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MAGNETIC PARAMETERS

2013-06-09T20:48:00.000+05:30

1Q: What is meant by a unit pole?
Ans: If two poles are placed at one metre apart in vacuum and they exert a force of one newton on each other then each of them is known as unit pole.

2Q: How much magnetising force will be developed by a solenoid of 1 metres long having N turns with a current flow of I amperes?
Ans: Magnetising force, H = N.I/l ampere-turns.

3Q: What is meant by M.M.F.?
Ans: The force responsible for the production of magnetic field around a magnet is called M.M.F. or magneto-motive-force.
M.M.F. = N.I amp-turns.
where, N = Number of turns of the coil.
I = Current passing through the coil, in amperes.

4Q: What is meant by reluctance?
Ans: The opposite offered by a material to the production of magnetic field in that material is called reluctance. It is analogue to the resistance of an electrical circuit.

5Q: What is meant by retentivity?
Ans: The property of magnetic materials of retaining magnetism after withdrawal of the magnetising force is referred as retentivity.

6Q: What is meant by residual magnetism?
Ans: The quantity of magnetism retained by a magnetic material after withdrawal of the magnetising force is called residual magnetism.

7Q: What is meant by hysteresis?
Ans: The phenomenon of lagging of flux density behind the magnetising force is called hysteresis.

8Q: What is meant by coercivity?
Ans: The amount of magnetising force required to counter balance the residual magnetism of a magnetic material is referred as coercivity or 'coercive force' for that material.

9Q: What is meant by susceptibility?
Ans: The ability of a substance of getting magnetised is called susceptibility.

10Q: What is meant by magnetic axis?
Ans: The straight line passing through the two poles of a magnet is called magnetic axis.

11Q: What is a magnetic pole?
Ans: A magnetic pole is a point in a magnet where the intensity of magnetic lines of force is maximum.

12Q: What will happen if a magnet is broken into several pieces?
Ans: Each magnet piece will behave as an independent magnet.

13Q: What for the permanent magnets used?
Ans: Permanent magnets are used in small motors, magnetoes, loud-speakers, electrical measuring instruments etc.

14Q: What are the characteristics of an electromagnet?
Ans: (1) Its magnetic field strength can be varied by changing the magnitude of current.
(2) Its polarity can be changed by changing the direction of the current passed through its coil.
(3) Its magnetic field strength can be made thousand times greater in comparison to a permanent magnet.
(4) In many equipments and machines only electromagnets can possibly be used.

15Q: What is an electric bell?
Ans: An electric bell is an application of electomagnetism which is used as a call-bell in houses, offices, hotels etc.

16Q: What is a relay?
Ans: It is an electromagnetic device which can make 'on' or 'off' a number of circuits at a time at a specified voltage or current as per its design.

SOME MAGNETIC RULES

2013-06-09T19:36:00.000+05:30

1Q: What is cork screw rule?
Ans: If a right handed bottle-opener cork screw is assumed to be along the conductor so as to advance in the direction of current flow, the motion of its handle will indicate the direction of magnetic flux produced around the conductor.

2Q: What is right hand rule?
Ans: If a conductor is gripped by the right hand in such a way that the thumb remains in the direction of current flow then the fingers will represent the direction of magnetic flux produced around the conductor.

3Q: What type of magnetic field is formed by a current carrying conductor loop?
Ans: The magnetic field of a current carrying conductor loop is also composed of concentric lines of force, but in this case the lines of force get condensed inside the loop and rarified outside the loop.

4Q: What type of magnetic field is formed by a current carrying solenoid?
Ans: The magnetic field of a current carrying solenoid is identical to the magnetic field of a bar magnet. One end of the solenoid acts as north-pole and the other as south-pole.

5Q: What is end rule?
Ans: If on looking at any one end of a solenoid, the direction of current flow is found to be clockwise then the end under observation is a south-pole.

6Q: What is Helix rule?
Ans: If a solenoid is gripped by the right hand with the fingers pointing the direction of current flow, the outstreched thumb will then point the north-pole.

7Q: What is permeability?
Ans: The magnetic flux density produced by a magnetising force in a substance in comparison to that produced in air or vacuum is called the permeability of that substance.

8Q: What are the types of magnetic materials?
Ans: There are three types of magnetic materials:
(1) Ferro -magnetic: materials having a permeability of 200 to 1000, e.g. iron, steel etc.
(2) Dia -magnetic: materials having a permeability of less than 1, e.g. antimony, bismuth etc.
(3) Para -magnetic: materials having a permeability of slightly greater than 1, e.g. copper, aluminium etc.

9Q: What is meant by magnetic induction?
Ans: When a magnet is brought near to an iron bar or when iron bar is brought near to a magnet, a magnetism is produced in the iron bar. The phenomenon is referred as magnetic induction.

10Q: What is meant by the intensity of magnetic field?
Ans: The force acting on a unit pole placed in a magnetic field is called the intensity of magnetic field. It is denoted by letter H and its unit is Wb/m.

MAGNETISM

2013-06-09T18:36:00.000+05:30

1Q: What is magnetism?
Ans: Magnetism is the property of certain materials of attracting small iron pieces towards them.

2Q: What is a magnet?
Ans: A magnet is a piece of iron or other magnetic material which can attract small iron pieces towards it.

3Q: What are the principle properties of a magnet?
Ans: (1) A freely suspended magnet always rests in north-south direction.
(2) Like poles of two magnets repel and unlike poles attract each other.
(3) Each magnet has two poles - North and South.

4Q: What is the molecular theory of magnetism?
Ans: Every molecule of a substance behaves like a tiny magnet because of its spin motion. It has a north and a south pole. When these tiny magnets are set in a definite linear order, the substance then starts to behave as a magnet.

5Q: What are the types of magnets?
Ans: Magnets are of two types - (1) Natural and (2) Artificial.

6Q: What are the types of artificial magnets?
Ans: There are two types of artificial magnets - (1) Permanent magnets and (2) Temporary magnets.

7Q: What materials are used for making permanent magnets?
Ans: Tungsten steel, cobalt steel, ALNICO or ALCONEX alloy are used for making permanent magnets.

8Q: What is meant by magnetic field?
Ans: A magnetic field is the space around a magnet in which the influence of the magnet can be detected.

9Q: What is meant by magnetic line of force?
Ans: A magnetic line of force is an imaginary closed curve which starts from north-pole and terminates at south-pole of the magnet. The curve completes its path through the magnet from south-pole to north-pole.

10Q: Can two lines of force intersect each other?
Ans: No, two lines of force can never intersect each other.

11Q: How does the direction of line of force determined?
Ans: A tangent drawn at any point on a line of force represents the direction of magnetic field acting at that point.

12Q: What is magnetic flux?
Ans: The bunch of magnetic lines of force is called magnetic flux. It is denoted by letter(phi) and its unit is weber.
1 Wb = 10^8 maxwells.

13Q: What is meant by magnetic flux-density?
Ans: The 'magnetic field strength' per unit area is called magnetic flux-density.

14Q: What is an electromagnet?
Ans: A soft iron bar when placed inside a direct current carrying coil acts like a magnet and it is called an electromagnet.

15Q: Is an electromagnet a permanent or temporary magnet?
Ans: An electromagnet is a temporary magnet and its magnetism lasts so long as the current is flowing through its coil.

16Q: What type of magnetic field is formed by a straight current carrying conductor?
Ans: The magnetic field of a straight current carrying conductor is composed of concentric magnetic lines of force.

FACTS TO MAKE EVERY INDIAN PROUD

2013-04-23T20:58:00.003+05:30

1Q. Who is the creator of Pentium chip (needs no introduction as 90% of the today's computers run on it)?
Ans. Vinod Dahm
2Q. Who is the founder and creator of Hotmail (Hotmail is world's No.1 web based email program)?
Ans. Sabeer Bhatia
3Q. Who is the president of AT & T-Bell Labs (AT & T-Bell Labs is the creator of program languages such as C, C++, Unix to name a few)?
Ans. Arun Netravalli
4Q. Who is the new MTD (Microsoft Testing Director) of Windows 2000, responsible to iron out all initial problems?
Ans. Sanjay Tejwrika
5Q. We Indians are the wealthiest among all ethnic groups in America , even faring better than the whites and the natives.
There are 3.22 millions of Indians in USA (1.5% of population). YET,
38% of doctors in USA are Indians.
12% scientists in USA are Indians.
36% of NASA scientists are Indians.
34% of Microsoft employees are Indians.
28% of IBM employees are Indians.
17% of INTEL scientists are Indians.
13% of XEROX employees are! Indians.

Some of the following facts may be known to you. These facts were published in a German magazine, which deals with WORLD HISTORY FACTS ABOUT INDIA.
1.India never invaded any country in her last 1000 years of history.

2.India invented the Number system. Zero was invented by Aryabhatta.

3.The world's first University was established in Takshila in 700BC. More than 10,500 students from all over the world studied more than 60 subjects. The University of Nalanda built in the 4 th century BC was one of the greatest achievements of ancient India in the field of education.

4.According to the Forbes magazine, Sanskrit is the most suitable language for computer software.

5.Ayurveda is the earliest school of medicine known to humans.

6.Although western media portray modern images of India as poverty striken and underdeveloped through political corruption, India was once the richest empire on earth.

7.The art of navigation was born in the river Sindh 5000 years ago. The very word "Navigation" is derived from the Sanskrit word NAVGATIH.
8.The value of pi was first calculated by Budhayana, and he explained the concept of what is now k! nown as the Pythagorean Theorem. British scholars have last year (1999) officially published that Budhayan's works dates to the 6 th Century which is long before the European mathematicians.

9.Algebra, trigonometry and calculus came from India . Quadratic equations were by Sridharacharya in the 11 th Century; the largest numbers the Greeks and the Romans used were 106 whereas Indians used numbers as big as 10 53.

10.According to the Gemmological Institute of America, up until 1896, India was the only source of diamonds to the world.

11.USA based IEEE has proved what has been a century-old suspicion amongst academics that the pioneer of wireless communication was Professor Jagdeesh Bose and not Marconi.

12.The earliest reservoir and dam for irrigation was built in Saurashtra.

13.Chess was invented in India.
14.Sushruta is the father of surgery. 2600 years ago he and health scientists of his time conducted surgeries like cesareans, cataract, fractures and urinary stones. Usage of anaesthesia was well known in ancient India.

15.When many cultures in the world were only nomadic forest dwellers over 5000 years ago, Indians established Harappan culture in Sindhu Valley ( Indus Valley Civilisation).
16.Histories mentioned that Kalaripayattu is the mother of all the martial arts in the world

17.The place value system, the decimal system was developed in India in 100 BC. etc............................

Quotes about India .

We owe a lot to the Indians, who taught us how to count, without which no worthwhile scientific discovery could have been made.
Albert Einstein.

India is the cradle of the human race, the birthplace of human speech, the mother of history, the grandmother of legend and the great grand mother of tradition.
Mark Twain.

If there is one place on the face of earth where all dreams of living men have found a home from the very earliest days when man began the dream of existence, it is India .
French scholar Romain Rolland.

Indiaconquered and dominated China culturally for 20 centuries without ever having to send a single soldier across her border.
Hu Shih
(former Chinese ambassador to USA )

Say proudly, I am an Indian.

SOME INTERESTING FACTS ABOUT EARTHQUAKES AND MORE

2013-04-23T20:28:00.000+05:30

1. Earthquakes are mostly caused by geological faults, but they can also be caused by landslides, nuclear testing, mine tests, and volcanic activity.

2. The “focus” or “hypocenter” is the earthquake’s initial point of rupture. Its “epicenter” is the point at ground level above the hypocenter.

3. In ancient Greece, people believed that the god of the sea, Poseidon, caused earthquakes. When he was angry, Poseidon would strike the ground with his trident and set off an earthquake. His unpredictable, violent behavior earned him the nickname “Earth-Shaker.”

4. More earthquakes happen in the Northern Hemisphere than in the Southern Hemisphere.

5. The worst avalanche triggered by an earthquake occurred in
Peru in 1070. A 250-foot (850- meter) wave of ice, mud, and rock fell down the mountain in
Huascaran at 250 miles (400 km) per hour. It carried away entire villages and killed more than
18,000 people.

6. The world’s worst landslide started by an earthquake occurred in 1920 in the Kansu province in China. The landslide killed about 200,000 people.

7. The highest tsunami caused by an earthquake happened in Japan in 1771. A tsunami 278
feet (85 meters) high struck Ishigaki Island.

8. The shape of a pagoda is known for resisting damage from earthquakes.

9. The term “tectonic” is related to the word “texture” and is from the Greek tektonikos which
means “pertaining to building,” from the Proto-Indo-European base *tek, “to make.”

10. Tectonic plates move less than 3 inches (17 cm) per year. However, a tectonic plate movement of just 20 cm is enough to set off a major earthquake, such as the 6.9
Kobe earthquake in 1995.

11. The term “marriage” derives from the Latin word mas meaning “male” or “masculine.” The earliest known use of the word in English dates from the thirteenth century.

12. Due to jobs, kids, TV, the Internet, hobbies, and home and family responsibilities, the average married couple spends just four minutes a day alone together.

Some Facts To Identify Earthquake and More

2013-04-23T20:18:00.000+05:30

1. Scientists developed the theory of plate tectonics in the mid-twentieth century.

2. A quake is considered major when it registers more than 7.0 on the moment magnitude scale. A magnitude of 3.0 or lower is nearly imperceptible.

3. The 1906 California earthquake was one of the first major disasters to be recorded by photography.

4. Nearly 2,000 years ago, a Chinese astronomer named Zhang Heng (A.D. 78-139) invented the world’s first earthquake detector. It could detect earthquakes more than 370 miles (600 km) away.

5. Nearly 80% of Earth’s largest earthquakes occur near the “Ring of Fire,” which is a horseshoe-shaped region in the Pacific Ocean where many tectonic plates meet. The second-most earthquake-prone area is a region called the Alpide Belt, which includes countries such as Turkey, India, and Pakistan.

6. Earthquakes can set off volcanoes, as was the case in the 1980 Mount St. Helens eruption and the Mount Etna eruption in 2002.

7. An earthquake in A.D. 1201 in the eastern Mediterranean is labeled the worst earthquake in history and claimed an estimated one million lives.

8. The 853-foot (260-meter) high Transamerica Pyramid in San Francisco has been designed to withstand strong earthquakes.

9. Earthquakes occur only in the Earth’s crust. Deep earthquakes originate in crust that is sliding down beneath another tectonic plate. The most devastating earthquakes are those that are strong and shallow with the focus point less than 20 miles (32 km) underground and that occur in highly populated areas.

10. Scientists think that animals may sense weak tremors before a quake. Other scientists think that animals may sense electrical signals set off by the shifting of underground rocks.

11. The total production of excrement by the U.S. population is 12,000 pounds per second. The total production of excrement by U.S. livestock is 250,000 pounds per second, which would be greatly reduced if humans ate a more plant-based diet and had little or no need for domesticated livestock. Less livestock would also greatly reduce Earth’s trapped greenhouse gases.

12. Approximately 25 gallons of water are needed to produce 1 pound of wheat. Around 2,500 gallons of water are needed to produce 1 pound of meat. Many vegetarians argue that more people eating a meat-free diet would lower the strain that meat production puts on the environment.

13. A British study revealed that a child’s IQ could help predict his or her chance for becoming a vegetarian. The higher the IQ, the more likely the child will become a vegetarian.

14. Research reveals that if a man avoids red meats, it improves the sex appeal of his body odor.

15. Famous vegetarians include Leonardo da Vinci, Henry Ford, Brad Pitt, Albert Einstein, Ozzy Osborne, and (debatably) Hitler.

16. The American Dietetic Association (ADA) concludes that a vegetarian or vegan diet is healthier than one that includes meat. They note that vegetarians have lower body mass indices, lower rates of death from ischemic heart disease, lower blood cholesterol levels, lower blood pressure, lower rates of hypertension, type 2 diabetes, and less prostate and colon cancer.

17. Plants yield 10 times more protein per acre than meat.

18. Vegetarians have only slightly lower protein intake than those with a meat diet. Various studies around the world confirm that vegetarian diets provide enough protein if they include a variety of plant sources.

19. An ovo-vegetarian will eat eggs but not other dairy products.

20. A lacto-vegetarian will eat dairy products but not eggs. And An ovo-lacto vegetarian diet includes both eggs and diary products.

21. At Italian weddings, it is not unusual for both the bride and groom to break a glass. The number of shards will be equal to the number of happy years the couple will have.

22. The word “husband” is from the Old Norse husbondi or “master of the house” (literally, hus “house” + bondi “householder, dweller”).

23. Some scholars trace the word “bride” to the Proto-Indo-European root bru, “to cook, brew, make broth.”

24. In three states—Arkansas, Utah, and Oklahoma—women tend to marry younger, at an average age of 24. Men’s average age is 26. In the northeastern states of New York, Rhode Island, and Massachusetts, men and women wait about four years longer to marry. The U.S. average age for women is 25.6 and for men, 27.7.

Some Interesting Facts About Human and China Wall and More

2013-04-18T22:00:00.000+05:30

HUMAN BEING

1. In the average adult, the skin covers 12-20 square feet and accounts for 12% of body weight.

2. There are more than 600 individual skeletal muscles in the human body.

3. An adult skeleton has 213 bones.

4. Cartilage is one of the few tissues that grows throughout life. Between ages 30 and 70, a nose might grow half an inch, and the ears grow about a quarter of an inch.

5. A newborn's skull contains gaps between its bony plates. In an adult, the jagged plates interlock tightly like a jigsaw puzzle.

6. The average human head has about 100,000 hairs.

7. As a person ages, the diameter of each hair on the head shrinks. Hair is thickest in the early 20s, but by age 70, it can be as fine as a baby's. Aging also causes hair to grow where it is not wanted, such as in the nose and ears, and to fall out where it is desired.

8. Hundreds of billions of neurons carry electrical signals that control the body from the brain and the spinal cord.

CHINA WALL

1. While the Great Wall of China is one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World, it is typically included in the Seven Wonders of the Medieval World.

2. In 1987, the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) placed the Great Wall on its list of the world’s great national and historical sites.

3. That the Great Wall is a single, continuous wall built all at once is a myth. In reality, the wall is a discontinuous network of wall segments built by various dynasties to protect China’s northern boundary.

4. During its construction, the Great Wall was called “the longest cemetery on earth” because so many people died building it. Reportedly, it cost the lives of more than one million people.

5. The Great Wall of China is also known as the wanli changcheng or Long Wall of 10,000 Li (a li is a measure of distance, approximately 1/3 of a mile). The main wall is around 2,145 miles (3,460 km) long with an extra 1,770 miles (2,860 km) of branches and spurs.

6. The Great Wall of China is the longest man-made structure in the world.

7. The most visited section of the Great Wall is in Badaling, close to Beijing, which was built during the Ming Dynasty. It was the first section of the wall to open to tourists in 1957. It is where Nixon visited and was the finish site of a cycling course in the 2008 Summer Olympics

8. As early as the seventh century B.C., a number of smaller walls that served as fortifications and watch towers had been built around the country. Initially each state (Chu, Qi, Wei, Han, Zhao, Yan, and Qin) that would be united in the first Chinese empire had its own individual wall.

9. The length of all Chinese defense walls built over the last 2,000 years is approximately 31,070 miles (50,000 km). Earth's circumference is 24,854 miles (40,000 km).

10. The earliest extensive walls were built by Qin Shi Huang (260-210 B.C.) of the Qin dynasty, who first unified China and is most famous for the standing terra cotta army left to guard his tomb. It is from the Qin (pronounced “chin”) dynasty which the modern word “China” is derived. Little of those earliest walls remain.

11. Before 1920, it was illegal for women in the United States to vote. When women’s rights advocate Susan B. Anthony tried to vote in the 1872 election, she was arrested and fined $100.

It’s illegal to ride an ugly horse in Wilbur, Washington.

12. In Mohave County, Arizona, if anyone is caught stealing soap, he must wash himself with it until the soap is gone.

13. In North Dakota Of USA, no one can be arrested on the Fourth of July, a holiday that is commonly known there as “Five Finger Discount Day.”

14. It is illegal in Tennessee,USA for an atheist to hold office.

15. During World War II, the Japanese launched 9,000 “wind ship weapons” of paper and rubberized-silk balloons that carried incendiary and anti-personnel bombs to the U.S. More than 1,000 balloons hit their targets and they reached as far east as Michigan. The only deaths resulting from a balloon bomb were six Americans (including five children and a pregnant woman) on a picnic in Oregon.

16. Many Jews were subject to gruesome medical experiments. For example, doctors would bombard the testicles of men and the ovaries of women with X-rays to see the impact of different doses on sterility. Nazi doctors would break bones repeatedly to see how many times it could be done before a bone could not heal. They hit people’s heads with hammers to see what their skulls could withstand.

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Some Information About Mars, Millionaires and More

2013-04-17T19:00:00.000+05:30

1. Mars’ red color is due to iron oxide, also known as rust, and has the consistency of talcum powder. Literally, the metallic rocks on Mars are rusting.

2. The atmosphere (mostly made up of carbon dioxide) on Mars is so thin that water cannot exist in liquid form—it can exist only as water vapor or ice. Liquid water is considered for many scientists to be the “holy grail” of Mars.

3. No human could survive the low pressure of Mars. If you went to Mars without an appropriate space suit, the oxygen in your blood would literally turn into bubbles, causing immediate death.

4. If you were driving 60 mph in a car, it would take 271 years and 221 days to get to Mars from Earth.

5. Mars lacks an ozone layer; therefore, the surface of Mars is bathed in a lethal dose of radiation every time the sun rises.

6. Mars contains the largest labyrinth of intersecting canyons in the solar system called the Noctis Labyrinthus (“labyrinth of the night”).

7. Mars has the largest and most violent dust storms in our entire solar system. These storms often have winds topping 125 mph, can last for weeks, and can cover the entire planet. They usually occur when Mars is closest to the sun.

8. Only 1/3 of spacecrafts sent to Mars have been successful, leading some scientists to wonder if there is a Martian “Bermuda triangle” or a “Great Galactic Ghoul” that likes to eat spacecraft.

9. In 1976, Viking I photographed a mesa on Mars that had the appearance of a human face. Many individuals and organizations interested in extraterrestrial life argued that intelligent beings created the “Face.” Though the Mars Global Surveyor (1997-2006) revealed that the “Face” was likely an optical illusion, believers in the “Face” charged NASA with stripping data from the new image before it was released to the public.

10. Mars has an enormous canyon named Valles Marineris (Mariner Valley) which is an astounding 2,500 miles long and four miles deep. As long as the continental United States, this gigantic canyon was likely formed by the tectonic “cracking” of Mars’ crust and is the longest known crevice in the solar system.

11. The original abbreviation of the National Socialist Party was Nasos. The word “Nazi” derives from a Bavarian word that means “simple minded” and was first used as a term of derision by journalist Konrad Heiden (1901-1966).

12. The swastika is an ancient religious symbol. It derives from the Sanskrit name for a hooked cross, which was used by ancient civilizations as a symbol of fertility and good fortune. It has been found in the ruins of Greece, Egypt, China, India, and Hindu temples.

13. In 1935, British engineer Robert Watson-Watt was working on a “death ray” that would destroy enemy aircraft using radio waves. His “death ray” instead evolved into radar—or “radio detection and ranging.”

14. Out of the 40,000 men who served on U-boats during World War II, only 10,000 returned.

15. Survivors of both atomic bombings in Japan are called niju hibakusha, which literally means “explosion-affected people.”

16. Approximately 600,000 Jews served in the United States armed forces during World War II. More than 35,000 were killed, wounded, captured, or missing. Approximately 8,000 died in combat. However, only two Jewish soldiers were awarded the Medal of Honor in World War II.

17. The Battle of the Bulge is the largest and deadliest battle for U.S. troops to date, with more than 80,000 American deaths.

18. The Enola Gay became well known for dropping the first atomic bomb on Hiroshima, but few people know the name of the B-29 that bombed Nagasaki. It was Bock’s Car, named after the plane’s usual commander, Frederick Bock.

19. More Russians (military and civilians) lost their lives during the Siege of Leningrad than did American and British soldiers combined in all of World War II.

20. The Nazis murdered approximately 12 million people, nearly 6 million of those being Jews killed in the Holocaust (“whole burnt”).

21. The largest increase in the number of millionaires in the past year were in India (21%), China (16%),and Singapore (14%).

22. There were 185,000 millionaires in Canada in 2011, up 14% from 162,000 two years previously.

23. Four of the youngest billionaires in the world are connected to Facebook (Mark Zuckerberg, Sean Parker, Eduardo Severin, and Dustin Moskovitz).

24. There are approximately 1,226 billionaires in the world. Women make up 8.5% of those.

25. In the year 1900, there were only 5,000 millionaires in the United States. In 2000, there were more than five million. Before the Great Recession, there were 9.2 million households worth $1 million or more.

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Some Known Things About World War II, Penguins and Million

2013-04-16T20:01:00.000+05:30

WORLD WAR II

1. World War II was the most destructive conflict in history. It cost more money, damaged more property, killed more people, and caused more far-reaching changes than any other war in history.

2. The country with the largest number of World War II causalities was Russia, with over 21 million.

3. For every five German soldiers who died in World War II, four of them died on the Eastern Front.

4. It is estimated that 1.5 million children died during the Holocaust. Approximately 1.2 million of them were Jewish and tens of thousands were Gypsies.

5. Eighty percent of Soviet males born in 1923 didn’t survive World War II.

6. Between 1939 and 1945, the Allies dropped 3.4 million tons of bombs, which averaged to 27,700 tons per month.

7. Russia and the Red Army were accused of several war crimes, including systematic mass rape (over 2 million German women aged 13-70 were allegedly raped by the Red Army) and genocide.

8. Many historians believe that the Battle at Stalingrad (1942-1943) is not only arguably the bloodiest battle in history (800,000-1,600,000 casualties), but also the turning point of World War II in Europe.

9. Even after the Allies arrived, many concentration camp prisoners were beyond help. In Bergen-Belsen, for example, 13,000 prisoners died after liberation. Nearly 2,500 of the 33,000 survivors of Dachau died within six weeks of liberation.

10. The longest battle of World War II was the Battle of the Atlantic, which lasted from 1939-1945.

PENGUINS

1. All penguins live in the Southern Hemisphere, from Antarctica to the warmer waters of the Galapagos Islands near the equator. They can be found on every continent in the Southern Hemisphere.

2. No penguins live at the North Pole.

3. The penguin with the highest number of species is the Macaroni Penguin, with approximately 11,654,000 pairs.

4. Penguin nesting areas are called “rookeries” and may contain thousands of pairs of birds. Each penguin has a distinct call, which allows individual penguins to find their mates and chicks even in the largest groups.

5. Penguins are highly social birds. Even at sea, penguins usually swim and feed in groups. Some penguin colonies on Antarctica are huge and can contain 20 million or more penguins at various times during the year.

6. Out of all the penguin and bird species, the Emperor Penguin (Aptenodytes forsteri) breeds in the coldest environment. Air temperatures may reach -40° F (-40° C) and wind speeds may reach 89 mph (144 km/hr).

7. A penguin’s normal body temperature is approximately 100° F (38° C).

8. Emperor Penguins are the fifth heaviest of all bird species, although an adult male will lose about 26 pounds while he waits for a penguin chick to hatch.

9. Most penguin species breed during the spring and summer. Egg incubation varies from 1 month and 67 days, depending on the species. The Emperor Penguin is the only penguin that breeds during the Antarctic winter.

10. Penguins can stay underwater for 10–15 minutes before coming to the surface to breathe. Penguins cannot breath underwater.

11. Most penguins can swim 5–6 miles per hour, and some can have bursts of speed of up to 15 mph. They can walk between 1.7 mph and 2.4 mph.

MILLION

1. Smoking three packs of cigarettes over 46 years has a significant opportunity cost. If a person invested and reinvested just that cigarette money over those 46 years, he or she could create a portfolio worth over $2 million. Researchers note that the value of a small amount of money over time can be significant.

2. A pentamillionaire is someone with the net worth of $5 million. A decamillionare has a net worth of $10 million. A hectamillionaire (a.k.a. Ultra-High-Net Worth) has a net worth of $100 million.

3. Carlo Slim Helu, a Mexican billionaire worth $69 billion, is considered to be the first “world’s richest man from a developing nation.” He has lived in the same modest home for the past 30 years. His wealth is equal to 5% of Mexico’s economic output. He earns almost $30 million a day.

4. Billionaire Bill Gates announced that he would donate his wealth (estimated to be $61 billion) to charity and that he would leave a maximum of $10 million to each of his three children.

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India's First

2013-04-15T19:45:00.001+05:30

India is a land of spice and variety in all senses – from the colourful attire to language, geography and culture and traditions. And yet, it is unique, knitted through a common thread to form an enriched entity that is very much Indian in its essence. Presenting some interesting facts on India’s ‘firsts’ that will give you a flavour of the land…

The earliest school of medicine in the world was Ayurveda.
The world’s first university is Takshashila (700 BC).
The first printing press was set up in Goa in 1556 by the Portuguese.
The first rupee in India was minted during the reign of Sher Shah Suri in 1542.
The first English newspaper in India was the Bengal Gazette printed in 1790 by James Augustus in Calcutta.
The oldest para-military force of India is the Assam Rifles (1835).
India’s first oil well is at Digboi (1890).
The first postage stamp was issued in India in 1852 at Karachi (which was a part of India before partition).
The first railway line was opened on April 16, 1853 between Bombay and Thane.
The first telegraph line was laid between Calcutta and Agra in 1854. This line was 1280 km long and extended up to Lahore in 1857.
The first telephone system was started in 1881 from Calcutta.
The first veterinary college was opened in Parel in Bombay in 1885. It is still in existence and is the oldest veterinary college in Asia.
The first cinema house in India was built by J F Madan in 1907 in Calcutta.
The country’s first general elections were held in 1952.
The first hydroelectric project in India was started in Shivanasamudram, across the River Kaveri in 1902.
Bangalore along with Mysore, was the first city to get electricity in India.
The first Indian state to set up a women’s court was Andhra Pradesh.
The first marine national park was started in Jamnagar, Gujarat.
The first talkie film was Alam Ara (1931).
The first television reception center was based in Arvi, Maharashtra.
The highest airfield in the world is in Thoise, Ladakh.
India’s first Antarctica expedition was on January 11, 1982.
India’s first satellite Aryabhatta was launched on April 19, 1975.
India’s first indigenously built submarine was INS ‘Shakti’ (commissioned on February 7, 1992).

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Some More Questions About Battery Cell

2013-04-13T22:15:00.000+05:30

1Q: What is meant by the internal resistance of a cell ?
Ans: The resistance offered by a cell to the flow of electric current through the cell itself is called the internal resistance of the cell.

2Q: Why cell are connected in a mixed group ?
Ans: Cells are connected in a mixed group for obtaining more e.m.f. and more current than that with one cell.

3Q: How will you identify the (+) and (-) terminals of a battery ?
Ans: Terminals are identified with the help of a D.C. voltmeter or a galvanometer.

4Q: What is constant voltage charging method ?
Ans: In this method, the charging voltage is maintained at a constant value. Hence, the rate of initial charging current rests higher than the final charging current.

5Q: What is constant current charging method ?
Ans: In this method, the charging current rate is maintained at a constant value by changing the number of bulbs(loads).

6Q: What is a battery charger ?
Ans: A battery charger is an instrument used for battery charging purposes with AC supply.

7Q: What is trickle charging method ?
Ans: A sulphated battery can be revived by charging it at a very low current rate (IA) for a long time. The process is called trickle charging.

8Q: What are the main steps to be taken for the maintenance of batteries ?
Ans: (1) Clean the battery terminals periodically with a cloth piece soaked in warm water. Apply a small quantity of grease on the terminals after they get dry.
(2) Keep the battery tight to the vehicle's body and keep the vent plugs tight.
(3) Keep the battery plates well immersed in the electrolyte. Add distilled water as and when required.
(4) Don't leave the battery idle.
(5) Don't use a battery if its S.G. has dropped to 1.15.
(6) Don't charge or discharge a battery at a high current rate (above 25A).

9Q: What are the precautions to be observed during battery charging ?
Ans: (1) Charge the battery in an airy room.
(2) Remove the vent plugs during charging.
(3) Keep flames etc. away from the battery.
(4) Keep the charging current rate not more than 3 to 6 amperes.

10Q: What are the merits of secondary cells over primary cells ?
Ans: (1) More terminal voltage.
(2) Rechargeable.
(3) Steady current.

11Q: What is meant by ionisation ?
Ans: The process in which atoms are changed into ions is called ionisation.

12Q: What is an ion ?
Ans: A charged atom is called an ion.

13Q: What is a cation and an anion ?
Ans: (1) Cation: A positively charged ion is called a cation.
(2) Anion: A negatively charged ion is called an anion.

14Q: What is meant by electrolysis ?
Ans: The process of changing the composition of a chemical solution by passing an electric current through the same is known as electrolysis.

15Q: What are the applications of electrolysis ?
Ans: It is used in electroplating, purification of metals, extraction of metals, electro-typing etc.

16Q: What is the purpose of a 'high rate discharge tester' ?
Ans: It is meant for testing the terminal voltage or the charge condition of a lead-acid battery.

17Q: How can you preserve a lead-acid battery for a long time in unused state ?
Ans: Remove battery's electrolyte, wash it with distilled water and dry up the battery's inner portion and then store it.

18Q: What is a solar battery ?
Ans: The device used to accumulate sun light energy in the form of electrical energy is called a solar battery.

19Q: What is a button cell ?
Ans: A very small sized cell is called a button cell. It is usually a tiny dry cell.

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Lead-Acid Battery, Alkaline Cell, Edison Cell And Nickel-Cadmium Cell.

2013-04-10T13:01:00.001+05:30

1Q: What is meant by specific gravity(S.G.)?
Ans: The ratio of the density of a liquid to the density of 4 degree Celsius water is referred as S.G. or specific density.

2Q: How is S.G. measured?
Ans: S.G. is measured by a hydrometer.

3Q: What is hydrometer?
Ans: Hydrometer is an instrument meant for the measurement of S.G. of a solution. It is based on the principle of Archimedes.

4Q: What is meant by AHC?
Ans: The ampere hour capacity of a cell is referred as AHC. It is equal to the product of amperes and the hours for which the cell/battery is capable to work.

5Q: What are the principal defects of a lead-acid battery?
Ans: They are (1) Corrosion (2) Sedimentation (3) Sulphation and (4) Buckling.

6Q: What is corrosion?
Ans: The formation of an insulating layer on the battery terminals is called corrosion. It is a routine defect and it can be reduced by periodically cleaning and greasing the battery terminals.

7Q: What is sedimentation?
Ans: The formation of a pile of sediment at the bottom of a battery is called sedimentation. The defect can be minimised by using distilled water as and when required to be poured in the battery.

8Q: What is sulphation?
Ans: The deposition of a hard layer of lead sulphate on the plates of a battery is called sulphation. A battery should not be left idle in order to avoid this defect.

9Q: What is buckling?
Ans: The bending of cell plates is called buckling. A battery should not be charged or discharged at a high current rate(above 25 A) in order to avoid this defect.

10Q: What is an alkaline cell?
Ans: A cell employing an alkali electrolyte is called an alkaline cell.

11Q: What is Edison cell?
Ans: Edison(or nickel-iron) cell consists of nickel plated steel tubes which are perforated and are filled with a paste of nickel-hydroxide to act as positive plates. The pockets of negative plates are filled with ferrous hydroxide. Caustic-potash and lithium hydroxide mixture is used as an electrolyte.

12Q: What is the e.m.f. of an Edison cell?
Ans: Its e.m.f. is 1.4 volts in charged state and 1.1 volts in discharged state.

13Q: What is a nickel-cadmium cell?
Ans: A nickel-cadmium or Junger cell is an alkaline cell in which active materials are nickel-hydroxide and cadmium.

14Q: What are the merits of alkaline cell over lead-acid cell?
Ans: (1) Alkaline cell can withstand heavy current rate discharging.
(2) It is light in weight and it is mechanically rigid.
(3) It has no sulphation defect.
(4) It is most suitable for electric operated vehicles.

15Q: What is the difference between source and load e.m.f. of a cell/battery?
Ans: The open circuit voltage of a cell/battery is known as source e.m.f. while the voltage across the cell/battery is a closed circuit is known as load voltage or load e.m.f.

16Q: Why cells are joined in parallel?
Ans: Cells are joined in parallel in order to obtain a high current rate or current for more time than that with one cell.
I = n.E/R + n.r

Where, I = Circuit current, amps.
n = Number of cells.
E = E.M.F. of one cell, volts.
R = Load resistance, ohms.
r = Internal resistance of one cell, ohms.

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Types of Cells

2013-04-09T17:35:00.000+05:30

1Q: What is a Daniel cell ?
Ans: Mr. Daniel employed copper sulphate solution as a depolariser in place of manganese dioxide and rest of the construction of his cell was similar to that of a voltaic cell. Daniel cell is no longer in use.

2Q: What is a Lechlanche cell ?
Ans: It is an improved type of voltaic cell in which ammonium chloride is filled in a zinc container which acts as a cathod. The carbon anode is placed in a porous pot filled with manganese dioxide granules.

3Q: What is a dry cell ?
Ans: A dry cell is a compact form of Lechlanche cell. It employs a paste consisting of ammonium chloride, zinc chloride and plaster of paris as an electrolyte.

4Q: What is the per cell e.m.f. of a Lechlanche cell ?
Ans: The e.m.f. of a Lechlanche cell is 1.5 volts.

5Q: What is a lead-acid cell ?
Ans: A lead-acid cell is a secondary cell and it is commonly referred as an accumulator. It consists of positive plates of lead peroxide, negative plates of spongy lead, dilute sulphuric acid and a hard rubber container.

6Q: What is meant by forming ?
Ans: Originally, the positive and negative plates of a lead-acid cell are made of red lead and litharge respectively. On filling dilute sulphuric acid in the cell, chemical actions are started and the positive plates get turned into PbO2 while the negative plates get turned into Pb. This process is known as forming.

7Q: How will you identify that a lead-acid cell has stored charge?
Ans: The specific gravity of the electrolyte of charged lead-acid cell rises upto 1.25 - 1.28 and the e.m.f. becomes 2.1 to 2.2 volts.

8Q: How will you identify a discharged lead-acid cell?
Ans: The specific gravity of the electrolyte of a discharged lead-acid cell drops to 1.15 - 1.18 and the e.m.f. drops to 1.8 volts.

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Questions On Battery

2013-04-05T21:08:00.000+05:30

1Q: What is a battery?
Ans: A group of cells is referred as a battery.

2Q: What is a cell?
Ans: A cell is a device meant for generating e.m.f. on account of chemical actions.

3Q: What is meant by primary and secondary cells?
Ans: (1) Primary: The cell in which an e.m.f. is generated on account of chemical reactions is called a primary cell. It can't be recharged.
(2) Secondary: The cell in which electrical energy is stored in the form of chemical changes is called a secondary cell. It can be recharged again and again.

4Q: What is a voltaic cell?
Ans: The very first cell made by the famous scientist Mr. Volta is known as voltaic cell. It consists of a glass container(called voltameter), dilute sulphuric acid as an electrolyte, copper rod as an anode and zinc rod as a cathode.

5Q: What is an electrolyte?
Ans: The chemical solution which undergoes chemical changes on account of conduction of current is called an electrolyte.

6Q: What is meant by anode and cathode?
Ans: (1) Anode: The electrode through which the current leaves an electrolyte is called an anode.
(2) Cathode: The electrode through which the current enters an electrolyte is called a cathode.

7Q: What chemical actions take place in a voltaic cell?
Ans: (1) Dilute sulphuric acid decomposes into hydrogen and sulphate ions.
(2) Sulphate ions reach at zinc rod and make it negative.
(3) Hydrogen ions reach at copper rod and make it positive.

8Q: What are the main defects of a voltaic cell?
Ans: They are (1) Local action and (2) Polarisation.

9Q: What is local action?
Ans: The loss of electrical energy due to formation of a number of tiny cells within the zinc rod (due to impurity of zinc) is called local action.

10Q: What is polarisation?
Ans: The hydrogen ions liberated at the copper anode make it non-conducting after some time, the phenomenon is referred as polarisation.

11Q: How does the local action defect eliminated?
Ans: It is minimised by amalgamating the zinc rod (coating the zinc rod with mercury). The mercury covering doesn't allow the zinc's impurities to take part into chemical actions.

12Q: How does the polarisation defect eliminated?
Ans: It is minimised by employing the granules of mangnese dioxide around the copper anode which converts hydrogen ions into water.

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Some More Questions About Resistors

2013-04-01T21:56:00.000+05:30

1Q: What is meant by series combination of resistors?

Ans: A combination of two or more than two resistors which has one and only one path for the conduction of current is called series combination of resistors.

2Q: What is the total resistance of a series circuit?

Ans: Total Resistance, R_T= R₁ + R₂ + R₃ + - - - - - -

Where, R₁, R₂ and R₃ are the resistances of the three resistors.

3Q: Does the magnitude of current remain the same through each series component?

Ans: Yes, I_T = I₁ = I₂ = I₃ = - - - - -

Where, I₁, I₂, and I₃ are the magnitudes of currents passing through R₁, R₂ and R₃, respectively.

4Q: What is the voltage formula for a series circuit?

Ans: Total voltage, V_T = V₁ + V₂ + V₃ + - - - - -

Where, V₁, V₂ and V₃ are the magnitudes of voltage drops across R₁, R₂ and R₃ respectively.

5Q: What is meant by a parallel combination of resistors?

Ans: A combination of two or more than two resistors in which all the resistors are connected across a single source of supply is called a parallel

combination of resistors.

6Q: What is the total resistance of a parallel circuit?

Ans: Total resistance, 1/R_T = 1/R₁ + 1/R₂ + 1/R₃ + - - - - -

7Q: Does the voltage across each parallel component remain the same?

Ans: Yes, V_T = V₁ = V₂ = V₃ = - - - - -

8Q: Does the current through each parallel component remain the same?

Ans: No, I_T = I₁ + I₂ + I₃ + - - - - -

9Q: What is meant by a compound circuit?

Ans: A combination of series and parallel circuits is called a compound circuit.

10Q: What is meant by a parallel-series circuit?

Ans: If a few parallel combination of resistors are connected in series then they form a parallel-series circuit.

11Q: What is meant by a series-parallel circuit?

Ans: If a few series combination of resistors are connected in parallel then they form a series-parallel circuit.

12Q: What will be the total resistance of 3-4 identical resistors when connected in series?

Ans: R_T = n.R

Where, n = Number of resistors.

R = Resistance of one resistor.

13Q: What will be the total resistance of 3-4 identical resistors when connected in parallel?

Ans: R_T = R/n

14Q: What is the formula for determining the total power consumption of a circuit?

Ans: Total power consumption of a series or a parallel circuit is determined by:

P_T = P₁ + P₂ + P₃ + - - - - -

Where, P₁, P₂ and P₃ are the power consumption of the resistors R₁, R₂ and R₃ respectively.

15Q: What are Kirchhoff’s law?

Ans: (1) The sum of the currents flowing towards a junction is equal to sum of the current flowing away from the junction.

∑ I = 0.

(2) Round any closed loop of an electric circuit, the algebraic sum of the e.m.fs. acting in the loop is equal to the algebraic sum of the voltage drops.

∑ E = ∑ I.R

Where, ∑ = Algebraic sum

I = Current

R = Resistance reference

16Q: What is Wheat Stone Bridge?

Ans: An arrangement of 4 resistors designed by Mr. Wheat Stone is called the Wheat Stone Bridge.

17Q: What is Wheat Stone Bridge’s formula?

Ans: P/Q = R/S

Where, P/Q = Ratio arm resistance, ohms

R = The resistance whose value is so adjusted that no current flows through the galvanometer, ohms

Q = Unknown resistance, ohms.

18Q: What is the application of Wheat Stone Bridge?

Ans: The circuit is used in ‘Post Office Box’ and ‘Temperature Bridge’ instruments for the determination of value of an unknown resistor.

19Q: What is meant by a gang resistor?

Ans: A multiunit resistor is known as a gang resistor also.

20Q: What will happen if the cross-sectional area of a conductor is doubled and its length is haived?

Ans: The resistance of the new sized conductor will remain only one-fourth of its old value.

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Types Of Resistors

2013-03-31T12:27:00.000+05:30

1Q: What is a tapped resistor?
Ans: A multi-unit type resistor is referred as a tapped resistor.

2Q: What is meant by an adjustable resistor?
Ans: A wire wound resistor whose ohmic value can be altered within a definite range is called an adjustable resistor.

3Q: What is a rheostat?
Ans: A variable wire wound resistor is known as a rheostat also.

4Q: What is a potentiometer?
Ans: A variable carbon or wire wound resistor is called a potentiometer. It consists of a shaft operated moving arm for changing its ohmic value. The moving arm moves on a carbon or wire wound.

5Q: What are the types of potentiometer?
Ans: There are two types of potentiometers. They are (1) Linear and (2) Logarithmic.

6Q: What is a linear potentiometer?
Ans: A potentiometer in which the change in its ohmic value rests proportional to the angle moved by its moving arm is called linear potentiometer.

7Q: What is a logarithmic potentiometer?
Ans: A potentiometer in which the change in its ohmic values rests in a logarithmic proportion to the angle moved by its moving arm.

8Q: What is the use of a logarithmic potentiometer?
Ans: It is used in the volume control circuits of radio and TV receivers for changing the resistance in a logarithm proportion to produce a linear change in the intensity of reproduced sound.

9Q: What a pre-set?
Ans: A 'pre-set' is a small sized potentiometer whose ohmic value can be changed with the help of a small screw driver.

10Q: What is a ballast resistor?
Ans: A special type of wire wound resistor which is used as a current stabilizer is called a ballast resistor. It is made of such type of material which has a positive temperature co-efficient.

11Q: What is a PTC resistor?
Ans: A resistor made of a PTC(positive temperature coefficient) material is called a PTC resistor or a 'thermistor'. Its ohmic value rests directly proportional to its temperature. It is used for bias stabilization purposes in transistorised electronic equipments.

12Q: What is a thermistor?
Ans: A PTC resistor is referred as a thermistor also.

13Q: What is a NTC resistor?
Ans: A resistor made of a NTC (Negative Temperature Co-efficient) material is called a NTC resistor. Its ohmic value rests inversely proportional to its temperature. It is used as a delay producing device in various electronic circuits.

14Q: What is a varistor?
Ans: A voltage dependent resistor(VDR) is called a varistor. It is used to control the abrupt voltage fluctuations of a circuit.

15Q: What is a LDR?
Ans: A photo-sensitive resistor is called a LDR (Light Dependent Resistor). It is used in light operated devices.

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Characteristics of Resistor

2013-03-30T08:07:00.000+05:30

1Q: What is meant by power rating of a resistor?
Ans: The maximum current carrying capability of a resistor is known as its power rating. It is usually expressed in terms of watts because P = I^2.R.

2Q: What is meant by stability of a resistor?
Ans: The ability of a resistor of maintaining its ohmic value stable under variable physical conditions is termed as stability.

3Q: What is meant by reliability?
Ans: The ability of a resistor of maintaining a stable ohmic value for a long time while in use is called its reliability.

4Q: What is a wire wound resistor?
Ans: A resistor made by winding a wire on an insulated former is called a wire wound resistor.

5Q: What are the merits of a wire wound resistor as compared to a carbon resistor?
Ans: (1) It has a higher order of stability and reliability.
         (2) It has a higher power rating with a low tolerance value.
         (3) It is easy to make a wire wound resistor of 0.01 ohm even.

6Q: What are the demerits of a wire wound resistor as compared to a carbon resistor?
Ans: (1) It is difficult to make a wire wound resistor of several mega ohms.
         (2) It is difficult to construct a variable type wire wound resistor and working of such resistor            is not satisfactory.
         (3) It is unsuitable for high frequency circuits.
         (4) It has a big size which is unsuitable for many purposes.

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Types of Resistors and Their Colour Coding

2013-03-29T08:56:00.000+05:30

1Q: What is a resistor?
Ans: A resistor is a component which is used in electrical and electronic circuits for presenting resistance.

2Q: What is a carbon resistor?
Ans: A resistor made of carbon or graphite is called a carbon resistor.

3Q: How many types of carbon resistors are there?
Ans: Carbon resistors are of two types - (1) Composition type and (2) Film type.

4Q: What is a composition type resistor?
Ans: This type of resistors are made by compressing carbon powder which is mixed with a suitable resin binder.

5Q: What is a film type resistor?
Ans: A film type resistor is made by depositing hydrocarbon vapours on a fine ceramic pipe.

6Q: What are the merits of a carbon resistor as compared to a wire wound resistor?
Ans: (1) They have a small size and are light in weight.
   (2) They are most suitable for high frequency circuits.
   (3) They have low temperature coefficient value.
   (4) High value resistors can be made easily.

7Q: What are the demerits of a carbon resistor as compared to a wire wound resistor?
Ans: (1) Their value changes by change in temperature and humidity etc.
   (2) Their current carrying capacity and hence wattage is limited up-to 2watts.
   (3) It is difficult to make a carbon resistor of a value below 2 ohms.
   (4) Their stability and reliability are poor.

8Q: What are the values of various colours used in the colour code for carbon resistors?
Ans: The colours are valued in the following manner:
Black = 0; Brown = 1; Red = 2; Orange = 3; Yellow = 4; Green = 5; Blue = 6; Violet = 7;
          Grey =8; White = 9.

9Q: What is the band type colour coding method?
Ans: In this method, the value of a resistor is expressed by 4 colour bands. The first band indicates first digit, second band indicates second digit and third band indicates the 'multiplier'. The fourth band indicates the tolerance of the resistor's value.

10Q: What is meant by tolerance in reference to resistors?
Ans: The percentage of change in the value of a resistor due to manufacturing defect or variation in humidity and temperature is called tolerance.

11Q: What are the various tolerance values of resistors and how are they expressed?
Ans: The tolerance of a resistor is expressed by a coloured ring or dot in accordance to the following - Brown = 1%; Red = 2%; Orange = 3%; Yellow = 4%; Golden = 5%; Silver = 10%; No colour = 20%.

12Q: What are the values of various colours used to indicate multiplier's value in carbon resistors?
Ans: The colours are valued for 'multiplier' in the following manner - Black =1; Brown = 10; Red =100; Orange = 10^3; Yellow =10^4; Blue = 10^6; Golden = 0.1; Silver = 0.01.

13Q: What is the body type colour coding method?
Ans: In this method, the colour of the body indicates first digit, the colour of the end indicates second digit and the colour of dot indicates the multiplier of the resistor's value. The tolerance is indicated by another dot marked on the other end of the body.

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Questions On Power, Resistance, Temperature

2013-03-28T18:49:00.000+05:30

1Q: What is power?
Ans: The rate of doing work is called power. Its unit is joule/second.
         P=w/t(Power=Work/time).

2Q: What is electrical power?
Ans: The rate of doing work by an electrical machine is called its power.
It is expressed in watts. 1 watt = 1 joule/second.

3Q: What is horse power?
Ans: Horse power is the commercial unit of mechanical power, where, 1 H.P = 746 watts.

4Q: What is M.H.P.?
Ans: M.H.P.(metric horse power) is the internationally agreed unit of mechanical power.
         1 M.H.P. = 735 watts.

5Q: What are the main types of mechanical energy?
Ans: There are two main types of mechanical energy - (1) Kinetic energy and (2) Potential energy.

6Q: What is meant by kinetic energy?
Ans: A moving object is said to possess kinetic energy.
         K.E. = 1/2 m.V^2(1/2 X mass X velocity^2).

7Q: What is meant by potential energy?
Ans: An object raised above the earth's surface is said to possess potential energy.
         P.E. = m.g.h.(mass X g X height).

8Q: What are the principal effects of electric current?
Ans: The principal effects of electric current are - (1) Magnetic (2) Heating and (3) Chemical effect.

9Q: What is heating effect of current?
Ans: A current carrying conductor becomes hot.
         H = I^2.R.t(current^2 X resistance X time).

10Q: What is magnetic effect of current?
Ans: A current carrying conductor is surrounded by a magnetic field.

11Q: What is chemical effect of current?
Ans: A flow of electric current through an inorganic solution decomposes the same into ions.
         m = Z.I.t(E.C.E. X current X time).

12Q: What is Ohm's Law?
Ans: In a closed d.c. circuit the p.d. (V) developed across a conductor is directly proportional to the current (I) flowing through it if the temperature and other physical conditions of the conductor have been kept constant. V is directly proportional to the I. or V/I = constant or V/I = R.
Where, R = Resistance of the conductor.

13Q: What is resistance law?
Ans: The resistance (R) of a conductor is directly proportional to length (l) and inversely proportional to cross-sectional area (A) of the conductor.

14Q: What is meant by resistivity?
Ans: The resistance of a piece of a material having a length of one cm and a cross-sectional area of one square cm is called its resistivity or 'specific resistance'. p(ro) = (R X A)/l.

15Q: What is meant by temperature co-efficient?
Ans: The change in resistance of a resistor by increasing its temperature by 1 degree Celsius is called the temperature coefficient of the resistor's material.

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Questions On Conduction, Displacement and Convection

2013-03-28T10:01:00.001+05:30

1Q: What are the ways of the flow of electric current?
Ans: There are three ways - Conduction, Displacement and Convection.

2Q: What is conduction current?
Ans: In this method, the electrons transfer themselves from atom to atom in our direction, e.g. the flow of current across a metallic conductor.

3Q: What is displacement current?
Ans: When an insulator is connected to a battery, the electrons tends to move in the direction of positive terminal. This momentary displacement of electrons is referred as displacement current.

4Q: What is convection current?
Ans: The flow of electrons or ions from one electrode to another across vacuum or gas etc. is referred as convection current.

5Q: What is the unit and symbol of current?
Ans: The unit of current is ampere and it is denoted by letter I.

6Q: What is meant by one ampere?
Ans: If one coulomb(charge of 6.28 X 10^18 electrons) of charge is passed through a point of a circuit in one second, the magnitude of current is said to be one ampere.

7Q: What is meant by E.M.F.?
Ans: The force which sets up a flow of current in a circuit is called e.m.f. or 'electron motive force'.

8Q: What is the unit and symbol of e.m.f.?
Ans: Its unit is volt and symbol is E.

9Q: What is meant by P.D.?
Ans: When a current is passed across a resistor, it causes a potential difference to be developed across that resistor which is called P.D. or potential difference.

10Q: What is the unit and symbol of P.D.?
Ans: Its unit is volt and symbol is V.

11Q: What is meant by potential?
Ans: The electrical status of a body which decides the direction of flow of electric current is called its potential. The work done in moving a unit charge from infinity to that point is termed as potential.

12Q: What is the difference between E.M.F. and P.D.?
Ans: If the magnitude of current flow in a current flow in a current is zero then the P.D. will also be zero, whereas, e.m.f. will not be zero.

13Q: What is meant by resistance?
Ans: Resistance is defined as the natural property of every substance of producing hinderance to the flow of current across it.

14Q: What is meant by conductivity?
Ans: Conductivity is defined as the natural property of a conductor of producing relaxation to the flow of current across it.

15Q: What is meant by one volt?
Ans: If the work done in transferring a charge of one coulomb from one point to another in a circuit is one joule then the P.D. between the two points is said to be one volt.

16Q: What is the unit and symbol of resistance?
Ans: Its unit is ohm and symbol is omega.

17Q: What is meant by one ohm?
Ans: When a current of one ampere flowing through a conductor produces a p.d. of one volt then the resistance of that conductor is said to be one ohm.

18Q: What is the unit and symbol of conductivity?
Ans: Its unit is mho and symbol is omega reversed.

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Basic Electricity Questions

2013-03-22T12:43:00.001+05:30

1Q: What is electricity?
Ans: It is sort of energy which can be experienced in its applications like bulb, heater, motor, radio set etc.

2Q: What is electric current?
Ans: The movement of electrons/charge carriers across a conductor is called electric current or current.

3Q: What is conductor?
Ans: A substance, which readily allows a current to flow across it, is called a conductor.

4Q: What factor decides the conductivity of a substance?
Ans: The number of free electrons present in the substance decides its conductivity.

5Q: What is an insulator?
Ans: A substance, which hardly allows a current to flow across it, is called an insulator. Most of the insulators have 4 or 8 electrons in their outermost shell.

6Q: What are important characteristics of a good insulator?
Ans: It should have high dielectric constant, high break-down voltage and should be permanent, rigid and least electric absorbent.

7Q: What are important characteristics of a good conductor?
Ans: It should have a low specific resistance and should be ductile, rigid and cheap.

8Q: What is a semi-conductor?
Ans: A substance, which is neither a good conductor nor a good insulator, is called a semi-conductor, e.g. Germanium, Silicon etc.

9Q: What are the two main types of electric current?
Ans: Direct current and alternating current.

10Q: What is D.C.?
Ans: The current whose direction and magnitude remain fixed is called direct current(D.C.).

11Q: What is A.C.?
Ans: The current whose direction and magnitude remain alternating at a definite rate is called alternating current(A.C.).

12Q: What are the merits of A.C. over D.C.?
Ans: A.C. can be transformed from low to high and high to low voltages easily. It can economically be transmitted over long distances.

13Q: What are the merits of D.C. over A.C.?
Ans: D.C. is essential for many electronic and industrial applications.

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Interview Questions On Waves

2013-03-19T12:59:00.001+05:30

1Q: What are sky waves?
Ans: The radio waves which propagate throughout the world on account of repeated reflection of radio waves by the ionosphere and the earth are called sky waves. These waves are capable to establish radio communication between two stations situated any where on the earth in the frequency range of 3 to 30 MHz.

2Q: What are direct waves?
Ans: The radio waves which propagate in straight line(i.e. line of sight) are called direct waves. These waves are capable to establish radio communication upto very long but straight distances and usually upto 100kms. on the earth's surface in the frequency range of 30 to 3 X 10^6 MHz.

3Q: What are ground reflected waves?
Ans: The radio waves which reach at a receiving aerial after being reflected by a mountain etc. are called ground reflected waves. These waves are capable to establish radio communication upto 250 kms. in the frequency range of 30 X 10^6 MHz.

4Q: What is ionosphere?
Ans: The air belt around the earth ranging from 10 to 400 kms. height above earth's surface is called ionosphere. It contains ionised gases which are capable to reflect the radio waves back to the earth's surface.

5Q: Which of the ionised layers of the ionosphere are more useful for radio communication purposes?
Ans: Kennerly-Heaviside layer and Appleton layer are capable to reflect radio waves of 3 to 30 MHz frequencies. These layers extend from 144 to 400 kms. height above earth's surface.

6Q: Are vision-horizon and radio-horizon the same?
Ans: No; Radio-horizon is slightly large than vision-horizon because of refraction property of the radio waves.

7Q: What is meant by critical angle?
Ans: The maximum value of the angle of radiation at which total reflection can occur is called critical angle.

8Q: What is skip distance?
Ans: In short wave propagation, the distance between the transmitting antenna and the point where the very first wave touches the earth's surface after reflection from the ionosphere is called skip distance.

9Q: What is skip zone?
Ans: Skip zone or the 'zone of silence' is the area where neither ground nor sky waves are able to reach and there is no reception of radio waves.

10Q: What is meant by fading?
Ans: In short wave reception, the magnitude of r.f. voltage induced in a receiving aerial changes continuously due to instability of ionospheric density. This effect is referred as fading and it results in an instability in the output sound at the receiver.

11Q: How does fading eliminated?
Ans: Fading is eliminated by employing an AVC circuit.

12Q: What are the basic principles of radio reception?
Ans: They are reception, selection, detection and reproduction.

13Q: What is meant by selective fading?
Ans: When a direct wave and a ground reflected wave reach a receiving aerial simultaneously, they produce a fading due to difference between the phases of the two waves which is called selective fading.

14Q: What are the fundamental principles of radio transmission?
Ans: They are 'production' of radio waves, 'modulation' of radio waves with signal waves, 'transmission' of modulated radio waves into space by the antenna.

15Q: What is the velocity of radio waves?
Ans: The velocity of radio waves is 3 X 10^8 metres per second or 1,86,000 miles per second.

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Human Brain Analysis - Man Vs. Woman......A MUST READ!

2013-01-02T21:51:00.001+05:30

Human Brain Analysis - Man Vs. Woman......A MUST READ!

1. MULTI-TASKING

Women - Multiple process

Womens brains designed to concentrate multiple task at a time.

Women can Watch a TV and Talk over phone and cook.

Men - Single Process

Mens brains designed to concentrate only one work at a time. Men can not watch TV and talk over the phone at the same time. they stop the TV while Talking. They can either watch TV or talk over the phone or cook.

2. LANGUAGE

Women can easily learn many languages. But can not find solutions to problems. Men can not easily learn languages, they can easily solve problems. That's why in average a 3 years old girl has three times higher vocabulary than a 3 yeard old boy.

3. ANALYTICAL SKILLS

Mens brains has a lot of space for handling the analytical process. They can analyze and find the solution for a process and design a map of a building easily. But If a complex map is viewed by women, they can not understand it. Women can not understand the details of a map easily, For them it is just a dump of lines on a paper.

4. CAR DRIVING.

While driving a car, mans analytical spaces are used in his brain. He can drive a car fastly. If he sees an object at long distance, immediately his brain classifies the object (bus or van or car) direction and speed of the object and he drives accordingly. Where woman take a long time to recognize the object direction/ speed. Mans single process mind stops the audio in the car (if any), then concentrates only on driving.

5. LYING

When men lie to women face to face, they get caught easily. Womans super natural brain observes facial expression 70%, body language 20% and words coming from the mouth 10%. Mens brain does not have this. Women easily lie to men face to face.

So guys, do not lie face to face.

6. PROBLEMS SOLVING

If a man have a lot of problems, his brain clearly classifies the problems and puts them in individual rooms in the brain and then finds the solution one by one. You can see many guys looking at the sky for a long time. If a woman has a lot of problems, her brain can not classify the problems. she wants some one to hear that. After telling everything to a person she goes happily to bed. She does not worry about the problems being solved or not.

7. WHAT THEY WANT

Men want status, success, solutions, big process, etc... But Women want relationship, friends, family, etc...

8. UNHAPPINESS

If women are unhappy with their relations, they can not concentrate on their work. If men are unhappy with their work, they can not concentrate on the relations.

9. SPEECH

Women use indirect language in speech. But Men use direct language.

10. HANDLING EMOTION

Women talk a lot without thinking. Men act a lot without thinking.

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Radio Technique

2012-12-20T17:30:00.002+05:30

1. What is meant by radio?

Ans. A radio (or radio receiver) is an electronic equipment which is meant for the reception and reproduction of radio waves into sound waves.

2. What are radio waves?

Ans. Electromagnetic waves of the frequency range of 20 KHz to 3 x 10^6 MHz is called a radio wave.

3. What is meant by wireless?

Ans. A system of communication based on the application of radio waves and that too without the use of cable etc. between the two stations is called wireless communication or wireless.

4. What is electronics?

Ans. The branch of science that deals with the behaviour and applications of electrons and other charge carriers is called electronics.

5. What is meant by radio-chain?

Ans. A complete system of transmission and reception of signals employing radio waves is called radio-chain.

6. What is meant by radio broadcasting?

Ans. The system of transmitting sound programmes for the use of general public by means of their domestic radios is called radio broadcasting.

7. What are the principal broadcasting methods?

Ans. There are AM (amplitude modulation) and FM (frequency modulation) broadcasting methods which are used generally. The TV broadcasting or telecasting involves both AM and FM methods.

8. What is meant by radio propagation?

Ans. The process of expanding the radio waves into the space is called radio propagation.

9. What are the principal radio wave propagation methods?

Ans. Radio waves are propagated in the form of ground, sky, direct and ground-reflected waves.

10. What are ground waves?

Ans. The radio waves which propagate along the curvature of earth are called ground waves. These waves are capable to establish radio communication upto 400 kms in the frequency range of 300 to 3000 KHz.

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Some More Questions About Battery Cell

Lead-Acid Battery, Alkaline Cell, Edison Cell And Nickel-Cadmium Cell.

Types of Cells

Questions On Battery

Some More Questions About Resistors

Types Of Resistors

Characteristics of Resistor

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Types of Resistors and Their Colour Coding

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Questions On Power, Resistance, Temperature

Questions On Conduction, Displacement and Convection

Basic Electricity Questions

Interview Questions On Waves

Human Brain Analysis - Man Vs. Woman......A MUST READ!

Radio Technique

1. What is meant by radio?

2. What are radio waves?

3. What is meant by wireless?

4. What is electronics?

5. What is meant by radio-chain?

6. What is meant by radio broadcasting?

7. What are the principal broadcasting methods?

8. What is meant by radio propagation?

9. What are the principal radio wave propagation methods?

10. What are ground waves?

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Working from ptc sites is a good time pass as well as we will earn some money.
Visit: www.moneypond.weebly.com

Writing articles is a time pass work.
For some people it is a hobby.
Interesting thing is, this hobby makes you earn good income as well as life time income.
Visit: http://work5minutes2earngoodincome.blogspot.in/