tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-46741842333364826052024-09-27T15:03:36.855-07:00This is nutshell of all basic mnemonics a medico must know it. it will definitely help you learn your mbbs easier. just have a look they are so crispy that you will like them all on first site.Ear lobe repairhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04739963263286117236noreply@blogger.comBlogger2125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4674184233336482605.post-80702552686357324572009-12-11T10:02:00.000-08:002010-03-11T09:32:43.282-08:00A-P-G-A-R:<br />A - appearance (color)<br />P - pulse (heart rate)<br />G - grimmace (reflex, irritability)<br />A - activity (muscle tone)<br />R - respiratory effort<br />--------------------------------------------------------------------------------<br />Predisposing Conditions for Pulmonary Embolism: TOM SCHREPFER<br />T--trauma<br />O--obesity<br />M--malignancy<br />S--surgery<br />C--cardiac disease<br />H--hospitalization<br />R--rest (bed-bound)<br />E--estrogen, pregnancy, post-partum<br />P--past hx<br />F--fracture<br />E--elderly<br />R--road trip<br />--------------------------------------------------------------------------------<br />The 4 P's of arterial Occlusion: pain pallor pulselessness paresthesias<br />--------------------------------------------------------------------------------<br />Oxyhemoglobin Dissociation Curve:<br />Think of exercising muscle for a rightward shift: Exercising<br />muscle is Hot, Acidic (Lactic Acid), Hypercarbic, Benefits from<br />oxygen unloading and has an increased 2,3 DPG. Also think Bohr<br />effect with a rightward shift(_CO2 = _O2). Realize that the<br />Haldane effect means (O2 =CO2 carried by Hgb). <br /><br /><br />Argyll-Robertson Pupil:<br />"Prostitute's Eye" - accommodates but does not react, pathognomonic of 3ry syphilis<br /><br />Felty's Syndrome: <br />Felty's syndrome is the arthritis in which the spleen can be felty!<br /><br />classification of hypersensitivity reactions (Gell & Goombs)<br />ACID<br />Type I Anaphylaxis<br />Type II Cytotoxic-mediated<br />Type III Immune-complex<br />Type IV Delayed hypersensitivity<br /><br />WBC Count:<br />"Nobody Likes My Educational Background"<br />"60, 30, 6, 3, 1"<br />Neutrophils 60%<br />Lymphocytes 30%<br />Monocytes 6%<br />Eosinophils 3%<br />Basophils 1:<br /><br />Causes of pancytopenia:<br />"All my blood has taken some poison"<br />Aplastic anemias<br />Megaloblastic anemias<br />Bone marrow infiltration<br />Hypersplenism<br />TB<br />SLE<br />Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria<br /><br />Vomiting: non-GIT differential <br />ABCDEFGHI:<br />Acute renal failure<br />Brain [increased ICP]<br />Cardiac [inferior MI]<br />DKA<br />Ears [labyrinthitis]<br />Foreign substances [Tylenol, theo, etc.]<br />Glaucoma<br />Hyperemesis gravidarum<br />Infection [pyelonephritis, meningitis]<br /> <br /> <br />Physical exam for 'lumps and bumps' <br />"6 Students and 3 Teachers go for CAMPFIRE":<br />Site, Size, Shape, Surface, Skin, Scar<br />Tenderness, Temperature, Transillumination<br />Consistency<br />Attachment<br />Mobility<br />Pulsation<br />Fluctuation<br />Irreducibility<br />Regional lymph nodes<br />Edge<br /> <br />Sign vs. symptom <br />sIgn: something I can detect even if patient is unconscious.<br />sYMptom is something only hYM knows about.<br /> <br />Differential diagnosis checklist <br />"A VITAMIN C"<br />A and C stand for Acquired and Congenital<br />· VITAMIN stands for:<br />Vascular<br />Inflammatory (Infectious and non-Infectious)<br />Trauma/ Toxins<br />Autoimmune<br />Metabolic<br />Idiopathic<br />Neoplastic<br />· Example usage: List causes of decreased vision: Central retinal artery occlusion, Retinitis pigmentosa, Perforation to gobe, Chronic Gentamycin use, Ruematoid arthritis, Diabetes, Idiopathic, Any eye tumor, Myopia.<br /> <br />Breast history checklist <br />LMNOP:<br />Lump<br />Mammary changes<br />Nipple changes<br />Other symptoms<br />Patient risk factors<br /> <br /> <br />Pain history checklist <br />SOCRATES:<br />Site<br />Onset<br />Character<br />Radiation<br />Alleviating factors/ Associated symptoms<br />Timing (duration, frequency)<br />Exacerbating factors<br />Severity<br />· Alternatively, Signs and Symptoms with the 'S'.<br /> <br />History: quick EMS medical history checklist <br />SAMPLE:<br />Signs/ Symptoms<br />Allergies<br />Medications<br />Pertinent history<br />Last oral intake<br />Events preceding this incident<br /> <br />Glasgow coma scale: components and numbers <br />· Scale types is 3 V's:<br />Visual response<br />Verbal response<br />Vibratory (motor) response<br />· Scale scores are 4,5,6:<br />Scale of 4: see so much more<br />Scale of 5: talking jive<br />Scale of 6: feels the pricks (if testing motor by pain withdrawl)<br /> <br /> <br /> <br />History taking -past medical history <br />ABCDEFGHI:<br />Asthma<br />Blood pressure (say: 'blood pressure problems')<br />CVA (say: 'stroke')<br />Diabetes mellitus (say: 'diabetes')<br />Epilepsy<br />Fever, rheumatic<br />Gastrointestinal (jaundice)<br />Heart attack<br />Infection (TB)<br /> <br /><br />Differential diagnosis checklist <br />"I VINDICATE AIDS":<br />Idiopathic<br />Vascular<br />Infectious<br />Neoplastic<br />Degenerative<br />Inflammatory<br />Congenital<br />Autoimmune<br />Traumatic<br />Endocrinal and metabolic<br />Allergic<br />Iatrogenic<br />Drugs<br />Social<br /> <br /><br />Short statue causes <br />RETARD HEIGHT:<br />Rickets<br />Endocrine (cretinism, hypopituitarism, Cushing's)<br />Turner syndrome<br />Achondroplasia<br />Respiratory(suppurative lung disease)<br />Down syndrome<br />Hereditary<br />Environmental (postirradiation, postinfectious)<br />IUGR<br />GI (malabsorption)<br />Heart (congenital heart disease)<br />Tilted backbone (scoliosis)<br /> <br /><br />Abdominal swelling causes <br />9 F's:<br />Fat<br />Feces<br />Fluid<br />Flatus<br />Fetus<br />Full-sized tumors<br />Full bladder<br />Fibroids<br />False pregnancy<br /><br /> <br /><br />For Causes of A-Fib/Flutter:<br />Mnemonic by Chris <br />"Get it? ... A-fib.. occurs in the HEART ?? Ok.. well I'm post-call..." H= cHf, other cardiomyopathies<br />E= Enlargement of the atria<br />A= Alcohol binge drinking<br />R= Rheumatic heart disease<br />T= hyperThyroid <br /><br />Proven MI.. should be met by M.O.N.A.<br />M = morphine<br />O = oxygen<br />N = nitrates<br />A = aspirin<br />Caveat: is suspected right ventricular MI suspected .. hold the Nitrates.<br /><br />Causes of post op fever <br />Remember the following mnemonic when determining the possible cause(s) of fever in a patient who has recently undergone a surgical procedure: the 5 W's (or 6 W's)<br />Wind: the pulmonary system is the primary source of fever in the first 48 hours.<br /><br />Wound: there might be an infection at the surgical site.<br /><br />Water: check intravenous access site for signs of phlebitis.<br /><br />Walk: deep venous thrombosis can develop due to pelvic pooling or restricted mobility related to pain and fatigue.<br /><br />Whiz: a urinary tract infection is possible if urinary catheterization was required. <br />Also Wonder drugs - drug fevers.<br /> <br /><br />Treatment of acute pulmonary edema <br />As Easy as 'LMNOP'<br />Remember the mnemonic LMNOP when treating a patient with acute pulmonary edema:<br /><br />Lasix® (furosemide) intravenous (IV), one to two times the patient's usual dose, or 40 mg if the patient does not usually take the drug.<br /><br />Morphine sulfate. Initial dose, 4 to 8 mg IV (subcutaneous administration is effective in milder cases); may repeat in 2 to 4 hours. Avoid respiratory depression. Morphine increases venous capacity, lowering left atrial pressure, and relieves anxiety, which reduces the efficiency of ventilation.<br /><br />Nitroglycerin IV, 5 to 10 ug/min. Increase by 5 ug/min q 3 to 5 minutes. Reduces left ventricular preload. Caution: may cause hypotension.<br /><br />Oxygen, 100% given to obtain an arterial PO2>60 mm Hg.<br /><br />Position patient sitting up with legs dangling over the side of the bed. This facilitates respiration and reduces venous return.<br /> <br /><br />Causes of hematuria <br />Use the mnemonic SITTT as an aid in evaluating the cause of hematuria:<br />S: Stone<br />I: Infection<br />T: Trauma<br />T: Tumor<br />T: Tuberculosis<br /><br />Symptoms of hyperthyroidism <br />Remember the following mnemonic when evaluating patients for hyperthyroidism: <br />S: Sweating<br />T: Tremor or Tachycardia<br />I: Intolerance to heat, Irregular menstruation, and Irritability<br />N: Nervousness<br />G: Goiter and Gastrointestinal (loose stools/diarrhea).<br /><br />5 T's of early cyanosis: <br />Tetralogy, Transposition, Truncus, Total anomalous, Tricuspid atresia <br /><br />Strep throat score <br />NO FACE:<br />NO cough: no cough is +1<br />Fever: has fever is +1<br />Age: less than 5 years is -1, 15-45 years is 0, greater than 45 years is +1<br />Cervical nodes: cervical nodes palpable is +1<br />Exudate: tonsillar exudate is +1<br />· Scoring interpretation:<br />Score 0-1: no strep throat.<br />Score 1-3: possible strep throat, do a swab test.<br />Score 4-5: strep throat is likely, so treat empirically.<br /> <br />Allopurinol: indications <br />STORE:<br />Stones (history of renal stones)<br />Tophaceous gout (chronic)<br />Over-producers of urate<br />Renal disease<br />Elderly<br />· Bonus: Probenecid indications are basically the opposite of STORE (no renal stone history, etc.).<br /><br /> <br />Rashes: time of appearance after fever onset <br />"Really Sick Children Must Take No Exercise":<br />· Number of days after fever onset that a rash will appear:<br />1 Day: Rubella<br />2 Days: Scarlet fever/ Smallpox<br />3 Days: Chickenpox<br />4 Days: Measles (and see the Koplik spots one day prior to rash)<br />5 Days: Typhus & rickettsia (this is variable)<br />6 Days: Nothing<br />7 Days: Enteric fever (salmonella)<br /> <br />Eosinophilia: differential <br />NAACP:<br />Neoplasm<br />Allergy/ Asthma<br />Addison's disease<br />Collagen vascular diseases<br />Parasites<br /><br /> <br />SIADH: major signs and symptoms <br />SIADH:<br />Spasms<br />Isn't any pitting edema (key DDx)<br />Anorexia<br />Disorientation (and other psychoses)<br />Hyponatremia<br /> <br />Hypoglycaemia: causes <br />"How to EXPLAIN hypoglycemia":<br />EXogenous drugs (insulin, oral hypoglycemics, alcohol, pentamidine, quinine, quinolones)<br />Pituitary insufficency (no GH or cortisol)<br />Liver failure (no glycogen stores)<br />Adrenal failure (no cortisol)<br />Insulinomas/ Immune hypoglycemia<br />Non-pancreatic neoplasms (retroperitoneal sarcoma)<br /><br /> <br />Pneumonia: risk factors <br />INSPIRATION:<br />Immunosuppression<br />Neoplasia<br />Secretion retention<br />Pulmonary oedema<br />Impaired alveolar macrophages<br />RTI (prior)<br />Antibiotics and cytotoxics <br />Tracheal instrumentation<br />IV dug abuse<br />Other (general debility, immobility)<br />Neurologic impairment of cough reflex, (eg NMJ disorders)<br /><br /> <br />Left iliac fossa: causes of pain <br />SUPER CLOT:<br />Sigmoid diverticulitis<br />Uteric colic<br />PID<br />Ectopic pregnancy<br />Rectus sheath haematoma<br />Colorectal carcinoma<br />Left sided lower love pneumonia<br />Ovarian cyst (rupture, torture)<br />Threatened abortion/ Testicular torsion<br /><br /> <br />Anemia: non-megaloblastic causes of macrocytic anemia <br />HAND LAMP:<br />Hypothyroidism<br />Aplastic anaemia<br />Neonates<br />Drugs<br />Liver disease<br />Alcohol<br />Myelodyplasia<br />Pregnancy<br /> <br />Thickened nerves: causes <br />HANDS:<br />Hansen's (leprosy)<br />Amyloidosis<br />Neurofibromatosis<br />Diabetes mellitus<br />Sarcoidosis<br /> <br />Syncope (fainting) treatment <br />If the face is red, raise the head.<br />If the face is pale, raise the tail.<br /><br /> <br />Hospice facets <br />HOSPICE:<br />Home<br />Outpatient<br />Support groups<br />Pain medication/ Physical needs<br />Inpatient<br />Counseling<br />End-stage (terminal) illness/ Emotional needs<br /><br /> <br />Clinical essay plan <br />"During Exams Please Say Silently I Must Prepare F***ing Well":<br />Definition<br />Epidemiology<br />Pathology<br />Signs and Symptoms<br />Investigations<br />Management<br />Prognosis<br />Further Work<br /> <br /> <br />JVP: raised JVP differential <br />PQRST (EKG waves):<br />Pericardial effusion<br />Quantity of fluid raised (fluid over load)<br />Right heart failure<br />Superior vena caval obstruction<br />Tricuspid stenosis/ Tricuspid regurgitation/ Tamponade (cardiac)<br /><br /> <br />RLQ pain: differential <br />APPENDICITIS:<br />Appendicitis/ Abscess<br />PID/ Period<br />Pancreatitis<br />Ectopic/ Endometriosis<br />Neoplasia<br />Diverticulitis<br />Intussusception<br />Crohns Disease/ Cyst (ovarian)<br />IBD<br />Torsion (ovary)<br />Irritable Bowel Syndrome<br />Stones<br /><br /> <br />Atrial fibrillation: causes of new onset <br />THE ATRIAL FIBS:<br />Thyroid<br />Hypothermia<br />Embolism (P.E.)<br />Alcohol<br />Trauma (cardiac contusion)<br />Recent surgery (post CABG)<br />Ischemia<br />Atrial enlargement<br />Lone or idiopathic<br />Fever, anemia, high-output states<br />Infarct<br />Bad valves (mitral stenosis)<br />Stimulants (cocaine, theo, amphet, caffeine)<br /><br /> <br />Coma and signicantly reduced conscious state causes: causes <br />COMA:<br />CO2 and CO excess<br />Overdose: TCAs, Benzos, EtOH, insulin, paracetamol, etc.<br />Metabolic: BSL, Na+, K+, Mg2+, urea, ammonia, etc.<br />Apoplexy: stroke, SAH, extradural, subdural, Ca, meningitis, encephalitis, cerebral abscess, etc.<br /><br /> <br />Malaria: complications of falciparum malaria <br />CHAPLIN:<br />Cerebral malaria/ Coma<br />Hypoglycemia<br />Anaemia<br />Pulmonary edema<br />Lactic acidosis<br />Infections <br />Necrois of renal tubules (ATN)<br /><br /> <br />Syncope causes, by system <br />HEAD HEART VESSELS:<br />· CNS causes include HEAD:<br />Hypoxia/ Hypoglycemia<br />Epilepsy<br />Anxiety<br />Dysfunctional brain stem (basivertebral TIA)<br />· Cardiac causes are HEART:<br />Heart attack<br />Embolism (PE)<br />Aortic obstruction (IHSS, AS or myxoma)<br />Rhythm disturbance, ventricular<br />Tachycardia<br />· Vascular causes are VESSELS:<br />Vasovagal<br />Ectopic (reminds one of hypovolemia)<br />Situational<br />Subclavian steal<br />ENT (glossopharyngeal neuralgia)<br />Low systemic vascular resistance (Addison's, diabetic vascular neuropathy)<br />Sensitive carotid sinus<br /><br /> <br />Organophosphates poisoning: symptoms <br />DUMBBELS:<br />Diarrhea<br />Urination<br />Miosis<br />Bradycardia<br />Bronchospasm<br />Emesis<br />Lacrimation<br />Salivation<br /> <br />Asthma acute attack: 5 life threatening signs <br />SHOCK:<br />Silent chest<br />Hypotension<br />One third of best/predicted PFR<br />Cyanosis<br />Konfusion<br /> <br /> <br />Neurological focal deficits <br />10 S's:<br />Sugar (hypo, hyper)<br />Stroke<br />Seizure (Todd's paralysis)<br />Subdural hematoma<br />Subarachnoid hemorrhage<br />Space occupying lesion (tumor, avm, aneurysm, abscess)<br />Spinal cord syndromes<br />Somatoform (conversion reaction)<br />Sclerosis (MS)<br />Some migraines<br /><br /> <br />ICU confusion causes <br />ICU CONFUSION:<br />ICU psychosis<br />Cardiac output low [hypotension, post cardiac arrest]<br />Uncontrolled temperature [hypo/hyperthermia]<br />Convulsion [post ictal]<br />Oxygen [hypoxia, hypercarbia]<br />Nociception [pain]<br />Full bladder<br />Uremia<br />Sugar [hypo/hyperglycemia]<br />Infection<br />Opiates<br />Natremia [hypo/hyper]<br /><br /> <br />Asthma: management of acute severe <br />"O S#!T":<br />Oxygen (high dose: >60%)<br />Salbutamol (5mg via oxygen-driven nebuliser)<br />Hydrocortisone (or prednisolone)<br />Ipratropium bromide (if life threatening)<br />Theophylline (or preferably aminophylline-if life threatening)<br /><br /> <br />Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) causes <br />BATS:<br />Berry aneurysm<br />Arteriovenous malformation/ Adult polycystic kidney disease<br />Trauma (eg being struck with baseball bat)<br />Stroke<br /><br /><br /> <br />Diabetic ketoacidosis management <br />F*¢KING:<br />Fluids (crytalloids)<br />Urea (check it)<br />Creatinine (check it)/ Catheterize<br />K+ (potassium)<br />Insulin (5u/hour. Note: sliding scale no longer recommended in the UK)<br />Nasogastic tube (if patient comatose)<br />Glucose (once serum levels drop to 12)<br /><br /> <br />Coma: conditions to exclude as cause <br />MIDAS:<br />Meningitis<br />Intoxication<br />Diabetes<br />Air (respiratory failure)<br />Subdural/ Subarachnoid hemorrhage<br /><br /> <br />Activated charcoal: contraindications <br />CHEMICAL CamP:<br />Cyanide<br />Hydrocarbons<br />Ethanol<br />Metals<br />Iron<br />Caustics<br />Airway unprotected<br />Lithium<br />CAMphor<br />Potassium<br /> <br /> <br />ARDS: diagnostic criteria <br />ARDS:<br />Acute onset<br />Ratio (PaO2/FiO2) less than 200<br />Diffuse infiltration<br />Swan-Ganz Wedge pressure less than 19 mmHg<br /><br /> <br />Dyspnea: differential <br />3A's: Three Airways: Airway obstruction, Anaphylaxis, Asthma<br />3P's: Three Pulmonary's: Pneumothorax, PE, Pulmonary edema <br />3C's: Three Cardiacs: Cardiogenic pulmonary edema, Cardiac ischemia, Cardiac tamponade<br />3M's: Three Metabolics: (DOC) DKA, Organophosphates, Carbon monoxide poisoning<br /><br /> <br />Shortness of breath: short differential <br />AAAA PPPP:<br />Airway obstruction<br />Angina<br />Anxiety<br />Asthma<br />Pneumonia<br />Pneumothorax<br />Pulmonary Edema<br />Pulmonary Embolus<br /> <br />Coma: differential <br />UNCONSCIOUS:<br />Units of insulin<br />Narcotics<br />Convulsions<br />Oxygen<br />Nonorganic<br />Stroke<br />Cocktail<br />ICP<br />Organism<br />Urea<br />Shock<br /> <br />Coma causes checklist <br />AEIOU TIPS:<br />Acidosis/ Alcohol<br />Epilepsy<br />Infection<br />Overdosed<br />Uremia<br />Trauma to head<br />Insulin: too little or or too much<br />Pyschosis episode<br />Stroke occurred<br /><br /><br /> <br />JVP: raised JVP: extra-cardiac causes <br />FAT PEA:<br />Fever<br />Anaemia<br />Thyrotoxicosis<br />Pregnancy<br />Exercise<br />A-V fistula<br />· These are in addition to all the cardiac ones (pericardial effusion, RHF, tricuspid stenosis, SVC obstruction, etc).<br /><br /> <br />Malignant hyperthermia treatment <br />"Some Hot Dude Better Give Iced Fluids Fast!" (Hot dude = hypothermia):<br />Stop triggering agents<br />Hyperventilate/ Hundred percent oxygen<br />Dantrolene (2.5mg/kg)<br />Bicarbonate<br />Glucose and insulin<br />IV Fluids and cooling blanket<br />Fluid output monitoring/ Furosemide/ Fast heart [tachycardia]<br /><br /> <br />Shock: types <br />RN CHAMPS:<br />Respiratory<br />Neurogenic<br />Cardiogenic<br />Hemorrhagic<br />Anaphylactic<br />Metabolic<br />Psychogenic<br />Septic<br />· Alternatively: "MR. C.H. SNAP", or "NH CRAMPS".<br /><br /> <br />Ventricular fibrillation: treatment <br />"Shock, Shock, Shock, Everybody Shock, Little Shock, Big Shock, Momma Shock, Poppa Shock":<br />Shock= Defibrillate<br />Everybody= Epinephine<br />Little= Lidocaine<br />Big= Bretylium<br />Momma= MgSO4<br />Poppa= Pocainamide<br /><br />Chest pain: differential <br />CHEST PAIN:<br />Costochondritis/ Cocaine abuse<br />Herpes zoster/ Hyperventilation<br />Esophagitis/ Esophageal spasm<br />Stenosis (AS)<br />Trauma<br />PE/ Pneumonia/ Pneumothorax/ Pericarditis/ Pancreatitis<br />Angina/ Aortic dissection/ Aortic anerusym<br />Infarction/ IV disk disease <br />Neuropsychiatric disorders (e.g. depression, Da Costa's) <br /><br /> <br />Resuscitation: basic steps <br />ABCDE:<br />Airway<br />Breathing<br />Circulation<br />Drugs<br />Environment<br /><br /> <br /> <br />Pneumothorax: causes <br />SIT, 3 A's, 3 C's:<br />Spontaneous (often tall thin men)<br />Iatrogenic<br />Trauma<br />Asthma<br />Alveolitis<br />AIDS<br />COPD<br />Carcinoma<br />Cystic fibrosis<br /> <br />ARDS: full differential <br />CARDS? HOPE ITS NOT ARDS:<br />CNS disorders<br />Aspiration (gastric)<br />Radiation<br />Drugs (heroin, morphine, barbiturates, etc)<br />Smoke, toxic gas inhalation<br />Hypotension, shock<br />Oxygen toxicity<br />Pancreatitis<br />Emboli <br />Infection, sepsis<br />Transfusion reaction<br />Surgery (esp. cardiac)<br />Near drowning<br />Obstetrical emergencies (eg eclampsia, HELLP)<br />Thermal injuries/ burns<br />Altitude sickness<br />Renal failure<br />DIC<br />SLE<br /><br /> <br /><br />Skin and Tissues<br />I made up a mnemonic for the layers of the epidermis that worked for me. I started on the outside and worked my way in. This one uses the first 3 letters method: Cora Lucille's Granny Spins Baseballs are Corneum, Lucidum, Granulosum, Spinosum, Basele. Of course, you have to know that "Stratum" goes before each of the words. That part is easy.<br /><br />Using the 3 first letter method for cranial bones: Ethel, the Parakeet, is Temporarily Occupied in Front of the Sphinx. Ethmoid, Parietal, Temporal, Occipital, Frontal, Sphenoid.<br /><br />Another 3 first letter method for the cranial sutures: Saggy Lambs Squash the Coroner. Sagittal, Lambdoid, Squamous and Coronal.<br /><br /><br />Cancers<br />College Food<br />Students reciting College Lunch is Best or College boys Love Breasts know that 50% of cancers arise in three organs: Colon, Lungs, Breast.<br /><br />4 Cancer Types<br />An easy way to relate four types of cancer to their cells of origin:<br /><br />Sarcoma means cancer of the muscle, and is found in Connective and Muscle tissues. (C, M are letters in sarCoMa) <br />Carcinoma is cancer of epithelial tissue, and found in stomach and Intestines <br />Lymphoma & Leukemia are cancers of blood Leukocytes and Lymphocytes <br /><br /><br /><br />Miscellaneous Brain Facts<br />Groups of nerve cell bodies are nuclei if they're in the CNS, and ganglia if in the peripheral nervous system. I remember the nuclei are in the CNS because they both have the letter C. <br />Grey matter is central to white matter in the spinal cord, because the white stuff is fat wrapped around and protecting the grey nerves. <br />What's the significance of glial cells? They nourish neurons, keep them from falling down, and provide tunnels for axons to route. In another perspective: Albert Einstein's brain had 30% more glial cells than average. <br />Four types of glial cells are ependymal, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and microglia. The mnemonic phrase is Every Asshole Owes Money. <br /><br />RENAL<br />1. HUS/TTP <br />HUS/TTP is a CRAFTY syndrome: <br />C : CNS symptoms <br />R : Renal failure <br />A : Anemia (microangiopathic hemolytic anemia, "MAHA") <br />F : Fever <br />T : Thrombocytopenia <br />Y : no one knows "Y" it occurs <br />2. Normal anion gap acidosis <br />There's the older mnemonic USED CAR: <br />U : uterosigmoidostomy <br />S : saline administration (in the face of renal dysfunction) <br />E : endocrine (Addisons, spironolactone, triamterene, amiloride, <br />primary hyperparathyroidism) <br />D : diarrhea <br />C : carbonic anhydrase inhibitors <br />A : ammonium chloride <br />R : renal tubular acidosis <br />and a newer mnemonic RAGE: <br />R : renal tubular acidosis, respiratory acidosis <br />A : acetazolamide, ammonium chloride <br />G : GI (diarrhea, enteroenteric fistula, ureterosigmoidostomy) <br />E : endocrine (same as above endocrine list) <br />3. Increased anion gap acidosis <br />The older mnemonic is MUDPIES: <br />M : methanol <br />U : uremia <br />D : diabetes <br />P : paraldehyde <br />I : idiopathic (lactic acidosis) <br />E : ethylene glycol <br />S : salicylates <br />and a newer one called DULSI: <br />D : diabetic ketoacidosis <br />U : uremia <br />L : lactic acidosis <br />S : salicylate poisoning <br />I : intoxicants (methanol, ethanol, ethylene glycol) <br /> <br /><br />MISCELLANEOUS<br />Clubbing (by Doog)<br /><br />C : cardiac (R -> L shunt) <br />L : lung (tumor, fibrosis) <br />U : ulcerative colitis (also Crohn's disease less commonly) <br />B : bronchiectasis <br />B : benign mesothelioma <br />I : inherited; idiopathic; IBD <br />N : neurogenic tumors <br />G : GI (cirrhosis, crohn's, UC) <br />also, Hyperplastic Pulmonary Osteoarthropathy, which didn't fit <br /><br />dominant n recessive disorders....<br />a very easy way to memorise few im. ones...<br />(1)AUTOSOMAL DOMINANT....<br />D= Dystrophicas Myotonic.<br />O= Ostogenesis Imperfecta.<br />M= Marfans syndrome.<br />I= Intermittent Porphyria.<br />N= Noonans Symdrome.<br />A= Adult Polycystic Kidney,Achondroplasia.<br />N= Neurofibromatosis.<br />T= Tuberous sclerosis.<br />(2)AUTOSOMAL RECESSIVE :<br />A= Albinism.<br />B= beta thalessemia.<br />C= Cystic Fibrosis.<br />D= Deafness.<br />E= Emphysema(alpha-1 Antitrypsin Deficiency).<br />F= Friedrichs ataxia.<br />G= Gauchers disease.<br />H= Homocystinuria,Hemochromatosis.<br /><br /><br />I hope u liked this...Ear lobe repairhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04739963263286117236noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4674184233336482605.post-22539918559071259842009-12-11T09:57:00.000-08:002009-12-11T10:01:11.490-08:00ANATOMY<br /><br />BRACHIAL PLEXUS: Roots, Trunks, Divisions, Cords, Branches <br />Randy Travis Drinks Cold Beers. <br />Robert Taylor Drinks Cold Beer. <br /><br />CRANIAL NERVES: I-optic, II-olfactory, III-oculomotor, IV-trochlear, V-trigeminal, VI-abducens, VII-facial, VIII-acoustic (vestibulocochlear), IX-glossophrayngeal, X-vagus, XI-spinal accessory, XII-hypoglossal <br />On Old Olympus Towering Tops, A Finn And German Viewed Some Hops <br />You have I nose. You have II eyes. (I - Olfactory; II -- Optic) <br /><br />Innervation of Extraocularmotor Muscles: <br />LR6 (SO4) 3 <br />LR6--Lateral rectus--> VI abductens <br />SO4--Superior Oblique--> IV Trochlear <br />3--The remaining 4 eyeball movers = III <br /><br />Some Say Marry Money, But My Brother Says Big Bras Matter More (what cranial nerve is Motor, Sensory, or Both) <br /><br />BRANCHES OF FACIAL NERVE: Temporal, Zygomatic, Buccal, Masseteric, Cervical <br />Ten Zebras Bought My Car <br />To Zanzibar By Motor Car <br /><br />CERVICAL SPINAL NERVES: <br />c345 keeps the phrenic alive (innervation of phrenic nerve) <br />c345 keep the diaphragm alive (innervation of diaphragm) <br />c5-6-7 raise your arms to heaven (nerve roots of long thoracic nerve innervate serratus anterior) <br /><br />LOCATION OF THORACIC DUCT: <br />The duck is between two gooses (duck = thoracic duct) <br />2 gooses = azyGOUS and esophaGOUS <br /><br />ATTACHMENTS OF CHEST MUSCLES: <br />A lady between two majors. <br />Pectoralis major attaches to lateral lip of bicipital groove. <br />Teres major attaches to medial lip of bicipital groove. <br />Latissimus dorsi attaches to the floor of bicipital groove. <br />The "lati" is between two "majors." <br /><br />INNERVATION OF PENIS: <br />Parasympathetic puts it up; sympathetic spurts it out <br />"S2, 3, 4 keep the penis off the floor" <br />Innervation of the penis by branches of the pudental nerve, derived from spinal cord levels S2-4 <br /><br />"Lateral is less, medial is more." <br />Lateral pectoral nerves goes through pectoralis major while medial p.n. goes though both pec major and minor <br /><br />AORTIC BRANCHES: <br />ABC'S <br />Aortic arch gives off the Bracheiocephalic trunk, the left Common Carotid, and the left Subclavian artery <br /><br />ORDER OF THINGS IN THIGH: <br />"NAVEL" <br />nerve, artery, vein, empty space, lymphatics <br /><br /><br />NEUROANATOMY<br />For the function of the temporal lobes, think of a helmet which covers the side of the head: <br />HELM: <br />H : hearing <br />E : emotion <br />L : learning <br />M : memory <br /><br />Anatomy<br />Bones of the Wrist<br />Some Lovers Try Positions That They Cannot Handle<br />Slowly Lower Tilly's Pants To The Curly Hairs<br /><br />Scaphoid, Lunate, Triquetrum, Pisiform, Trapezium, Trapezoid, Capitate, Hamate <br /><br /><br />--------------------------------------------------------------------------------<br /><br />Brachial Plexus<br />Randy Travis Drinks Cold Beers Robert Taylor Drinks Cold Beer<br /><br />Roots, Trunks, Divisions, Cords, Branches <br /><br /><br />--------------------------------------------------------------------------------<br /><br />Branches of the Brachial Plexus (In order from most lateral to most medial)<br />My Aunt Raped My Uncle<br /><br />Musculocutaneous, Axillary, Radial, Median, Ulnar <br /><br /><br />--------------------------------------------------------------------------------<br /><br />Cranial Nerves<br />Oh Oh Oh To Touch And Feel Virgin Girls Vaginas And Hymens<br />You have 1 nose. You have 2 eyes. (The first "O" is Olfactory, second "O" is Optic)<br /><br />To remember what cranial nerve is Motor, Sensory, or Both use this ( In order from CN I to CN XII):<br />Some Say Marry Money, But My Brother Says Big Bras Matter Most <br /><br /><br />--------------------------------------------------------------------------------<br /><br />Extraocularmotor muscles <br />LR6 (SO4) LR6: Lateral rectus --> VI abductens<br />SO4: Superior Oblique --> IV Trochlear<br />All other extraocularmotor muscles are CN III <br /><br /><br />--------------------------------------------------------------------------------<br /><br />Branches of the Facial Nerve <br />Ten Zebras Bought My Car<br />Ten Zebras Bit My Cock<br />Two Zulus Buggered My Cat<br />To Zanzibar By Motor Car<br /><br />Temporal, Zygomatic, Buccal, Masseteric, Cervical <br /><br /><br />--------------------------------------------------------------------------------<br /><br />Miscelaneous Anatomy Mnemonics<br /><br />Innervation of phrenic nerve<br />c345 keeps the phrenic alive <br />c345 keep the diaphragm alive<br /><br />Long thoracic nerve innervates serratus anterior <br />c5-6-7 raise your arms to heaven<br /><br />Relationship of Thorasic duct to Esophagous and Azygous<br />The duck is between two gooses.<br />duck = thoracic duct 2 gooses = azyGOUS and esophaGOUS<br /><br />Attachments of Pectoralis Major, Teres Major and Latissimus Drosi<br />A lady between tow majors.<br />Pectoralis major attaches to lateral lip of bicipital groove, the teres major attaches to medial lip of bicipital groove, and the latissimus dorsi attaches to the floor of bicipital groove. The "lati" is between two "majors."<br /><br />Innervation of the Penis <br />Parasympathetic puts it up; sympathetic spurts it out.<br />Point Shoot Score<br />Parasympathetic, sympathetic, somatomotor<br /><br />Lateral and Medial Pectoral Nerve<br />Lateral is less, medial is more.<br />Lateral pectoral nerves goes through pectoralis major while medial pn goes though both pectoral major and minor.<br /><br />Layers of the epidermis<br />Granpa Shagging Grandma's Love Child.<br />Brent Spiner Gained Lieutenant Commander<br />Germinativum or Basale, Spinosum, Granulosum, Lucidum, Corneum<br /><br />Things going through Orbital Fissure <br />Seven French Tarts Sit Naked In Anticipation <br /><br /><br />BONES <br />Back Trouble? <br />This uses the name of a famous Flemish physician to list off the different factors causing back troubles. It's pretty old, though, as knife and bullet wounds aren't mentioned. :^) <br />O<br />V<br />E<br />S<br />A<br />L<br />I<br />U<br />S Osteomyelitis<br />Vertebral Fracture<br />Extraspinal Tumour<br />Spondylolisthesis<br />Ankylosing Spondylitis<br />Lumbar Disk Increase<br />Intraspinal Tumour<br />Unhappiness<br />Stress <br /><br /><br />Carpal (Wrist) Bones <br />"Scared Lovers Try Positions That They Can't Handle." Starting from the thumb, the eight carpal bones are Scaphoid, Lunate, Triquetrum, Pisiform, Trapezium, Trapezoid, Capitate, and Hamate. To tell the three T's apart... triquetrum has "tri/try" in it, and trapezium and trapezoid are in alphabetical order. <br />CARPenters use their hands. The CARPAL bones are of the hand, and not the foot. <br /><br /><br />Cranial Bones <br />Annoying, aren't they? The cranial bones are the PEST OF 6... <br />P<br />E<br />S<br />T<br />O<br />F<br /><br /> Parietal<br />Ethmoid<br />Sphenoid<br />Temporal<br />Occipital<br />Frontal<br />the six? the number of bones!<br /> <br /><br /><br />Try this one as well: Old People From Texas Eat Spiders. <br /><br />Cranial Sutures <br />Sutures have CLASS... <br />C<br />L<br />A<br />S<br />S Coronal<br />Lambdoid<br />and<br />Squamous<br />Sagittal <br /><br /><br />Facial Bones <br />"Con Man Max and Pal Ziggy Lack Nasty Voices". Not the most intuitive acrostic in the world, but it works... <br />Con<br />Man<br />Max<br />Pal<br />Ziggy<br />Lack<br />Nasty<br />Voices Conchae<br />Mandible<br />Maxilla<br />Palatine<br />Zygomatic<br />Lacrimal<br />Nasal<br />Vomer <br /><br /><br />Fontanels (Infant Skull) <br />A baby's first words might be "PAPA!"... <br />P<br />A<br />P<br />A Posterior<br />Anterior<br />Posterio-Lateral<br />Anterio-Lateral <br /><br /><br />Fractures <br />Star Wars fans (hi, Inderpal!) use "Go C3PO" to recall the seven types of bone fractures... <br />G<br />O<br />C<br />C<br />C<br />P<br />O Greenstick<br />Open<br />Complete<br />Closed<br />Comminuted<br />Partial<br />Other<br /> <br /><br /><br />Lower Leg Bones <br />Can't tell your tib from your fib? The TIBia is the Thick, Inner Bone. The FibuLa is Finer, Fluted, and Lateral. <br /><br />Orbital Bones <br />This one's a bit silly. It relies on the belief that a species called the FLEZMS are in ORBITaround the earth. <br />F<br />L<br />E<br />Z<br />M<br />S Frontal<br />Lacrimal<br />Ethmoid<br />Zygomatic<br />Maxilla<br />Sphenoid <br /><br />Two Zulu's Bruised My Cervix <br />This one is used to remember the branches of the facial nerve...a (Sent to me by axe@iinet.net.au)<br /><br />T emporal nerve<br />Z ygomatic nerve<br />B uccal nerve<br />M arginal mandibular nerve<br />C ervical nerve<br /><br />To Zanzibar By Motorcar <br /><br />Some Lovers Try Positions That They Can't Handle <br />For the order of the bones in the wrist : Scaphoid, Lunate, Triquetral, Pisiform, Trapezium, Trapezoid, Capitate, Hamate. <br />Some Say Marry Money But My Brother Says Big Breasts Matter Most <br /><br />For the Cranial Nerves 1 through 12, in determining whether they are Sensory, Motor, or Both (starting with Cranial Nerve 1)<br /><br /><br />Cranial bones: <br />Old Pygmies From Thailand Eat Skulls <br />Occipital <br />Parietal <br />Frontal <br />Temporal <br />Ethmoid <br />Sphenoid <br /> <br />Cranial bones (alternative): <br />STEP OF 6<br />The 6 skull bones are: <br />Sphenoid <br />Temporal <br />Ethmoid <br />Parietal <br />Occipital <br />Frontal <br />Alternatively: "STEP OFf my skull".<br /> <br /> <br />Cranial sutures: <br />Learn Cranial Sutures <br />Lambdoid <br />Coronal <br />Sagittal <br /> <br />Branches of the External Carotid Artery in order starting with the first branch (superior thyroid artery). <br />See plate 29 in Netter's Atlas of Human Anatomy.<br /><br />Contributed by Calvin Lee, Surgical Resident, Case Western Reserve on 7/22/98. This is a good "pimp" question/fact when you are in the OR assisting on a thyroid or a carotid case. Know this one!<br /> <br />Sally Superior Thyroid <br />Ann Ascending Pharyngeal <br />Likes Lingual <br />Flirting Facial <br />On Occipital <br />Philidelphia's Posterior auricular <br />Main Maxillary <br />Street Superficial temporal <br /><br /> <br />PHYSIOLOGY<br />Muscles<br />Horny Office Temps<br />Six factors triggering smooth muscle contraction are oxygen, temperature, ions, hormones, stretch, and acid level (pH). The acronym is "SHIP TO" but the mnemonic phrase is much better: Office Temp's Eye On Whore Stretching Ass. Notice ion is encoded as eye on in this example.<br /><br />Crossbridge Cycle<br />The most basic part of the functional muscle is the cross bridge site where muscular contractions occur. The process of myosin heads attaching to actin, bending, then releasing takes four steps: ready, coupling, bending, letting go. A different chemical triggers each step thusly: hydrolysis makes Ready; Calcium ions cause the Coupling; ADP bends the myosin head; ATP lets go. Sounds like a new dance to me.<br /><br />Calico Cats' Calm Milk<br />"Calico Cats' Calm Milk" is the pathway of smooth muscle contraction: Calcium Cation attaches to Calmodulin, which binds to Myosin Light Kinase.<br /><br /><br />BIOCHEMISTRY<br /><br />Essential Amino Acids<br />PriVaTe TIM HALL<br />Phe, Val, Thr, Trp, Ile, Met, His, Arg, Leu, Lys<br /><br /><br />--------------------------------------------------------------------------------<br />Urea Cycle<br />Ordinarily, Careless Crappers, Are Also Frivolous About Urination.<br />Ornithine, Carbamoyl, Citrulline, Aginosuccinate, Aspartate, Fumarate, Arginine, Urea. <br /><br />Pyrimidines are CUT from purines.<br />Pyrimidines are Cytosine, Uracil, Thiamine and are one ring structures.<br />Purines are double ring structures<br /><br />PATHOLOGY<br />Classification of hypersensitivity reactions<br /><br />submitted by Jed. "ACID" <br />Type I Anaphylaxis<br />Type II Cytotoxic - mediated<br />Type III Immune - complex<br />Type IV Delayed hypersensitivityEar lobe repairhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04739963263286117236noreply@blogger.com0