Waste Management News & Info

Join Swachch Brarat Mission

noreply@blogger.com (Eco Wise Waste Management) — Mon, 27 Oct 2014 08:59:00 +0000

Disregarding the opposition he had faced for having supported the Prime Minister’s Swachh Bharat Mission, Congress MP Shashi Tharoor launched a cleanliness drive in his constituency here on Saturday.

Inaugurating the cleanliness drive at Vizhinjam coast, a part of his Thiruvananthapuram constituency, Tharoor reiterated his earlier stand that Swacch Bharat Mission is the dream of Gandhiji.

Ten days back, Tharoor was removed as party spokesman after Congress state leadership sought action against him.

“As a Congress worker, I would not leave the swacch of the country to any other party. Swachh Bharat is not the monopoly of anyone. It is the dream of Gandhiji. I would implement the cleanliness drive in my constituency. Whatever be the politics, let the country is virtuous. Every Indian should strive to clean his country. Nobody is going to ask about the politics of a person who engages himself in a cleanliness drive,” said Tharoor.

Tharoor spent around one hour in the sanitation drive, which was participated by Congress leaders and local people in Vizhinjam mandalam. He went around picking garbage from public places in the company of local party workers and his aides.

Later he tweeted, ” a clean India requires on label. Why cede Gandhiji’s sanitation drive to any party. A national cause,” he said.

Congress state leadership had been critical of Tharoor acknowledging Modi’s invitation to join Swachch Bharat mission.

Reacting to Saturday’s cleanliness drive, party spokesman Ajay Tharayil said the it was meant to get media attention.

Credit: http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/shashi-tharoor-launches-swachh-bharat-mission-in-his-constituency/

Consumer Attitudes and Behavior

noreply@blogger.com (Eco Wise Waste Management) — Tue, 14 Oct 2014 12:45:00 +0000

Consumer Attitudes and Behavior

The E-SCOPE survey asked householders about their attitudes to product life spans. This revealed that the U.K. population is divides, almost evenly, on whether or not appliances last long enough: 45% responded that they do not, whereas 50% stated that they do (the remaining 5% expressed no opinion). People’s opinions appeared to be reflected by their behavior. Those who were satisfied with product life spans were significantly more likely to purchase premium range appliances and attempt to get products repaired.

Asked how long appliances should last, householders revealed expectations that appeared realistic but not quite fulfilled. The average age of discarded appliances was just below the age considered “reasonable”. One focus group participant hinted at an apparently innate desire for improvement. “I don’t think they ever last as long as you’d like” (Cooper and Mayers 2000 p. 13). A small proportion of householders had markedly higher expectation: for example, more than 10% thought that cookers (i.e., ranges), refrigerators and freezers, hi-fis and stereos, telephones, and home and garden tools should last at least 20 years. Nor does any market research in the public domain include such data, although the importance of durability is sometimes implied in questions about quality and reliability.

Concerning acquisition, the E-SCOPE questionnaire asked householders to identify the disadvantages of purchasing longer-lasting appliances. The results revealed that more respondents were deterred by a fear that more respondents were deterred by a fear that such items would become “out of date” (30%) than by price (23%). Men were significantly more concerned about advancing technology than women, who were more price-conscious. The focus groups explored different interpretations of “out of date”. One participant said that a reconditioned case would be acceptable but working parts should be new, whereas another considered reconditioned inner parts acceptable as long as the case was new!

Many consumers evidently want better information at the point of sale about the intended life spans of products. Some 73% considered information on the expected life spans of appliances to be “very important,” whereas 54% were dissatisfied with those currently available. New research suggests that few consumer durables are labeled with their intended life spans, although eco-labels and other quality labels provide signals, as may the length of guarantees, advertising claims, price, brand reputation, and industry standards (Christer and Cooper 2004).

Recent research concluded that repair work has declined in the U>K>, in part because labor cost are high, while manufacturing has increasingly relocated to countries with low costs (Cooper 2005). The E-SCOPE survey found that one-third of discarded appliances were still functional and of those that were broken, a third were classified as “in need of repair” as distinct from “broken beyond repair.” The responses are based on subjective judgments, but suggest that trading up is common and people often replace broken appliances that they consider reparable. This conclusion is reinforced by another research study, which assessed the condition of bulky items discarded at civic amenity sites (local authority facilities for bulky household waste) and concluded that 77% of upholstered furniture and 60% of domestic appliances could theoretically be refurbished and reduced (Anderson 1999).

The increasing cost of repair relative to replacement exerts an important influence upon user behavior. In the E-SCOPE survey almost four in ten respondents (38%) reported that they rarely or never had appliances repaired, and over two-thirds (68%) cited cost as a factor that discouraged them. A study in Finland showed that from 1981 to 1994 the price of new televisions increased by 20%, whereas the cost of repair work rose by over 150%; the figures for washing machines were 40% and 165%, respectively (Consumers International 1998, p. 20). Recent research concluded that repair work has declined in the United Kingdom because labor costs are high, whereas manufacturing is increasingly relocated to countries with low costs (Cooper 2004). This relocation also leads to the loss of workers skilled enough to be employed in repair workshops. The regulatory climate is a further factor that may have dissuaded consumers from undertaking repair work. The ECLG (1988) criticized a lack of information on the durability of goods accessible to consumers and a lack of transparency in the after-sales service market, which led to inadequate price competition. Its report also argued that consumers were often victims of legal uncertainty concerning unsuccessful repair work.

Finally, the E-SCOPE survey found that most householders, when replacing functional appliances, want to see them utilized rather than disposed of as waste. Consequently many appliances have more than one owner during their life spans. Almost one-quarter of all discarded appliances (24%) were donated or sold and the reuse of computers (67%), hi-fi and stereo (44%), and video equipment, microwave ovens, and toys (around 35% in each case) was particularly high. Focus group participants were asked about their view of second-hand appliances, which account for approximately 5% of the total stock. Attitudes were generally negative, although some people expressed a willingness to purchase them if they offered good value and were sold with adequate guarantees.

The E-SCOPE project was followed by a study of consumers’ attitudes and behavior relating to product life spans for other types of consumer durables, footwear, and upholstered chairs as well as kitchen appliances (Evans and Cooper 2003). This research, based on survey of 711 householders in Sheffield, United Kingdom in 2000 and a series of in-depth interviews in 2002, explored consumers’ intentions and behavior during successive phases in the consumption cycle (acquisition, use, discard) for each of the three types of products.

The study concluded that most people do not adopt a consistent approach toward product life spans. In each of the three phases some behaved in such a way as to encourage a long life span, such as making durability a priority at acquisition, taking good care of the product during use, or ensuring reuse if it still functioned when discarded. Only a very few people, however, exhibited such behavior in all three phases. Moreover, the research found that most people did not have the intention of behaving in such a way that products have long life spans. Even among those that did, their actual behavior during the use phase was often not consistent with their intentions. Footwear, for example, was infrequently cleaned.

Garbage and Waste Management India

noreply@blogger.com (Eco Wise Waste Management) — Tue, 14 Oct 2014 12:18:00 +0000

Morning to evening, from the time I wake to the time I sleep, toxic waste is all I breathe, toxic waste is all I see! When will this end, when will our culture allow us to change our habits, or are we all in this bunny rabbit race of consumption and disposal. Keep your house clean and dirty that of your neighbors; shame, shame so called educated people travel abroad and change, but here in our country all we do is litter and complain! That’s your trash, I saw you throw it out of your car window, I saw you empty it out in the street, but the other day I met you at a social gathering, talking between your friends, I herd you mention how the country is going to the dogs, how the so called uneducated are spoiling it for you all! Paradox! Mr. Mr. to get your act in order, time to stop paying lip service, time to visit a doctor, because the problem is not with every one else, the problem is with you, the problem is with your thought process, the problem is your sense of entitlement. Lets shed our skin and show our color, saffron, white and green , lets take this as a challenge and prove the cynics wrong , Indian will be cleaned if we all work along!

www.ecowise.net.in

Most Fuel Efficient Car Engine

noreply@blogger.com (Eco Wise Waste Management) — Wed, 30 Nov 2011 09:52:00 +0000

Despite shifting into higher gear within the consumer's green conscience, hybrid vehicles are still tethered to the gas pump via a fuel-thirsty 100-year-old invention: the internal combustion engine.

However, researchers at Michigan State University have built a prototype gasoline engine that requires no transmission, crankshaft, pistons, valves, fuel compression, cooling systems or fluids. Their so-called Wave Disk Generator could greatly improve the efficiency of gas-electric hybrid automobiles and potentially decrease auto emissions up to 90 percent when compared with conventional combustion engines.

The engine has a rotor that's equipped with wave-like channels that trap and mix oxygen and fuel as the rotor spins. These central inlets are blocked off, building pressure within the chamber, causing a shock wave that ignites the compressed air and fuel to transmit energy.

The Wave Disk Generator uses 60 percent of its fuel for propulsion; standard car engines use just 15 percent. As a result, the generator is 3.5 times more fuel efficient than typical combustion engines.

Researchers estimate the new model could shave almost 1,000 pounds off a car's weight currently taken up by conventional engine systems.

Last week, the prototype was presented to the energy division of the Advanced Research Projects Agency, which is backing the Michigan State University Engine Research Laboratory with $2.5 million in funding.

Michigan State's team of engineers hope to have a car-sized 25-kilowatt version of the prototype ready by the end of the year.

Waste Management Services India

Hydrogen to Energy

noreply@blogger.com (Eco Wise Waste Management) — Mon, 31 Oct 2011 07:49:00 +0000

Success for Korean Plasma Gasification Fuel Cell Demo

27 October 2011

The fuel cell system supplied by Canadian fuel cell company, Ballard Power Systems to Korean plasma gasification firm GS Platech for a waste to energy demonstration facility is now operating successfully to provide power to the local South Korean electricity grid.

GS Platech's pilot plant in Cheongsong is South Korea's first commercial plasma gasification and vitrification system which utilises the GSplatech's proprietary non-transferred plasma torch (200 kW X 2) and plasma cyclonic gasifier technology.

The facility is capable of producing sufficient high purity hydrogen to generate 50 kW power through the Ballard fuel cell stacks - supplied by Dantherm Power, Ballard's backup power systems company.

"This is the first ever demonstration of a waste to energy system incorporating both of these technologies," claims Jesper Themsen, managing director and CEO of Dantherm Power.

GS Platech says that it intends to further promote this solution to new customers worldwide and, to this end, recently hosted tours of the demonstration site in conjunction with the International Solid Waste Association World Congress 2011.

Attendees were shown the potential for this waste to energy system to address two key environmental issues in tandem: environmentally responsible waste treatment; and clean power production.

The project was undertaken as a national research project of the Korean Ministry of Knowledge and Economy with the financial support of the Government of Canada provided through the Department of the Environment, under the framework of the Asia-Pacific Partnership on Clean Development and Climate.

Paper Shredding & Waste Paper Disposal Services

noreply@blogger.com (Eco Wise Waste Management) — Wed, 28 Sep 2011 05:29:00 +0000

When you use Eco Wise paper shredding services, not only do you enjoy the Peace of Mind knowing all of your documents have been destroyed in front of your eyes but you have also done your part in helping the environment.

Recycling Paper:
• Saves energy
• Creates jobs
• Prevents emissions of many greenhouse gasses and water pollutants
• Reduces the need for landfills and incinerators
• Supplies valuable raw materials to industry
• Stimulate the growth of greener technologies!!!

Quick Facts:
• Recycling 1 ton of paper saves:
17 mature trees
7,000 gallons of water
3 cubic yards of landfill space
2 barrels of oil
4,100 kilowatt hours of electricity - enough energy to power the average American home for 5 months
• Recycling causes 74% less air pollution and 35% less water pollution
• Recycling 1 ton of print or copy paper saves 2 tons of wood

Recurring: Scheduled paper shredding services Customers receive Secure Containers Free of Charge. Place the containers where ever your staff finds it most convenient to discard confidential, sensitive information. Leave the staples, paper clips, even binder clips in the paper - our machine will shred everything!
On your scheduled pick up day, one of our uniformed staff members will come to your office - collect all of the materials from your containers and shred everything on-site, and recycle the shredded materials.
One Time PURGE: No job is too large or small Eco Wise is your answer - cleaning out the garage, old tax documents, a warehouse, you name it. Eco Wise will bring one of our shredding machine to your location where we will shred everything onsite. Let our powerful shredding machines free up valuable space and get rid of unwanted documentation.
• Contact Us for a free Quote! - Feel free to Call us directly (0120) 4212110 or send us a e-mail to receive a quote in writing.
• When you choose Eco Wise you join a larger movement to save the environment. After we complete the On-Site shredding process, we work with qualified paper mills to securely recycle your shredded paper. Visit our Green Facts to find out more about what you can do for the environment by choosing Eco Wise.
• Have special shredding needs? Ask us about our Product Destruction Services - we gladly shred materials that might not be so easy to destroy

Medical Waste Collection & Disposal

noreply@blogger.com (Eco Wise Waste Management) — Tue, 27 Sep 2011 08:38:00 +0000

Improper dumping of medical waste rampant

Lala Lajpat Rai Hospital, which is said to be the main hospital of the city, lags behind as far as proper disposal of hazardous medical waste is concerned.
Burning of the medical waste openly, poses a problem for the patients at LLR and its associated units. The authorities refused to comment on the issue and straightaway denied that the hazardous medical waste is burnt openly. But the fact remains that the medical waste is burnt openly at the hospital.

Not only this, bio-medical waste generated at LLR and its associated hospitals is buried and gets exposed to stray dogs.
The authorities cited lack of funds as the reason for failing to subscribe to the common bio-medical waste treatment facility.

Only about 40 per cent of the establishments at LLR have equipment to mutilate needles and syringes. The remaining establishments throw untreated used needles and syringes into municipal garbage bins or even on the open ground at LLR.
These needles cause injuries to animals. Scavengers who come to clean the bins are often injured. Rag-pickers pick the needles for repackaging and resale illegally.
A class-IV employee said that four to five cases of used needles pricking the staff members occurred in past few months.

Most of the hazardous medical waste of LLR, Bal Rog Hospital, and Upper India Suger Exchange Jaccha-Baccha Hospital is thrown in the open ground.
Whereas, the waste of Morari Lal Chest Hospital, JK Cancer Hospital, Cardiology and Sankramak Rog Hospital is disposed at the Medical Pollution Control Committee (MPCC) in Panki.

According to the doctors of LLR, this mismanagement is due to the leniency of class IV employees, who throw the waste in open. Whereas the class IV employees passed the buck on the authorities. They say that the officials ask them to do so in order to misuse the diesel funds.
LLR Hospital has an insinuator which can dispose nearly 100 kg of medical waste per day. The insinuator runs for three hours daily and dispose 40 kg waste per hour. Even then, if the waste is burnt in the open it is due to the laxity of the class IV employees, said Dr CS Singh, chief medical superintendent.

How Landfills Works

noreply@blogger.com (Eco Wise Waste Management) — Thu, 21 Jul 2011 06:36:00 +0000

HOW LANDFILLS WORK

You have just finished your meal at a fast food restaurant and you throw your uneaten food, food wrappers, drink cup, utensils and napkins into the trash can. You don't think about that waste again. On trash pickup day in your neighborhood, you push your can out to the curb, and workers dump the contents into a big truck and haul it away. You don't have to think about that waste again, either. But maybe you have wondered, as you watch the trash truck pull away, just where that garbage ends up.

Americans generate trash at an astonishing rate of 4.6 pounds (2.1 kilograms) per day per person, which translates to 251 million tons (228 million metric tons) per year [source: EPA]. This is almost twice as much trash per person as most other major countries. What happens to this trash? Some gets recycled or recovered and some is burned, but the majority is buried in landfills. In this article, we will examine how a landfill is made, what happens to the trash in landfills, what problems are associated with a landfill and how these problems are solved.

Operations

During landfill operations the waste collection vehicles are weighed at a weighbridge on arrival and their load is inspected for wastes that do not accord with the landfill’s waste acceptance criteria. Afterward, the waste collection vehicles use the existing road network on their way to the tipping face or working front where they unload their load. After loads are deposited, compactors or dozers are used to spread and compact the waste on the working face. Before leaving the landfill boundaries, the waste collection vehicles pass through the wheel cleaning facility. If necessary, they return to the weighbridge in order to be weighed without their load. Through the weighing process, the daily incoming waste tonnage can be calculated and listed in databases. In addition to trucks, some landfills may be equipped to handle railroad containers. The use of 'rail-haul' permits landfills to be located at more remote sites, without the problems associated with many truck trips.

Typically, in the working face, the compacted waste is covered with soil daily. Alternative waste-cover materials are several sprayed-on foam products and temporary blankets. Blankets can be lifted into place with tracked excavators and then removed the following day prior to waste placement. Chipped wood and chemically 'fixed' bio-solids may also be used as an alternate daily cover. The space that is occupied daily by the compacted waste and the cover material is called a daily cell. Waste compaction is critical to extending the life of the landfill. Factors such as waste compressibility, waste layer thickness and the number of passes of the compactor over the waste affect the waste densities.

Impacts

A large number of adverse impacts may occur from landfill operations. These impacts can vary: fatal accidents (e.g., scavengers buried under waste piles); infrastructure damage (e.g., damage to access roads by heavy vehicles); pollution of the local environment (such as contamination of groundwater and/or aquifers by leakage and residual soil contamination during landfill usage, as well as after landfill closure); offgassing of methane generated by decaying organic wastes (methane is a greenhouse gas many times more potent than carbon dioxide, and can itself be a danger to inhabitants of an area); harbouring of disease vectors such as rats and flies, particularly from improperly operated landfills, which are common in developing countries; injuries to wildlife; and simple nuisance problems (e.g., dust, odour, vermin, or noise pollution).

Professional Document Distruction

noreply@blogger.com (Eco Wise Waste Management) — Mon, 06 Jun 2011 08:32:00 +0000

Professional Shredding/Document Destruction services Noida

Eco Wise Waste Management now offers professional document destruction services in the NCR region. We provide on premises document destruction where all documents will be destructed in front of you and then removed from your premises and taken for recycling.

Types of Incinerators

noreply@blogger.com (Eco Wise Waste Management) — Tue, 24 May 2011 06:21:00 +0000

Types of Incinerators

Three standards and two less common types of incinerators are used in North America. Each can be operated, with some modifications, to produce energy.

The mass-burn incinerator is the most common type and is similar to a coal-fired steam boiler. A schematic cross section of massburn incinerators is shown in Figure 9.1, and an aerial view of an actual incinerators is that the waste requires minimal processing. Mixed garbage, from which only the largest items such as appliances and logs are removed, is brought to the plant and placed in a large waste storage pit. An overhead crane mixes the refuse to provide a relatively uniform fuel and then loads it into hoppers which carry the waste into grates in the furnace. Fans in the furnace floor and walls provide air for the oxidation ( i.e., combustion ) process. The waste is burned at an optimal temperature of about 1100 and remains on the grate for 45 to 70 minutes to ensure complete combustion. The gases that form are heated by supplemental fuel injection for an additional second or two to ensure complete destruction of resistant chemicals. The hot gasses are then cooled by water in boiler tubes that generates steam for electricity, heating, or other purposes. Then the gases are sent to pollution control device, which may include ammonia injection for NO ( nitrogen oxides ) control, a dry scrubber for SO₂ and acid gas control, carbon injection to remove mercury and dioxin, and a baghouse to remove particulate matter.

The ash that accumulates at the bottom of the furnace is removed through a water-quenched conveyor and emptied into a storage area from which it is periodically removed and transported to a landfill. Some plants remove and recycle the larger pieces of iron and other metals that have not burned. Fly ash is collected from a dry scrubber and baghouse and taken to a landfill. Mass-burn incinerators can have capacities of 90 to 2,700 tonnes of garbage per day. A case history of a mass-burn incinerator is presented in chapter 11.

A modular incinerator is similar to mass-burn incinerator but typically has a smaller capacity, in the range of 14 to 365 tonnes of waste per day. It is modular in design and can be built in units at the factory and then shipped to the facility site.

A refuse-derived fuel (RDF)incinerator burns garbage that has been processed before being burned. Although processing is required, the prepared fuel will be consistence and will meet specifications for energy content, moisture, and ash content. A significant advantage is that recyclable materials such as iron, aluminum, and glass can be removed during the processing. The RDF can be produced in shredded or fluff form, or it can be compacted into a denser fuel such as pellets or cubes. Densified RDF is more costly to produce, but it has the advantage of being easier to transport and store. This fuel works more effectively in specially designed boilers, but it can also be used in coal-fired boilers. RDF has an energy value comparable to that of coal and can be used either alone in mixed with coal. Because of the higher energy content and more uniform nature of the fuel, RDF incinerators are smaller and can be more effectively controlled than mass-burn units of similar capacity. By the end of 1992, RDF facilities accounted for about 20% of the waste-to-energy plants in the United States.

The fluidized-bed incinerator is a relatively new technology in North America for garbage, although it has been used to burn sludges. This incinerator injects refuse-derived fuel into loose, moving bed of limestone and sand, which is suspended above the furnace floor, like a fluid, by an upward flow of air. The “fluidized” bed of sand and limestone helps to distribute the heat evenly throughout the burn, resulting in more complete combustion efficiency, results in lower emissions of nitrogen oxides, sulphur dioxide, and dioxins than occurs from the other types of incinerators.

Because fluidized-bed incinerators require preprocessing of waste, they fit well with materials recycling. These incinerators, being much smaller than mass-burn incinerators, may be more appropriate for smaller communities.

Rotary kiln furnaces similar to those used in cement industry can be used for incinerating wastes. The kilns are large, gently sloped cylinders lined with refractory (heat-resistance) materials that rotate slowly while they are heated to very high temperatures. A supplementary fuel such as oil or gas is generally used. The kiln system is very flexible and can be handle a wide variety of waste types and sizes. Kilns 2.5 or 3.0 meters in diameter are common and can handle large waste pieces, including drums. The kilns are slightly inclined so that waste moves down the slope. The length of the kiln and the amount of incline control the time of exposure of the waste to high temperatures, and these features can be designed to provide the required destruction level. Some kilns are designed to maintain a layer of melted glasslike slag on the inside of the drum; this prospects the lining, or refractory, of the furnace from the high temperatures and prolongs its life; it also produces a more leach-resistant vitrified ash residue and helps to capture fine combustion particles. Gas scrubber and dust removal systems are easily attached.

In all incinerators, the hot gases produced by incineration must be cooled to stop chemical reactions and to protect the downstream pollution-control equipment. Cooling is usually done by quenching the hot gases with large volumes of water. The water and condensate are sent to a wastewater treatment plant, which forms a necessary part of a modern incinerator.

Burning Waste

noreply@blogger.com (Eco Wise Waste Management) — Mon, 23 May 2011 06:37:00 +0000

Burning Waste has been practised around the world for decades. Burning waste can be carried out for various reasons such as, generating energy, and reducing the waste pile. The follwoing article talks about Inceneration, a method of burning waste.

The Burning Waste

Fire has always held a fascination for humans, and it has been one of our most useful tools. Fire has provided warmth, cooked food, cleared forests lands, offered protection against marauding animals, and much more. Although garbage has probably been burned ever since humans discovered fire, it has been incinerated in a systematic manner for only about a century. Perhaps surprisingly, given its long history and obvious benefits, waste incineration is a topic that is both controversial and emotional. In this chapter we will discuss the advantages and disadvantages of incineration and how it can contribute to an integrated waste management program.

Under proper conditions, incineration provides a number of benefits:

· It greatly reduces the volume of waste that must go to disposal in landfills—a vitally important objective. In conventional municipal incinerators, the volume reduction ranges from 80% to 95%, with a mean of about 90%.

· It can be used in conjuction with landfill mining to reclaim closed landfills and greatly extend the operating lifetimes of existing landfills.

· The ash produced is relatively homogeneous and thus more suitable than raw waste for treatment such as solidification in concrete.

· A relatively large proportion of the organic compounds, including putrescible and hazardous wastes, is destroyed: thus, there is a net reduction in the quantity of toxics.

· Energy can be generated as a useful by product, which preserves nonrenewable fuels like natural gas, oil, and coal.

Fewer air pollutants are produced by burning waste than by burning coal or oil.

The use of incineration has been increasing in the United States since about the mid=1980s, and currently the country burns about 16% of its municipal wastes (EPA, 1994). This figure is significantly lower in Canada—about 4%—but it can be much higher overseas. For Example, Japan, which faced its waste disposal crisis in the 1950s, 20 years before the crisis reached North America, incinerates approximately 34% of its municipal garbage (Hershkowitz & Salerni, 1997). Most Japanese incinerators generate electricity. In Sweden, the government regards waste as a resource, not something to be squandered by landfilling; approximately 41% of its waste is incinerated in 21 waste-to-energy incinerators, with almost all the energy being delivered to district heating systems ( Rylander, 1994 ). This energy corresponds to 4.5 terawatt-hours ( tera means 10 raised to the power 12 ), or 15% of the total district heating requirements in Sweden. There are more than 400 waste incinerators in the world.

The main drawback to incineration is that the process releases contaminants into the air, violating the principle of protecting health porate rigorous emission controls. There is considerable opposition by the public to the use of waste incinerators, at least partly because oider incinerators certainly caused air pollution. Modern waste-to-energy plants have largely overcome this deficiency by including improved combustion processes, better pollution control technology, and the production of a useful product, energy.

Opponents of incineration argue that contaminants are spread into the atmosphere where they cannot be controlled, instead of being contained in a landfill. Another disadvantage of an incinerator is that it is more costly to construct than a landfill; furthermore, all of the capital cost is incurred up front, whereas landfill capital costs are spread over the operating lifetime. Incinerator technology is far more sophisticated than that of a landfill, requiring more careful control and trained operators.

Design criteria for incinerators should ensure that:

· Air will be supplied in the quantities needed for proper combustion.

· Gases will be tempered and cooled to prevent damage to the refractories ( heat-resistant incinerator liner ) and to allow the gases to be treated.

· Particulates and noxious substances will be removed from the flue gases.

· Waste will be fed into the furnace and ash removed without allowing combustion products to escape.

· A water treatment plant will be incorporated to process the water used in cooling the ash residues and flue gases.

· The amount of maintenance and downtime for repairs will be minimized.

Waste management system india

noreply@blogger.com (Eco Wise Waste Management) — Fri, 20 May 2011 04:51:00 +0000

The waste management system in India is fairly unorganized. Following is a series of artiles that will explain the waste management system in India staring with residental waste collection, industrial waste collection and commercial waste collection. We will then go into describing the economics behind the waste management system in India. Keep visiting to for further updates on waste management systems in Indi.

Residential Waste Collection Noida

Process:

Residential waste collection in Noida is mostly done by the unorganized sector, using manual rickshaws. On an average one individual collects waste from about 300 houses and then loads this waste onto his rickshaw. The waste from house holds comprises of the following materials:

1. Recyclables

a. Plastic

b. Paper

c. Cardboard

d. Iron scrap

e. Used copper wiring

f. Batteries

g. Raddie

h. PET Watter bottles (Mineral Waster bottles)

i. E- waste (Broken Cell Phones, Keyboards, Monitors)

j. Human hair

k. Poly bags

2. Organic Waste:

a. Food scrap

b. Mud

3. Inert Waste

a. Clay pots

b. Construction debris

c. Complex plastics ( Uncle Chips Bags, Gutka bags)

d. Cigarette buds

All this waste is collected in a mixed form from the house holds. The waste collector then takes this waste to a segregation site, or an open ground where he proceeds to remove the recyclables from the waste. After sorting through the waste, the collector packs them in different sacks and reloads them onto his rickshaw. The organic waste and the inert waste are left behind as the waste collector has no use of this, and does not get any monetary benefit from it. After the collection and segregation process is complete, the collector paddles his rickshaw to his godown, where he proceeds to sell the waste to the godown owner or scrap dealer.

The process of collection, transportation, segregation and then transportation back to the godown takes about five – six hours in total, depending on the quantity of waste that the collector has to segregate.

Next Article: The Economics of residental waste management in India

Waste To Energy Project Jindal (Okhla)

noreply@blogger.com (Eco Wise Waste Management) — Thu, 19 May 2011 16:08:00 +0000

The Waste to energy project, being promoted by Jindal in Okhla—owned by the Jindal family that is close to the ruling Congress party—will, when fully operational, burn 4,000 tonnes a day of waste derived fuel (RDF) made from municipal waste, to produce 20 megawatts of electricity.

Like many dirty industries rapidly coming up across the Indian landscape, Jindal’s Waste to energy project may have gone unremarked, except that it is located in the Okhla area of South Delhi, reckoned as among the most affluent of India’s 604 districts and populated by people acutely aware of their rights.

Environmentalists say the plant has violated zoning regulations, the Delhi Master Plan, rulings by the Supreme Court and rules laid down by the Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF) and the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB), a statutory body.

Even before Delhi State Chief Minister Sheila Dikshit laid the foundation stone for the plant in July 2010, residents of Okhla, which has a population of 1.5 million people, had filed public interest litigation in the Delhi High Court protesting several gross violations.

In published guidelines, titled "Management of Municipal SolidWaste," the CPCB has specifically cautioned local bodies "Not to adopt expensive technologies of power generation, fuel pelletisation, incineration etc. until they are proven under Indian conditions by the Government of India (GoI) or expert agencies nominated by the GoI."

After visiting the plant on Apr. 1, in response to mass rallies and protests by Okhla residents, MoEF minister Jairam Ramesh wrote to Dikshit pointing out two grave violations: the failure of the state government to hold adequate public consultations and Jindal Ecopolis’ failure to seek mandatory clearance from the CPCB.

Regularisation of illegality is a peculiar Indian characteristic. First you make the law and then break the law," Ramesh said, venting frustration while addressing a management conference in the capital last week.

In May, Ramesh’s ministry granted environmental clearances to such controversial projects as a 12-billion-dollar steel plant and port being built by the South Korean Pohang Steel Company in eastern Orissa state, and a nuclear power park in Jaitapur in western Maharashtra state under construction in a 15-billion-dollar deal with the French state-owned Areva.

Ramesh had earlier observed that Jindal’s WtE plant would be hard to stop or relocate because it was close to completion. But, under pressure from the Okhla community, he ordered a technical review by the CPCB and made the grant of an "operating license" conditional on the outcome.

"It became painfully clear that Jindal Ecopolis does not have technology clearance from CPCB, no valid environment impact assessment, and has never bothered to engage the community in public consultations as mandated by law," Trivedi told IPS.

"From the project costing it was clear that Jindal has no viable plans to remove toxic pollutants and plans to discharge effluents into the already polluted Yamuna River," he added. "The fact that the Asian Development Bank has dropped it from its Asia Pacific Carbon Fund speaks volumes for how green the project is."

Different Composting Methods

noreply@blogger.com (Eco Wise Waste Management) — Thu, 19 May 2011 05:46:00 +0000

There are many different composting methods via which organic material can be converted to compost. The type of composting method that you decide you use will depend upon the quantom of waste that you generate and the ammount of land that you have avaliable. A list of different composting methods is listed below for your understanding:

Home Composting

Home Composting programs take two distinct forms. The first employs home composters, usually plastic bins or barrels with a capacity of about 200 liters. These are supplied to homeowners, often on a subsidized basis, and should be accompanied by instructions on what and how to carry out home composting. Additional support can be provided by telephone hot lines and by volunteer programs in which experienced home composters provide assistance and advice to beginners. Although home composting programs are feasible only in suburban areas, they are very effective because waste is diverted at source and no pickup or treatment by the municipal system is required.

Learn How To Construct a Compost Bin!

Learn How To convert kitchen waste to compost!

Central Composting Facilities

Even with a successful composting program, a central composting facility can make a valuable contribution to waste reduction. The central facility can service apartment buildings, business and neighborhoods where home composters are not feasible; in addition, it can treat leaves in the fall and Christmas trees in winter. Incentives should be developed to ensure that landscaping firms, significant generators of yard wastes, drop off their wastes at the central facility.

An important part of planning a central composting facility is obtaining regulatory permits, including communicating with local groups that may be affected by the facility. A relatively large parcel of land is required, and this is often located at the municipal landfill; land is available, garbage/recycle trucks come there anyways, infrastructure such as weigh scales and woods shredder is available, and the final compost can be used for landfill cover if no other markets are available.

The processing of organic materials prior to composting includes shredding to break bags, reduce size of materials such as Christmas trees and large wood pieces, and ensure a relatively uniform material; and sorting to remove contaminants such as plastic bags.

Composting facilities, though a relatively low technology, still require careful planning and resources. Generally, three basic systems are used; the windrow, static pile, and in-vessel methods ( Tchobanoglous et al., 1993 ).The windrow and static pile methods are the most popular license they require minimal capital investment and the decomposition process occurs aerobically ( in the presence of oxygen ). In aerobic composting ( versus anaerobic composting, in the absence of oxygen ) far less odor is generated, and temperatures reach higher levels, generally in the 40 to 60 C range, which not only kill most pathogens but also destroy weed seeds.

Windrow Composting. This is one of the oldest and simplest methods of composting. A typical windrow system consists of long rows of organic material, about 1.8 to 2.1 meters high and 4 to 5 meters wide at the base. Actual dimensions vary and depend largely on the equipment available to place and manipulate the piles.

To ensure aerobic conditions and maintain temperatures, the windrow are turned at regular intervals, usually once or twice a week. A moisture content of 50% to 60% must be maintained. Although bulldozers and front-end loaders can be used, specialized turning machines have been developed that are more efficient and can add water at the same time. Proper aeration is important because it prevents anaerobic conditions, which lead to odor. A temperature of at least 55 should be maintained for a minimum of two weeks to ensure destruction of pathogens. The composting period lasts about four or five weeks; the compost is usually cured for an additional two to eight weeks to ensure that it is completely stabilized.

Aerated static pile composting. This method can be used to compost a wide variety of organic materials, including yard wastes and separated municipal waste. The materials are laid out in long piles similar to windrows. A layer of screened compost is often placed on top of the pile to control odor and provide insulation. A network of perforated piping is either placed at the bottom of the pile or embedded in the flooring below the pile. Air is introduced by blowers into each pile through the pipe network so that aerobic decomposition occurs. Airflow rates are controlled to maintain the temperature at the desired level. In modern facilities, all or most of the system is enclosed to allow better processing and odor control. Although the method needs more complex equipment than windrow composting, it does not require turning the material, it minimizes odors, and it provides better control of the process.

In-vessel composting. In this method, the materials to be composted are enclosed in a container or vessel. Vessels of various shapes are used, but they are generally of two basic types: plug flow or dynamic. In the former, the materials move through the vessel without agitation; in the later, the materials are agitated or mixed during the composting. Air and water are added to the vessels in a well-controlled manner. Typical in-vessel composting systems are shown schematically in Figure 5.6, and an actual system is shown in Figure 5.7. Detention (processing) times in in-vessel composters are about 1 to 2 weeks, followed by a 4- to 12-week curing period. In-vessel composters are gaining popularity because they offer good process and odor control, shorter composting time, and lower labor costs, and they can deal with food wastes. In particular, they can be set up in cities to service facilities such as hospitals or large office complexes.

The Composting Process

noreply@blogger.com (Eco Wise Waste Management) — Wed, 18 May 2011 13:18:00 +0000

The following article explains in detail the composting process. It explains the bilogical and chemical changes that take place during the composting process.

In the composting process, microorganisms, break down complex organic molecules (proteins, amino acid, lipids carbohydrates, and cellulose) into simpler ones ( mostly cellulose and lignin ). The microorganisms require an aqueous or moist environment and oxygen. The exothermic reaction in the composting process is depicted below:

Complex molecules + O₂ + microorganisms

→compost + new cells + dead cells + heat +CO₂ + H₂O + NO₃ + SO₄

In the process of composting living organisms, which make up about 5% to 10% of the organic material, releases the energy and nutrients stored in the tissues of the plant and animal residues in the starting compost material. There are several different kinds of organisms, and each has a specific substrate on which it works. An entire food chain develops during the compost process:

· Microorganisms such as bacteria, antinomycetes ( slime molds ), fungi, and algae break down the bulk of organic material. Their population, commonly referred to as the “microbial biomass,” is most crucial to the process.

· Protozoa, nematodes, and some other small organisms such as mold mites (Acari ) and springtails ( Collembola ) feed on the microorganisms.

· Beetles and other insects feed on the mold mites, springtails, and other small organisms.

· Larger organisms such as earthworms, flatworms, centipedes, millipedes, snails, slugs, and sowbugs feed on the decaying plant materials. They speed up the compost process by mixing the materials and reducing the size of particles.

The carbon/ nitrogen (C/ N) ratio is the most important measure of nutrient balance in the compost. Microorganisms use carbon as a source of energy, and both carbon and nitrogen are used for building cell structures. The C/N ratio declines as the composting process proceeds. More carbon is required than nitrogen; a typical final C/N value is approximately 22:1 (MOE, 1991 ).

The C/N value determines how the finished compost affects the soils to which it is applied. If C/N is greater than 25:1, the microorganisms in the compost will complete with the crops for available nitrogen. At compost levels below 20:1, the energy source, carbon, is less than needed for conversion of nitrogen into proteins. In this case, the compost microorganisms remove excess nitrogen as ammonia, denying it to plants and thus inhibiting plant growth. The C/N ratio in compost can be controlled by adding either highly nitrogenous materials like grass clippings and green vegetation, or highly carbonaceous materials like hay and dry leaves.

Eco Wise Waste Management

What is Composting

noreply@blogger.com (Eco Wise Waste Management) — Tue, 17 May 2011 10:41:00 +0000

What is composting

The following article explains the process of composting, provides you a brief history of composting and explains why composting is an important aspect of waste management.

Composting is a specialized part of recycling in which organic wastes are biologically decomposed under controlled conditions to convert them into a product that can be applied to the land beneficially and without adverse environmental impact. The composting process should destroy pathogens, weed seeds, insect eggs, and other unwanted organisms. Adding compost can lighten heavy soils, improve the texture of light solid, and increase water retention capacity, Composting is a natural process that has been used in an organized fashion to deal with garbage since at least the early 1900s (Journal of Waste Recycling. 1991).

Composting is a important component of a modern integrated waste system for one very simple reason: in North America we generate a considerable amount of yard waste and other organic wastes that are really compostable. Studies have shown that a significant fraction of municipal solid waste consists of yard waste, ranging from 5% to 20% by weight, with a typical value of 18%. Thus, composting can make a significant contribution to waste diversion. Furthermore , composting is a relatively low-technology and low-cost process that can be readily established by most communities.

Generally, only materials of biological origin—such as leaves, paper, wood, and non-meat food scraps—are suitable for composting. Synthetic organic materials, particularly plastics and rubber, are seldom compostable.

Plastic waste recycling

noreply@blogger.com (Eco Wise Waste Management) — Thu, 05 May 2011 09:36:00 +0000

The following article talks about plastic waste recycling, plastic waste recycling methods and the advantages of plastic waste recycling.

Plastic waste recycling

There are many uses of plastic waste, once the waste has been disgarded. one way is to recycle plastic waste is to use it in the construction of roads. Process of Road laying using polymer- aggregate – Bitumen mix. The plastic waste (bags, cups, Thermocole) made out of PE, PP, & PS are separated, cleaned if needed and shredded to small pieces (passing through 4.35mm sieve) The aggregate (granite) is heated to 170oC in the Mini hot Mix Plant and the shredded plastic waste is added, it gets softened and coated over the aggregate. Immediately the hot Bitumen (160oC) is added and mixed well. As the polymer and the bitumen are is the molten state (liquid state) they get mixed and the blend is formed at surface of the aggregate. The mixture is transferred to the road and the road is laid. This technique is extended to Central Mixing Plant too.

MOEF (cpcb.nic.in)

Recession Proof Business

noreply@blogger.com (Eco Wise Waste Management) — Wed, 04 May 2011 06:37:00 +0000

Recession Proof Business: The following article talks about why waste management is a recession proof business. RECYCLING aside, waste firms often describe themselves as recession-proof. The logic is simple: their workload is always increasing, As countries get richer and more urban and their populations expand, they through away even more stuff. The OECD forecasts that although municipal waste in rich countries will grow only by a fairly sedate average of 1.3% a year up to 2030, or about 38% in all. India's city-dwellers will be generating 130% more rubbish and Chaina's over 200% more over the same period. That increase will come partly from a growing amount of waste generated per person but mainly from a rising urban population. Overall, Nickolas Themelis of Columbia University expects worldwide waste to double by 2030. Growing wealth generally goes hand in hand with more concern for the local environment. In time, governments in developing countries will make sure that more waste is collected and tighten the rules about disposal. For example, India’s Supreme Court has ruled that all cities of 100,000 people or more should provide a waste-collection service. The Indian government, for its part, has set guidelines and targets for treatment and is working on a law on e-waste. At present these rules are observed mainly in the breach, but with time and public pressure compliance should grow.

Waste Disposal Gurgoan

noreply@blogger.com (Eco Wise Waste Management) — Mon, 02 May 2011 07:56:00 +0000

Waste Disposal Gurgoan: Eco Wise Waste Management to start waste disposal services in Gurgoan.

AFTER scripting a success story in Noida, Eco Wise Waste Management, the only company in the country with a separate segregation and treatment site, is set to launch its waste management facility in Gurgaon in July this year.“We will be following Eco Wise Umbrella Model, that is collection, transportation, segregation, treatment and disposal,” said Manik Thapar , founder and CEO of Eco Wise. “Currently, we are in the process of locating land, on which we will build our organic waste treatment facility, along with a wear house to stock recyclable product,”Mr Thapar said.

Despite the bold leap that the city has taken in industry and business over the past decade, Gurgaon still lacksorganised waste management. With higher levels of economic growth, Gurgaon generates around 500-550 tons of waste every day, including residential, commercial and industrial discard. Explaining the concept, Mr Thapar said, “Collection of waste is only one part of the process. One of the major issues is treatment and disposal of waste.” A lot of this waste such as organic refuse can be converted into nutrient- rich compost utilising a simple process.

Another issue is of construction debris. This waste can be put to use in rural area where there are no roads built, and the same debris can be crushed and used for hardening the road surface, according to Eco Wise officials. In its initial stages, the company is looking to cover major hotels, malls and large corporate offices in
Gurgoan. “We are also in talks with some major real estate players to provide them with residential waste management services (door-to-door collection). A lot of interest has also been generated by large corporate to avail our services. As of now I can not mention any names, but the interest is enormous,” said Mr Thapar, a pioneer of waste management industry in India.

As per Confederation of Indian Industry (CII) estimates, every 1percent growth in the GDP (Gross domestic
Product) in the past is likely to result in a 3 percent growth in hazardous waste. Likening the situation
of similar growth in France, in order to tackle the problems of rapid economic waves that Gurgoan is witnessing, it becomes important for the satellite city to devise an effective strategy for hazardous waste management in the early stages itself.

Civic authorities in Gurgaon have seemingly failed in proper treatment and disposal of waste where the collection, transportation, treatment and disposal are done mostly by the unorganised players. As of now, the local waste-collector or house-helps dumps the waste in nearby open grounds or a convenient place and Municipality workers collect it on an irregular basis to dumps it in the landfills. No segregation or treatment takes place in the process. The valuables are extracted by rag-pickers while the rest (about 90 percent of the total) is burnt in the open. Worse, the waste is left scattered or completely ignored.

Volunteer or residential groups complain that apart from playing host to a number of disease, the waste lying
in the open reduces the aesthetic quality of the surroundings. “Most of the waste management is handled by amateur players,” said Anil, caretaker of a society in Nirvana Country in Sector 57. “Our main concern in dealing with the garbage is cleanliness, keep parking space unoccupied, and avoid a stinky atmosphere.”

Imran Malik, operations manager of Eco Wise agrees. “Lack of education and understanding of what can be
done with waste is a major handicap for the unorganised sector. We solve the problem by ensuring that the organic waste is treated and converted into compost along with ensuring that certain elements in inert waste, that most people would think are useless, can be put to use. In general, 80-85 percent of the waste we collect is put to use, rather than dumped.” According to Mr Malik, the demographic mix is a major reason that has lead to the growth of waste generation in the city. “Over the years people’s income has risen substantially along with their spending power. Increased consumption of FMCG goods means increased waste. Also, people have started eating out more, with more and more nuclear families popping up with both partners working; eating out or ordering take out has increased ten folds. All this adds to the generation of waste, and the more the people consume more the waste is generated,” he said.

The new model claims to ensures that only waste that cannot be recycled or put to any use would be disposed off in an authorised landfill or dumpsite. The composition of residential waste is large metros is 60 percent organic, 25 percent recyclables and 15 percent inert. The current process utilised by the unorganised sector is only catering to the 25 percent recyclables, as this waste can be sold to in the scrap market yielding high returns. As a result the organic and inert waste finds its way onto road sides and in open dumps.

Waste management as an industry is in the nascent stages in India with unorganised sector forming major
part of it. “The potential is unlimited in the sector and it can go on to experience even 500 percent growth every year. There is need of such facility in every town, every city in India but there is a scarcity of private companies in the sector due to lack of know how and funding. Banks are reluctant to provide loans to private players interested in the business and even the government is not too supportive of them,” said Manik, adding that the government should also help to improve the unorganised sector which is helping a lot in the sector by atleast collecting the garbage.

Started in 2005, the Noida-based company has a turnover of upto `1 crore and hopes to replicate the

Noida success in Gurgoan by implementing proper waste management practices, engaging the informal sector and utilising their skills in the process of collection of waste. About 90 percent of their business has come through word of mouth. “Our approach would be the same in Gurgoan and we would want our work to speak for ourselves,” said Mr Thapar. “We expect a positive response from the citizens of the city and are sure that they will assist us in insuring that Gurgoan is truly a millennium city, not just on paper but visibly on the ground,” he added.

MAMTA SHARMA (Economic Times)

mamta.sharma@timesgroup.com

Waste to Energy

noreply@blogger.com (Eco Wise Waste Management) — Tue, 19 Apr 2011 10:28:00 +0000

Waste to Energy projects, can be found running successfully in many parts of the world. Waste to Energy is a faily new technology in India, with limited success. The following article talks about the potential of waste to energy in India.

The Potential for Waste to Energy in India

A growing number of Indians are enjoying a new found ability to consume a vast number of goods and services that were previously either unavailable or unaffordable. From small electronic items, such as cell phones, to large consumer goods like refrigerators and cars, Indian consumption has been steadily increasing and shows no signs of abating anytime soon. Inevitably this has led to a rapid growth in the quantity and variety of MSW.

In most cities and towns in India, MSW is disposed of in an unregulated and unscientific manner in low-lying, open dumps on the outskirts of cities. Most dumps lack systems for leachate collection, landfill gas collection or monitoring, nor do they use inert materials to cover the waste. This results in ground and surface water contamination from runoff and lack of covering, air pollution caused by fires, toxic gases, and odour, and public health problems due to mosquitoes and scavenging animals.

A waste sample taken from Mumbai back in 2006 comprised 19% recyclables

In its 2009-10 Annual Report the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) estimated that approximately 55 million tonnes of MSW are generated in urban areas of India annually. It is estimated that the amount of waste generated in India will increase at a rate of approximately 1-1.33% annually.

The Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF) promulgated the Municipal Solid Wastes (Management and Handling) Rules in 2000 requiring municipalities across India adopt sustainable and environmentally sound ways of processing MSW, including incineration. In this regard, Waste to Energy (WtE) provides a solution towards complying with government regulations, and achieving integrated solid waste management.

WtE is perceived as a means to dispose MSW, produce energy, recover materials, and free up scarce land that would otherwise have been used for landfill.

The Indian Government considers WtE to be a renewable technology, and the MNRE has developed the National Master Plan for Development of WtE in India. The MNRE lists a number of technologies for energy recovery from urban and industrial wastes that “not only reduce the quantity but also improve the quality of waste to meet the required pollution control standards, besides generating a substantial quantity of energy”.

The MNRE estimates that the potential to generate power from MSW will more than double in the next ten years, while the potential from industrial waste is likely to increase by more than 50%.

While the Indian Government’s own figures would suggest that the cost of WtE is somewhat higher than other renewable sources, it should be kept in mind that WtE facilities serve a dual role of waste disposal and energy production. Although the cost per MW of capacity may be greater than other renewable sources, the benefits of waste management, energy and metals recovery, and reduction of GHG emissions need to be considered.

Considering WtE for Mumbai City

Mumbai, India’s financial capital and largest city, has been facing a solid waste management crisis for years. The infrastructure has been unable to keep pace with economic development and population growth. In order to move towards a sustainable future and achieve its goal of becoming a world-class city, Mumbai needs to adopt an integrated solid waste management approach.

Rudra Environmental Solutions is setting up a pilot project that will convert plastic to fuel for generator sets

The agency responsible for solid waste management in Mumbai is the Solid Waste Management Department (SWMD) of the Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai (MCGM) and its private contractors. The 2009-10 budget of the SWMD is Rs.10.6 billion (US$228 million), and is expected to increase to Rs.15.5 billion ($334 million) in 2010-11.

The municipal corporation spends roughly Rs.1160 per tonne ($25/tonne) on collection, transport, and disposal of MSW. Collection and transport together constitute roughly 80% of the cost. In India, the average municipal expenditure on solid waste management is Rs.500 to Rs.1500 per tonne ($10 to $32 per tonne).

Suitability of WtE in Mumbai

The MSW collected in Mumbai consists of wet organics (primarily food waste), dry organics (straw and wood, etc.), inert materials (sand and soil), and recyclables (plastics, metal, glass and paper). Based on the composition of MSW, processing the waste in a WtE facility would reduce its volume by 96.74%, thus freeing up land that would otherwise have been used for landfills.

Composition of waste in Mumbai as of 2006

The chemical characteristics of MSW in Mumbai have been measured by two different studies, one by the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) and the National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NEERI) in 2005-06, and the other by MCGM around the same time.

The reported moisture content and heating value differs significantly between the two studies, however, the CPCB-NEERI study found that the heating value of MSW in Mumbai is sufficient for a WtE plant to operate without additional fuel. From an environmental standpoint, a WtE facility would be beneficial because it would prevent the formation of leachate that contaminates groundwater, reduce emissions of toxic pollutants from the burning of garbage, and prevent the production of two potent greenhouse gases, carbon dioxide and methane.

Additionally, with space in urban areas at a premium WtE provides an effective way to reduce the volume of waste by approximately 90% and thereby lower the space needed for landfills.

Education

More research is needed to quantify various aspects of the solid waste management sector. A number of key statistics, such as the value of recyclables, the amount of environmental pollution from waste sources, and the quantity of industrial waste generated, need to be computed to gain a better understanding of this sector. In terms of research related to WtE, detailed analysis of costs and available funding is needed. In addition, investigating the suitability and quantifying the costs and benefits of combined heat and power for Mumbai would be useful. Independent researchers or consultants should carry out such research in order to prevent any biases that may otherwise occur.

Outreach to both environmental groups as well as the public at large is important in order to demonstrate the benefits of WtE technology to the community, city, and local government. This can be achieved by educating the public through campaigns, workshops, town hall meetings, university lectures, and so on. Creating an open dialogue with environmental groups is an essential first step to sharing information and collaborating to create better environmental conditions.

- Formerlly a junior professional associate at the World Bank, Perinaz Bhada-Tata is currently working as a consultant in India

by Perinaz Bhada-Tata

Acknowledgements

The research for this article was possible through funding from the Waste-to-Energy Research and Technology Council (WTERT).

Industrial Growth and Solid Waste Generation

noreply@blogger.com (Eco Wise Waste Management) — Sat, 26 Mar 2011 06:52:00 +0000

Industrial growth and solid waste generation

Enhancing the economic growth is imperative for India’s progress and industrial activity is the key. Growth of the industrial sector has quadrupled in the past five decades since Independence. It is important to recognize that while India’s economic growth over the past 20 years has growth in selected industrial sectors in india in recent years

Table 1

Industry 1990/91 2000/01

Cement 48.4 99.5

Finished steel 13.5 29.3

Sugar 12.1 15.5

Fertilizers 9.0 14.7

Paper and paper board 2.1 3.1

Caustic soda 1.0 1.6

Aluminium 0.5 0.6

Been quantified as 163%, the total increased in pollution generation has been approximately 475%, with the industrial pollution alone accounting for 247%. Growth in the selected industrial sectors in India in recent years is highlighted in Table 1.

It is noteworthy that as the higher levels of economic growth are achieved, generation of hazardous waste is also increased. As per the CII (Confederation of Indian Industry) estimates, in France, every 1% growth in the GDP (Gross domestic Product) in the past has resulted in a 3% growth in hazardous waste. Therefore, it becomes important for a country like India to devise an effective strategy for hazardous waste management in the early stages itself in order to tackle the problems of rapid economic growth.

Industrial Solid Waste Generation in India

Industrial solid wastes can be divided into two types based on their chemical nature- non-hazardous and hazardous. Major generators of non-hazardous industrial solid wastes in India are thermal power stations producing coal ash; steel mills producing blast furnance slag and steel melting slag; non-ferrous industries like aluminium, zinc, and copper-producing red mud and tailings; sugar industries generating press mud; pulp and paper industries producing lime sludge; and fertilizer and allied industries producing gypsum. As these wastes are generated in huge quantities (147 MT[million tonnes] per annum as per the 1999 estimate), their recycle/reuse potential should be explored, otherwise a huge land area would be needed for disposal. The quantum of industrial waste prodused per annum and its origins are given in table 2.

Table 2

Quantities (million tonnes per annum) Waste 1990 1999 Source/origin
Steel and blast furnace slag	35.00	7.50	Conversion of pig iron to steel and manufacture of iron
Brine mud	0.02	-	Caustic soda industry
Copper slag	0.02	-	By-product from smelting of copper
Fly ash	30.00	58.00	Coal-based thermal power plants
Kiln dust	1.60	-	Cement Plants
Lime sludge	3.00	4.80	Sugar, Paper, fertilizer, tanneries, soda ash, and calcium carbide
Phosphogypsum	4.50	11.00	Phosphoric acid plant and ammonium phosphate
Red mud/bauxite	3.00	4.0-4.50	Mining and extraction of alumina from bauxite
Lime stone	-	50.00	-
Iron tailings	-	11.25	-
Total	77.14	147.05

The exercise to make an inventory of hazardous waste generation in different states of India was initiated by the CPCB (Central Pollution Control Board) in 1993. Present information on total hazardous waste generated from industries and the facility available for its disposal in the respective states in India has been collected by the MOEF(Ministry of Environment and Forests), Government of India, through the respective SPCBs (States Pollution Control Boards). As per the current MOEF estimates, about 4.2 MT of hazardous waste is generated in the country as per the Hazardous waste rules of 1989 (MOEF 2000). The present generation of hazardous waste(million tonnes per annum) in the selected states in India is shown in box 1.

A significant number of hazardous waste-generating units are not included in this inventory. There are a number of units in the small-scale and unorganized sector handling hazardous waste without the pollution control safeguards. They generates hazardous waste in quantities that are not regulated by the rules; however, their cumulative impact cannot be ignored. There are about three million small-scale units in various sectors all over the country and, also there are units located in the FTZ(free trade zone), which are not registered with the SPCBs.

Box 1

Generation of hazardous waste(in million tonnes per annum) in selected states in India

State Generation

Maharashtra 2.0

Gujarat 0.43

Tamil Nadu 0.40

Uttar Pradesh 0.14

Rajasthan 0.14

In addition, it is estimated that the ship-breaking activity in India produces about 4000 tonnes of solid waste per annum. These wastes require proper treatment and disposal as currently, they remain scattered on the seashore and contaminate the marine environment.

Industrial Solid Waste

noreply@blogger.com (Eco Wise Waste Management) — Sat, 26 Mar 2011 06:37:00 +0000

Industrial Solid Waste is fast becoming a massive challange to manage. Industrial Solid Waste out put has increased drastically over the last few decades. The following article talks about Industrial Solid Waste.

Industrial Solid Waste

Solid Waste generally refers to any garbage, refuse,sludge, and other discarded or salvageable materials, including solid,liquid,and sami-solid materials resulting from industrial, commercial, mining, and agricultural operations, and from community activities. This does not include solids or dissolved materials in domestic sewage, dissolved or suspended solids in industrial waste water effluent, or other common water pollutants.

Solid waste management refers to its scientific management after generation, reuse, and recycling, up to treatment and disposal. In this paper, management of industrial solid waste is discussed with reference to the hazardous waste generated from industrial sources in a manner to avoid its adverse impact on human health and the environment.

The WHO(World Health Organization), UNEP(United Nation Environment Programme), and the World Bank formulated a working defination of hazardous waste as any waste, excluding domestic and radio-active waste, which, because of its quantity and physical, chemical, and infectious characteristics can cause a significant hazard to the human health and/or the environment when improperly treated, stored, transported, or disposed.

The Indian regulation has defined hazardous waste in line with the requirement of the Basel Convention, as follows.

Hazardous waste means any waste which, by reason of any of its physical, chemical, reactive, toxic, flammable, explosive, or corrosive characteristics, causes danger or is likely to cause danger to health or the environment, whether by itself or in contact with other waste or substances. Such waste includes the following.

(a) Wastes listed in column 3 of schedule 1 of the Hazardous Waste (Management and Handling) Amendment Rules, 3003,

(b) Wastes having constituents listed in schedule 2 of the rules if their concentration is equal to or more than the limit indicated in the said schedule, and

(c) Wastes listed in lists ‘A’ and ‘B’ of schedule 3 (Part A) applicable only in case(s) of import or export of hazardous waste in accordance with Rules 12, 13, and 14 if they possess any of the hazardous characteristics listed in part B of schedule 3.

Rapid urbanization and industrialization in india have resulted in an increased need for proper disposal of industrial waste. The industrial sactor in India has quadrupled in size in the past three decades. There has been a significant increase in the industrial sectors such as pesticides, drugs and pharmaceuticals, textiles, dyes fertilizer, tanneries, paint, chloralkali, etc., which have a major potential for generation of hazardous wastes.

Hazardous waste from these sectors contain heavy metals, cyanides, pesticides, complex aromatic compounds, and other chemicals that are toxic to humans, plants, or animals and are flammable, corrosive, explosive, or have a high chemical reactivity. Hazardous waste contribution from industrial sources is also critical due to the wide geographical spread of industrial sources is also critical due to the wide geographical spread of industrial units in the country, thereby leading to region-wide impacts.

Hazardous waste when not adequately handled and disposed, can cause immediate short-term public health problems as well as long-term environmental contamination and degradation of natural resources. A proper treatment and disposal of such hazardous waste is much more expensive and complex than dealing with the conventional or non-hazardous wastes/residues.

Experiences in a number of developed countries suggests that cleaning up of hazardous wastes is much more expensive in the long term as compared to its prevention at the source. For instance, in the United states, cleaning of improperly managed wastes has been estimated to cost 10-100 times as much as proper early management (Hwa 2002). It is therefore, essential for the industrialized states of india to improve the monitoring and enforcement measures, and the physical infrastructure needed for their effective implementation, while promoting recycling, recovery of materials, and avoidance of generation of hazardous wastes.

Noida Sanitation Issue

noreply@blogger.com (Eco Wise Waste Management) — Wed, 23 Mar 2011 08:38:00 +0000

Lack of Sanitation in NOIDA

Noida the show window of the state of Utter Pradesh, is facing serious sanitation problems. Every day Noida generates 300 tons of Municipal Solid Waste, out of which 65% is organic waste, 20% is recyclable waste and the remaining 15% is inert waste (Waste such as chip packets, mud, construction derbies).

“Sanitation” is one of the most pressing issue’s faced by the city of Noida today. While driving around in the city you will find numerous dumps, outside residential areas, market places and industrial areas. Noida development authority is responsible for collection of waste from residential, commercial and industrial areas located within Noida, but as of now mostly the unorganized sector comprised of rag pickers and young children shoulder this responsibility. To add fuel to the fire Noida authority has no official landfill site where inert waste can be taken and dumped in a scientific manner. This adds to the problem of illegal waste dumps that we see all over the city.

I wonder how Noida Authority failed to foresee this. In spite of few Private companies like “Eco Wise Waste Management Pvt. Ltd.” Which is working hard to improve the environmental condition in Noida for last five years. The initiative from the government and the private sector is missing.

Recently an article printed in the “HT Live Noida” of Hindustan Times also discussed about the sanitation problem in Noida. According to them these are the problem faced in Noida.

Ssanitation :- Garbage is strewn everywhere on the roads, on the pavements, even covering the vacant plots, big market areas like sector-18 market.

2. Dumped Material :- None of the roads internal or external, are free of heaps of construction material, bricks, cement & iron rods are dumped everywhere.

3. Roads & Drains :- Most internal roads have not carpeted.

4. Slum Cluster :- The number of slums has increased so much so that now an entire basti has been established here.

It is time the government starts thinking beyond the commercial angle & working towards environmental development of the city.

Waste To Energy Project

noreply@blogger.com (Eco Wise Waste Management) — Thu, 17 Mar 2011 09:30:00 +0000

Waste To Energy Project

Close to 97% of food waste in North America ends up in landfills. That’s trash that could be cost-effectively turned into renewable fuel using waste to energy technology, says Paul Sellew, chief executive of waste to energy firm Harvest Power. The Waltham, Mass. company announced Wednesday that it raised a $51.7 billion Series B round of funding, which will help it ramp up the pace at which it is building facilities to turn yard and food waste into methane, the principal component of natural gas using its waste to energy technology. The new funding brings the total equity financing raised by Harvest Power to roughly $70 million, Sellew said.

Harvest Power is currently in the process of building two large anaerobic digestion facilities, one in Richmond, outside Vancouver, Canada and the other in London, Ontario. There it plans to take food and yard waste and turn them into methane, which can be sold as a fuel. Harvest Power also operates large composting facilities in California and the northeastern U.S. In Tullytown, Penn., it runs Waste Management’s Warner North Composting Facility. Waste Management is an investor in Harvest Power, as is venture capital firm Kleiner Perkins (home to billionaire venture capitalist John Doerr) and Munich Venture Partners. New investors in the latest round include former vice president Al Gore’s Generation Investment Management. (For more on Sellew’s entrepreneurial background, read Meet The Renewable Entrepreneur, written by my colleague Maureen Farrell last August.)

What was surprising: Sellew didn’t boast about any special technological advantage that Harvest Power has. He admits that anaerobic digesters and composting are well understood technologies. “We have created a novel approach…and we have gained a cost advantage,” Sellew said in a phone interview. “It’s the efficiency, it’s the capital cost, operating cost, productivity and yield we get out of our technologies.” So couldn’t some other large operator of composting facilities do the same? Sellew says the market is fragmented and the company really doesn’t have large competitors.

Harvest Power’s model is to design, build, own and operate its own facilities. Sellew wouldn’t give me a sense of how profitable these facilities can be, but he said he expects the company to be profitable this year, on a run rate of $100 million revenues. By the end of next year, it expects to expand operations from its five current facilities to 20, just in north America. “We view this as similar to next generation solar. We’re taking a waste material and extracting the energy out of it. We can produce energy 24/7, 365 days a year,” says Sellew. Of course, methane has a bigger carbon footprint than solar energy does.

A handful of cities, including San Francisco, require residents to separate food waste from other garbage. San Francisco currently has a large compost facility that turns food waste into fertilizer. Sellew expects more cities to adopt such policies, a move that could create more business for his company.

Local Transportation Noida

noreply@blogger.com (Eco Wise Waste Management) — Thu, 27 Jan 2011 09:46:00 +0000

There are many means of local transportation in Noida, including rickshaws, auto rickshaws and busses. Local transportation in noida now has a new player, "Eco Rick". Eco Rick is a battery powered on call rickshaw service launched in Noida, with a promise of transforming the face of local transportation in Noida.

Local Transportation Noida

Ecorick battery rickshaws was started out of an entrepreneur’s desire to start something unique and challenging. The entrepreneur in this case is Mr. Manik Thapar, of whom we read a lot in the waste management sector, and like any entrepreneur he’s always on the lookout of the next big thing. Also, it’s an added advantage if that idea is made for the social good and is easy to implement to gain widespread acceptability.

Mr. Thapar came across the new concept of starting a battery operated rickshaw service in Noida when nobody else was doing this in the country i.e. commercially operating such a service on a large scale. We find radio taxis all over but not any service for rickshaws for local commuting. Why battery rickshaws? Because they are eco-friendly as they don’t cause any pollution, they are faster than normal cycle rickshaws as they run on motor power and they don’t stress out the rickshaw pullers-they can earn more because of less fatigue and waiting time.

It started with an experiment and market study of the usage patterns of public transport in the city. With the advent of the metro in Noida, a lot of people choose to commute on it and a feeder system was missing in the city and Ecorick aims to bridge this gap. Also, finding a rickshaw in far-fetched areas and negotiating with the rickshaw-pullers can be a hassle which Ecorick aims to solve. The rates are fixed, the drivers trained and a call center is established to look after each customer’s needs. Ecorick can also be called at one’s doorstep at no extra cost with the sole motive of bringing convenience to the customer.

What’s more? The rickshaws have GPS installed on them. The passengers are insured, are given the luxury of mobile chargers, newspapers and mineral water on board. And all this at no extra cost i.e. the fares are similar to what a normal cycle rickshaw would cost to travel from A to B within Noida.

The service also caters to regular users like school children, college/office-goers and metro users who can subscribe for a monthly bill system at a discounted price. Time to time Ecorick comes up with promotional offers like discount coupons and one free ride for every 10^th ride.

The overall response has been very good both from the driver and the community side. The drivers are removed from the hassles of paddling and can earn more on an automated vehicle. They are happy to be permanently employed with an established company getting free meals, insurance, uniforms and security.

The passengers response have been mixed and dynamic. Some like the rickshaw for the style statement attached to it, some like the fast and smooth ride, some appreciate the safety aspect while other like the timeliness of the service. Mothers feel safe sending their kids on the rickshaw as they are assured that the company is responsible for the actions of the drivers. The elderly prefer not to walk a lot to search for a rickshaw when it can be easily called at their doorstep.

In the coming future, Ecorick will see its fleet getting expanded and more people using its services. There are plans to expand into Greater Noida as well.