said that a hydro power dam will be constructed in the Shakardara valley. Khan also added that the remaining $7 million will be spent in Afghanistan’s central Bamiyan province. The money will be used to construct small dams in order to produce electricity and small water canals to boost agriculture in the province.

taked from : http://www.goodafghannews.com/

Imigran gelap asal Afghanistan di Karawang tersisa 39 orang

2012-01-11T07:58:00.000-08:00

Senin, 9 Januari 2012 23:49 WIB

Karawang - Imigran gelap asal Afghanistan yang masih tersisa di tempat penampungan sementara Kantor Imigrasi Klas II Kabupaten Karawang, Jawa Barat, hingga Senin malam sebanyak 39 orang, dari jumlah total sebelumnya yang mencapai 60 orang.

Kepala Seksi Pengawasan dan Penindakan Keimigrasian (Wasdakim) Kantor Imigrasi Klas II Karawang M Tito Andrianto, mengatakan, dari total 60 imigran asal Afghanistan, Irak, Iran, dan Suriah, yang ditampung di tempat penampungan sementara, saat ini tinggal 39 orang.

Sebanyak 21 orang lainnya sudah dibawa ke Jakarta, dengan menggunakan bus tiga perempat. Rombongan imigran tersebut dikawal oleh aparat kepolisian setempat, untuk menghindari hal-hal yang tidak diinginkan.

Dari 21 orang itu, ada tujuh orang warga negara Iran yang dibawa ke gedung Direktorat Jenderal Imigrasi, Kuningan, Jakarta, karena mereka sudah memiliki paspor dan tiket. Imigran gelap lain dari Iran sebanyak empat orang, lima orang dari Afghanistan dan lima orang lainnya dari Irak.

Para imigran gelap dari empat negara, yakni dari Iran, Afghanistan, dan Irak sebanyak 14 orang dibawa ke Rumah Detensi Imirasi (Rudenim), Kalideres, Jakarta.

Pada Minggu dinihari (8/1), aparat kepolisian dari Bagian Lidik dan Tindak Satgaspus People Smugling Mabes Polri menangkap 77 imigran gelap asal Afghanistan di rest area Tol Jakarta-Cikampek Km 57, wilayah Klari, Kabupaten Karawang, Jawa Barat, Minggu.

Setelah dilakukan penangkapan, aparat kepolisian dari Mabes Polri menyerahkan 77 imigran gelap tersebut ke Kantor Imigrasi Kelas II Karawang untuk pemeriksaan lebih lanjut. Tetapi hingga kini, jumlah imigran gelap di tempat penampungan sementara Kantor Imigrasi Karawang mencapai 60 orang. Sedangkan 17 orang lainnya kabur.

Sejumlah imigran tersebut mengaku akan mencari suaka ke Australia. Mereka hendak ke Surabaya, Jawa Timur. Kemudian akan melanjutkan perjalanannya dengan menaiki perahu, menyeberang ke Australia. (MAK)

taked from :antaranews.com

4 Pengebom Bunuh Diri Tewaskan 2 Polisi Afghanistan

2012-01-10T09:45:00.000-08:00

Ilustrasi (AFP)

Kabul - Aksi bom bunuh diri terjadi di kompleks gedung pemerintah di Afghanistan. Akibat serangan ini, 2 polisi tewas dan seorang lainnya luka-luka.

Sekelompok pengebom bunuh diri yang terdiri dari 4 orang menyerang gedung Direktorat Komunikasi di Sharana, provinsi Paktika. Sebelum para pelaku meledakkan diri, sempat terjadi baku tembak dengan petugas Kepolisian yang berjaga di gedung tersebut. Aksi baku tembak ini pun memakan korban.

"Dua polisi tewas dan seorang lainnya terluka. Anggota Kepolisian Nasional Afghan terlibat baku tembak dengan pelaku yang tersisa," demikian seperti disampaikan Kementerian Dalam Negeri Afghanistan dan dilansir oleh AFP, Selasa (10/1/2012). Sedangkan 2 pelaku bom bunuh diri juga ikut tewas.

Secara terpisah, juru bicara pemerintah setempat, Mokhlis Afghan, menerangkan kronologi kejadian. Seorang pelaku bom bunuh diri berhasil menewaskan polisi penjaga yang ada di gerbang sebelum mereka memasuki gedung. Baku tembak pun terjadi di gerbang antara polisi dengan pelaku.

Kemudian seorang pelaku lainnya meledakkan diri di dalam gedung dan menewaskan seorang polisi. Anggota Kepolisian lainnya yang datang membantu lantas mengepung gedung tersebut. Mereka berhasil melumpuhkan dan menewaskan pelaku bom bunuh diri lainnya.

Gubernur Provinsi Paktika, Muhibullah Samim menyatakan, para pelaku sebenarnya berniat meledakkan diri di kantor intelijen yang masih berada dekat dengan gedung pemerintahan tersebut.

(nvc/ita)

taked from : detiknews.com

Tentara Afghanistan Bunuh Serdadu Nato

2012-01-10T09:38:00.000-08:00

Internasional / Selasa, 10 Januari 2012 00:20 WIB

kabul : Seorang tentara Afghanistan menembak mati satu rekannya dari Pakta Pertahanan Atlantik Utara (NATO) dan tewas ketika pertengkaran berakhir dengan baku tembak.

"Di pangkalan Pasukan Bantuan Keamanan Asing (ISAF) dekat kantor gubernur di Zabul (di selatan), enam prajurit ISAF dan tiga tentara ANA (Tentara Negara Afghanistan) berselisih, yang berakhir dalam bakutembak," kata sumber pasukan keamanan Afghanistan di NATO kepada kantor berita Prancis AFP.

"Seorang tentara ANA membunuh prajurit dari ISAF. Ia tewas sesudah ISAF menembaknya," tambah sumber itu mengacu pada Pasukan Bantuan Keamanan Asing pimpinan NATO. Sejumlah tentara lain luka dalam tembak-menembak tersebut.

Pernyataan ISAF mengatakan, "Anggota Pasukan Bantuan Keamanan Asing tewas hari ini di Afghanistan selatan, tampaknya oleh anggota Tentara Negara Afghanistan." Itu yang terkini dari serangkaian bentrok mematikan di antara tentara ISAF dengan "rekannya" dari Afghanistan.

Pada 24 Desember, seorang tentara Afghanistan tewas dalam tembak-menembak dengan pasukan Amerika Serikat di provinsi baratdaya, Farah, setelah ia melepaskan tembakan ketika bertengkar, kata pejabat tentara dan polisi Afghanistan.

Lima hari kemudian, seorang pria mengenakan seragam tentara Afghanistan menembak mati dua anggota Legiun Asing Prancis, yang bertugas di ISAF.

Pada kesempatan itu, Taliban menyatakan bertanggung jawab, dengan mengatakan tentara tersebut masuk tentara untuk melakukan serangan di propinsi Kapisa, wilayah rawan di bagian timur negara itu.

Tentara ISAF dalam upaya penyerahan keamanan kepada pasukan setempat sebelum penarikan pasukan semua pasukan tempur asing pada akhir 2014.

Pasukan asing itu sering melakukan gerakan bersama dengan tentara dan polisi Afghanistan melawan pejuang pimpinan Taliban.

Untuk pertama kali dalam delapan tahun, jumlah tentara Barat tewas di Afghanistan turun pada 2011.

Jumlah itu masih tetap tinggi dengan 566 tewas, tapi turun dari jumlah pada 2010, yakni 711 orang, yang menjadikan tahun itu paling mematikan bagi pasukan asing di Afghanistan.

Perlawanan pimpinaan Taliban Afghanistan menyengit dalam beberapa tahun belakangan, dengan peningkatan dalam serangan bom jalanan dan ledakan jibaku.

Sekitar 130.000 tentara asing di Afghanistan bersama pasukan pemerintah negara terkoyak perang itu melawan gerilyawan pimpinan Taliban.

Sejumlah 2.858 tentara asing tewas di Afghanistan sejak serbuan pada 2001, dengan Amerika Serikat menderita korban terbanyak dengan 1.873 orang, diikuti Inggris dengan 395, Kanada (158), Prancis (78), Jerman (53), Italia (42), Denmark (42), Polandia (35), Spanyol (34), Australia (32), Belanda (25), dan sisanya dari negara lain.

Taliban menggunakan bom rakitan IED, yang mudah dan murah dibuat, sebagai senjata unggulan dalam perang sedasawarsa melawan Amerika Serikat dan sekutunya itu, yang sudah menewaskan lebih dari 50 persen korban di kalangan tentara asing.

Pejuang garis keras itu, yang memerintah Afghanistan dari 1996 hingga 2001 saat serbuan pimpinan Amerika Serikat, melancarkan perlawanan 10 tahun untuk mengusir tentara Barat dan kembali ke kekuasaan.

Taliban digulingkan akibat tidak mau menyerahkan pemimpin Alqaida Osama bin Ladin, yang dituduh mendalangi serangan terhadap Amerika Serikat tiga bulan sebelumnya.(Ant/ICH)

taked from : metrotvnews.com

Spiderman 4 The MOVIE

2012-01-09T00:27:00.001-08:00

Tokoh laba2 bertopeng akan kembali hadir ditahun 2011 nanti dalam sekuel Spiderman 4. Berita mengenai rencana pemutaran film Spiderman 4 ini tentu saja disambut dan sangat dinanti2kan oleh seluruh penggemarnya diseluruh dunia. Sosok pahlawan dalam diri peter parker ini memang telah ngetop sejak penayangan perdananya pada tahun 1962. Marvels Comic berhasil mengangkat tokoh yang diciptakan oleh penulis Stan Lee dan artis Steve Ditko. Kekuatan yang besar akan diiringi oleh tanggung jawab yang besar adalah kalimat yang seringkali muncul dalam film spiderman. Kini Spiderman 4 akan kembali menyelamatkan bumi dari gangguang tangan2 jahat.

Seperti halnya Batman, Spiderman juga mempunyai banyak musuh, salah satunya yang akan muncul pada sekuel ke 4 ini adalah Lizard. Menurut rencananya, Spiderman 4 the movie akan mulai syuting pada awal 2010 nanti. Tobey Maguire akan kembali didaulat memerankan tokoh Peter Parker. Namun sedikit berbeda dengan sekuel terdahulunya, karakter peter parker akan terlihat semkain dewasa dan mulai meninggalkan sifat egois dan kekanak-kanakannya. Tohoh baru yang diprediksi akan muncul adalah Rachel McAdams.

Dengan rencana kehadiran Spiderman 4 ke layar bioskop, pasti akan memicu semkian maraknya pencarian download gratis film spiderman 4, thriler, sinopsis dan free download spiderman 4 the movie. Ynag menjadi hot gosip sebelum pembuatan spiderman 4 ini adalah rencananya penayangan spiderman 5 yang akan langsung dibuat setelahnya. Namun sebagai penulis naskah spiderman 4, James Vanderbilt belum memberikan konfirmasi resmi.

Kita tunggu saja kehadiran spiderman 4 ditahun 2011 nanti sambil menunggu kehadiran film Indonesia berkualitas lainnya yaitu Sang Pemimpi yang rencananya akan hadir di akhir tahun ini. Karena sutradara film tersebut sudah menjanjikan sesuatu yang berbeda, baik dalam plot cerita maupun kualitas special efek yang pasti akan hadir dalam film spiderman 4

CATATAN KESELAMATAN KERJA CNS

2011-11-18T05:02:00.000-08:00

Fahmis.docx
Fahmis.doc
JANUs.doc

KOMIK PENDEK ANCUR LUCU V2

2011-10-13T11:19:00.000-07:00

INGAT SEBELUM MEMBACA!!!
Cerita disini mengandung hal-hal yang tidak boleh ditiru dan bahasa yang kurang sopan juga tidak boleh ditiru

6.

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bersambung…

download dalam bentuk .docx / microsoft word 2007

KONSER MUSIK DAN PAMERAN ANGKASA

2011-10-13T10:27:00.000-07:00

Sementara ini sedang di buka pendaftaran tiap kelas untuk mendaftarkan minimal 1 band
Pendaftaran dibuka dari 15 october - 22october
informasi selebihnya sedang di kumpulkan dan di perbaiki

DOWNLOAD ADS KOMPAS.DOCX

SOME FAIL ahahaha!!!

2011-10-07T02:23:00.000-07:00

Source

TOP ten flying car

2011-10-07T02:05:00.000-07:00

moller m400 shaba 54

For more than five decades, science fiction has been tormenting us with hallucination of in-the-air roadways and hastily choreographing sports car-like flying cars. A number of businesses have been hunting the reverie for such a long time. NASA's PAV (Personal Air Vehicle) Challenge could do a great job to chase the wild dream. To kindle rapid modernism and advancement in PAV performance, NASA has funded $2,000,000 in cash prizes for the PAV flight competition. Here is a list of some of the flying cars, including some vehicles that have taken a voyage in the air while some are waiting to do the same in the near future.
1. Mad Ludwig's flying car

ludwigs flying car

Unfortunately, this ingenious man King Ludwig II of Bavaria was declared insane 10 June, 1886 and was deposed. And now, after around 120 years after his death, scientists are saying that he was a one of the pioneers of flight. Now, aeronautical specialists have found hiss drawings of the flying peacock car out and re-established them on computer.

Picture Gallery

Mad Ludwig’s flying car

2. Aerocar International's Aerocar

aerocar

Dubbed the Taylor Aerocar, the American roadable aircraft was built in 1949 by Moulton Taylor. The Aerocar III, which was the final model built by Taylor was colored red had had silver wings.

Picture Gallery

Taylor AeroCar

3. PAL-V: Personal Air and Land Vehicle

pal v y9iqr 54

PAL-V Europe BV aims to build everybody's dream in mobility, a full-fledged flying and full-fledged driving vehicle. Excerpt from the company's page: Steer it like a car and it banks like a motorcycle. It sounds deceivingly simple. And it truly is. At the heart of the PAL-V lies the Dynamic Vehicle Control (DVC™) system which automatically adjusts the tilt angle of the cockpit to the speed and acceleration of the vehicle enabling a plane-like 'tilting before cornering'.

Picture Gallery

PAL-V: Personal Air and Land Vehicle

4. Moller M200X flying car

ibn cf9xc

The M200X was invented by Moller back in the year 1989, which has now been taken to the air 200 times and can go as high as 50 feet.

Picture Gallery

Moller M200X

5. Skycar M400:

moller m400 skycar quch7 54

Moller's latest design The dream flying machine is one of its kind personal vertical take off and landing (VTOL) vehicle that can cruise at a maximum speed of 375 MPH at 13,200 ft. The asking price of a Skycar is estimated to be about $1 million, but we can hope it to get as low as $60,000 when it will be mass produced.

Picture Gallery

Moller Skycar M400

6. Macro SkyRider X2R

macro skyrider x2r

How about going 200 miles in a mere 45 minutes? The enthralling new aero car SkyRider X2R developed by Macro industries can do the same. The unique vehicle is said to be available in five years after receiving investment funding. They say that it could cost somewhere between $500,000 and $1 million per unit.

Picture Gallery

Macro SkyRider X2R

7. Urban X-Hawk: The Revolutionary, Modular, VTOL Aircraft

x hawk umwvw 54

From the company: X-Hawk is a 'rotorless' Vertical-Take-Off and Landing (VTOL) aircraft. To be more precise, it is an aircraft that has the VTOL capability of a helicopter. X-Hawk, in its air ambulance configuration offers a revolutionary capacity for emergency rescue teams to reach their destination quickly, in spite of practical obstacles or complex landscapes.

Picture Gallery

Urban X-Hawk

8. Terrafugia Transition

transition flying car s1mqh 54 slf6f 54

The Terrafugia's road-able aircraft Transition, priced supposedly at $148,000, comes with foldable wings and can fly and drive on road with perfection. It is expected to be ready for production by 2009 with a working prototype available in 2008.

Picture Gallery

Terrafugia Transition

9. LaBiche Aerospace FSC-1TM

labiche aerospace fsc 1tm

The LaBiche Aerospace FSC-1TM is a real treat for those who want to soar high in the sky with its sleek folding design and hair-raising speeds. The wings and rear propeller automatically vanish inside the car while you are busy setting the street on fire. The LaBiche flies at a mind-blowing speed of 275 mph. All do-it-yourself freaks would love to grab the build-it-yourself kit that costs $175,000.

Picture Gallery

LaBiche Aerospace FSC-1TM

10. MIT student's roadable aircraft

mit roadable

Carl Dietrich, a MIT aeronautical-engineering student shows a new spin on the concept of flying cars and has christened his tempting vehicle 'roadable aircraft.' He hopes to make this concept meet realism by 2010 and the price tag attached to it will be about $150,000. It really looks quite exhilarating. You could be flying over the traffic jams at a swift speed within a few years from now. But, such flying cars will be the cup of tea for uber-rich only. Update: Best flying deals available

Slideshow

Almost real personal flying deals

Our flying ambitions need just more than aircrafts, thus we have some prominent names creating their own little souvenirs to give wings to our flying dreams, in flying cars and jetpacks.

Ultimate fragment of human fantasy is to chase down the wildest dream. Chasing the dream of flying in the air, above the others, feeling just wonderful with sense of exhalation and freedom, the belief is to create a flying machine and fly around the city of reverie. Because our flying ambitions need just more, we have some prominent names creating their own little souvenirs to give wings to our flying dreams, in flying cars and jetpacks. You’ll be using a few just ever so soon – provided you have cash or might to crack a bank. Leave that thought for now, and check out the slideshow to find your personal flying choice you'll wish to fly. • Click the image below to see the evolution in human flying ambition.

evolution of flying machines

AEROCAR

2011-10-07T02:01:00.001-07:00

In 1949, Moulton B. Taylor created the first AEROCAR. It was exactly 50 years ago! His company was AEROCAR Co. of Longview, Washington.

The Sweeney’s 1956 AEROCAR Model 1.

The AEROCAR 2000 is a modern and high performance version of Molt’s 1950’s AEROCAR. It is under construction at this time in my shop in Black Forest, Colorado. Many things are different since 1949! The opportunities are new and demanding. The most significant enabling factors for a practical new flying car are:

The ADVANCED GENERAL AVIATION TRANSPORT EXPERIMENTS. This is a joint venture of government and private industry created by NASA and the FAA to revitalize general aviation.
The Global Positioning Satellite ( GPS ) system of 24 geosyncronus satellites is in place for flight and ground navigation.
Lotus Cars of Norwich, Hethel, England, introduced the light weight Lotus Elise sports car in 1996.

The Molt Taylor Flying Car Concept

There are two valid ways to make a practical flying car. One is to develop a combination car and plane and to certify it as one system under DOT, FAA and EPA. This includes the advanced flying automobile such as Branko Sahr’s project. It will require great investment to develop and will be very expensive. The other way is the Molt Taylor concept in which an existing DOT and EPA certified car is used as the ground vehicle of the flying car. A flight module is attached to this car which is certified by the FAA as an aircraft. It would be relatively inexpensive to develop and own. Initially, however, the AEROCAR 2000 will be available as an Experimental Aircraft under the existing homebuilt regulations of the FAA.

The car is the new Lotus Elise. It is a lightweight 1510 lb. two-seat roadster. The flight module is powered by a separate twin-turbocharged 2.5 liter V8 engine also produced by Lotus. It produces 350 hp, yet weighs only 491 lbs. complete.

The projected empty weight of AEROCAR 2000 is 2580 lbs. Add the pilot, fuel, baggage, passenger, the gross weight comes up to 3450 lbs. With 350 horsepower available for take off, it should have excellent acceleration, climb and cruise speed.

The Elise is a modern light fun sports car. Its features are:
mid engine, aluminum chassis and light fiberglass body.

The Flight Module

To fly this car, a flight module is attached. In its flight mode, the AEROCAR 2000 is a high wing airplane with conventional rudder and elevator. The flight engine operates a three-blade MT electric constant-speed propeller, which is positioned just above the car’s windshield. A drive shaft and gearbox connect between the V8 flight engine and the propeller. The engine’s position is above and behind the pilot and passenger. This arrangement minimizes aerodynamic drag for the aircraft and the propeller is safely up and out of harm’s way. The flight module includes the wings, tail, empenage, engine and propeller.

Ready for flight, the AEROCAR 2000 is a handsome plane. It has excellent aerodynamics.

When converting from car mode to aircraft, the driver would simply back into the flight module, make two connections, pull the module into position and latch two connectors then attach the wing lift struts. Everything for flying comes onboard the car in making this connection. When separated, everything airplane is left behind. This is the key to the AEROCAR design. This also means that the car is essentially unaltered from its original form and is a pure automobile when driven.

The car backs into the flight module to make the connection. Then six attach pins are secured.

The Lotus Twin-turbo V8 flight engine is liquid cooled. The cooling system of the flight engine shares the car engine cooling system. This design saves weight by flowing the flight engine’s coolant through the car’s systems. When the flight module is connected, coolant can be circulated by either the flight engine or the car engine and cabin heat and defroster are available.

The 350 hp twin-turbocharged Lotus V8.

The propeller speed reduction unit.

The Design Process

Getting to this point has been a five-year project. Five computer-based design programs have been applied. The first is Computer Aircraft Designer. It is a sophisticated design program, which integrates the actual shape of a plane design with performance and stability analysis. The second is a series of performance programs published by Martin Holliman. These programs are part of a series of design study books on aircraft engineering by Mr. Holliman. The third and fourth design programs are produced by DARCorp. These are high level computer aided design programs called AEROcad and Advanced Aircraft Analysis. And, the fifth is a computer flight simulation program, X-Plane, by Laminar Research. This program simulated the airplane’s design in flight on a computer screen. It has its own internal flight analysis programming.

The rendered side view shows absolute control of external surface shaping.

An isometric view of the complete airplane in all three dimensions.

These three study programs have resulted in the present shape and performance predictions of the AEROCAR 2000. Now, it is up to me to build it as it is designed. I am very confident that the prototype will perform exactly as predicted and demonstrated by these studies.

Normal Cruise speed:
Max Cruise speed:
Take off/Landing speed:     Empty Weight:
Max Loaded Weight:
Wing Span:

138 mph
168 mph
65 mph
2580 lbs
3450lbs
36 ft

A Unique Control system

The real challenge is not in the shape and configuration of the machine as car or plane, but in how it will be controlled as a plane. Because it is a flying car, it cannot be operated just like any other airplane, Cessna, Piper or Beechcraft. Not only do we have a car’s steering wheel in front of us which we must use and no place for rudder pedals, but also there are regulations to work with or work around. The major emphasis for the AEROCAR project has been to solve these requirements.

The AEROCAR 2000 will have two control systems. The car system is essentially unchanged. The primary flight control system is electronic. Servos at each flight control surface are electronically operated by a full-time flight leveler guided by solid-state pizo electric gyros. We call this AutoFlight. The secondary system is purely mechanical. An overhead control stick is directly linked to the ailerons and elevators. The car’s steering wheel is always connected to the steer the front wheels and the airplane’s rudder. The intended effect of this system is to make flying the plane just like driving the car. The angle of driving turns is commanded by the angle of the car’s steering wheel. AutoFlight makes the airplane turn only to the angle of the steering wheel. The airplane always wants to fly straight and level, until the pilot commands a turn or to climb or descend. Coordination of the flight controls is managed by the electronic flight control system. Servos, as used in high-performance radio-controlled model aircraft, will directly control “servo tabs” on each of the five aircraft control surfaces.

The pilot manages engine power with his right foot using the car’s accelerator. The accelerator pedal is operating an electronic servo at the flight engine’s throttle valve. This is coupled with a “cruise control” just as we use in driving on the freeways. It maintains a pre-set engine power. There will be a hand-operated throttle in the overhead panel of the flight module as a mechanical back up.
Instrumentation and Navigation Display Systems
The car’s instrument panel is a color flat-panel high-resolution LCD display, by DigiFly of Italy, showing information on the plane’s speed, altitude, attitude, engine RPM, temperatures and pressures. There will be two data processors, one for car information and one for aircraft information. The display will switch modes from one to the other for driving or flying. In the car mode it shows speedometer, engine RPM, fuel quantity, oil pressure, coolant temperature and system voltage. When flying it shows airspeed, altitude, and rate of climb, fuel quantity, oil pressure, coolant temperature, and system voltage.

The car’s actual steering wheel is a Telxon 1194 Pentium touch-screen display computer with built-in GPS receiver. This shows all the navigation information for driving or flying. It also is capable of voice input and response. It is a ruggedized computer with a magnesium case and shock mounted internal drive. The computer can be enhanced later for many other functions for driving or flying, such as autopilot integration into the AutoFlight system.

Telxon navigation display system.

The DigiFly instrument display system

This is the Next Generation of Personal Transportation

These electronic systems, especially the level flight controller, are essential for a flying car. For any flying car design to be marketable, it must appeal to a motorist and require skills not much more complicated than driving. A conventional airplane does not need these systems. Eventually, a flying car will be sufficiently sophisticated that a pilot’s license, as such, will not be required. This is a goal of the AGATE program; its emphasis is on simplifying and improving the safety of flight in general aviation aircraft. The AEROCAR 2000 will introduce this new generation in personal transportation.

from

Afghans Discover Graphic Photos of US Soldiers & Civilian Corpses

2011-10-07T01:58:00.001-07:00

FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE
March 22nd, 2011
Yesterday Afghans for Peace learned that a German news organization, Der Spiegel, released 3 of some 4,000 photographs and video footage showing gruesome images of US soldiers and corpses of innocent Afghans they murdered in Kandahar last year. The photographic evidence exposes the crimes committed by a “Kill Team”, where U.S. soldiers randomly targeted and murdered Afghan civilians for sport, followed by an attempt to cover them up. These appalling and inhumane acts are condemned by AFP.
USE DISCRETION BEFORE VIEWING

The first photograph shows U.S. soldier, Spc. Jeremy N. Morlock, posing with the bloodied and partially naked corpse of Gul Mudin, grabbing the victim by his hair, and grinning proudly at the camera with his trophy kill. From close observation, the victim’s body appears slim and hair-less, suggesting he was very young and had not yet reached puberty.

The second photograph shows U.S. soldier, Pfc. Andrew Holmes, posing with the same bloodied and partially naked corpse of Gul Mudin,casually holding a cigarette in one hand and grabbing the victim by the hair with the other.

The third photograph shows two unidentified Afghan male civilians murdered by the “Kill Team”. The dirty clothing worn by the victims, unnatural positioning of a foot, blood stains on the back, and bound legs and hands suggest they were possibly dragged by a vehicle and/or tortured.
January 15, 2010 was the beginning of periodic murders of Afghan civilians by the “Kill Team” that resulted in some of the most shocking allegations against American soldiers since the U.S. invasion in 2001.
A subsequent investigation shows the military clearly had ignored warnings of soldiers committing atrocities against civilians. Spc. Adam Winfield had informed his father, Christopher, about the killing and those planned for the future. Winfield Sr., persistently tried to inform the military of his son’s warnings, only to be turned away.
“The guys in my group have murdered an innocent Afghan,” Adam Winfield wrote. “They planned everything out. I knew about it … I want to do something about it, but I don’t have the courage.”
This is a repeated incident of US soldiers from all ranks taking photos and video footage of civilians they tortured and killed and then attempting to cover up their crimes. Many critics are comparing these recent events to what took place in Abu Ghraib in 2004. Afghans for Peace wants to distinguish between the two incidents. The Afghans were civilians chosen at random and not inside a prison. The extreme acts, including murder, occurred publicly in broad daylight.
These crimes illustrate the means by which the military industrial complex functions through dehumanization, forced inferiority, and occupation both historically and at present. This was the case with Native Americans, Africans, Iraqis, and now Afghans. When the military force is led by a US superpower, with almost 1,000 military bases worldwide, and aided by NATO forces, the murders in Kandahar go unnoticed.
Afghans for Peace is reminded that it was the Abu Ghraib photographs that turned the public’s eye toward the realities on the ground in Iraq. Thus, we hope these photographs further encourage the public to seek the truth on the ground realities in Afghanistan.
AFP denounces these horrid, repulsive targeted attacks against the civilian population of Afghanistan and urges Der Spiegel to release all 4,000 photographs and video footage in order to pressure the international community to put an end to this illegal war and occupation.
Afghans for Peace (AFP) is an alliance of Afghans from various ethnic, religious, socio-economic, cultural, and political backgrounds with a united vision for a democratic, all inclusive, just and peaceful Afghanistan. In order to actualize this vision, we demand an end to U.S. and NATO military operations within Afghanistan.

from

Making black powder.

2011-10-07T01:47:00.000-07:00

This instructable shows you how to make black powder for use in rocket motors and shells.

Step 1Ingredients and equipment.

the things you will need can be bought in supermarkets or garden stores.
And a ball mill can be constructed easily, if this goes down well, i might enter a ball mill instructable.

1.Potassium nitrate/KNO3/salt peter
2.Sulfur/flowers of sulfur/dusting sulfur
3.Charcoal
4.Ball mill
5. scales

The KNO3 is a garden fertilizer and can be bought at most gardening centers, as is the Flowers of sulfur, (its used to kill mites and acidify soil, so make sure you de-acidify it!)
Charcoal can be bought. Or if you have fireplace, or campfire the black brittle stuff is charcoal

Step 2Grinding and prep.

1.Put 75g of KNO3 into the ball mill and run until twice as fine, about 2 hours.

2.Empty mill. Crush 15g of charcoal between 2 pieces of paper and then grind in ball mill until powdery.

3.If using Flowers of sulfur, mix 100g with 10g of stabilizer to remove acidity (like ground calcium carbonate (chalk) or lime chloride) because if acidic the BP may spontaneously combust.

4.Then combine the KNO3 with the Charcoal, and 10g of the sulfur mix in the ball mill until at a consistent fine-ness, about 1 hour.

5. in short, 75g of fine KNO3 with 15g of fine charcoal, with 10g sulfur powder=BP

Step 3Bentonite clay.

Although not black powder, this bentonite clay can be used in rockets as an efficient way of crating a nozzle and bung in a black powder powered rocket.

Put 1 cup of the Cat litter (must be in-organic clumping type) in a ball mill and grind for 2 hours, or grind in other machine until powdery. When rammed this will become solid, because this Cat litter is mainly Bentonite clay.

This isn't nearly as difficult as it may sound. and because this doesn't expand when rammed or contract later, and sets hard quickly it is a cheap and quick way of creating bungs and nozzles.

From

making gun powder

2011-10-07T01:40:00.001-07:00

From The Foxfire Book, Volume 5 - © 1979 The Foxfire Fund; Published by Doubleday Books

"Black powder is and isn't hard to make depending on which end you look at it from. It is a long and tiresome task if you make more than ten pounds at a time.

"Out on the West Coast, as in some southern states, the trend by the government is to prevent its sale with mountains of red tape. Making your own black powder, however, is not unlawful as yet, as far as I know."

"By weight measure, black powder is made of seventy-five parts saltpeter finely ground, fifteen parts charcoal, and ten parts sulfur. All ingredients must be fine ground separately. This can be accomplished with either a mortar and pestle, or with a hand-cranked flour mill. Never mix all three ingredients before grinding unless you want to turn your mill into a deadly grenade, or your mortar into a cannon that can blow off your fingers or even your hand."

"Then the ingredients can be mixed with a small amount of water so the mixture comes out with biscuit-dough consistency. Usually when I mix the ingredients, I add just enough stale urine to make the batch bunch about like biscuit dough. The urine, substituted for water, gives the powder more oxygen and higher performance."

"Flowers of sulfur is ideal for gun powder, and it can be bought in most drug stores in four-ounce bottles or pound cans."

"It can also be found in pure deposits around volcanoes, and in early times, because it was found where molten lava issued from the earth, the sulfur condensed around the rims of the volcanoes was called brimstone."

"Today, in certain places around the world, sulfur is recovered from un- derground deposits by pumping live steam underground through pipes. The sulfur melts and, being lighter than water, is easily pumped out at another point close by. Then it is pumped into big ships that haul it to industries all over the world. That's why you can buy a hundred-pound sack for about three dollars in most places.

"Saltpeter, the chemical that produces the oxygen for the other ingredients when lit off, can he made by putting urine and manure of any kind in a big cement tank mixed with water until you have about three hundred gallons mixed up. Then you put on a tight lid and let it sit for about ten months. You have to have a drain pipe and valve at the bottom, and a stainless steel filter screen installed beforehand or you'll have one big mess on your hands. At the end of that time, you run the liquid that drains off through ashes into shallow wooden trays lined with plastic sheeting and let them stand for evaporation in the sun. When the water evaporates, potassium nitrate crystals (saltpeter) will form in the bottom of the trays."

"In the old days in cities, most outhouses were fitted with trays or drawers under the seats that could be pulled out from behind the building. They had night-soil collectors who were paid so much every month by the outhouse owners to keep those drawers emptied, and they'd come around with a special wagon into which they dumped the contents. When the wagon was full, it was hauled out to where another fellow bought the contents and dumped it into concrete tanks where the bacteria works it just like yeast works wine or bread dough. Then the liquid was run through ashes into shallow tiled or plain concrete evaporating trays or basins to recover the saltpeter."

"Today, saltpeter can also he bought in most drug stores in bottles or cans."

"Charcoal provides the carbon needed when the powder is lit off. When burning, the carbon assists in making potassium carbonates and carbon sulfates during the one one hundredth of a second that it is burning. Most of this is released at the muzzle of a smoke pole in the form of powder smoke. Some remains in the barrel in the form of fouling and should be swabbed out about every third shot if the shooter wants the round ball to continue to shoot true."

"The charcoal should never be made from hardwood as hardwood has too much ash. Such woods as chinaberry, willow, cottonwood, soft pine with no knots, or redwood and Western cedar make the best grade charcoal. A fifty-five-gallon drum with a snap-on lid and a match-stem-sized hole in the lid set over a fire Pit is a good charcoal maker. Take the wood and chip it or cut it into inch chunks and put a bucketful in the drum. Then build a hardwood fire under the drum and when smoke begins to spurt from the vent, light the wood with a match. When the flame goes out, your charcoal is made. Rake the fire out from under the drum, plug the vent with a bit of asbestos fiber or a nail that fits in tight, and let the drum sit overnight to cook. You can then crush and powder the charcoal with a mortar and pestle, or run it through a hand-cranked grain grinder to a flourlike fineness. "

"By the way, Just yesterday I took time out and made batch of powder, and this time, when I mixed the ingredients, I added homemade alder charcoal instead of redwood and improved the powder's performance 100 per cent. I recently bought a tight little sheet-metal heater stove for camp cooking and by accident discovered that getting a load of alder going good and then closing it UP tight and dampering it until it went out and turned cold converted the alder into nice pure charcoal. "

"When making black powder, never add any other ingredients or explosive powders unless you wish to turn your muzzle loader into a grenade that can kill you or cripple you for life. Keep your black powder stored in steel, airtight cans in a cool, dry place, and out of the reach of children. My parents failed to do that, and I've carried powder marks on my face for the last thirty years. A ten-year-old may think he knows what he's doing, but ten years don't give him enough prudence to think many things out ahead of time before he lights that match."

"The nice thing about shooting black powder is that commercial black costs about two cents a round, and homemade about a half-cent a round. "

As the demand for powder grew in the Southern Appalachians, fairly large operations came into being for its manufacture. As Jim Moran told us, "Powder was made in this area. The big powder mill that was around here is gone now--the place burned up and all. But it was on Boozy Creek, and it was operated back in the early 1800s and possibly before by the Hughes family. They were also gunsmiths. They were somehow connected with the blockhouse which was on the Wilderness Road. That was where Boone wintered after his son was bushwhacked on the Wilderness Road. Now that was quite a settlement around there. One winter I went up on Timbertree Branch near the blockhouse site and there were about ten or fifteen cabins around there made out of poplar logs. They were only about twelve feet square--didn't have any windows or anything in them. I think they were the residue of that holdup of immigration when those people got that far and they were afraid to go on. I went back over there about five years ago, but there's none of that left there now."

"But these Hughes, they ground that powder on millstones. I found that out. I know one man who found the old order book for the powder mill. He had it photostated. That mill blew up twice. One time they found shoe tacks in the charcoal. The story was that it was sabotaged. One time it blew a fellow's hand off."

"Willow charcoal is what they used for the powder. And then saltpeter- you know you hear about saltpeter caves. Over around Saltville they've found a lot of the vats and stuff where they leached that out from bat guano. That was done during the Civil War. In fact, they've uncovered one of those caves in the last ten years or so and found the vats still intact in the cave. That's Saltville, which is about thirty-five or forty miles north of here. And the same thing in Big Stone Gap. Powder for the Battle of King's Mountain was made on Powder Branch near Erwin, Tennessee."

Another of these operations was located in Mammoth Cave. Recently, in a remarkable experiment there, potassium nitrate crystals from saltpeter were produced again in the traditional method. Carol A. Hill, one of the coordinators for the Saltpeter Research Group, describes the procedure that was used that day:

"Before the 187Os, caves were the primary source of nitrate used in the manufacture of gunpowder. Saltpeter mining was one of the first major industries of the new frontier, and one of the principle objectives of exploring new territory was to find saltpeter caves. Caves were mined by individuals and also commercially for national defense purposes during the Revolutionary War, the War of 1812, and the Civil War. Many homesteaders in the Virginias, Kentucky, and Tennessee had their own individual saltpeter caves and from them would make their own gunpowder in home-constructed V-vats or 'hoppers.'

"Making a V-vat entailed using a peg-and-hole construction. The holes were made with a hand auger; the pegs by whittling down the end of a log with a hatchet and then by trimming with a knife . The frame was then pounded together with a wooden mallet . A froe was used to make the side boards. Bolts of wood that were straight-grained and well seasoned were the best for this purpose. The glut was used as a wedge to split the log base of the collecting trough. The trough was then hewn out with a foot adze and hatchet. After the hopper was constructed, twigs were laid in the bottom of the vat, and then wheat straw was laid on top of the twigs and along the side boards to help keep the vat from leaking.

"Cave dirt was tested for its nitrate potential by the following procedure: A footprint or mark was made in the dirt and left for twenty-four hours. If the print was scarcely visible by the next day, then the dirt was deemed high in niter. A mattock was used to break up the cave dirt, and a wooden saltpeter paddle was used for digging and scraping The dirt was removed from the cave in gunny sacks and poured on top of the twig and straw in the V-vat. Buckets of water were then poured over the saltpeter dirt to leach it of its nitrate or 'Mother liquor'. The mother liquor (also sometimes called 'beer' would run down the sides of the V-vat and into the split-log base and out into the collecting trough. A dipper gourd was often used to transfer the mother liquor into a container. This same liquor was poured again and again over the saltpeter dirt because releaching caused more nitrates to be dissolved. According to the old reports, releaching went on until the solution was of sufficient density to float an egg.

"The next step was to combine the mother liquor rich in calcium nitrate with wood ashes that contain high amounts of potassium hydroxide. The best woodashes for this purpose were made by burning hardwoods such as oak and hickory. The mother liquor was either poured directly over the woodashes or the woodashes were leached in barrels and the leachate directly combined with the mother liquor. Upon combination, a white haze could be seen , and this white precipitate (calcium hydroxide or 'curds' as it was called) would slowly sink to the bottom of the barrel. If the solution contained an excess of calcium nitrate, the product was termed 'in the grease.' An excess of woodashes produced a condition called 'in the ley.'

The wood ash leachate was poured into the mother liquor until the white curds could no longer be seen precipitating out of solution. The remaining solution thus contained the still soluble potassium nitrate. This solution was dipped out into an apple-butter kettle (or"evaporator'), and a fire started under the kettle. Turnip halves were then thrown into the boiling solution to help keep it from foaming and to take up the dirty brown color. Oxblood (or alum) was also added to the boiling liquid and caused the organic matter to rise to the top of the liquid and form a scum which, with continued boiling, was constantly ladled off. After a few hours of boiling, the hot liquor was poured through cheesecloth in order to filter out the remaining scum and organic material. Upon cooling, fine, bitter, needle-shaped crystals of niter (potassium nitrate) formed in the liquor. These crystals were then collected and dried. Potassium nitrate crystals were far superior to calcium or sodium-nitrate crystals because they are non-deliquescent (do not take up moisture from the air) and, hence, would not make the gunpowder wet and unusable. The nitrate crystals thus obtained had to be further refined and purified. This purification procedure was done either by the individual and homemade into gunpowder, or it was done after the saltpeter crystals were sent to a refinery where the final gunpowder was made."

Amplifier 150W dengan Crossover Aktif(Active Crossover)

2011-10-06T03:53:00.000-07:00

Rangkaian Amplifier 150W dengan Crossover Aktif (Active Crossover) ini sangat menarik. Sebenarnya rangkaian ini menggunakan chip power amplifier 4 channel. Nah, sebagai Crossover Aktif (Active Crossover) disini kita gunakan juga sebuah chip yang dapat memisahkan nada bass, midrange dan treble, output dari Crossover Aktif (Active Crossover) langsung bisa dikuatkan oleh power amplifier.

Chip Power amplifier 4 channel yang kita pakai adalah SANYO LA47536 yang mempunyai daya output sampai dengan 150W, sedangkan untuk Crossover Aktif (Active Crossover) kita pakai LF353 dari National Semiconductor.

Blok diagram rangkaian Amplifier 150W dengan Crossover Aktif(Active Crossover)

Note: Input yang digunakan adalah MP3 player.

Rangkaian Crossover Aktif(Active Crossover) atau Tone Control 3 Band

Note: Biar lebih jelas, gambar diklik aja…

Rangkaian Power Amplifier 150W dengan 4 channel

Note: Biar lebih jelas, gambar diklik aja…

PCB rangkaian Amplifier 150W dengan Crossover Aktif(Active Crossover)

Note: Biar lebih jelas, gambar diklik aja…

from

Steve job passed away (Apple)

2011-10-06T01:09:00.001-07:00

Steve Jobs passed away today

Oct 6th

Posted by Romain in Steve Jobs history

No comments

I just woke up to the news of Steve Jobs’ death. I live in France and the news became public while I was sleeping.
The irony is that one of the last things I said before going to bed was to my girlfriend, with whom I shared my concern of the total absence of any reference to Steve during Apple’s latest event. I talked to her about Scoble’s post on Google+:

I’m hearing that Steve Jobs won’t be at tomorrow’s press event. He’s just not feeling well enough to come out in public, I hear (and yes, that makes me sad, the industry will really miss him and they will see again tomorrow why). I keep wishing that these continued rumors are wrong, but know in my head that they probably are right.

and said, “you know, maybe he’s at the hospital or something. One day we might hear he’s dead just like that, out of the blue”. Of course I never expected that day would be today, the day following the event.
It really is Steve-ian to have stayed CEO until the last possible moment. Of course the words of Steve’s resignation keep coming back into my head.

I have always said if there ever came a day when I could no longer meet my duties and expectations as Apple’s CEO, I would be the first to let you know. Unfortunately, that day has come.

But like many others I wouldn’t believe they meant his health condition had been decreasing. I thought he wanted some rest for the last years, if not months, of his life. I thought he would be there around the time his biography came out. I thought he would take time to have his house finally built. But no. Like so many geniuses and heroes before him, he fought until the last moment, and Death has come to him sooner than it should.
Of course I am still overwhelmed by the news and all the testimonials that are pouring out everywhere. I will take some time to reflect and think about what this news for Apple, even for me. As far as the website is concerned, I was working on the next version that would come out in 2-3 weeks. With today’s news I will transform the project into an online tribute to our greatest hero, the man who has changed the world several times over, one of the greatest innovators and entrepreneurs in history: our Steve.

Newfound pictures of Steve from the NeXT era

Sep 12th

Posted by Romain in Steve Jobs history

1 comment

I recently discovered this video straight from Stanford, which depicts the famed collection of Apple memorabilia that Steve Jobs donated to the university when he came back to Apple. This so-called ‘Apple museum’ includes exclusive documents and pictures from Apple’s early days, namely its first twenty years (1976-1996). Steve Jobs himself mentioned it in the D5 interview with Bill Gates in 2007, saying it was important to focus on the future rather than the past. Still, I wonder if such a collection is being built for Apple 2.0, especially now that Steve is no longer CEO.
On that subject, I was blessed with two recent findings of great sets of photographs of Steve during his NeXT days (my favorite).
First, thanks to reader JB Durand who shared this with me back in July, you can find on Flickr a great set of pictures (by Esther Dyson) from the PC Forum shows of the late 1980s, including pictures of Steve for the 1984, 1985 and 1990 instances. One example below:

I was also fortunate to be contacted by photographer Robert Holmgren three weeks ago about portraits of Steve Jobs he made while Steve was still CEO of NeXT. Again, awesome pictures:

Robert has a couple of blog posts where he explain how he took those photographs and dealt with a difficult subject (complete with the hi-res versions of these pictures). He also has fun stories about his signed Macintosh and a trip to the Jobses’ garage, including an encounter with Steve’s father, Paul. Be sure to check it out.
I am not adding these pictures to the website just yet, because I am working hard on the next version of the website, which I hope to be able to release after the iPhone 5 introduction. They will be on that new version. Thanks Robert!
Lastly, compliment of a friend of mine, and still along the lines of a “Steve Jobs Museum”, a great find on the original booklet made by Paul Rand to explain his work on the NeXT logo to Steve Jobs (scroll down to Identity Presentations). Steve loved it so much he hugged Paul as a sign of gratitude, as told by Randall E. Stross in Steve Jobs and the NeXT Big Thing. The booklet was actually the only piece of branded marketing made by NeXT in 1987, along with a Tshirt (before the NeXT Cube was introduced).
For more about Paul Rand, check out this YouTube video where Steve talks about their work relationship.

all about Steve Jobs.com, NeXT, Paul Rand, photographs

Gems from the noise following Steve Jobs’ resignation

Sep 9th

Posted by Romain in Steve Jobs history

2 comments

I’ve been working on this post for a while but I have been overwhelmed by a number of things recently so sorry about the delay.
I’ve always thought that the only positive thing that would result from Steve Jobs’ withdrawal from the public spotlight would be the flurry of stories to pour out from all corners of the Wold Wide Web. His recent resignation proved me right. To save you time and effort, here is my personal selection among the several dozens of articles and stories I have read in the past three weeks. If you think a worthy one is missing, do not hesitate to mention it in the comments.
The big news

Steve Jobs’ resignation letter this one will go down in history
Tim Cook’s internal letter to all Apple employees leaked to Ars Technica

Homages

Walt Mossberg: Essay: Jobs’s Departure as CEO of Apple Is the End of an Extraordinary Era Walt Mossberg comes back on Steve Jobs’ career (disclaimer: no emotional or particularly insightful comments)
David Pogue: Steve Jobs Reshaped Industries nice article
Steve: Who’s Going to Protect Us From Cheap and Mediocre Now? by former Apple France boss Jean-Louis Gassée, including a perspicacious metaphor about Steve riding the animal inside him
Michael Moritz: Jobs founded Apple not once but twice Michael Moritz wrote The Little Kingdom, the first book about Apple — in addition to the infamous TIME portrait The Updated Book of Jobs. He later went on to fund Google and became a millionaire.
Om Malik (GigaOm): Steve Jobs and the sound of silence a poignant hommage by Om
No, Apple Won’t Be the Same Without Steve Jobs Mike Elgan over at Cult of Mac pretty much sums up my opinion on the post-Jobs Apple, including a personal favorite:

The trouble with dictatorship or absolute monarchy is that success or failure depend entirely upon the quality of the despot. That’s why they fail. And that’s why a democracy that limits the power of leaders is best — it still works, more or less, even when incompetent morons are in power.
But what about when the dictator is literally the single best person to lead? In those almost non-existently rare instances, despotism is by far the best form of government. Heaven, for example, is not a democracy.
Apple Employees React to Steve Jobs’s Resignation (The Daily Beast)
Where Some Earn Enmity, Jobs Won Affection (New York Times) about Steve’s uniqueness
The NY Times has a very nice page with most of Steve Jobs patents – possible source of inspiration for the next version of all about Steve Jobs.com
YouTube tribute: “We are all Steve”
Adweek released an edited version of the Think Different ad with Steve Jobs in his right place at the end (the shot is from the 1981 video before he goes on TV for the first time)

Steve Jobs stories

The Wall Street Journal’s compilation of Steve Jobs quotes good selection
The First Time I Met Steve Jobs… Fast Company has a very nice compilation of a number of Steve Jobs stories that have come out after the resignation
Icon Ambulance Vic Gundotra, former Microsoftee and current VP of Social at Google, tells the story of a call from Steve Jobs on a Sunday morning
Steve Jobs’ Two-Minute Lesson by Forbes editor Quentin Hardy
An Inspiring Story About a Young Apple Fan’s Experience With Steve Jobs an encounter at the NY 5th Avenue Store opening
My one question for Steve Jobs in 2000 recollection from a former Apple intern
So, Steve Jobs has left his role as Apple’s CEO nice anecdote of an encounter on Apple’s campus by former employee David Cairns
Apple all-star alumni recall Steve Jobs’ lessons on SFGate
You’re the ones internal Apple employee meeting
An encounter at a restaurant by Ryan at Gdgt

Rediscovered treasures

Joe Nocera at the NY Times gives away (PDF) a great profile on Steve Jobs he wrote back in 1986 (during the early NeXT days) for Esquire
How Apple works: Inside the world’s biggest startup the Fortune article is finally released. Apparently author Adam Lashinsky will turn it into a book later next year
David Pogue dug out an old article of his from 1998
The old story (related in Alan Deutschman’s The Second Coming) on the joke played by Steve and Larry Ellison on a naive guy who thought he could run Apple, back in 1998

On Steve’s health

Steve Jobs: ‘Unfortunately, That Day Has Come’ BusinessWeek reports Steve spent a full day at the Apple campus before he tendered his resignation, including an ‘emotional’ meeting with his executive team
Rarity of Steve Jobs’ cancer and treatment provides few predictions, few options The San Jose Mercury News confirms that no media/doctor, unless directly involved, know and can predict anything about Steve’s condition
Jobs Struggled With Health Problems for Years The Wall Street Journal comes back on a decade of fight
My Neighbor, Steve Jobs a touching story from a Palo Alto resident

resignation

Today is the historic day we knew would come: Steve Jobs just resigned from Apple.

Aug 25th

Posted by Romain in Steve Jobs history

18 comments

So many signs were given to prepare us to that historic piece of news: not only did Steve take an unlimited medical leave of absence, he started planning a new home, and cooperated on his first authorized biography… So it would be foolish to pretend we didn’t see Steve’s resignation coming. Yet I’m sure it still resonates as a shock many of us. It certainly does to me.
Here is the letter most of you will have already read I’m sure.

August 24, 2011 06:34 PM Eastern Daylight Time
Letter from Steve Jobs
CUPERTINO, Calif.–(BUSINESS WIRE)–To the Apple Board of Directors and the Apple Community:
I have always said if there ever came a day when I could no longer meet my duties and expectations as Apple’s CEO, I would be the first to let you know. Unfortunately, that day has come.
I hereby resign as CEO of Apple. I would like to serve, if the Board sees fit, as Chairman of the Board, director and Apple employee.
As far as my successor goes, I strongly recommend that we execute our succession plan and name Tim Cook as CEO of Apple.
I believe Apple’s brightest and most innovative days are ahead of it. And I look forward to watching and contributing to its success in a new role.
I have made some of the best friends of my life at Apple, and I thank you all for the many years of being able to work alongside you.
Steve

I will give myself some time to think more deeply about the future of Apple and of course, of Steve himself. What I am dreading the most is the noise that we, “the Apple Community” — and especially we, Steve Jobs admirers — will have to endure in the coming months from ignorant analysts or sensationalist hacks about that historic event. I hope they will show Steve the respect he deserves.
Good luck to Tim Cook for running what is, has always been, and probably always will be, Steve’s company — and certainly his greatest masterwork.
Thank you Steve for the incredible journey you have led Apple and all of us on. I’m sure it is not over. After all, today is the first day of the rest of your life.

resignation

About blogs, biographies and apricot orchards

Aug 22nd

Posted by Romain in Steve Jobs news

1 comment

I have been thinking about the next version of the website for some time, and it’s time for Phase I to roll out.
I have moved the website to a new host last week. It should now be faster and more reliable. And today, I moved the blog to that same host. It is now really 100% under all about Steve Jobs.com, since all things Steve Jobs doesn’t seem to be catching on, and is just too confusing. Even though I am keeping the URL allthingsstevejobs.com, it will now point to allaboutstevejobs.com/blog. You might have noticed the better cosmetic integration with the rest of the website too.
I don’t think any of you has missed the two big pieces of Steve Jobs news from the past two weeks:

the city of Cupertino has published the plans for the upcoming Apple ‘spaceship’ campus. It’s not bigger than the Pentagon — but close. If you’ve had a thorough look at the plans, Steve’s favored apricot orchards are showing up in the north east garden of the campus (see picture below).

the biggest news is of course the release date of the Isaacson biography (the authorized one, not that fake Chinese one) which has been advanced to November 21. That’s right, it’s just three months away! Get the whole story from Philip Elmer-Dewitt at Fortune 2.0.

all about Steve Jobs.com, all things Steve Jobs, Apple campus, biography

July 2011 Steve Jobs news roundup

Jul 23rd

Posted by Romain in Management

No comments

Busy month for me, hopefully Steve Jobs news have been somewhat slow too (apart from last week’s).
Here’s what I put aside for you:

July 9: A weird video surfaces from Taiwan. A tea brand shamelessly used an actor to play Steve Jobs and sell bottled tea in a TV commercial. See for yourself:

(via Cult of Mac)

July 8: French magazine Le Point reveals that Steve almost purchased a castle in the South-East of France. Pictured below, the property is valued at around €25m ($36m). Apparently Steve’s wife, Laurene, toured the property herself.
The article also relates that back in 1985, Jean-Jacques Servan-Schreiber, a French journalist close to President Francois Mitterrand, apparently asked of the head of state a special present to Steve Jobs for his 30th birthday. I’ve read many stories about that famed birthday, where tons of celebrities attended, including Ella Fitzgerald who was the party singer. Anyway, JJSS (as he is often called) reportedly suggested that the French nationality was offered to the Apple co-founder as a special gift. The French President nonchalantly refused. I think Steve would have appreciated the gift, as he has often testified of his love of France (I have made a compilation of the many times he uses France in Apple demos).

July 11: a new Tshirt made it to the Apple Gift shop in Cupertino… making fun of the company’s cult of secrecy. I’m buying it next time I go there! (via Macrumors).
July 21: John Gruber of Daring Fireball spotted a nice anecdote about Steve and his legendary curtesy. I am quoting the same thing he did:

The story goes that ESPN president George Bodenheimer attended the first Disney board meeting in Orlando, Florida, just after the company had bought Pixar, the innovative animation factory, and spotted Apple CEO Steve Jobs in a hallway. It seemed like a good time to introduce himself. “I am George Bodenheimer,” he said to Jobs. “I run ESPN.” Jobs just looked at him and said nothing other than “Your phone is the dumbest fucking idea I have ever heard,” then turned and walked away.
July 21: Philip Elmer-Dewitt dug out a nice chart that compiles all the public data about Apple’s reiumbursements of the expenses of Steve’s famed private jet airplane. I think it is worth mentioning that Steve can use the jet for his personal use, but then of course the company doesn’t reiumburse him of the cost of operating it. The chart is below:

July 23: after all the nonsense we’ve come to read about Steve’s succession lately (which did grant us a new Steve Jobs quote: “it’s hogwash”, courtesy of the Wall Street Journal) — John Gruber wrote a very good article, the kind that only he knows how to write, on the topic: On Succeeding Steve Jobs. His conclusion: “the obvious structure for a post-Jobs Apple is simply Apple as we know it, without Steve Jobs.” I believe he is 100% right and that’s what we will see, perhaps as early as next year. BUT, and it’s a big BUT, I am not sure Tim Cook can keep the fire alive as Steve did for the next decade. And as I’ve stated before, I think he will have trouble running the company unchallenged the way only the genius-founder Steve Jobs can. His authority to run the super-disciplined fruit company will probably be challenged a couple of years after Steve is gone… Time will tell.

France, jet airplane, new home, parodies, rudeness, secrecy, succession, Tim Cook

Steve Jobs’ new official profile page updated

Jul 5th

Posted by Romain in Steve Jobs news

7 comments

As Apple is slowly updating all parts of its website to complete its late 2010 design refresh, the turn of the Executive Profiles finally came. Including Steve Jobs’ page.
And it’s cool. See for yourself:
Old design

New design

(expert eyes will recognize Albert Watson’s portrait of Steve from 2006).
This is the kind of decision in which, although it has zero importance in the grander scheme of things, I’m 100% confident Steve Jobs has a say. It explains why it’s the first time we’re seeing this picture in color… And why, just like last time, Steve’s portrait is quite dated (the one before was a picture from 1998 on which Steve posed with a 1st-generation iMac).
One thing that hasn’t changed though is the mention of one Steve’s pet peeves, the “apricot orchards” of Silicon Valley that he misses so much:

Steve grew up in the apricot orchards which later became known as Silicon Valley, and still lives there with his family.

There are countless examples of his using these exact words, e.g. this 1995 interview where he said:

My parents moved from San Francisco to Mountain View when I was five. My dad got transferred and that was right in the heart of Silicon Valley so there were engineers all around. Silicon Valley for the most part at that time was still orchards —apricot orchards and prune orchards— and it was really paradise. I remember the air being crystal clear, where you could see from one end of the valley to the other.

or even the recent presentation he gave to the Cupertino city council when he announced Apple’s plans for its next campus — during which he actually insisted that the campus would host actual apricot orchards in its park!
As a side note, it’s also actually quite telling that the bio is much shorter than some of the other executives’ ones, although of course they have achieved much less than their boss….

apricot orchards, micro-management, perfectionism

Excerpts from an interview with Apple’s first CEO

Jul 4th

Posted by Romain in Steve Jobs history

No comments

As you well know if you’ve read my Steve Jobs biography thoroughly, Steve Jobs was not CEO of Apple until January 2000. Apple’s first CEO was in fact Michael Scott, more famously known as Scotty. Scotty notoriously didn’t get along well with Steve in the early days (as most employees, to be honest), and his eventual departure of the company in 1981 gave Steve Jobs the necessary power to take over the Macintosh project.
In a fashion that was probably launched by John Sculley, BusinessInsider published an interview of Scotty last month, which is worth a read if you are interested in Apple history and have 15 minutes to spare. The piece is honest, though pretty light on the real reasons of Mike Scott’s departure, namely the lay-offs of Black Wednesday.
For those with severe time-constraints, here are the parts that were the most interesting to me:

BI: What were your impressions on meeting [Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak]?
MS: I never got to see the garage, I just saw it at Markkula’s place up on a hill. Jobs did the talking, and Woz was the quiet one, although more lately Woz has found his voice more. In the early days, we were all so busy, that it was well partitioned over who did what. Woz was doing circuit board itself, Jobs was handling rest of Apple II, Markkula was working on marketing, and I was working on getting us into the manufacturing and all the rest of the business parts.

BI: Was [Steve Jobs] as particular then as he is said to be now, or in the early days was he learning and acting differently?
MS: No, he was maybe more particular. The Apple II case came, it had a beige and a green, so for all the standard colors of beige available in the world, of which there are thousands, none was exactly proper for him. So we actually had to create “Apple beige” and get that registered. I stayed out of it but for weeks, maybe almost six weeks, the original Apple II case, Jobs wanted a rounded edge on it so it didn’t have a hard feel. They spent weeks and weeks arguing exactly how rounded it would be. So that attention to detail is what Steve is known for, but it also is his weakness because he pays attention to the detail of the product, but not to the people.
BI: Can you explain that? So was that your job to make sure you brought in all the right people and he wasn’t very attuned to that?
MS: I don’t know how much he’s changed being a manager, but he would not, for instance! he was never allowed to have much of a staff while he was there because he would not supervise them. He wouldn’t make sure they got their reviews on time or that they got their raises, or that they got the health they need.You have to take care of the people as well as the product. As they say he yells at people, at times you have to yell, but at times you have to be supportive too, and I would say that that’s still what makes Steve, Steve.

That was a dispute you get into — who gets number 1? One of the first things was that of course, each Steve wanted number 1. I know I didn’t give it to Jobs because I thought that would be too much. I don’t remember if it was Woz or Marrkula that got number 1, but it didn’t go to Jobs because I had enough problems anyway.

(Romain’s note: Steve Jobs actually managed to become Apple Employee Number 0)

The other argument at the meetings was would Steve take his dirty feet and sandals off the table, because he sat at one end of the conference table, and Markkula sat at the other end chain smoking. So we had to have special filters in the attic in the ceiling to keep the room filter. I had the smokers on one side and the people with dirty feet on the other.

That’s still the way it works, it’s still in the culture, you want to do things right, not just “good enough.” The alternative business model is like Microsoft, where something’s “good enough” to ship, instead of wanting it “just right.” It’s always been Apple’s goal to ship something we were proud of and something people would be proud to own, and I think that’s still true from thirty years ago.

A little side story that he and I would fight over. If we were negotiating price for parts, we could negotiate a price with a vendor and at the last minute, Steve would come in and bang on the table and demand to get one more penny off. And of course they would give him one more penny off. Then he’d crow “well I see you didn’t do as good a job as you could’ve getting the price down.” And I’m saying, “Yeah but that one more penny might’ve cost us a bit more ill will for times when parts are in short supply.”

BI: Was there tension with you being brought in as, what we call now, “adult supervision.” Did you get the sense that he wanted to be in charge of the company and resented you or anything?
MS: Steve just wants to be Steve. Steve’s never shy about telling you what he wants and where he stands. He’s very straightforward to deal with. Unlike other people that don’t tell you what they mean.

clothing habits, Early days, Mike Markkula, Mike Scott, perfectionism, Woz

Steve Jobs trivia from June

Jun 30th

Posted by Romain in Steve Jobs trivia

1 comment

As June ends, here are the news items (or should I say pieces of trivia) that caught my attention in the past two weeks:

Steve Jobs to be subject of an awful- and cheap-looking comic
Cult of Mac published on June 15 comics from an upcoming comic book inspiredly entitled Steve Jobs: Co-Founder of Apple… It’s so ugly I am not reposting anything on this blog. Probably zero creativity in the narrative either.
The Return of the Doll
After the original Steve Jobs doll, another doll manufacturer was inspired to build this a 1/6th scale, 12-inch collectible Steve Jobs figurine. Obviously it’s gonna be taken down in the upcoming weeks, if not days. I’m not buying it.
Candid new email from Steve Jobs
Australian newspaper Herald Sun published a story (again we heard it from Cult of Mac) yesterday about a girl from Melbourne, Hollie, whose difficult life — due to vision problems — was changed thanks to iPad and how easy it makes zooming in on text materials. Steve acknowledgedly replied back the following;

Thanks for sharing your experience with me. Do you mind if I read your email to a group of our top 100 leaders at Apple?
Thanks, Steve
And even asked for a picture of the girl, reproduced below:

This makes some sense, now that Steve’s habit of taking what he considers to be “Apple’s top 100 people” to a yearly offsite retreat was unveiled in Fortune’s Inside Apple piece. It’s also an habit of his to read his favorite emails to an audience, he’s done so repeatedly in past keynotes.
iGod
Last but not least, I stumbled upon a comic last week (can’t find the source, sorry) that echoes to one of my favorite themes, the Apple/religion-Steve/God metaphor. See for yourself:

comic book, dolls, emails from Steve, God, parody

Did I get Steve Jobs’ turtleneck bill?

Jun 9th

Posted by Romain in Steve Jobs trivia

5 comments

Today I decided to share with you a funny story that happened to me two weeks ago. By funny I do not mean amusing but ‘difficult to explain, strange’.
As you may or may not know, I often receive emails at my webmaster email address that are destined to Steve Jobs. The reason is quite simple: people who have little knowledge of Apple’s CEO think all about Steve Jobs.com is his official website. They just click on the ‘Contact’ link thinking their message will go straight to Steve’s famed iPhone email inbox, even though it would take them a 15-second visit to Google to figure out his real and hyper-famous email address.
taked from allaboutstevejobs.com

Cinderella Man soundtrack

2011-10-03T09:30:00.001-07:00

Cinderella Man OST

22709

Track list:

01 . Nae saramin geot gataseo – Shin Seung Hoon

02 . Saranghandanmal mothae – Ok Ju Hyeon

03 . Joeun Saram – Ver.1 – T-ARA

04 . LOVER – Lee Jeong Min

05 . Na neo Joahae – Black Pearl

06 . Joeun Saram Ver.2 – Black Pearl

07 . Nae saramin geot gataseo – INST

08 . Saranghandanmal mothae – INST

Download full Album

Membangun Sendiri Pemancar FM Komunitas

2011-10-03T09:29:00.000-07:00

Membangun Sendiri Pemancar FM Komunitas

Sumber: Onno W. Purbo
Pada masa lalu, para aktifis harus berfikir dua kali sebelum membangun pemancar FM karena kemungkinan besar akan di sweeping aparat.
Berkat perjuangan rekan-rekan bawah tanah aktifis radio FM komunitas yang terkait pada banyak jaringan radio di Indonesia akhirnya pemerintah mengeluarkan Undang-Undang no. 32 tahun 2002 tentang penyiaran yang mengakui keberadaan lembaga penyiaran komunitas pada bagian enam pasal 22 sampai dengan pasal 24. Komunitas disini dapat berupa sekolah, tempat ibadah (masjid / gereja), RT, RW, karang taruna dll. Ijin radio komunitas dapat dimintakan ke Komite Penyiaran Indonesia (KPI) yang detail formulir maupun alamatnya dapat di lihat di Web KPI http://www.kpi.go.id. Pengalaman beberapa rekan di Jakarta ijin radio komunitas relatif mudah dan tidak mengeluarkan biaya. Tapi beberapa rekan di daerah, tampaknya masih memperoleh kesulitan dengan KPI daerah baik dari sisi prosedur maupun dari sisi setoran.
Detail teknis pemancar FM komunitas dijelaskan dengan lebih rinci pada Keputusan Menteri Perhubungan no. 15 tahun 2003 yang di tanda tangani oleh Pak Agum Gumelar. Beberapa hal yang penting yang perlu di perhatikan, kuat daya pancar maksimum 25Watt (kira-kira equivalen dengan ERP di antenna maksimum 50Watt). Dengan ketinggian tower maksimum 20 meter. Jangkauan maksimum yang di ijinkan hanya 2.5km atau 1-2 Rukun Warga saja. Polarisasi antenna bisa vertikal, horizontal maupun sirkular. Channel yang dapat digunakan untuk radio komunitas hanya 107.7MHz, 107.8MHz, 107.9MHz. Di Jakarta mungkin agak berbeda sedikit karena 107,8MHz digunakan oleh radio milik POLDA, maka rekan-rekan komunitas FM banyak menggunakan 107.6, 107.7 dan 107.9MHz.

Pemancar FM Broadcast Komunitas
Frekuensi    107.7, 107.8 & 107.9MHz
Max Power    50 Watt ERP
Tinggi Tower 20 meter
Ijin         harusnya GRATIS dari KPI

Bagaimanakah bentuk pemancar FM komunitas? Berapa investasinya? Dimana memperoleh peralatan tersebut? barangkali pertanyaan-pertanyaan praktis ini banyak di cari jawabnya oleh banyak rekan pemula radio.

Blok diagram pemancar FM Komunitas sangat sederhana sekali. Pada gambar di bawah tampak blok sebuah pemancar FM komunitas sederhana,
Sebuah pemancar FM komunitas menerima masukan dari Mixer berupa audio stereo dengan keluaran berupa sinyal radio yang di masukan ke antenna melalui kabel coax.
Suara dan musik dimasukan ke mixer sebelum di masukan ke pemancar FM. Minimal sekali kita memerlukan beberapa microphone (mike) untuk penyiar berbicara, di samping itu akan membantu jika kita mempunyai semacam MP3 Player. Dengan semakin murahnya harga komputer, pada hari ini kebanyakan pemancar FM akan menggunakan komputer untuk memutarkan lagu karena stok / perpustakaan lagi menjadi sangat banyak sekali. Untuk sebuah sistem yang sederhana anda dapat menggunakan MP3 Player di komputer seperti Winamp (di Windows) atau XMMS (di Linux). Lagu-lagu dapat di peroleh dari CD-CD MP3 yang banyak di jual oleh pengecer CD, memang harus di akui bahwa sebagian besar CD tersebut adalah bajakan.
Bagi mereka yang ingin lebih profesional, saya sarankan untuk menggunakan Linux Ubuntu dan menginstalasi software campcaster yang merupakan software untuk broadcast radio komunitas yang dapat secara gratis di ambil di http://www.campcaster.org. Teknik instalasi Campcaster memang bukan untuk pemula anda memerlukan pengetahuan tentang Linux untuk dapat menginstall Campcaster dengan baik.
Pertanyaan praktis, dimanakah memperoleh peralatan ini?

Mixer saya biasanya membeli di toko elektronik sekitar Kembang Sepatu di daerah Senen Jakarta. Jangan membawa mobil kesana, karena memang tidak ada tempat parkir. Sebuah mixer paling kecil dengan empat (4) channel dapat di beli seharga Rp. 350.000,- , Mixer yang agak lumayan untuk radio komunitas biasanya sekitar delapan (8) channel yang harganya sekitar Rp. 450.000,- di Pasar Kembang Sepatu. Tentunya anda harus pandai memilih dan menawar untuk memperoleh harga sedemikian rendah.
Pada gambar tampak mixer dan komputer Linux Ubuntu dengan campcaster pada Kerm.IT FM, yang di operasikan oleh Kelompok Remaja Melek IT (Kerm.IT) di kemayoran Jakarta.
Kabel-kabel audio untuk mikrofon maupun untuk sambungan dari mixer ke berbagai peralatan audio maupun ke pemancar yang bagus biasanya menggunakan kabel buatan Jepang. Harga kabel audio stereo antara Rp. 3000-5000 / meter biasanya bisa di beli di Glodok yang lama.

Terakhir adalah Pemancar FM Boardcast komunitas. Pengalaman saya kalau mencari di Jakarta biasanya harganya lumayan mahal. Tampaknya banyak pembuat pemancar FM boardcast di Jawa Timur. Hal ini dapat anda deteksi dengan mudah melalui situs BEKAS.COM http://www.bekas.com pada kategori alat komunikasi pada bagian Radio Amatir. Dari sekian banyak pembuat radio pemancar FM boardcast yang relatif murah tapi masih berkualitas tampaknya saudara Dwi Hartanto, yang beralamat di Jl. Sultan Hasanudin III/16 , Tulungagung 66224, Jawa Timur yang dapat dihubungi melalui e-mail ke info@aircom-rf.com atau dwi_hartanto@telkom.net . Produk Pemancar FM boardcastnya dapat di lihat di situs beliau http://www.aircom-rf.com.
Jika kita lihat peralatan di dalam-nya sebetulnya relatif sederhana sekali. Sebuah pemancar FM komunitas hanya terdiri dari pembangkit frekuensi tinggi yang dapat diatur frekuensinya, sebuah power amplifier 25 Watt dan sebuah stereo enkoder.

dari kiri ke kanan, Rachmat, Zaenal, Andi sedang memasang antenna

Karena ketinggian tower di batasi hanya 25 meter, cara paling sederhana untuk menaikan antenna bagi pemancar FM komunitas ini adalah dengan memasang antenna ¼ panjang gelombang pada pipa ledeng. Cara paling mudah adalah mengikatkan terlebih dulu antenna ke pipa ledeng, baru di tegakan pipa ledeng tersebut. Tampak pada gambar beberapa anggota Kerm.IT (Kelompok Remaja Melek IT) di kemayoran Jakarta seperti Zaenal, Rahmad, dll. sedang menaikan antenna radio pemancar FM stereo-nya.
Total biaya pembuatan sebuah stasiun pemancar FM komunitas sama sekali tidak mahal. Pemancar FM stereo 25Watt beserta antenna ¼ panjang gelombang dan ongkos kirim dari Tulungagung dapat di peroleh dengan biaya Rp. 1.8 juta-an, Mixer dapat di peroleh sekitar Rp. 350-450.000,- di Kembang Sepatu Senen. Dengan kabel-kabel mikrofon, kabel coax dan pipa ledeng akan menghabiskan sekitar Rp. 2.5-3 juta sebuah pemancar FM stereo 25 Watt untuk komunitas dapat memancar.
Mudah-mudahan tulisan ini dapat menggugah anda semua untuk mulai memberdayakan lingkungan sekitar kita di sekolah, di RW, di majid atau tempat peribadatan untuk siaran radio.
Semoga tulisan ini dapat memberikan manfaat.

from open source telkom speedy

2011-10-03T08:55:00.000-07:00

Pemancar FM 12 Watt (ii)

Untuk dapat merakit pemancar yang bekerja dengan baik diperlukan SWR Meter, Power Meter, Dummy Load dan Frekuensi Counter. Untuk kalangan penggemar elektronika SWR Meter, Power Meter, Dummy Load dan Frekuensi Counter mungkin terlalu mahal untuk dibeli. Meskipun demikian peralatan ini dapat dibuat sendiri dengan biaya yang sangat murah.

SWR Meter & Power Meter

Pada saluran transmisi yang tidak match selain gelombang datang mengalir pula gelombang pantul. Gelombang datang arahnya dari sumber ke beban (dari pemancar ke antena) sedangkan gelombang pantul dari arah yang sebaliknya (dari antena ke pemancar). Untuk mengukur daya gelombang-gelombang tersebut diperlukan Power Meter. Biasanya pada Power Meter terdapat dua skala, satu untuk daya datang dan satu lagi untuk daya pantul, skala untuk daya pantul lebih kecil dari skala daya datang.

SWR Meter (Standing Wave Ratio Meter – pengukur perbandingan gelombang tegak) digunakan untuk mengukur perbandingan gelombang datang dan gelombang pantul. Dengan kata lain SWR Meter digunakan untuk mengukur seberapa match sebuah sumber dengan beban. Prinsip kerja SWR Meter didasari Power Meter. Jika pada suatu pengukuran hanya terdapat Power Meter maka SWR dapat dihitung dari daya datang (Pf) dan daya pantul (Pr) dengan rumus sebagai berikut :

SWR = (ÖPf + ÖPr)/(ÖPf - ÖPr)

Dari rumus tersebut, pada keadaan match (Pr = 0) akan didapatkan SWR = 1. Untuk keadaan yang tidak match akan didapatkan SWR > 1. Untuk keadaan yang paling buruk dimana semua daya datang dipantulkan kembali (Pf = Pr) akan didapatkan SWR = tak hingga.

Dummy Load

Agar daya bisa dipancarkan semaksimal mungkin, impedansi output dari penguat daya tingkat akhir harus sama dengan impedansi karakteristik saluran transmisi dan impedansi dari antena. Untuk itu diperlukan penalaan pada matching network untuk menyamakan impedansi.

Impedansi dari antena sangat tergantung pada frekuensi. Sedangkan impendasi dari saluran transmisi sama dengan impedansi karakteristik saluran jika panjang saluran transmisi tersebut adalah tak terhingga. Sehingga antena dan saluran transmisi tidak dapat dipakai sebagai acuan untuk menala matching network. Sebagai gantinya diperlukan sebuah beban yang diketahui impedansinya dengan pasti sebagai acuan (Dummy Load), yang harus bebas dari pengaruh frekuensi dan dapat menangani pembuangan daya yang besar (merubah semua daya datang menjadi panas). Impedansi Dummy Load biasanya 50 atau 75 Ohm. Induktor dan kapasitor adalah komponen yang memiliki impedansi yang tergantung frekuensi. Resistor murni tidak terpengaruh frekuensi, meskipun pada kenyataannya resistor tidak hanya bersifat resistif tetapi mempunyai sifat induktif dan kapasitif parasit meskipun kecil.

Dummy Load dapat dibuat sendiri dengan memasang paralel beberapa resistor sehingga didapatkan resistansi dan daya yang diinginkan. Resistor karbon dan resistor film mempunyai induktor parasit yang minimal sehingga banyak dipakai untuk membuat dummy load. Resistor karbon harganya lebih murah dan bisa didapatkan dengan daya lebih besar dibandingkan resistor film.

Memparalelkan beberapa resistor, selain untuk mendapatkan daya besar, dimaksud pula memperkecil induktansi liar dari resistor-resistor tersebut. Sebagai contoh dapat dipakai resistor karbon 300 Ohm / 2 Watt sebayak 6 biji yang dibubungkan secara paralel, untuk mendapatkan Dummy Load dengan daya 12 Watt dan impedansi 50 Ohm (gambar 3).

Gambar 3
Skema Dummy Load

Frekuensi Counter

Frekuensi Counter adalah sebuah alat untuk mengetahui besarnya frekuensi dari sebuah sinyal. Frekuensi Counter sifatnya hanya tambahan dan dapat digantikan dengan radio penerima biasa. Untuk hasil yang lebih baik dapat dipakai radio dengan tuning digital.

Pemancar FM 12 Watt

Pemancar FM yang dibahas pada artikel ini adalah modifikasi dari rangkaian Pemancar FM yang ada di pasaran (tipe S-083 dari Saturn). Rangkaian S-083 hanya menghasilkan daya kurang lebih 1 Watt. Dengan sedikit modifikasi, penyederhanaan dan penambahan booster akan didapatkan daya akhir 12 Watt. Rangkaian S-083 terdiri atas 3 bagian, yaknik bagian osilator, Penyangga tingkat pertama (Buffer 1) dan Penyangga tingkat kedua (buffer 2), lihat di Gambar 4 (Komponen yang diberi tanda * adalah bagian yang dimodifikasi )..

Setelah dicoba, osilator S-083 hasilnya cukup memuaskan, selain stabil osilator tersebut menghasilkan sinyal yang kuat. Karena itu bagian osilator dipakai tanpa modifikasi. Transistor di Tingkat penyangga pertama (Buffer 1) yang semula menggunakan C2053, diganti dengan transistor C930, tipe dengan harga yang jauh lebih murah dan mudah diperoleh dipasaran. Untuk keperluan itu nilai R6 diganti menjadi 10K, untuk memberi bias yang sesuai bagi transistor C930.

Kapasitor 33pF pada kaki kolektor transistor penyangga diganti dengan trimmer C8 bernilai 5-60pF untuk mempermudah penalaan. Transistor di Tingkat penyangga kedua (Buffer 2) yang semula C710 diganti pula dengan C930, dan kapastor pada kolektornya juga diganti dengan trimmer C11 bernilai 5-60 pF. Pada keluaran tingkat kedua diberi tambahan induktor dan kapasitor yang berfungsi sebagai penyesuai impedansi, sehingga Impedansi keluaran dari penyangga tingkat akhir yang kurang lebih 380 Ohm dirubah menjadi 50 Ohm.

Gambar 4
Skema rangkaian Exciter

Saat merakit sebaiknya jangan tergesa-gesa dengan mengerjakan langsung secara keseluruhan, tapi kerjakan tiap bagian agar adanya kesalahan dapat diketahui lebih awal.

Bagian pertama yang dikerjakan adalah osilator, setelah selesai dirakit dapat langsung dicoba, dengan cara menyalakan radio FM pada gelombang yang kosong dan atur volume radio sehingga suara desis terdengar jelas (akan lebih mudah jika dipakai radio yang mempunyai indikator tuning). Putar inti dari koker (L1) kekanan sampai maksimal. (Dengan memutar koker kekanan frekuensi yang dihasilkan osilator makin rendah.) Nyalakan pemancar FM, putar inti koker kekiri sampai desis pada radio FM hilang atau sampai indikator tuning menyala. Jika didapatkan sinyal yang kuat dan stabil, osilator dari pemancar ini telah bekerja dengan baik.

Bagian selanjutnya dapat mulai dirakit, setelah selesai dirakit, hubungkan rangkaian exciter (Gambar 4) seperti diagram Gambar 5. Nyalakan catu daya dan putar kedua trimmer (C8 dan C11) pada penyangga secara bergantian sampai didapatkan daya paling besar dan SWR paling kecil. Kalau rangkaian exciter bekerja dengan baik, akan didapatkan daya kurang lebih 0,25 Watt.

Gambar 5
Diagram blok pengetesan exciter

Sampai tahap ini exciter sudah siap pakai. Untuk mendapatkan daya yang lebih besar lagi dapat dapat ditambahkan rangkaian booster 12 Watt, sehingga akan jarak jangkauan pancaran meningkat sampai 7 kali lipat.

Gambar 6
Skema rangkaian booster

Rangkaian booster 12 Watt pada Gambar 6, terdiri dari dua tingkat penguat transistor yang masing-masing bekerja pada kelas C, masomg-masing input dan output penguat transistor ini diberi rangkaian penyesuai impedansi.

Penguatan tingkat pertama memakai transistor C1970. Rangkaian Penguatan ini mempunyai penguatan daya 9,2dB (8 kali), sehingga dari exciter berdaya 0,25 W seharusnya bisa dihasilkan daya 2 W. Pada kenyataannya dari keluaran penguatan tingkat pertama ini hanya menghasilkan daya 1,75 Watt, hal ini disebabkan adanya kerugian dari rangkaian matching network.

Penguatan tingkat kedua memakai transistor C1971. Rangkaian Penguat ini mempunyai penguatan daya 10dB (10 kali). Sehingga daya dari tingkat pertama yang 1,75 W bisa diperkuat menjadi 17,5 W. Pada kenyataannya daya dari penguatan tingkat kedua hanya mencapai 12,5 Watt. Hal ini disebabkan adanya kerugian dari rangkaian matching network dan keterbatasan dari transistor C1971.

Karena panas yang dihasilkan kedua transistor cukup besar maka jangan lupa memasang pendinginan yang cukup.

Setelah booster selesai dirangkai selanjutnya booster dapat dicoba dan ditala, dengan merangkai exciter, booster, SWR & Power Meter dan Dummy Load seperti Gambar 7. Sebelum catu daya dinyalakan, semua trimmer pada booster diputar pada posisi tengah. Pastikan catu daya yang dipakai dapat memberikan arus lebih dari 3 Ampere. Amati power meter. Power meter seharusnya menunjukkan daya beberapa watt. Putar trimmer pada booster dimulai dari bagian input sampai didapatkan daya paling besar. Ulangi beberapa kali. Seharusnya akan didapatkan daya sampai 12W.

Gambar 7
Diagram blok pengetesan booster

Dari pengukuran didapatkan kebutuhan arus adalah 2,2 Ampere dan daya maksimal yang dapat dicapai adalah 12,5 Watt. Daya yang terlalu besar tentu saja akan memperpendek umur transistor tingkat akhir. Untuk itu disarankan untuk menurunkan daya keluaran dengan menurunkan tegangan supply menjadi 12 Volt.

Tags: Electro Dasar
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