Chemistry

hunsdiecker reaction, mechanism,finkelstein reaction mechanism,silver propanoet reaction with br2 , hunsdiecker reaction example

2025-02-12T13:08:00.000+05:30

Definition:

when silver sold of carboxylic acid react with chlorine or bromine in ccl4 solvent it produce alkyl chloride or bromide this reaction is known as hunsdiecker reaction.

ccl4 acts as a solvent
CO2 in gas phase remove from solution and silver salt of halide in precipitate form.

the carbon number of products is one less than carbon number in reactant so this reaction is used to reduce carbon number

in this reaction we cannot produce alkyliodide because iodine reacts with carboxylic acid silver salt to produce ester .

alkyl chloride or bromide reacts with sodium iodide in acetone solution produce alkyl iodide this reaction is known as finkelstein reaction since sodium iodide is dissolved in acetone but sodium chloride not dissolve in acetone so we can easily separate them.

define rate of reaction? how to express rate of reaction? define rate law rate constant and unit of rate constant? a reaction take place as 2A+B--->3C find out the rate in terms of each reactant and product and also normalised rate equation?

2024-08-11T11:49:00.001+05:30

1.define rate of reaction?

2. how to express rate of reaction?

3. define rate law rate constant and unit of rate constant?

4.a reaction take place as 2A+B--->3C find out the rate in terms of each reactant and product and also normalised rate equation?

1.define rate of reaction?

ans.

the rate of a reaction is the amount of chemical change occurring per unit time .
the rate is generally expressed as the decrease in concentration of the reactants or as the increase in concentration of the products per unit time.
the unit of reaction rate is concentration divided by time if the concentration is expressed in mole per litre and time in second then the unit of rate is moles litre inverse second inverse.

2. how to express rate of reaction?

3. define rate law rate constant and unit of rate constant?

the rate of a reaction is found experimentally to be proportional to the concentration of reactants raise to proper power.

4.a reaction take place as 2A+B--->3C find out the rate in terms of each reactant and product and also normalised rate equation?

ostwald dilution law, Arrhenious theory of electrolyte dissociation,

2024-07-21T10:46:00.001+05:30

For a weak electrolyte at infinite dilution the whole of the weak electrolyte gets dissocoated,this is known as ostwald dilution law.

ARRHENIOUS THEORY

biological oxygen carrier oxygen transport protein

2024-03-31T09:37:00.005+05:30

there are three different classes of dioxygen transport protein

1) hemoglobin myoglobin family

2) hemecyanin

3)hemeerythin

calculate the pH of 10 ^-8 (M) HCL aquous solution at 25 degree temperature

2023-12-15T11:12:00.003+05:30

Here the concentration of HCL is so small that's why the h+ ion from HCL is also small comparable to h+ ion from the dissociation of water therefore ionization of water should be taken into consideration.

let the consider x-molar of h+ are formed from water.

An automobile engine provides 559 Joules of work to push the pistons and generates 2148 Joules of heat that must be carried away by the cooling system. Calculate the change in the internal energy of the engine. E = ____ Joules

2023-12-07T07:17:00.000+05:30

Here engine provide 559 jouls of work so system provides work so work is negative

work=-559 J

Again heat generated 2148 jouls so exothermic and heat also negative

heat =-2148 J

according to 1 st law of thermodynamics

change in internal energy=work+heat

=-559-2148 J

=-2707 J

Change in internal energy is-2707 J

dickmann condensation/Intramolecular claisen ester condensation / cyclohexanone to cyclo pentanone conversion

2023-12-07T06:57:00.006+05:30

when the two Easter functional group present in same molecule having one Alpha hydrogen when treated with any base for example sodium ethoxide it will give cycclization reaction to from cyclic beta kero ester.

This reaction is known as dickmann condensation or intramolecular claisen ester condensation.
To reduce carbon number in a cyclic compound we use this reaction.

Mechanism:

NaOEt is a strong base which captured one hydrogen from CH2 group and we get a nucleophilic centre which further attack carbonyl group of other ester and we get beta keto ester.

claisen ester condensation

2023-12-07T06:42:00.006+05:30

when ethyl acetate is treated with sodium ethoxide or any base it forms sodium salt of ethyl acetoacetate which after work up in HCL give aceto acetic acid and beta keto ester.This reaction is known as claisen ester condensation.

Step 1:

NaOEt is a strong base which captured one hydrogen from methyl group of ethyl acetate as a result we get CH2-COOEt .

Step 2:

Further CH2-COOEt act as a nucleophile and attack 2nd mole of ethyl acetate and we get ethyl aceto acetate.

Methane to acetic acid conversion

2023-12-07T06:35:00.010+05:30

Methane to acetic acid conversion

step 1: Methane to methyl chloride

methane is treated with cl2/hy and we get methyl chloride

step 2: methyl chloride to methyl cyanide

methyl chloride is treated with KCN and we get methyl cyanide

Step 3: Methyl cyanide to acetic acid

Hydrolysis of methyl cyanide will give acetic acid.

Ethane to acetic acid conversion

2023-12-07T06:34:00.003+05:30

Ethane to acetic acid conversion

Step 1: Ethane to Ethyl chloride

Ethane is treated with cl2/hy and we get ethyl chloride

Step 2: Ethyl chloride to ethanol

Ethyl chloride is treated with aq. KOH and we get ethanol

Step 3: Ethanol to acetic acid

Ethanol is oxidised by strong oxidising reagent K2Cr2O7/Conc. H2SO4 and we get acetic acid

definition of buffer solution and buffer capacity type of buffer solution and its example

2023-12-06T20:09:00.004+05:30

the solutions in which the addition of small amount of acid or base not change the pH such kind of solution are called buffer solution .

hence buffers are the solution with reversed acidity and alkaline alkylinity .
buffer solution usually consist of
1 .weak acid and its salt :
acetic acid + sodium acetate

2. alkaline mixture of weak base and its salt :
ammonium hydroxide and ammonium chloride
3. weak acid and weak base: ammonium acetate

buffer capacity

buffer action is defined as the resistance to change in the h+ ion concentration on the addition of acid or alkali .

the magnitude of the buffer action of a buffer is determined by its buffer capacity it may be defined in terms of addition of both acid and alkali.
usually it is measured by the amount of strong base required to produce unit change of the PH in the solution.

define indicator and classification of indicator

2023-12-06T20:04:00.003+05:30

indicators are weak organic acids or bases that are used to detect the equivalence point for the titration of an acid by a base .

indicator is a substance that changes the colour at the equivalent point .

the colour change takes place when a certain PH value is reached in the case of acid base indicators.

depending on the type of titration indicators may be classified into three classes

1. acid base or neutralization indicators

are used for acid base titration for example methyl orange indicators

2.redox indicators

this are used for redox titration for example diphenylamine

3. adsorption indicators

this are used for precipitation titration for example rodhomin

mannich reaction and example

2023-12-03T11:39:00.002+05:30

the compound which is capable to form enol mostly ketone and aldehyde when react with a mixture of formaldehyde or formalin who is 40% aqueous solution of formaldehyde and secondary Amine in the presence of acid or Lewis acid gives amino methyl derivative is called Mannich reaction.

Example:

1.amino methyl derivative or mannich base with ag2O gives alkene.
2.
amino methyl derivative or mannich base with NaoEt gives alkene.
3.
amino methyl derivative or mannich base with NaCN gives cyanide then with stefan reagent gives aldehyde.

calculate the pH of 0.001M H2So4 .given k2 =1.01×10^-2

2023-11-26T12:25:00.003+05:30

Chemistrynext

A 56.3-mL sample of 0.225 M HNO3 is titrated with 0.156 M KOH. a. Calculate the volume of base required (in mL) to reach the equivalence point. b. Calculate the pH after adding 98.5 mL of KOH

2023-11-26T12:07:00.000+05:30

Chemistrynext

Solubility of AgCl is 10^-5 mole/liter.calculate the solubility in water and in 0.01MNaCl

2023-11-26T10:07:00.004+05:30

AgCl is a sparingly soluble salt and in water small percentage of its dissociates .

For calculate solubility we use solubility product formula.

solubility product of a salt

Ksp=multiplication of activities of ions

Activity=Concentration ×activity coefficient.

Calculate the pH of a solution prepared by dissolving 1.30 g of sodium acetate, CH3 COONa, in 50.0 mL of 0.10 Macetic acid, CH, COOH(aq). Assume the volume change upon dissolving the sodium acetate is negligible. Ka of CH3COOH is 1.75 x 10 -5.

2023-11-26T09:34:00.004+05:30

A mixture of weak acid here acetic acid and its salt acts as a buffer solution.

Buffer solution is a solution where addition of small amount of acid or base not change the pH.

The formula of ph for such solution is given by HENDERSON.

What is the wavelength (in nm) associated with a photon of energy 1.0 x 10-17 J?

2023-11-26T08:24:00.004+05:30

According to plank the energy of photon is E=hy

we need to convert frequency to wavelength

we know, h=6.626×10^-34 J/s

Which of the following equilibrium constant indicates the reactant-favored reaction? Select one: a.Keq = 1 b.Keq = 1.3 c.Keq = 5 x 10-4 d.Keq = 1 x 102 e.Keq = 10

2023-11-26T07:57:00.003+05:30

Equilibrium constant:For a reversible reaction it is the ratio of concentration of product and concentration of reactant.

Keq=[Products]/[Reactant]

For equilibrium reaction Keq =1

Thus ,[products]=[Reactants]

For reactant favour reaction ,Keq<1

For product favour reaction, Keq>1

A stock solution of HNO 3 is prepared and found to contain 14.9 M of HNO 3. If 25.0 mL of the stock solution is diluted to a final volume of 0.500 L, the concentration of the diluted solution is ________ M.

2023-11-26T07:35:00.002+05:30

Stock solution concentration (S1)=14.9M

Stock solution volume (V1)=25ml

Diluted solution volume (v2)=0.5L

=.5×1000ml

=500ml

so S2=?

we use the formula, V1S1=V2S2

S2=(V1S1)/V2

= (25×14.9)/500

=0.745M

the concentration of the diluted solution is 0.745 M.

NaBH3CN reacts with aldehyde and ketone

2023-11-18T19:18:00.004+05:30

NABH 3 cm is less reactive but more selective than sodium bonhydrate since the cyanide group by its electron visual nature makes it stable

NBS 3 cm can a reduce aldehyde but not ketone

Related question;

DCC Reagent(dicyclohexylcarbodiimide)

Toluene 1)Oxidation with kmno4 mechanism 2)Benzoic acid (C6H5cooH)+Socl2 3)Benzoyl chloride (C6H5Cocl) +LiAlH[ (OC (CH3)3]/H+ 4)Benzaldehyde (C6H5CHo)+CH2OHCH2OH/H+

a)Ethyl acetoacetate(CH3COCH2COOCH2CH3) reactions with 1)NaoEt 2)CH3CH2Br 3)NaOH/H2o 4)H3o+ b)2Ethyl acetate (2CH3COOEt) reaction with NaOEt/H3o+ c)Diethyl malonate (CH2 (COOEt)2 )reaction with 1)NaoEt 2) CH3CH2Br 3)H3O+

Toluene(Ph CH3) reaxts with1) NBS/hv,2)Pph3,Buli and 3)Acetone

crossed cannizaro reaction,benzaldehyde(C6H5CHO) react with formaldehyde (HCHO) in 50%NaoH

2023-11-18T19:16:00.005+05:30

Cannizaro reaction:

Related question;

DCC Reagent(dicyclohexylcarbodiimide)

Toluene 1)Oxidation with kmno4 mechanism 2)Benzoic acid (C6H5cooH)+Socl2 3)Benzoyl chloride (C6H5Cocl) +LiAlH[ (OC (CH3)3]/H+ 4)Benzaldehyde (C6H5CHo)+CH2OHCH2OH/H+

a)Ethyl acetoacetate(CH3COCH2COOCH2CH3) reactions with 1)NaoEt 2)CH3CH2Br 3)NaOH/H2o 4)H3o+ b)2Ethyl acetate (2CH3COOEt) reaction with NaOEt/H3o+ c)Diethyl malonate (CH2 (COOEt)2 )reaction with 1)NaoEt 2) CH3CH2Br 3)H3O+

Toluene(Ph CH3) reaxts with1) NBS/hv,2)Pph3,Buli and 3)Acetone

wolf kishner reduction , mechanism, reagent

2023-11-16T10:12:00.008+05:30

In wolf kisna reduction carbonyl compounds reduced to hydrocarbon.

the reaction occurs in two step in first step carbonyl compound converted to hydrazone using reagent hydragene in acidic medium .

In the second step hydrogone converted to corresponding hydrocarbon using reagent NaoEt/EtoH.

Mechanism: in first step hydrazine reacts with carbonyl compound to form hydrazone where hydrogen act as a nucleophile which attack electrophilic centre ofcarbonyl carbon and further more water is removed.

in second step the base abstracts a proton from hydrazone to form a diimide and that is the rate determining step then the diimide losses another proton to form a carbo anions which rapidly takes up proton from the solvent ,alcohol formed in the process to form the hydrocarbon.

Related question;

DCC Reagent(dicyclohexylcarbodiimide)

Toluene 1)Oxidation with kmno4 mechanism 2)Benzoic acid (C6H5cooH)+Socl2 3)Benzoyl chloride (C6H5Cocl) +LiAlH[ (OC (CH3)3]/H+ 4)Benzaldehyde (C6H5CHo)+CH2OHCH2OH/H+

a)Ethyl acetoacetate(CH3COCH2COOCH2CH3) reactions with 1)NaoEt 2)CH3CH2Br 3)NaOH/H2o 4)H3o+ b)2Ethyl acetate (2CH3COOEt) reaction with NaOEt/H3o+ c)Diethyl malonate (CH2 (COOEt)2 )reaction with 1)NaoEt 2) CH3CH2Br 3)H3O+

Toluene(Ph CH3) reaxts with1) NBS/hv,2)Pph3,Buli and 3)Acetone

clemensen reduction reaction, mechanism, example

2023-11-15T10:35:00.003+05:30

reaction of aldehyde or ketone with zinc amalgam in presence of mineral acid reduces the carbonyl group to methylene.

the reaction is often carried out in presence of toluene to produce a three phase system in which most of the ketone remain in the upper hydrocarbon layer and the protonated carbonyl compound in the aqueous layer is reduced on the metal surface.

Related question;

DCC Reagent(dicyclohexylcarbodiimide)

Toluene 1)Oxidation with kmno4 mechanism 2)Benzoic acid (C6H5cooH)+Socl2 3)Benzoyl chloride (C6H5Cocl) +LiAlH[ (OC (CH3)3]/H+ 4)Benzaldehyde (C6H5CHo)+CH2OHCH2OH/H+

a)Ethyl acetoacetate(CH3COCH2COOCH2CH3) reactions with 1)NaoEt 2)CH3CH2Br 3)NaOH/H2o 4)H3o+ b)2Ethyl acetate (2CH3COOEt) reaction with NaOEt/H3o+ c)Diethyl malonate (CH2 (COOEt)2 )reaction with 1)NaoEt 2) CH3CH2Br 3)H3O+

Toluene(Ph CH3) reaxts with1) NBS/hv,2)Pph3,Buli and 3)Acetone

Robinson annelation reaction

2023-11-10T07:14:00.008+05:30

Robinson annelation reaction

conjugated adition reaction or Michael addition reaction followed by intermolecular aldol and dehydration process is called Robinson annelation reaction

in Robinson annelation reaction since the cyclisation involve hence always thermodynamically controlled enolate ion formed initially and major product is dehydration product.

since the Robinson annelation reaction is always thermodynamically controlled so we cannot obtain kinetically controlled less substituted product

oxidation of alcohol ,Types of alcohol,strong oxidizing agentsweak oxidizing agents

Toluene 1)Oxidation with kmno4 mechanism 2)Benzoic acid (C6H5cooH)+Socl2 3)Benzoyl chloride (C6H5Cocl) +LiAlH[ (OC (CH3)3]/H+ 4)Benzaldehyde (C6H5CHo)+CH2OHCH2OH/H+

Chemistry

hunsdiecker reaction, mechanism,finkelstein reaction mechanism,silver propanoet reaction with br2 , hunsdiecker reaction example

when silver sold of carboxylic acid react with chlorine or bromine in ccl4 solvent it produce alkyl chloride or bromide this reaction is known as hunsdiecker reaction.

ccl4 acts as a solvent CO2 in gas phase remove from solution and silver salt of halide in precipitate form.

the carbon number of products is one less than carbon number in reactant so this reaction is used to reduce carbon number in this reaction we cannot produce alkyliodide because iodine reacts with carboxylic acid silver salt to produce ester .

define rate of reaction? how to express rate of reaction? define rate law rate constant and unit of rate constant? a reaction take place as 2A+B--->3C find out the rate in terms of each reactant and product and also normalised rate equation?

1.define rate of reaction?

2. how to express rate of reaction?

3. define rate law rate constant and unit of rate constant?

4.a reaction take place as 2A+B--->3C find out the rate in terms of each reactant and product and also normalised rate equation?

ostwald dilution law, Arrhenious theory of electrolyte dissociation,

biological oxygen carrier oxygen transport protein

calculate the pH of 10 ^-8 (M) HCL aquous solution at 25 degree temperature

An automobile engine provides 559 Joules of work to push the pistons and generates 2148 Joules of heat that must be carried away by the cooling system. Calculate the change in the internal energy of the engine. E = ____ Joules

dickmann condensation/Intramolecular claisen ester condensation / cyclohexanone to cyclo pentanone conversion

when the two Easter functional group present in same molecule having one Alpha hydrogen when treated with any base for example sodium ethoxide it will give cycclization reaction to from cyclic beta kero ester.

This reaction is known as dickmann condensation or intramolecular claisen ester condensation.To reduce carbon number in a cyclic compound we use this reaction.

Mechanism:

NaOEt is a strong base which captured one hydrogen from CH2 group and we get a nucleophilic centre which further attack carbonyl group of other ester and we get beta keto ester.

claisen ester condensation

when ethyl acetate is treated with sodium ethoxide or any base it forms sodium salt of ethyl acetoacetate which after work up in HCL give aceto acetic acid and beta keto ester.This reaction is known as claisen ester condensation.

Methane to acetic acid conversion

Methane to acetic acid conversion

Ethane to acetic acid conversion

Ethane to acetic acid conversion

definition of buffer solution and buffer capacity type of buffer solution and its example

the solutions in which the addition of small amount of acid or base not change the pH such kind of solution are called buffer solution .

buffer capacity buffer action is defined as the resistance to change in the h+ ion concentration on the addition of acid or alkali .

the magnitude of the buffer action of a buffer is determined by its buffer capacity it may be defined in terms of addition of both acid and alkali. usually it is measured by the amount of strong base required to produce unit change of the PH in the solution.

define indicator and classification of indicator

indicators are weak organic acids or bases that are used to detect the equivalence point for the titration of an acid by a base .

the colour change takes place when a certain PH value is reached in the case of acid base indicators. depending on the type of titration indicators may be classified into three classes

mannich reaction and example

the compound which is capable to form enol mostly ketone and aldehyde when react with a mixture of formaldehyde or formalin who is 40% aqueous solution of formaldehyde and secondary Amine in the presence of acid or Lewis acid gives amino methyl derivative is called Mannich reaction.

1.amino methyl derivative or mannich base with ag2O gives alkene.2. amino methyl derivative or mannich base with NaoEt gives alkene.3.amino methyl derivative or mannich base with NaCN gives cyanide then with stefan reagent gives aldehyde.

calculate the pH of 0.001M H2So4 .given k2 =1.01×10^-2

A 56.3-mL sample of 0.225 M HNO3 is titrated with 0.156 M KOH. a. Calculate the volume of base required (in mL) to reach the equivalence point. b. Calculate the pH after adding 98.5 mL of KOH

Solubility of AgCl is 10^-5 mole/liter.calculate the solubility in water and in 0.01MNaCl

Calculate the pH of a solution prepared by dissolving 1.30 g of sodium acetate, CH3 COONa, in 50.0 mL of 0.10 Macetic acid, CH, COOH(aq). Assume the volume change upon dissolving the sodium acetate is negligible. Ka of CH3COOH is 1.75 x 10 -5.

What is the wavelength (in nm) associated with a photon of energy 1.0 x 10-17 J?

Which of the following equilibrium constant indicates the reactant-favored reaction? Select one: a.Keq = 1 b.Keq = 1.3 c.Keq = 5 x 10-4 d.Keq = 1 x 102 e.Keq = 10

A stock solution of HNO 3 is prepared and found to contain 14.9 M of HNO 3. If 25.0 mL of the stock solution is diluted to a final volume of 0.500 L, the concentration of the diluted solution is ________ M.

NaBH3CN reacts with aldehyde and ketone

crossed cannizaro reaction,benzaldehyde(C6H5CHO) react with formaldehyde (HCHO) in 50%NaoH

wolf kishner reduction , mechanism, reagent

clemensen reduction reaction, mechanism, example

Robinson annelation reaction

Robinson annelation reaction

conjugated adition reaction or Michael addition reaction followed by intermolecular aldol and dehydration process is called Robinson annelation reaction

in Robinson annelation reaction since the cyclisation involve hence always thermodynamically controlled enolate ion formed initially and major product is dehydration product.

since the Robinson annelation reaction is always thermodynamically controlled so we cannot obtain kinetically controlled less substituted product

ccl4 acts as a solvent
CO2 in gas phase remove from solution and silver salt of halide in precipitate form.

the carbon number of products is one less than carbon number in reactant so this reaction is used to reduce carbon number

in this reaction we cannot produce alkyliodide because iodine reacts with carboxylic acid silver salt to produce ester .

This reaction is known as dickmann condensation or intramolecular claisen ester condensation.
To reduce carbon number in a cyclic compound we use this reaction.

buffer capacity

buffer action is defined as the resistance to change in the h+ ion concentration on the addition of acid or alkali .

the magnitude of the buffer action of a buffer is determined by its buffer capacity it may be defined in terms of addition of both acid and alkali.
usually it is measured by the amount of strong base required to produce unit change of the PH in the solution.

the colour change takes place when a certain PH value is reached in the case of acid base indicators.

depending on the type of titration indicators may be classified into three classes

1.amino methyl derivative or mannich base with ag2O gives alkene.
2.
amino methyl derivative or mannich base with NaoEt gives alkene.
3.
amino methyl derivative or mannich base with NaCN gives cyanide then with stefan reagent gives aldehyde.