Computer Basics

INTERNET TECHNOLOGY DFINITION

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INTERNET

Internet is an connection between several computers of different types belonging to various network across the world. It is a network of the networks. Million of people use internet to search and share information and ideas etc. The internet is an immensely complex combination of thousands of technologies and dozens of services used by the people around the world each day. Every network and every computer in the network exchange information according to certain rules called protocols. These different computers and networks are united with common threads of two protocols i.e., Internet Protocol (IP) and Transmission Control Protocols (TCP).

INTERNET CHARACTERISTICS

⇾ A Complex Network :- With the simplified network of networks that comprises over 150 millions computers.

⇾ Disorganize :- Internet can be cumbersome and confusing even for experienced users.

⇾ A Decentralized System :- Million of individuals networks and over 140 millions individuals computers connected throughout the world.

⇾ Composed of Billion of Files :- Files pertaining to thousands of subjects, disciplines, and professions are available in different file formats.

⇾ Widely Used :- More than 147 million people use the internet over 40 million of whom use it daily.

⇾Internet Scope :- It is across by people in approx 140 countries; people in over 155 countries use the internet for e-mail purpose.

⇾ Expanding Exponentially :- growing at the rate of 12% per month.

ELEMENTS OF THE INTERNET

• Client PC :- These are the computer that requests information from sources. If your personal computer has access to internet it is then categorized as a client computer.

• Server Computer :- A server is computer that holds the files for one or more websites. These are relatively powerful computers with a full time internet connection and can provide data to multiple clients computers simultaneously.

• Networks :- These are composed of one or more server computers and multiple client PC.

• Nodes :- Nodes is generic term used to describe a client, server or network.

INTERNET CONNECTIVITY

⇾ ISP (Internet Service Provider) :- ISP is an organisation that provides internet and access to the services provided on the internet. It is company such as AT & T (American Telephone & Telegraph), Verizon, Comcost

or Brighthouse, they provides internet access to companies, families and even mobile users. ISP use fibers optics, satellites, copper wire and other forms to provide internet access to it's customer.

ISP Types -------

• Access Providers :- They provide access to internet through telephone lines, cables, WiFi, or fiber optics.

•Hosting ISP :- Hosting ISP offers E-mail and other web hosting services such as virtual machines, clouds etc.

• Virtual ISP :- Such ISPs offers internet access via other ISP services.

• Free ISP :- They do not charge for internet services .

Internet Technology

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History of Internet

The internet had its roots during the 1960's as a project of the united states government department of defense to create a non-centralized network. This project was called ARPANET ( Advance Research Agency of Networks ) to provide a secure and survivable communication network organisations engaged in defense related research. In to make networks more global a new sophisticated standard protocol was needed they develop IP (Internet Protocol) technology which defines how electronic messages were packaged addressed and sent over the network. The standard protocol was invented in 1977 and was called TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol). TCP/IP allow users to link the various branches of other complex networks directly ARPANET, which soon come to be called the internet.

Researchers and academics in their other fields being to make use of the network and eventually the NSF (National Science Foundation) which had created a similar and parallel network called NSFNET, to over much of the TCP/IP technology from ARPANET and establishes a network of networks capable of handling for greater traffic. In 1985 NSF being a program to establish internet access across the Unites States. They created a backbone called the NSFNET and opened their door to all education facilities, academic researches, government agencies and International Research Organisations. By 1990s the internet experienced an explosive growth. It is estimated that the number of computers connected to internet was doubling every year.

DESKTOP

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The Desktop is the primary interface of a computer. When you boot up your computer the desktop is displayed once the startup process is complete. It includes the desktop background and icons of files and folders you may have saved to the desktop. Since the desktop is always present icons on the desktop is always present icons on the desktop can be accessed quickly rather than requiring you to navigate through the several directories.

Components of Desktop -----

➝ Task bar :- A bar located at the bottom of their screen first introduced with Microsoft Windows 95 and found in all the versions of windows that followed. The task bar allows you to locate and launch programs through start button or view any program that is currently open.

➝ Start Menu :- The Microsoft Windows start menu is the primary location is windows to locate your installed programs and find any files and folders. By default the start menu is accessed by clicking the start button, located in the bottom left hand corner of the windows desktop screen. Some important options of start menu --------

✳️ Shut Down :- To shut down a system means that when the process of shutting down is complete, the machine is powered down and it will not come back again without someone taking further actions.

✳️ Restart/Reboot :- Reboot a system means that the computer goes through a complete shut down process then start up again.

✳️ Log Off :- Logging off a system means that the user who is currently logged on has their session end but leaves computer running for someone else to use.

➝ Notification Area :- Sometime referred to as the system tray, syst tray, shell notification area or task bar status area. The notification area provides various aspects of their operating system such as the time and date, internet connection, status and current volume level.

➝ Icon :- an icon is a small graphical representation of a program or file. When you click the associated file or program will be open.

Types of Icons -----

➝ Folder Icon :- When a folder icon is click, a folder window is open display the contents of the folder.

➝ Program Icon :- When a program icon is double click, the corresponding program is loaded into the memory of the computer.

➝ Document Icon :- When a document icon is double click the document itself is open.

➝ Shortcut Icon :- Shortcut icons provides an alternative way to open programs, documents and folders.

➝ System Icon :- System icons are mendatory programs or files that are located on your desktop. User is not allowed to delete the system icon, since deleting the system icon would means deleting the actual program from the hard drive of the computer.

Motherboard :- A Motherboard is one of the most essential part of computer system. It holds together many of the critical components of a computer including the Central Processing Unit (CPU), memory and connectors for input and output devices. The motherboard is also known as PCB (Printed Circuit Board)

Parts of Motherboard ------

✳️ CPU Socket

✳️ Main Memory Slot

✳️ Power Connectors

✳️ SATA (Serial Advanced Technology Attachment)

✳️ Slot for one and more hard drive i.e., IDE (Integrated Drive Electron)

✳️ Slot for video or graphics card

COMPUTER MEMORY (IMPORTANT NOTES)

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The capability of computer to remember our data is called as memory. In computer it is implemented through electronic circuit. Computer memory is a physical device which is capable of storing information temporarily or permanently. Memory can be classified into two categories ----

Primary Memory ( Temporary Memory)
Secondary Memory ( Permanent Memory)

Primary Memory :- Primary Memory is also called internal, main or central memory. All data and instructions just of all process into the main memory or primary memory. It store program and data while computer is running. Primary Memory is classified into two categories ------

RAM (Random Access Memory)
ROM (Read Only Memory)

RAM :- It is read and write memory, so user can either read or write from it. It is volatile in nature, means when the computer is switched off, all the information stored on it, will be erased.

Types of RAM --------

➝ SRAM

➝ DRAM

SRAM is stand for Static RAM whereas DRAM is stand for Dynamic RAM. Static RAM retain stored information as long as the power supply is on, but the Dynamic RAM loses its stored information in a very short time even when the power supply in on.

Dynamic RAM are cheaper and have moderate speed. Static RAM are costlier and consume more power. They do not need refreshing circuitry and have higher speed than Dynamic RAM.

ROM :- ROM is a permanent type of memory, it contains our data even when the power supply is switched off because it is non-volatile in nature. However the user cannot write into a ROM.

Types of ROM ------

➝ PROM (Programmable ROM)

➝ EPROM (Erasable Programmable ROM)

✳️ Electrically EPROM (EEPROM)

✳️ Ultraviolet EPROM (UVEPROM)

2. Secondary Memory :- You cannot store data in the main memory of a PC permanently, because it is very expensive and its contents are erased when the computer is turned off. It order to preserve or save the work which you have done on your computer (permanently fro future use) before you shut it off, you need secondary storage medium. Secondary Memory is also known as Auxiliary Memory.

Types of Secondary Memory -------

➝ Magnetic Disk

✳️ Floppy Disk :- It is also known as disk or diskette,a floppy disk is a removable storage disk used for storing data, it is floppy disk because the round film inside the disks plastic shell is flexible.

Floppies are available in 3.5''(inch) with a capacity 1.44 MB or 2.88 MB and 5.22''(inch) size with a capacity 160 KB, 360 KB, or 1.2 MB.

✳️Hard Disk :- A Hard Disk is a device used for mass storage of data. The data stored on the hard disk can be retrieved at very fast speed. unlike floppies, CDs, etc cannot easily remove a hard disk from a PC.

➝ Optic Disc

✳️ CD ROM :- It is an optical read only memory. The disc is made up of polycarbonate. CD ROM provide random access data retrieval and the disc have a self life of more than 40 years. CD ROM can store about 700 MB.

✳️ DVD (Digital Versatile Disc) :- DVD disc provide more more storage capacity than a CD ROM disc. The disc used with DVD drives are of same diameter and thickness as traditional CDs. Like CD and DVD disc can tolerate dust and fingre prints. DVD ROM of capacity ranging from 4.7 GB to 50 GB.

➝ Flash Memory

✳️ Pen Drive :- A Pen Drive or USB flash drive is a portable data storage device. Pen Drive have replace the floppy disk and have become the most popular data storage devices among consumers. To access the data stored in a pen drive, the drive must be connected to a computer through USB host controller. Pen Drive are available in many capacities like 2 GB, 4 GB, 8 GB, 16 GB and so on.

Cache/Cash Memory :- Cache Memory is placed in between the CPU and the main memory. It is faster than main memory. Cache memory provides faster data storage and access by storing data routinely accessed by the processor. Thus, when our processor requests data that already has an instance in the cache memory, it does not used to go to the memory or the hard disk to fetch the data. There are three labels of cache ------

✳️ Label 1 Cache (L1)

✳️ Label 2 Cache (L2)

✳️ Label 3 cache (L3)

Computer Memory Units ---

1 or 0 ￫ 1 Bite

4 Bits ￫ 1 Nibble or 1/2 Byte

8 Bits ￫ 1 Byte

1024 Bytes ￫ 1 Kilobyte

1024 Kilobytes ￫ 1 Megabyte

1024 Megabytes ￫ 1 Gigabyte

1024 Gigabytes ￫ 1 Terabyte

1024 Terabytes ￫ 1 Petabyte

1024 Petabytes ￫ 1 Exabytes

1024 Exabytes ￫ 1 Zettabyte

1024 Zettabytes ￫1 Yottabyte

1024 Yottabye ￫ 1 Brontobyte

1024 Brontobyte ￫ 1Geopbyte

COMPUTER SOFTWARE - 5

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B. Developing Software :- It is a software which provide services required for the development and execution of Application Software.

➝ Programming Languages :- A programming language is a primary interface of a programmer with a computer. A programming language is an artificial language to express computation that can be performed by a computer.

➝ Language Translator :- A Language Translator helps in converting programming languages to machine language. The translated program is called the Object Code.

There are three kinds of language translator ------

Assembler :- An Assembler is a program that takes basic computer instructions and convert them into a pattern of bits that the computer processors can used to perform its basic operation.
Compiler :- It is used to convert the source code (written in high level language) into machine language. Compiler reads whole source code at a time and trap the errors and inform to programmer.
Interpreter :- This language processor converts the high level language program into machine language by converting it line by line. If there is any error in any line during execution, it will report it at same time and cannot resume until the error is rectified.

➝ Linker :- A Linker is a system program that links together several objects modules and liberaries to form a single and coherent program (executable). The main purpose of linker is to resolve reference among files.

➝ Loader :- Loader is a kind of system software which is responsible for loading and relocation of the executable program in the mail memory.

Relationship between Hardware & Software ------

There is a tight bond between hardware and software and they retain incomplete in absence of any. Hardware is a physical and tangible asset which you can see and touch whereas software is a program run over the hardware and controls the hardware. In simple words we can say that they complete each other. Software commands hardware, to perform a certain task like printing or playing music withthe help of operating system.

Try an online test -----
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COMPUTER SOFTWARE - 4 (BOOTING)

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When we start our computer then, there is an operation perform automatically by the computer which is also called as Booting. In the booting, system will check all the hardware and software those are installed and this will also load all the files those are needed for running a system. In the booting process, the operating system gets loaded from secondary memory into primary memory.

Types of booting are as follows -----------

1. Cold Booting :- The process of starting a computer from shutdown or powerless state and setting it to normal working condition. A computer doing a cold booting is already in a shutdown state, wherein no hardware, software, network or peripheral operations are occurring. Cold Booting is also known as Hard Boot, Cold Start or Dead Start.

2. Warm Booting :- Alternatively referred to as a Soft Boot, a warm boot can be accomplished by pressing the (ctrl + alt + delete) keys simultaneously.

COMPUTER SOFTWARE - 3 (OPERATING SYSTEM)

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Operating System :- An Operating System is a master software program that controls the internal activities of the computer hardware and provide user interface. These interface can be either CUI (Command/Character User Interface) or GUI (Graphical User Interface). Application program need to interact with the Operating System fro using hardware resources.

Operating is the Ist program loaded copied into the main memory of the computer after the booting.

Functions of Operating System ----

➝ Processor Management :- The operating system assigns processor (if the computer has more than one processor) to different task that must be performed by the computer.

➝ Memory Management :- It allocates main memory and secondary memory to the system program, user program and data.

➝ Input/Output Management :- It carries out I/O management, co-ordinates and assigns different input and output devices.

➝ File Management :- It manages files on various storage devices and transfer these files from one storage device to another.

➝ Scheduling :- It establishes and enforces the job priority, i.e, it determines and maintains the order in which jobs are to be executed in the computer system.

➝ Time Sharing :- It co-ordinates and assigns computers, assemblers, utility program and other software packages to various users working on the computer system.

⟶ Security Management :- It establishes data security and integrity, that is, it gives different programs and data in such a manner that they do not interface with each other. Moreover, it also provides protection to the data from being destroyed by any other user.

Classification of Operating System -------

➝ Single User Operating System :- Operating System which allows only one user to work on a computer at a time is known as Single User Operating System.

Ex￫ DOS(Disk Operating System)

➝ Multi User Operating System :- A multi user operating system allows a number of users to work together on a single computer. Each user will be provided a terminal connection to a computer.

Ex￫ LINUX, UNIX, Windows 2000 etc.

➝ Single Tasking Operating System :- Operating System which can execute on;y a single task at a time.

➝ Multitasking Operating System :- Multitasking Operating System supports execution of more than one job at a time. Most of today's operating system are multitasking such as Windows 2000, UNIX, LINUX, etc.

COMPUTER SOFTWARE - 2

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Types of Computer Software

1. Application Software :- A software which is developed to help the user to perform specific task, like Word Processing Software, Data Base Programs, Entertainment Software, Business Software, Educational Software, Computer Aided Design (CAD), Spreadsheet Software and so on.

Types of Application Software --------

A. Demo Software

B. User-Written Software

C. Ready Made Software

A. Demo Software :- Demo Software are also called preview or trial version of a software which is freely distributed and is programmed to work only for few (usually 80 days) after the first run.

B. User-Written Software :- User-Written or Custom-Written software are those software which is written by a programmer according to requirements of the user.

C. Ready Made Software :- Ready Made Software are prepared not only for the user in general. These types of software are available in the market for every user.

2. System Software :- System Software consist of several programs which is directly responsible for controlling and managing the individual hardware components of a computer system.

Types of System Software --------

A. System Management Program

B. Developing Software

A. System Management Program :- It includes an integrated system of programs, which manages the operations of the processors, controls, input/output, manages storage resources and provides various support services. They are -------

BIOS (Basic Input Output System) :- The BIOS is commonly known as system BIOS. The BIOS controls various electronic components within the main computer system. The initial function of the BIOS sets the machine hardware into a known state that helps the operating system to configure the hardware components.
Device Driver :- A system software which written with the objective of making device function when it is connected to the computer. Every device whether it it is a printer, monitor etc, has a driver program associated with it for its proper functioning.
System Utilities :- The program perform takes related to the maintenance of the computer system. These are the package which are loaded into computer during time of installation. These are -------

⇾ Disk Compression :- It increases the amount of information that can be stored on the hard disk by compressing all information stored on the hard disk.

⇾ Disk Fragmentation :- It detects computers files whose contents are broken across several location on the hard disk and moves the fragments to one location to increase efficiency.

⇾ Backup Utilities :- It can make a copy of all information stored on a disk and restore either the entire disk or selected files.

⇾ Disk Cleaner :- It is use to find that have not been used for a long time. This utility also servers to increase the speed of a slow computer.

To be continued in the next article......☺️

COMPUTER SOFTWARE - 1

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Software is a collection of programs and related data, they provides the instructions for telling the computer what to do. A software is a interface between user and computer, it is a set of instructions, programs that are used to give command to hardware. It is responsible for controlling and managing the hardware components of a computer system accomplishing specific task.

Note :- Software is a collection of programs and a program is a collection of instruction given to the computer.

Software is divided into two major categories ------

Application Software
System Software

Chart of Software and its type -----

•(Software)

•(Application Software)

•Demo Software

•Ready Made Software

•User written Software

•(System Software)

•(System Management Program)

•BIOS

•Device Driver

•System Utilities

•Operating System

•(Developing Software)

•Programming Language

•Language Translator

•Linker

•Loader

COMPUTER HARDWARE - 5

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2. Output Device :- The devices which are responsible to display output or provide result of processing are called output device.

Some of the output devices are --------

→ Monitor :- It is just like a television set which is also called VDU ( Virtual Display Unit ). It is used to display visual information to the user. Monitors can be are of following types ------

✳️ CRT

✳️ TFT ( Thin Film Transistor )

✳️ LCD ( Liquid Crystal Display )

✳️ LED

→ Speaker :- It is a device which is used for audio output only.

→ Printer :- It is an output device reach we can have the hard copy of our information on a paper or page. Basic function of printer is to convert soft copy into hard copy.

There are two types of printers ------

1. Impact Printer ( Mechanical Contact ) :-

✳️ Dot Matrix Printer

✳️ Character Printer ( Type writer )

✳️ Line Printer

2. Non-Impact Printer ( Good Output Quality ) :-

✳️ Laser Jet Printer ( Toner Black)

✳️ Inkjet Printer ( Cartridge Colorful )

1. Impact Printer ( Mechanical Contact ) :- In this printer there is a mechanical contact between printed head and paper. Impact Printer strike against the ink ribbon and make impression on the paper. There is a metallic or plastic head having pins or symbols or characters.

These printers are noisy and poor in output quality.

2. Non-Impact Printer ( Good Output Quality ) :- In this printer there is no mechanical contact between printed head and paper. These printers are less noisy than impact printer.

→ Plotter :- A Plotter is a special kind of output device. It is like a printer because it provides image on paper, but the plotter is typically used to print large format image such as construction drawing, banners and holdings etc.

COMPUTER HARDWARE - 4

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➝ Mouse :- It is hand help pointing device i.e, move across the flat surface and it's movement controls the movement of mouse pointer on the screen.

There are three buttons in a mouse -----

✳️ Left or Selection Button :- This button is used to select anything on screen.

✳️ Middle or Scroll Button :- With this button we can move around the page quickly.

✳️ Right or Shortcut Button :- When we press this button, it displays a shortcut list of related window.

➝ Joystick :- It is a pointing device which is used to play game on computer or any other display devices.

➝ Light Pen :- This device used to draw a line directly on screen.

➝ Track Ball :- It is also a pointing device in which we rotate the ball to move the cursor.

➝ Scanner :- It is very similar to the photocopy machine which is used to scan or create text or image into the computer. The basic function of a scanner is to convert hard copies into soft copies.

Scanner are of two types -----------

✳️ Image Scanner

⟶ Hand held

⟶ Flatbed

✳️ Special Purpose Scanner

⟶ MICR (Magnetic Ink Character Recognizer)

⟶ OCR (Optical Character Recognizer)

⟶ BCR (Bar Code Recognizer)

⟶ OMR (Optical Mark Recognizer)

Special Purpose Scanner -----

⟶ MICR :- It is used in banks to check demand drops and cheques.

⟶ OCR :- It is used to recognize written hand text or typed text.

⟶ BCR :- It is used in shopping complex and super market to read the coded price of an item.

⟶ OMR :- It is used to detecting the presence of intended marked response.

COMPUTER HARDWARE - 3

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Explanation about some special keys ---------

➡️ shift (↑) - This key is used to print the upper symbol of any key and also capitalization of any lower case character.

➡️ ctrl (∧) - This button is used to make any shortcut with the combination of any other keys.

Example - ctrl + z ⇾ undo

ctrl + y ⇾ redo

ctrl + a ⇾ select all

ctrl + s ⇾ save

➡️ esc :- It is used to cancel any command.

➡️ tab (⇄) :- To move control from one option to another.

➡️ alt + tab :- To move control from one window to another.

➡️ enter (↩️) :- It is used to done any action or command. It is also used to change the line of paragraph while typing.

➡️ home :- To move the cursor in the beginning of the current line.

➡️ end :- To move the cursor at the end of current line.

➡️ ctrl + home :- To move the cursor at the beginning of current document.

➡️ ctrl + end :- To move the cursor at the end of the current document.

➡️ space :- This button is used to add space between two words or strings.

➡️ caps lock :- This button is used to change the capitalization of characters or alphabets.

➡️ pg up :- This button is used to move page towards up.

➡️ pg dn:- This button is used to move page towards down.

➡️ delete :- To remove characters from right.

➡️ backspace :- To remove characters from left.

➡️ print screen :- To take a screenshot of your active window.

COMPUTER HARDWARE - 2

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Peripheral Devices :- The devices which are connected to our computers externally known as Peripheral Devices. These devices are further divided into two categories -----

Input Device
Output Device

Input Device :- The devices which are responsible to accept input from the user, known as input device.

Some Input devices --------

→ Keyboard :- It is a flat piece of plastic board with several buttons which are arrange on it. Normally, every keyboard have 108 - 112 keys available.

There are three categories of keys -------

✳️ Alphanumeric Keys [ A - Z, 0 - 9, . , , etc]

✳️ Special Keys [ alt, ctrl, enter, etc.]

✳️ Functional Keys [ f1, f2,.....f12]

COMPUTER HARDWARE - 1

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Computer hardware includes the physical, tangible parts of components of a computer, such as the cabinet, central processing unit, monitor, keyboard, computer data storage, graphics card, sound card, speaker and motherboard. By contrast, software is a instruction that can be stored and run by hardware.

CPU ( Central Processing Unit )

➤ ALU ( Arithmetical & Logical Unit )

➤ MU ( Memory Unit )

➤ CU ( Control Unit )

Peripheral Devices ( External Devices )

➤ Input Device

➤ Output Device

CPU ( Central Processing Unit )

CPU is the microprocessor of our computer system.

➝ It is considered as brain of our computer system.

➝ It is the central that perform comparison, calculation, read and write and control the execution of the instruction provided.

The CPU have three different units ---

➤ ALU - It is used to perform all the calculations like addition, subtraction, multiplication and division. It also take comparison and logical decisions such as <, >, < =, > =, =, ≠.

➤ CU - This unit supervise the operation of entire computer system. It select the program scattering from the memory unit and then transfer it to ALU for proper processing.

➤ MU - It is also called register. It store all the data which has been process and also store immediate result of processing.

The final results can be exist using output devices.

To be continued in the next post...☺

CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTER - 2

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2. Based on size & capacity

Super Computer :- Large scientific and laboratories as well as Government Organisation have extra ordinary demand for processing data which required tremendous processing speed, memory and other services which may not be provided with any other category to meet the needs, therefore very large computers are used which are called super computer.

Mainframe Computer :- Mainframe are less powerful and cheaper than Super Computer. These can support more than hundred users at a same time. These computers ever pasted and work with more than one processor at a same time.

Thus, we can say that these are multi user, multiprocessor system. These are used for business, transistor information retrieval and air seat reservation. It is also used in making passport and vissa.

Mini Computer :- These are more powerful than the Micro Computer in terms of processing power and capability. These are mainly multi user system where many user simultaneously work on the system. Mini Computer process and work with greater storage capacity and larger memory as compared to Micro Computer and it is handle mainly input processor

Micro Computer :- A Micro Computer is a computer whose processor ( CPU ) is a micro processor.

➤ Desktop

➤ Laptop

➤ Notebook

➤ Palm sized ( pocket ).

➝ The calculator is a best example of palm sized.

➝ Laptop is discovered by Epson.

CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTER - 1

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Computer is classified into computational method and size & capacity.

Based on computational method.

Analog Computer
Digital Computer
Hybrid Computer

2. Based on size and capacity

Super Computer
Mainframe Computer
Mini Computer
Micro Computer

Based on computational method.

Analog Computer :- This computer is used to process continuous data. Any computer that solves problem by translating physical condition such as flow, temperature, pressure, position or voltage called Analog Computer.

Digital Computer :- Digital Computer represents physical qualities with the help of digits or numbers, this number is used to perform arithmetic calculation and also make logically decision to make a conclusion.

The digital computer works upon discontinuous data, that is why their speed is slower than Analog Computer.

The accuracy of digital computer is better than the Analog Computer. The Digital Computer count only 0 & 1. Digital computer mainly used in Business Applications.

Hybrid Computer :- The computer which have both Digital and Analog characteristics are called Hybrid Computer.

Hybrid Computer are being used in process control system where it is necessary to have a close representation with the physical world. Hybrid Computers mainly used in hospitals.

Ex:- ECG ( Electrocardiogram ).

To be continued in the next post....☺

BASICS OF COMPUTER - 2

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GENERATION OF COMPUTER

Ist Generation ( 1940 - 1956 )

Technology :- Vacuum tubes.

Storage Device :- Magnet Tape.

Programming Language :- Machine Language.

Famous Computer :- ENIAC, UNIVAC, IBM-705. ( ENIAC - Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer, UNIVAC - Universal Automatic Computer, IBM - International Business Machine)

IBM 705 console. in 2019 | Old computers, Old technology, Ibm

IInd Generation ( 1956 - 1964 )

Technology :- Transistor.

Storage Device :- Magnetic Tape.

Programming Language :- Assembly Language.

Famous Computer :- IBM-400, IBM-600, UNIVAC-3.

IIIrd Generation ( 1964 - 1971 )

Technology :- Integrated Circuit ( IC ).

Storage Device :- Magnetic Tape.

Programming Language :- High Level Language i.e, Basic.

Famous Computer :- IBM-360, IBM-370, UNIVAC-9000.

VIth Generation ( 1971 - 1981 )

Technology :- Microprocessor.

Storage Device :- Hard disk & Floppy disk.

Programming Language :- Very High Level Language like C, C++, etc.

Famous Computer :- IBM-400, IBM-600, UNIVAC-3.

Vth Generation ( 1981 - Present)

Technology :- Artificial Intelligence ( AI ).

Storage Device :- Hard disk, Floppy disk & Optical devices.

Programming Language :- Natural Language like SQL ( Structure Query Language ), PROLOG, etc.

Famous Computer :- Premium Series Laptops and Palmtops.

BASICS OF COMPUTER - 1

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Here we know about the basic elements ---

DATA

Data is a collection of facts figures alphabets and numbers, means whatever we are putting into the computer that everything is data.

PROCESSING

It is the execution period in which your data is transforms into an information

INFORMATION

The meaningful value that are derived from the processed data are information.

DATA ---------> PROCESS ---------->INFORMATION

DEFINITION OF COMPUTER

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Computer is an electronic device which is used to process our data for meaningful information. A computer can not only store or process our data but also retrieve and store our data for future use.

Thus computer is in general terms referred to an electronic data of processing machine which is used for wide area of activities.

A computer can understand only binary numbers, i.e, 0 or 1 in binary system.

The word computer came from word compute, means to calculate. The computer was invented by Charles Babbage in 17th century.

ABOUT US

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Hello friends, here I'll share a lot of basic and advance level information about computer and technology. Also if you have any type of query/questions in your mind then please share with me. I'll also provide you the easy notes of all the computer related topics. These notes also help in competitive exams.

Thank You.