<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?><?xml-stylesheet href="http://www.blogger.com/styles/atom.css" type="text/css"?><feed xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom' xmlns:openSearch='http://a9.com/-/spec/opensearchrss/1.0/' xmlns:blogger='http://schemas.google.com/blogger/2008' xmlns:georss='http://www.georss.org/georss' xmlns:gd="http://schemas.google.com/g/2005" xmlns:thr='http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0'><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2764950579792504266</id><updated>2024-09-01T01:42:22.655-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Historia</title><subtitle type='html'></subtitle><link rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#feed' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://nerihorta.blogspot.com/feeds/posts/default'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2764950579792504266/posts/default?redirect=false'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://nerihorta.blogspot.com/'/><link rel='hub' href='http://pubsubhubbub.appspot.com/'/><link rel='next' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2764950579792504266/posts/default?start-index=26&amp;max-results=25&amp;redirect=false'/><author><name>Anonymous</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/03459386149837394866</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><generator version='7.00' uri='http://www.blogger.com'>Blogger</generator><openSearch:totalResults>87</openSearch:totalResults><openSearch:startIndex>1</openSearch:startIndex><openSearch:itemsPerPage>25</openSearch:itemsPerPage><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2764950579792504266.post-7053633782084441300</id><published>2016-07-29T13:24:00.001-07:00</published><updated>2016-07-29T13:24:18.681-07:00</updated><title type='text'>SEGUNDO REINADO (1840 – 1889)</title><content type='html'>&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;I – Política interna&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Com
o golpe da Maioridade, ocorrido em 1840, temos o início do longo reinado de D.
Pedro II. Neste momento, este governo de um imperador com 15 anos incompletos,
representava um período de termino das revoltas que haviam sacudido as
regências. Mesmo, no início de seu governo, enfrentar algumas rebeliões
advindas do período regencial, o novo governo soube pacificar o Brasil e criar
um modelo de administração já previamente delineado pela constituição outorgada.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Os
dez primeiros anos do Segundo Reinado passou por um processo de centralização
política baseado na Lei interpretativa do Ato Adicional e a reforma do Código
Processo Criminal. Com a Lei Interpretativa, limitava-se a autonomia das
províncias. Com a reforma do Código Criminal, reduzia-se a autoridade dos
juízes locais, que eram eleitos, em favor dos juízes de carreira, nomeados pelo
governo.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Essa
estratégica política permitiu ao governo do Império enfrentar e vencer as
resistências farroupilhas no Sul, até a completa derrota da Revolta dos
Farrapos em 1845. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;O
primeiro gabinete ministerial, composto logo após a coroação de D. Pedro II,
não tinha a maioria da Câmara dos Deputados. A Câmara, dominada pelos
conservadores, rejeitava um ministério liberal. Por isso, foi necessário o
estabelecimento de eleições que pudessem compor uma nova Câmara dos Deputados.
Nestas eleições, houveram demonstrações de fraudes, onde os dois partidos
chegaram a contratar bandos armados para espancar adversários políticos e
vencer as eleições. Além disso, os poucos eleitores legalmente aceitos, também
eram coagidos violentamente nestas eleições. Este pleito eleitoral ficou
conhecido como as “eleições do cacete” e deram a vitória aos liberais. Em 1841,
o ministério liberal foi dissolvido pelo Imperador e novas eleições foram
realizadas. Estas foram vencidas pelos conservadores e iniciou-se um período de
trocas constantes de ministérios, sempre atendendo a necessidade pessoal do
Imperador. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Além
disso, derrotados nas eleições de 1841, reagiram com tentativa de levantes
armados em São Paulo
e Minas Gerais. As tropas do “pacificador” Luís Alves de Lima e Silva, futuro
Duque de Caxias, não teve dificuldades em acalmar os ânimos e encerrar o
episódio.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;A
estrutura partidária do Segundo Reinado estava baseada, principalmente em dois
partidos:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 117.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -117.0pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;-
Partido Conservador: Também conhecido por saquarema, nome alusivo à região de
Saquarema no litoral fluminense, era composto por latifundiários e grandes
comerciantes. Apoiavam um maior poder político no Executivo, principalmente no
Imperador. As questões sociais, como a abolição da escravidão são rejeitadas.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 93.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -93.5pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;- Partido Liberal: Conhecido por luzia, que
ironizava a derrota de seus adeptos em Santa Luzia, Minas Gerais, na revolta de 1842.
Era composto por profissionais urbanos, funcionários públicos e agricultores
ligados ao mercado interno. Defendiam o federalismo (maior autonomia para as
províncias) e apoiavam medidas econômicas mais dinâmicas. Eram, para algumas
lideranças, favoráveis ao processo de abolição da escravidão.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 117.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -117.0pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Com
o bipartidarismo estabelecido, o governo de D. Pedro II introduziu, a partir de
1847, o parlamentarismo no Brasil. Esta estrutura de governo fora copiada da
Inglaterra, com algumas modificações.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Na
Inglaterra, a condição básica de funcionamento é a confiança da Câmara no
gabinete ministerial. O primeiro-ministro é membro do partido que, nas
eleições, obtém a maioria do Parlamento. A partir daí, ele governa a nação com
o monarca tendo um papel decorativo.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;No
Brasil, o gabinete ministerial deveria merecer a confiança do monarca e da
Câmara. A escolha do Conselho de Estado era de competência exclusiva de D.
Pedro II, que podia demiti-lo de acordo com sua vontade, utilizando as
atribuições do Poder Moderador. O Imperador escolhia, primeiramente, o
primeiro-ministro, que, em seguida, indicava os demais membros do ministério.
Este organizava as eleições (extremamente fraudulentas)&lt;span style=&quot;display: none; mso-hide: all;&quot;&gt;dro II, que podia demiti-lo de acordo com sua vontade,
utilizando as atribuiçCinas Gerais, na revolta de3 1842.&lt;/span&gt; que garantiam
para o partido do governo a maioria do Legislativo.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Era
o parlamentarismo às avessas, no qual quem mandava de fato era D. Pedro II.
Liberais e conservadores se revezavam ou se associavam no poder, conforme a vontade
imperial. Deputados, senadores, juízes, governadores de província, toda a
estrutura administrativa brasileira girava em torno de D. Pedro II. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Durante
todo o Segundo Reinado, essa alternância no poder foi pacífica. O debate
político foi substituído pela negociação e pela troca de favores; em vez de
oposição e rivalidade, havia a concordância entre os partidos. De 1853 a 1857, os dois
partidos chegaram a governar juntos, no chamado Ministério da Conciliação.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;Não
obstantes as diferenças que os separavam, provocando tantas mudanças de
gabinete, liberais e conservadores partilhavam as mesmas ideias. Pertenciam à
camada senhorial, formada por homens brancos, livres, latifundiários e
escravistas. Queriam ampliar o poder político para aumentar seu prestígio e
fortalecer a sua autoridade perante suas bases. Desejavam para o país um
governo igual ao que eles já exerciam em suas famílias e escravos. Defendiam a
manutenção da escravidão e temiam as revoltas populares, por ameaçarem a
posição social de seus membros.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;E foi graças a essas identidades de princípios
que os partidários das duas agremiações chegaram ao acordo que lhes permitiria
governar lado a lado, inaugurando, dessa forma, a era da harmonia, do acordo,
da concordância. Ministério da Conciliação foi, portanto, o nome dado ao
gabinete misto composto por elementos conservadores e liberais, que durante o
reinado de D. Pedro II se manteve no poder de 6 de setembro de 1853 a 4 de maio de 1857.
Ele foi resultado de um trabalho conciliatório desenvolvido por Honório Hermeto
Carneiro Leão, marquês de Paraná, o qual o presidiu até 1856, quando faleceu,
sendo substituído por Luiz Alves de Lima e Silva, barão e mais tarde duque de
Caxias.&lt;span class=&quot;apple-converted-space&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;O ministério era composto
pelos seguintes titulares:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
Império – Luiz Pedreira do Couto Ferraz, visconde de Bom Retiro;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
Justiça – José Tomás Nabuco de Araújo;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 84.15pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -84.15pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
Exterior – Antônio Paulino Limpo de Abreu, visconde de Abaeté, e depois José
Maria da Silva Paranhos, visconde do Rio Branco;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 84.15pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -84.15pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
Fazenda – Honório Hermeto Carneiro Leão, marquês de Paraná; depois, o visconde
de Abaeté, e finalmente, João Maurício Vanderlei, barão de Cotegipe;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 84.15pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -84.15pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
Guerra – Pedro de Alcântara Bellegarde, e depois Luiz Alves de Lima e Silva,
barão e posteriormente duque de Caxias;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 84.15pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -84.15pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
Marinha – Bellegarde, depois o visconde de Rio Branco, barão de Cotegipe, e de
novo Rio Branco.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Durante
a ocorrência deste ministério, tivemos as seguintes medidas:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;-
Lei Eusébio de Queirós;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;- Lei das
Terras;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;- Reforma
da Guarda nacional, que atribuía a nomeação dos oficiais dessa corporação,
dando&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;ao governo imperial mais um elemento de
barganha política com a classe proprietária;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 46.75pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -11.35pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;- Reforma do Código Comercial, que reordenava a legislação
comercial, ainda originária&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;da colônia, e procurava ajustar a atividade do comércio às novas
condições criadas com a extinção do tráfico.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Maior
dificuldade, porém, teve o Império com a Revolução Praieira em Pernambuco,
entre 1848 e 1850. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;Em 1848, o Partido
Liberal, após quatro anos no poder, estava corroído por dissensões de todo o
tipo e completamente desgastado em termos políticos. Em novembro, um mês depois
de os conservadores assumirem o governo, iniciou-se a Revolução Praieira. A
queda dos liberais foi apenas o estopim da revolta, cujos antecedentes eram
antigos e profundos. A injustiça social e a exploração econômica em Pernambuco
tinham chegado a tal ponto que a maior parte das terras cultiváveis pertencia à
família Cavalcanti.&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;Além disso, as idéias
republicanas e revolucionárias vigoravam em Pernambuco desde o tempo da
Revolução de 1817 e da Confederação do Equador. E continuavam na ordem do dia,
graças a diversos jornais republicanos, particularmente o &lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;Republico&lt;/i&gt;, dirigido por Borges da Fonseca. Também havia propaganda
socialista – provavelmente inspirada no movimento francês de 1848 –, com Abreu
e Lima pregando a divisão das fortunas.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;Finalmente, o
sentimento antilusitano era muito forte em Pernambuco, onde o comércio estava
praticamente dominado pelos portugueses. E foi no meio a esse ambiente que o
Senado, controlado pelo Partido Conservador, anulou a indicação de Antônio
Chichorro da Gama, liberal pernambucano, para uma cadeira de senador. Foi a
gota d´água. Os praieiros (assim apelidados os liberais exaltados em
Pernambuco) revoltaram-se.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;O programa praieiro
era avançado: proclamação da República, nacionalização o comércio, garantia de
trabalho, voto universal, liberdade de imprensa e reformas socioeconômicas. Sob
a chefia de Nunes Machado e Borges da Fonseca, os revolucionários, após
ocuparem Olinda, em fevereiro de 1849, atacaram Recife, onde foram derrotados
pelas tropas governamentais, após violentos combates travados nas ruas da
cidade.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;Depois desses
insucesso, os rebeldes dirigiram-se para o interior e, lá, grandes contingentes
de sertanejos pobres aderiram entusiasticamente à revolta. Apesar disso, a
Revolução Praieira fracassou menos de um ano após seu início. As causas desse
fracasso foram: a extrema violência da repressão governamental, a traição de
vários líderes rebeldes que – assustados com a participação popular – passaram
para o lado do governo e o isolamento político dos praieiros – já que os
liberais das demais províncias acharam mais prudente não apoiar seus colegas
pernambucanos “excessivamente liberais”.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;II – Economia&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;1
- Cafeicultura&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;No
início do século XVIII, o café é trazido para o Brasil, contrabandeado pela
fronteira com a Guiana Francesa. A primeira área de plantio foi a província do
Pará. A partir do século XIX, as condições climáticas e geográficas
mostraram-se decisivas para o desenvolvimento da cultura do café no Rio de
Janeiro. Com o crescimento do consumo internacional, as plantações foram se
expandindo para o Vale do Paraíba, que até a década de 1860, foi o maior centro
produtor de café no Brasil. Nessa época, o grão já era produzido em São Paulo e na Zona da
Mata de Minas Gerais.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;No
Vale do Paraíba, as primeiras fazendas de café surgiram ainda na década de 20, a partir da política de
concessão de terras desenvolvidas por D. João VI. Nessa região, a estrutura de
produção baseava-se no tripé monocultura, latifúndio, escravidão. As técnicas
de produção eram bastante simples e até mesmo predatórias, usava-se basicamente
a enxada e a foice, e a produção era extensiva, não havendo preocupação ou
cuidado com a produtividade do solo.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Por volta de 1850, a produção cafeeira
do Vale do Paraíba atingiu seu apogeu; a cidade de Vassouras havia se
transformado na capital do café. Os grandes proprietários das fazendas dessa
região haviam-se tornado o grupo social mais importante e influente do país,
sendo, inclusive, agraciados, pelo imperador, com títulos de nobreza. Surgira,
assim, uma nova aristocracia agrária: os &lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;barões
de café.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;Esses barões de café, de mentalidade
tradicional e escravocrata, foram uma das principais forças de sustentação da
monarquia brasileira, durante todo o II Reinado.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Contudo,
devido ao acidentado relevo dessa região e ao sistema de produção descuidado e
extensivo, que provocou o esgotamento do solo. Na segunda metade do século XIX,
a cafeicultura acabou se expandido em direção ao oeste do estado de São Paulo,
onde encontrou condições mais favoráveis: maior disponibilidade de terras,
relevo regular, terra roxa.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;De
início, manteve-se também, nessa região, a estrutura de produção tradicional,
utilizando-se em larga escala a mão-de-obra escrava. Mas o escravo havia se
tornado uma mercadoria difícil, devido à extinção do tráfico (em 1850). Embora
seu comércio interprovincial tivesse sido intensificado, ficou evidente a
necessidade de se buscar uma solução definitiva para o problema da mão-de-obra.
Assim, os fazendeiros paulistas incentivaram a vinda dos imigrantes europeus.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Com
a introdução da mão-de-obra imigrante nas áreas cafeeiras do Oeste Paulista,
teve início o processo de substituição do trabalho escravo pelo trabalho livre
ou assalariado, ou seja, o estabelecimento das primeiras relações capitalistas
no sistema agrário do país.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;A
introdução dessa mão-de-obra mais qualificada que a do escravo permitiu a
utilização de técnicas e equipamentos de produção mais moderno.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;2
– Surto Industrial&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;A
partir de 1880, era evidente a acumulação de capitais e a prosperidade nessa
região. Existiam vários núcleos urbanos, com destaque para Campinas e Ribeirão
Preto, algumas ferrovias ligando as áreas produtoras ao porto de Santos, vários
bancos e estabelecimentos comerciais, além do desenvolvimento de uma pequena
produção industrial.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;A
rápida expansão do cultivo de café contribuiu para a solução da crise
econômica, instaurada na economia brasileira desde o governo de D. Pedro I.
Nesse sentido, podemos afirmar que o café representou um importante fator de
recuperação econômico-financeira do país. Por volta de 1870, o café
representava 56% da pauta de exportações do império, atingindo 61% na década de
1880. Em resumo, depois de uma história de constantes déficits, a balança
comercial brasileira passou a superavitária no período de 1861 a 1885. Além disso, o
desenvolvimento do setor cafeeiro contribuiu decisivamente para o incremento
das relações assalariadas de produção e possibilitou a&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;acumulação de capital que, disponível, foi
aplicado em sua própria expansão e em alguns setores urbanos, como a indústria
e as ferrovias.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Por
outro lado, a excessiva concentração de renda nas mãos dos cafeicultores
dificultou o pleno desenvolvimento de outros setores produtivos de bens de
consumo cotidiano, como os tecidos e outros produtos industrializados. Assim,
tornou-se necessário um grande volume de importações, que esvaziaram os cofres
públicos.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Esse
conjunto de fatores explica a impossibilidade da ocorrência de um processo de
industrialização no Brasil durante a segunda metade do século XIX. Por outro
lado, o crescimento da economia nesse período foi suficientemente grande para
gerar alguns surtos industriais, que foram ainda incentivados pelo término da
vigência dos Tratados de 1810, com a Inglaterra, e pleo encerramento do tráfico
negreiro.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Assim
que os Tratados de 1810 deixaram de vigorar, em 1843, o governo imperial
preparou uma nova tarifa alfandegária: a &lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;tarifa
Alves Branco&lt;/b&gt;, aprovada em 1844. Contrariando a norma anterior de que
qualquer mercadoria importada pagaria a mesma taxa (15% sobre o valor da
mercadoria), a tarifa Alves Branco partiu do princípio de que artigos diferentes
pagariam taxas diferentes:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;- cerca de 2 mil desses produtos pagariam
taxas de 30%;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;- os aproximadamente mil produtos restantes
receberam taxas diversas; os de menor taxação pagavam 20% e os de taxação mais
elevada pagavam 60%.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Essa
tarifa se tornou um recurso utilizado pelo governo para aumentar a arrecadação
alfandegária e, consequentemente, suas receitas, para tentar controlar o
crescente déficit das finanças públicas.&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Além
disso prejudicou sobretudo os ingleses, acostumados aos privilégios comerciais,
desde &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;o início do século XIX. Em represália a essa
medida, a Inglaterra decretou o Bill Aberdeen.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;A
extinção do tráfico negreiro também contribuiu para o progresso industrial, na
medida em que possibilitou a liberação de uma parcela significativa de
capitais, que puderam ser aplicados nesse setor. O próprio desenvolvimento do
setor cafeeiro foi outro fator. Os lucros provenientes dessa atividade
permitiram aos cafeicultores diversificarem seus investimentos. Além disso, a
rápida expansão dessa atividade gerou a necessidade de se criar uma rede mais
moderna de transportes no país. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;A
presença do imigrante europeu também foi importante, não só como mão-de-obra
especializada para as indústrias, mas também por ter ampliado o mercado interno
brasileiro, já que ele era um assalariado.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Uma
das figuras que mais se projetaram no setor industrial foi Irineu Evangelista
de Souza, também chamado de Barão de Mauá. Ele procurou criar no país um grande
conglomerado empresarial. Com seu espírito empreendedor, ele atraiu o capital
privado inglês e promoveu grandes obras no setor de serviços públicos e de
transporte: iluminação a gás no Rio de Janeiro, criação do sistema de bondes
puxados a burros, instalação do cabo telegráfico submarino ligando o Brasil à
Europa, criação de Cias de Navegação e de Ferrovias, etc.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Contudo,
os empreendimentos de Mauá não receberam, por parte do governo, o apoio
necessário, devido à falta de crédito e de isenções fiscais. Além disso, eles
foram prejudicados pela redução das taxas alfandegárias dos produtos
importados, a Tarifa Silva Ferraz, em 1860. Assim, vítima do desinteresse do
governo e da concorrência estrangeira, Mauá perdeu suas empresas, sobretudo
para os ingleses, e acabou falido. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Paralelamente
ao crescimento industrial, fora aprovada também, em 1850, a Lei das Terras,
determinando;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;“&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;Todas as terras devolutas passaram a ser
consideradas públicas, de propriedade do Império, só se tornando legal a sua
ocupação mediante a compra. Qualquer outra forma de aquisição é considerada
ilegal”.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;A
Lei da Terra restringia o acesso à propriedade a uma parcela minoritária da
sociedade, forçando assim os imigrantes, os homens livres e ex-escravos a
venderem sua força de trabalho, ou seja, a tornarem-se mão-de-obra para
lavoura, num momento em que a demanda crescia consideravelmente.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;3
– Processo de abolição da escravidão&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Desde
o período da independência, o Brasil sofreu pressões da Inglaterra para abolir
o tráfico de escravos. Os interesses ingleses não estavam relacionados às questões
humanitárias e, sim, a interesses econômicos.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;A
Inglaterra precisava manter os negros na África, sobretudo nas áreas sob seu
domínio, para garantir a produção de algodão, do café e dos diamantes para os
plantadores e mineradores ingleses. Diante da inércia do governo brasileiro, os
ingleses tomaram atitudes mais drásticas; em 1845, o Parlamento inglês aprovou
o &lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;Bill Aberdeen&lt;/b&gt;, um ato unilateral,
que atribuía à marinha inglesa o direito de aprisionar navios traficantes de
escravos e punir os traficantes, segundo os tribunais ingleses. Este ato
transformou-se em resposta do governo inglês, também, a aprovação da tarifa
Alves Branco, que atacava a importação de produtos ingleses.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;A
partir desse momento, intensificou-se o debate em torno da abolição da escravidão
no Brasil. De um lado, os abolicionistas, apoiados pelos ingleses, pressionavam
o governo, com revolta de escravos e pressões políticas na Câmara dos
Deputados. Do outro, os escravocratas e o governo imperial resistiam, pois
entendiam que, sem a mão-de-obra, a economia entraria em colapso.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Mesmo
assim, a campanha abolicionista causou a abolição da escravidão, quando o
sistema já estava totalmente abalado. Por esse motivo, as leis que acabariam
com a escravatura de maneira lenta e segura, sem “abalos indesejáveis” na
economia nacional, não tiveram na prática quase nenhum sentido positivo.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Em
1850, foi aprovada a lei Eusébio de Queiroz, que proibia a entrada de escravos
no país, liberando, o comércio interno. Ao contrário do que se pensava, a
extinção do tráfico não prejudicou a &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;economia brasileira. Diante da
impossibilidade de importação dos escravos, os grandes proprietários das áreas
economicamente ativas do país, sobretudo os cafeicultores, recorreram ao
comércio proprietários das áreas decadentes do Brasil, sobretudo os do
Nordeste, a venderem seus escravos para a região centro-Sul, intensificou-se,
assim, o tráfico interprovincial. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Apesar
de ter suprido imediatamente a demanda de mão-de-obra escrava no país, o
tráfico interprovincial significou, apenas, uma alternativa temporária. A
necessidade crescente de braços &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;naquele
momento, exigia uma solução definitiva.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;A
solução encontrada por esses fazendeiros paulistas consistiu na substituição do
escravo pelo imigrante europeu, ou seja, de um trabalho compulsório por um
trabalho livre ou assalariado, que acabou por se revelar bem mais rentável. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Entre 1870 e 1880, o movimento abolicionista
ganhou novos adeptos e adquiriu mais força. Nas grandes cidades do país,
desenvolveu-se uma ampla campanha popular em favor da abolição, da qual
participavam artistas, intelectuais, jornalistas, estudantes, profissionais
liberais, representantes da elite, etc. Através de comícios, conferências,
jornais e associações, a ideia abolicionista era difundida em nossa sociedade.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;No
Parlamento, os liberais e os conservadores travaram, realmente, uma batalha: a
maior parte dos políticos liberais, dentre os quais se destacavam José do
Patrocínio, Joaquim Nabuco e Rui Barbosa, eram abolicionistas, enquanto os
conservadores eram escravagistas.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Porém,
ainda existiam no país alguns fortes obstáculos à abolição. Os setores que
ainda dependiam da mão-de-obra escrava, sobretudo os barões do café do vale do
Paraíba , acreditavam que a abolição poderia causar o colapso da economia
cafeeira. Além disso, eles mão de sua propriedade, já que os escravos
representavam um grande capital imobilizado. Dessa forma, exigiam do governo
uma indenização (o que não era fácil).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Diante
dessa dificuldades, o processo abolicionista foi lento e gradual, feito através
de algumas leis que procuraram deter a abolição radical.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;- Lei Visconde do Rio Branco ou do Ventre
Livre (1871) – Libertava os filhos de escravos nascidos a partir daquela data.
Os libertos ficariam com as mães até os oito anos, quando poderiam ser
entregues ao Estado, recebendo uma indenização, ou utilizados pelo proprietário
até 21 anos, como pagamento pelos gastos relativos à sua manutenção.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;- Lei Saraiva-Cotegipe ou Sexagenários (1885)
– Libertava os escravos que tivessem mais de 60 anos.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;- Lei Áurea (13 de maio de 1888) – Extinguiu
a escravidão no país, sem a indenização aos proprietários.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Ao
se extinguir a escravidão negra no país, ocorreram algumas transformações no
Brasil. A economia brasileira não sofreu nenhum abalo, como temiam os grupos
escravagistas, já que nas áreas economicamente ativas do país,a mão-de-obra
escrava foi sendo gradativamente substituída pelo trabalho assalariado do
imigrante europeu, ao longo da segunda metade do século XIX. Aliás, a imigração
passou a ser intensificada no país, sobretudo nos primeiros anos da República,
quando houve um novo afluxo de imigrantes.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Ao
contrário da economia, a vida política do país foi abalada pela abolição. A
monarquia, que já vinha sofrendo a contestação de vários setores sociais,
perdeu o apoio essencial dos barões do café, devido ao seu descontentamento com
a abolição, feita sem a indenização aos proprietários de escravos.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Para
o negro, a abolição não trouxe modificações substanciais, pois não se criaram
condições sociais, educacionais nem técnicas para sua efetiva participação em
nossa sociedade. Os ex-escravos continuaram marginalizados e discriminados no
país.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;4
– Imigração&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;No
início do século XIX, D. João VI e depois D. Pedro I incentivaram a vinda de
europeus para a região Sul do país, concedendo-lhes terras, com o objetivo de
garantir a ocupação efetiva daquela área, tão importante, mas, ao mesmo tempo
tão vulnerável. Adotou-se um sistema de colonização baseado em pequenas
propriedades, que deu origem a colônias, com as de São Leopoldo e Novo Hamburgo
(RS) e Blumenau e Joinville (SC). &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Entretanto,
nas áreas cafeeiras, o objetivo era outro. A imigração fora incentivada para
fornecer braços para a lavoura e não havia interesse em que o imigrante se tornasse
um pequeno proprietário.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;O
senador Nicolau Vergueiro foi o responsável pelas primeiras iniciativas de
imigração para as áreas cafeeiras: a partir de 1847, ele trouxe europeus
(alemães e suíços) para trabalhar em sua fazenda e em outras da região, em
regime de parceria.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;No
regime de parceria, o imigrante trabalhava em alguns lotes de café e, ao final
doe um ano, dividia os lucros da produção com o proprietário da terra. Desses
lucros, ainda eram deduzidas as despesas feitas com a sua viagem e a instalação
na fazenda, sobre as quais incidiam juros de 6% ano.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Este
sistema fracassou por dois motivos;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;- Ocorreram revoltas de colonos, pela intensa
exploração que estavam sofrendo;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;- Os colonos conseguiram fugir das fazendas e
retornar aos seus países de origem, denunciando as reais condições a que
estavam sendo submetidos. A situação foi tão séria que o governo alemão chegou
a proibir a imigração para o Brasil. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Diante
da rápida expansão do café e da grande demanda de mão-de-obra, o governo de São
Paulo resolveu retomar a política de imigração, só que em novas bases. A partir
de 1871, o governo provincial, que a essa altura já representava a burguesia
cafeeira, passou a subvencionar a imigração. &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;III – Política externa&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;line-height: 11.25pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 37.4pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;A política externa brasileira, durante o Segundo Reinado,
foi marcada por conflitos na região do Prata - responsáveis pela Guerra do
Paraguai e por atritos diplomáticos com a Inglaterra, gerando a chamada Questão
Christie.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;line-height: 11.25pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;1 – A Questão Christie (1862 –
1863)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 37.4pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;A influência da Inglaterra no Brasil está presente desde
antes da nossa independência. Com a assinatura dos tratados de 1810, a Inglaterra ganha
privilégios econômicos. Com a independência do Brasil, em 1822, a Inglaterra impõem,
como forma de reconhecer a independência, a renovação dos tratados de 1810.
Ademais, o Brasil era dependente financeiramente da Grã-Bretanha.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 37.4pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Durante o Segundo Reinado, as relações entre Brasil e
Inglaterra conhece sucessivos atritos que culminaram com o rompimento das
relações diplomáticas entre os dois países.&lt;br /&gt;
As hostilidades entre Brasil e Inglaterra começaram em 1844, com a aprovação da
tarifa Alves Branco, que acabou com as vantagens comerciais que a Inglaterra
tinha no Brasil.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 37.4pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;A resposta do governo britânico foi a aprovação do Bill
Aberdeen, decreto que proibia o tráfico negreiro e outorgava o direito, aos
ingleses, de aprisionar qualquer navio negreiro.&lt;br /&gt;
Respondendo às pressões inglesas, no ano de 1850 foi promulgada a Lei Euzébio
de Queiróz, que extinguia definitivamente o tráfico negreiro no Brasil.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 37.4pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;No ano de 1861, o navio inglês Prince of Walles afundou nas
costas do Rio Grande do Sul e sua carga foi pilhada. O embaixador inglês no
Brasil, William Christie, exigiu uma indenização ao governo imperial. No ano de
1862, marinheiros britânicos embriagados foram presos no Rio de Janeiro e o
embaixador Christie exigiu a demissão dos policiais e desculpas oficiais do
governo brasileiro à Inglaterra.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 37.4pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;O Brasil recusou-se a aceitar as exigências de Christie.
Alguns navios brasileiros foram aprisionados pela Inglaterra; o governo
brasileiro pagou a indenização referente ao roubo da carga do navio inglês
naufragado.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 37.4pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Em 1863, sob a mediação de Leopoldo I, rei de Bélgica, ficou
estabelecido que a Inglaterra deveria pedir desculpas ao governo brasileiro,
pelo ocorrido com os marinheiros na cidade do Rio de Janeiro. Diante da
negativa da Inglaterra, D. Pedro II resolveu romper relações diplomáticas com a
Inglaterra.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 37.4pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;2 – As
campanhas brasileiras no Prata &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-indent: 37.4pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 37.4pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Entre 1851 e 1870, o governo brasileiro realiza intervenções
militares na região platina - formada pela Argentina, Uruguai e Paraguai. Os
motivos destas intervenções eram as disputas territorias, a tentativa de
impedir a formação de um Estado poderoso e rival e garantir a livre navegação
nos rios da bacia do Prata ( Paraná, Paraguai e Uruguai ).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-indent: 37.4pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
a – Campanha contra Oribe (1851)&lt;br style=&quot;mso-special-character: line-break;&quot; /&gt;
&lt;br style=&quot;mso-special-character: line-break;&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 37.4pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;O Uruguai possuia dois partidos políticos: o Blanco,
liderado por Manuel Oribe, aliado dos argentinos; e o Colorado, liderado por
Frutuoso Rivera, apoiado pelo Brasil.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 37.4pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;A aliança entre Manuel Oribe, então presidente do Uruguai,
com o governo argentino de Juan Manuel Rosas, trouxe a tona a idéia de
restauração do antigo vice -reinado do Prata. Procurando garantir a livre
navegação no rio da Prata, D. Pedro II envia uma tropa militar sob o comando de
Caxias. Esta tropa recebe o apoio das tropas militares de Rivera que, juntas,
depuseram Manuel Oribe do poder.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-indent: 37.4pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;b –
Campanha contra Rosas (1851)&lt;br style=&quot;mso-special-character: line-break;&quot; /&gt;
&lt;br style=&quot;mso-special-character: line-break;&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Como Rosas apoiava os blancos, o governo imperial organizou
uma expedição e invadiu a Argentina. Os brasileiros venceram, na batalha de
Monte Caseros, depuseram Rosas e, em seu lugar colocaram o general Urquiza,
auxiliar do Brasil na campanha contra Oribe. No ano de 1864 outro conflito na
região, desta vez envolvendo o Paraguai.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;c – A
Guerra do Paraguai (1864 – 1870)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;O Paraguai se constituiu em uma exceção na América Latina,
durante o século XIX, em virtude de seu desenvolvimento econômico autônomo.
Durante os governos de José Francia (1811/1840) e Carlos López (1840/1862)
houve um relativo progresso econômico, com construção das estradas de ferro,
sistema telegráfico eficiente, surgimento das indústrias siderúrgicas, fábricas
de armas e a erradicação do analfabetismo.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;As atividades econômicas essenciais eram controladas pelo
Estado e a balança comercial apresentava saldos favoráveis, garantindo a
estabilidade da moeda, criando as condições para um desenvolvimento
auto-sustentável, sem recorrer ao capital estrangeiro.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Solano Lópes, presidente do Paraguai a partir de 1862,
inicia uma política expansionista, procurando ampliar o território paraguaio. O
objetivo desta política era conseguir acesso ao oceano Atlântico, para garantir
a continuidade do desenvolvimento econômico da nação. A expansão territorial do
Paraguai deu-se com a anexação de regiões da Argentina, do Uruguai e do Brasil.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Ademais, a Inglaterra não via com bons olhos o
desenvolvimento autônomo do Paraguai, achando necessário destruir este modelo
econômico.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;No ano de 1864, o governo paraguaio aprisionou o navio
brasileiro Marquês de Olinda, e invadiu o mato Grosso, levando o Brasil a
declarar guerra ao Paraguai.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Em 1865 é formada a Tríplice Aliança, união das forças
brasileiras, argentinas e uruguaias contra o Paraguai.&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;apple-style-span&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;No
início de 1869, o exército brasileiro tomou Assunção, capital do Paraguai. A
guerra chegou ao fim em março 1870, com a Campanha das Cordilheiras. Foi
travada a batalha de Cerro Corá, ocasião em que o ditador Solano López foi
perseguido e morto.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;apple-style-span&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;Vale
lembrar que, a essa altura, Caxias considerava a continuidade da ofensiva
brasileira uma carnificina e demitiu-se do comando do exército, que passou ao &lt;a href=&quot;http://educacao.uol.com.br/biografias/ult1789u204.jhtm&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;&quot;&gt;conde d&#39;Eu&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;,
marido da&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;apple-converted-space&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;apple-style-span&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://educacao.uol.com.br/biografias/ult1789u160.jhtm&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;&quot;&gt;princesa
Isabel&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. A ele coube conduzir as últimas operações.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;A guerra serviu para destruir o modelo econômico do
Paraguai, tornando-o um dos países mais pobres do mundo, sua população sofreu
uma drástica redução ( cerca de 75% dela morreu na guerra).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Para o Brasil, a participação na guerra contribuiu para o
aumento da dívida externa e a morte de aproximadamente 40 mil homens. A
Inglaterra foi a grande beneficiada com a guerra, pois acabou com a experiência
econômica do Paraguai na região, e seus empréstimos reafirmaram a dependência
financeira do Brasil, Argentina e Uruguai. A guerra do Paraguai marca o início
da decadência do Segundo Reinado, em razão do fortalecimento político do
Exército, que torna-se um foco abolicionista e republicano.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;IV – A queda da monarquia
brasileira&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;mso-special-character: line-break;&quot; /&gt;
&lt;br style=&quot;mso-special-character: line-break;&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;A queda monarquia brasileira está relacionada às mudanças
estruturais que ocorreram no Brasil ao longo do século XIX: a modernização da
economia, o surto industrial, a substituição do trabalho escravo pelo trabalho
livre e assalariado, o abolicionismo, o movimento republicano, o choques com a
Igreja e o Exército.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;1 – O movimento abolicionista&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;mso-special-character: line-break;&quot; /&gt;
&lt;br style=&quot;mso-special-character: line-break;&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;A campanha pela abolição da escravidão ganhou impulso com o
final da guerra do Paraguai. Muitos soldados negros que lutaram na guerra foram
alforriados. Organizaram-se no país vários &quot;clubes&quot; que discutiam a
questão. Visando diminuir as pressões internas e externas(a Inglaterra tinha
interesses na abolição), o governo imperial iniciou uma série de reformas, com
o intuito de reduzir a escravidão:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
-Lei do Ventre Livre (1871)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;-Lei
dos Sexagenários (1885)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;-Lei
Áurea (1888)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;A abolição da
escravidão no Brasil foi um duro golpe aos grandes proprietários de terras
escravocratas, que passaram a combater a Monarquia. São os chamados
&quot;Republicanos de 13 de maio&quot;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;2 – A questão religiosa&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;mso-special-character: line-break;&quot; /&gt;
&lt;br style=&quot;mso-special-character: line-break;&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Choque do governo imperial com a Igreja Católica, em virtude
do regime do padroado, ou seja, o poder do imperador de nomear bispos ficando a
Igreja subordinada ao Estado. Em 1864, o Papa Pio IX, através da bula Sillabus
proibiu a perman6encia de membros da maçonaria dentro da organização
eclesiástica.&lt;span class=&quot;apple-converted-space&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;O imperador, membro da maçonaria, rejeitou a bula. Porém,
dois bispos obedeceram o papa e expulsaram párocos ligados à maçonaria. Os
bispos foram condenados à prisão com trabalhos forçados, sendo anistiados pouco
depois. Os bispos eram D. Vidal de Oliveira da diocese de Olinda, e D. Antônio de
Macedo da diocese de Belém.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;O episódio deixou claro que, caso houvesse uma conspiração
contra a Monarquia, esta não receberia o apoio da Igreja.&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;3 – A questão militar&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;mso-special-character: line-break;&quot; /&gt;
&lt;br style=&quot;mso-special-character: line-break;&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Desde o final da Guerra do Paraguai, o exército vinha
exigindo uma maior participação nas decisões políticas do império. A
insatisfação política, as idéias positivistas e os baixos soldos levaram os
militares, através da imprensa, a criticarem a monarquia. Em 1883, o
tenente-coronel Sena Madureira criticou as reformas no sistema de aposentadoria
militar, sendo punido. O governo proibiu qualquer tipo de declaração política
dos militares na imprensa.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Em 1885, o coronel Cunha Matos do Piauí, utilizou-se da
imprensa para defender-se da acusação de desonesto, sendo preso por 48 horas. A
punição provocou um mal-estar na alta oficialidade, reclamando da interferência
civil sobre os assuntos militares. Entre os oficiais descontentes com a
Monarquia estava o marechal Deodoro da Fonseca.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;4 – O movimento republicano&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;mso-special-character: line-break;&quot; /&gt;
&lt;br style=&quot;mso-special-character: line-break;&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;O movimento republicano iniciou-se em 1870, com a fundação
do Clube Republicano e do jornal &quot;A República&quot; e o lançamento do
&quot;Manifesto Republicano&quot;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;O Partido Republicano apresentava duas correntes: os
evolucionistas, liderados por Quintino Bocaiúva, que defendiam a via pacífica
para atingir o poder; os revolucionários, sob a liderança de Silva Jardim, que
pregavam a revolução e a participação popular. O movimento de 15 de novembro
foi conduzido pelos evolucionistas.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Entre os republicanos militares, as idéias de Augusto Comte
foram muito difundidas, principalmente por Benjamin Constant - trata-se do
positivismo, cujo lema era &quot;Ordem e progresso&quot;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;5 – A proclamação da República&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;mso-special-character: line-break;&quot; /&gt;
&lt;br style=&quot;mso-special-character: line-break;&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Em 1888, um novo gabinete fora nomeado, tendo como primeiro
ministro Afonso Celso de Oliveira Figueiredo, o visconde de Ouro Preto. Este
iniciou um amplo programa reformista procurando salvar a monarquia.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;No dia 14 de novembro de 1889 foi divulgado um boato de que
o visconde de Ouro Preto havia decretado a prisão de Deodoro da Fonseca e
Benjamin Constant. Os militares rebelaram-se e na madrugada do dia 15, o
marechal Deodoro da Fonseca assumiu o comando dos rebelados que marcharam em
direção ao centro da cidade.Na tarde de 15 de novembro de 1889, na Câmara
Municipal do Rio de Janeiro, José do Patrocínio declarava a proclamação da
República.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;O movimento, elitista e que não contou com a participação
popular, foi aplaudido e incentivado pela burguesia cafeicultora do Oeste
Paulista, pois o ideal republicano envolvia a idéia de federação, ou seja,
grande autonomia aos estados membros. Desta forma, a província de São Paulo
ocuparia um ligar de destaque no Estado republicano, como se verá adiante.&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://nerihorta.blogspot.com/feeds/7053633782084441300/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment/fullpage/post/2764950579792504266/7053633782084441300' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2764950579792504266/posts/default/7053633782084441300'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2764950579792504266/posts/default/7053633782084441300'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://nerihorta.blogspot.com/2016/07/segundo-reinado-1840-1889.html' title='SEGUNDO REINADO (1840 – 1889)'/><author><name>Anonymous</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/03459386149837394866</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2764950579792504266.post-6619501543710735187</id><published>2016-07-29T13:23:00.001-07:00</published><updated>2016-07-29T13:23:09.032-07:00</updated><title type='text'>PERÍODO JOANINO (1808 – 1822)</title><content type='html'>&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; No início do século XIX, Napoleão Bonaparte
passou a combater e a dominar todos os países inimigos da França. Não
conseguiu, porém, vencer a Inglaterra. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Para
enfraquecer a Inglaterra, ele estabeleceu o bloqueio continental, tentando
impedir que qualquer país mantivesse relações comerciais com os ingleses. Nessa
época, Portugal era governado pelo príncipe regente dom João, pois a sua mãe, a
rainha Maria I, sofria de problemas mentais. Como o governo português era
aliado da Inglaterra, dom João viu-se em difícil situação se aderisse ao
bloqueio continental, os ingleses impediriam as comunicações e o comércio entre
Portugal e suas colônias, principalmente o Brasil. Além disso, estimulariam a
independência brasileira e passariam a comerciar diretamente com o novo Estado.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Para
solucionar o impasse, dom João decidiu transferir a corte portuguesa para o
Brasil, seguindo uma solução indicada pela Inglaterra. A escolha do Brasil como
rota de fuga da família real portuguesa atendia uma necessidade britânica, de
aumentar os mercados consumidores na América. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Ao
chegar no Brasil, este se transformou em sede administrativa do Império
Português. Portugal ficou a mercê dos invasores franceses e, com a ajuda dos
ingleses, iniciou a resistência contra as tropas napoleônicas. A vinda da
família real portuguesa implicou a instalação, no Brasil, de estruturas
políticas e diversas instituições metropolitanas. Processou-se, assim, uma
inversão: Portugal perdia autonomia enquanto e a colônia americana tornava-se
eixo do império, e viria a ser chamada, anos depois, de Reino do Brasil.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Em
22 de janeiro de 1808, a
frota que trazia a família real e a nobreza portuguesa aportou em Salvador,
seguindo para o Rio de Janeiro em março. Em
 Salvador, dom João decretou a abertura dos portos às nações
amigas. Esta medida, além de garantir receitas alfandegárias ao governo,
atendia aos interesses imediatos dos ingleses, pois o comércio brasileiro
estaria liberado para os países aliados de Portugal que, naquele momento, se
restringiam à Inglaterra. Era o fim do sistema colonial e do monopólio
comercial português. Além disso, foi assinado um decreto liberando a criação de
indústrias no Brasil. Instalou-se fundições em Minas Gerais e São
Paulo e incentivou a criação de tecelagens, aproveitando o algodão produzido no
Maranhão. Porém, essa medida não levaram à industrialização do país, pois a
qualidade e o preço dos produtos ingleses eram extremamente competitivos e
dominaram o mercado brasileiro. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Em
1810, dom João assina o tratado comercial com a Inglaterra, que ampliou os
privilégios ingleses no comércio com o Brasil. Os ingleses pagariam menos
imposto sobre as mercadorias que colocassem no mercado brasileiro e em outras
regiões do império português (15% de tarifa), enquanto os portugueses pagariam
16% e os demais países, 24%. Além disso, os ingleses conseguiram privilégios
para os seus cidadãos dentro dos domínios portugueses – os que cometessem algum
crime seriam julgados por leis e juízes ingleses -, além da liberdade de
praticar a religião protestante no território nacional, o que até então era
proibido.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Além
dessas medidas, D. João construiu estradas, melhorou os portos, principalmente
de Salvador e Rio de Janeiro, promoveu a vinda de colonos europeus. A produção
agrícola tornou a crescer. Ao lado do açúcar e do algodão – principais produtos
exportados no início do século XIX – surgiu o café. O novo produto em poucos
anos passaria a ocupar o primeiro lugar nas exportações brasileiras. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;A
vinda da família real para o Brasil trouxe mudanças para a vida cultural da
colônia. Entre as medidas tomadas por iniciativa de Dom João, destacam-se:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;- criação de vários cursos no Rio de Janeiro
e na Bahia, como os de cirurgia, química, agricultura, desenho técnico, etc,
tendo como de suas principais realizações a fundação da Escola real de
Ciências, Artes e Ofícios;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;- fundação do Museu Nacional, do Observatório
Astronômico e da Biblioteca Real;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;- criação da Imprensa Régia, a primeira
gráfica do Brasil;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;- promoção da vinda ao Brasil da Missão
Artística Francesa. Tinha a função de descrever e retratar em desenhos e
aquarelas cenas rurais e urbanas, costumes de indígenas, brancos e negros, a
flora e a fauna brasileira. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Ao
instalar a sede do Império português no Rio de Janeiro, D. João montou um
sistema administrativo destinado a dotar o Brasil de certa autonomia. São
medidas tomadas pelo rei:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;- criou três ministérios – Guerra e
Estrangeiros, Marinha, Fazenda e Interior;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;- fundou o Banco do Brasil;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;- instalou a Junta geral do Comércio;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;- instalou a Casa de Suplicação (hoje o
supremo Tribunal), a mais elevada corte de justiça.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;A
chegada da corte alterou os costumes dos brasileiros. Consumir produtos
importados tornou-se sinal de distinção social. A aristocracia rural brasileira
passou a copiar o comportamento e a moda da Europa. Para satisfazer a vaidade
da elite colonial, D. João distribuiu títulos e honrarias que conferiam grande
prestígio social a seus portadores, mas não lhe davam poder. Os cargos
políticos permaneceram nas mãos dos funcionários portugueses. Além disso, novos
cargos públicos foram criados para os acompanhantes reais que eram mantidos
pelo Estado á custa de novos impostos e taxas pagos pelos brasileiros. O
consumo da numerosa corte era muito maior que a oferta de alimentos e provocou
alta de preços, afetando as camadas médias e pobres da população.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Em
1815, com a derrota final de Napoleão, desaparecera o motivo que justificara a
vinda e a permanência da Corte portuguesa na colônia. Entretanto, D. João havia
estruturado seu Império na nova sede, muitos investimentos haviam sido
realizados e nem a família real, nem seus súditos portugueses demonstravam
interesse em abandonar a cidade do Rio de Janeiro. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;A
lei de 16 de dezembro de 1815, assinada por D. João, efetivou a elevação da
colônia portuguesa na América à categoria de Reino Unido de Portugal e
Algarves. Essa medida resguardou a legalidade da permanência do rei no
território americano, preservou o trono português para a dinastia Bragança e
atendeu aos interesses e aspirações dos súditos do novo reino. Também provocou
enorme insatisfação nos súditos em Portugal, que se viam ameaçados por serem
igualados D. João aos ex-colonos.&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Entre
os brasileiros, no entanto, nem todos estavam satisfeitos com o governo de D. João
VI. Em Pernambuco, havia um grande descontentamento entre os senhores de
engenho, que sofriam com a crise econômica (causada pela queda dos preços
internacionais do algodão e do açúcar), com o aumento dos impostos e com a alta
dos preços dos alimentos. Sentiam-se prejudicados, ainda, pelos privilégios
dados aos comerciantes portugueses. Um grupo de intelectuais liberais formados
por padres, militares, juízes e latifundiários planejou proclamar a
independência e instalar a República. Em março de 1817, estourou a Revolução
Pernambucana. Os rebeldes agiram rápido e conseguiram tomar o poder. Criaram um
governo provisório e começaram a preparar uma Constituição, inspirando-se nas
leis liberais da Revolução Francesa. Aboliram alguns impostos, declararam liberdade
de imprensa e igualdade entre brasileiros e portugueses. As províncias da
Paraíba, Rio Grande do Norte e Alagoas aderiram a revolução. Internamente,
porém, o novo governo estava dividido por divergências entre seus líderes. Eles
discordavam principalmente sobre a escravidão. Por causa disso, as tropas
enviadas por D. João VI conseguiram reprimir o movimento. Os principais
líderes, Carlos Ribeiro de Andrade e frei Caneca foram presos. Mais tarde, em
1821, conseguiram o perdão e foram libertados.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Com
a partida da família real portuguesa para o Brasil, Portugal foi invadido por
tropas francesas e iniciou um processo de luta contra os invasores. A
Inglaterra enviou tropas para ajudar os portugueses e acabou vencendo. A partir
daí, Portugal passou a ser governado por um conselho de regência, presidido
pelo marechal inglês Beresford. Esta situação começou a gerar revoltas nos
portugueses. Pois além do rei estar no Brasil e serem governados por um inglês,
seu comércio com o Brasil ficou prejudicado com a abertura dos portos
brasileiros a outras nações. Vale lembrar que, com a guerra contra os
franceses, os portugueses ficaram mais pobres e a Inglaterra lucrava em
explorar comercialmente o Brasil.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Por
isso, com a prisão de Napoleão Bonaparte em 1815 e o fim de sua ameaça sobre a rãs
econômica que a nação estava passando. Porém, D. João VI assinou o decreto de
elevação do Brasil a reino unido a Portugal e Algarves, mantendo a condição
brasileira de livre comércio com outras nações. No meio desta crise econômica e
política, líderes políticos portugueses com o apoio da burguesia comercial,
promoveram a Revolução do Porto, em 1820. Vitoriosos, criaram uma junta
provisória para governar e convocaram as Cortes (assembléia de representantes)
para elaborar uma constituição liberal para Portugal. Entre os pontos
defendidos pelos políticos estavam:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;- o retorno imediato do rei para Portugal;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;- a aprovação da Constituição a ser
promulgada em Lisboa;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;- a aprovação da nomeação de doze pessoas indicadas
pelos revolucionários para o ministério e para cargos públicos mais
importantes.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Pressionado
e com medo de perder a coroa, D. João VI aceita todas as exigências e retornará
para Portugal, em abril de 1821. Ao partir, deixa como príncipe regente do
Brasil, seu filho D. Pedro de Alcântara e esvazia os cofres do Banco do Brasil,
levando quase todo o ouro. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;No
Brasil, teremos eleições para escolher os deputados que iriam representar os
interesses brasileiros nas Cortes. Porém, quando estes chegam em Portugal,
deparam que eles seriam uma bem pequena minoria (50 deputados), em relação aos
portugueses (130 deputados). Portanto, os brasileiros perceberam que as medidas
que seriam aprovadas nas Cortes seriam contrárias aos interesses dos
brasileiros, representados principalmente pelos proprietários rurais e
comerciantes. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;As
Cortes portuguesas queriam revogar todos os acordos comerciais firmados por D.
João VI no Brasil e exigiam a volta de D. Pedro. Com esse clima, as lideranças
políticas no Brasil começaram a apoiar o movimento de independência brasileira.
Para isso, iniciou uma campanha de apoio popular a este movimento. Além disso,
buscou-se o comprometimento de D. Pedro para liderar este processo. D. Pedro
ficou neutro até dezembro de 1821, quando as Cortes exigiram o seu retorno imediato.
Os líderes brasileiros, imaginando que este ato representaria a recolonização
do Brasil, entregaram a D. Pedro um abaixo-assinado pedindo sua permanência.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;D.
Pedro decidiu ficar no Brasil e proferiu a famosa frase: “Como é para o bem de
todos e a felicidade geral da nação, estou pronto: diga ao povo que fico”. Era
o dia 9 de janeiro de 1822, que ficará conhecido como o &lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;Dia do Fico&lt;/i&gt;. A partir deste momento, o movimento de independência
brasileira tornou-se mais forte. O príncipe começou a criar novas medidas
favoráveis à independência, tornando-o popular:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;- nomeação de brasileiros para os
Ministérios, substituindo os portugueses;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;- expulsão das tropas fiéis às Cortes;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;- exigência de aprovação de D. Pedro para o
cumprimento dos decretos das Cortes (decreto do Cumpra-se)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;- convocação de uma Assembléia Nacional
Constituinte.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Com
essas atitudes, o Brasil demonstrava a Portugal o seu interesse em se tornar
independente. O governo português enviou ordens mais duras: exigiam o retorno
imediato de D. Pedro e anulava as medidas tomadas por ele. Era isso que os
líderes brasileiros queriam para decretar a independência. O movimento de
independência atendiam os anseios dos latifundiário escravistas e dos
comerciantes brasileiros. Estes dois grupos queriam manter uma estrutura
econômica que os favorecessem, o plantation escravista e as relações comerciais
livres. Também desejavam que o território brasileiro continuasse unificado e
que houvesse uma maior participação política das elites, retirando de cena o
voto popular.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Para
isso ocorrer, criaram a figura do herói nacional em torno de D. Pedro. Para a
população, foi ele que decretou a independência, porém, o que ocorreu
realmente, foi um processo controlado pelos interesses econômicos dos grupos
citados acima. A partir de agosto de 1822, a pressão das Cortes portuguesas sobre o
governo de D. Pedro e as decisões separatistas que estavam sendo aprovadas no
Brasil. Para isso, enviaram para o Brasil ordens para anular as decisões do
regente, acompanhadas da ameaça de envio de tropas para forçar seu regresso a
Portugal.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Diante
da urgência e gravidade de tais notícias, o ministro José Bonifácio enviou um
oficial de sua confiança ao encontro de D. Pedro, que se encontrava em viagem. O príncipe
regente foi encontrado na tarde de 7 de setembro, voltando de Santos, às
margens do riacho Ipiranga, no planalto de São Paulo. D. Pedro, ao ler as
notícias, oficializou a separação definitiva em relação a Portugal, proclamando
a independência política do Brasil.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;O
projeto vitorioso contou com a aprovação e participação da aristocracia e de
burocratas. Por isso, a independência do Brasil não implicou mudanças mais
profundas na economia nem na sociedade brasileira.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Mantiveram-se
os interesses da elite agrária dominante e dos funcionários governamentais: a
escravidão negra sobre a qual se estruturava a economia e uma produção agrícola
voltada para a exportação. Permaneceram também os privilégios dos ingleses e
seu predomínio econômico sobre o Brasil, pois era grande a dependência do novo
país em relação à importação de manufaturas e à obtenção de empréstimos.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Assim,
embora se tenha obtido a relativa independência política perante Portugal,
manteve-se a sujeição econômica. Ao contrário do que ocorreu na América
espanhola, não ocorreu a fragmentação do território da ex-colõnia. O apoio que
a aristocracia deu à continuidade da monarquia contribuiu para assegurar a
unidade territorial do novo país. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://nerihorta.blogspot.com/feeds/6619501543710735187/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment/fullpage/post/2764950579792504266/6619501543710735187' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2764950579792504266/posts/default/6619501543710735187'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2764950579792504266/posts/default/6619501543710735187'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://nerihorta.blogspot.com/2016/07/periodo-joanino-1808-1822.html' title='PERÍODO JOANINO (1808 – 1822)'/><author><name>Anonymous</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/03459386149837394866</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2764950579792504266.post-6682270232294165429</id><published>2016-07-29T13:20:00.003-07:00</published><updated>2016-07-29T13:20:35.870-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Manifesto de Deodoro da Fonseca, 3 de novembro de 1891.</title><content type='html'>&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt;
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&lt;![endif]--&gt;

&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Eis aqui o fim a que os acontecimentos e os
fatos se dirigem. Lançadas a anarquia política e a anarquia financeira na vida
de um povo, este ou torna-se cúmplice da própria ruína, ou reage pela revolução,
voltando-se para quem o pode salvar.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Conhecida,
como está, esta situação anômala, criada pelo Congresso Legislativo a favor dos
inimigos da República, estes aproveitam-se por todos os modos das dificuldades
e do pânico geral, para passarem despercebidos e hastearam no meio do clamor
público a bandeira da restauração monárquica.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Contemporizei
ata agora. Se na crise em que se encontra a República eu não apelasse para a
nação, dissolvendo, como dissolvo, o atual Congresso, eu seria um traidor à
pátria.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;A
linguagem da imprensa partidária, filiada à causa da restauração, é um brado de
insurreição diária e audaz.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Cada
pequeno conflito popular de alcance mínimo é logo explorado como a guerra civil
declarada, e por toda a parte o telégrafo anuncia a tirania e a matança.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Os
discursos do Congresso estabelecem, diariamente, profunda divisão entre os
poderes públicos, e são verdadeiras armas de guerra contra a República.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Não
há uma lei votada firmando princípios; há, porém, a lei dos subsídios
aumentados em proveito dos próprios que a decretaram, quando, aliás,
tratando-se de melhorar a condição do país, eles a tudo se recusaram sob o
pretexto de que estamos no domínio da bancarrota.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Para
evitar todos esses males, resolvo, como disse, dissolver uma Assembleia que só
poderá acarretar ainda maiores desgraças.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Assumo
a responsabilidade da situação e prometo governar com a Constituição, que nos
rege.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Manifesto do Congresso
Nacional, 4 de novembro de 1891.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;O
ato, pelo qual o chefe de Estado acaba de dissolver o Congresso Nacional,
convocado para constituir legalmente a nação e repor a vida pública nos seus
legítimos fundamentos, promulgando a Constituição da República e as leis
orgânicas, que deviam dela emanar, é um atentado de tal ordem, que não encontra
paralelo na história das crises violentas por que passaram outros povos.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;[...] Nós, membros do Congresso,
dirigimo-nos altivamente aos nossos concidadãos a fim de, neste momento
angustioso para nossa pátria, dizer-lhes que não reconhecemos de modo algum o
atentado que acaba de ser praticado contra seus direitos soberanos e que, se
pudesse consumar-se à face do país e do mundo, seria o perpétuo opróbio desta
nação.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Nenhum
povo conquista emamtém a liberdade sem sacrifício.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;É
esta a lição da História.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Manifesto de renúncia de
Deodoro, 23 de novembro de 1891.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;As
condições em que nestes últimos dias, porém, se acha o país, a ingratidão
daqueles por quem mais me sacrifiquei o poder nas mãos do funcionário a quem
incumbe substituir-me.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;A
República tinha de acontecer. Porque a monarquia era um regime artificial em
nosso continente. Resultaria de condições especiais, capazes de criar uma
situação, mas não de estabiliza-la. É preciso remontar a Napoleão Bonaparte, à
invasão de Portugal, para explicar a vinda de D. João VI para o Brasil. Será,
ainda, a permanência da mesma ameaça que inspirará o monarca português a criar
condições de Corte, em seu território de ultramar, até que a paz volte ao
continente europeu, com a derrota do Corso. Por isso, tivemos um impulso poderoso
ao nosso desenvolvimento. Ao mesmo tempo, porém, criava-se o molde da
monarquia, estabeleciam-se circunstâncias especiais para o Brasil, dentro da
América. Por isso, quando D. João VI volta a Portugal, deixa seu filho, o
príncipe regente D. Pedro, que ligará a independência do Brasil à fundação do
Império.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Éramos
o único Império nas Américas. Esta, a primeira razão para que se proclamasse a
República a 15 de novembro de 1889. Porque a monarquia era um artificialismo em
nosso continente, voltada para a Europa e de costas para a América, sem olhar o
Brasil, em sua realidade. O regime, os políticos, os partidos, não acompanharam
a vida de nosso país, o crescimento de seu povo, suas ideias, potencialidades.
[...]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;[...]
A abolição é citada, ainda, como a determinante da derrubada da&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;monarquia. Mas “... a fraqueza da monarquia
não decorreu da abolição. Esta é que proveio daquela e os próprios
abolicionistas ficaram atordoados com a maneira pela qual se efetuou,
porquanto, entre os políticos, era opinião corrente ser mais fácil eliminar-se
a monarquia do que suprimir o cativeiro”, assinala Ivan Lins.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;O
Estado monárquico representava os interesses dos grandes proprietários de
terra, ligados à exploração de produtos agrícolas, com mão-de-obra escrava, e
aos grupos exportadores desses produtos e importadores de manufaturas. No
segundo quartel do século 19 inicia-se, em São Paulo, a cultura no café com mão-de-obra
assalariada. Operando em escala de produtividade maior do que os setores
escravocratas, imediatamente se transfere para São Paulo o pólo dinâmico da
economia brasileira. Esta transferência vai redundar, em última instância, no
fortalecimento político deste setor no bloco no poder que mantém o controle do
Estado monárquico. Fortalecido, este setor passou a lutar por sua hegemonia no
bloco, buscando para isso o apoio de outras classes e frações que não
participavam do poder.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Sua
primeira batalha foi a abolição da escravatura. Para conseguir essas vitórias,
procuravam o apoio dos militares e das camadas médias da população –
funcionários públicos e profissionais liberais. A eles também se uniu a
nascente burguesia industrial que somente com a transformação do regime via
condições de crescimento.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;[...]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Os
militantes da propaganda republicana eram, em sua maioria, filhos de grandes
fazendeiros que, cursando as faculdades de Direito de São Paulo ou de Recife,
empolgaram-se pela pregação das novas ideias democráticas. Eram liberais que,
de dentro do regime, propunham sua modernização e não, na realidade, sua
destruição.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Os
militares e representantes da classe média, reivindicando maior participação
política, por estarem desligados de compromisso econômico, tendiam a uma
posição mais radical, frente à derrubada do regime: com o imperador, se
possível, sem o imperador, se necessário, na expressão de Rui Barbosa.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Essas diversificações, na constelação de
interesses dos setores sociais que compuseram a frente única, não conseguiram
elaborar um programa comum que os aglutinasse. Uniram-se no momento da proclamação
e nos primeiros meses do primeiro Gabinete republicano. Logo após, iniciam os
cafeicultores paulistas e a nascente burguesia industrial a luta pela hegemonia
do bloco no poder.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;[...]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;A
luta pela hegemonia vai se apresentar já no Governo de Deodoro, quando as
diversas correntes de opinião conflitaram-se: de um lado as oligarquias ligadas
às atividades agrícolas e de outro os setores urbanos, interessados na
indústria e no comércio.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Os
militares e as classes médias, reivindicando melhores condições de vida e
maiores liberdades políticas, sem um programa econômico definido, tornaram-se o
fiel da balança: só com seu apoio um dos setores em disputa sairia vencedor.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;right&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;(SILVA, Hélio. &lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;Nasce a República:1888-1894&lt;/i&gt;. São Paulo: Três, 1975. p. 7-10)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;right&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Questões&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;1 – Que acusações Deodoro da Fonseca faz ao
Congresso?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;2 – Como reagem os congressistas?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;3 – Que razões apresenta Deodoro para deixar
o governo?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 28.05pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -28.05pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;4 –
As divergências de opiniões fazem parte da democracia. Nesse sentido, a
democracia republicana nascente pode ser considerada imatura ou deficiente?
Discuta com os colegas as justificativas da sua resposta a esta questão.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 28.05pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -28.05pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;5 –
Em que se baseia o autor para considerar que a monarquia era um regime
artificial em nosso continente?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 28.05pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -28.05pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;6 –
Que interesses representavam o Estado monárquico e como o desenvolvimento da
cafeicultura acabou acelerando o fim do Império?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 28.05pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -28.05pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;7 –
De que forma a diversidade de interesses entre os grupos republicanos vai gerar
a luta pelo poder e por que os militares e as classes médias acabaram tornando-se
o fiel da balança?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;

&lt;br /&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://nerihorta.blogspot.com/feeds/6682270232294165429/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment/fullpage/post/2764950579792504266/6682270232294165429' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2764950579792504266/posts/default/6682270232294165429'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2764950579792504266/posts/default/6682270232294165429'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://nerihorta.blogspot.com/2016/07/manifesto-de-deodoro-da-fonseca-3-de.html' title='Manifesto de Deodoro da Fonseca, 3 de novembro de 1891.'/><author><name>Anonymous</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/03459386149837394866</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2764950579792504266.post-6442001344231246128</id><published>2016-07-29T13:19:00.001-07:00</published><updated>2016-07-29T13:19:09.256-07:00</updated><title type='text'>NAÇÃO CIDADÃ</title><content type='html'>&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;I – O Bra&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;s&lt;/b&gt;il
independente e o voto&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Não
se fala propriamente em democracia na Colônia nem no Brasil imperial, claro,
uma vez que reis e imperadores não são eleitos. Eleições para certos cargos,
como o equivalente ao de vereador, até ocorriam no período colonial, mas a
autoridade máxima era a Metrópole portuguesa (embora, na prática houvesse certa
autonomia, especialmente nas áreas menos povoadas). Mesmo após a Independência,
dom Pedro I criou o chamado Poder Moderador para que não corresse o risco de
ser uma figura decorativa. Enquanto na maioria das monarquias constitucionais
prevalece a máxima de que o monarca reina, mas não governa, no Brasil o
Imperador escolhia os ministros, o primeiro-ministro e os presidentes
provinciais (posto equivalente ao de governador de estado). Falar em cidadania
antes do fim da escravidão é um contrasenso. Ainda assim, historiadores admitem
que, na observação dos direitos políticos, a Constituição imposta em 1824 foi, em
muitos aspectos, mais inclusiva no acesso ao voto do que viria a ser, por
exemplo, a de 1891, a
primeira republicana.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Podiam
votar todos os homens de 21 anos ou mais que tivessem a renda mínima de 100
mil-réis. A eleição era indireta: um grupo de votantes escolhia os eleitores
que elegiam os representantes. Apesar, ainda, da exclusão de mulheres e
escravos (milhões de pessoas), a situação no Brasil era melhor do que a de
muitos países considerados avançados: 13% da população (descontados os
escravos), em 1872, votaram. Na mesma época, eram 7% na Inglaterra, 2% na
Itália e 9% em Portugal.
 No quesito “qualidade” do voto, porém, a coisa mudava de
figura. Somente 15 em cada 100 eleitores sabiam ler e escrever e 90% vivam em
áreas rurais, onde seus votos eram controlados por grandes latifundiários. Estes
eram quase sempre comandantes da Guarda Nacional, o que soava ainda mais
ameaçador para quem quisesse pensar diferente do mandachuva local.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Nessas
condições, não é de estranhar que as eleições fossem tumultuadas e violentas,
lideradas frequentemente por três personagens: o capanga, o cabalista e o
fósforo. A função do capanga, que sobrevive até hoje nos rincões do país, era
proteger seu candidato e ameaçar os adversários. Os mais eficientes conseguiam
fazer com que os eleitores dos concorrentes não saíssem de casa para votar. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Ao
cabalista cabia manter os eleitores reunidos, em geral coma oferta de comes e
bebes, em um único local até a hora do voto – para garantir que eles não
“mudassem de lado”. Como muitas dessas reuniões festivas ocorriam em currais
nas fazendas, vem daí a expressão “curral eleitoral”. E, finalmente, havia a
figura do fósforo, o sujeito que fraudava as eleições se apresentando
falsamente em nome do maior número possível de eleitores, aproveitando-se dos
sistemas precários de identificação. E, mesmo quando nenhuma dessas três
figuras atrapalhava o pleito, isso não garantia que ele fosse limpo, já que
eram freqüentes atas regidas como se tudo tivesse ocorrido normalmente nas
fraudulentas votações “a bico de pena”. Era possível, então, eleger vereador,
juiz de paz, deputado e senador.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Em
1881, porém, uma nova lei restringiu ainda mais o número de eleitores. Apesar
de ter eliminado anacronismos como a eleição indireta, novas exigências quanto
à comprovação de renda e a exclusão dos analfabetos colocaram de fora, de uma
só vez, 90% do eleitorado. A participação da população masculina que votava
caiu para 0,8% nas eleições de 1886. Restava esperar que a República,
proclamada três anos depois, pudesse ampliar a participação no processo eleitoral.
Porém não foi exatamente isso o que aconteceu.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;II – República sem povo&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Proclamada
por militares insatisfeitos com o tratamento dado aos quartéis – aliados a
proprietários rurais sem compromissos com a monarquia pós-abolição –, a
República deu início a uma prática recorrente no Brasil: a tomada do poder
pelos militares em momentos de crise. Apesar da retórica democrática do novo
regime, ele pouco mudou em termos de participação popular. Na primeira eleição
para a Presidência da República, em 1894, votou apenas 2,2% da população, bem
menos do que no pleito de 1872. Pode-se dizer, ainda, que em vários períodos
republicanos houve menos liberdade de expressão do que no Segundo Reinado (dom
Pedro II, por exemplo, não censurava a imprensa).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;De
qualquer forma, a República permitiu a eleição do chefe de Estado e de Governo
e dos presidentes dos estados, descentralizando o poder. Com o tempo, isso
favoreceu as elites locais, agrupadas em partidos únicos para bloquear a
oposição. A aliança entre oligarquias estaduais definiu a política até 1930.
também conhecida como República Velha ou Café com Leite, ela manteve as
fraudes, os capangas, os currais e o domínio dos “coronéis”, os proprietários
rurais chamados assim mesmo após o fim da Guarda Nacional, em 1918.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Quando
ficou claro que a República não foi um grande salto democrático, a
insatisfação, de novo, seria liderada pelos quartéis, dessa vez por tenentes
que também representavam os interesses da classe média urbana. Quando o
candidato desse grupo, Getúlio Vargas, foi derrotado pelo governista Júlio
Prestes, sob a suspeita de fraude, pouca gente desconfiava que algo iria mudar
no país. Até que uma série de eventos (como o &lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;crash&lt;/i&gt; de 1929 e o assassinato do governador da Paraíba, João
Pessoa) precipitou a Revolução de 1930 e colocou Vargas no poder. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 8;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;Fonte: revista Aventuras da História&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Em três séculos de dominação espanhola,
formou-se na América uma sociedade marcada pelo preconceito racial e um sistema
de exploração que determinava o surgimento de um sentimento de rivalidade
intrarracial. A sociedade era dividida por sua origem étnica, estabelecendo
três camadas sociais:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 84.15pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -84.15pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;-
Chapetones – minoria dos brancos ‘puros”, formada pelos recém-chegados da
Espanha. Eram nomeados pelo rei para ocuparem os mais altos cargos
administrativos, militares e religiosos. Mandavam nas colônias, fiscalizavam o
pagamento de impostos e o cumprimento das leis.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 56.1pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -56.1pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;-
Criollos – brancos ‘impuros”, nascidos na América, muitos dos quais tinham
antepassados nativos. Representavam os proprietários de terras e minas,
ocupavam postos do Exército, da Igreja e da administração municipal. Embora
fossem ricos, não participavam das grandes decisões políticas, privilégio dos
chapetones. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 158.95pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -158.95pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;-
Índios, negros e mestiços – formavam a grande maioria da população da América
espanhola. Levavam uma vida miserável e de trabalho semiescravo ou escravo.
Eram explorados pelos chapetones e criollos.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 158.95pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -158.95pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;A
partir do final do século XVIII, as idéias iluministas, a independência dos EUA
e a Revolução Francesa difundiram-se na América e influenciaram os movimentos
emancipacionistas ocorridos neste período. Estes fatos fizeram com que o
pensamento de independência se fortalecesse e se intensificaram, sendo liderada
pelo grupo social dos criollos.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Os
principais motivos que levaram os católicos a participar dos movimentos de
independência foram:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;- os criollos eram impedidos de exercer altos
cargos políticos, embora constituíssem a elite econômica e cultural das
colônias;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;- a maior parte das riquezas produzidas nas
colônias ia para a Espanha. Com a independência, os criollos poderiam assumir o
governos dos novos países e aumentar seus lucros vendendo as mercadorias
diretamente no mercado mundial, principalmente para a Inglaterra. Com o início
da Revolução Industrial, o governo inglês aumentou seus interesses em relação
aos mercados consumidores e fornecedores de matéria-prima latino-americano.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;- muitos criollos haviam estudado na Europa,
onde entraram em contato com as idéias do Iluminismo e da Revolução Francesa.
Inspirado nessas idéias, passaram a aspirar por liberdade e independência. Mas
só para a elite. Não estava nos seus planos a divisão das riquezas e a
participação popular no poder.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;- a política mercantilista espanhola de
exploração econômica impedia o desenvolvimento das colônias, pois baseava-se
principalmente no mercado externo.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Em
1808, a
Espanha foi ocupada pelas tropas francesas de Napoleão Bonaparte. O rei
Fernando VII foi destituído e José Bonaparte, irmão de Napoleão, nomeado para o
trono espanhol. Esse fato que se passava na Europa acabou por deflagar o
movimento pela independência das colônias hispano-americanas.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;A
elite colonial na América espanhola apoiou a população metropolitana na luta
contra os invasores franceses. Para isso, transformou os cabildos (câmaras
municipais) em juntas governativas, autônomas e contrárias ao usurpador do
trono espanhol. Como conseqüência, membros da elite criolla passaram a
participar diretamente nesses órgãos de governo, administrando sua região,
tornando decisões e medidas sem o controle da metrópole espanhola. Antes disso
os cabildos eram controlados exclusivamente pelos chapetones.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Entre
1810 e 1814, os centros urbanos coloniais transformaram-se nos grandes
irradiadores dos ideais separatistas, contando com o apoio inglês e a adesão de
boa parte da população.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Contudo,
para fazer frente a Napoleão, Espanha e Inglaterra tiveram de se unir. Com a
restauração da dinastia Bourbon em seu país por causa da derrota napoleônica
(1815), os espanhóis reorganizaram a repressão aos colonos separatistas da
América. A partir de 1817, processou-se a revolução vitoriosa que libertou a
maioria dos países latino-americanos. Seus líderes foram Simon Bolívar e José
de San Martin que percorreram quase toda a América do Sul, com o apoio efetivo
da Inglaterra, interessada na ampliação de mercados para seus produtos
industrializados, e dos Estados Unidos, também interessados no potencial de sua
vizinhança. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Os
rebeldes foram favorecidos ainda pela distância da metrópole e pela situação
interna da Espanha, envolvida numa revolução liberal entre 1820 e 1823, o que
dificultou a remessa de tropas conta a independência para a América.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;A
partir de 1826 praticamente toda a América espanhola estava independente. Neste
ano foi convocado o Congresso do Panamá, onde seria discutido as idéias de Bolívar
para a união latino-americana. Simon Bolívar defendia o ideal de uma América
unida, com possibilidade de se tornar uma nação desenvolvida, sem a
interferência econômica da Inglaterra e dos EUA. Porém, os representantes
políticos presentes a essa conferência, apoiaram as ideias dos ingleses e
norte-americanos, que desejavam uma região dividida pelos interesses dos
caudilhos.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;A
proposta defendida por Bolívar é conhecida por pan-americanismo ou bolivarismo.
Como vimos, este ideal foi derrotado pelo caudilhismo, que era representado
pelos diferentes interesses oligárquicos dos criollos, desejosos de preservar o
domínio pessoal sobre as áreas que controlavam. Surgiam assim os caudilhos,
chefes políticos-militares, que monopolizavam vida socioeconômica e política de
suas regiões.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;A
independência política permitiu aos novos países hispano-americanos a adoção de
medidas para destruir a ordem colonial, abolindo a escravidão e a cobrança de
tributos dos indígenas. Permitiu também o rompimento do sistema colonial,
favorecendo as transações comerciais entre as nações recém-emancipadas e os
centro de desenvolvimento capitalista. Mas não evitou a dependência econômica
latino-americana às grandes potências capitalistas do século XIX.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;As
nações latino-americanas continuavam, predominantemente, a desempenhar o papel
de fornecedoras de matérias-primas e consumidoras de artigos industrializados.
As elites locais, defendendo seus próprios interesses, aliaram-se às potências
hegemônicas (primeiramente Inglaterra e, depois, Estados Unidos), ou foram por
elas coagidas, desrespeitando a soberania conquistada.&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://nerihorta.blogspot.com/feeds/8171883112766357058/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment/fullpage/post/2764950579792504266/8171883112766357058' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2764950579792504266/posts/default/8171883112766357058'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2764950579792504266/posts/default/8171883112766357058'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://nerihorta.blogspot.com/2016/07/independencia-da-america-espanhola.html' title='INDEPENDÊNCIA DA AMÉRICA ESPANHOLA'/><author><name>Anonymous</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/03459386149837394866</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2764950579792504266.post-944698380206048601</id><published>2016-02-24T11:26:00.002-08:00</published><updated>2016-02-24T11:26:38.354-08:00</updated><title type='text'>A economia açucareira</title><content type='html'>&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Ao
analisar o contexto da política colonialista portuguesa, a colonização do
Brasil foi mais ‘imposta” pelas circunstâncias do que de fato “desejada” pelos
portugueses. Em razão da crise do comércio do Oriente, o Brasil havia-se
tornado a grande alternativa econômica de Portugal.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Dessa forma, os portugueses
estruturam uma política colonialista que atendesse seus interesses
mercantilistas. O mercantilismo era um conjunto de práticas econômicas voltadas
para a obtenção de lucros com o desenvolvimento da atividade comercial. O
Brasil torna-se, então, uma colônia de exploração.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Colônia de exploração é uma área
destinada a enriquecer a sua metrópole, com:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;- o fornecimento de metais preciosos e
gêneros tropicais, destinados ao mercado europeu;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;- o desenvolvimento da atividade
comercial.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Com isso, os portugueses
estruturaram da seguinte forma:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;1ª
– A preocupação dos portugueses voltou-se para a necessidade de produzir aqui
uma riqueza altamente lucrativa no mercado europeu. Escolhida essa riqueza,
deu-se início à montagem de um sistema de produção que garantisse o mínimo de
investimento da empresa agrícola colonial. Essa empresa tinha as seguintes
características:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: -1.0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;- Como a produção é destinada ao mercado
externo, não é interessante diversificá-la, ao contrário, a&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;especialização na produção de um
gênero básico favorecia o lucro;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: -1.0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;- Como a produção é especializada em um
gênero básico, é necessário produzir em larga escala, utilizando-se, então,
grandes extensões de terra.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: -1.0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;- Como a produção é feita em larga
escala, utilizando-se grandes extensões de terra, é necessário um maior número
de braços para a lavoura; adotou-se, para isso, a exploração do trabalho
escravo.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: -1.0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Dessa forma, o plantation
(latifúndio, monocultor, exportador) escravista são as características mais
importantes da estrutura de produção colonial.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;2ª
– Buscou-se regulamentar as relações econômicas entre colônia e metrópole. Para
isso, foi imposto à colônia um sistema de monopólio comercial, conhecido como &lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;sistema colonial&lt;/b&gt; ou &lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;colonialismo.&lt;/b&gt; O colonialismo, ao
transformar a colônia num mercado exclusivo da metrópole, propiciava o
desenvolvimento do comércio&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt; &lt;/b&gt;metropolitano
e a acumulação de lucros nas mãos da burguesia e do Estado. Assim, podemos
dizer que o monopólio comercial ou o &lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;exclusivo
metropolitano&lt;/b&gt; constitui-se na &lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;essência
do lucro &lt;/b&gt;da política colonialista.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;O sistema colonial desdobrava-se em
três monopólios:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;-
monopólio de compra: a compra dos produtos coloniais era exclusividade da
metrópole;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;-
monopólio de venda: a venda de produtos europeus à colônia era exclusividade da
metrópole;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;-
monopólio de transporte: o transporte dos produtos coloniais e europeus só
poderia ser feito em navios metropolitanos.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Além disso, a colônia ficava
proibida de produzir qualquer gênero (principalmente manufaturados) que fizesse
concorrência à metrópole.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;A produção especializada em grande
escala, orientada para a exportação, tornou-se o fundamento básico da
organização econômica da colônia brasileira.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Apesar de não ser a primeira nem
tampouco a única atividade operada na colônia, a lavoura canavieira, além de
possibilitar o efetivo processo de ocupação do território, tornou-se ao longo
de todo o período colonial a principal atividade econômica da colônia.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;O açúcar foi a riqueza escolhida
pelos portugueses para dar início à empresa colonial. Entre os fatores que
justificaram a implantação da lavoura canavieira no território brasileiro,
podemos enfocar:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;-
Era um gênero tropical altamente valorizado no mercado europeu. Reis e rainhas
deixavam açúcar como herança e/ou o concediam como parte do dote de princesas.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;-
Os portugueses possuíam experiência e dominavam a técnica de produção. Desde o
século XV, o açúcar era produzido nas ilhas da Madeira, Açores e Cabo Verde.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;-
A colônia oferecia condições favoráveis. O clima úmido e o solo massapé eram
ideais para o cultivo da cana-de-açúcar.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Porém, o domínio da técnica de
produção do açúcar não era suficiente para garantir aos portugueses o início do
empreendimento. Era necessário buscar recursos para financiar a montagem dos
engenhos e a comercialização da produção. Os portugueses recorreram aos
comerciantes flamengos ou holandeses.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Os flamengos já haviam associados
antes aos portugueses. Eram eles que refinavam e comercializavam todo o açúcar
produzido na ilha da Madeira, Açores e Cabo Verde. Devido a sua grande
importância no comércio europeu e à sua organização comercial, os holandeses
tinham interesse numa nova associação com os portugueses.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Este interesse estava baseado no
motivo que o açúcar só era altamente valorizado depois de refinado; como eram
os holandeses quem cuidavam desse setor e, consequentemente, de sua
distribuição, eles ficavam com a maior parte dos lucros.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Resolvido o problema de capital, era
necessário cuidar da questão da mão de obra. O açúcar deveria ser produzido em
larga escala e, para isso, seriam necessários muitos braços para a lavoura.
Inicialmente, recorreu-se à escravidão do indígena. Porém, à medida que a
economia açucareira foi-se desenvolvendo, o índio foi substituído pelo escravo
africano. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Que motivos teriam os portugueses
para substituir a mão de obra indígena pela africana? Primeiramente, os índios
não aceitavam a imposição cultural pelos portugueses. Ao estabelecer o
plantation açucareiro, adotou-se a exploração de mão de obra e, por isso, um
choque cultural. Nas tribos indígenas, o trabalho era dividido baseado nas
características físicas dos seres humanos. Assim, os índios trabalhavam na
limpeza do terreno e as mulheres, no plantio e colheita dos produtos. Mas, os
portugueses tentaram alterar este sistema, impondo que o homem deveria plantar
e colher. Como não aceitavam esta mudança, constituiu-se rapidamente o mito da
incompatibilidade do gentio a agricultura e da “preguiça da raça”. Na verdade
os índios – como qualquer população não envolvida em circuitos mercantis – não
entendiam a necessidade de se trabalhar duro além das necessidades de
subsistência.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Além disso, a igreja católica tinha
um grande interesse em conquistar um grande número de fiéis no território
colonial. Para isso, a conquista espiritual era instrumento de recomposição e
ampliação do “rebanho” católico, reduzido e ameaçado na Europa pela ação da
Reforma Protestante.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;A opção pela escravidão africana
resultou não só das dificuldades do trato com os nativos, mas também das
vantagens oferecidas pelos cativos africanos. Ainda na África, os homens,
mulheres e crianças eram capturados e levados cativos por tribos rivais, para
serem trocados por fumo, aguardente, armas e cavalos, com os comerciantes
portugueses. Depois de uma longa viagem, eles chegavam ao Brasil, onde eram
vendidos por altos preços para os colonos.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Para facilitar a opção, nem o Estado
nem a Igreja católica condenaram a imposição da escravidão africana com suas
práticas cruéis – ao contrário do que aconteceu em relação à dos indígenas. A
sociedade colonial considerou-a como elemento necessário e indispensável à sua
organização e funcionamento.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Açúcar era sinônimo de riqueza. Para
produzi-lo em escala compatível como o mercado internacional, os portugueses
criaram um sistema integrado, baseado na grande propriedade monocultora voltada
para a exportação e no trabalho escravo. Esse tipo de sistema era muito
semelhante à plantation da colonização inglesa no sul dos Estados Unidos.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Ao lado da grande propriedade,
existiram em pequena escala outras formas de organização da produção baseadas
na pequena propriedade e no trabalho livre e voltadas para o mercado interno ou
para a simples subsistência local. Mas foi a grande propriedade escravista e
monocultora, e não a pequena propriedade, que definiu o caráter geral de nossa
colonização, marcando definitivamente a história do Brasil. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Embora tenha dado lucro, essa
estrutura produtiva apresentada desde o começo um caráter extremamente
destrutivo. No Nordeste e em outras regiões, a cana de açúcar era cultivada de
modo extensivo, ocupando enormes extensões de terras. Além disso, tratava-se de
uma cultura exclusivista. Nas regiões onde era plantada, nenhuma outra lavoura
era admitida. Esse tipo de exploração – a monocultura em grandes propriedades –
levou à destruição crescente da mata Atlântica e ao empobrecimento e
esgotamento do solo.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Durante quase todo o século XVI,
Portugal e Holanda foram parceiros comerciais. Os navios holandeses supriam as
deficiências da marinha mercante lusitana no transporte de mercadorias entre
Lisboa e os portos brasileiros e de escravos da África para o Brasil. Eram
também capitais flamengos que financiavam boa parte da produção na colônia e do
refino e distribuição do açúcar na Europa. Em alguns períodos, os holandeses
chegaram a controlar cerca de dois terços do comércio de açúcar brasileiro.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Essa parceria, conveniente para os
portugueses e vantajosa para os holandeses, terminou com a entrada em vigor da
União Ibérica. De 1580 a 1640, os reinos de Portugal e Espanha estiveram unidos
sob a única soberania, a da Coroa espanhola. A origem dessa união – que na
história portuguesa é chamada de Domínio Espanhol – foi a morte do rei dom
Sebastião na batalha de Alcácer-Quibir, em 1578, durante uma campanha
cruzadista no Marrocos.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;A morte prematura do jovem rei de 24
anos, em meio à batalha contra os muçulmanos, gerou o mito do sebastianismo e
abriu grave disputa sucessória no reino. Sem herdeiros diretos, dom Sebastião
foi sucedido por seu tio-avô, o cardeal dom Henrique, que morreu dois anos
depois, em 1580. O rei Felipe II da Espanha, neto de dom Manuel, antigo rei de
Portugal, apresentou-se como pretendente do trono português. Ocupou Lisboa e
impôs seus direitos com o apoio de parte da nobreza e da corte portuguesa, derrotando
os setores antiespanhois.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Pelo tratado de Tomar, ficavam
unidas as duas monarquias, mantendo-se a independência dos governos de ambos os
reinos e de suas colônias. Porém, os interesses espanhóis acabariam por dominar
e orientar as linhas gerais da atuação política da União ibérica. No contexto
europeu particularmente, Portugal seria arrastado para a órbita espanhola e
para o confronto com a França e a Holanda, com graves conseqüências para sua
autonomia e seus interesses.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Em guerra com as Províncias Unidas
dos Países Baixos, que lutavam por sua emancipação do Império Habsburgo, a
Coroa espanhola proibiu em 1585 qualquer relação comercial entre seus súditos e
os flamengos Essa decisão aplicava-se também a suas colônias. Em represália, os
holandeses passaram a atacar e saquear o litoral brasileiro, da foz do Amazonas
à São Vicente, concentrando suas investidas no Nordeste, onde se encontrava a
riqueza açucareira.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Assim sendo, os holandeses fundaram
a Companhia das Índias Ocidentais (1621) e resolveram invadir as áreas
produtoras de açúcar no Brasil, para garantir a regularidade do abastecimento
do produto para Amsterdã. Nesse momento, a Holanda destacava-se no cenário
europeu como uma nova potência pondo fim ao período de hegemonia ibérica
(séculos XV e XVI).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Os holandeses ficaram 24 anos no
Brasil. Nesse tempo, merece destaque o período de administração do conde João
Maurício de Nassau-Siegen (1637 – 1644).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Nassau, que foi nomeado governador
geral da Nova Holanda (nome dado à área invadida pelos holandeses) pela
Companhia das Índias Ocidentais, desenvolveu uma habilidosa política
administrativa, que lhe rendeu grande prestígio junto aos proprietários
brasileiros. Dentre as suas principais medidas, destacam-se:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;-
concessão de créditos aos senhores de engenho, para incentivar a produção
açucareira;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;-
construção de obras públicas, para modernizar as cidades de São Luís e Recife;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;-
adoção de uma política de tolerância religiosa em relação aos brasileiros, já
que o protestantismo era a religião oficial dos holandeses;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;-
patrocínio da vinda de artistas, zoólogos, astrônomos e médicos, o que
possibilitou o desenvolvimento da vida cultural na região.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;No entanto, uma série de
acontecimentos iria provocar uma nova reviravolta nas relações entre
holandeses, portugueses e espanhóis. A contínua queda do volume de metais
extraídos na América espanhola, verificada desde o início do século XVII, e
mais pronunciada entre 1611 – 1640, foi tornando menos interessante para os
portugueses e associação das Coroas ibéricas.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;A presença holandesa na América e na
Ásia abalava os negócios lusitanos, diminuindo seus rendimentos. Por fim, a
intensificação das guerras européias colocava no centro dos conflitos o poderio
ibérico. As constantes guerras esgotavam as finanças do Império espanhol e
punham em risco as possessões portuguesas espalhadas pelo mundo.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;No oriente, holandeses e ingleses
tomavam importantes praças lusitanas, desferindo duros golpes no comércio de
especiarias de Portugal. Cada vez mais, forças militares e recursos portugueses
eram solicitados para defender os interesses do Império em seus conflitos no
interior da Europa.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Toda essa situação acarretou o
declínio acentuado dos rendimentos da Coroa portuguesa, compensado, em parte,
com o aumento da carga tributária do governo espanhol, que recaía sobre os
setores não aristocráticos da sociedade, ou seja, burgueses, camponeses,
artesãos e pequenos proprietários.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Nessa conjuntura de retração
econômica, a miséria da maior parte da população ampliava-se e provocava insatisfações
que, muitas vezes, descambavam em revoltas populares.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;A responsabilidade pela crise
econômica passou gradativamente a ser atribuída à União Ibérica. O sentimento
anticastelhano ampliava-se e espalhava-se pelos mais diversos grupos da
sociedade lusitana. Em 1639, representantes da nobreza ligados à casa de
Bragança começaram a tramar a revolta separatista que eclodiria no ano
seguinte. Em 1640, o duque de Bragança assumia o trono português com o título
de d. João IV, deflagrando o movimento denominado &lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;Restauração&lt;/b&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;A guerra entre Portugal e Espanha provocou
uma nova situação diplomática. Os portugueses procuravam concentrar seus
recursos na independência do reino e tentaram firmar uma trégua com os
holandeses por dez anos, a contar de 1641, de forma a não dispersar suas forças
em duas grandes frentes de combate.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Aproveitando-se dos conflitos
lusos-espanhóis, ingleses e holandeses dominaram os domínios portugueses no
Oriente. Assim, de forma inconstante, as forças portuguesas continuaram
dispersas, combatendo em vários pontos do mundo. A guerra prolongada, as
devastações de áreas produtivas, as fugas de escravos e os custos das operações
militares enfraqueciam tanto os holandeses quanto os portugueses.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Na Nova Holanda, os brasileiros
começaram a ter dificuldades com os governantes holandeses. Uma conjuntura de
queda do preço do açúcar, sobretudo em relação ao preço dos escravos, diminuiu
sua capacidade de obter financiamento para a aquisição de engenhos, escravos e
equipamentos. Dívidas antigas foram cobradas e as propriedades dos colonos
passaram a estar sujeitas a confisco.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;A reação dos brasileiros não tardou:
em 1645, eles deram início à organização de um movimento para expulsar os
holandeses do Brasil, conhecido como Insurreição Pernambucana. Embora fosse
liderado pelos proprietários de engenho, o movimento contou com o apoio de toda
a população de Pernambuco. Em pouco tempo, os pernambucanos começaram a vencer
os holandeses na guerra.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Enquanto isso, Portugal ainda
hesitava na Europa. Pressionado pela Holanda e interessado mais na paz que na
guerra com os flamengos, chegou a propor a entrega de Pernambuco e das colônias
africanas aos holandeses, em troca da preservação do restante da colônia e do
apoio holandês à causa da Restauração portuguesa.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Essa proposta extremada, contudo,
não recebeu apoio suficiente nas metrópole e, menos ainda, na colônia. Em 1649,
Portugal criou a Companhia Geral do Comércio do Brasil e decidiu apoiar
integralmente a guerra contra os flamengos. Essa decisão coincidiu com o
enfraquecimento da Holanda, em guerra contra a Inglaterra, em 1652. Com isso,
os holandeses foram derrotados, no Brasil, em 1654.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;O fim da guerra devolvia o litoral
nordestino a Portugal. O que não significava o fim dos problemas internos: por
muito tempo ainda, autoridades e proprietários se defrontariam com a
hostilidade dos índios e com a resistência dos negros.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Mesmo com o positivo resultado
militar, a vitória representou também a saída do capital financiador da
atividade canavieira do Brasil. Expulsos, os holandeses transferiram, para as
suas colônias antilhanas, o capital que, por mais de um século, assegurou o
suporte às atividades açucareiras do Brasil.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Além disso, vale lembrar, os
holandeses, ao se retirarem do nosso território, levaram consigo também uma
expressiva experiência no processo de fabricação do produto. Diante do novo
quadro, as exportações do açúcar brasileiro caíram diante da nova fonte
fornecedora, as Antilhas, e da desorganização dos setores produtivos
nordestinos desgastados pelos dez anos de luta contra os holandeses. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://nerihorta.blogspot.com/feeds/944698380206048601/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment/fullpage/post/2764950579792504266/944698380206048601' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2764950579792504266/posts/default/944698380206048601'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2764950579792504266/posts/default/944698380206048601'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://nerihorta.blogspot.com/2016/02/a-economia-acucareira.html' title='A economia açucareira'/><author><name>Anonymous</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/03459386149837394866</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2764950579792504266.post-780971378545346031</id><published>2016-02-10T13:50:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2016-02-10T13:50:43.185-08:00</updated><title type='text'>A política colonial brasileira</title><content type='html'>&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;1
– O desinteresse metropolitano&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Na percepção mercantilista lusitana,
o Brasil foi inicialmente avaliado como uma terra selvagem, desprovida de
riquezas metálicas e produtos que pudessem de forma imediata assegurar lucros
para o tesouro português e que justificassem, portanto, a sua efetiva presença
nesse território.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Por sua vez, o lucrativo e seguro
comércio com as regiões do Oriente pelos portugueses, a partir da expedição da
expedição de Vasco da Gama em 1498, reforçaria o descaso metropolitano em
relação às suas terras americanas.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Entre 1500 e 1530, período definido
como pré-colonial, Portugal relegou o Brasil dentro de seu projeto mercantil a
uma posição secundária. No ano de 1501, uma expedição liderada por Gaspar de
Lemos foi mandada para cá com a missão de nomear vários pontos do litoral e
acabou confirmando a existência de pau-brasil em nossas terras. A existência de
tal árvore logo chamou a atenção dos portugueses, já que dela se extraía uma
tinta bastante utilizada para o tingimento de tecidos na coloração vermelha.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Dois anos mais tarde, uma nova
expedição foi enviada para a construção de feitorias ao longo do litoral. Tais
fortificações eram utilizadas para o armazenamento de pau-brasil e para a
proteção necessária contra a invasão de outros povos. Com relação a essa mesma
atividade de extração, os portugueses contaram com o trabalho voluntário dos
indígenas, que recebiam diversas mercadorias em troca do serviço prestado. Tal
prática, ao longo do tempo, ficou conhecida pelo nome de escambo. Com o passar
do tempo, a ausência de portugueses na ocupação do território brasileiro
incentivou outras nações a invadirem o litoral brasileiro. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Entre outros povos, os franceses
aportavam em nosso território em busca de pau-brasil e estabelecendo contato
com a população nativa. Já nessa época, o governo português percebia que a
falta de centros de colonização poderia colocar em risco a propriedade das
terras conquistadas no continente americano.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Não bastando o risco de invasão, os
portugueses não alcançaram o lucro esperado com a construção de uma rota
marítima que os ligassem diretamente às Índias. O desgaste causado pelo longo
percurso e a concorrência comercial de outros povos acabou fazendo com que o
comércio com o Oriente não fosse muito atrativo. Desse modo, o governo
português voltaria suas atenções para a exploração do espaço colonial
brasileiro.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Em 1530, a expedição de Martim Afonso
de Souza foi enviada até ao Brasil para a fundação do primeiro centro colonial
do território tupiniquim. Já nessa viagem, mudas de cana-de-açúcar foram
trazidas para o desenvolvimento da primeira empresa mercantil a ser instalada
pelos portugueses. Além disso, essa mesma expedição foi acompanhada por padres
jesuítas que realizaram a catequização dos indígenas.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;2
– As capitanias hereditárias&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Para a monarquia portuguesa de fato,
a implantação da lavoura canavieira no território brasileiro apresentava-se
como uma possível saída para a crise vivida pelos seus negócios no Oriente. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;No entanto, independentemente da
bem-sucedida expedição de Martim Afonso de Souza, o território brasileiro era
trinta vezes maior do que o território português, uma monarquia que atravessava
dificuldades financeiras, sem condições, portanto, de custear a colonização de
um domínio tão gigantesco.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;A quem recorrer para assegurar os
recursos para o povoamento, a Coroa portuguesa decidiu inaugurar o processo de
administração da terra brasileira, apoiado na instituição do sistema de &lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;capitanias hereditárias&lt;/b&gt;. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;A monarquia portuguesa definiu o
fracionamento da colônia brasileira em 15 faixas paralelas definidas como
capitanias e transferiu para a iniciativa privada o direito de administração
das respectivas faixas. É importante lembrar que o capitão donatário, o
administrador da faixa, não era de fato o proprietário da capitania. Na
verdade, a propriedade da faixa continuava nas mãos da Coroa, que transferia
aos capitães o direito de posse, ou seja, de exploração mediante o cumprimento
de algumas obrigações para com o Estado português.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;As capitanias eram lotes de terra
que se estendiam, na direção dos paralelos, do litoral até o limite
estabelecido pelo tratado de Tordesilhas. Os donatários eram, em geral,
elementos da pequena nobreza ou militares do Exército português.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Na medida em que a cada donatário
eram assegurados amplos direitos e poderes em suas respectivas faixas, o
sistema de capitanias hereditárias teria na descentralização do poder a sua
principal característica política.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Esse sistema implantou-se
juridicamente baseado nas determinações da carta de doação e do foral.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;-
A&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;carta de doação&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;era um&amp;nbsp;documento&amp;nbsp;da&amp;nbsp;Coroa
Portuguesa&amp;nbsp;pelo qual esta fazia a concessão de uma&amp;nbsp;capitania&amp;nbsp;e
dos seus direitos sobre ela, a um capitão&amp;nbsp;donatário. Estabelecia os
limites geográficos da capitania e proibia o comércio das suas terras,
aceitando a transferência territorial apenas por hereditariedade; regulamentava
os limites das capitanias; dava jurisdição civil e criminal sobre a área da
capitania.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;-
A&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;Carta Foral&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;tratava, principalmente, dos tributos a serem
pagos pelos colonos. Definia ainda, o que pertencia à Coroa e ao donatário. Se
descobertos metais e pedras preciosas, 20% seriam da Coroa e, ao donatário
caberiam 10% dos produtos do solo. A Coroa detinha o monopólio do comércio do
pau-brasil e de especiarias. O donatário podia doar sesmarias aos cristãos que
pudessem colonizá-las e defendê-las, tornando-se assim colonos.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;As faixas de São Vicente e a de
Pernambuco, no conjunto das donatárias, foram as que mais prosperaram graças à
introdução da lavoura canavieira e da pecuária, além dos maiores recursos de
suas respectivas administrações. Aos olhos lusitanos, no entanto, o resultado
desigual alcançado pelas 15 faixas não agradou. Era necessária a intervenção da
Coroa para a promoção do desenvolvimento ordenado do território brasileiro.
Nesse sentido, em 1548, Portugal decidiu pela criação do sistema de Governo-Geral.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;3
– O Governo-Geral (1548 – 1808)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;O isolamento, as dificuldades de
comunicação, a luta contra as tribos indígenas que resistiam à ocupação de suas
terras e à escravização por parte do elemento branco, os poucos recursos
necessários para a defesa e a exploração do território e, enfim, os resultados
desiguais apresentados pelo sistema de capitanias hereditárias estimularam a
Coroa portuguesa a instituir um sistema oficial de apoio, por meio da
instalação do Governo-Geral nas terras brasileiras.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Mantendo a vigência do sistema de
capitanias hereditárias, a metrópole portuguesa procurou, por meio do novo
sistema, assegurar o aporte administrativo necessário para o desenvolvimento de
suas respectivas faixas. Com a instituição desse sistema, a Coroa pretendia
garantir o desenvolvimento ordenado de todas as faixas territoriais, corrigindo
os desvios do sistema anterior.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Ao mesmo tempo, a presença do
governador-geral, representante oficial da Coroa na colônia brasileira, além de
inaugurar o processo de centralização da administração colonial, estabelecia-se
também com o objetivo de promover a fiscalização sobre a possível ação autônoma
dos capitães donatários.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Os capitães donatários continuariam
a exercer a administração de suas faixas, porém, a partir de então, estariam
subordinados à autoridade política do governador-geral. Situada em um ponto
médio do litoral brasileiro, a faixa da Bahia de Todos os Santos foi escolhida
para a instalação da sede do Governo-Geral.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Juridicamente, o Governo-Geral foi
instituído por meio do &lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;Regimento&lt;/b&gt;,
documento que estabelecia as funções do governador e de seus auxiliares,
determinando as diretrizes do novo sistema de governo. Em geral, os Regimentos
dos diferentes governadores nomeados para a colônia continham diretrizes
voltadas para a defesa da terra contra ataques estrangeiros, o incentivo à
busca de metais preciosos, que se fazia por meio das expedições definidas como
Entradas, o apoio à difusão da fé católica e à luta contra a resistência
indígena.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Para o desempenho de suas funções, o
governador era assessorado por três auxiliares: o ouvidor-mor, responsável pela
Justiça; o provedor-mor, responsável pela Fazenda; o capitão-mor, responsável
pela defesa do litoral.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Com a implantação das Capitanias
Hereditárias, surgiram várias vilas ao longo&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;do litoral brasileiro, como Santos, Olinda, Porto Seguro, Vitória, Vila
de São Paulo etc. a necessidade de responder a problemas específicos que as
vilas enfrentavam no contexto da colonização estimulou o surgimento das Câmaras
municipais.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;As Câmaras surgiram, portanto, em
função de um governo local que resolvesse os problemas administrativos dos
novos núcleos populacionais que surgiam no processo de ocupação da terra brasileira.
Os membros que as compunham eram chamados oficiais da Câmara e escolhidos entre
os &lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;“homens bons”&lt;/b&gt;, ou seja, os ricos
proprietários de terras e de escravos da respectiva comunidade. Comerciantes,
estrangeiros, judeus e aqueles que exerciam atividades manuais eram excluídos
desse seleto grupo.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Os cargos eram providos por meio de
eleições realizadas geralmente na época do Natal. Os oficiais da Câmara não
eram remunerados. Encarregavam-se da elaboração de leis referentes à limpeza pública,
bem como da fiscalização das atividades do comércio. Possuíam poder de decretar
guerra e paz com os índios, discutir preços, tributações, problemas de
abastecimento e medidas de segurança. Julgavam crimes de injúria, pequenos
furtos e as infrações dos editos lançados pela Câmara.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://nerihorta.blogspot.com/feeds/780971378545346031/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment/fullpage/post/2764950579792504266/780971378545346031' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2764950579792504266/posts/default/780971378545346031'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2764950579792504266/posts/default/780971378545346031'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://nerihorta.blogspot.com/2016/02/a.html' title='A política colonial brasileira'/><author><name>Anonymous</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/03459386149837394866</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2764950579792504266.post-7630944157898273518</id><published>2016-02-02T10:54:00.004-08:00</published><updated>2016-02-02T10:54:30.199-08:00</updated><title type='text'>O LEGADO DA REVOLUÇÃO INDUSTRIAL</title><content type='html'>&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;&quot;&gt;As
mudanças que ocorreram, com a industrialização, na agricultura, nos negócios,
no trabalho, na tecnologia e na energia foram revolucionárias. Algumas dessas
mudanças aconteceram no decurso de séculos, outras em algumas décadas. Mas o
fim da industrialização não está à vista, nem estará provavelmente em futuro
previsível.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Com o passar do tempo, a Revolução
Industrial tornou-se uma grande força para a democratização da vida humana. No
mundo industrial, o poder social não está restrito a senhores de terras, como
ocorreu em séculos passados. Mesmos os operários têm conquistado direitos políticos
e sociais, adquirido educação e, em muitos países industrializados, se tornado
consumidores de bens anteriormente reservados unicamente para os muito
prósperos. Na última metade do século XIX, os trabalhadores ganharam o direito de
voto. Mas a conquista do direito de voto não trouxe a igualdade ou mesmo o
poder político genuíno para as massas. Embora os trabalhadores se convertessem
em uma força a ser levada em conta em todos os Estados industriais, quando se
filiaram a partidos democráticos ou socialistas, e se reuniram em sindicatos,
às vezes eram também manobrados e manipulados por líderes políticos que tinham
pouca preocupação pelas suas condições de vidas e seus interesses.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Devido à industrialização, grande
número de homens e mulheres desfocou-se da área rural para o cenário urbano, ou
de um continente para outro, o que alterou drasticamente suas vidas. A industrialização
tem modificado as relações entre países, entre classes sociais e entre pais e
filhos. A industrialização concedeu às nações ocidentais o poder de dominar o
mundo no início do século XIX. Muitos povos se tornaram súditos de países
ocidentais, enquanto outros eram arrastados para uma economia de mercado mundial,
dominada pelos Estados ocidentais. O surgimento da indústria tornou as nações mais
interdependentes mediante o comércio, mas também incentivou o conflito entre
Estados, ao acrescentar a competição econômica a antagonismos nacionais já
existentes. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; A industrialização tornou os bens de
consumo mais baratos e mais abundantes, elevando o padrão real de vida e
tornando possível para o povo ter bens e serviços que anteriormente tinham sido
reservados para muito poucos. A industrialização também fez, de um grande número
de pessoas, as vítimas das condições de vida e de trabalho humildes, sujeitas a
salários baixos e ameaçadas periodicamente pelo desemprego. Os homens de
negócios usaram de sua importância econômica para conquistar voz ativa nas
decisões políticas e, depois, persuadir os governos a seguirem políticas benéficas
para os negócios. Esse uso do poder políticos para objetivos econômicos foi
imitado pelos trabalhadores, que passaram a exigir o direito de organizarem
sindicatos, greves, e o trabalho, e às vezes chegavam até mesmo exigirem o fim
do capitalismo e o advento do socialismo.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; A industrialização tem libertado a
humanidade de muitas tarefas onerosas, elevado à média do padrão de vida e
oferecido a promessa de um fim para a pobreza. Ao mesmo tempo, a tecnologia tem
criado tarefas que parecem triviais e insignificantes para os trabalhadores que
não extraem nenhum sentimento de orgulho de seu trabalho e não sabem qual a sua
participação no processo global de trabalho – ou, se a conhecem, não a apreciam
mais. A alienação dos trabalhadores pode ser acentuada, se eles se sentirem sem
forças quando confrontados com burocracias sem face, com formalidades e normas
arbitrárias.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Um padrão de vida mais alto tem sido
adquirido à custa de uma dependência maior em relação às forças sobre as quais
os trabalhadores, suas indústrias e, às vezes, mesmo seu país não tem nenhum
poder. O mercado monetário mundial, a inflação, o controle energético exercido
por algumas nações e as corporações multinacionais, tudo isto frustra as
tentativas de controle individuais e dos países. E a tecnologia que sustenta
promessas de novos e melhores meios de fabricação e de aprendizagem contém, ao
mesmo tempo, possibilidades aterrorizantes de controlar os pensamentos e o
comportamento humano, e mesmo o aniquilamento do mundo.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://nerihorta.blogspot.com/feeds/7630944157898273518/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment/fullpage/post/2764950579792504266/7630944157898273518' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2764950579792504266/posts/default/7630944157898273518'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2764950579792504266/posts/default/7630944157898273518'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://nerihorta.blogspot.com/2016/02/o-legado-da-revolucao-industrial.html' title='O LEGADO DA REVOLUÇÃO INDUSTRIAL'/><author><name>Anonymous</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/03459386149837394866</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2764950579792504266.post-7750272106074269249</id><published>2015-10-01T16:25:00.002-07:00</published><updated>2015-10-01T16:25:45.481-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Questões sobre periodo militar</title><content type='html'>&lt;!--[if !mso]&gt;
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&lt;table border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormalTable&quot; style=&quot;background: black; border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-background-themecolor: text1; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;&quot;&gt;
 &lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 525.0pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;700&quot;&gt;
  &lt;h2&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: white;&quot;&gt;Questão 1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.5pt;&quot;&gt;(Uerj 2009)&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-no-proof: yes;&quot;&gt;
 
 
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
 
 
 

 
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.5pt;&quot;&gt;A importância do
Estado na economia de um país varia ao longo do tempo de acordo, dentre outros
aspectos, com o papel que desempenha na produção de riqueza. No gráfico acima,
é possível identificar o período de maior relevância do Estado como agente
direto do crescimento econômico no Brasil.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.5pt;&quot;&gt;Esse período e a
correspondente doutrina econômica que fundamentava os seus investimentos são
identificados como:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
A.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;( ) &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.5pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;&quot;&gt;Estado Novo - monetarismo&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
B.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;( ) &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.5pt;&quot;&gt;governo
JK - protecionismo&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
C.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;( ) &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.5pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;&quot;&gt;Nova República - liberalismo&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
D.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;( ) &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.5pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;&quot;&gt;regime militar - keynesianismo&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;table border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormalTable&quot; style=&quot;background: black; border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-background-themecolor: text1; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;&quot;&gt;
 &lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 525.0pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;700&quot;&gt;
  &lt;h2&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: white;&quot;&gt;Questão 2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.5pt;&quot;&gt;(Ufg 2006)&amp;nbsp; Leia
este texto:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.5pt;&quot;&gt;&quot;Pegaram
alguns?&quot;, perguntou Geisel.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.5pt;&quot;&gt;&quot;Pegamos.
Pegamos. Foram pegos quatro argentinos e três chilenos&quot;, respondeu
Pedrozo.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.5pt;&quot;&gt;&quot;E não
liquidaram, não?&quot;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.5pt;&quot;&gt;&quot;Ah, já, há
muito tempo. É o problema, não é? Tem elemento que não adianta deixar vivo,
aprontando. Infelizmente, é o tipo de guerra suja em que, se não se lutar com
as mesmas armas deles, se perde. Eles não têm o mínimo escrúpulo.&quot;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.5pt;&quot;&gt;&quot;É, o que tem
que fazer é que tem que nessa hora agir com muita inteligência, para não ficar
vestígio nessa coisa&quot;, falou Geisel.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.5pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
GASPARI, Elio. &quot;A ditadura derrotada&quot;. São Paulo: Companhia das
Letras, 2003. p. 387.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.5pt;&quot;&gt;O diálogo, mantido em
1974, atesta a aplicação e a especificidade das práticas repressivas utilizadas
pelo governo brasileiro, ao sugerir a&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
A.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;( ) &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.5pt;&quot;&gt;proibição
da entrada, no Brasil, de estrangeiros que pudessem comprometer a estabilidade
do regime governamental.&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
B.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;( ) &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.5pt;&quot;&gt;contenção
dos partidos e das facções que preparavam a organização de guerrilhas urbanas e
ações terroristas contra o governo militar.&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
C.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;( ) &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.5pt;&quot;&gt;defesa
dos interesses nacionais, ameaçados por uma guerra civil travada
silenciosamente, graças à censura aos meios de comunicação.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
D.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;( ) &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.5pt;&quot;&gt;adoção
de uma estratégia de extermínio pela ditadura militar, consentida pelo chefe do
Estado brasileiro.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
E.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;( ) &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.5pt;&quot;&gt;intolerância
das forças armadas em relação ao avanço das forças políticas comprometidas com
o restabelecimento do regime democrático.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;table border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormalTable&quot; style=&quot;background: black; border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-background-themecolor: text1; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;&quot;&gt;
 &lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 525.0pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;700&quot;&gt;
  &lt;h2&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: white;&quot;&gt;Questão 3&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.5pt;&quot;&gt;(Fgv 2006)&amp;nbsp; No
fundo, chegamos à conclusão de que fizemos a revolução contra nós mesmos. Essa
lamentosa frase de Ademar de Barros sintetizava o ânimo de alguns conspiradores
civis com os rumos do governo militar. Após duras críticas ao regime, Ademar
chegou a exigir a renúncia do presidente Castelo Branco em um manifesto à
nação. Em junho de 1966 teve seus direitos políticos cassados por dez anos.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.5pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
(Flávio Campos, &quot;Oficina de História: história do Brasil&quot;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.5pt;&quot;&gt;Carlos Lacerda, outro
importante civil articulador do golpe de 1964, reagiu contra o regime por meio&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
A.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;( ) &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.5pt;&quot;&gt;da
criação, no Rio de Janeiro, do Comitê pela Anistia, em 1968, com o apoio de
militares e civis cassados pelo regime de exceção.&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
B.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;( ) &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.5pt;&quot;&gt;da
defesa de eleições diretas para a presidência da República e governos estaduais
e apoiou, em 1968, contraditoriamente, o AI-5.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
C.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;( ) &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.5pt;&quot;&gt;de
um mandado de segurança apresentado, em 1969, ao Supremo Tribunal Federal,
reivindicando o afastamento de Costa e Silva.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
D.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;( ) &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.5pt;&quot;&gt;de
uma representação ao Congresso Nacional, exigindo a imediata reconsideração
acerca do AI-2, que criou a ARENA e o MDB.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
E.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;( ) &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.5pt;&quot;&gt;da
organização da Frente Ampla, em 1967, que contou com a participação dos
ex-presidentes Juscelino Kubitschek e João Goulart.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;table border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormalTable&quot; style=&quot;background: black; border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-background-themecolor: text1; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;&quot;&gt;
 &lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 525.0pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;700&quot;&gt;
  &lt;h2&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: white;&quot;&gt;Questão 4&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.5pt;&quot;&gt;(Fatec 2006)&amp;nbsp; No
dia 13 de dezembro de 1968, o governo brasileiro baixou o Ato Institucional n&lt;u&gt;o&lt;/u&gt;
5 (AI - 5). Em fevereiro de 1969, surgiu o decreto-lei n&lt;u&gt;o&lt;/u&gt; 477.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.5pt;&quot;&gt;O governo, com estas
duas medidas jurídicas, pretendia&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
A.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;( ) &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.5pt;&quot;&gt;anistiar
os envolvidos com a guerrilha do Araguaia e iniciar um período de distensão
política.&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
B.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;( ) &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.5pt;&quot;&gt;consolidar
as reformas iniciadas pelo vice-presidente Pedro Aleixo, permitindo,
respectivamente, o funcionamento dos partidos políticos e das entidades
estudantis. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
C.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;( ) &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.5pt;&quot;&gt;institucionalizar
a repressão, suspendendo as garantias constitucionais e individuais, e afastar
das universidades brasileiras os elementos considerados subversivos.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
D.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;( ) &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.5pt;&quot;&gt;isolar
os generais que defendiam um endurecimento do regime militar e preparar o país
para a &quot;abertura política&quot; realizada pelo presidente Emílio
Garrastazu Médici.&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
E.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;( ) &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.5pt;&quot;&gt;acabar
com a guerrilha do Bico do Papagaio (AI - 5) e impedir a votação da Lei de
Anistia proposta pela Arena em agosto de 1968. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;table border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormalTable&quot; style=&quot;background: black; border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-background-themecolor: text1; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;&quot;&gt;
 &lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 525.0pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;700&quot;&gt;
  &lt;h2&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: white;&quot;&gt;Questão 5&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.5pt;&quot;&gt;(Unifesp 2006)&amp;nbsp; De
Juscelino Kubitschek, como presidente, em mensagem ao Congresso Nacional
(15.03.1956):&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.5pt;&quot;&gt;... dificilmente se
consolidará a revolução industrial, sem uma sólida base agrícola e sem um
mercado interno em expansão...;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.5pt;&quot;&gt;e, como
ex-presidente, no jornal Correio da Manhã (21.04.1963):&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.5pt;&quot;&gt;Todo país que fez a
Reforma Agrária despreparado industrialmente fracassou (...) Estamos preparados
para pôr em prática um programa de tal natureza, pois já existe no Brasil uma
indústria de base...&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.5pt;&quot;&gt;As duas citações
permitem sustentar que Kubitschek&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
A.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;( ) &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.5pt;&quot;&gt;sugere,
numa espécie de autocrítica, que sua política de industrialização poderia ter
sido realizada em combinação com a reforma agrária.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
B.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;( ) &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.5pt;&quot;&gt;reconhece
ter falhado na implementação da reforma agrária, ao contrário do que ocorreu
com a industrialização.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
C.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;( ) &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.5pt;&quot;&gt;passa
a defender, depois de ter deixado o poder, a necessidade da reforma agrária,
para poder se justificar perante a história.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
D.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;( ) &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.5pt;&quot;&gt;critica,
depois de ter deixado o poder, os políticos que continuam defendendo a tese da
prioridade da reforma agrária sobre a industrialização.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
E.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;( ) &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.5pt;&quot;&gt;inverte
sua argumentação sobre a prioridade de uma com relação à outra, por ter
acelerado a industrialização, deixando de lado a reforma agrária.&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;table border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormalTable&quot; style=&quot;background: black; border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-background-themecolor: text1; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;&quot;&gt;
 &lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 525.0pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;700&quot;&gt;
  &lt;h2&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: white;&quot;&gt;Questão 6&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.5pt;&quot;&gt;(Unifesp 2006)&amp;nbsp;
Benedito Valadares, em suas &quot;Memórias&quot; (&quot;Tempos Idos e
Vividos&quot;, 1966), assim descreve os fundadores de um dos partidos políticos
que surge no fim do Estado Novo:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.5pt;&quot;&gt;os que não aceitaram
a Revolução de 30; os que a fizeram e se sentiram traídos...; os que a fizeram
e se desentenderam com o presidente...; os que assinaram o &quot;Manifesto dos
Mineiros&quot;; todos aqueles que por questões políticas e/ou pessoais não
aceitavam a organização ditatorial montada sob a Constituição de 37.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.5pt;&quot;&gt;O partido em questão
chama-se &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
A.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;( ) &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.5pt;&quot;&gt;Partido
Trabalhista Brasileiro (PTB).&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
B.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;( ) &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.5pt;&quot;&gt;Partido
Comunista Brasileiro (PCB).&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
C.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;( ) &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.5pt;&quot;&gt;Partido
Social Democrático (PSD).&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
D.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;( ) &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.5pt;&quot;&gt;União
Democrática Nacional (UDN).&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
E.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;( ) &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.5pt;&quot;&gt;Partido
Socialista Brasileiro (PSB).&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;table border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormalTable&quot; style=&quot;background: black; border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-background-themecolor: text1; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;&quot;&gt;
 &lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 525.0pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;700&quot;&gt;
  &lt;h2&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: white;&quot;&gt;Questão 7&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.5pt;&quot;&gt;(Pucmg 2006)&amp;nbsp; A
presença dos militares na vida política brasileira pode ser vista em duas
dimensões: na primeira, esses atores políticos assumem o papel arbitral-tutelar
na condução das questões de Estado e, na segunda, assumem o papel de dirigentes
hegemônicos da coisa pública.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.5pt;&quot;&gt;A dimensão
arbitral-tutelar NÃO está presente:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
A.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;( ) &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.5pt;&quot;&gt;no
Movimento de 1930, que, sob o comando de Vargas, derruba do poder a oligarquia
cafeeira.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
B.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;( ) &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.5pt;&quot;&gt;no
Golpe civil-militar, que depôs o Governo Constitucional do Presidente João
Goulart.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
C.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;( ) &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.5pt;&quot;&gt;na
queda do estadonovismo, abrindo o País para o processo de redemocratização.&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
D.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;( ) &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.5pt;&quot;&gt;na
garantia de posse de Juscelino Kubitschek sob ameaça de um golpe de Estado.&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;table border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormalTable&quot; style=&quot;background: black; border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-background-themecolor: text1; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;&quot;&gt;
 &lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 525.0pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;700&quot;&gt;
  &lt;h2&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: white;&quot;&gt;Questão 8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.5pt;&quot;&gt;(Pucmg 2006)&amp;nbsp;
&quot;Fui vencido pela reação e assim deixo o governo. Nestes sete meses cumpri
o meu dever [...] Forças terríveis se levantaram contra mim e me intrigaram ou
inflamam, até com a desculpa da colaboração [...] Assim não falta a coragem da
renúncia [...] Retorno agora ao meu trabalho de advogado e professor
[...].&quot;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.5pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.5pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
Fragmento da Carta Renúncia de Jânio da Silva Quadros - Manifesto à Nação.
Brasília, 25 de agosto de 1961.Apud. Ivan Alves Filho. &quot;Brasil, 500 anos
em documentos&quot;. Rio de Janeiro: Mauad, 1999, p. 535.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.5pt;&quot;&gt;A renúncia do
presidente Jânio Quadros provocou no Brasil uma crise institucional que culmina
com a:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
A.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;( ) &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.5pt;&quot;&gt;ascensão
ao poder do vice-presidente e a implantação do sistema parlamentarista de
governo.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
B.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;( ) &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.5pt;&quot;&gt;ação
golpista desencadeada pelo alto comando militar para impedir a posse do
vice-presidente. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
C.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;( ) &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.5pt;&quot;&gt;convocação
extraordinária do Congresso com a finalidade de emendar a carta
constitucional.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
D.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;( ) &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.5pt;&quot;&gt;mobilização
imediata da sociedade civil, para exigir o cumprimento das normas
constitucionais.&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;table border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormalTable&quot; style=&quot;background: black; border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-background-themecolor: text1; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;&quot;&gt;
 &lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 525.0pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;700&quot;&gt;
  &lt;h2&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: white;&quot;&gt;Questão 9&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.5pt;&quot;&gt;(Pucmg 2006)&amp;nbsp;
Nos idos de 1967, o general Costa e Silva assume o poder. Apesar da tensão
política presente naquele momento, uma Frente Ampla é constituída e se
apresenta como um órgão:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
A.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;( ) &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.5pt;&quot;&gt;parlamentar,
integrado por deputados adesistas, que formam a base de sustentação do
governo.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
B.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;( ) &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.5pt;&quot;&gt;extraparlamentar,
constituído por políticos tradicionais que defendem o retorno à ordem
democrática.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
C.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;( ) &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.5pt;&quot;&gt;institucional,
organizado por governadores dos Estados favoráveis à nova ordem política
estabelecida.&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
D.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;( ) &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.5pt;&quot;&gt;eclesial,
estabelecido pela alta cúpula da Igreja Católica, que, sob os acordes do
rosário em família, apóia a luta anticomunista.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;table border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormalTable&quot; style=&quot;background: black; border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-background-themecolor: text1; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;&quot;&gt;
 &lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 525.0pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;700&quot;&gt;
  &lt;h2&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: white;&quot;&gt;Questão 10&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.5pt;&quot;&gt;(Uel 2007)&amp;nbsp; Em
1964, houve uma ruptura institucional no Brasil com o golpe militar que
implantou o regime autoritário por um período de mais de duas décadas.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.5pt;&quot;&gt;Com base nos
conhecimentos referentes a este período histórico, assinale a afirmativa
correta:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
A.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;( ) &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.5pt;&quot;&gt;Foi
uma fase de censura, de repressão política e de fortalecimento dos serviços
secretos de informação. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
B.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;( ) &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.5pt;&quot;&gt;Durante
o regime militar, prevaleceu a estagnação econômica, com baixos índices de
crescimento da economia.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
C.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;( ) &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.5pt;&quot;&gt;Embora
a sustentação do regime fosse militar, os presidentes eram civis&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
D.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;( ) &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.5pt;&quot;&gt;Foi
o período do desenvolvimento neoliberal, caracterizado pelo fim dos monopólios
estatais.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
E.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;( ) &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.5pt;&quot;&gt;Naquele
período, o Legislativo foi fechado, ficando proibida qualquer organização
partidária.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.5pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;GABARITO&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.5pt;&quot;&gt;1 - D&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.5pt;&quot;&gt;2 - D&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.5pt;&quot;&gt;3 - E&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.5pt;&quot;&gt;4 - C&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.5pt;&quot;&gt;5 - E&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.5pt;&quot;&gt;6 - D&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.5pt;&quot;&gt;7 - B&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.5pt;&quot;&gt;8 - A&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.5pt;&quot;&gt;9 - B&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.5pt;&quot;&gt;10 -A &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://nerihorta.blogspot.com/feeds/7750272106074269249/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment/fullpage/post/2764950579792504266/7750272106074269249' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2764950579792504266/posts/default/7750272106074269249'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2764950579792504266/posts/default/7750272106074269249'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://nerihorta.blogspot.com/2015/10/questoes-sobre-periodo-militar.html' title='Questões sobre periodo militar'/><author><name>Anonymous</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/03459386149837394866</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2764950579792504266.post-3684983374080372021</id><published>2015-10-01T16:09:00.001-07:00</published><updated>2015-10-01T16:09:18.991-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Questões sobre a Revolução Francesa</title><content type='html'>&lt;!--[if !mso]&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;01) Foi no governo da
Revolução Francesa que a primeira constituição genuinamente democrática
declarada por um Estado moderno foi proclamada. Quando um leigo pensa nessa
época, os acontecimentos que mais facilmente vêm à nossa mente são a República
Jacobina do Ano III, o Comitê de Salvação Pública, o tribunal revolucionário e
a guilhotina. Entre as várias fases transitadas pela Revolução Francesa, muitos
historiadores consideram que a República Jacobina não era um instrumento para
ganhar guerras, mas um ideal.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;Avalie de forma crítica o processo
revolucionário francês (1789-1799) e, baseando-se no texto, marque a
alternativa que interpreta esse novo Estado moderno proclamado pela República
Jacobina.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;A. Estabeleceu-se
uma monarquia constitucional, a elaboração da Constituição Civil do Clero, que
retirou poderes da Igreja, e a Declaração dos Direitos do Homem e do Cidadão,
que alterou a configuração de poderes na França. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;B.&amp;nbsp;Instituiu-se
uma República Parlamentar em que o poder foi dividido entre girondinos e
jacobinos. Foi a fase mais harmônica da revolução, com o estabelecimento do sufrágio
universal e o fim das prisões por dívidas. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;C.&amp;nbsp;Instituiu-se
uma República em que as forças políticas estavam polarizadas entre girondinos e
jacobinos, declarou-se o fim da escravidão nas colônias, a reforma agrária e
criava-se o ensino público e gratuito. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;D. Declarou-se
que a felicidade de todos era o objetivo do governo e que os direitos do povo
seriam operantes sob um Estado que mantinha o voto censitário e os privilégios
da Igreja. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;02) (UFC)&amp;nbsp;
Assinale a alternativa que apresenta, corretamente, uma realização de Napoleão
Bonaparte, que representou uma consolidação das ideias da Revolução Francesa.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;A.&amp;nbsp;O
impedimento do retorno do uso de títulos de nobreza, reivindicado pelos seus
generais e pela burguesia francesa que desejava tornar-se a nova elite do país.&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;B. &lt;span face=&quot;&quot;&gt;A
criação do Código Civil, inspirado no direito romano e nas leis do período
revolucionário, que, na sua essência, vigora até hoje na França.&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;C.&amp;nbsp;A
abolição da escravidão nas colônias francesas, reafirmando o princípio da
liberdade presente na Declaração dos Direitos do Homem e do Cidadão.&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;D.&amp;nbsp;A
realização de uma reforma agrária, prometida, mas não efetivada, pelos
jacobinos, o que garantiu a popularidade de Napoleão entre os camponeses. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;E.&amp;nbsp; &lt;span face=&quot;&quot;&gt;A criação da Constituição Civil do Clero, que proibiu toda forma de
culto religioso no território francês.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;table border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormalTable&quot; style=&quot;background: black; border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-background-themecolor: text1; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;&quot;&gt;
 &lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 525.0pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;700&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-no-proof: yes;&quot;&gt;03) &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-no-proof: yes;&quot;&gt;
 
 
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
 
 
 

 
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;strong&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;Um Dia
de Fúria &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;Protestos em Paris
mobilizaram mais de 1 milhão de pessoas contra a proposta de mudança na previdência
francesa.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;No mês de setembro de
2010, a França enfrentou uma jornada de greves e protestos contra as reformas
nas políticas sociais propostas pelo governo de Sarkozy. De acordo com as mais
recentes sondagens, 70% dos franceses apoiam essas manifestações contra o
governo francês e as organizações sindicais esperam mobilizar pelo menos 2
milhões de pessoas nos dias de protesto nas ruas de Paris.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;Identifique corretamente a simbologia
histórica registrada pela imagem, levando-se em consideração o processo
revolucionário francês.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;A.&amp;nbsp;As
manifestações trabalhistas do ano de 2010 nos remetem ao período da transição
entre a monarquia constitucional e a implantação da república na França, quando
foi abolida a propriedade privada dos meios de produção. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;B.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;Os
revolucionários franceses adotaram o barrete frígio vermelho como símbolo do
regime republicano e da luta pela liberdade contra o regime monárquico
absolutista que predominou na Europa do século XVIII. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;C.&amp;nbsp;A
aristocracia francesa sendo degolada pelos revolucionários denominados
girondinos que propunham a manutenção da monarquia sob o modelo parlamentar. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;D.&amp;nbsp;As
jornadas revolucionárias conduzidas pelos &lt;em&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;sans-cullotes&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;
colocaram fim ao regime monárquico na França e conduziram ao poder a burguesia
liberal apoiada pela aristocracia. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;table border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormalTable&quot; style=&quot;background: black; border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-background-themecolor: text1; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;&quot;&gt;
 &lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 525.0pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;700&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;04) (UFG) As mudanças
provocadas pela Revolução Francesa (1789-1815), que alteraram a ordem política
na configuração do Estado, foram a&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;A.&amp;nbsp;convocação dos Estados Gerais
e a reivindicação por igualdade jurídica. &amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;B. aprovação de uma constituição e a
instauração do regime republicano.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;C. extinção da cobrança de tributos e
de privilégios feudais e a criação da Guarda Nacional. &amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;D. elaboração de leis antigreves e a
proibição da associação de trabalhadores pelo Estado burguês. &amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;E. consolidação da Convenção Nacional
e a promoção de acordos para salvar a vida do rei. &amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;table border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormalTable&quot; style=&quot;background: black; border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-background-themecolor: text1; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;&quot;&gt;
 &lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 525.0pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;700&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;05) (UFRJ)&amp;nbsp; &lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&quot;Prossigo: mil vozes servem de arauto
para a novidade... &#39;A Bastilha foi tomada&#39; .... Não acreditei e fui ver o cerco
de perto .... No meio da &#39;Greve&#39; encontro um corpo sem cabeça estendido no meio
do riacho, rodeado por cinco ou seis indiferentes. Faço perguntas ... É o
governador da Bastilha.&quot;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
(Restil de la Bretonne, &quot;As Noites Revolucionárias&quot;, São Paulo:
Estação Liberdade,1989, p. 58).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;O episódio narrado marca o início de um dos
momentos políticos mais importantes da história europeia, a Revolução Francesa.
A tomada e destruição da fortaleza da Bastilha explicita&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;A. o momento
de maior radicalidade da Revolução, quando as camadas populares rompem com a
liderança burguesa e assumem o poder em Paris. &amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;B. a
derrubada de Luis XVI e a proclamação da República francesa baseada na Razão e
na Justiça, sob influência do pensamento de Voltaire. &amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;C. a
consolidação do poder do grupo jacobino, tendo à frente Robespierre, sustentado
pela mobilização radicalizada dos &quot;sans-culottes&quot; &amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;D. a chegada
ao poder político do general Napoleão Bonaparte, que, como primeiro cônsul,
será fundamental na consolidação do novo poder. &amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;E. o levante
popular sob direção burguesa contra um dos maiores símbolos da opressão
política do Absolutismo. &amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;table border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormalTable&quot; style=&quot;background: black; border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-background-themecolor: text1; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;&quot;&gt;
 &lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 525.0pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;700&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;06) (FATEC)&amp;nbsp; Nas
diversas etapas da Revolução Francesa, a Constituição Civil do Clero, a
execução de Luís XVI e o fim da rebelião da Vendéia ocorreram,
respectivamente,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;A.&amp;nbsp;durante
o Terror Jacobino, à época de Napoleão Bonaparte e no período da Monarquia
Constitucional. &amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;B. durante o
Consulado, à época do Terror Jacobino e no período da Convenção Termidoriana.&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;C. durante a
Monarquia Constitucional, à época da Convenção e no período de funcionamento do
Diretório. &amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;D. durante o
Terror Jacobino, à época da Monarquia Constitucional e no período de Napoleão
Bonaparte. &amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;E. Durante a
convenção termidoriana, à época de Napoleão Bonaparte e no período da Monarquia
Constitucional. &amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;table border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormalTable&quot; style=&quot;background: black; border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-background-themecolor: text1; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;&quot;&gt;
 &lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 525.0pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;700&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;07) (UEL)&amp;nbsp;&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&quot;Revolução é sempre um tema fascinante.
Comumente vem impregnado dos ideais de liberdade e igualdade que, através dos
tempos, acalentam gerações e permanecem presentes no ideário das sociedades,
tendo a possibilidade de se cristalizarem em algum momento da história. No
processo de construção de uma revolução sobressaem personagens que passam a
povoar o imaginário social e tendem a serem tomados como modelos, porquanto o
seu agir parece converter a utopia em realidade. São portadores do sonho: representam
a universalidade daqueles ideais, tentando forjá-los no cotidiano, nem sempre
harmonioso, dos confrontos revolucionários&quot;.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;&quot;&gt;(SAINT-JUST, Louis Antoine Leon. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;&quot;O Espírito da Revolução e da
Constituição na França&quot;. São Paulo: UNESP, 1989. p. 9.)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;Sobre a Revolução Francesa de 1789, é correto
afirmar que defendia:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;A. A soberania da aristocracia da
França com base no sistema eleitoral censitário. &amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;B.&amp;nbsp;As instituições democráticas
para a renovação da monarquia. &amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;C.&amp;nbsp;Ações revolucionárias para a
consecução de um ideário da nobreza. &amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;D.&amp;nbsp;Os ideais anarquistas que,
posteriormente, foram amplamente disseminados pelo mundo. &amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;E.&amp;nbsp;Valores universais visando a
construir uma sociedade mais justa e igualitária. &amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;table border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormalTable&quot; style=&quot;background: black; border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-background-themecolor: text1; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;&quot;&gt;
 &lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 525.0pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;700&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;08) (UNESP)&amp;nbsp; &lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&quot;... a Revolução de 1789 não fez nada
pelo operário: o camponês ganhou a terra, o operário está mais infeliz que
outrora e os monarquistas têm razão quando afirmam que as antigas Corporações
[de Ofício] protegiam melhor o trabalhador do que o regime atual&quot;.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;right&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: right;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;(&quot;Jornal Le
Matin&quot;, 07 de março de 1885.)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;Com tal declaração, o escritor francês Émile
Zola fazia um balanço dos efeitos sociais da Revolução de 1789,
referindo-se&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;A. aos
confiscos dos bens dos nobres franceses emigrados e à política liberal
implementada pelo Estado. &amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;B. à baixa
participação dos trabalhadores urbanos nas lutas sociais na França do final do
século XIX. &amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;C.&amp;nbsp;ao
apoio dos operários ao projeto de Restauração do absolutismo francês, como
garantia de melhoria social. &amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;D. à
liderança política dos camponeses franceses nas revoluções socialistas e
comunistas do século XIX. &amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;E.&amp;nbsp;à
política de bem-estar social instituída pelo Partido Social Democrata francês
ao longo do século XIX. &amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;table border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormalTable&quot; style=&quot;background: black; border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-background-themecolor: text1; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;&quot;&gt;
 &lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 525.0pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;700&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;09) (UFSM)&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;apple-style-span&quot;&gt;&quot;O juramento na sala do jogo de pela&quot;,
representado artisticamente na ilustração, assinalou a rebelião do Terceiro
Estado, apoiada por dissidentes da nobreza e do clero, na reunião dos Estados
Gerais, em 1789. A&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;partir daí, foi possível&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-no-proof: yes;&quot;&gt;
 
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;I. as camadas
populares tomarem as ruas parisienses e assaltarem a fortaleza da Bastilha.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;II. a abolição dos
direitos e deveres feudais.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;III. a Declaração dos
Direitos do Homem e do Cidadão, garantindo aos franceses o direito à liberdade,
à igualdade perante a lei e à inviolabilidade da propriedade, entre outros.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;IV. ocorrer a ruptura
com a ordem jurídica do Antigo Regime e a França tornar-se uma monarquia
constitucional.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;Estão corretas&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;A. apenas I e II.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;B. apenas II e III.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;C.&amp;nbsp;apenas III e IV. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;D.&amp;nbsp;apenas I e IV. &amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;E.&amp;nbsp;I, II, III e IV. &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;GABARITO&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;1 - C&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;2 - B&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;3 - B&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;4 - B&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;5 - B&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;6 - E&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;7 - C&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;8 - E&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;9 -&amp;nbsp; A&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://nerihorta.blogspot.com/feeds/3684983374080372021/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment/fullpage/post/2764950579792504266/3684983374080372021' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2764950579792504266/posts/default/3684983374080372021'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2764950579792504266/posts/default/3684983374080372021'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://nerihorta.blogspot.com/2015/10/questoes-sobre-revolucao-francesa.html' title='Questões sobre a Revolução Francesa'/><author><name>Anonymous</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/03459386149837394866</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2764950579792504266.post-338672549740456347</id><published>2015-09-06T15:31:00.002-07:00</published><updated>2015-09-06T15:31:46.927-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Questões sobre Período Militar Brasileiro</title><content type='html'>&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt;
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  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;9&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;heading 7&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;9&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;heading 8&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;9&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;heading 9&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 7&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 8&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 9&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;35&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;caption&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;10&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Title&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;1&quot; Name=&quot;Default Paragraph Font&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;11&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Subtitle&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;22&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Strong&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;20&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Emphasis&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;59&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Table Grid&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Placeholder Text&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;1&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;No Spacing&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light List&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light List Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Revision&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;34&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;List Paragraph&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;29&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Quote&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;30&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Intense Quote&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light List Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light List Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light List Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light List Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light List Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;19&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Subtle Emphasis&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;21&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Intense Emphasis&quot;/&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 18.7pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.7pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;xx) (UFU) &lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;A
candidatura de Tancredo Neves e José Sarney, componentes da chapa PMDB-PFL, na
eleição indireta para a Presidência da República, ocorrida em janeiro de 1985,
repercutiu de maneira polêmica dentro do movimento “Diretas Já”, não apenas
pela trajetória política de Sarney pelo PDS (partido que apoiou o regime
militar) em anos anteriores, mas também devido à postura política de Tancredo
Neves diante do movimento e da conjuntura política da época.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 18.7pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;Com base no texto, responda as questões abaixo:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 18.7pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;A) Identifique os partidos políticos que compunham o movimento
“Diretas Já”.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 18.7pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;B) Considerando a composição política do movimento “Diretas Já”,
explique quais foram os motivos da polêmica em torno da candidatura de Tancredo
Neves para a Presidência da República.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;xx)
(UFV) Leia o texto abaixo:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;A partir da década de
1970, os princípios e conceitos dos direitos humanos — tanto civis e políticos
como econômicos e sociais — emergem com o surgimento de novos atores durante a
ditadura até 1985.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.25pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;(PINHEIRO, P. S.
Transição política e não-estado de direito na República. In: SACHS, WILHEIM e
PINHEIRO (Org.). Brasil: um século de transformações. São Paulo: Companhia das
Letras, 2001. p. 290.)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -14.15pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;a) Cite um exemplo de
movimento que lutou por direitos civis ou políticos no Brasil, na década de
1970 ou de 1980.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -14.15pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -14.15pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;b) Cite três desafios
econômicos enfrentados pelo Brasil na década de 1980.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -14.15pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;xx)
(UNIMONTES&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;) &lt;/i&gt;Cite três características
econômicas do período conhecido por “milagre brasileiro”.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt; layout-grid-mode: line; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;xx) (UFMG) &lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;O
período 1962-1967 caracterizou-se pela recessão da economia brasileira
[...].&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Assim, a nobre tarefa que se
colocou para o primeiro governo militar foi, de imediato, o saneamento da
economia, assolada por altas taxas de inflação. A saída vislumbrada como
imperiosa para o restabelecimento do ciclo foi a do contencionismo,
consubstanciada no aprofundamento da recessão . uma&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;recessão calculada, no jargão da época ., que
funcionaria como .racionalização. dos esforços necessários para uma futura
expansão. Esta foi a tônica da política econômica do período 1964-1967, cujo
resultado seria, de fato, o crescimento surpreendente das taxas de desempenho
da economia brasileira a partir de 1968.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt; layout-grid-mode: line; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;MENDONÇA, Sônia Regina;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;FONTES, Virgínia Maria. &lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;História
do Brasil recente. &lt;/i&gt;1964-1982. São Paulo: Ática, 1994. p. 21-2.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt; layout-grid-mode: line; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;Nesse texto, as autoras tratam de &lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;dois&lt;/b&gt; momentos da economia brasileira.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt; layout-grid-mode: line; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;1. &lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;APRESENTE&lt;/b&gt;
as &lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;principais medidas&lt;/b&gt; adotadas pelo
Plano de Ação Econômica do Governo Castelo Branco e o impacto que elas causaram
na economia brasileira.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt; layout-grid-mode: line; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;2. &lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;CARACTERIZE&lt;/b&gt;
o processo econômico do período que se inicia em 1968&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: windowtext; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;xx) &lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;“No dia 31 de março de 1964, explodiu a
rebelião das Forças Armadas contra o governo João Goulart. O movimento militar
teve início em Minas
 Gerais, com a mobilização das tropas comandadas pelo general
Olímpio Mourão filho, apoiado pelo governador mineiro Magalhães Pinto.
Rapidamente, o movimento golpista contou com a adesão de outras unidades
militares de São Paulo, Rio Grande do Sul e do antigo estado da Guanabara”&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt; layout-grid-mode: line; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;

&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt; layout-grid-mode: line; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;right&quot; class=&quot;texto&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 11.7pt; text-align: right; text-indent: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: windowtext; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;COTRIM,
Gilberto. História e consciência do Brasil.&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;Editora Saraiva. São Paulo, 1997. P.301.)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;texto&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 11.7pt; text-indent: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;texto&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 11.7pt; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-indent: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: windowtext; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;a) Aponte o argumento
usado pelos militares para justificar o golpe político-militar de 64.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;xx) Por que o regime estabelecido em 1964 assumiu
características ditatoriais?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;xx)
Cite e explique DOIS fatores que causarão a decretação do AI – 5.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;xx)
Determine a função da propaganda ufanista no governo Médici. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt; layout-grid-mode: line; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt; layout-grid-mode: line; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;xx) (UFU) &lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;“Cerca
de mil estudantes que participavam do XXX Congresso da UNE (União Nacional dos
Estudantes), iniciado clandestinamente num sítio de Ibiúna no sul do Estado,
foram presos ontem pela manhã por soldados da Força Pública e policiais do
DOPS. Toda a liderança do movimento universitário foi presa: José Dirceu,
presidente da UEE, Luís Travassos, presidente da UNE, Vladimir Palmeira,
presidente da União Metropolitana dos Estudantes, e Antônio Guilherme Ribeiro
Ribas, presidente da União Paulista dos Estudantes Secundários, entre outros. O
governador Abreu Sodré referiu-se ao episódio e reafirmou sua disposição de ‘&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;manter a paz e a tranqüilidade para a
população que deseja trabalhar&lt;/b&gt;’. E acrescentou, referindo-se à prisão dos
participantes do congresso da UNE: ‘&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;Agi
com energia para reprimir a agitação e a subversão quando determinei, após
horas de angústia e apreensão, a prisão de estudantes subversivos que
participavam do congresso da UNE&lt;/b&gt;.’ “&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt; layout-grid-mode: line; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;right&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt; layout-grid-mode: line; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;Folha de São Paulo,
13/10/1968.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt; layout-grid-mode: line; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;Tomando
como referência o trecho do documento acima, resolva as questões propostas.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt; layout-grid-mode: line; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;A) Analise o discurso do governador e sua relação com o
perfil que o regime militar assumiu a partir de 1968 no Brasil.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt; layout-grid-mode: line; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;B) Identifique &lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;uma
&lt;/b&gt;forma de luta empreendida pelos vários segmentos da população brasileira
contra este regime, no período entre 1968 e 1979, nas áreas da &lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;cultura&lt;/b&gt;, da &lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;política &lt;/b&gt;e pelos &lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;movimentos
sociais&lt;/b&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.3pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;xx) (UFU) &lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;“[...] se as chamadas ‘ditabrandas’ – caso do Brasil entre 1964 e 1985
– partiam de uma ruptura institucional e depois preservavam ou instituíam
formas controladas de disputa política e acesso à Justiça, o novo autoritarismo
latino-americano, inaugurado por Alberto Fujimori no Peru, faz o caminho
inverso”.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;Limites
a Chavez. Editorial. &lt;i&gt;Folha de S. Paulo&lt;/i&gt;, 17/02/2009.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;Considere
as circunstâncias históricas a que se refere o fragmento acima para responder
as questões seguintes.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -14.15pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;A) Esclareça o que
foi a ruptura institucional realizada no Brasil em 1964 e cite duas formas
controladas de disputa política implantadas pelo regime então instaurado.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -14.15pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;B) Explique três atos
autoritários do regime militar brasileiro e comente por que eles contradizem a
denominação “ditabranda”, utilizada no editorial citado acima.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.3pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;xx)
(UNICAMP) &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;Em
1980, num show comemorativo ao Primeiro de Maio, o cantor Chico Buarque
apresentou uma canção intitulada “Linha de Montagem”, que fazia referência às
recentes greves do ABC:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;As
cabeças levantadas,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;Máquinas
paradas,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;Dia
de pescar,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;Pois
quem toca o trem pra frente&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;Também,
de repente,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;Pode
o trem parar.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;(http://www.chicobuarque.com.br/letras/linhade_80.htm)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -14.15pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;a) Qual foi a
importância das greves do ABC nos últimos anos do regime militar brasileiro,
que vigorou de 1964 a
1985?&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;b)
Aponte duas mudanças políticas que caracterizaram o processo de abertura do
regime militar.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;xx)
(UFVJM) &lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;FAÇA &lt;/span&gt;o que se pede&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt; layout-grid-mode: line; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;a) APRESENTE &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;duas características do &lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;milagre econômico brasileiro &lt;/span&gt;(1968–1973).&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;b) INDIQUE &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;duas críticas que eram feitas ao &lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;modelo econômico &lt;/span&gt;do governo militar.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.3pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.3pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;xx) (UFOP) &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;Em 1964,
estabeleceu-se no Brasil um regime político autoritário sustentado pelas Forças
Armadas. Para sua consolidação institucional, a ditadura militar utilizou-se de
uma série de decretos, chamados “Atos Institucionais”, em que regulamentava,
por exemplo, alterações na Constituição, a relação entre os poderes Executivo e
Legislativo, o sistema eleitoral e a definição da representação política da
sociedade. Quais foram as principais características do Ato Institucional nº 5,
o chamado AI-5, expedido pelo general Costa e Silva, que entrou em vigor em 13
de dezembro de 1968?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.3pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;xx) (UFU&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;) “Cerca de mil estudantes que participavam do XXX Congresso da UNE (União
Nacional dos Estudantes), iniciado clandestinamente num sítio de Ibiúna no sul
do Estado, foram presos ontem pela manhã por soldados da Força Pública e
policiais do DOPS. Toda a liderança do movimento universitário foi presa: José
Dirceu, presidente da UEE, Luís Travassos, presidente da UNE, Vladimir
Palmeira, presidente da União Metropolitana dos Estudantes, e Antônio Guilherme
Ribeiro Ribas, presidente da União Paulista dos Estudantes Secundários, entre
outros. O governador Abreu Sodré referiu-se ao episódio e reafirmou sua
disposição de ‘&lt;b&gt;manter a paz e a tranqüilidade para a&lt;/b&gt; &lt;b&gt;população que
deseja trabalhar&lt;/b&gt;’. E acrescentou, referindo-se à prisão dos participantes
do congresso da UNE: ‘&lt;b&gt;Agi com energia para reprimir a&lt;/b&gt; &lt;b&gt;agitação e a
subversão quando determinei, após horas de angústia e&lt;/b&gt; &lt;b&gt;apreensão, a
prisão de estudantes subversivos que participavam do&lt;/b&gt; &lt;b&gt;congresso da UNE&lt;/b&gt;.’
“&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;Folha
de São Paulo, 13/10/1968.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;Tomando
como referência o trecho do documento acima, resolva as questões propostas.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -14.15pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;A) Analise o discurso
do governador e sua relação com o perfil que o regime militar assumiu a partir
de 1968 no Brasil.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -14.15pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -14.15pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;B) Identifique &lt;b&gt;uma
&lt;/b&gt;forma de luta empreendida pelos vários segmentos da população brasileira
contra este regime, no período entre 1968 e 1979, nas áreas da &lt;b&gt;cultura&lt;/b&gt;,
da &lt;b&gt;política &lt;/b&gt;e pelos &lt;b&gt;movimentos sociais&lt;/b&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;xx)
(UFU) Leia atentamente o trecho da música a seguir:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;&quot;Hoje você é
quem manda&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;Falou tá falado&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;Não tem discussão&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;A minha gente hoje
anda&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;Falando de lado&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;E olhando pro chão,
viu&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;Você que inventou
esse estado&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;Inventou de inventar&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;Toda a escuridão&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;Você que inventou o
pecado&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;Esqueceu-se de
inventar&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;O perdão&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;Apesar de você&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;Amanhã há de ser&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;Outro dia&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;(...)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;Como vai proibir&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;Quando o galo
insistir&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;Em cantar&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;Água nova brotando&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;E a gente se amando&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;Sem parar&quot;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;right&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: right; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;Chico
Buarque de Holanda. &quot;Apesar de você &quot;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -14.15pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;A) &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;Caracterize a
economia e a política do regime retratado pelo compositor no Brasil, entre os
anos de 1968 e 1978.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -14.15pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -14.15pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;B) &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;Quais foram as
principais formas de resistência a esse regime?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.3pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;xx) (UFMG) &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;O período 1962-1967 caracterizou-se pela recessão da
economia brasileira [...]. Assim, a .nobre. tarefa que se colocou para o
primeiro governo militar foi, de imediato, o saneamento da economia, assolada
por altas taxas de inflação. A saída vislumbrada como imperiosa para o
restabelecimento do ciclo foi a do contencionismo, consubstanciada no
aprofundamento da recessão, uma &lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: italic;&quot;&gt;recessão&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: italic;&quot;&gt;calculada&lt;/span&gt;, no jargão da época
., que funcionaria como .racionalização. dos esforços necessários para uma
futura expansão. Esta foi a tônica da política econômica do período 1964-1967,
cujo resultado seria, de fato, o crescimento surpreendente das taxas de
desempenho da economia brasileira a partir de 1968.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: 35.45pt; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.25pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;MENDONÇA, Sônia Regina; FONTES,
Virgínia Maria. &lt;i&gt;História do Brasil recente. &lt;/i&gt;1964-1982. São Paulo: Ática,
1994. p. 21-2.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -14.15pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;Nesse texto, as autoras
tratam de &lt;b&gt;dois &lt;/b&gt;momentos da economia brasileira.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -14.15pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -14.15pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;1. &lt;b&gt;APRESENTE &lt;/b&gt;as
&lt;b&gt;principais medidas &lt;/b&gt;adotadas pelo Plano de Ação Econômica do Governo
Castelo Branco e o impacto que elas causaram na economia brasileira.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -14.15pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -14.15pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;2. &lt;b&gt;CARACTERIZE &lt;/b&gt;o
processo econômico do período que se inicia em 1968.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;xx)
(UNIMONTES) &lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;Cite três características econômicas do
período conhecido por “milagre brasileiro”.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -14.2pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -14.2pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;xx) (UFV) A partir da proclamação da
República, em 15 de novembro de 1889, as forças armadas brasileiras intervieram
na vida política brasileira em várias oportunidades. A Revolta da Armada, o
Movimento Tenentista (1922- 1930), a Revolução de 1930 e o Golpe Militar de
1964 são alguns exemplos dessas intervenções.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;Aponte
&lt;b&gt;duas diferenças &lt;/b&gt;entre o Movimento Tenentista e o Golpe Militar de 1964.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.3pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;xx) (UFOP) &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;Caracterize a
produção artística e cultural no Brasil, durante o governo militar (1964-1985).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;


&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;


</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://nerihorta.blogspot.com/feeds/338672549740456347/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment/fullpage/post/2764950579792504266/338672549740456347' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2764950579792504266/posts/default/338672549740456347'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2764950579792504266/posts/default/338672549740456347'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://nerihorta.blogspot.com/2015/09/questoes-sobre-periodo-militar.html' title='Questões sobre Período Militar Brasileiro'/><author><name>Anonymous</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/03459386149837394866</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2764950579792504266.post-2953457334394150013</id><published>2015-08-18T10:39:00.003-07:00</published><updated>2015-08-18T10:39:48.125-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Questões sobre a Era Vargas</title><content type='html'>&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 18.7pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.7pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;xx) (UFOP) &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;De modo geral,
como se deram as relações entre trabalhadores urbanos e o Governo Vargas
durante o Estado Novo (1930-1945)?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;

&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;

&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;xx) (UFOP) De modo geral, como se deram as
relações entre trabalhadores urbanos e o Governo Vargas durante o Estado Novo (1930-1945)?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;

&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;

&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;xx) (UFPR) &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span&gt;(...) há que se considerar a associação da
italianilidade ao fascismo, que se torna ferramenta para a política do Estado
italiano fascista no Brasil. O controle almejado sobre os espaços de
socialização, como o escolar, deu-se em vista da ampliação do sentimento do ser
italiano que, para os partidários do regime, equivalia a ser fascista. (...)
houve uma contínua diluição da italianilidade na cotidianidade desses
imigrantes no Sul do Brasil. No processo dessa diluição contribuiu a política
Estadonovista de Vargas (1930–45).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;

&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;right&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;(OTTO, Clarícia. &lt;i&gt;Catolicidades e italianilidades&lt;/i&gt;. 2006, p. 250.)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;

&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;

&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;O trecho acima ilustra uma característica
comum ao fascismo italiano e à política do Estado Novo de Getúlio Vargas.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;

&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;Indique qual é essa característica e discuta
como o governo de Vargas buscou estabelecê-la ou fortalecê-la no Brasil.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;

&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;

&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;

&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;xx) (UFRJ)&lt;i&gt;
“Após o advento do Estado Novo, deu-se a&lt;/i&gt; &lt;i&gt;consolidação de uma política de
massas que&lt;/i&gt; &lt;i&gt;vinha se preparando desde o início da década.&lt;/i&gt; &lt;i&gt;Constituídos
a partir de um golpe de Estado, sem&lt;/i&gt; &lt;i&gt;qualquer participação popular, os
representantes&lt;/i&gt; &lt;i&gt;do poder buscaram legitimação e apoio de&lt;/i&gt; &lt;i&gt;setores
populares mais amplos da sociedade&lt;/i&gt; &lt;i&gt;através da propaganda [...]. Além da
busca de&lt;/i&gt; &lt;i&gt;apoio, a integração política das massas visava&lt;/i&gt; &lt;i&gt;ao seu controle
em novas bases.”&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;

&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;Fonte: CAPELATO, Maria Helena. “O Estado
Novo: o que trouxe de novo?”, in: Ferreira, Jorge (org.). O Brasil republicano.
Rio de Janeiro, Civilização Brasileira, 2003, vol. 2, p.110.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;

&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;

&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.05pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;O Estado Novo correspondeu ao período do
Governo Vargas iniciado em 1937, com um golpe de Estado, e encerrado com a
deposição do presidente.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;

&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;

&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;a) Identifique duas medidas adotadas pelo Governo Vargas, durante o
Estado Novo, que buscavam assegurar a realização dos objetivos mencionados pela
autora do texto.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;

&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;b) Explique um
fator ligado à conjuntura internacional que tenha contribuído para o fim do Estado
Novo.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;

&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;

&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;xx) (UNIMONTES) Cite 02 (duas)
características do modelo econômico do Governo Vargas de 1930 a 1937.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;

&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;

&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;xx) (UNIMONTES&lt;i&gt;) &lt;/i&gt;Explique, em um pequeno texto, a Revolução Constitucionalista de
1932 no Brasil.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;

&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;

&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;xx) (UFTM) &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;Na década de 1950,
os presidentes Getúlio Vargas e Juscelino Kubitschek defenderam modelos
econômicos para promover o desenvolvimento industrial.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;

&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;

&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;A) Nesses
governos, qual era o papel do Estado no processo de desenvolvimento industrial?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;

&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;B) Explique a
posição desses presidentes sobre a participação do capital estrangeiro na
industrialização brasileira.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;

&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;

&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;xx) (UFG) &lt;i&gt;Ia devagar porque estava matutando. Com seus vinte anos fáceis, o 35
sabia, mais da leitura dos jornais que da experiência, que o proletariado era
uma classe oprimida. Comunismo?... Sim talvez fosse isso. Mas o 35 não sabia
bem direito, ficava atordoado com as notícias, os jornais falavam tanta coisa,
faziam tamanha mistura de Rússia, só sublime ou só horrenda, e o 35 infantil
estava por demais machucado pela experiência pra não desconfiar, o 35
desconfiava.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;

&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;ANDRADE,
Mário de. Primeiro de Maio. &lt;i&gt;Contos novos&lt;/i&gt;. Belo Horizonte, Rio de
Janeiro: Itatiaia, 1999, p. 35. [Adaptado].&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;

&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;

&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;O conto “Primeiro de Maio” reflete as dificuldades do
movimento operário brasileiro, expressas nas desconfianças de 1935 relacionadas
ao golpe comunista. Apresente dois argumentos dos comunistas sobre o quadro
político brasileiro que justificaram o golpe.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: windowtext; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;xx) Leia o trecho da
literatura de cordel e responda as questões&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/b&gt;abaixo&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;texto&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 11.7pt; text-indent: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;texto&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 11.7pt; text-indent: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: windowtext; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;(...) “Assim foi iniciada&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;texto&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 11.7pt; text-indent: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: windowtext; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;A chamada ditadura&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;texto&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 11.7pt; text-indent: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: windowtext; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Onde Getúlio com força&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;texto&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 11.7pt; text-indent: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: windowtext; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Mostrou uma linha dura&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;texto&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 11.7pt; text-indent: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: windowtext; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Atacando os pessimistas,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;texto&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 11.7pt; text-indent: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: windowtext; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Reprimindo os extremistas,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;texto&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 11.7pt; text-indent: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: windowtext; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Mantendo a lei da censura.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;texto&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 11.7pt; text-indent: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;texto&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 11.7pt; text-indent: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: windowtext; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Getúlio nesse período&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;texto&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 11.7pt; text-indent: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: windowtext; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Governava sem congresso;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;texto&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 11.7pt; text-indent: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: windowtext; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Embora os adversários&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;texto&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 11.7pt; text-indent: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: windowtext; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Fossem contra o seu
processo,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;texto&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 11.7pt; text-indent: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: windowtext; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;O povo estava feliz:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;texto&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 11.7pt; text-indent: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: windowtext; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Havia em todo o país&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;texto&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 11.7pt; text-indent: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: windowtext; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Ordem, trabalho e progresso.”&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;right&quot; class=&quot;texto&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 11.7pt; text-align: right; text-indent: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: windowtext; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: windowtext; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;right&quot; class=&quot;texto&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 11.7pt; text-align: right; text-indent: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: windowtext; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;(SANTOS;
Antonio Teodoro dos. Vida Tragédia e morte do presidente Getúlio Vargas. 1954.
Cordel.)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;texto&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 11.7pt; text-indent: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;texto&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 11.7pt; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-indent: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: windowtext; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;a) Defina qual a fase
do governo de Getúlio Vargas os versos da literatura de Cordel se refere.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;texto&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 11.7pt; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-indent: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;texto&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 11.7pt; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-indent: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: windowtext; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;b) Caracterize essa
fase do governo Vargas&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;layout-grid-mode: line;&quot;&gt;xx) (UFOP) &lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;“A
renda per capita do Brasil, em 1930, era de US$ 870, enquanto&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;a&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;da&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Argentina&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;atingia&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;layout-grid-mode: line;&quot;&gt; US$
4.607. O paralelo entre os dois países mostra ainda que o produto interno
bruto&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;argentino&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;era &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;layout-grid-mode: line;&quot;&gt;o dobro
do brasileiro em 1930, diferença que diminui para 20% em 1954. O
expressivo&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;crescimento&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;layout-grid-mode: line;&quot;&gt; econômico
do Brasil pode ser aferido quando se observa a participação do país&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;no&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;PIB&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;global:&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;de&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;layout-grid-mode: line;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;1930 a&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;layout-grid-mode: line;&quot;&gt; 1954,
essa participação subiu de 0,7 para 1,3%.&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;Nesse&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;período,&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;o&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;Brasil&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;cresceu&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;266%,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;layout-grid-mode: line;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;ou o
equivalente a mais de 5% ao ano.”&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;layout-grid-mode: line;&quot;&gt;(D’ARAUJO, Maria Célia (org.). &lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;As
instituições brasileiras da Era Varga&lt;/i&gt;s. Rio de Janeiro: EdUERJ: Ed. FGV,
1999. p. 11.)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;layout-grid-mode: line;&quot;&gt;Quais foram, entre 1930 e 1954, os principais motivos do crescimento
econômico brasileiro?&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt;&quot;&gt;
&amp;nbsp;

&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;&quot;&gt;
xx) (FAAP-SP) A
Revolução de 1930 assinala não só o fim da dominação absoluta das “grandes
oligarquias” na política brasileira, mas também prenuncia uma época de
profundas transformações. Em relação a essa fase de nossa história, perguntamos:&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 25.5pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-text-indent-alt: -25.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -25.5pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;a)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Que acontecimento econômico pode ser apontado
como uma das causas básicas da Revolução de 1930 ?&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 25.5pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-text-indent-alt: -25.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -25.5pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;b)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Que outro movimento revolucionário veio a
constituir-se em resposta à Revolução de 1930 ?&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;


</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://nerihorta.blogspot.com/feeds/2953457334394150013/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment/fullpage/post/2764950579792504266/2953457334394150013' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2764950579792504266/posts/default/2953457334394150013'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2764950579792504266/posts/default/2953457334394150013'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://nerihorta.blogspot.com/2015/08/questoes-sobre-era-vargas_18.html' title='Questões sobre a Era Vargas'/><author><name>Anonymous</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/03459386149837394866</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2764950579792504266.post-7948697522327156308</id><published>2015-08-18T10:24:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2015-08-18T10:24:05.616-07:00</updated><title type='text'>DOUTRINAS POLÍTICAS E SOCIAIS DO SÉCULO XIX</title><content type='html'>&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;O
liberalismo, doutrina gestada durante o Iluminismo, defendia a liberdade
individual na política e na economia. O liberalismo político propunha a
separação dos poderes; a igualdade de todos perante a lei; o direito à vida, à
propriedade e à liberdade de pensamento e expressão. O liberalismo econômico
tem como principal representante o economista escocês Adam Smith, considerado
por muitos como o criador da ciência econômica. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Smith defendia a não intervenção do
Estado na economia, pois, segundo ele, o mercado era capaz de se autorregular.
Ou seja, para ele, a mão invisível do mercado conduziria ao progresso econômico
sem que fosse necessária a “mão pesada” do Estado. Smith defendia ainda a livre
concorrência entre indivíduos e empresas, e o livre-comércio entre as nações.
Entre os principais defensores do liberalismo econômico – além do próprio Smith
– estavam Thomas Malthus, David Ricardo e Stuart Mill.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Já o socialismo é uma doutrina
política e social que propõe a transformação da sociedade visando à repartição
da riqueza e à igualdade social. Opõe-se ao liberalismo, critica a injustiça
social e propõe o advento de uma sociedade sem classes.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;No século XIX, surgiram importantes
correntes no interior do socialismo: o socialismo utópico, o socialismo
científico, o anarquismo e o socialismo cristão.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;I
– O socialismo utópico&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Este grupo de teóricos se
interessava em analisar as injustiças sociais decorrente do desenvolvimento
econômico do que em descobrir leis econômicas ou em lançar as bases da
prosperidade nacional.&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Eram chamados de utópicos por terem
apresentado programas idealistas de sociedades cooperativistas em que todos
trabalhariam em tarefas apropriadas e compartilhariam os resultados dos seus
esforços comuns. Os socialistas utópicos era, em grande parte, herdeiros do
Iluminismo. Como os filósofos desse movimento, acreditavam que todo crime e toda
a cobiça são frutos de um mau ambiente. Se os homens pudessem libertar-se de
hábitos viciosos e de uma estrutura social que facilita a escravização do fraco
pelo forte, todos viveriam juntos em paz e harmonia. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Consequentemente, os socialistas
utópicos recomendavam a fundação de comunidades-modelos, capazes, tanto quanto
possível, de se bastarem a si mesmas, em que a maior parte dos instrumentos de
produção fossem propriedade coletiva e cujo governo fosse organizado
principalmente sobre uma base voluntária. Entre os primeiros propagadores de
tais planos estão os franceses Saint-Simon, Charles Fourier e o inglês, Robert
Owen.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;1
– Saint-Simon&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;A idéia principal defendida por ele
era que a sociedade contemporânea mostrava-se defeituosa e necessitava de
reorganização. A filosofia crítica do século XVIII tinha ajudado a destruir a
ordem antiga, disse Saint-Simon, mas não tinha proporcionado uma orientação
para reconstruir a sociedade. Ele acreditava que tinha a missão de construir a
sociedade certa, ao propiciar uma compreensão clara da nova era a ser modelada
pela ciência e indústria.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;A religião tinha fornecido a unidade
e a estabilidade sociais durante a Idade Média; uma nova unidade era agora
exigida, mas ela deve repousar sobre o conhecimento científico, disse
Saint-Simon. Os princípios científicos substituiriam o dogma religioso como a
força de ligação da sociedade; os cientistas, industriais, banqueiros, artistas
e escritores substituiriam os clérigos e aristocratas como a elite governante.
Nessa nova era industrial, acreditava Saint-Simon, o controle da sociedade
devia ser transferido para aqueles que realmente produziam, particularmente os
banqueiros que, como financistas da indústria, seriam mais capazes de se
engajarem no planejamento econômico.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Essa elite industrial-científica,
dizia Saint-Simon, utilizaria a tecnologia para a melhoria da humanidade. De
acordo com a sua filosofia, seus discípulos defenderam a cosntrução de grandes
ferrovias e sistemas de canais, incluindo o canal de Suez. A visão de
Saint-Simon de uma sociedade organizada cientificamente liderada por peritos
treinados – economistas, cientistas, industriais e administradores -, está muito
viva atualmente.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;A exemplo dos filósofos, Saint-Simon
valorizava a ciência, tinha confiança no poder da razão para melhorar a
sociedade e acreditava na certeza do progresso. Dentro do espírito dos
filósofos, divisava a criação de uma ciência humanitária baseada nas leis do
desenvolvimento social. Também como os filósofos, criticava o clero por se
apegar à superstição e ao dogma às custas do interesse pelo povo. O
cristianismo tradicional deve ser reformulado para torná-lo adequado à
sociedade científica-industrial, dizia Saint-Simon. A essência do cristianismo,
dizia ele, era o preceito áureo do Evangelho - o mandamento sublime de que as
pessoas deviam tratar o próximo como se fossem seus irmãos e irmãs. Segundo
Saint-Simon, o clero tradicional, tendo colocado o dogma acima da lei moral,
perdera o direito de liderar a Europa naquela nova era, e um novo clero,
inteiramente a par do conhecimento científico, instruiria os fiéis a se amarem
uns aos outros. Um novo cristianismo serviria como um antídoto do nacionalismo,
unindo espiritual e moralmente todos os ovos da Europa. A exemplo da Idade
Média cristã, a nova sociedade seria unificada por uma religião universal,
despojada de mitos e dogmas, a fim de ajustar-se à nova era da ciência.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;2
– Charles Fourier&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Fourier acreditava que o conflito
entre as necessidades naturais dos seres humanos e a disposição da sociedade de
então era responsável pela infelicidade humana. Desejava reajustar a sociedade
para que ela viesse a atender o desejo do povo de prazer e satisfação. Enquanto
Saint-Simon e seus adeptos tinham elaborado planos para reorganizar a sociedade
numa grande escala – grandes indústrias e gigantescas estradas de ferro e
sistemas de canais –, Fourier buscava criar pequenas comunidades a fim de
permitir que homens e mulheres desfrutassem de prazeres simples e satisfizessem
suas verdadeiras necessidades humanas – uma situação impossível na sociedade da
época.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Cada uma dessas comunidades,
chamadas de falanstérios, devia ser constituída de cerca de 1600 pessoas e ser
organizada segundo as necessidades imutáveis da natureza humana. Nos
falanstérios, homens e mulheres poderiam dedicar-se ao prazer natural, e não
estariam sujeitos à coerção ou oposição aos seus inocentes impulsos humanos.
Todos trabalhariam em tarefas que lhes interessassem e produziriam coisas que
eles mesmos e outros desfrutariam. Dinheiro e bens não seriam distribuídos
igualmente; aqueles com dotes especiais e responsabilidades seriam recompensados
de acordo. Isto, também, de acordo com a natureza humana, dizia Fourier, para
que as pessoas tivessem um desejo natural de serem recompensados por suas
realizações.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;3
– Robert Owen&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Gerente de uma fábrica de tecidos de
algodão na Escócia, era muito incomodado pelos maus tratos que os trabalhadores
eram submetidos. Por isso, estabeleceu uma nova política na região: construiu
novas casa para os operários, reduziu-lhes a jornada de trabalho de 14 para 10
horas e instalou escolas gratuitas para os filhos dos trabalhadores. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;A forte depressão resultante das
guerras napoleônicas convenceu-o de que a ordem econômica precisava
urgentemente de uma reforma. Como muitos tem feito desde então, concluiu que o
sistema de lucro era a causa de todas as perturbações. É o lucro, afirmava ele,
que coloca o operário na impossibilidade de comprar as coisas de produz. Daí
resultam a superprodução, as crises periódicas e o desemprego. Como solução,
Owen propunha a organização da sociedade em comunidades cooperativas em que a
única recompensa de cada um fosse uma remuneração proporcional às horas reais
de trabalho. Algumas comunidades desse tipo foram de fato instaladas, sendo as
mais famosas as de Orbiston, na Escócia, e a New Harmony, nos EUA.
Infelizmente, estas comunidades não deram certo e Owen, começou a dedicar-se à
organização dos trade-union. Os trade-unions eram organizações de operários
semelhantes aos sindicatos, onde os trabalhadores buscavam criar novas formas
de luta para atacar a exploração burguesa.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;II
– O socialismo científico&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Paralelamente às propostas do
socialismo utópico, que procuravam conciliar numa sociedade ideal os princípios
liberais e as necessidades emergentes do operariado, surgiu o socialismo
científico. Mediante a análise dos mecanismos econômicos e sociais do
capitalismo, seus ideólogos propunham compreender a realidade e transformá-la.
O socialismo científico constituía, assim, uma proposta revolucionária do proletariado.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Seu maior teórico foi Karl Marx,
cuja obra mais conhecida, &lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;O Capital&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt; (1867), causou uma
revolução na economia e nas ciências sociais em geral. Marx contou, em muita
das suas obras, com a colaboração de Friedrich Engels, o autor de &lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;A
origem da família, da propriedade privada e do Estado&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;No &lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;Manifesto Comunista&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;,
publicado em 1848, Marx e Engels esboçaram as proposições e postulados do
socialismo científico, que foram definidos de forma concreta em O capital.
Entre esses princípios destacam-se uma interpretação socioeconômica da história
– conhecida como materialismo histórico -, o conceito de luta de classes e de
mais-valia e a evolução socialista.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: -1cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;1
– Materialismo histórico: Cada sistema econômico particular, baseado em padrões
definidos de produção e de troca, cresce até alcançar um ponto de máxima
eficiência, após o que começam a desenvolver-se contradições e fraquezas
internas que trazem consigo uma rápida decadência. Enquanto isso, vão-se
estabelecendo pouco a pouco os fundamentos de um sistema oposto, o qual acaba
por substituir o antigo ao mesmo tempo que lhe absorve os elementos mais
valiosos. Esse processo dinâmico de evolução histórica prosseguirá por meio de
uma série de vitórias da nova ordem sobre a antiga, até que seja atingida a meta
perfeita do comunismo. Depois disso, sem dúvida haverá ainda mudanças, mas
serão mudanças dentro dos limites do próprio comunismo.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: -1cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;2 – A luta de classes: Toda a história
é feita de lutas entre as classes. Na antiguidade, tratava-se de uma luta entre
amos e escravos, entre patrícios e plebeus; na Idade Média, de um conflito
entre os mestres das corporações e os jornaleiros; nos nossos tempos, o choque
ocorre entre a classe burguesa e o proletariado. A primeira compreende aqueles
cuja renda principal resulta na posse dos meios de produção e da exploração do
trabalho alheio. O proletariado inclui aqueles cuja subsistência depende
principalmente de um salário, os que precisam vender a força do seu braço para
viver.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;3 – A doutrina da mais-valia: Toda a
riqueza é criada pelo trabalhador. O capital nada cria, mas ele próprio é
criado pelo trabalho. O valor de todas as utilidades é determinado pela
quantidade de trabalho necessária para produzi-las. O trabalhador, porém, não
recebe o valor total do que o seu trabalho cria; ao invés disso, recebe um
salário que, por via de regra, é suficiente apenas para capacitá-lo a subsistir
e a reproduzir a sNinguém viverá ua raça. A diferença entre o valor que o
trabalhador produz e o que ele recebe é a mais-valia, que vai para as mãos do
capitalista. Em geral, ela consiste em três elementos diversos: juros, renda e
lucros. Como o capitalista não cria qualquer destas coisas, segue-se que ele é
um ladrão que se apropria dos frutos da fadiga do trabalhador.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;4 – A teoria da evolução capitalista:
Quando o capitalismo tiver recebido o golpe de morte às mãos dos operários,
seguirá uma fase de socialismo que terá três características: a ditadura do
proletariado; a remuneração de acordo com o trabalho realizado; a posse e a
administração, pelo Estado, de todos os meios de produção, distribuição e
troca. O socialismo, porém, destina-se a ser mera transição para algo superior.
Em tempo oportuno seguirá o comunismo, meta final da evolução histórica. O
comunismo significará, antes de mais nada, uma sociedade sem classes.&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Ninguém viverá da propriedade, mas todos
viverão do trabalho. O Estado desaparecerá então e será relegado ao passado.
Nada o substituirá, exceto associações voluntárias para controlar os meios de
produção e suprir as necessidades sociais. Mas a essência do comunismo é o
pagamento segundo as necessidades. O sistema de salários será completamente
abolido. Cada cidadão deverá trabalhar&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;de acordo com as suas capacidades e terá direito a receber do monte
total das riquezas produzidas uma quantia proporcional às suas necessidades.
Esse é, de acordo com a concepção marxista, o apogeu da justiça.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;5 – A interpretação econômica da
história: Todos os grandes movimentos políticos, sociais, e intelectuais da
história têm sido determinados pelo ambiente econômico em que surgiram. Marx
não pretendia que o motivo econômico fosse a única explicação do comportamento
humano, mas afirmava que toda transformação histórica fundamental, sejam quais
forem os seus característicos superficiais, tem resultado de alterações nos
métodos de produção e de troca. Assim, a Reforma Protestante foi, na essência,
um movimento econômico; as discordâncias quanto a credos religiosos não
passavam de véus ideológicos a ocultar as causas reais.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;III – O anarquismo&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Muitos idealistas sociais do século
XIX e do começo do século XX eram solicitados pelos desejos contraditórios de
melhorar o bem-estar da sociedade por meios coletivistas e de conquistar um
máximo de liberdade para o indivíduo. Já vimos que os próprios marxistas
visavam a abolição final do Estado.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Mas o dilema
coletivismo-individualismo recebeu muito mais atenção da parte dos anarquistas.
Numa definição estrita, o anarquismo significa oposição a todo governo baseado
na força. Os adeptos desta filosofia têm admitido, em geral, a necessidade de
uma certa forma de organização social, mas condenam o Estado coercitivo como
absolutamente incompatível com a liberdade humana. Quanto à questão do que
deveria ser feito com o sistema econômico, os anarquistas discordavam
profundamente entre si. Alguns eram individualistas, afirmando que os direitos
do homem a possuir e usar a propriedade só devem estar submetidos às leis da
natureza.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;O pai do anarquismo, William
Goldwin, acreditava que se a terra fosse tão gratuita como o ar não seria
necessária qualquer outra mudança na estrutura econômica. Na opinião de Pierre
Proudhon, seria suficiente que a sociedade desse crédito gratuito e ilimitado a
cada um para assegurar a justiça econômica. Tal plano, segundo ele, impediria
que qualquer indivíduo monopolizasse os recursos da terra e garantiria a todos
os cidadãos econômicos e industriosos a plena recompensa dos seus trabalhos.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;As propostas reformistas de Proudhon
inspiraram Leon Tolstoi, Peter Kropotkin e Mikhail Bakunin, que se tornou o
líder&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;do anarquismo terrorista ao
apontar a violência como a única forma de se alcançar uma sociedade sem Estado
e sem desigualdades, um novo mundo de felicidade e liberdade para os
trabalhadores braçais.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;O anarquismo – conhecido também como
comunismo libertário – e o marxismo coincidem quanto ao objetivo final: atingir
o comunismo, estágio em que não mais existiriam divisões de classes,
exploração, nem mesmo o Estado. Entretanto, para os marxistas, antes dessa meta
é necessária uma fase intermediária socialista em que um Estado revolucionário
– ditadura do proletariado – aplicaria medidas prolongadas, visando o
comunismo. Já os anarquistas, tendo como alvo, erradicar o Estado, as classes,
as instituições e as tradições, o comunismo seria instalado imediatamente.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;IV
– Socialismo cristão&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Na segunda metade do século XIX
houve uma grande mobilização operária, com diversos levantes revolucionários em
vários países europeus. Sentindo os efeitos da industrialização, a cúpula
eclesiástica de Roma definiu-se oficialmente quanto a sua participação nos
novos problemas sociais. Em 1891, o papa Leão XIII publicou a encíclica &lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;Rerum
Novarum&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;, por meio da qual, de um lado, revivificava a religião como
instrumento de reforma e justiça social e, de outro, declarava-se contra a
doutrina marxista de luta de classes, apelando para o espírito cristão dos
empregadores, pedindo-lhes que respeitassem a dignidade de seus operários.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Como propostas específicas para
mitigar o rigor do regime industrial, recomendava-se a legislação fabril, a
formação de sindicatos de trabalhadores, o aumento do número de pequenos
proprietários rurais e a limitação das horas de trabalho.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;A publicação da encíclica deu
poderoso impulso ao desenvolvimento do socialismo cristão entre os católicos
liberais. Na verdade, a Igreja não mais se desvinculou da questão social e de
suas concepções políticas, caráter reforçado no século XX, sobretudo após o
Concílio Vaticano II (1962 – 1965). Atualmente, parte do clero, mais
conservadora, defende que a Igreja deva ter um papel restrito ao plano
espiritual, enquanto a outra, que criou a Teologia da Libertação, defende que a
atuação eclesiástica deva também abranger o plano sociopolítico.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://nerihorta.blogspot.com/feeds/7948697522327156308/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment/fullpage/post/2764950579792504266/7948697522327156308' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2764950579792504266/posts/default/7948697522327156308'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2764950579792504266/posts/default/7948697522327156308'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://nerihorta.blogspot.com/2015/08/doutrinas-politicas-e-sociais-do-seculo.html' title='DOUTRINAS POLÍTICAS E SOCIAIS DO SÉCULO XIX'/><author><name>Anonymous</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/03459386149837394866</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2764950579792504266.post-8005442572710290227</id><published>2015-02-04T12:31:00.002-08:00</published><updated>2015-02-04T12:31:49.332-08:00</updated><title type='text'>O FIM DO IMPÉRIO E A PROCLAMAÇÃO DA REPÚBLICA</title><content type='html'>&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;Section1&quot;&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;Estilo&quot; style=&quot;margin-right: 2.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.4pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;A partir da década de 1870, &#39;puderam-se
perceber os primeiros sinais de crise do regime monárquico. O surgimento e o
crescimento do Partido Republicano, o desgaste político do Imperador decorrente
de conflitos com o Exército, de atritos com a Igreja e de tensões com a elite
agrária são algumas das principais evidencias de que a monarquia brasileira
estava com os seus dias contados. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;

&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;Estilo&quot; style=&quot;margin-right: 2.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.4pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;Contudo, para entendermos o processo de
desagre­gação do regime monárquico, torna-se necessário ana­lisar o que Boris
Fausto chama de &quot;razões de fundo&quot;, ou seja, o impacto das
transformações socioeconômicas verificadas no pais a partir de 1850, além das
implicações da vitoria brasileira na Guerra do Paraguai. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;

&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;Estilo&quot; style=&quot;margin-right: 2.55pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;

&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;Estilo&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 18.45pt; margin-right: 2.6pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 18.0pt;&quot;&gt;As questões &lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;platinas &lt;/span&gt;e a Guerra &lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;do &lt;/span&gt;Paraguai &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;

&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;Estilo&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 18.45pt; margin-right: 2.6pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;

&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;Estilo&quot; style=&quot;margin-right: 2.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.4pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;Ao longo do II Reinado, o Brasil se
envolveu em con­flitos armados com seus vizinhos: Argentina, Uruguai e
Paraguai.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;

&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;Estilo&quot; style=&quot;margin-right: 2.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.4pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;Por essas razões, o Brasil acabou-se
envolvendo diretamente em seus conflitos internos, aproveitando­-se de violações
do território brasileiro (nas províncias do Sul) pelos uruguaios&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;

&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;Estilo&quot; style=&quot;margin-right: -.05pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.4pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;Na verdade, o grande interesse do governo
brasilei­ro era impedir o controle exclusivo da Bacia Platina por esses países
e garantir a livre navegação no Rio da Prata, já que o Rio Paraguai era a
principal via de aces­so ao Mato Grosso. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;

&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;Estilo&quot; style=&quot;margin-right: .15pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.2pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;Entre 1864-1870 desenrolou-se o mais longo
e vio­lento dos conflitos na América do Sul - a Guerra do Paraguai. Para
entendê-Io melhor e precise conhecer um pouco da trajetória política do
Paraguai. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;

&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;Estilo&quot; style=&quot;line-height: .05pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.95pt; margin-right: 15.5pt; margin-top: 8.4pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;

&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;Estilo&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 10.8pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.95pt; margin-right: 69.7pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.4pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;Após sua independência política,
em 1811, o Paraguai procurou conquistar também sua inde­pendência econômica.
Para isso, seus governantes, embora ditadores, promoveram uma política de
desenvolvimento voltada para os interesses internos do pais. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;

&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;Estilo&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 10.8pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 70.9pt; margin-right: 69.7pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-indent: 16.7pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;Em meados do século XIX, o
Paraguai era um país singular no contexto latino-americano: possuía um setor industrial
desenvolvido e independente do capital estrangeiro, uma estrutura agrária
baseada em propriedade produtivas, uma população totalmente alfabetizada, ou
seja, era uma nação cuja estrutura socioeconômica aten­dia plenamente aos
interesses da população. Dessa maneira, constituiu-se numa exceção den­tro da
America Latina: uma nação próspera e in­dependente, em meio as demais,
submetidas economicamente &lt;span style=&quot;mso-font-width: 78%;&quot;&gt;a &lt;/span&gt;Inglaterra.
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;

&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;Estilo&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 10.8pt; margin-right: 69.7pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;

&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;Estilo&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 10.8pt; margin-right: 69.7pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;

&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;Estilo&quot; style=&quot;margin-right: .35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.15pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;O crescimento econômico do Paraguai
implicava uma maior vinculação com o mercado externo. Para isso, seria
necessário buscar uma saída direta para o mar, pois os comerciantes argentinas
e uruguaios, controla­dores do estuário do Prata, cobravam altas taxas para
permitir a saída dos navios paraguaios. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;

&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;Estilo&quot; style=&quot;margin-right: -.05pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.4pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;Solano López (1862-70), ao assumir o governo
pa­raguaio após a morte de seu pai, deu início a uma polí­tica expansionista, que
previa a conquista de territórios do Brasil, Argentina e Uruguai. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;

&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;Estilo&quot; style=&quot;margin-right: -.05pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.4pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;A ofensiva paraguaia levou os governos
desses três países a assinarem o Tratado da Tríplice Aliança: Brasil, Argentina
e Uruguai uniram-se na guerra contra o Para­guai. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;

&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;Estilo&quot; style=&quot;margin-right: -.05pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.4pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;O sangrento conflito que ocorreu na
América do Sul, na segunda metade do século XIX, envolvendo essas nações, tem
sido um tema inesgotável de pesquisas e, consequentemente, de polêmicas. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;

&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;Estilo&quot; style=&quot;margin-right: -.05pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.4pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;Há uns quarenta anos, o líder paraguaio
Solano López era considerado um vilão, um ditador, cujo sonho era dominar a
América Latina para construir o &quot;Paraguai Maior&quot;. O Brasil, a
Argentina e o Uruguai eram as vítimas, que se uniram, formando a Tríplice Aliança,
para, através de bravas e heroicas batalhas, derrotar o ditador e salvar a
América. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;

&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;Estilo&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: .45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.4pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;Já na década de sessenta, surgiu uma nova
versão extremamente revolucionaria se comparada &lt;span style=&quot;mso-font-width: 81%;&quot;&gt;a &lt;/span&gt;primeira, que expôs o lado cruel e sangrento do conflito,
destruin­do alguns mitos e, de certa forma, criando outros. O líder paraguaio
Solano Lopez teve o seu caráter ditatorial amenizado em função de seus
objetivos nacionalistas, assim como sua política expansionista, que passou a
ser justificada como necessária a sobrevivência da pe­quena potencia
latino-americana em que o Paraguai havia se transformado, em meados do século
XIX. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;

&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;Estilo&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: .45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.4pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;Os países da Tríplice Aliança passaram a
ser consi­derados os agentes do imperialismo inglês, que foram usados para
destruir a ameaça paraguaia e garantir o domínio da Inglaterra na América
Latina. Essa é a visão enfocada por quase todos os livros didáticos atuais. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;

&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;Estilo&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: .45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.4pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 106%;&quot;&gt;O historiador Bóris
Fausto, em recente obra, publi­cada em 1995, cita uma nova versão sobre essa
guerra: embora não descarte os interesses imperialistas ingle­ses, não os
coloca como a razão básica do conflito. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;

&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;Estilo&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: .45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.4pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;Nessa visão, a guerra é analisada como o
resultado da formação das nações latino-americanas e da luta entre elas pela
posição hegemônica no continente. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;

&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;Estilo&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: .45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.4pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;Independentemente de qualquer uma dessas
visões, o importante e analisarmos os reais efeitos desse confli­to para os países
envolvidos e, especificamente no caso do Brasil, suas implicações para a
sociedade brasileira. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;

&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;Estilo&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: .45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.4pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;O Paraguai foi derrotado e saiu
completamente ar­rasado do conflito: perdeu territ6rios para o Brasil e para a
Argentina, sua população foi reduzida &lt;span style=&quot;mso-font-width: 74%;&quot;&gt;a &lt;/span&gt;metade,
a maioria eram mulheres e velhos, e sua economia res­tringiu-se a exportação de
gêneros de pequena impor­tância. Os países da Tríplice Aliança, teoricamente
vito­riosos, tiveram suas economias abaladas em função dos prejuízos da guerra,
das perdas humanas e dos em­préstimos contraídos junto &lt;span style=&quot;mso-font-width: 74%;&quot;&gt;a &lt;/span&gt;Inglaterra. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;

&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;Estilo&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: .2pt; margin-right: .85pt; margin-top: .45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.4pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;Para o Brasil, além dos fatores citados, a
guerra teve outras implicações. O Exército fortaleceu-se como cor­poração e
consolidou-se como uma importante institui­ção do país, levando oficiais
brasileiros a exigirem do governo imperial o direito a participação política.
Além disso, o maior contato com as republicas vizinhas e a influência do
positivismo favoreceram a adesão de mui­tos militares a causa republicana. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;

&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;Estilo&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: .2pt; margin-right: .85pt; margin-top: .45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.4pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;O positivismo, conjunto de princípios e
ideias filosó­ficas formuladas pelo francês Augusto Comte, no século XIX,
propunha a organização do Estado sob a forma de uma republica ditatorial, como
meio de garantir, simulta­neamente, a ordem e o progresso da nação. Essas idei­as
foram amplamente divulgadas nas escolas militares, tendo como maior expoente,
Benjamin Constant. A pro­posta de uma ditadura militar como solução para a mo­dernização
do país começou a ganhar corpo.&lt;u&gt; &lt;/u&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;

&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;Estilo&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: .2pt; margin-right: .85pt; margin-top: .45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.4pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;O fim da guerra contribuiu também para o
fortaleci­mento do ideal abolicionista. Muitos dos soldados bra­sileiros haviam
sido recrutados entre a escravaria, com a promessa de alforria ao final do
conflito. A volta dos &quot;soldados libertos&quot; intensificou a campanha
abolicionista em todo o país, descontentando a elite tradicional, base social
de apoio &lt;span style=&quot;mso-font-width: 78%;&quot;&gt;a &lt;/span&gt;monarquia. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;

&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;Estilo&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: .85pt; margin-top: .45pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;

&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;Estilo&quot; style=&quot;margin-right: .85pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 18.0pt;&quot;&gt;A causa republicana&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;

&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;Estilo&quot; style=&quot;margin-right: .85pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;

&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;Estilo&quot; style=&quot;margin-right: .85pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.2pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;O ideal republicano não era uma novidade
no Bra­sil. Desde o período colonial (conjurações coloniais), passando pelo
processo de independência e pelo pe­ríodo regencial, apontava-se a republica
como o regime ideal.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;

&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;Estilo&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.65pt; margin-right: .7pt; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 13.9pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 106%;&quot;&gt;O Partido Republicano
surgiu de uma facção pro­gressista do partido Liberal, interessada em promover
mudanças mais profundas no pais. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;

&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;Estilo&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.15pt; margin-right: 1.15pt; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.4pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;Em 1868, quando o imperador substituiu o
gabinete liberal, liderado por Zacarias de Góis, por um gabinete conservador,
essa facção reagiu, provocando a divisão do Partido Liberal. Essa ala
progressista deu origem ao Partido Liberal Radical que, pouco tempo depois,
veio a se tornar o Partido Republicano. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;

&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;Estilo&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 13.9pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;O primeiro ato formal do novo partido foi o
lança­mento de um manifesto &lt;span style=&quot;mso-font-width: 78%;&quot;&gt;a &lt;/span&gt;nação, no
qual sintetizava suas propostas. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;

&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;Estilo&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 13.9pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;

&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;Estilo&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 13.65pt; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 13.9pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-font-width: 73%;&quot;&gt;É &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;a &lt;i&gt;voz de um partido &lt;/i&gt;a &lt;i&gt;que &lt;/i&gt;se
&lt;i&gt;alga hoje para falar &lt;/i&gt;ao &lt;i&gt;pais &lt;/i&gt;(. .. ). &lt;i&gt;Como homens livres &lt;/i&gt;e
&lt;i&gt;essencialmente subordinados aos interesses da nos­&lt;/i&gt;sa &lt;i&gt;pátria, não é&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-font-width: 86%;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;nossa intenção convulsionar &lt;/i&gt;a &lt;i&gt;sociedade
&lt;/i&gt;em &lt;i&gt;que vivemos. Nosso intuito &lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-font-width: 89%;&quot;&gt;é &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;es­clarecê-Ia
&lt;/i&gt;(. . .) &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;

&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;Estilo&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 12.9pt; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 13.9pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;No Brasil, antes mesmo da ideia democráti­ca,
encarregou-se &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;a &lt;i&gt;natureza
de estabelecer &lt;/i&gt;o &lt;i&gt;princípio federativo. A topografia do nosso terri­tório,
&lt;/i&gt;as &lt;i&gt;zonas diversas &lt;/i&gt;em &lt;i&gt;que ele &lt;/i&gt;se &lt;i&gt;divide, &lt;/i&gt;os &lt;i&gt;climas
vários &lt;/i&gt;e as &lt;i&gt;produções diferentes, &lt;/i&gt;as &lt;i&gt;cor­dilheiras &lt;/i&gt;e as &lt;i&gt;águas
estavam indicando &lt;/i&gt;a &lt;i&gt;necessidade de modelar &lt;/i&gt;a &lt;i&gt;administração &lt;/i&gt;e o
&lt;i&gt;governo local acompanhando &lt;/i&gt;e &lt;i&gt;respeitando &lt;/i&gt;as &lt;i&gt;próprias divisões
criadas pela natureza física &lt;/i&gt;e &lt;i&gt;impostas pela imensa superfície do nosso
território &lt;/i&gt;( ... ) &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;

&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;Estilo&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 12.9pt; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 13.9pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;A autonomia das províncias é pois para nós
mais do que um interesse imposto pela solidari­edade dos direitos &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;e &lt;i&gt;das relações provinciais, é um princípio
cardeal &lt;/i&gt;e &lt;i&gt;solene que inscrevemos na nossa bandeira &lt;/i&gt;(. . .)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;

&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;Estilo&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 12.9pt; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 13.9pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;Fortalecidos, pois, pelo nosso direito e
pela nossa consciência, apresentamo-nos perante os nossos concidadãos,
arvorando resolutamente a bandeira do partido republicano federativo.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;

&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;Estilo&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 12.9pt; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 13.9pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;Somos da América e queremos ser
americanos.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;

&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;Estilo&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 12.9pt; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 13.9pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;

&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;right&quot; class=&quot;Estilo&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 12.9pt; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: right; text-indent: 13.9pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;TRECHOS DO
MANIFESTO REPUBLICANO – 1870 In: NEVES E HEIZER, p. 47 – 48.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;

&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;Estilo&quot; style=&quot;margin-right: .85pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;

&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;Estilo&quot; style=&quot;margin-right: -1.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.6pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;Em linhas gerais, o Manifesto Republicano
estabele­cia críticas ao caráter centralizador e autoritário do regi­me
monárquico, embora não propusesse uma contesta­ção violenta, nem a ruptura
brusca com a monarquia. O Manifesto defendia a adoção do regime republicano
como forma de retirar o Brasil do isolamento político em que se encontrava no
contexto americano e como fator de pro­gresso da nação. O princípio cardeal e
solene defendido pelo partido era, sem duvida, o federalismo. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;

&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;Estilo&quot; style=&quot;margin-right: -1.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.6pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;O federalismo é um sistema político-administrativo
caracterizado pela autonomia das unidades da federa­ção - as províncias. Essa
autonomia permite as provín­cias o gerenciamento de suas rendas, o controle da
imi­gração e da política bancária. Esse modelo atendia, sobretudo, aos
interesses dos republicanos paulistas. São Paulo destacava-se como o maior
produtor de ri­queza do país, mas ressentia-se do fato de não possuir prestígio
político correspondente e não receber os be­nefícios proporcionais a sua
importância econômica. Para os paulistas, a &quot;causa republicana&quot;
confundia-se com a &quot;causa federalista&quot;. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;

&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;Estilo&quot; style=&quot;margin-right: -1.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.6pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;A fundação do Partido Republicano, no Rio
de Ja­neiro, estimulou a organização de clubes republicanos em varias outras
províncias do país. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;

&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;Estilo&quot; style=&quot;margin-right: -1.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.6pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;Em 1873, realizou-se em Itu (SP), a
primeira con­venção republicana na qual foi criado o PRP (Partido Republicano
Paulista). Depois dele, outros partidos re­publicanos de caráter estadual foram
criados: o PRM (Partido Republicano Mineiro), o &lt;b&gt;PRF &lt;/b&gt;(Partido Republi­cano
Fluminense), entre outros. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;

&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;Estilo&quot; style=&quot;margin-right: -1.2pt; text-indent: 13.9pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;A partir dos jornais e clubes
republicanos, a campa­nha intensificou-se. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;

&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;Estilo&quot; style=&quot;margin-right: -1.2pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;

&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;Estilo&quot; style=&quot;margin-right: -1.2pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-font-width: 112%;&quot;&gt;Os setores republicanos &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;

&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;Estilo&quot; style=&quot;margin-right: -1.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.6pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;

&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;Estilo&quot; style=&quot;margin-right: -1.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.6pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;Para identificarmos os setores sociais
interessados na proclamação da república, remontaremos as trans­formações
socioeconômicas ocorridas no país a partir de 1850.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;

&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;

&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br clear=&quot;all&quot; style=&quot;mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: always;&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;Estilo&quot; style=&quot;margin-right: -1.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.2pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;Ao final do século XIX, a modernização do
pais era evidente: as relações capitalistas eram predominantes em vários
setores da economia, principalmente na área cafeeira do Oeste Paulista; o
mercado interne dinami­zou-se, oferecendo novas opções de investimentos; as
indústrias espalharam-se pelos grandes centros urba­nos do país e o setor de
transportes ampliou-se através da expansão das ferrovias. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;

&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;Estilo&quot; style=&quot;margin-right: -1.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.2pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;Ao mesmo tempo, a sociedade também passou
por mudanças: a burguesia cafeeira (elite agrária de men­talidade empresarial)
tornou-se a classe social mais importante face a decadente aristocracia
tradicional; as camadas medias urbanas cresceram, ganhando maior representação
social, e os militares tiveram seu prestí­gio aumentado, devido a participação
na Guerra do Pa­raguai. &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;

&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;Estilo&quot; style=&quot;margin-right: -1.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.2pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;Essas transformações implicariam,
necessariamen­te, a alteração do quadro político. A monarquia não aten­dia mais
aos interesses do país. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;

&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;Estilo&quot; style=&quot;margin-right: -1.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.2pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;Para a burguesia cafeeira, o unitarismo
impedia a autonomia administrativa e econômica das províncias, levando as áreas
mais dinâmicas do país (São Paulo, Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro, Rio Grande do
Sul) a sus­tentar as mais pobres. Além disso, não permitia que seus problemas
mais urgentes, tais como a abolição da es­cravidão, a imigração e a construção
de ferrovias fos­sem resolvidos de forma autônoma. Também criticavam as
instituições monárquicas, por não se adequarem mais a nova realidade do país.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;

&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;Estilo&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.85pt; margin-right: 2.6pt; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 13.9pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;O Parlamento era dominado pela
aristocracia agrá­ria (senhores de terras e escravos), impedindo, assim, o
controle do poder pelas lideranças mais dinâmicas do país. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;

&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;Estilo&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.85pt; margin-right: 2.6pt; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 13.9pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;Para as camadas médias urbanas, o sistema
eleito­ral, baseado no voto indireto e censitário, era o grande obstáculo para
a concretização de seu desejo: partici­par das decisões políticas do país. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;

&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;Estilo&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.85pt; margin-right: 2.6pt; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 13.9pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;Para os militares, o direito de
participação política era negado pelo governo imperial. O prestígio conseguido
com a Guerra do Paraguai não foi suficiente para par fim ao &quot;descaso do
governo em relação ao Exército&quot;. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;

&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;Estilo&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.85pt; margin-right: 2.6pt; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 13.9pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;Como você pode perceber, a burguesia
cafeeira, as classes medias e o Exército eram os setores do país mais
descontentes com a monarquia. Para eles, a repú­blica aparecia como uma
&quot;solução natural&quot;. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;

&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;Estilo&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 3.05pt; margin-right: 3.05pt; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: 14.15pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;Mas será que apenas esses fatores explicam
o fim da monarquia? &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;

&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;Estilo&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 2.6pt 0.0001pt 2.85pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 13.9pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;A queda da monarquia, em 1889, foi
resultado de uma crise que se instalou nos mais diversos setores do país. Essa
crise refletiu-se nas chamadas questões im­periais, que levaram o Império a
perder o apoio de im­portantes setores da sociedade brasileira: o Exército, a
Igreja e a elite agrária tradicional. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;

&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;Estilo&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.85pt; margin-right: 2.6pt; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 13.9pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;

&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;Estilo&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 25.4pt; margin-right: 17.7pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -11.75pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;Questão
Militar: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;conflitos
envolvendo o Exército e o governo imperial, que culminaram na punição de
oficiais militares, devido a pronunciamentos po­líticos. O Exército,
descontente, reage retirando seu apoio a monarquia. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;

&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;Estilo&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 25.4pt; margin-right: 17.95pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -12.0pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;Questão
Religiosa: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;atritos
envolvendo o governo imperial e os bispos do Pará e Olinda. Devido a vigência
do Beneplácito (direito do imperador de decidir na aplicação ou não das
determinações canônicas da Santa Fé), o imperador não atendeu as determinações
da &lt;i&gt;Bula Sylabus &lt;/i&gt;(Papa Pio IX), que impunha uma série de medidas contra a
ma­çonaria. A Igreja retira seu apoio a monarquia, de­sejando a separação
Igreja / Estado. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;

&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;Estilo&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 25.4pt; margin-right: 17.7pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -11.75pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;Questão
Abolicionista: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;insatisfação
da elite agrá­ria tradicional com a abolição da escravidão feita sem a
indenização que reivindicavam do governo imperial. A aristocracia agrária
retira seu apoio a monarquia, dando origem a um grupo denomina­do &quot;republicanos
de 13 de maio&quot;. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;

&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;Estilo&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 25.4pt; margin-right: 17.7pt; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;

&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;Percebendo a situação difícil em que se
encontrava, o governo imperial ainda tentou recuperar seu prestígio. Enviou a
Câmara um projeto de reformas políticas, visando a modernização do país, que
propunha, dentre outras coisas, a autonomia administrativa e a liberdade de fé
religiosa. Porem, era tarde demais. A 15 de no­vembro de 1889, os militares,
chefiados·pelo Marechal Deodoro da Fonseca e apoiados pelos diversos setores
republicanos do país, deram um golpe que pôs fim &lt;span style=&quot;mso-font-width: 81%;&quot;&gt;a &lt;/span&gt;monarquia. Na mesma noite, foi organizado um governo provisório
para a recém-criada Republica dos Estados Unidos do Brasil. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://nerihorta.blogspot.com/feeds/8005442572710290227/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment/fullpage/post/2764950579792504266/8005442572710290227' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2764950579792504266/posts/default/8005442572710290227'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2764950579792504266/posts/default/8005442572710290227'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://nerihorta.blogspot.com/2015/02/o-fim-do-imperio-e-proclamacao-da.html' title='O FIM DO IMPÉRIO E A PROCLAMAÇÃO DA REPÚBLICA'/><author><name>Anonymous</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/03459386149837394866</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2764950579792504266.post-1147843064953603771</id><published>2015-01-12T10:44:00.003-08:00</published><updated>2015-01-12T10:44:26.209-08:00</updated><title type='text'></title><content type='html'>&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 18.7pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.7pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;xx) (UFOP) De modo geral,
como se deram as relações entre trabalhadores urbanos e o Governo Vargas
durante o Estado Novo (1930-1945)?&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.3pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;xx) (UFOP) De modo geral, como se deram as
relações entre trabalhadores urbanos e o Governo Vargas durante o Estado Novo (1930-1945)?&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.3pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;xx) (UFPR) &lt;i&gt;(...) há que se considerar a associação da
italianilidade ao fascismo, que se torna ferramenta para a política do Estado
italiano fascista no Brasil. O controle almejado sobre os espaços de
socialização, como o escolar, deu-se em vista da ampliação do sentimento do ser
italiano que, para os partidários do regime, equivalia a ser fascista. (...)
houve uma contínua diluição da italianilidade na cotidianidade desses
imigrantes no Sul do Brasil. No processo dessa diluição contribuiu a política
Estadonovista de Vargas (1930–45).&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;(OTTO, Clarícia. &lt;i&gt;Catolicidades e italianilidades&lt;/i&gt;. 2006, p. 250.)&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;O trecho acima ilustra uma característica
comum ao fascismo italiano e à política do Estado Novo de Getúlio Vargas.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Indique qual é essa característica e discuta
como o governo de Vargas buscou estabelecê-la ou fortalecê-la no Brasil.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.3pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;xx) (UFRJ)&lt;i&gt;
“Após o advento do Estado Novo, deu-se a&lt;/i&gt; &lt;i&gt;consolidação de uma política de
massas que&lt;/i&gt; &lt;i&gt;vinha se preparando desde o início da década.&lt;/i&gt; &lt;i&gt;Constituídos
a partir de um golpe de Estado, sem&lt;/i&gt; &lt;i&gt;qualquer participação popular, os
representantes&lt;/i&gt; &lt;i&gt;do poder buscaram legitimação e apoio de&lt;/i&gt; &lt;i&gt;setores
populares mais amplos da sociedade&lt;/i&gt; &lt;i&gt;através da propaganda [...]. Além da
busca de&lt;/i&gt; &lt;i&gt;apoio, a integração política das massas visava&lt;/i&gt; &lt;i&gt;ao seu controle
em novas bases.”&lt;/i&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.3pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Fonte: CAPELATO, Maria Helena. “O Estado
Novo: o que trouxe de novo?”, in: Ferreira, Jorge (org.). O Brasil republicano.
Rio de Janeiro, Civilização Brasileira, 2003, vol. 2, p.110.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.3pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.05pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;O Estado Novo correspondeu ao período do
Governo Vargas iniciado em 1937, com um golpe de Estado, e encerrado com a
deposição do presidente.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.3pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -14.2pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;a) Identifique duas medidas adotadas pelo Governo Vargas, durante o
Estado Novo, que buscavam assegurar a realização dos objetivos mencionados pela
autora do texto.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -14.2pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;b) Explique um
fator ligado à conjuntura internacional que tenha contribuído para o fim do Estado
Novo.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.3pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;xx) (UNIMONTES) Cite 02 (duas)
características do modelo econômico do Governo Vargas de &lt;st1:metricconverter productid=&quot;1930 a&quot; w:st=&quot;on&quot;&gt;1930 a&lt;/st1:metricconverter&gt; 1937.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.3pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;xx) (UNIMONTES&lt;i&gt;) &lt;/i&gt;Explique, em um pequeno texto, a Revolução Constitucionalista de
1932 no Brasil.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.3pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;xx) (UFTM) Na década de 1950,
os presidentes Getúlio Vargas e Juscelino Kubitschek defenderam modelos
econômicos para promover o desenvolvimento industrial.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -14.15pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;A) Nesses
governos, qual era o papel do Estado no processo de desenvolvimento industrial?&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -14.15pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;B) Explique a
posição desses presidentes sobre a participação do capital estrangeiro na
industrialização brasileira.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.3pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;xx) (UFG) &lt;i&gt;Ia devagar porque estava matutando. Com seus vinte anos fáceis, o 35
sabia, mais da leitura dos jornais que da experiência, que o proletariado era
uma classe oprimida. Comunismo?... Sim talvez fosse isso. Mas o 35 não sabia
bem direito, ficava atordoado com as notícias, os jornais falavam tanta coisa,
faziam tamanha mistura de Rússia, só sublime ou só horrenda, e o 35 infantil
estava por demais machucado pela experiência pra não desconfiar, o 35
desconfiava.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.25pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;ANDRADE,
Mário de. Primeiro de Maio. &lt;i&gt;Contos novos&lt;/i&gt;. Belo Horizonte, Rio de
Janeiro: Itatiaia, 1999, p. 35. [Adaptado].&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;O conto “Primeiro de Maio” reflete as dificuldades do
movimento operário brasileiro, expressas nas desconfianças de 1935 relacionadas
ao golpe comunista. Apresente dois argumentos dos comunistas sobre o quadro
político brasileiro que justificaram o golpe. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoBodyText&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;xx) (João
Pinheiro) Leia estes três trechos da mensagem lida por Getúlio Vargas em 10 de
novembro de 1937:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;I.&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;“Prestigiado pela
confiança das Forças Armadas e correspondendo&amp;nbsp;
aos generalizados apelos dos meus concidadãos, só acedi em sacrificar o
justo repouso a que tinha direito, ocupando a posição&amp;nbsp; que me encontro, com o firme propósito de
continuar servindo à Nação.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;text-indent: -21.25pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;As decepções que o regime derrogado
trouxeram ao país não se limitaram ao campo moral e político.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;A economia
nacional, que pretendera participar das responsabilidades do Governo, foi
também frustrada nas suas justas aspirações. Cumpre restabelecer, por meio
adequado, a eficácia da sua intervenção e colaboração na vida do Estado [...]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -19.85pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;II.&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;i&gt;&amp;nbsp;“Quando a
competição política ameaça degenerar em guerra civil, é sinal de que o regime
constitucional perdeu o seu valor prático, subsistindo, apenas, como abstração.
A tanto havia chegado o país. A complicada máquina que dispunha para
governar-se não funcionava. Não existiam órgãos apropriados através dos quais
pudesse exprimir os pronunciamentos da sua inteligência e os decretos da sua
vontade.”&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -19.85pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;III.&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;i&gt;“Restauremos a Nação na sua autoridade e liberdade
de ação: na sua autoridade, dando-lhe instrumentos de poder real e efetivo com
que possa sobrepor-se às influências desagregadoras, internas ou externas; na
sua liberdade, abrindo o plenário do julgamento nacional sobre os meios e os
fins do Governo e deixando-a construir livremente a sua história e o seu destino.”&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;VARGAS, Getúlio. &lt;i&gt;A nova política do Brasil. &lt;/i&gt;Rio de Janeiro: José Olympio, 1938. v.5.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;IDENTIFIQUE&lt;/b&gt;, &lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;historicamente&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;, os eventos e os&amp;nbsp; mecanismos que embasam os argumentos de
Getúlio Vargas em &lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;cada um desses três trechos&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt; do discurso, em que ele justifica a
necessidade do golpe de 1937.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;xx) (FUVEST) &lt;i&gt;“São Paulo não está apenas descontente. Está ferido na sua sensibilidade.
O que a Revolução lhe pediu ele lho deu... Por que a Revolução tarda em
restaurá-lo na sua autonomia e no governo direto de seus filhos? Cansado de
viver como terra conquistada, São Paulo... pede apenas, à frente da
administração de seus negócios, um de seus filhos que lhe compreenda o espírito
e não lhe golpeie o coração”.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: right; text-indent: -21.3pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;O Estado de S. Paulo,
27 de janeiro de 1932.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoBodyTextIndent2&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Explique os impasses políticos discutidos por esse
jornal e indique seus desdobramentos.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 13.0pt; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.0pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoBodyTextIndent&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;xx) (UFV) A Revolução de 30 foi um marco na história
brasileira. Com a ascensão de Getúlio Vargas ao poder inicia-se um novo perfil
de desenvolvimento para o país, chegando ao fim a república dos coronéis, que
teve na agricultura e no poder econômico e político vinculado à propriedade da
terra o seu centro de referência. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 13.0pt; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Faça um delineamento desse novo padrão de desenvolvimento econômico
iniciado no Brasil a partir de 1930.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;texto&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 11.7pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;texto&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 11.7pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: windowtext; font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;xx) Leia o panfleto
distribuído em Iguape, no dia 27 de setembro de 1932, e responda:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;texto&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 11.7pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;texto&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 11.7pt; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: windowtext; font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Comunica-se ao público desta cidade e município que em data
25 do ano corrente foi organizada aqui a Comissão da Campanha&amp;nbsp; do Ouro (...). Esta comissão, doravante, será
a única competente para receber quaisquer donativos, como sejam: jóias, fragmentos
de ouro, platina, prata, cobre, chumbo, latão, ferro fundido, moedas e outros
metais(...). &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;texto&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 11.7pt; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: windowtext; font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Paulistas! Lembrai-vos que vossa oferta abreviará a vitória
de São Paulo, a vitória da lei, da liberdade e do direito.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;texto&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 11.7pt; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: windowtext; font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: windowtext; font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;(Ana Maria A. Camargo, ORG., São Paulo,
documento 45.)&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;texto&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 11.7pt; margin-left: 1cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: windowtext; font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;b&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;texto&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 11.7pt; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: windowtext; font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;a)
De acordo com o panfleto, &lt;b&gt;IDENTIFIQUE&lt;/b&gt;
o movimento que está sendo organizado &lt;st1:personname productid=&quot;em S￣o Paulo&quot; w:st=&quot;on&quot;&gt;em São Paulo&lt;/st1:personname&gt; em 1932.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;texto&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 11.7pt; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;texto&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 11.7pt; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: windowtext; font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;b)&lt;b&gt; APONTE&lt;/b&gt; os principais objetivos desse
movimento.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;texto&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 11.7pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;texto&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 11.7pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;texto&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 11.7pt; margin-left: 1cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;texto&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 11.7pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: windowtext; font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;xx) Leia o discurso
pronunciado por Vargas, na Fábrica de Piquete, diante de militares.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;texto&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 11.7pt; margin-left: 1cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;texto&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 11.7pt; margin-left: 1cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: windowtext; font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;“O que era possível fazer dentro dos marcos do
desenvolvimento industrial do país está realizado em boa parte. Esse
empreendimento patriótico terá o seu complemento definitivo quando começarmos a
produzir ferro e aço para forjar os nossos canhões e couraça para os nossos
navios. E isso havemos de conseguir &lt;st1:personname productid=&quot;em breve. J￡&quot; w:st=&quot;on&quot;&gt;em breve. Já&lt;/st1:personname&gt; de público, assumi o compromisso de
montar no país uma grande&amp;nbsp; siderúrgica&amp;nbsp; e aqui o renovo, perante vós, como
colaboradores decididos dessa obra de emancipação econômica e segurança
nacional.” (Getúlio Vargas)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: windowtext; font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;texto&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 11.7pt; margin-left: 1cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;texto&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 11.7pt; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: windowtext; font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;a)
&lt;b&gt;CITE&lt;/b&gt; o nome da siderúrgica a que
Vargas se refere no seu discurso.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;texto&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 11.7pt; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;texto&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 11.7pt; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: windowtext; font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;b)
Segundo Vargas, a construção dessa siderúrgica garantia “(...) &lt;i&gt;a emancipação econômica e a segurança
nacional.” &lt;/i&gt;&lt;b&gt;EXPLIQUE&lt;/b&gt; o
significado dessa frase.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;texto&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 11.7pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;texto&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 11.7pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: windowtext; font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;xx) Leia o trecho da
literatura de cordel e responda as questões&lt;b&gt;
&lt;/b&gt;abaixo&lt;b&gt;.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;texto&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 11.7pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;texto&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 11.7pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: windowtext; font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;i&gt;(...) “Assim foi iniciada&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;texto&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 11.7pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: windowtext; font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; A chamada ditadura&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;texto&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 11.7pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: windowtext; font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Onde Getúlio com força&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;texto&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 11.7pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: windowtext; font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Mostrou uma linha dura&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;texto&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 11.7pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: windowtext; font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Atacando os pessimistas,&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;texto&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 11.7pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: windowtext; font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Reprimindo os extremistas,&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;texto&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 11.7pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: windowtext; font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Mantendo a lei da censura.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;texto&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 11.7pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;texto&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 11.7pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: windowtext; font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Getúlio nesse período&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;texto&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 11.7pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: windowtext; font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Governava sem congresso;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;texto&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 11.7pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: windowtext; font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Embora os adversários&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;texto&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 11.7pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: windowtext; font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Fossem contra o seu
processo,&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;texto&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 11.7pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: windowtext; font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; O povo estava feliz:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;texto&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 11.7pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: windowtext; font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Havia em todo o país&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;texto&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 11.7pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: windowtext; font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;Ordem, trabalho e progresso.”&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;texto&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 11.7pt; text-align: right; text-indent: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: windowtext; font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: windowtext; font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;texto&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 11.7pt; text-align: right; text-indent: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: windowtext; font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;(SANTOS;
Antonio Teodoro dos. Vida Tragédia e morte do presidente Getúlio Vargas. 1954.
Cordel.)&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;texto&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 11.7pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;texto&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 11.7pt; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: windowtext; font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;a) Defina qual a fase
do governo de Getúlio Vargas os versos da literatura de Cordel se refere.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;texto&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 11.7pt; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;texto&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 11.7pt; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: windowtext; font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;b) Caracterize essa
fase do governo Vargas&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;xx) (UFOP) &lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;i&gt;“A
renda per capita do Brasil, em 1930, era de US$ 870, enquanto&amp;nbsp;a&amp;nbsp;da&amp;nbsp; Argentina&amp;nbsp; atingia&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;US$
4.607. O paralelo entre os dois países mostra ainda que o produto interno
bruto&amp;nbsp; argentino&amp;nbsp; era&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;o dobro
do brasileiro em 1930, diferença que diminui para 20% em 1954. O
expressivo&amp;nbsp; crescimento&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;econômico
do Brasil pode ser aferido quando se observa a participação do país&amp;nbsp; no&amp;nbsp;
PIB&amp;nbsp; global:&amp;nbsp; de&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;st1:metricconverter productid=&quot;1930 a&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot; w:st=&quot;on&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;1930 a&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/st1:metricconverter&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt; 1954,
essa participação subiu de 0,7 para 1,3%.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
Nesse&amp;nbsp; período,&amp;nbsp; o&amp;nbsp;
Brasil&amp;nbsp; cresceu&amp;nbsp; 266%,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;ou o
equivalente a mais de 5% ao ano.”&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;(D’ARAUJO, Maria Célia (org.). &lt;i&gt;As
instituições brasileiras da Era Varga&lt;/i&gt;s. Rio de Janeiro: EdUERJ: Ed. FGV,
1999. p. 11.)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Quais foram, entre 1930 e 1954, os principais motivos do crescimento
econômico brasileiro?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;xx) (FAAP-SP) A
Revolução de 1930 assinala não só o fim da dominação absoluta das “grandes
oligarquias” na política brasileira, mas também prenuncia uma época de
profundas transformações. Em relação a essa fase de nossa história, perguntamos:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 25.5pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; mso-text-indent-alt: -25.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -25.5pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;a)&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;Que acontecimento econômico pode ser apontado
como uma das causas básicas da Revolução de 1930 ?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 25.5pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; mso-text-indent-alt: -25.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -25.5pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;b)&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;Que outro movimento revolucionário veio a
constituir-se em resposta à Revolução de 1930 ?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;xx) (UFMG)
Leia o telegrama.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;“Dada precipitação acontecimentos fundamos
Ação Integralista Brasileira. Assembléia criação movimento formada estudantes,
operários, elementos classe média. Tudo dentro princípios já acertados nossa
correspondência anterior: sindicalização, representação exclusivamente
profissional. Base Estado na família, município, sindicato. Avise nossos amigos
Bahia e Belo Horizonte restabelecer articulação, fomentar propaganda. Espero
sua vinda aqui urgente. Viva Brasil dirigido mocidade.”&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;(Telegrama de Plínio Salgado
para Olbiano de Melo. Apud. TRINDADE, H. Integralismo: a Ascensão das Idéias
Autoritárias no Brasil. &lt;i&gt;História do
Século XX&lt;/i&gt;. S.P. Abril Cultural, 1968)&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 28.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;a) CARACTERIZE a Ação Integralista Brasileira.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 28.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;b) RELACIONE o surgimento dessa organização com o contexto político
internacional.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 28.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;c) CITE 3 outros países onde ocorreram movimentos com as mesmas
características e DENOMINE-OS.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 28.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;d) CITE duas características comuns a estes movimentos.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;xx) (INATEL) Há uma semelhança intensa entre as idéias do Nazismo de
Hitler, na Alemanha, e o Integralismo de Plínio Salgado, no Brasil. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 28.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Estabeleça as semelhanças.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;&quot;&gt;xx) (UFTM)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;&quot;&gt; &lt;/b&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;&quot;&gt;Os animais humanizados de Walt Disney serviam à
glorificação do estilo de vida americano. Quando os desenhos de Disney já eram
famosos no Brasil, o criador de Mickey chegou aqui como um dos embaixadores da
Política da Boa Vizinhança. Em 1942, no filme Alô, amigos, um símbolo das piadas brasileiras, o papagaio,
vestido de malandro, se transformou no Zé Carioca. A primeira cópia do filme
foi apresentada a Getúlio Vargas e sua família, e por eles assistida diversas
vezes. Os Estados Unidos esperavam, com a Política da Boa Vizinhança, melhorar
o nível de vida dos países da América Latina, dentro do espírito de defesa do
livre mercado. O mercado era a melhor arma para combater os riscos do
nacionalismo, do fascismo e do comunismo.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -1.0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;(Adaptado de Antonio Pedro Tota, &lt;i&gt;O
imperialismo sedutor: a americanização do Brasil na época da Segunda Guerra&lt;/i&gt;.
São Paulo: Companhia das Letras, 2000, pp. 133-138, 185-186.)&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -14.15pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;a) De acordo com o
texto, de que maneiras os personagens de Walt Disney serviam à política externa
norteamericana na época da Segunda Guerra Mundial?&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -14.15pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -14.15pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;b) Como o governo
Vargas se posicionou em relação à Segunda Guerra Mundial?&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;xx) (UFJF) Os
trechos que se seguem foram extraídos do “Diário de Getúlio Vargas” (publicado
pela FGV, em 1995) e se referem a um episódio político ocorrido no Brasil
durante o I Governo Vargas. Leia-os atentamente e, em seguida, responda ao que
se pede. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;table border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormalTable&quot; style=&quot;border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 40.85pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
 &lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;height: 26.2pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 26.2pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 466.05pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;621&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;“Irrompe o movimento revolucionário &lt;st1:personname productid=&quot;em S￣o Paulo. Todo&quot; w:st=&quot;on&quot;&gt;em São Paulo. Todo&lt;/st1:personname&gt;
  o tempo absorvido nas providências para combatê-lo. Morosidades, confusões,
  atropelos, deficiências de toda ordem, felonias, traições, inércia. Algumas
  dedicações revolucionárias. Um ato impressionante a solidariedade do Rio
  Grande, através de Flores da Cunha. A unanimidade do Norte, a solidariedade e
  colaboração dos demais estados...” (10 e 11 de julho de 1932) &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;a) A que episódio Getúlio Vargas se refere? &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -14.15pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;b) No que diz respeito à
estruturação do sistema político-administrativo, qual é a principal mudança
operada no Primeiro Governo Vargas e de que modo isso afetou o poder político
de São Paulo? &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;c) Qual era a principal reivindicação feita pelos
revolucionários? &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-indent: -21.3pt;&quot;&gt;xx) (UNIMONTES) &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-indent: -21.3pt;&quot;&gt;Explique,
em um pequeno texto, a Revolução Constitucionalista de 1932 no Brasil.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.3pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.3pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.3pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;xx) (UFOP&lt;i&gt;) &lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;“A
renda per capita do Brasil, em
1930, era de US$ 870, enquanto a da Argentina atingia US$ 4.607. O paralelo
entre os dois países mostra ainda que o produto interno bruto argentino era o
dobro do brasileiro em 1930, diferença que diminui para 20% em 1954. O
expressivo crescimento econômico do Brasil pode ser aferido quando se observa a
participação do país no PIB global: de 1930 a 1954, essa participação subiu de
0,7 para 1,3%. Nesse período, o Brasil cresceu 266%, ou o equivalente a mais de
5% ao ano.”&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.25pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;(D’ARAUJO, Maria
Célia (org.). &lt;i&gt;As instituições brasileiras da Era Vargas&lt;/i&gt;. Rio de Janeiro:
EdUERJ: Ed. FGV, 1999. p. 11.)&lt;i&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Quais foram, entre 1930 e 1954, os principais motivos do crescimento
econômico brasileiro?&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.3pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;xx) (UFOP) A partir da década
de 1930, surgiram, em diversos países da América Latina, governos e movimentos
sociais que ganharam a denominação de populistas. Exemplos disso são o Peronismo,
na Argentina, e o Varguismo, no Brasil. A partir desses dois exemplos, indique as
principais características definidoras do populismo.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://nerihorta.blogspot.com/feeds/1147843064953603771/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment/fullpage/post/2764950579792504266/1147843064953603771' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2764950579792504266/posts/default/1147843064953603771'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2764950579792504266/posts/default/1147843064953603771'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://nerihorta.blogspot.com/2015/01/xx-ufop-de-modo-geralcomo-se-deram-as.html' title=''/><author><name>Anonymous</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/03459386149837394866</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2764950579792504266.post-6932521676924199269</id><published>2015-01-12T09:54:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2015-01-12T09:54:00.724-08:00</updated><title type='text'>PRIMEIRO REINADO (1822-1831)</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;I -
Formação do Estado Brasileiro (1822 – 1824)&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;O Primeiro Reinado é
caracterizado pela organização do Estado Nacional Brasileiro, que pode ser
dividido nas seguintes etapas: as guerras de independência, o reconhecimento
externo de nossa independência, a elaboração da primeira Constituição e a
abdicação de D. Pedro I.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;Para garantir a
independência e manter a unidade territorial D. Pedro I teve que enfrentar a
resistência de algumas províncias, governadas por portugueses e que se
mantiveram leais às Corte portuguesas. As províncias foram a Bahia (até julho
de 1823), Pará (outubro de 1823), Piauí (agosto de 1823), Maranhão (agosto de
1823) e Cisplatina (novembro de 1823). &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;Dois aspectos chamam
a atenção nessas guerras. O primeiro é que ao lado da questão política, o
processo da independência enfrentou uma questão militar. Em virtude da ausência
de um exército nacional organizado, as guerras de independência contaram com o
apoio das milícias civis - com forte participação popular - e auxílio de
mercenários ingleses e franceses, destacando-se Lord Cochrane, John Grenfell,
John Taylor e Pierre Labatut. O segundo aspecto é que justamente nessas guerras
começou-se a montar uma estrutura militar brasileira com novas regras de
recrutamento, criação de cursos e carreiras de oficiais e fundação ou ampliação
de centros de produção bélica.&amp;nbsp; &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;O primeiro ato
político importante de D. Pedro I é a convocação da Assembléia Constituinte,
eleita no início de 1823. Era constituída, na sua maioria, por bacharéis,
magistrados, padres e funcionários públicos, além de militares, médicos
comerciantes e fazendeiros. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;Na abertura dos
trabalhos, o Imperador dirigiu-se aos &lt;i&gt;“dignos
representantes da Nação brasileira”&lt;/i&gt; para pedir-lhes &lt;i&gt;“firmeza nos princípios constitucionais”&lt;/i&gt; e para lembrá-los: &lt;i&gt;“espero que a Constituição que façais seja
merecedora da minha imperial aceitação, que seja tão sábia e tão justa quanto
apropriada à localidade e civilização do povo brasileiro”.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;Dentro da Assembléia Constituinte havia dois
grandes grupos políticos: o Partido Brasileiro e o Partido Português. Este,
constituído por portugueses, defendem um poder executivo forte e centralizado
nas mãos do monarca, capaz de manter a ordem social e assegurar a unidade do
Império. O Partido Brasileiro era divido em duas facções, os conservadores e os
liberais. O grupo conservador era liderado por José Bonifácio e defendia que a
soberania do país fosse partilhada entre os cidadãos-proprietários e o
imperador. Além disso, as eleições deveriam ser indiretas, em dois graus: com
base na renda, os proprietários seriam divididos em duas categorias de
eleitores – os cidadãos votantes, cuja renda seria suficiente para a escolha
dos membros do Colégio &lt;br /&gt;
Eleitoral e, os cidadãos eleitores, cuja renda permitiria participar do Colégio
Eleitoral e, portanto, escolher os deputados e senadores.&amp;nbsp; Os liberais era liderado por Joaquim
Gonçalves Ledo e propunha que a soberania nacional deveria ficar restrita ao
Parlamento. As províncias deveriam possuir maior autonomia com relação ao
governo central e as eleições deveriam ser diretas: os proprietários
alfabetizados votariam diretamente para a escolha dos representantes. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;A Assembléia
Constituinte é instalada em 3 de março de 1823. É presidida por Antônio Carlos
Ribeiro de Andrada, irmão de José Bonifácio e um dos liberais mais atuantes da
época. Em 12 de novembro, fica pronto o anteprojeto de Constituição: mantém a
ordem escravocrata e restringe os direitos políticos aos indivíduos com renda
anual superior ao valor de 100 alqueires de farinha de mandioca. Alguns de seus
pontos são polêmicos: a Câmara seria indissolúvel e teria o controle sobre as
Forças Armadas; o veto do imperador teria apenas caráter suspensivo. Além
disso, determinava que o imperador teria poderes limitados na administração
brasileira.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;Dom Pedro dissolve a
Assembléia Constituinte, manda prender as lideranças e desterrá-las. Os irmãos
Andrada, principalmente José Bonifácio, invejados na corte por sua influência
junto ao imperador, caem em desgraça e também são exilados. Contribuem para
isso as articulações de bastidores feitas por Domitila de Castro, amante do
imperador e com grande ascendência sobre ele.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;Dom Pedro nomeia uma
comissão especial, o Conselho de Estado, para redigir uma Constituição que
garanta a centralização do poder em suas mãos. A primeira Constituição do país
é outorgada em 25 de março de 1824 por dom Pedro. Estabelece:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;Monarquia
hereditária, constitucional e representativa como regime de governo;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;Unitarismo,
ou seja, um sistema político-administrativo caracterizado pela excessiva
centralização do poder, ficando as províncias totalmente subordinadas ao
governo central (Rio de Janeiro);&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;Direitos políticos restritos aos homens,
maiores de 25 anos, católicos, com renda mínima de 100 mil réis (voto
censitário);&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;Candidatos
a deputado e a senador também deveriam ter uma renda mínima equivalente a 400
mil réis e 800 mil réis, respectivamente;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;Índios,
escravos e mulheres não eram considerados cidadãos brasileiros;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;União
Igreja e Estado, tendo o imperador o direito de interferir na nomeação para os
cargos eclesiásticos (Padroado) e de decidir sobre a aplicação ou não das
determinações papais (beneplácito);&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;Concessão
de direitos fundamentais ao cidadão, tais como liberdade de pensamente e
expressão, igualdade perante a lei, etc;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;Existência
de quatro poderes políticos:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;- Poder Moderador, exercido exclusivamente
pelo imperador e auxiliado pelo Conselho de Estado, poderia interferir
diretamente no Executivo, no Legislativo e no Judiciário;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;- Poder Executivo, exercido pelo imperador e
auxiliado pelo ministério;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;- Poder Legislativo, exercido pelos
representantes eleitos pelos brasileiros, que compunham a Câmara dos Deputados
(temporária) e o Senado (vitalício);&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;- Poder Judiciário, exercido pelos juízes nomeados
pelo imperador;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; text-indent: 18pt;&quot;&gt;O primeiro país a
reconhecer oficialmente a independência do Brasil foram os Estados Unidos da
América, no ano de 1823. O reconhecimento deu-se obedecendo os princípios da
Doutrina Monroe, que pregava e defendia a não intervenção da Europa - através
da Santa Aliança- nos assuntos americanos. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; text-indent: 18pt;&quot;&gt;&quot;A
América para os americanos&quot; &lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; text-indent: 18pt;&quot;&gt;era o lema da Doutrina Monroe. Desta
forma, os Estados Unidos da América garantiam sua supremacia política na
região.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;No ano de 1824 foi a
vez de Portugal reconhecer a independência de sua antiga colônia. A Inglaterra
atuou como mediadora entre o Brasil e Portugal. Em troca do reconhecimento,
Portugal exigiu uma indenização de dois milhões de libras, que auxiliariam o
Reino lusitano a saldar parte de suas dívidas com os britânicos. Como o Brasil
não possuía este montante, a Inglaterra tratou de emprestar. Assim, o dinheiro
exigido por Portugal nem saiu da Inglaterra e, de quebra, o Brasil tornou-se
seu dependente financeiro.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;Graças à mediação
inglesa no reconhecimento de nossa independência, esta obteve importantes
regalias comerciais com a assinatura de um tratado, no ano de 1827, que
reafirmava os tratados de 1810. O acordo garantia tarifas alfandegárias
preferenciais aos produtos ingleses, o que prejudicou o desenvolvimento
econômico brasileiro. O novo acordo estabelecia a extinção do tráfico negreiro ­cláusula
que não foi concretizada.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;Assim, o Brasil
continuava a ser um exportador de produtos primários, importador de produtos manufaturados
e dependentes financeiramente da Inglaterra.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h3 style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;h3 style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;II – Crise no Império
(1824 – 1831)&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;h3 style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;1 – Confederação do
Equador (1824)&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;Reagindo à dissolução
da Constituinte e à imposição de uma Constituição que não fora votada por
ninguém, os pernambucanos anunciaram em &lt;st1:metricconverter productid=&quot;1824 a&quot; w:st=&quot;on&quot;&gt;1824 a&lt;/st1:metricconverter&gt; criação da Confederação do Equador,
juntamente com a Paraíba, o Rio Grande do Norte e o Ceará.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; Entre os líderes do movimento temos as figuras de Manuel de
Carvalho Pais de Andrade, Cipriano Barata, padre Gonçalves Mororó e Frei
Caneca. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Os confederados eram contrários ao centralismo do Império e
o autoritarismo do Imperador. Contra eles, os pernambucanos levantavam a
bandeira da &lt;i&gt;“salvação da honra da pátria
e defesa dos inalienáveis direitos de soberania”.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;No programa da Confederação não havia nada que significasse
insurgência contra a ordem econômica e social - os senhores de terras
queixavam-se dos baixos preços do açúcar e de suas dívidas com os comerciantes
e traficantes, mas nada falavam da escravidão e da miséria do povo. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;A Confederação do
Equador teve curta duração. Obtendo um empréstimo de um milhão de libra dos
ingleses, D. Pedro contratou mercenários para reprimi-la, comandados por
Cochrane e Taylor. As tropas brasileiras eram comandadas pelo brigadeiro
Francisco de Lima. Cercados e divididos, os rebeldes foram derrotados. Pais de
Andrade conseguiu fugir e Frei Caneca foi preso e condenado à morte.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;2 – Guerra da
Cisplatina (1825 – 1828)&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;A província da
Cisplatina havia sido anexada ao Brasil em 1816 por D. João VI, visto ser um
importante ponto na geopolítica sul-americana da época – situada na foz do rio
da Prata, era o escoadouro natural das regiões interioranas brasileiras à
margens do rio Paraguai e também a entrada para as regiões da América espanhola
drenadas pela bacia platina.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;No ano de
1825, no início do Primeiro Reinado, um grupo de revoltosos se dispôs a dar fim
à dominação brasileira. Reunidos na cidade de &lt;st1:personname productid=&quot;La Florida&quot; w:st=&quot;on&quot;&gt;La Florida&lt;/st1:personname&gt;, várias lideranças
locais decretaram um termo de separação dos reinos do Brasil e de Portugal, que
foi homologado pelo Congresso de Deputados. Além disso, os separatistas
declararam sua integração à Confederação das Províncias Unidas da Prata, que
também apoiou o movimento separatista. Dom Pedro I, inconformado com o levante,
resolveu&lt;span class=&quot;apple-converted-space&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;iniciar uma guerra na
região cisplatina.&lt;span class=&quot;apple-converted-space&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;As tropas
imperiais primeiramente dirigiram-se ao Rio da Prata e realizaram o bloqueio
dos portos de Buenos Aires e Montevidéu. As frotas platinas logo se moveram
para o sul, onde mais uma vez foram perseguidas pelas tropas brasileiras. Dessa
vez, a população local conseguiu abafar a investida marítima das forças
brasileiras. Em terra, exércitos comandados pelo general argentino Carlos Maria
de Avelar invadiu os territórios brasileiros. Ao longo de quatro anos pequenas
batalhas foram deflagradas, sendo a Batalha de Ituzaingó a maior delas.&lt;span class=&quot;apple-converted-space&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;A falta
de um exército sistematizado e o gasto na contenção de outras revoltas no
Brasil, forçou Dom Pero I a reconhecer a independência da região Cisplatina.
Com o fim da guerra, o governo brasileiro assinou o acordo estabelecido pelo
Tratado de Montevidéu. Conduzido por autoridades britânicas e francesas, o
tratado oficializou a criação do Estado Oriental do Uruguai.&lt;span class=&quot;apple-converted-space&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;A derrota
no conflito gerou intensa insatisfação por parte da população brasileira. O
autoritarismo imperial e a crise econômica agravada com os gastos neste
conflito, só aumentaram o clima de desconfiança mediante o governo de Dom Pedro
I. Mesmo não sendo a causa fundamental da abdicação do imperador, ocorrida em
1831, o envolvimento e a derrota na Guerra da Cisplatina eram provas&lt;span class=&quot;apple-converted-space&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;cabais do desmando e incompetência do
governo de Dom Pedro.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;3 – Crise econômica&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;Os três séculos de colonização portuguesa
deixaram como herança uma profunda crise econômica.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;Em meados de &lt;st1:metricconverter productid=&quot;1825, a&quot; w:st=&quot;on&quot;&gt;1825, a&lt;/st1:metricconverter&gt; Inglaterra
exportava para o &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.colegiosaofrancisco.com.br/alfa/brasil/&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: windowtext; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;&quot;&gt;Brasil &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;a mesma quantidade de mercadorias que
exportava para todas as suas colônias americanas. As poucas manufaturas de
tecidos e metalúrgicas existentes no &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.colegiosaofrancisco.com.br/alfa/brasil/&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: windowtext; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;&quot;&gt;Brasil &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;arruinaram-se diante da concorrência
estrangeira. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;A partir
do século XIX, o café começa a ser plantado na região Sudeste do país e
desenvolve-se rapidamente no Rio de Janeiro, sudeste de Minas e &lt;st1:personname productid=&quot;em São Paulo. Entre&quot; w:st=&quot;on&quot;&gt;em São Paulo. Entre&lt;/st1:personname&gt;
1820 e 1830, já é responsável por 43,8% das exportações brasileiras, o
equivalente a uma venda anual de cerca de 3 milhões de sacas de &lt;st1:metricconverter productid=&quot;60 kg&quot; w:st=&quot;on&quot;&gt;60 kg&lt;/st1:metricconverter&gt;. O vale do rio Paraíba,
&lt;st1:personname productid=&quot;em São Paulo&quot; w:st=&quot;on&quot;&gt;em São Paulo&lt;/st1:personname&gt;
e Rio de Janeiro, torna-se o principal centro da produção cafeeira: formam-se
as grandes fazendas trabalhadas por escravos e as imensas fortunas dos
&quot;barões do café&quot;, um dos pilares de sustentação do Império até 1889.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;O &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.colegiosaofrancisco.com.br/alfa/brasil/&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: windowtext; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;&quot;&gt;Brasil &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;perdeu uma boa parcela de seu mercado
açucareiro diante da utilização da beterraba na produção de açúcar.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;O tabaco perde seu
principal mercado, a África, em conseqüência das pressões inglesas para o fim
do tráfico de escravos. Para contornar o problema, o governo desvaloriza a taxa
cambial e faz empréstimos no exterior, principalmente na Inglaterra. Em 1828, o
Banco do&lt;span class=&quot;apple-converted-space&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.colegiosaofrancisco.com.br/alfa/brasil/&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: windowtext; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;&quot;&gt;Brasi&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: windowtext; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;l&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;apple-converted-space&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: windowtext; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;abre
falência e, no ano seguinte, é liquidado oficialmente. A crise econômica
prolonga-se até 1840.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;Os rombos
no orçamento são constantes durante todo o reinado de dom Pedro I. As revoltas
e sublevações das Províncias e a oposição ao centralismo imperial levam os
governos locais a não enviar os impostos arrecadados ao Rio de Janeiro. O
imposto territorial, que poderia ser uma grande fonte de recursos, normalmente
não é cobrado para não contrariar os grandes proprietários. Para agravar o
quadro, o governo tem gastos elevados com as guerras da independência e
repressão às rebeliões internas.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;A crise econômica
agravava-se, ainda mais pela cobrança de altos juros sobre os empréstimos
estrangeiros, pagos com a realização de novos empréstimos. D. Pedro foi
perdendo prestígio por não conseguir tirar o país da grave situação em que se
encontrava&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;4 – Sucessão do trono
português&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;apple-style-span&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Após a morte de seu pai D. João VI,
também em&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;apple-converted-space&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;apple-style-span&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://brasiliavirtual.info/tudo-sobre/1826&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;&quot;&gt;1826&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;,
Dom Pedro envolveu-se crescentemente na questão sucessória também &lt;st1:personname productid=&quot;em Portugal. Para&quot; w:st=&quot;on&quot;&gt;em Portugal. Para&lt;/st1:personname&gt; os
portugueses, era o herdeiro da Coroa. Para os brasileiros, o imperador não
deveria ter vínculos com a antiga metrópole pois, ao proclamar a Independência,
havia renunciado a&amp;nbsp; herança lusitana. Depois de grande discussão, o
imperador formalizou sua renúncia e de igual maneira abdicou do trono de
Portugal também em favor de sua filha D. Maria II D. Maria da Glória.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;apple-style-span&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;Entretanto,
D. Miguel, irmão de D. Pedro I, fez-se proclamar rei também em lugar da filha
do imperador brasileiro. Assim, D. Pedro I inicia uma guerra contra seu irmão,
a fim de reaver o trono português para a sua filha. Os brasileiros, com medo
que esta atitude de D. Pedro unificassem os dois países e tornaria o Brasil
novamente colônia portuguesa, aumentam a oposição ao imperador. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;5 – A noite das
garrafadas e a abdicação&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;Neste período temos
que a &amp;nbsp;imprensa brasileira inicia uma
série de críticas ao governo imperial, resultando no assassinato do jornalista
Líbero Badaró, grande opositor de D. Pedro I.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;apple-style-span&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;A morte de Badaró, glorificado pela imprensa liberal como mártir
da liberdade, aumentou a agitação reinante no país. Em dezembro de 1830 o
jornalista Borges da Fonseca escrevia:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;apple-converted-space&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;&quot;O Brasil quer ser monárquico-constitucional
e jamais sofrerá que um ladrão coroado se sente no trono que a Nação ergueu
para assento de um monarca constitucional&quot;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;apple-converted-space&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;apple-style-span&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;Entre os
dias 12, 13 e 14 de março de 1831, aconteceram conflitos no Rio de Janeiro
envolvendo brasileiros constitucionalistas, simpatizantes e defensores de uma
Assembléia geral, e portugueses absolutistas, adeptos intransigentes da ideia
de que o exercício do poder deveria ser concentrado na vontade de uma só
pessoa. Estes últimos haviam preparado uma festa para receber o imperador D.
Pedro I, que regressava da viagem à província de Minas Gerais, mas os nacionais
os recriminaram por essa manifestação de apoio e simpatia e passaram a destruir
as luminárias que ornamentavam algumas ruas por onde a caravana real deveria
passar.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;apple-converted-space&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;apple-style-span&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;Os portugueses reagiram inconformados, refugiaram-se em suas
residências, e de lá, entrincheirados, passaram a atirar pedras e garrafas
quebradas em seus adversários, prolongando por três dias um conflito que
acirrou de forma generalizada os ânimos na cidade. Pretendendo conter os
radicais D. Pedro formou em 19 de março de 1831 um ministério composto por
brasileiros natos, mas sem prestígio político, o que não evitou que novos
conflitos eclodissem entre as facções contrárias. Por isso, em 5 de abril D.
Pedro dissolveu novamente o ministério e organizou outro francamente
absolutista, o célebre Ministério dos Marqueses. Nova manifestação popular no
Rio de Janeiro exigia a reintegração do ministério deposto, mas apesar da
insistência de setores civis e militares, D. Pedro manteve-se irredutível.
Porém, sentindo-se isolado e sem contar com o apoio das tropas para reprimir as
manifestações de rua, não lhe restou alternativa senão abdicar. E foi o que
fez, em favor de seu filho D. Pedro de Alcântara, então com apenas cinco anos
de idade. No dia 7 de abril, D. Pedro I deixou de ser imperador do Brasil e, em
seguida, abandonou o país.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;apple-converted-space&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;Em Portugal, após
enfrentar o irmão D. Miguel, será coroado rei de Portugal, com o título de
Pedro IV.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;A abdicação de D. Pedro
I consolidou o processo de independência, ao afastar o fantasma da
recolonização portuguesa. Daí, nos dizeres de Caio Prado Jr., &quot;o 7 de abril,
completou o 7 de setembro&quot;.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;Como seu legítimo
sucessor possuía apenas cinco anos de idade, inicia-se um período político
denominado Período Regencial.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://nerihorta.blogspot.com/feeds/6932521676924199269/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment/fullpage/post/2764950579792504266/6932521676924199269' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2764950579792504266/posts/default/6932521676924199269'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2764950579792504266/posts/default/6932521676924199269'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://nerihorta.blogspot.com/2015/01/primeiro-reinado-1822-1831.html' title='PRIMEIRO REINADO (1822-1831)'/><author><name>Anonymous</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/03459386149837394866</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2764950579792504266.post-6725756665451155561</id><published>2014-07-02T07:20:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2014-07-02T07:24:48.804-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Questões de República Velha</title><content type='html'>&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.3pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;xx) (UNICAMP) No Brasil, os partidos foram, na República Velha,
partidos republicanos regionais. Após 1945, os partidos buscaram, sem grande
sucesso, tornar-se nacionais, como ocorreu na década de 1930 com a Ação
Integralista Brasileira, o primeiro partido nacional de massa. O processo de
nacionalização dos partidos ocorre em pleno regime militar, com a polarização
partidária.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -14.15pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;(Adaptado de Hélgio Trindade, “Brasil em Perspectiva: conservadorismo
liberal e democracia bloqueada”, em Carlos Guilherme Mota (org.), Viagem incompleta:
a experiência Brasileira (1500-2000): a grande transação. São Paulo: Ed. SENAC SP, 2000, p. 375.)&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -14.15pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -14.15pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;a) Segundo o texto, qual a diferença fundamental entre os partidos
políticos da República Velha e os do regime militar (1964-1985)?&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -14.15pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;b) Quais as características políticas da Ação Integralista Brasileira
(AIB)?&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -14.15pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;c) Qual a importância do bipartidarismo (ARENA e MDB) para o regime
militar?&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -14.15pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;xx) (UNIMONTES) Explique o que foi o chamado Encilhamento, na
política econômica brasileira.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.3pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;xx) (UFVJM) Leia os versos do poema a
seguir, que fazem referência a um importante movimento da República Brasileira,
nas primeiras décadas do século XX, e FAÇA o que se pede.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;[...]&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Eles eram
dezoito... Os mais partiram&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Tanto que a causa,
enfim, viram perdida.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Eles – dezoito
apenas – preferiram&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Ficar, quando
custava a vida...&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;[...]&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Em cada herói o
garbo de um soldado&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Trazia a guarda
impávida do Forte&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;No cáqui do
uniforme o sol punha, dourado,&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Um sorriso de
adeus à triste coorte...&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;[...]&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -14.15pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;A) &lt;b&gt;CITE &lt;/b&gt;a
que movimento esses versos fazem referência.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -14.15pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -14.15pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;B) &lt;b&gt;APRESENTE&lt;/b&gt;,
pelo menos, 3 (três) fatos alvo da crítica desse movimento à situação nacional
da época.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.3pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;xx) (UFOP)
“(...) resultado da superposição de formas desenvolvidas do regime
representativo a uma estrutura econômica e social inadequada. Não é, pois, mera
sobrevivência do poder privado, cuja hipertrofia constituiu fenômeno típico de
nossa história colonial. É antes uma forma peculiar de manifestação do poder
privado, ou seja, uma adaptação em virtude da qual os resíduos do nosso antigo
e exorbitante poder privado têm conseguido coexistir com um regime político de
extensa base representativa”.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.3pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;“(...) é sobretudo
um compromisso, uma troca de proveitos entre o poder público, progressivamente
fortalecido, e a decadente influência social dos chefes locais, notadamente dos
senhores de terras”.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.3pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Os trechos acima reproduzidos, escritos por Vítor Nunes Leal em 1949,
pretendem caracterizar um fenômeno sociopolítico característico da Primeira
República (1889- 1930) no Brasil, resultado das desigualdades sociais, das
dificuldades dos cidadãos em efetivar seus direitos e da inexistência de
serviços assistenciais do Estado.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -14.15pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Responda:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -14.15pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -14.15pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;A) Qual é o termo comumente utilizado para designar o fenômeno sóciopolítico
acima mencionado?&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -14.15pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;B) Quais são as principais características do sistema eleitoral controlado
pelos chefes políticos locais na Primeira República?&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.3pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;xx) (UFG) Senhores, é tempo de cuidar, exclusivamente – notai que digo
exclusivamente – dos melhoramentos materiais do país. Não desconheço o que se
me pode replicar, dir-me-eis que uma nação não se compõe só de estômago para
digerir, mas de cabeça para pensar e de coração para sentir. Respondo-vos que
tudo isso não valerá nada ou pouco, se ela não tiver pernas para caminhar. O
Brasil é uma criança que engatinha; só começará a andar quando tiver cortado de
estradas de ferro.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.25pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;ASSIS,
M. de. Evolução. Os melhores contos. Seleção de Domício Proença. São
Paulo: Global, 1997, p. 239-240. [Adaptado].&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Publicado no início do século XX, o conto incorpora o
discurso evolucionista. A comparação sugere um processo de crescimento no qual
a nação é tomada como metáfora do corpo humano. Se as estradas são pernas,&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;a) identifique a principal região cortada pelas estradas de
ferro e o produto que era transportado;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;b) explique os limites impostos ao crescimento da economia
nacional. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #818181; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10.5pt; text-indent: -21.25pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;PT&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;xx) (UFMG) A democracia brasileira foi mais ampla
durante a Monarquia que na Primeira República, tendo-se em vista que o número
de eleitores foi maior no Império que no primeiro período republicano.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;PT&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;ARGUMENTE &lt;b&gt;CONTRA &lt;/b&gt;essa afirmação
ou &lt;b&gt;A FAVOR&lt;/b&gt; dela.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;xx) (UFMG) Leia estas estrofes de
uma modinha cantada pelas ruas do Rio de Janeiro, no início do século XX:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Vou contar um caso novo,&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;caso de capacidade,&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;o que se passa com o povo,&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;pelas ruas da cidade:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;até parece brincadeira,&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;não passa de espalhafatos, vive o
povo perguntando,&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;para que compram tantos ratos,&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;...................................................................................&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Diz agora a Higiene,&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Que compra a rataria,&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Pra dar cabo dessa raça,&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Porque trazem epidemia.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;E o povo os vai vendendo, quem
lucra é o comprador,&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Quem perde é o governo,&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Mas tolo foi o inventor.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Porque dizem que o rato&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Das moléstias é o transmissor&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Talvez que.... molestiado (sic)...&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;fique agora o inventor,&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;porque corre tal boato&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Com base na leitura dessas
estrofes,&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;1. &lt;b&gt;IDENTIFIQUE &lt;/b&gt;o nome do personagem atacado nesses versos.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;2. &lt;b&gt;DESCREVA &lt;/b&gt;as condições de higiene na Capital do Brasil, em fins do
século XIX e início do XX.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;3. &lt;b&gt;CITE duas &lt;/b&gt;medidas sanitárias que geraram protestos, no início do
século XX, no Rio de Janeiro.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.3pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;xx) (UFV) A partir da
proclamação da República, em 15 de novembro de 1889, as forças armadas
brasileiras intervieram na vida política brasileira em várias oportunidades. A
Revolta da Armada, o Movimento Tenentista (1922-1930), a Revolução de 1930 e o
Golpe Militar de 1964 são alguns exemplos dessas intervenções. Aponte &lt;b&gt;duas diferenças &lt;/b&gt;entre o Movimento
Tenentista e o Golpe Militar de 1964.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.3pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;xx) (FUVEST) &lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;“As fábricas devoram a vida
humana desde os sete anos de idade. Sobre as mulheres pesam, de ordinário,
trabalhos tão árduos quanto os dos homens; não percebem senão salários
reduzidos. Equiparam-se aos adultos, para o trabalho, os menores de quatorze e
doze anos… O horário, geralmente, nivela sexos e idades, entre os extremos
habituais de nove a dez horas cotidianas de canseira.”&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;right&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Rui Barbosa, A questão social e política no Brasil, 1919.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;a) Indique os principais problemas
sociais apontados pelo texto;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;b) relacione-os com as idéias,
reivindicações e formas de luta dos operários, na década de 1910, em São Paulo.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;xx) (UFMG) “Não era esta a
República dos nossos sonhos.”&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoBodyTextIndent2&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Essa afirmação sugere que nem todos os brasileiros
ficaram satisfeitos com os rumos da história do Brasil no pós 1889.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;1. APRESENTE a principal razão do
descontentamento com a República por parte dos setores sociais abaixo
relacionados, até o final dos anos 20:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Oligarquias:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Classes médias urbanas:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Trabalhadores:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;2. CITE a solução política
encontrada por alguns setores da sociedade brasileira para a superação desse
descontentamento.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;3. A década de 30 foi palco de
uma ruptura que levou a um Estado de exceção.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;A) CITE qual foi essa ruptura.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;B) EXPLIQUE o significado dessa ruptura.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;xx) (UFMG) A
compreensão das transformações sociais e políticas ocorridas, no Brasil, no
decorrer da Primeira República n„o pode desconsiderar a importância histórica
do movimento operário.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;1. ANALISE o papel do
Estado no que diz respeito das relações de trabalho durante a Primeira
República.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;2. Considerando o movimento da classe
trabalhadora urbana no período, CITE&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;A) três reivindicações do movimento
operário.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;B) duas correntes
ideológicas que influenciaram as formas de organização e de ação do
proletariado.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;3. COMPARE as
reivindicações atuais do movimento sindical com as apresentadas pelos operários
nas primeiras décadas do século XX.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;xx) (UFMG) Em 15 de
junho de 1898, foi assinado, entre o Brasil e a Inglaterra, o Funding Loan.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;1. &lt;b&gt;EXPLIQUE &lt;/b&gt;o que foi o
Funding Loan.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;2. &lt;b&gt;INDIQUE um &lt;/b&gt;dos termos desse
acordo.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;O impacto do Funding Loan não
foi dos mais favoráveis à economia brasileira, que se baseava,&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;prioritariamente, na exportação cafeeira. Com a crise econômica, o Estado
foi obrigado, a médio prazo,&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;a tomar medidas para a valorização do café produzido no País.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 35.45pt; text-indent: -14.15pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;3. &lt;b&gt;IDENTIFIQUE
&lt;/b&gt;a iniciativa que, adotada pelo Estado brasileiro na primeira década do
século XX, possibilitou essa valorização.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 35.45pt; text-indent: -14.15pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;4. &lt;b&gt;APRESENTE
&lt;/b&gt;as &lt;b&gt;duas principais &lt;/b&gt;medidas
adotadas pelo Governo para atingir a valorização desse produto.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoBodyTextIndent3&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;xx)Foi durante a Primeira Guerra Mundial (1914 – 1918) que
a nossa indústria deu grande impulso. Experimentamos, nessa época, o primeiro
surto industrial de alguma expressão em nossa história: dos 13.336
estabelecimentos industriais existentes em 1920, nada menos que 5.936 haviam
sido fundados durante a guerra.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 14.2pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Relacione o primeiro surto
industrial brasileiro com a primeira Guerra Mundial.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;texto&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 11.7pt; text-indent: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;texto&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 11.7pt; text-indent: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: windowtext; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 11.7pt; text-indent: 0cm;&quot;&gt;xx) Leia o texto
abaixo e responda às questões&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;color: windowtext; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 11.7pt; text-indent: 0cm;&quot;&gt; &lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: windowtext; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 11.7pt; text-indent: 0cm;&quot;&gt;abaixo&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;color: windowtext; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 11.7pt; text-indent: 0cm;&quot;&gt;.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;texto&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 11.7pt; text-indent: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;texto&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 11.7pt; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-indent: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: windowtext; font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;“Já desde o século XIX, as indústrias começaram a agrupar-se
nas proximidades&amp;nbsp; das vias férreas,
muitas delas conseguindo desvios particulares para maior facilidade de
circulação. Isso explica a concentração industrial em certos bairros de São
Paulo. (Brás, Ipiranga, Mooca. Lapa, Água Branca...) numa época em que os
terrenos à margem das linhas ainda eram baratos e nos quais as condições
topográficas facilitavam o estabelecimento de grandes fábricas. Assim, a
ferrovia associada ao parque industrial veio a constituir-se uma imagem
características das cidades grandes.”&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;right&quot; class=&quot;texto&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 11.7pt; text-align: right; text-indent: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: windowtext; font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;(No
tempo dos dantes. São Paulo: Pace terra, 1998. p.121)&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;texto&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 11.7pt; text-indent: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;texto&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 11.7pt; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-indent: -14.15pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: windowtext; font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;a)
O primeiro surto industrial brasileiro ocorreu a partir de 1850. Cite e
explique dois fatores que contribuíram para o aumento do número de manufaturas
no país.&lt;b&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;texto&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 11.7pt; margin-left: 1.0cm; text-indent: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;texto&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 11.7pt; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-indent: -14.15pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: windowtext; font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;b)
A imigração foi responsável pela formação da classe trabalhadora nos centro
industriais brasileiros, em especial em São Paulo, que recebeu mais de 60% de
todos os imigrantes que vieram para o Brasil entre 1889 e 1930.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;texto&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 11.7pt; text-indent: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;texto&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 11.7pt; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-indent: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: windowtext; font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;A afirmativa acima é
falsa ou verdadeira?&amp;nbsp; Justifique a sua
resposta.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;texto&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 11.7pt; text-indent: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;texto&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 11.7pt; text-indent: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;texto&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 11.7pt; text-indent: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: windowtext; font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;xx) Explique a
afirmativa abaixo:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;texto&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 11.7pt; text-indent: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;texto&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 11.7pt; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-indent: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: windowtext; font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Os modernistas se auto-elegeram executivos de uma missão:
encontrar a identidade nacional rompendo com um passado de dependência
cultural.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;texto&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 11.7pt; text-indent: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;texto&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 11.7pt; text-indent: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: windowtext; font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;xx) Leia o texto
abaixo.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;texto&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 11.7pt; text-indent: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;texto&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 11.7pt; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-indent: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: windowtext; font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;“O que é oligarquia?&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;texto&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 11.7pt; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-indent: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;texto&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 11.7pt; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-indent: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: windowtext; font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;A palavra &lt;b&gt;oligarquia &lt;/b&gt;origina-se
do grego &lt;b&gt;óligos, &lt;/b&gt;que significa
alguns, e &lt;b&gt;arkia, &lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;que significa poder. Ela designa o sistema de
governo em que o poder se concentra nas mãos de poucas pessoas, pertencentes a
uma classe social ou grupo político. A oligarquia distingue-se da monarquia
(onde o poder é exercido por uma pessoa, o monarca) e da democracia (onde o
poder emana de todas as pessoas, o povo).”&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;right&quot; class=&quot;texto&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 11.7pt; text-align: right; text-indent: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: windowtext; font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;(COTRIM,
Gilberto. História e consciência do Brasil. Editora Saraiva. São Paulo, 1997.
P.231.)&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;texto&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 11.7pt; text-indent: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: windowtext; font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;texto&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 11.7pt; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-indent: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: windowtext; font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Descreva o poder das
oligarquias na República Velha.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;texto&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 11.7pt; mso-outline-level: 1; text-indent: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;texto&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 11.7pt; mso-outline-level: 1; text-indent: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: windowtext; font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;xx) Leia o texto.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;texto&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 11.7pt; margin-left: 1.0cm; text-indent: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;texto&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 11.7pt; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-outline-level: 1; text-indent: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: windowtext; font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;“Nervoso, o Barão
entrou no solar (...)&amp;nbsp; Naquele dia , o
Barão estava particularmente mal-humorado.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;texto&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 11.7pt; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-indent: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: windowtext; font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;–– Imagine, compadre, que o café está caindo e faltam braços
para a colheita. Em que situação&amp;nbsp; chegou
a nossa lavoura!&amp;nbsp; O preço dos escravos
está exorbitante. Os negros estão insubordinados, insuflados por esses&amp;nbsp; subversivos&amp;nbsp;
abolicionistas, e o governo liberal não faz nada. O Imperador nos
abandonou à própria sorte.”&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: windowtext; font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;right&quot; class=&quot;texto&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 11.7pt; text-align: right; text-indent: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: windowtext; font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;(MORAES,
Antônio C. Robert. A fazenda de café. São Paulo, Ática, 1999.)&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;texto&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 11.7pt; text-indent: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;texto&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 11.7pt; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-indent: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: windowtext; font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;No final do século
XIX, a cafeicultura&amp;nbsp; passou por uma&amp;nbsp; séria crise, devido à oscilação do café no
mercado internacional. Somente em 1906, com o objetivo de resolver a crise no
setor, foi assinado o Convênio de&amp;nbsp;
Taubaté.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;texto&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 11.7pt; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-indent: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;texto&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 11.7pt; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-outline-level: 1; text-indent: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: windowtext; font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Defina o que ficou estabelecido com o convênio de Taubaté.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;texto&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 11.7pt; text-indent: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoBodyText&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-list: skip; text-indent: -21.3pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;xx) Em fins do século XIX, a extração
de borracha natural no Brasil atraiu consideráveis contingentes populacionais
para a sua área de ocorrência. Indique essa área e as razões do declínio dessa
atividade econômica no início do século XX.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-list: skip; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;xx) Em relação ao sistema eleitoral, as duas primeiras
constituições do Brasil - a do Império e da República Velha - limitam de
maneira diferente o sufrágio, que, em ambas, não é universal. Explique essa
diferença.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-list: skip; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-list: skip; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;xx) Durante o governo provisório de Deodoro da Fonseca,
o Ministro da Fazenda, Rui Barbosa, promoveu a política do Encilhamento. Em que
consistia essa política?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoBodyText3&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 14.2pt; text-indent: -14.2pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoBodyText3&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 14.2pt; text-indent: -14.2pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;xx)(UNICAMP)
Sobre a reforma urbana do Rio de Janeiro, ocorrida entre fins do século XIX e
início do XX, o literato Lima Barreto comentou: “De uma hora para outra, a
antiga cidade desapareceu e outra surgiu como se fosse obtida por uma mutação
de teatro. Havia mesmo na coisa muito de cenografia.”&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;right&quot; class=&quot;MsoBodyText3&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: right;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;(Lima
Barreto, os Brunzundangas, em Obras de Lima Barreto. São Paulo, Brasiliense,
1956, p.160)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoBodyText3&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 14.2pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoBodyText3&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 32.2pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 32.2pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;a)&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 7pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;Cite uma atividade política e uma econômica que
sustentaram a importância da cidade do Rio de Janeiro nesse período.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoBodyText3&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 32.2pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 32.2pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;b)&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 7pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;Identifique duas mudanças urbanas realizadas
pelo prefeito Pereira Passos na reforma mencionada.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoBodyText3&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 32.2pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 32.2pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;c)&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 7pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;Explique a razão pela qual o ideário burguês,
cosmopolita e republicano, tinha necessidade de condenar o passado colonial do
Rio de Janeiro.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoBodyText3&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 14.2pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoBodyText3&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 14.2pt; text-indent: -14.2pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;xx)(UNICAMP)
Em 1887 foi inaugurada a cidade de Belo Horizonte, considerada a mais
importante cidade planejada do fim do século XIX no Brasil. Seu desenho era
regular como um tabuleiro de xadrez. Ao substituir Ouro Preto, a cidade
almejava atender aos antigos objetivos de se criar uma nova capital que se
expressasse os ideais de um Brasil republicano.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoBodyText3&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 14.2pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoBodyText3&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 32.2pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 32.2pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;a)&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 7pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;Que ideais do Brasil republicano estavam
expressos na criação da cidade de Belo Horizonte?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoBodyText3&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 32.2pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 32.2pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;b)&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 7pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;Que paralelos podem ser estabelecidos com a
criação da cidade de Brasília?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoBodyText3&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 32.2pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 32.2pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;c)&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 7pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;Caracterize o contexto histórico da
transferência da capital federal do Rio de Janeiro para Brasília.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoBodyText3&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 14.2pt; text-indent: -14.2pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoBodyText3&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 14.2pt; text-indent: -14.2pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;xx)(UNICAMP)
Em l929, o mundo foi abalado por uma profunda crise econômica e o Brasil sofreu
diretamente os seus efeitos.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoBodyText3&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 14.2pt; text-indent: -14.2pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;a) CITE duas
características dessa crise na economia mundial.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;b) Quais foram
as conseqüências dessa crise econômica para a agricultura e indústria
brasileira?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoBodyTextIndent3&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;xx)(FUVEST) “Diante do
meu charuto muito doutor de lei ficou menor do que um anão de circo de
cavalinho”. Tomando como referência o texto, INDENTIFIQUE o fenômeno nele
retratado e EXPLIQUE suas raízes e permanências.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoBodyTextIndent&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoBodyTextIndent&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;xx) (UNICAMP) Nos primeiros anos da República, o
Ministro da Fazenda Rui Barbosa mandou destruir as cópias das matrículas e
registros de propriedade de escravos. Com esta medida, provavelmente, ele
eliminaria as provas da posse anterior de escravos, dificultando ações que
reivindicassem, perante o governo, a indenização da propriedade perdida com a
abolição.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoBodyTextIndent2&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;(Adaptado de Robert Slenes, “Escravos, cartórios e
desburocratização: o que Rui Barbosa não queimou será destruído agora?”,
Revista Brasileira de História, v. 5, n. 10, mar.-ago., 1985, p. 169.)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoBodyTextIndent3&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;a) Com base no texto, explique por que o governo
republicano queimou os papéis relativos à escravidão.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;b) Cite duas leis relativas à abolição da escravidão no Brasil que
antecederam a Lei Áurea.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoBodyTextIndent3&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;c) O que foi discutido acerca da escravidão na
Conferência das Nações Unidas contra o Racismo, a Discriminação, a Xenofobia e
a Intolerância Correlata, realizada em Durban (África do Sul), em 2001?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoBodyTextIndent&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;xx) (UNICAMP) Em novembro de 1904, data da revolta,
o trabalho de demolição das casas para abrir a avenida Central, executado por
cerca de 1800 operários, terminara e 16 dos novos edifícios estavam sendo
construídos. O eixo central da avenida fora inaugurado em 7 de setembro em meio
a grandes festas, já com serviços de bondes e iluminação elétrica. A derrubada
de cerca de 640 prédios rasgara, através da parte mais habitada da cidade, um
corredor que ia da Prainha ao Passeio Público. Era como abrir o ventre da velha
cidade.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;(José Murilo de Carvalho, Os Bestializados: O Rio de Janeiro e a
República que não foi. São Paulo,&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Companhia das Letras, 1987, p. 93.)&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;a) Que revolta, ocorrida no Rio de Janeiro, está mencionada no texto?&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;b) Cite duas razões para a eclosão dessa revolta.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;c) Quais foram os objetivos da reforma urbana a que o texto se refere?&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 13.0pt; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 13.0pt; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;xx) (UFV) Leia atentamente o trecho abaixo. Ele foi
extraído da letra da música A Batalha das
Latas, escrita em 1968 por Gilberto Gil, que faz referências às
transformações ocorridas na economia brasileira, nas décadas de 1920 e 1930.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 13.0pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -11.35pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;... A lata luta com
mais força&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 13.0pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -11.35pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Adeus elite do café&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 13.0pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -11.35pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Enlate o seu café
solúvel&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 13.0pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -11.35pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Enquanto dá pé.
...&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 13.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -11.35pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Identifique e
explique as principais transformações ocorridas naquele período.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;xx) (Unicamp) “O Brasil não tem
povo, tem público.” (Lima Barreto)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 17.0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Esta frase
sintetiza ironicamente, para o autor, a relação entre o Estado republicano e a
sociedade brasileira. Dentro do contexto da República Velha, o que Lima Barreto
quis dizer com essa afirmação?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;xx) (Vunesp-SP) “Entendi que não era lícito assistir indiferentemente
a esta luta (política na Câmara Federal), cujos resultados poderiam acarretar a
ruína da república. Dirigi-me para este fim aos governadores dos estados, onde
reside iniludivelmente a força política deste regime (...) Outros deram à minha
política a denominação de política dos governadores. Teriam acertado se
dissessem política dos estados.”&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;right&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: right; text-indent: -14.2pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;(Campos Sales:&amp;nbsp; Da
Propaganda à República)&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;A partir do texto acima, explique o
fenômeno político denominado “política dos governadores” e relacione algumas de
suas conseqüências para a República Velha.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;xx) (UFMG) O que foi a &quot;política dos governadores&quot;? (conceito,
localização no processo político brasileiro, áreas de maior influência).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 17.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.0pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;xx) Explique e diferencie a organização do movimento operário
brasileiro, no início do século, em sindicatos anarquistas e comunistas.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 17.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.0pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;xx) Compare os fenômenos políticos “Política do Café com Leite” e
“Política dos Governadores”, na República Velha, relacionando-os com o processo
eleitoral daquele momento.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 17.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.0pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;xx) Descreva a situação do imigrante europeu no Brasil, no início do
século, a partir do seu modo de vida tanto no campo quanto na cidade e a sua
participação no surgimento da organização operária no país.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 17.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.0pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;xx) Faça uma descrição, com maior riqueza de detalhes possível, do
movimento de Canudos, acontecido na República Velha.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 17.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.0pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 17.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.0pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;xx) O Movimento Modernista de 1922 visava o combate ao VELHO. Identifique os sentidos do termo
grifado no contexto brasileiro e mundial daquele momento.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;xx) Inaugurado em 1896, o teatro
Amazonas, em Manaus, foi construído&amp;nbsp;
com&amp;nbsp; materiais&amp;nbsp; e&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;ornamentos&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;quase todos importados da Europa. Com 700
lugares e uma luxuosa &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;decoração com mármores, es&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;pelhos e estátuas, o teatro era uma prova
da riqueza dessa &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; região durante o final do século XIX&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;e&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;a&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;primeira década do século XX.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;a)&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 7pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;Que produto caracterizou a riqueza dessa região,
e qual era sua utilização? &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;b)&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 7pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;O que explica a decadência de sua produção a
partir da década de 20?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;c)&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 7pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;Por que a construção de um teatro tão luxuoso
era importante naquele momento?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;xx) (UFMG) Leia esta
letra de música:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;“Da história da República o resumo&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Aqui tento fazer, em leves traços,&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Para o que da memória espremo o
sumo,&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Dando, ao lixo do olvido, os seus
bagaços&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;...............................................................&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Versos e versos lanço em girândola&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;(tem cada rima o estouro de um
foguete).&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Enquanto passa a história farândola&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Dos moradores todos do Catete.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Vai na cabeça o Marechal Fonseca&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Que, um dia em que se achava de
enxaqueca,&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Deu dois gritos (ou três) na praça
pública&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;E, zás-trás! proclamou-se a
República&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Teve o apoio do Exército e da
Armada,&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;E a Nação assistiu bestializada...&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;(quem diz isto, senhores, não sou
eu&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Mas um proclamador que já morreu).&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;E como se houvesse trevas no
horizonte,&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Forneceram-lhe a luz de Augusto
Comte...”&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10.0pt; layout-grid-mode: line;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;“A Farândola
Republicana”, de Tigre Bastos. Citado por SALIBA, Elias Thomé. A dimensão
cômica da vida privada. In: SEVCENKO, Nicolau (Org.). História da vida privada
no Brasil. São Paulo: Companhia das Letras, 1998. v.3, p.324-25.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 35.45pt; text-indent: -14.15pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;1. “E a
Nação assistiu bestializada...”&lt;b&gt; &lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;ANALISE
&lt;/b&gt;a crítica ao episódio da
Proclamação da República sintetizada nesse verso.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 35.45pt; text-indent: -14.15pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 35.45pt; text-indent: -14.15pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;2. &lt;b&gt;IDENTIFIQU&lt;/b&gt;E,
no ideário republicano, os elementos que permitiram ao autor desses versos
associar a República à “luz de Augusto Comte”.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-indent: -21.3pt;&quot;&gt;xx) (UNICAMP) &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-indent: -21.3pt;&quot;&gt;No Brasil, os partidos foram, na República Velha,
partidos republicanos regionais. Após 1945, os partidos buscaram, sem grande
sucesso, tornar-se nacionais, como ocorreu na década de 1930 com a Ação
Integralista Brasileira, o primeiro partido nacional de massa. O processo de
nacionalização dos partidos ocorre em pleno regime militar, com a polarização
partidária.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -14.15pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;(Adaptado de Hélgio Trindade, “Brasil em Perspectiva: conservadorismo
liberal e democracia bloqueada”, em Carlos Guilherme Mota (org.), Viagem incompleta:
a experiência Brasileira (1500-2000): a grande transação. São Paulo: Ed. SENAC SP, 2000, p. 375.)&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -14.15pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -14.15pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;a) Segundo o texto, qual a diferença fundamental entre os partidos
políticos da República Velha e os do regime militar (1964-1985)?&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -14.15pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;b) Quais as características políticas da Ação Integralista Brasileira
(AIB)?&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -14.15pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;c) Qual a importância do bipartidarismo (ARENA e MDB) para o regime
militar?&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -14.15pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;xx) (UNIMONTES) Explique o que foi o chamado Encilhamento, na
política econômica brasileira.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.3pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;xx) (UFVJM) Leia os versos do poema a
seguir, que fazem referência a um importante movimento da República Brasileira,
nas primeiras décadas do século XX, e FAÇA o que se pede.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;[...]&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Eles eram
dezoito... Os mais partiram&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Tanto que a causa,
enfim, viram perdida.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Eles – dezoito
apenas – preferiram&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Ficar, quando
custava a vida...&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;[...]&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Em cada herói o
garbo de um soldado&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Trazia a guarda
impávida do Forte&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;No cáqui do
uniforme o sol punha, dourado,&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Um sorriso de
adeus à triste coorte...&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;[...]&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -14.15pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;A) &lt;b&gt;CITE &lt;/b&gt;a
que movimento esses versos fazem referência.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -14.15pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -14.15pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;B) &lt;b&gt;APRESENTE&lt;/b&gt;,
pelo menos, 3 (três) fatos alvo da crítica desse movimento à situação nacional
da época.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.3pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;xx) (UFOP)
“(...) resultado da superposição de formas desenvolvidas do regime
representativo a uma estrutura econômica e social inadequada. Não é, pois, mera
sobrevivência do poder privado, cuja hipertrofia constituiu fenômeno típico de
nossa história colonial. É antes uma forma peculiar de manifestação do poder
privado, ou seja, uma adaptação em virtude da qual os resíduos do nosso antigo
e exorbitante poder privado têm conseguido coexistir com um regime político de
extensa base representativa”.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.3pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;“(...) é sobretudo
um compromisso, uma troca de proveitos entre o poder público, progressivamente
fortalecido, e a decadente influência social dos chefes locais, notadamente dos
senhores de terras”.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.3pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Os trechos acima reproduzidos, escritos por Vítor Nunes Leal em 1949,
pretendem caracterizar um fenômeno sociopolítico característico da Primeira
República (1889- 1930) no Brasil, resultado das desigualdades sociais, das
dificuldades dos cidadãos em efetivar seus direitos e da inexistência de
serviços assistenciais do Estado.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -14.15pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Responda:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -14.15pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -14.15pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;A) Qual é o termo comumente utilizado para designar o fenômeno sóciopolítico
acima mencionado?&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -14.15pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;B) Quais são as principais características do sistema eleitoral controlado
pelos chefes políticos locais na Primeira República?&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.3pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;xx) (UFG) Senhores, é tempo de cuidar, exclusivamente – notai que digo
exclusivamente – dos melhoramentos materiais do país. Não desconheço o que se
me pode replicar, dir-me-eis que uma nação não se compõe só de estômago para
digerir, mas de cabeça para pensar e de coração para sentir. Respondo-vos que
tudo isso não valerá nada ou pouco, se ela não tiver pernas para caminhar. O
Brasil é uma criança que engatinha; só começará a andar quando tiver cortado de
estradas de ferro.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.25pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;ASSIS,
M. de. Evolução. Os melhores contos. Seleção de Domício Proença. São
Paulo: Global, 1997, p. 239-240. [Adaptado].&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Publicado no início do século XX, o conto incorpora o
discurso evolucionista. A comparação sugere um processo de crescimento no qual
a nação é tomada como metáfora do corpo humano. Se as estradas são pernas,&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;a) identifique a principal região cortada pelas estradas de
ferro e o produto que era transportado;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;b) explique os limites impostos ao crescimento da economia
nacional. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: #818181; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-indent: -21.3pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;xx) (UFJF) &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;“Com as grandes
invenções:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Nem o tal mata
mosquitos,&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Nem também as
desinfecções.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Nem a compra dos
tais ratos&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Não passa de
vexatória.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Agora querem
impingir&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;A vacina
obrigatória.”&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;O texto acima é um trecho de uma modinha
composta por Rios Silva, chamada “Peste Bubon”, que se refere ao episódio que
ficou conhecido como Revolta da Vacina, ocorrido no Rio de Janeiro, em
1904. &lt;b&gt;Com base no texto e&lt;/b&gt; &lt;b&gt;em seus conhecimentos&lt;/b&gt;, responda ao que
se pede:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.25pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;a) Aponte &lt;b&gt;duas
razões &lt;/b&gt;que levaram à eclosão da Revolta da Vacina.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.25pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.25pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;b) Como este
episódio está associado à reforma urbana implantada no Rio de Janeiro no
período?&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.25pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;PT&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;xx) (UFMG) A democracia brasileira foi mais ampla
durante a Monarquia que na Primeira República, tendo-se em vista que o número
de eleitores foi maior no Império que no primeiro período republicano.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;PT&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;ARGUMENTE &lt;b&gt;CONTRA &lt;/b&gt;essa afirmação
ou &lt;b&gt;A FAVOR&lt;/b&gt; dela.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;xx) (UFMG) Leia estas estrofes de
uma modinha cantada pelas ruas do Rio de Janeiro, no início do século XX:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Vou contar um caso novo,&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;caso de capacidade,&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;o que se passa com o povo,&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;pelas ruas da cidade:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;até parece brincadeira,&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;não passa de espalhafatos, vive o
povo perguntando,&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;para que compram tantos ratos,&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;...................................................................................&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Diz agora a Higiene,&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Que compra a rataria,&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Pra dar cabo dessa raça,&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Porque trazem epidemia.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;E o povo os vai vendendo, quem
lucra é o comprador,&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Quem perde é o governo,&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Mas tolo foi o inventor.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Porque dizem que o rato&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Das moléstias é o transmissor&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Talvez que.... molestiado (sic)...&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;fique agora o inventor,&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;porque corre tal boato&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Com base na leitura dessas
estrofes,&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;1. &lt;b&gt;IDENTIFIQUE &lt;/b&gt;o nome do personagem atacado nesses versos.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;2. &lt;b&gt;DESCREVA &lt;/b&gt;as condições de higiene na Capital do Brasil, em fins do
século XIX e início do XX.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;3. &lt;b&gt;CITE duas &lt;/b&gt;medidas sanitárias que geraram protestos, no início do
século XX, no Rio de Janeiro.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.3pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;xx) (UFV) A partir da
proclamação da República, em 15 de novembro de 1889, as forças armadas
brasileiras intervieram na vida política brasileira em várias oportunidades. A
Revolta da Armada, o Movimento Tenentista (1922-1930), a Revolução de 1930 e o
Golpe Militar de 1964 são alguns exemplos dessas intervenções. Aponte &lt;b&gt;duas diferenças &lt;/b&gt;entre o Movimento
Tenentista e o Golpe Militar de 1964.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.3pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://nerihorta.blogspot.com/feeds/6725756665451155561/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment/fullpage/post/2764950579792504266/6725756665451155561' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2764950579792504266/posts/default/6725756665451155561'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2764950579792504266/posts/default/6725756665451155561'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://nerihorta.blogspot.com/2014/07/questoes-de-republica-velha.html' title='Questões de República Velha'/><author><name>Anonymous</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/03459386149837394866</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2764950579792504266.post-2507495082860869058</id><published>2014-03-18T17:53:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2014-03-18T17:53:10.419-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Brasil colonia - política</title><content type='html'>&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.3pt;&quot;&gt;
xx) (UFRJ) As Câmaras Municipais da América
portuguesa do século XVII tinham a responsabilidade de, juntamente com os
Oficiais da monarquia, zelar pelo &lt;i&gt;bem comum &lt;/i&gt;da população. Para o
exercício de tais funções, a Câmara possuía certas atribuições econômicas,
políticas e jurídicas.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;
I&lt;b&gt;ndique &lt;/b&gt;duas
prerrogativas das Câmaras Municipais coloniais.&lt;b&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.3pt;&quot;&gt;
xx) (FUVEST) &lt;i&gt;E [os índios] são tão cruéis
e bestiais que assim matam aos que nunca lhes fizeram mal, clérigos, frades,
mulheres... Esses gentios a nenhuma coisa adoram, nem conhecem a Deus.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;right&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: right; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;
Padre Manuel da Nóbrega, em carta de 1556.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;i&gt;(...) Não vejo nada de bárbaro ou selvagem no que dizem daqueles povos;
e na verdade, cada qual considera bárbaro o que não se pratica em sua terra.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;i&gt;(...) Esses povos não me parecem, pois, merecer o qualitativo de
selvagens somente por não terem sido se não muito pouco modificados pela
ingerência do espírito humano e não haverem quase nada perdido de sua
simplicidade.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;right&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: right; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;
Michel de Montaigne. Ensaios,
1588.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;
a) Compare as concepções dos dois autores sobre as populações nativas do
Brasil.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;
b) Indique a concepção que prevaleceu e quais as conseqüências para a
população indígena.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.3pt;&quot;&gt;
xx) (UNICAMP) &lt;i&gt;A união de Espanha e Portugal, em 1580, trouxe
vantagens para ambos os lados. Portugal era tratado pelos monarcas espanhóis
não como uma conquista, mas como um outro reino. Os mercados, as frotas e a
prata espanhóis revelaram-se atraentes para a nobreza e para os mercadores
portugueses. A Espanha beneficiou-se da aquisição de um porto atlântico de
grande importância, acesso ao comércio de especiarias da Índia, comércio com as
colônias portuguesas na costa da África e contrabando com a colônia do Brasil.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.25pt;&quot;&gt;
(Adaptado de
Stuart B. Schwartz. &lt;i&gt;Da América Portuguesa ao Brasil&lt;/i&gt;. Lisboa: Difel,
2003, p. 188-189.)&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;
a) Segundo o texto, quais foram os benefícios da união ibérica para
Portugal e para a Espanha?&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
b) No contexto da
União Ibérica, o que foi o sebastianismo?&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.3pt;&quot;&gt;
xx) (UFJF) O mais significativo órgão
político-administrativo implantado por Portugal nas vilas coloniais da América Portuguesa
era a Câmara Municipal.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.3pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;
“(...) ponderando-se o acharem-se hoje as Vilas dessa Capitania tão
numerosas como se acham, e que sendo uma grande parte das famílias dos seus
moradores de limpo nascimento, era justo que somente as pessoas que tiverem essa
qualidade andassem na governança delas ...”&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;i&gt;Ordem Régia &lt;/i&gt;(Para Câmara de Vila Rica-MG), 27 de janeiro de
1726.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;
“A Câmara e a Misericórdia podem ser descritas, apenas com um ligeiro
exagero, como os pilares gêmeos da sociedade colonial desde Maranhão até
Macau.”&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;
BOXER, C. R. &lt;i&gt;O império marítimo português&lt;/i&gt;. Lisboa: Edições 70,
1969, p. 267.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;
Baseando-se nas citações acima, responda &lt;b&gt;com suas próprias palavras&lt;/b&gt;:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;
a) Qual era a origem social daqueles que ocupavam os cargos nas Câmaras
Municipais?&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;
b) Cite &lt;b&gt;três funções &lt;/b&gt;das Câmaras Municipais nas principais vilas
coloniais:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.3pt;&quot;&gt;
xx) (UFU) Durante o século XVII, na
Capitania de São Vicente, a organização de “entradas” e “bandeiras” ganhou destaque,
transformando-se em uma das principais atividades econômicas da região.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;
Com relação a este assunto responda.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;
De que forma o bandeirismo paulista está relacionado às necessidades
econômicas da Colônia e como conseguiram satisfazer estas necessidades?&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;





































&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;xx) (UFMG) Leia este trecho:&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;i&gt;Transposta a
segunda metade do século XVII, chegamos ao tempo em que vivem Fernão Dias Pais
Leme, Pedro Vaz de Barros, Guilherme Pompeu de Almeida, à era dos potentados em
arcos, poderosos em armas, homens de grande séquito. Já então os inventários se
tornam menos precisos e minuciosos, e o cabeça de casal e os avaliadores
nomeiam somente o que lhes parece digno de estimativa, desprezando os espetos
de ferro e ninharias quejandas, que, à míngua de coisa melhor, os processos
anteriores não esqueciam de arrolar. No arranjo e adereço domésticos se reflete
o aumento da riqueza privada, aumento que mais e mais se pronuncia à medida que
se aproxima o ciclo da mineração.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.25pt;&quot;&gt;
ALCÂNTARA MACHADO,
José de. Vida e morte do bandeirante. São Paulo/Brasília: Martins/INL, 1972.
p.62.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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Com base nas
informações desse trecho,&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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1. &lt;b&gt;ANALISE &lt;/b&gt;os
principais aspectos econômicos ligados à ação dos bandeirantes.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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2. &lt;b&gt;ANALISE &lt;/b&gt;os
desdobramentos políticos do bandeirantismo no que tange à organização do poder
na Colônia.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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xx) (UFMG) Leia estes trechos:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;i&gt;A percepção dos
índios como uma outra humanidade, como animais e como demônios corresponde a
três níveis possíveis através dos quais se expressaram as considerações
européias acerca dos homens americanos.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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MELLO e SOUZA,
Laura de. &lt;i&gt;O Diabo e a Terra de Santa Cruz: &lt;/i&gt;feitiçaria e religiosidade no
Brasil Colonial&lt;i&gt;. &lt;/i&gt;São Paulo: Companhia das Letras, 1987. p. 56.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;i&gt;No Mato Grosso, no
Pará, em Goiás, no Tocantins, mestiços cristianizados ao longo dos séculos&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;i&gt;referem-se aos
índios seus vizinhos e, muito provavelmente, seus parentes, como caboclos. Longe
do significado que os verbetes de dicionário dão a essa palavra, qualquer
criança da região explica com facilidade que a humanidade está dividida em
cristãos e caboclos batizado e não batizados, humanos e não humanos. Os
habitantes desses sertões ainda usam as mesmas referências, para diferençar
brancos de índios, que podem ser encontradas nas cartas jesuíticas dos séculos
XVI e XVII.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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MARTINS, José de
Souza. A vida privada nas áreas de expansão da sociedade brasileira. In: &lt;i&gt;História
da vida privada no Brasil: &lt;/i&gt;contrastes da intimidade contemporânea. São
Paulo: Companhia das Letras, 1998. v. 4, p. 660-1.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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1. Os habitantes
desses sertões ainda usam as mesmas referências, para diferençar brancos de
índios, que podem ser encontradas nas cartas jesuíticas dos séculos XVI e
XVII..&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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EXPLIQUE essa afirmativa, tendo em vista o contexto dos trechos lidos.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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2. Ao longo de
toda a história brasileira, as relações entre brancos e índios foram marcadas
por conflitos violentos. A natureza desses conflitos, em alguns casos,
modificou-se e, em outros, manteve-se estável.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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Considerando essas informações, APRESENTE&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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A) um aspecto desses conflitos que se modificou.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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B) um aspecto desses conflitos que se manteve estável.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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xx) (UFMG) Leia o texto.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;i&gt;Com uma mão [a
rede de TV] elege a educação como desafio e prioridade do país, enquanto com a
outra trata de deseducá-lo em horário nobre.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;i&gt;Tome-se como
exemplo o que disse [...] na vinheta exibida no sábado da semana passada:
&quot;Brasil, 500 anos. Belíssima paisagem. Um país lindo e a pátria que todos
pediram a Deus&quot;. Ou a fala [...] da última segunda-feira: &quot;500 anos
de Brasil. Essa história merece ser contada em quadrinhos&quot;.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;i&gt;Releve-se, por
ora, o ufanismo barato de cada um desses haicais verde-amarelos declamados por
uma galeria imensa de novos e velhos colunáveis para ressaltar a mensagem que é
comum a todos: o Brasil faz 500 anos.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;i&gt;Algum aluno
aplicado poderia lembrar [...] que o descobrimento é uma coisa, e que o Brasil
é outra bem diferente [...] Esse bom aluno poderia ir além e lembrar [...] o
mais importante: que [...] a construção da nacionalidade e a própria
consciência do que é ser brasileiro permaneceram (e permanecem até hoje)
prejudicadas por aquilo que Joaquim Nabuco chamou de nossa &quot;única obra
verdadeiramente nacional&quot;, ou seja, &quot;a nódoa da escravidão&quot;.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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SILVA, Fernando de
Barros e. A Globo e a negaça dos 500 anos. &lt;i&gt;Folha de S. Paulo&lt;/i&gt;, 16 maio
1999.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;1&lt;/b&gt;. ...o
descobrimento é uma coisa e [...] o Brasil é outra bem diferente. &lt;b&gt;EXPLIQUE &lt;/b&gt;essa
afirmativa.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;2&lt;/b&gt;. ...a construção
da nacionalidade e a própria consciência do que é ser brasileiro permaneceram
(e permanecem até hoje) prejudicadas por aquilo que Joaquim Nabuco chamou de
nossa &quot;única obra verdadeiramente nacional&quot;, ou seja, &quot;a nódoa
da escravidão&quot;.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;EXPLIQUE &lt;/b&gt;essa afirmativa.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-indent: -21.3pt;&quot;&gt;xx) (UFMG) &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-indent: -21.3pt;&quot;&gt;A situação das
populações indígenas do Continente Americano tem sido crescentemente
rediscutida em todos os países que o compõem. A recente eleição de um
presidente de origem indígena, na Bolívia, assim como a indicação de Rigoberta
Menchú, líder indígena, ao prêmio Nobel da Paz, reforça a centralidade do tema,
presente, em diferentes registros, em importantes obras da literatura
brasileira – desde &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;text-indent: -21.3pt;&quot;&gt;O Guarani&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-indent: -21.3pt;&quot;&gt; e &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;text-indent: -21.3pt;&quot;&gt;Iracema&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-indent: -21.3pt;&quot;&gt;, de José de Alencar, até &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;text-indent: -21.3pt;&quot;&gt;Maíra&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-indent: -21.3pt;&quot;&gt;,
de Darcy Ribeiro.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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Considerando essas informações, &lt;b&gt;ANALISE &lt;/b&gt;o processo de
transformação pelo qual passou a representação do índio no imaginário nacional
brasileiro, de meados do século XIX ao fim do século XX.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;PT&quot;&gt;xx) (UFV) O historiador Capistrano de Abreu em sua
obra, hoje clássica, Capítulos de História Colonial, assim se refere às
bandeiras:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT&quot;&gt;Faltam documentos para
escrever a história das bandeiras, aliás sempre a mesma: homens munidos de
armas de fogo atacam selvagens(...).&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT&quot;&gt;Bandeiras: O nome
provém talvez do costume tupiniquim, referido por Anchieta, de levantar-se uma
bandeira em sinal de guerra.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;PT&quot;&gt;(Adaptado do Capistrano de Abreu, Capítulos de
História Colonial, Civilização Brasileira, 1976)&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT&quot;&gt;a)&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 7pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT&quot;&gt;Quais eram os objetos desse movimento, que se iniciou na capitania de São
Vicente?&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT&quot;&gt;b)&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 7pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT&quot;&gt;Narre um episódio das bandeiras, usando para isso outras informações
históricas pertinentes.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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xx) (UNIMONTES)&lt;b&gt; &lt;/b&gt;Leia o seguinte texto:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;i&gt;“Viva el rei Dom
Henrique&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;i&gt;No inferno muitos
anos&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;i&gt;Por deixar em
testamento&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;i&gt;Portugal aos
Castelhanos”&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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(Verso cantado pelos portugueses entre 1580 e 1640. Citado por
VALADARES, Virgínia Trindade. In: MARTINS, Vanise Ribeiro. &lt;b&gt;História do
Brasil&lt;/b&gt;, Belo Horizonte: EB. sd. p. 130)&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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A) Identifique o fato histórico contra o qual os portugueses estavam
revoltados.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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B) Quais as conseqüências desse fato para o Brasil?&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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xx) (UNIMONTES) &lt;i&gt;“Durante séculos, a colonização portuguesa unificou, do ponto de vista
político-administrativo, regiões (...) díspares e heterogêneas (...)
distribuídas por quatro continentes (...) O Império português funcionava
justamente por atribuir papéis diferenciados e desiguais às suas partes. (...)
A partir de então [meados do século XVIII], contudo, as contradições inerentes
à ordem do Antigo Regime Europeu – e, em seu interior, do colonialismo –
começam a aflorar por toda parte, inclusive nas potências mais fracas (...)&lt;/i&gt;
&lt;i&gt;Portugal e Espanha.”&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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(SLEMIAN, Andréa; PIMENTA, João Paulo. &lt;b&gt;O “nascimento político” do
Brasil&lt;/b&gt;. Rio de Janeiro: DP e A, 2003, p. 11-12)&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;
A) Explique as &lt;b&gt;contradições &lt;/b&gt;às quais os autores se referem.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -14.15pt;&quot;&gt;
B) Através de um
movimento reformista, Dom José I e seu ministro Marquês de Pombal tentaram encontrar
soluções para a crise que afetava a nação portuguesa. Como ficou historicamente
conhecida a política de Estado encetada nesse período?&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;&quot;&gt;
C) Apresente os fundamentos dessa política.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -14.2pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://nerihorta.blogspot.com/feeds/2507495082860869058/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment/fullpage/post/2764950579792504266/2507495082860869058' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2764950579792504266/posts/default/2507495082860869058'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2764950579792504266/posts/default/2507495082860869058'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://nerihorta.blogspot.com/2014/03/brasil-colonia-politica.html' title='Brasil colonia - política'/><author><name>Anonymous</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/03459386149837394866</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2764950579792504266.post-7782764826549087588</id><published>2014-03-18T17:46:00.001-07:00</published><updated>2014-03-18T17:46:21.671-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Questões sobre Renascimento</title><content type='html'>&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;text-indent: -21.3pt;&quot;&gt;xx) (UNICAMP)
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;text-indent: -21.3pt;&quot;&gt;“Já fiz planos de pontes muito leves (…).
Conheço meios de destruir seja que castelo for (…). Sei construir bombardas
fáceis de deslocar, carros abertos, inatacáveis e seguros, armados com canhões.
Estou (…) em condições de competir com qualquer outro arquiteto, tanto para
construir edifícios públicos ou privados como para produzir água de um lugar
para outro. E, em trabalhos de pintura ou na lavra do mármore, do metal ou da
argila, farei obras que seguramente suportarão o conforto com as de qualquer
outro, seja ele quem for.”&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoBodyText&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 1.0cm; margin-top: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
(Leonardo da Vinci – retirado de
Jean Delumeau. A Civilização do Renascimento)&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoBodyText&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 1.0cm; margin-top: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoBodyText&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 1.0cm; margin-top: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
O texto lido é parte da carta com
que Leonardo da Vinci, em 1482, pedia emprego na corte de Ludovico, o Mouro. No
trecho estão alguns elementos principais que caracterizam o Renascimento como
movimento cultural.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoBodyText&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 1.0cm; margin-top: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoBodyText&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 39.3pt; margin-right: 1.0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list 39.3pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;a)&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 7pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;Identifique
três desses elementos.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoBodyText&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 39.3pt; margin-right: 1.0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list 39.3pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;b)&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 7pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;Como
se dava o patrocínio dos artistas e técnicos do Renascimento?&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoBodyText&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 1.0cm; margin-top: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-indent: -21.3pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoBodyText&quot; style=&quot;margin-right: 14.2pt;&quot;&gt;
xx) (UNICAMP) Leia abaixo os
versos do poeta inglês do século XVII Alexandre Pope:&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoBodyText&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 14.2pt; margin-top: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;i&gt;“A natureza e as leis da natureza permaneciam escondidas na noite&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoBodyText&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 14.2pt; margin-top: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;i&gt;Deus disse, “Faça-se Newton”, e tudo ficou claro.”&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;right&quot; class=&quot;MsoBodyText&quot; style=&quot;margin-right: 14.2pt; text-align: right;&quot;&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;(Traduzindo de J. M. Roberts, History of the
World, Oxford University Press, 1883)&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;right&quot; class=&quot;MsoBodyText&quot; style=&quot;margin-right: 14.2pt; text-align: right;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoBodyText&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 14.2pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 35.45pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;a)&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 7pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;Descreva a principal descoberta científica a que
se refere o poema.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoBodyText&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 14.2pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 35.45pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;b)&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 7pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;Quais eram as bases do novo método científico do
século XVII?&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;&quot;&gt;
xx)(UNICAMP) &lt;i&gt;Para as artes
visuais florescerem no Renascimento era preciso um ambiente urbano. Nos séculos
XV e XVI, as regiões mais altamente urbanizadas da Europa Ocidental
localizavam-se na Itália e nos Países Baixos, e essas foram as regiões de onde
veio grande parte dos artistas.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;right&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: right; text-indent: -14.2pt;&quot;&gt;
(Adaptado de Peter Burke, O Renascimento Italiano. São
Paulo: Nova Alexandria, 1999, p.60)&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 32.2pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 32.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;a)&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 7pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;Cite duas características do Renascimento.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 32.2pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 32.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;b)&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 7pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;De que maneiras o ambiente urbano propiciou a
emergência desse movimento artístico e cultural.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 32.2pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 32.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;c)&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 7pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;Por que as regiões mencionadas no texto eram as
mais urbanizadas da Europa nos séculos XV e XVI?&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;&quot;&gt;
xx)(UNIFE) A Itália do Quatrocentos (século XV) estava vivendo a
intensidade das atividades artísticas e o desenvolvimento do humanismo e estava
também na vanguarda do processo de urbanização que se desenvolvia na Europa.
Apesar disto, a maior parte da população vivia no campo, onde vigorava o
sistema feudal. A nobreza e alta burguesia acabaram por formar uma única classe
dominante, separada do resto da população por um abismo econômico, político e
cultural.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;&quot;&gt;
a) CITE pelo menos dois fatores determinantes do Renascimento
italiano.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoBodyText&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1.0cm; text-indent: -14.15pt;&quot;&gt;
b) o grande
número de miserável, que nada possuíam e não tinham direitos, demonstra que o
Renascimento italiano não foi popular. EXPLIQUE.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
xx) (Fuvest) Justifique a
afirmativa: “A Itália foi o berço do Renascimento”.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 17.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.0pt;&quot;&gt;
xx) (Fuvest) “O
Renascimento é, primeiramente, esse conjunto de mutações que tocam os homens no
seu modo de viver e sobretudo de pensar. A Itália foi, desde o século XIV, um
dos primeiros lugares dessa interrogação nova e fecunda sobre o mundo... O
Renascimento italiano nasceu, antes de mais nada, do desenvolvimento e da
primazia das cidades...”&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 25.5pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; mso-text-indent-alt: -25.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -25.5pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 7pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;a)&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;A que conjunto de mutações está se referindo o
autor ?&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 25.5pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; mso-text-indent-alt: -25.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -25.5pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 7pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;b)&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;Cite o nome de duas cidades italianas que foram
centros de irradiação da arte renascentista nos séculos XV e XVI.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 25.5pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; mso-text-indent-alt: -25.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -25.5pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 7pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;c)&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;Qual a importância das cidades para o
surgimento do Renascimento ?&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 17.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.0pt;&quot;&gt;
xx) (PUC-MG) O
Renascimento é um fenômeno exclusivo da Europa Ocidental urbana, na fase de
transição do feudalismo ao capitalismo, que expressa a adequação dos valores,
dos costumes e do pensar aos novos tempos e que acaba por influir no pensamento
ocidental até os dias de hoje.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 17.0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Analise duas
características da cultura renascentista.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 17.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.0pt;&quot;&gt;
xx) (Unicamp) “Renascimento é o nome dado a um movimento cultural
italiano e às suas repercussões em outros países. Caracteriza-se pela busca da
harmonia e do equilíbrio nas artes e na arquitetura, acrescentando aos temas
cristãos medievais outros temas inspirados na mitologia e na vida cotidiana.”&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;right&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: right;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;(&lt;i&gt;Dicionário do Renascimento Italiano&lt;/i&gt;, Zahar Editores, 1988.)&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 17.0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Em que momento
da história européia se situa esse movimento e qual a principal fonte de
inspiração para os intelectuais e artistas renascentistas ?&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;&quot;&gt;
xx) (UFMG) ESTABELEÇA a conexão entre o movimento renascentista e a
realidade histórica vivida pela Itália. &lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://nerihorta.blogspot.com/feeds/7782764826549087588/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment/fullpage/post/2764950579792504266/7782764826549087588' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2764950579792504266/posts/default/7782764826549087588'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2764950579792504266/posts/default/7782764826549087588'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://nerihorta.blogspot.com/2014/03/questoes-sobre-renascimento.html' title='Questões sobre Renascimento'/><author><name>Anonymous</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/03459386149837394866</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2764950579792504266.post-2314580259755443753</id><published>2013-12-05T13:27:00.002-08:00</published><updated>2013-12-05T13:27:47.707-08:00</updated><title type='text'>Os primeiros americanos</title><content type='html'>&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;A partir da década de 1930, os cientistas se debruçaram sobre a
existência dos paleoamericanos, um tema por muito tempo negligenciado em favor
dos estudos consagrados às civilizações pré-colombianas. Em 1932, pontas de
flechas de sílex datadas de cerca de 12.000 antes de nossa era, associadas a
ossadas de mamutes, foram desenterradas perto da localidade de Clovis (Novo
México). O local deu então o nome àquela que por muito tempo seria considerada
a primeira cultura lítica do continente, originada, segundo os descobridores, de
populações locais originais.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;Utensílios idênticos foram encontrados em diversos outros sítios
arqueológicos que pontilhavam a América do Norte e a América Central. Uma ideia
instalou-se então no espírito da maioria dos pesquisadores da pré-história: há
cerca de 13 mil anos, beneficiando-se da redução do nível dos mares e da
criação de uma estreita passagem por terra através do estreito de Bering em
decorrência da última glaciação, caçadores vindos da Sibéria teriam seguido
suas presas ao longo da Beríngia (a faixa de terra ligando a Ásia à América).&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;Desse modo, eles penetraram no continente americano, que foram pouco a
pouco ocupando graças a seus excelentes utensílios (da cultura chamada “de
Clovis”), e desceram em direção ao sul. Essa origem siberiana foi proposta
desde 1884 pelo naturalista alemão Haeckel, e esse modelo (o eixo
Ásia-Beríngia-América), a despeito de alguns ajustes, permaneceu a tese
dominante.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;Há cerca de duas décadas, uma hipótese vizinha da precedente – mas ainda
não comprovada – imaginou grupos siberianos que transpuseram o braço de mar não
mais a pé, mas por navegação, progredindo em canoas ou jangadas ao longo do mar
de Bering e depois pelo litoral americano, que eles colonizaram rapidamente.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;Certos vestígios se integraram bastante bem nesse esquema denominado
“Beríngia”. Em Upper Sun River (Alasca), os restos de uma criança, de dentição
próxima daquela dos asiáticos do nordeste e dos ameríndios, e datados pelo
radiocarbono em 11.500 anos, foram encontrados nas proximidades de uma
habitação e de utensílios que lembravam muito o estilo siberiano.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;Mas a existência de outros testemunhos mais antigos trouxe problemas
para os pesquisadores. Em Meadowcroft (Pensilvânia), foram encontradas lâminas
de pedra que teriam entre 13 mil e 16 mil anos, ou até mais. Em Cactus Hill
(Virgínia), foram descobertas pontas líticas que remontariam a 18 mil anos.
Melhor ainda: o sítio de Bluefish (Yukon, Canadá) teria talvez 25 mil anos. O
de Monte Verde (Chile) apresentaria, sob a primeira camada arqueológica, de
cerca de 12,5 mil a 15 mil anos, uma segunda camada de 35 mil anos. Finalmente,
em Puebla (México), cinzas vulcânicas de pelo menos 38.000 anos antes de nossa
era revelaram traços de atividades humanas que poderiam ser daquela época. São
apenas alguns exemplos. Que dizer desses vestígios, a não ser que suas datações
não são unanimemente aceitas? Elas são, na verdade, bastante controvertidas, e
resta muito trabalho a fazer.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;EUROPEUS?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;As interpretações de estudos genéticos ou de antropologia física
(craniologia) foram também objeto de vivos debates. Elas sugeriram laços entre
certos fósseis da América do Norte e as populações europeias (como o Homem de
Kennewick, descoberto em 1996 no estado de Washington e com uns 9.500 mil
anos), ou entre certos fósseis da América do Sul e as populações da Oceania
(“Luzia”, descoberta em 1995 no Brasil e datada de 11.5 mil anos). As teorias
associadas, fazendo intervir povoadores anteriores aos de Clovis, vindos da
Europa (pelo Atlântico), da Austrália ou da Melanésia (atravessando o Pacífico
de ilha em ilha), foram muito debatidas. Entre essas teses, destaquemos a dos
caçadores solutreanos (uma cultura lítica franco-ibérica datando de 22 mil a 17
mil anos) que teriam navegado até a América – hipótese que recebeu apenas uma
débil adesão da comunidade científica.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;Em 2008, um estudo americano comparou o DNA de 29 populações de
ameríndios atuais ao de siberianos e colocou em evidência um parentesco que
diminui à medida que se distancia em direção ao sul da América, o que corrobora
a hipótese de um deslocamento a partir da Beríngia.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;Em 2012, esses resultados foram confirmados por um estudo internacional
abrangendo 17 populações siberianas e 52 ameríndias (do Canadá à America do
Sul), que, entre outros pontos, detectou três vagas migratórias, separadas no
tempo: a primeira teria ocorrido pelo menos há 15 mil anos. Paralelamente, uma
análise geológica revelou que o estreito de Bering estava livre de gelos e
poderia ter sido atravessado desde - 17.000 a.C. Isso era compatível com a existência
de uma cultura “pré-Clovis”, ilustrada pela atividade lítica do sítio de Debra
L. Friedkin (Texas) e datada de - 15.500 a.C. – em especial, uma ponta de
azagaia cravada nos restos de um mastodonte (estado de Washington),
recentemente datada (pelo radiocarbono) em 13,8 mil anos, ou um fóssil ornado
com a gravação de um mamute que, encontrado em Vero Beach (Flórida), teria 13
mil anos.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;Ameríndios originários da Ásia, brancos originários da Europa: todos –
pelo menos seus líderes ideológicos – querem ser hoje em dia “os primeiros”.
Resta esperar que os cientistas façam falar, objetivamente, todas as peças do
quebra-cabeça para estabelecer a realidade histórica, sempre mais interessante
– e mais complexa – que as querelas humanas.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;right&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;por Frédéric Belnet&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;é jornalista científico&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://nerihorta.blogspot.com/feeds/2314580259755443753/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment/fullpage/post/2764950579792504266/2314580259755443753' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2764950579792504266/posts/default/2314580259755443753'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2764950579792504266/posts/default/2314580259755443753'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://nerihorta.blogspot.com/2013/12/os-primeiros-americanos.html' title='Os primeiros americanos'/><author><name>Anonymous</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/03459386149837394866</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2764950579792504266.post-7004551013736839141</id><published>2013-12-05T10:25:00.003-08:00</published><updated>2013-12-05T10:25:37.294-08:00</updated><title type='text'>Matrimônio à brasileira</title><content type='html'>&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;(...)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;Brasil Colônia: concubinato consentido&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;No Brasil, essas tradições
foram implantadas desde os primeiros tempos coloniais, seguindo as mesmas
regras do modelo social português católico, que regeu os valores e costumes da
colônia durante longos séculos. Embora os grupos familiares fossem muito
dispersos, a instituição familiar firmou-se no país tendo como base o
casamento, que&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;a priori&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;era realizado entre grupos de convívio
ou parentelas, de modo a não dispersarem o patrimônio adquirido.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;Diante desse entendimento, urgia que viessem para a colônia mulheres
brancas. Poderiam ser órfãs ou meretrizes, diziam os jesuítas. Pouco importava
que essas mulheres não fossem de família. O importante é que fossem mulheres em
condições de se casar com os colonos, que pertenciam a diferentes classes
sociais, pois casar-se com mulheres nativas, ou negras escravas, não teria o
mesmo valor social de casar-se com mulheres da corte.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;Contrariando esses ideais, os homens que vieram povoar a colônia
deitavam-se constantemente com as mulheres nativas e negras, comprovando que as
práticas da irracionalidade do instinto se contrapunham à racionalidade das
normas, gerando repúdio da parte daqueles que pretendiam moralizar a sociedade
que se formava no Brasil. Degredo, confisco de bens, acusações de crime, entre
outras, eram as punições impostas para quem fosse preso sob a alegação de ter
realizado ou testemunhado um casamento fora dos moldes cristãos.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;Pelo tipo de casamento imposto pelas Constituições do Arcebispado da
Bahia para efetivar o casamento cristão, os noivos deveriam apresentar uma
documentação provando serem solteiros e batizados, além de aguardar denúncias
do pregão colocado na porta da igreja durante três domingos. No pregão
constavam o nome dos nubentes e das testemunhas e a data e o local do
casamento, para verificação de possíveis impedimentos. Mas, essa documentação
custava muito caro para a população e se constituiu em um grande entrave para a
realização do casamento cristão, levando os homens a se envolverem naturalmente
com mulheres nativas ou negras, desviando-se dos interesses da Igreja em
promover casamentos entre homens e mulheres brancos. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;Para burlar essas normas, homens e mulheres uniam-se em concubinato,
união que pouco se afastava da prática do casamento cristão. Bastava a intenção
de unir pelo matrimônio para que o casal passasse a conviver conforme as
condições disciplinares instituídas no Concílio de Trento, ainda que esses
casamentos fossem considerados clandestinos. O casal ia à missa, com suas
testemunhas, e esperava a hora em que o padre se voltasse para o público, ou
para dar a bênção ou para descer do altar, para juntos se receberem em voz alta
como marido e mulher. O padre, desprevenido, não podia negar sua condição de
testemunha do ato, devendo, por isso, sacramentá-lo. Mas, nem todos os casais
se davam ao trabalho de buscar a bênção e, diante da enorme clandestinidade, a
Igreja insistia para que o Estado português acabasse de vez com essas uniões.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;A legislação do período pombalino, além de modificar profundamente o
preceito do casamento, apoiou a sustentação do pátrio poder mediante a
celebração do matrimônio. Por meio da Carta de Lei de junho de 1775, o Estado
passou a apoiar a autoridade paterna na escolha dos cônjuges ideais para os
filhos.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;Afetividade raramente pesava na determinação de uma união entre os sexos
por meio do casamento, que, escolhido unilateralmente pelo pai, tutor ou
responsável, fortalecia as transações econômicas nas quais o sentimento era o
que menos importava. Para segurança, muitas mulheres jovens foram dadas em
casamento a homens mais velhos em condições financeiras melhores, o que
despreocupava os pais ou mesmo os sustentava. Tão logo a menina menstruava, era
considerada apta ao casamento e, em muitos casos, entregue ao marido ainda
criança. Normalmente as meninas casavam-se com 13 anos de idade e, em geral,
aos 15 já eram mães.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;Se uma dessas moças chegasse aos 20 anos sem conseguir um casamento, era
considerada solteirona, e esse era o grande medo que imperava dentro das
famílias. Principalmente, quando era filha de uma família humilde, pois, sem
condições para sustentá-la, era tratada como uma boca a mais.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(...)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Maria Beatriz Nader&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;é doutora em história, pós-doutora em
sociologia e professor da Ufes.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://nerihorta.blogspot.com/feeds/7004551013736839141/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment/fullpage/post/2764950579792504266/7004551013736839141' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2764950579792504266/posts/default/7004551013736839141'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2764950579792504266/posts/default/7004551013736839141'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://nerihorta.blogspot.com/2013/12/matrimonio-brasileira.html' title='Matrimônio à brasileira'/><author><name>Anonymous</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/03459386149837394866</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2764950579792504266.post-7033309644397379670</id><published>2013-12-05T10:19:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2013-12-05T10:19:18.080-08:00</updated><title type='text'>A cobra fumou!</title><content type='html'>&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;No dia 16 de julho de 1944, os primeiros homens da Força Expedicionária
Brasileira a desembarcar na Itália, em Nápoles, adentraram o teatro de
operações italiano na Segunda Guerra Mundial debaixo de vaias. Eram 5.800
militares, que caminharam para Agnano, 25 quilômetros distante do porto, ouvindo
gritos como&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;tedesco maledetto&lt;/i&gt;(alemão maldito). João Barone, filho
de pracinha, baterista dos Paralamas do Sucesso e autor do livro&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;1942 –
O Brasil e sua guerra quase desconhecida&lt;/i&gt;, explica os motivos para a bizarra
recepção: “O uniforme do Exército brasileiro lembrava um pouco os alemães e
italianos no corte, na coloração esverdeada, no bibico (casquete militar) e nos
muitos botões na parte da frente das jaquetas. Os cidadãos locais suspeitaram
de que se tratasse de um contingente de prisioneiros alemães sendo
transladados, o que gerou as demonstrações de hostilidade”.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;O episódio seria utilizado, ao longo das décadas, por aqueles que
insistem em desqualificar a presença brasileira em território italiano durante
a Segunda Guerra, menosprezando, em relação a outros aliados envolvidos no
conflito, a cota verde e amarela de sangue, suor e lágrimas. Porém, se a
chegada não foi das mais bem-sucedidas, a partida, por outro lado, deixaria
para trás histórias de vários sucessos que transcendem até os grandiosos feitos
de armas, como a tomada do monte Castelo. Em algumas cidadezinhas italianas,
dar uma lata de pêssegos em calda, ainda hoje, simboliza um gesto de amizade
profunda. Os pêssegos eram americanos. O costume, hoje, é italiano. E o gesto
foi tipicamente brasileiro, dos pracinhas da força expedicionária que dividiam
as rações de guerra com a população então castigada pela guerra e passando
fome. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;No primeiro teatro de operações importante para a reconquista da Europa,
os nazistas, com sua blindagem&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;panzer&lt;/i&gt;, haviam triunfado em dezenas
de batalhas. Os brasileiros, com suas armas, mas também suas latas de pêssego,
foram decisivos para a vitória aliada. Naquelas localidades, onde muitos
exércitos são lembrados pelos mortos que deixaram, os brasileiros são venerados.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;O INÍCIO&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;A Segunda Guerra Mundial começa de fato para o Brasil quando os
navios sob nossa bandeira são atacados pelos submarinos do Eixo, italianos e
alemães – o primeiro deles, em março de 1941; os demais, após janeiro de 1942,
quando o Brasil interrompe relações diplomáticas com o Eixo. Em agosto de 1942,
um pracinha da Força Expedicionária Brasileira, o soldado do 7º Grupo de
Artilharia de Dorso Dálvaro José de Oliveira estava, com outros 95 militares, a
bordo do vapor Itagiba, que zarpara do Rio de Janeiro com destino a Recife, com
escalas previstas em Vitória e Salvador.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;Quatro dias antes, três navios haviam sido afundados na costa de
Sergipe. Na manhã do dia 17, quando já era possível avistar a costa e um certo
alívio tomava conta da tripulação e passageiros, uma grande explosão foi
sentida. Um torpedo alemão atingira o navio, que rapidamente foi a pique.
Trinta e seis pessoas morreram. Dálvaro foi resgatado por um outro velho vapor,
o Arará, que, em pouco tempo, também seria torpedeado. O submarino alemão U-507
havia ficado na área para terminar o serviço. Dálvaro se tornou náufrago pela
segunda vez na mesma manhã. Alertados, o cruzador Rio Grande do Sul e aviões
afugentaram o submarino nazista. O soldado Dálvaro foi resgatado novamente e o
Brasil ganhou um pracinha.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;As imagens dos corpos dos náufragos chegando à costa de Sergipe
provocaram uma comoção generalizada. Depois de 742 mortes provocadas por
ataques do Eixo, em sua maioria a alvos civis, o Brasil declara guerra às
potências do Eixo em 22 de agosto de 1942.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;O Brasil estava em guerra. Depois dos ataques, Getúlio Vargas foi
obrigado a se decidir de que lado ficaria. A decisão não foi tão simples, já
que, como é sabido, Vargas tinha em seu gabinete germanófilos que pregavam a
aproximação com Hitler e Mussolini. Por pouco, o país não ficou do lado errado
da história. Mesmo depois da definição, quando se posicionou, houve quem
torcesse ardentemente contra os pracinhas. Os primeiros grandes inimigos da
Força Expedicionária Brasileira estavam aqui.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;No envolvimento brasileiro no conflito, não faltam lances dignos de
cinema. Aqui mesmo, ninhos de espiões dos dois lados proliferavam, enquanto o
Exército americano mantinha contingentes em nosso território, especialmente no
Rio Grande do Norte, ponto estratégico para patrulhamento do Atlântico. Mas foi
no Rio de Janeiro que se desenrolou um dos enredos mais prosaicos. O luxuoso
transatlântico Queen Mary, requisitado para o transporte de tropas, levava 8
mil soldados canadenses para a Austrália. Seu afundamento seria um terrível
golpe. Mas os quinta-colunas foram neutralizados a tempo, e o espião alemão
Jose Starzinski, que, do Leblon, passava coordenadas para aviões nazistas,
acabou preso. O Queen Mary, depois da escala no Rio, mudou de rota e escapou do
bombardeio inimigo.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;FORMA-SE A FEB&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;Oficializada a entrada do Brasil na guerra,
começou a formação da Força Expedicionária Brasileira. Tendo optado pelos
Aliados, Getúlio Vargas, atendendo aos anseios de parte da sociedade
brasileira, fez questão de deixar marcada a participação verde e amarela no
conflito com o envio de homens. Já não bastavam o suporte estratégico e as
parcerias realizadas até então.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
“Acima de tudo, existe a constatação de que a gente tomou parte numa guerra de
verdade, para valer”, explica João Barone. “A participação do Brasil foi
relativizada depois porque não mandamos milhões de homens. Tentou-se desinflar
o papel real do Brasil. Mas tivemos gente morrendo sob fogo de metralhadora
nazista.”&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;Não foi nada fácil montar a FEB, lembra Barone. O Ministério da Guerra,
chefiado pelo general Eurico Gaspar Dutra, pretendia enviar 100 mil homens em
três divisões. No fim, acabou sendo possível reunir pouco mais de 25 mil.
Faltaram voluntários. A maior parte foi convocada. Praças muito jovens, com
pouca ou nenhuma experiência militar, eram chamados às pressas. Esse foi o caso
de João de Lavor Reis e Silva, pai de João Barone, que precisou deixar o
emprego nos Correios e Telégrafos de São Paulo, além “dos violões e das
serestas”, diz o baterista dos Paralamas, em&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;1942&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;Não bastassem as dificuldades logísticas, havia ainda a desconfiança dos
líderes estrangeiros. O presidente dos EUA, Theodore Roosevelt, apesar de seu
firme apoio às tropas brasileiras, suspeitava em dado momento que a ditadura
Vargas estava mais interessada em receber armas e equipamentos militares dos
americanos do que realmente entrar em batalha. Não à toa, como seria lembrado
pelos críticos da FEB, os brasileiros chegaram à Itália desarmados.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;O primeiro-ministro inglês, Winston Churchill, também se mostrava
relutante em ter mais uma nação envolvida no teatro de operações italiano – já
eram cerca de 20, de poloneses a franceses livres. Mas Churchill acabou
convencido por Roosevelt, que havia dado sua palavra a Getúlio Vargas.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Os problemas para os pracinhas começaram já no treinamento. Como conta João
Barone, “os novos equipamentos dos americanos não chegavam em quantidade
suficiente para treinar o efetivo da FEB, problema que se estendeu de janeiro a
julho de 1944, às vésperas da partida do primeiro escalão para a Itália”. O 9º
Batalhão de Engenharia, situado em Aquidauana, Mato Grosso do Sul, foi obrigado
a improvisar nos treinamentos de prospecção de minas terrestres. “Os
integrantes do batalhão pediram à população que doasse todas as latas de
goiabada disponíveis, que seriam utilizadas para simular minas enterradas.”&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;A COBRA FUMOU&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;Mas, de qualquer maneira, a cobra ia fumar. O
termo, aliás, surgiu na época. Alguns dizem que os brasileiros, em suas folgas
em São Paulo, iam para a praça da Sé e lá se divertiam com um caixeiro-viajante
que se exibia fazendo uma cobra, de fato, fumar. Também corria a lenda,
improvável, de que o próprio Adolf Hitler teria dito que era mais fácil uma
cobra fumar do que os pracinhas brasileiros lutarem na guerra. O fato é que a
FEB saiu do Brasil avisando que a cobra ia fumar. E fumou.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;Chegando à Itália, a Força Expedicionária Brasileira foi incorporada ao
XV Grupo de Exércitos Aliados. Por lá passaram nomes lendários, como o do
general americano George Patton, um terror tanto para os soldados nazistas
quanto para seus próprios combatentes (entre outros feitos, Patton enfrentou
uma corte marcial após esbofetear um soldado americano com neurose de guerra,
internado num hospital de campanha).&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;Os 655 homens do 9º Batalhão de Engenharia eram os principais
responsáveis por desativar as mortíferas minas terrestres alemãs, que mataram e
mutilaram muitos pracinhas. Entre os terríveis engenhos estavam as chamadas&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;booby
traps&lt;/i&gt;(armadilhas para bobo). “Eram cargas explosivas presas por um fio ou
dispositivo de disparo a um chamariz qualquer, uma pistola, um capacete, um binóculo
ou qualquer outro objeto que atraísse a atenção dos incautos, que detonavam o
explosivo ao tocá-lo.”&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;right&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;por João Paulo Arruda&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://nerihorta.blogspot.com/feeds/7033309644397379670/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment/fullpage/post/2764950579792504266/7033309644397379670' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2764950579792504266/posts/default/7033309644397379670'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2764950579792504266/posts/default/7033309644397379670'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://nerihorta.blogspot.com/2013/12/a-cobra-fumou.html' title='A cobra fumou!'/><author><name>Anonymous</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/03459386149837394866</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2764950579792504266.post-4075054646042983097</id><published>2013-12-05T10:10:00.005-08:00</published><updated>2013-12-05T10:10:51.019-08:00</updated><title type='text'>Antes de Hollywood, a URSS</title><content type='html'>&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;Decorridos quase 70
anos do ﬁm da Segunda Guerra Mundial (1939-1945) não resta mais dúvida entre os
historiadores sobre qual das potências participantes do conﬂito deu a maior e
mais importante contribuição para a derrota da Alemanha nazista: a União das
Repúblicas Socialistas Soviéticas (URSS). Das 783 divisões de diversos tipos
(infantaria, blindada, paraquedista, etc.) que a Alemanha e os países que com
ela se aliaram foram capazes de mobilizar, nada menos de 607 (77,5%) foram destruídas
pelos soviéticos. Os demais países participantes da coalizão que venceu a
guerra (os “Aliados”) foram responsáveis pela destruição das outras 176
divisões (22,5%).&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;Esses fatos contrastam com a percepção que a maioria das pessoas, mesmo
as bem informadas e que mantêm interesse permanente pela história, tem daquele
conﬂito. Para um grande número de membros da audiência dos ﬁlmes rodados em
Hollywood desde o ﬁm da Segunda Guerra Mundial, foram os Estados Unidos da
América (EUA) que mais contribuíram para a der-rota do nazismo. Para essas
pessoas, o desembarque na Normandia teria decidido a guerra e promovido o
início da libertação da Europa do nazismo. No limite, teriam sido os
norte-americanos a matar o próprio Adolf Hitler. No início do século XXI pode-se
aﬁrmar que a memória da contribuição ocidental – em especial dos EUA – à
vitória na luta contra o nazi-fascismo ofuscou as lembranças afetas à decisiva
participação dos soviéticos.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;Uma avaliação objetiva da contribuição dos aliados ocidentais (EUA, Grã-Bretanha,
etc.) para a derrota da Alemanha na Segunda Guerra Mundial pode ser feita a
partir de diferentes indicadores. No que diz respeito à produção de armas
veículos e munições – fundamental para a vitória numa prolongada guerra entre
coalizões de países na era industrial –, não pode haver dúvida sobre a
importância central dos EUA. Sendo a maior potência industrial do planeta,
somente os Estados Unidos poderiam ter alcançado a capacidade de fabricar um
navio por dia e um avião a cada cinco minutos, como de fato o ﬁzeram durante
quase toda a guerra, abastecendo suas forças e as dos países aliados. A própria
URSS recebeu alimentos, matérias-primas, fábricas inteiras, tanques, barcos e
aviões dos Aliados. As estimativas sobre a participação dessas doações na
composição do total dos efetivos soviéticos variam entre 10 e 15%.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;Embora o volume de produção industrial dos EUA fosse superior ao de
qualquer outra nação, os demais países aliados também deram contribuições
expressivas. No crítico ano de 1942, os Aliados produziram 101.519 aviões, dos
quais 47.836 norte-americanos (47,12%), 25.436 soviéticos (25,05%), 23.672
(23,31%) britânicos e 4.575 (4,5%) fornecidos pelos países da Comunidade
Britânica. A Alemanha nazista, em contrapartida, produziu apenas 15.409
aparelhos naquele ano. Via de regra, dali por diante, em se tratando das
principais armas empregadas naquele conﬂito (tanques, canhões autopropulsados,
artilharia, etc.), a produção alemã seria equivalente apenas à metade do que
produziam os soviéticos.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;O ano 1943 é considerado como o mais decisivo para o desfecho da guerra,
por conta das decisivas batalhas que foram travadas na frente russa: a rendição
ﬁnal das tropas alemãs cercadas em Stalingrado (2 de fevereiro) e a Batalha de
Kursk, o maior combate de tanques da história (4 a 22 de julho). A essas
batalhas tidas como deﬁnidoras, sob todos aspectos, devem-se acrescentar as
importantes operações militares desenvolvidas pelos russos que culminaram na
libertação da maior parte do território da URSS, o ﬁm do prolongado cerco de
Leningrado pelos nazistas (de 8 de setembro de 1941 a 27 de janeiro de 1944) e
a destruição de tropas alemãs em escala maciça. Foi também em 1943 que
americanos, com apoio dos britânicos, invadiram a Europa ocupada pelos nazistas
pela primeira vez, com o início da campanha da Itália.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;Ainda assim era na frente russa que a Alemanha nazista mantinha a grande
maioria dos seus efetivos todo o tempo. Em 1943, havia pouco mais de 4 milhões
de militares alemães e 283 mil soldados de países aliados da Alemanha
combatendo 5,5 milhões de militares soviéticos. Na mesma época, havia outros 3
milhões de soldados alemães em tropas de ocupação na Europa, onde havia
diferentes graus de resistência armada ao domínio nazista. A outra frente de
combate aberta contra a Alemanha nazista foi a invasão anglo-americana da
Itália. A península italiana apresentava características geográﬁcas e
climáticas que muito diﬁcultavam o avanço aliado. Ali, os alemães foram capazes
de oferecer uma resistência extremamente eﬁcaz ao avanço inimigo, destinando à
defesa da região àquela época apenas 412 mil soldados.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;Tão pequena foi a contribuição da campanha italiana à derrota nazista
que até mesmo os historiadores anglo-britânicos se recusam a se referir a esse
teatro de operações como sendo a abertura de uma “segunda frente”. Para os ﬁns
práticos, a tão aguardada abertura de uma segunda frente de luta contra o
nazismo foi mesmo o desembarque aliado na Normandia, em 6 de junho de 1944.
Mas, mesmo os Aliados tendo desembarcado forças consideráveis na França ocupada
pelos nazistas, o front principal continuava a ser o russo. Na França, os
Aliados enfrentavam cerca de 58 divisões alemãs de diversos tipos, enquanto que
os russos se confrontavam com 179 divisões alemãs e outras 49 de países aliados
dela.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;A tão propalada campanha aérea de bombardeios anglo-americanos contra o
Terceiro Reich deu resultados muito menores do que os estimados na época.
Embora tenham conseguido inﬂigir considerável sofrimento humano à população
alemã (600 mil civis alemães foram mortos em ataques aéreos dos Aliados, ou
seja, dez vezes o número de cidadãos britânicos mortos em bombardeios aéreos
alemães), o regime nazista conseguiu manter e até ampliar sua produção de
material bélico. De fato, o auge da produção alemã de tanques e aviões, por
exemplo, se dá em 1944 – justamente quando a campanha de bombardeios atingia o
seu ápice em intensidade e eﬁcácia. Onde os bombardeios ditos “estratégicos”
que britânicos e americanos praticavam contra a Alemanha nazista deu algum
resultado foi na in-versão de prioridades da indústria de armamentos alemã. Na
fase ﬁnal da guerra, nada menos de um terço da produção armamentista do
Terceiro Reich era composta de armas e aeronaves dedicadas à defesa antiaérea
(aviões de caça, canhões antiaéreos), em vez de armas ofensivas (tanques,
aviões de bombardeio, etc) que permitissem à Alemanha retomar a iniciativa
contra seus inimigos.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;O que liquidou de fato a capacidade produtiva da indústria alemã foi a
ocupação militar soviética. Com o recrudescimento da ação dos bombardeios
aéreos anglo-americanos sobre a Europa Ocidental ocupada pelos alemães, o
regime nazista tratou de transferir a maior parte das suas fábricas mais
importantes – em especial as de tanques e aviões – para a Europa Oriental,
principalmente a Polônia ocupada. Foi somente com a ocupação dessas áreas pelas
forças armadas soviéticas no ﬁnal de 1944 que a produção bélica alemã ﬁnalmente
começou a entrar em colapso.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;No decorrer de toda Guerra Fria (1945-1991) os Aliados ocidentais
reunidos na Organização do Tratado do Atlântico Norte (Otan) disputaram com a
URSS e seus aliados do Pacto de Varsóvia a primazia da contribuição na luta
contra o nazismo na memória coletiva. O súbito colapso do bloco socialista no
início dos anos 1990 pôs ﬁ m a essa disputa cultural. A partir daí, a memória
da contribuição dos aliados ocidentais à destruição do nazismo pôde crescer
quase que indeﬁnidamente e, na ausência dos soviéticos, pratica-mente sem
contestação. Considero sintomático do fenômeno as pomposas e extensas
comemorações do cinquentenário do desembarque na Normandia (1994). Na ocasião,
foram convidados chefes de estado de países membros da Otan, mas não se incluiu
nenhum representante dos russos, tampouco da extinta URSS. Esse gesto de
desconsideração deve ter soado ainda mais rude para os sobreviventes (e seus
descendentes) das tremendas batalhas relacionadas à destruição do Grupo de
Exércitos Centro (junho de 1944), tão importantes para aliviar a pressão alemã
sobre os recém-desembarcados anglo-americanos. Nelas, os combatentes soviéticos
inﬂigiram 1,6 milhão de baixas às forças armadas alemãs, metade das quais
irrecuperável. Isso representa quase dez vezes mais do que o total de baixas
que os aliados ocidentais provocaram entre os alemães na campanha da Normandia.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;A derrota da Alemanha nazista foi resultado dos esforços de milhões de
pessoas em diferentes países. No ﬁnal da guerra, a Alemanha se confrontava com
uma guerra em três frentes (russa, ocidental e italiana), havia sido abandonada
por todos países que com ela se aliaram, vivia sob ataques aéreos pesados e
constantes contra os quais era incapaz de oferecer defesa eﬁcaz e se obrigava a
destinar recursos cada vez maiores a sufocar a resistência à ocupação por toda
Europa. Contudo, entre os países que tomaram parte da coalizão que destruiu o
nazismo, deve-se destacar a decisiva contribuição soviética. Em sua maior
parte, a vitória foi mesmo resultado direto da ação dos civis e militares da
antiga URSS.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;DENNISON DE OLIVEIRA&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;, historiador, mestre em ciências políticas e doutor em ciências
sociais, é especialista em história militar.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://nerihorta.blogspot.com/feeds/4075054646042983097/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment/fullpage/post/2764950579792504266/4075054646042983097' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2764950579792504266/posts/default/4075054646042983097'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2764950579792504266/posts/default/4075054646042983097'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://nerihorta.blogspot.com/2013/12/antes-de-hollywood-urss.html' title='Antes de Hollywood, a URSS'/><author><name>Anonymous</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/03459386149837394866</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2764950579792504266.post-126648491623664717</id><published>2013-12-05T09:50:00.001-08:00</published><updated>2013-12-05T09:50:05.680-08:00</updated><title type='text'>O Renascimento científico</title><content type='html'>&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;O
nascimento da Idade Moderna trouxe consigo significativas transformações para a
vida do homem; e, por essa razão, essa época não deve ser compreendida somente
por seu caráter transitório entre o sistema feudal e o capitalista. As mudanças
ocorreram em vários campos do conhecimento: o econômico (mercantilismo), o
político (absolutismo monárquico), o cultural (renascimento) e o religioso
(reformas religiosas).&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;No aspecto
cultural, houve destaque para o movimento renascentista europeu que, entre
muitas contribuições, como o Humanismo e racionalismo, cooperou com a
consolidação da emancipação e expressão do homem, em uma sociedade ainda
influenciada pelos valores medievais, notadamente de caráter religioso.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Ocorrido
entre os anos 1400 e 1600, a renascença, que se iniciou na Itália do século
XIV, deve ser compreendida na sua máxima amplitude, ou seja, nas contribuições no
campo artístico, literário, político e científico; ela colocou o homem como a
medida de todas as coisas, como sujeito de seu tempo. A mudança produzida foi tão
profunda que transformou o papel ocupado pelo homem, e, principalmente, o modo
pelo qual o homem via a si mesmo e ao mundo em que vivia. A beleza do termo
“expressão” é que esse termo implica conhecimento e consciência daquilo que é
expresso e, nesse sentido, a partir do momento em que o homem compreende que a
verdade é uma construção humana e científica (portanto fruto do conhecimento
humano), ocorre uma necessidade de apropriação do saber.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;A renascença
promoveu o aperfeiçoamento da ciência e de novas técnicas de investigação
científica, as quais colaboraram com a reflexão sobre antigos saberes até então
considerados sagrados e universais; a este conjunto de mudanças chamamos de
revolução científica, o período de 1500-1600. Exemplo disso foi o abalo
produzido pelos estudos de Copérnico, que revelaram que a Terra não era o
centro do Universo, mas apenas um dos muitos planetas que giravam em torno do
Sol — esse foi talvez o maior golpe que o intelecto desferiu contra os padrões
culturais da Idade Moderna.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Refletir
sobre os impactos que os estudos e as novas teorias científicas de Copérnico e
Galileu, entre outros, provocaram sobre a sociedade moderna nascente é
compreender a complexidade deste movimento, que, de forma gradual, acabou com a
visão de mundo medieval.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Desde
Leonardo Da Vinci, que uniu a arte à ciência com seus precisos desenhos
anatômicos; Michelangelo que, na obra &lt;i&gt;Davi&lt;/i&gt;, expressa o orgulho de ser
humano, até Gutemberg, que criou a prensa móvel, revolucionando o acesso ao
conhecimento, pois difundiu o saber, produziu-se uma cultura fundamentada no
ser humano, no antropocentrismo.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Historicamente,
a teoria heliocêntrica de Copérnico enterrou de vez os estudos de Ptolomeu,
denominados de teoria geocêntrica (de influência católica), os quais
sustentavam a ideia de que a Terra estava imóvel no centro do Universo,
enquanto o Sol e os planetas giravam em torno dela. Também Kepler e Galileu
Galilei contribuíram de maneira decisiva para o conhecimento científico, apesar
de serem constantemente ameaçados pelo poder da Igreja, que se sentia ameaçada
diante de novas teorias e descobertas sobre o Universo. Afinal, rompia-se,
também, o monopólio não só econômico, mas cultural da Igreja.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;No ano
internacional da Astronomia, a figura mais emblemática é Galileu Galilei, em
razão da invenção do telescópio, atribuída a este cientista no ano de 1609.
Segundo registros históricos, não foi Galileu quem inventou o telescópio, mas a
sua importância atribui-se ao fato de ele ter empregado este instrumento de forma
científica. Em seu livro &lt;i&gt;Mensageiro sideral&lt;/i&gt;, Galileu divulgou o uso do
telescópio para o mundo científico e, anos mais tarde, aprofundou-se nos
estudos do novo método científico e explicou a sua doutrina das chamadas
qualidades primárias, aquelas que podiam ser medidas, e das qualidades
secundárias, as não mensuráveis, ou seja, qualidades como o odor e o sabor.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;A teoria e
os estudos de Galileu Galilei foram perseguidos pelo Tribunal do Santo Ofício
(Inquisição). Galileu julgado e condenado a permanecer em prisão domiciliar, e
os seus livros foram incluídos no &lt;i&gt;Index&lt;/i&gt; &lt;i&gt;Proibitorium&lt;/i&gt;, mas nos
Países Baixos houve publicação de suas obras.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;As novas
ideias concebidas pelos pensadores renascentistas estimularam a vontade dos
homens de dominarem a natureza e, consequentemente, abriram espaço para novas
descobertas.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;right&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Adriana de Bortoli Gentil&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;right&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot;&gt;
&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Professora de história no ensino médio
e pré-vestibular&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://nerihorta.blogspot.com/feeds/126648491623664717/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment/fullpage/post/2764950579792504266/126648491623664717' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2764950579792504266/posts/default/126648491623664717'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2764950579792504266/posts/default/126648491623664717'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://nerihorta.blogspot.com/2013/12/o-renascimento-cientifico.html' title='O Renascimento científico'/><author><name>Anonymous</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/03459386149837394866</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2764950579792504266.post-7773744152984502535</id><published>2013-12-05T09:48:00.002-08:00</published><updated>2013-12-05T09:48:48.783-08:00</updated><title type='text'>O iluminado Rousseau</title><content type='html'>&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;A
crise política da modernidade abriu espaço para o desenvolvimento de novos
parâmetros sociais e científicos, desgastando as relações sociais e
questionando os privilégios ainda existentes na sociedade, herdeira da tradição
medieval.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;O
iluminismo produziu grandes pensadores na modernidade que muito contribuíram
para romper com o modelo da sociedade conservadora do antigo regime. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;O
conjunto de ideias que se propagou pela Europa no século XVIII atravessou
fronteiras e influenciou importantes movimentos políticos, como a Independência
dos Estados Unidos e a Conjuração Mineira, no Brasil. Foi na França que o
movimento encontrou mais espaço de atuação, apesar de não ficar restrito a essa
nação. Entre panfletos, livros e artigos, as ideias iluministas penetraram em
discussões profundas sobre o Estado, a sociedade, a educação, o meio ambiente,
a legislação entre outras temáticas. Mas, sem dúvida, seu principal alvo, por
meio de um estudo profundo e reflexivo sobre a forma de governo e a função do
Estado, foi o absolutismo monárquico (antigo regime), pois consideravam o
antigo regime “as trevas da superstição e da ignorância”.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Podemos
afirmar com certeza que esse movimento renovou o pensamento e a
intelectualidade europeia, inclusive nas ciências, com Leibniz, Kepler e
progrediu intensamente durante os séculos XVII e XVIII consolidando a revolução
filosófica do século XVIII.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Apesar
de não haver uma uniformidade no pensamento dos iluministas, suas ideias foram de
certa forma apropriadas pela nova classe nascente, a burguesia, e serviram de
base para as chamadas revoluções burguesas.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Como
forma de homenagear Jean-Jacques Rousseau, em comemoração ao tricentenário de
nascimento do autor de &lt;i&gt;O contrato social &lt;/i&gt;e classificado como defensor da
vontade do povo, vamos conhecer um pouco sobre o pensamento político deste
importante filósofo iluminista. Em sua obra mais conhecida, &lt;i&gt;O contrato
social&lt;/i&gt;, Rousseau desenvolveu a concepção de que a soberania reside no povo,
ou seja, a soberania é do povo e não do rei. Para ele, o governo não manda, mas
obedece. Esse princípio contribuiu para uma ampla reflexão sobre as funções do poder
legislativo, o qual, segundo o pensador, deveria ser fortalecido diante da
sociedade, sendo a soberania o exercício da vontade geral, representado no ato
de elaborar leis.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;O
poder executivo deveria estar sempre submetido à vontade geral, e mais, cumprir
o que as leis estabelecem. Mas, Rousseau, considerado o grande defensor da
liberdade e da democracia, não defende esse instituto tal como o conhecemos hoje,
a democracia representativa, mas uma democracia vinculada à soberania popular.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Sua
obra não se limitou aos estudos da organização política dos Estados, ele,
também, apresentou várias contribuições na área da educação, defendendo uma
visão mais humana e afetiva do ensino, afinal era um crítico do racionalismo. É
considerado como o precursor do ecologismo contemporâneo, defendendo o valor da
natureza, do mundo selvagem.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Caminhar
pelos estudos rousseaunianos, seja na educação, na política, na ecologia ou nas
linguagens, é um convite para formar homens livres de preconceitos e autonômos.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Adriana De
Bortoli Gentil&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;Professora de história no ensino médio e pré-vestibular&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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