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CLOUD COMPUTING NOTES

2022-01-31T06:32:00.000-08:00

What is cloud computing with example?

Cloud computing is a technology that uses the internet for storing and managing data on remote servers and then access data via the internet. ... One such example is Google cloud – It is a suite of public cloud services offered by Google. All the application development run on Google hardware.

Concept, Technology & Architecture (DOWNLOAD)

Chapter 05 Cloud-Enabling Technology

Chapter 07 Cloud Computing Mechanisms

Chapter 08 Specialized Cloud Mechanisms

Chapter 09 Cloud Management Mechanics

Chapter 11 Cloud Computing Architecture

Chapter 12 Advanced Cloud Architecture

MACHINE LEARNING

2021-06-14T10:20:00.002-07:00

***Source:IBM cloud**

Machine Learning Machine learning focuses on applications that learn from experience and improve their decision-making or predictive accuracy over time.

What is machine learning? Machine learning is a branch of artificial intelligence (AI) focused on building applications that learn from data and improve their accuracy over time without being programmed to do so. In data science, an algorithm is a sequence of statistical processing steps. In machine learning, algorithms are 'trained' to find patterns and features in massive amounts of data in order to make decisions and predictions based on new data. The better the algorithm, the more accurate the decisions and predictions will become as it processes more data. Today, examples of machine learning are all around us. Digital assistants search the web and play music in response to our voice commands. Websites recommend products and movies and songs based on what we bought, watched, or listened to before. Robots vacuum our floors while we do . . . something better with our time. Spam detectors stop unwanted emails from reaching our inboxes. Medical image analysis systems help doctors spot tumors they might have missed. And the first self-driving cars are hitting the road. We can expect more. As big data keeps getting bigger, as computing becomes more powerful and affordable, and as data scientists keep developing more capable algorithms, machine learning will drive greater and greater efficiency in our personal and work lives.

How machine learning works There are four basic steps for building a machine learning application (or model). These are typically performed by data scientists working closely with the business professionals for whom the model is being developed.

Step 1: Select and prepare a training data set Training data is a data set representative of the data the machine learning model will ingest to solve the problem it’s designed to solve. In some cases, the training data is labeled data—‘tagged’ to call out features and classifications the model will need to identify. Other data is unlabeled, and the model will need to extract those features and assign classifications on its own. In either case, the training data needs to be properly prepared—randomized, de-duped, and checked for imbalances or biases that could impact the training. It should also be divided into two subsets: the training subset, which will be used to train the application, and the evaluation subset, used to test and refine it.

Step 2: Choose an algorithm to run on the training data set Again, an algorithm is a set of statistical processing steps. The type of algorithm depends on the type (labeled or unlabeled) and amount of data in the training data set and on the type of problem to be solved. Common types of machine learning algorithms for use with labeled data include the following:

Regression algorithms: Linear and logistic regression are examples of regression algorithms used to understand relationships in data. Linear regression is used to predict the value of a dependent variable based on the value of an independent variable. Logistic regression can be used when the dependent variable is binary in nature: A or B. For example, a linear regression algorithm could be trained to predict a salesperson’s annual sales (the dependent variable) based on its relationship to the salesperson’s education or years of experience (the independent variables.) Another type of regression algorithm called a support vector machine is useful when dependent variables are more difficult to classify.

Decision trees: Decision trees use classified data to make recommendations based on a set of decision rules. For example, a decision tree that recommends betting on a particular horse to win, place, or show could use data about the horse (e.g., age, winning percentage, pedigree) and apply rules to those factors to recommend an action or decision.

Instance-based algorithms: A good example of an instance-based algorithm is K-Nearest Neighbor or k-nn. It uses classification to estimate how likely a data point is to be a member of one group or another based on its proximity to other data points.

Algorithms for use with unlabeled data include the following:

Clustering algorithms: Think of clusters as groups. Clustering focuses on identifying groups of similar records and labeling the records according to the group to which they belong. This is done without prior knowledge about the groups and their characteristics. Types of clustering algorithms include the K-means, TwoStep, and Kohonen clustering.

Association algorithms: Association algorithms find patterns and relationships in data and identify frequent ‘if-then’ relationships called association rules. These are similar to the rules used in data mining.

Neural networks: A neural network is an algorithm that defines a layered network of calculations featuring an input layer, where data is ingested; at least one hidden layer, where calculations are performed make different conclusions about input; and an output layer. where each conclusion is assigned a probability. A deep neural network defines a network with multiple hidden layers, each of which successively refines the results of the previous layer. (For more, see the “Deep learning” section below.)

Step 3: Training the algorithm to create the model Training the algorithm is an iterative process–it involves running variables through the algorithm, comparing the output with the results it should have produced, adjusting weights and biases within the algorithm that might yield a more accurate result, and running the variables again until the algorithm returns the correct result most of the time. The resulting trained, accurate algorithm is the machine learning model—an important distinction to note, because 'algorithm' and 'model' are incorrectly used interchangeably, even by machine learning mavens.

Step 4: Using and improving the model The final step is to use the model with new data and, in the best case, for it to improve in accuracy and effectiveness over time. Where the new data comes from will depend on the problem being solved. For example, a machine learning model designed to identify spam will ingest email messages, whereas a machine learning model that drives a robot vacuum cleaner will ingest data resulting from real-world interaction with moved furniture or new objects in the room.

Machine learning methods

Machine learning methods (also called machine learning styles) fall into three primary categories. For a deep dive into the differences between these approaches, check out "Supervised vs. Unsupervised Learning: What's the Difference?"

Supervised machine learning

Supervised machine learning trains itself on a labeled data set. That is, the data is labeled with information that the machine learning model is being built to determine and that may even be classified in ways the model is supposed to classify data. For example, a computer vision model designed to identify purebred German Shepherd dogs might be trained on a data set of various labeled dog images. Supervised machine learning requires less training data than other machine learning methods and makes training easier because the results of the model can be compared to actual labeled results. But, properly labeled data is expensive to prepare, and there's the danger of overfitting, or creating a model so closely tied and biased to the training data that it doesn't handle variations in new data accurately. Learn more about supervised learning.

Unsupervised machine learning

Unsupervised machine learning ingests unlabeled data—lots and lots of it—and uses algorithms to extract meaningful features needed to label, sort, and classify the data in real-time, without human intervention. Unsupervised learning is less about automating decisions and predictions, and more about identifying patterns and relationships in data that humans would miss. Take spam detection, for example—people generate more email than a team of data scientists could ever hope to label or classify in their lifetimes. An unsupervised learning algorithm can analyze huge volumes of emails and uncover the features and patterns that indicate spam (and keep getting better at flagging spam over time). Learn more about unsupervised learning.

Semi-supervised learning

Semi-supervised learning offers a happy medium between supervised and unsupervised learning. During training, it uses a smaller labeled data set to guide classification and feature extraction from a larger, unlabeled data set. Semi-supervised learning can solve the problem of having not enough labeled data (or not being able to afford to label enough data) to train a supervised learning algorithm. Reinforcement machine learning.

PLAGIARISM CHECKING AT LOW COST !!!

2020-08-30T11:50:00.005-07:00

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Cloud Computing (Concepts, Technology & Architecture) - Thomas Erl

2019-11-08T09:36:00.004-08:00

PART I: FUNDAMENTAL CLOUD COMPUTING

CHAPTER 3: Understanding Cloud Computing
CHAPTER 4: Fundamental Concepts and Models
CHAPTER 5: Cloud-Enabling Technology
CHAPTER 6: Fundamental Cloud Security

PART II: CLOUD COMPUTING MECHANISMS

CHAPTER 7: Cloud Infrastructure Mechanisms
CHAPTER 8: Specialized Cloud Mechanisms
CHAPTER 9: Cloud Management Mechanisms
CHAPTER 10: Cloud Security Mechanisms

PART III: CLOUD COMPUTING ARCHITECTURE

CHAPTER 11: Fundamental Cloud Architectures
CHAPTER 12: Advanced Cloud Architectures
CHAPTER 13: Specialized Cloud Architectures

PART IV: WORKING WITH CLOUDS

CHAPTER 14: Cloud Delivery Model Considerations
CHAPTER 15: Cost Metrics and Pricing Models
CHAPTER 16: Service Quality Metrics and SLAs

Service Oriented Architecture Question Bank

2014-10-08T21:52:00.000-07:00

UNIT-1

PART-A

1. Define SOA? Nov/Dec-2011
2. How do components in an SOA inter-relate? Nov/Dec-2011
3. How does SOA address the issues that arise in a client-server architecture?
4. How is SOA different from distributed internet architecture?
5. Give any 2 differences between service orientation and object orientation.
6. Define application architecture.
7. Define enterprise architecture.
8. List any 4 characteristics of SOAs.
9. Mention the concrete characteristics of SOA.
10. List the components of automation logic.
11. Define service.
12. How components in an SOA inter-relate? Represent it diagrammatically.
13. List any 4 principles of service orientation.
14. What do you mean by loose coupling?
15. What does contemporary SOA represent?
16. Define a process.
17. What do you mean by the term “separation of concerns”?
18. What are the core principles that form the baseline foundation for SOA?
19. What is a service contract?
20. What are the 2 types of autonomy?
21. What is the principle behind service interface –level abstraction?
22. Define application architecture
23. List any 4 characteristics of SOAs
24. What are the conditions under which the web service takes the role of a service provider?
25. What is a service contract?
26. Define the term service composition.
27. How components in an SOA inter-relate? Represent it diagrammatically
28. How does SOA address the issues that arise in client-server architecture?
29. What are the 2 types of autonomy?
30. Mention the concrete characteristics of SOA

PART-B

1. Explain the common Principles of service Orientation in detail. Nov/Dec-2011
2. Compare SOA to Client-server and Distributed Architecture. Nov/Dec-2011
3. For each of the architectural models, explain the following aspects-application logic, application
processing, technology, security and administration-Client-server architecture
4. Distributed internet architecture and compare them with SOA.
5. Give a comparative study of service orientation with object orientation.
6. List the characteristics of contemporary SOA.
7. What are the components of SOA? How do they inter-relate?
8. Explain in detail the principles of service orientation.
9. Explain briefly about primitive SOA .
10. Explain in detail the characteristics of SOA
11. Compare and contrast Service Orientation with Object Orientation12. Explain the Principles of Service Orientation in detail
13. Explain the following
I. Common misperceptions about SOA (5)
II. Common tangible benefits of SOA (5)
III. Common pitfalls of adopting SOA
14. Explain briefly about Client- Server Architecture and
15. Distributed Internet Architecture

UNIT-2

PART-A

1. What are Wrapper Services? Nov/Dec-2011
2. Compare Abstract and Concrete description. Nov/Dec-2011
3. What are the design classifications of web services?
4. What are the conditions under which the web service takes the role of a service provider?
5. Define the term service provider.
6. What are the conditions under which the web service takes the role of a service requestor?
7. Define the term intermediaries.
8. What are types of intermediaries?
9. Define the term service composition.
10. How do you classify services based on service models
11. How are the business services used within SOA?
12. Define service endpoint.
13. What do you mean by a service contract?
14. Mention the SOAP nodes that are available.
15. What are the variations of fire and forget message exchange?
16. What are the services that a coordinator composition consists of?
17. What are the atomic transaction protocols that are available?
18. Why orchestration is called “the heart of SOA”?
19. Distinguish between orchestration and choreography.
20. What are the issues to be addressed by service layer abstraction?
21. What are the business service models that business service layer offers?
22. What is the role of orchestration service layer?
23. List the 4 MEPs in WSDL 1.1
24. Mention the SOAP nodes that are available
25. Define service activity
26. What are the factors related to the complexity of an activity?
27. What do you mean by ACID?
28. What are the three layers of abstraction for SOA?
29. What do you mean by the term hybrid services?

PART-B

1. Discuss about three Service layers in detail. Nov/Dec-2011
2. Explain the importance of messaging with SOAP and message exchange patterns in web
services.(5+5) Nov/Dec-2011
ii) Write a note on Atomic Transactions.(6) Nov/Dec-2011
3. Explain Message Exchange Patterns in detail (16)
4. Explain Messaging with SOAP in detail
5. Explain Service descriptions with WSDL in detail6. Explain Service Roles and Service Models in detail
7. Explain about Coordination in detail (16)
8. Explain in detail the Atomic Transactions
9. Explain Business Activities in detail
10. Explain Orchestration in detail
i.Explain Application Service Layer
II. Explain Business Service Layer
III. Explain Orchestration Service Layer
11. Explain briefly about Service Oriented Analysis (16)

UNIT-3

PART-A

1. List the Goals of service-oriented analysis. Nov/Dec-2011
2. What is the usage of Envelope element in SOAP message structures? Nov/Dec-2011
3. What are the benefits for incorporating service-orientation into business process level?
4. Define service modeling.
5. What are the objectives of service-oriented analysis?
6. How are the business services derived?
7. What are the types of logic suitable for orchestration layer?
8. What is service modeling?
9. Mention any 2 goals of performing service oriented design.
10. Give the structure of WSDL definition.
11. What is WSDL?
12. Define SOAP.
13. What is the purpose of application-service design?
14. What are the fundamental components of SOA?
15. Give the steps for composing SOA.
16. List any 4 processing demands of a service operation.
17. What are the design concerns for a task-centric business service design?
18. List any 2 goals of performing a service-oriented analysis.
19. Give the structure of SOAP message document.
20. Mention any 4 practical considerations that must be taken into account on deciding what service
layer configuration an SOA is to be standardized upon?
21. What is the purpose of entity-centric business service design?
22. Give the structure of SOAP message document
23. What are the 3 types of SOA delivery strategies?
24. Mention the pros and cons of agile strategy
25. Mention any 2 goals of performing service oriented analysis
26. What is meant by Schema element?
27. Which is called as “Heart of SOA”? Why?

PART-B

1. Explain SOA platform and describe the APIs in J2EE which is used to build SOA. Nov/Dec-
2011
2. How is service oriented Architecture achieved in.NET platform? Discuss. Nov/Dec-2011
3. Discuss the step by step process of Service modeling in detail.
4. Explain Entity – Centric and Task-Centric business Service design.
5. Explain in detail the steps that comprise a proposed service modeling process.
6. a) What are the benefits for incorporating service-orientation into business process level?b) What are the types of derived business services?
7. Write notes on service oriented design process.
8. Give the syntactical implementation of all the elements in WSDL.
9. List out the elements that are present in the structure of a SOAP message document.
10. What are the steps for composing a SOA?
11. Give the step-by-step process for entity-centric business service design.
12. Explain in detail the application service design process.
13. Describe the task-centric business service design process.
14. What are the considerations for positioning core SOA standards?
15. Explain Service Modeling in detail
16. Explain Service Modeling guidelines
17. Explain WSDL Basics
18. Explain the steps in Service Oriented Design

UNIT-4

PART-A

1. What is message processing logic? Nov/Dec-2011
2. What are Dynamic proxy and dynamic invocation interface? Nov/Dec-2011
3. What is JAX-WS?
4. What is JAXB?
5. What are the steps in JAXB?
6. What are the limitations of JAXB?
7. What is JAXR ?
8. What is a registry?
9. What are the parts in JAXR architecture?
10. What does JAX-RPC do ?
11. .What are the client invocation methods in JAX-RPC?
12. What is WSIT ?
13. What are the additional features that a WSIT implement to improve security in web services?
14. What are the areas in which interoperability is provided?
15. What do you mean by the term common language runtime?
16. What are the benefits of common language runtime?
17. List the purposes of ASP.NET web forms.
18. What do you mean by WSE?
19. List the components used to build J2EE web applications.
20. .What are the advantages with JAX-WS?
21. What does the Java web service developer pack include?
22. .What is the difference between RMI and JAX-RPC?
23. What is JAX-WS?
24. What is WSIT?
25. What is a registry?
26. Why is WS-Security needed?
27. What is JAXB?

PART-B

1. Explain JAX-WS technology for building web services and client that communicates using
XML. Nov/Dec-2011
2. Explain in detail JAX-RPC programming model. Nov/Dec-2011
3. Describe the function of JAXR in Web service architectural model, the two basic levels of
business registry functionality supported by JAXR, and the function of the basic JAXR business
objects and how they map to the UDDI data structures.4. Describe WSIT, the features of each WSIT technology and the standards that WSIT Implements
for each technology and how it works.
5. Describe the functions and capabilities of JAXB.
6. How do you build a web form using ASP.NET ?
7. Give the architecture of Web Service Enhancements (WSE) and summarize its major features.
8. Explain briefly SOA support in .NET
9. Write notes on JAX-RPC handlers
10. Give the architecture of Web Service Enhancements (WSE) and summarize its major features
11. Briefly explain SOA platform. How does it support in J2EE
12. Explain briefly about Service agents processing incoming and outgoing SOAP
13. message headers.
14. Discuss about Contemporary SOA support
15. Discuss about J2EE handlers as service agents.
16. Discuss about typical J2EE service provider.
17. Discuss about typical J2EE service requester.
18. Explain briefly about Creating a Simple Web Service and Client with JAX-WS.
19. Explain briefly about JAXB Architecture..
20. Explain briefly about JAXR Architecture.
21. Explain briefly about WSIT.
22. Discuss about .NET handlers as service agents.
23. Discuss about typical .NET service provider.
24. Discuss about typical .NET service requester
25. Explain briefly about CLR.
26. Explain briefly about ASP.NET web services.
27. Explain briefly about Web Services Enhancement.

UNIT-5

PART-A

1. How are the switch.case. and otherwise elements used inWS-BPEL? Nov/Dec-2011
2. What are Policy element and common policy assertions? Nov/Dec-2011
3. What are the elements in WS-BPEL?
4. List the set of basic tasks for creating web service composition.
5. List the set of structured tasks for web service composition.
6. What is a container?
7. What is the fundamental idea behind WS-Coordination?
8. What are the types of WS-Coordination?
9. What is WS-Choreography?
10. What is JAX-RPC? Give two benefits.
11. What are ACID transactions?
12. Define WS-policy.
13. How are switch, case and otherwise elements used in WS-BPEL?
14. Define the Reply activity.
15. List out the stages to develop applications in WS-BPEL
16. Service Orchestration
17. Define the Reply activity.
18. Define WS-Coordination framework
19. List the stages of WS-Coordination
20. List the types of Choreography.
21. Define Abstract Choreography.
22. Define Portable Choreography.
23. Define Concrete Choreography.24. Define WS-Policy
25. Define Composable Architecture
26. Define Compact Policy Expression
27. Define Policy Expression
28. Define Policy Expression
29. List the Security Threads
30. List the Web Services Security Requirements
31. Define Secure Messaging

PART-B

1. Describe Root element and Series of Common child element of WS-BPEL process definition.
Nov/Dec- 2011
2. Discuss WS- Security language in detail. Nov/Dec-2011
3. Explain WS-BPEL functions.
4. Give the overview of WS-Coordination
5. Describe about the Web Services Enhancements (WSE).
6. Write detailed notes on Common Language Runtime.
7. Write down the syntax of the following with example
The process element
The partnerLinks and partnerLink
The variable
getVariableProperty and getVariableData
sequence and invoke
8. Explain the WS- Security language basics
9. Explain briefly about WS-BPEL.
10. Explain briefly about WS-Coordination.
11. Explain briefly about WS- Choreography Model Description
12. Explain briefly about WS- Policy
13. Explain briefly about WS- Security

How to "Delete Administrator Password" without Any Software

2014-05-07T02:04:00.002-07:00

Method 1

Boot up with DOS and delete the sam.exe and sam.log files from Windows\system32\config in your hard drive. Now when you boot up in NT the password on your built-in administrator account which will be blank (i.e No password). This solution works only if your hard drive is FAT kind.

Method 2

Step 1. Put your hard disk of your computer in any other pc .

Step  2.      Boot that computer and use your hard disk as a secondary hard disk (D'nt boot as primary hard disk ).

Step 3.      Then open that drive in which the victim’s window(or your window) is installed. 

Step 4.      Go to location windows->system32->config 

Step 5.      And delete SAM.exe and SAM.log 
Step 6.      Now remove  hard disk and put in your computer.

Step 7.      And boot your computer.

Recovery Solution For (Ctrl+Alt+Del) Permanently Deleted Files

2014-05-07T02:00:00.000-07:00

Software called "Kissass Undelete" , can bring those files from the hard disk or your flash drive.

Conditions : Only if the data on that drive is not re-occupied(or written). that means the space which was available after the deletion is not been occupied after the deletion.

Click Here to download the software.

To start searching for the files,

Select the drive from the Left panel of the Windows and Click the scan button.

the Scan might take upto 10 secs.

When the files search has been completed, it will show you the results with the name, type, size and the last modified date of the searched file.

Now you can select the file to be recover. This is an Open source application and available for All Windows OS(Windows XP/Vista/ 7).

How to Create Folder "CON"

2014-05-07T01:50:00.001-07:00

Ever tried to create a folder "CON" or "AUX" or "NUL"???????????????????? Try This :)!!!!

Create a Folder.
Click Rename.
Now press Alt and 255.
Press 255 frm the right side of the key boards i.e, Num pad.
Now type con and then press enter.

CTS Interview Pattern

2013-12-26T09:20:00.000-08:00

Cognizant (CTS) Fresher’s Test pattern, Sample papers & Books

Cognizant Campus Interview selection commences in following three stages:

1.0 Written Aptitude Test.

APTITUDE SECTION:

Question:

1. Venn Diagram – 4 Qs

2. Cube – 5 Qs

3. Data Sufficiency – 5 qs

4. Alphabetic Addition like - 3 Qs

A B C D

Q C D B +

------------

Q D B A C

------------

5. Reasoning type questions in Arithmetic Expressions - 3 Qs

6. Blood Relation – 4 Qs

VERBAL AND NON-VERBAL SECTION:

Syllabus: Reading comprehension, Sentence Completion/correction, Arrange the jumbled sentences etc.

Question:

1. Reading Comprehension I - 4 Qs

2. Reading Comprehension II – 4 Qs

3. Jumbled Sentences - 4 Qs

4. Finding Correct Sentences – 4 Qs

5. Finding Incorrect Sentences – 4 Qs

ANALYTICAL SECTION:

Syllabus: Venn diagram, data sufficiency, binary conversion, cubes, Blood relations, profit loss etc.

Question:

1. Syllogism – 5 Qs

2. A Logical Puzzle based on Scheduling - 3 Qs

3. Odd Figure Out – 3 QS

4. Picture Analogy – 4 Qs

5. Logical Statement Prediction

2.0 Technical Interview.

3.0 HR Interview.

Books for CTS Campus Interview written tests:

You can refer the following books for preparation of CTS Freshers written test. These books are available in most of the bookstores, but you can also order them online by clicking the links below, from Flipkart.com which offers huge discounts up to 25%, apart from free shipping/postage in India. You can choose to pay through Credit Card/Debit Card/Internet Banking. You can also choose to pay through “Cash-on-Delivery” i.e. you pay in cash only when the same is delivered at your doorstep:

A Modern Approach To Verbal & Non-Verbal Reasoning by R.S. Aggarwal Publisher:S. Chand

List Price: Rs. 800;Offer Price: Rs. 489; Discount:(38%)

A Modern Approach ToVerbal Reasoning (Fully Solved) by R. S.Agarawal Publisher:S. Chand

List Price: Rs. 425;Offer Price: Rs. 312; Discount:(26%)

A Modern Approach ToNon Verbal Reasoning by R. S. Aggarwal Publisher: S. Chand

List Price: Rs. 300;Offer Price: Rs. 295

A Modern Approach ToLogical Reasoning by R. S. Aggarwal Publisher:S. Chand

List Price: Rs. 175

An Advanced Approach To Data Interpretation by R. S. Aggarwal Publisher:S. Chand

Cognizant HR Interview Questions

This is the final hurdle between you and the dream Cognizant job. But do not worry much about the Cognizant HR Interview. The questions asked are very general and if you maintain your cool and be confident, you can clear the HR interview very easily. As told before, you can answer many HR interview questions from the information gathered from the PPT presentation.

Following are some sample HR interview questions:

1) How was your technical interview.

2) Tell us about yourself

3) What do you know about Cognizant

4) Why should we hire you

4) What difference do you bring if we hire you.

5). What is the first thing that you are going to do after joining our company.

Best wishes from dharanyadevi.blogspot.com!

How to Install/Run DOSBOX C/C++ IDE on Linux

2013-07-11T22:28:00.001-07:00

How to Install/Run DOSBOX C/C++ IDE on Linux

You can install/run Turbo C/C++ IDE on linux too. Just follow these steps.

Step 1: Install Dosbox

If you are running Debian or Ubuntu, open the terminal as a root user and enter:
apt-get install dosbox

If you are running Red Hat, Centos or Fedora, open the terminal as root user and enter:
yum install dosbox

Step 2: Download Turbo C/C++ IDE

DOWNLOAD : tc3

Step 3: Extract "TC3" Archive in your home (~) directory

Step 4: Run (Alt+F2) Dosbox or open dosbox from programs menu (it sits generally under Applications > Games)

Step 5: Mount your home (~) in root

Inside dosbox type:
mount c ~

Step 6: Move to the extracted "tc3" directory

Type:
c:
cd tc3~2

then:
install

It will start the setup. Follow the cursed instructions to install as shown in the screenshots below.

Just press Enter to continue installation.

Enter C in the "Enter the source drive to use:" option.

Accept defaults and Press F9.

Press any key to continue with the installation

Installation is complete

Step 7: Running DOSBOX C/C++ on Linux

Run/open dosbox. Enter the following one by one in the dosbox terminal

mount c ~
c:
cd tc\bin
tc.exe

U can run DOSBOX on Linux

In DOSBOX

Step 1: Click " OPTIONS"
Step 2: Click " LINKER"
Step 3: Click "LIBRARIES"
Step 4: Select " GRAPHICS LIBRARY"

CS9263 Adhoc Networks Notes

2013-07-02T09:42:00.001-07:00

Books:

Wireless Sensor Networks by Feng Zhao

Ad Hoc Mobile Wireless Networks: Protocols and Systems by C.K.Toh

Notes :

Unit 1
Unit 5

Installing Windows Movie Maker 6.0 on Windows 7 or 8

2013-05-07T08:58:00.000-07:00

If you are reading this, I'm going to assume you've upgraded or purchased at least one PC with Windows 7 or 8 and discovered Windows Movie Maker is no where to be found. In its place, Microsoft now offers a set of programs called "Windows Essentials". Often these programs are installed on a new PC but otherwise you must download the Movie Maker program to once again have the ability to edit movies.

Many people have tried the newer version of Movie Maker 2011 or 2012 and complained about the lack of a traditional timeline, issues with crashing, long times to prepare video files and the inability to customize the transitions, effects and titles. If you have been building up a library of custom titles, transitions and effects under Windows Movie Maker 6.0, none of these can be used in the newest Movie Maker because the rendering architecture has changed and Microsoft has no API for customizing things.

The good news is you can still use the latest version of Windows Movie Maker 6.0 from Vista. You can do this manually by copying the files from a Vista machine, registering some DLLs and creating a shortcut in your start menu. Or you can just use the installers I created below:

Movie Maker 6.0 for Windows 7/8 (64-bit)

Movie Maker 6.0 for Windows 7/8 (32-bit)

There are two versions (64-bit or 32-bit) depending on the version of Windows 7/8 you are running. If you are unsure, go to your 'Start' menu, right-click on 'Computer' and choose 'Properties'. System type should show 64-bit or 32-bit operating system. Pick the installer that matches. After that, don't forget to start previewing all the cool add-ons that you can have with this version.

Note: I'm turning off comments on this thread since there are more than 200. If you have a question, please post it in the Windows Movie Makers.net Forums and I'll answer you there.

Internet Download Manager

2013-03-12T07:43:00.001-07:00

Internet download manager is a tool to increase download speed of your files like videos ,mp3 music files or any other files. In this post we are going to explain you about how to do activation of IDM crack tool for life time with out any serial Key and Patches.We introduced this because many of the patches don't work they may create viruses when you install it into your the personal Computer. So try this tool for faster and safer downloads.This is 100% working trick, go ahead with the simple steps below in this tutorial.

Follow The Instructions Below :-

Step 1:- Install any old or current version of IDM.

Download IDM New Version click the below link :-

Internet Download Manager

Step 2 :- Then open the "IDM crack for life.exe" file .

Download IDM crack for life.exe by the below link

Download Link :- "".

Step 3 :- Click on the Update Option as shown in the Image Below.

Step 4 :- Go to IDM > Help > Check for Update & update the software.

Step 5 :- Open IDM crack for life.exe again and click "Start" to make the new updated IDM full version as shown in the Image below.

After completing all steps click the Help option and in that
click the About IDM option.Now it is activated as full version.Image is shown below.

USB Disk Security 5.4.0.6 Full Version With Username And Serial Key

2013-03-12T07:23:00.002-07:00

USB Disk Security 5.4.0.6 Full Version With Username And Serial Key ( 100% Working )

USB Disk Security is the best software to block the threats and compromise your personal Information Via USB Storage.USB Disk Security Gives 100% protection against any malicious programs via USB drive. Here we Provided the Full Version of Usb disk Security with username and serial Number.

Key Features of USB Disk Security :-

It Protects the Offline Computer.

It Gives the Total Data Protection.

The world's fastest and lightest security software

Blocking the threats from your USB Drive.

Compatible with all Windows OS.

Simple to use.

Free Updates.

Follow The Simple Steps Below :-

1. Download The USB Disk Security 5.4.0.6 from the below link :-
Download Link :- USB Disk Security 5.4.0.6.

2. After Downloading the Software Open the USB Disk Security and fill the Username and Serial key as i given the Following Details.

s/n: 50707-3AB09-EE6D5-F6EAA-B7A9B-461AA-A09E1-2F98C

OR

User name :- Franky Quadros .

Code: D41D5-99FBA-97C54-8B124-0FB4E-6DC0E-6CF9E-29C9D
OR

Code: B5C02-DBACE-E53FE-A6B5D-1CB60-EB44D-5443D-6F670.

3. Thats It you have done now your USb software version is Full version and Open the USB Disk Security and see the License Status It Shows The Full Version Like The Image Below.

CCNA InterView Question and Answers

2013-03-04T05:49:00.000-08:00

CCNA InterView Question and Answers

1. Identify 2 reasons for disabling CDP?

A.) If the router is not configured for RIP

B.) Save bandwidth by eliminating overhead

C.) If the router is configured forAppletalk

D.) When connected to a non-Cisco router

Ans B D

CDP can be disabled here are a couple of reasons. Connecting a Cisco router to a non-Cisco router. Don’t want to exchange CDP information to save bandwidth.

2 Identify 3 characteristics of ISDN?

A.) Transports voice and data

B.) Transports voice only

C.) Support both BRI and PRI

D.) Runs over existing phone lines

E.) Same as X.25

Ans A C D

ISDN supports voice, data, and video. It runs over existing phone lines and supports 128K (BRI) and T1 (PRI).

3. Identify the 3 characteristics of IGRP?

A.) Uses hop count as a metric

B.) Supports multiple unequal paths

C.) Administrative distance is 100

D.) Configured with an Autonomous system number

E.) Link state

Ans B C D

IGRP is a distance vector routing protocol, it’s degree of trustworthiness is 100, it can support up to 6 un-equal paths and must be configured with an autonomous system number.

4.Identify 2 features of PPP CHAP authentication?

A.) Username and password is sent in clear text

B.) Authentication messages are sent periodically during the connection

C.) Less secure then PAP

D.) Local router ‘challenges’ the remote router

Ans B D

PPP CHAP authentication message are sent periodically during the connection by challenging the other end of the connection.

It is more secure than PAP and passwords and username are encrypted.

5.Identify the default IPX serial encapsulation?

A.) Novell-Ether

B.) SDLC

C.) SNAP

D.) HDLC

Ans D

The default IPX serial encapsulation is HDLC.

6 .Identify the hardware component that stores the backup configuration?

A.) RAM

B.) NVRAM

C.) Flash

D.) ROM

Ans B

NVRAM contains the backup config. RAM is the dynamic memory area, ROM contains the boot strap code and Flash contains the IOS.

7. Identify the extended IP access-list number range?

A.) 600 - 699

B.) 1 - 99

C.) 900 - 999

D.) 100 - 199

Ans D

The extended IP access-list range is 100-199.

8. Identify 3 Fast Ethernet technologies?

A.) 100 Base FastEther

B.) 100 Base FX

C.) 100 Base T4

D.) 100 Base TX

Ans B C D

100 BaseFastEther is false. 100 Base FX, TX and T4 are all valid.

9 Identify the OSI layer which is responsible for end-to-end connections?

A.) Network

B.) Transport

C.) Session

D.) Data link

E.) TCP

Ans B

Layer 4 is the Transport layer and is responsible for end-to-end connections.

10 Identify the 2 characteristics regarding MAC addresses?

A.) Contains a network portion and host portion

B.) Always assigned by System Administrator

C.) 48 bits long

D.) Contains a vendor code and serial number

Ans C D

MAC addresses are assigned by the vendor. Each MAC address is 48 bits long and made up of 24 bits vendor code and 24 bits serial number.

11 Identify the number range for IPX SAP filters?

A.) 900 - 999

B.) 1000 - 1099

C.) 800 -899

D.) 100 - 199

Ans B

The IPX SAP filtering range is 1000-1099.

12 What is the purpose of ARP?

A.) IP to host name resolution

B.) Host name to IP address resolution

C.) Mac to IP address resolution

D.) IP to Mac address resolution

Ans D

Address Resolution Protocol resolves the MAC address if the IP address is known. It is a layer 3 protocol.

14 Which OSI layer establishes, maintains and terminates sessions between hosts?

A.) Application

B.) Physical

C.) Data-Link

D.) Presentation

E.) Network

F.) Session

Ans F

Layer 5 the Session layer performs this function.

15.Which statement is true regarding Administrative distance?

A.) It is a metric

B.) Number of hops between two routers

C.) Trustworthiness of the routing information

D.) RIP Administrative distance is 100

Ans C

Administrative distance is rating of trustworthiness of the routing information. The lower the AD the better the information.

16 Identify the purpose of the Ping command?

A.) Share routing information with a neighbor router

B.) Transmit user data when buffers are full

C.) Test connectivity at layer 3

D.) Test entire protocol stack

Ans C

The ping command tests layer 3 connectivity.

17 The Cisco IOS is stored where?

A.) ROM

B.) CD

C.) Flash

D.) NVRAM

Ans C

By default the Cisco IOS is stored in flash.

18 Sequence and acknowledgement numbers are used for?

A.) Layer transitioning

B.) Flow control

C.) Port number addressing

D.) Reliability

Ans D

TCP uses sequence numbers and acknowledgements to implement reliability.

19 Identify IPX GNS and it’s purpose?

A.) Go Network Server - sends a print job to a network server

B.) Get Nearest Server - locate the nearest server

C.) Guaranteed Network Services - allocates resources to users

D.) Get Notes Server - locates Domino Server

Ans B

GNS stands for Get Nearest Server, initiated by a workstation

20 Identify the true statement regarding subnetting?

A.) Allows for more host address

B.) Borrow bits from the network portion of the address

C.) Allows for unlimited number of networks

D.) Borrow bits from the host portion of the address

Ans D

Subnetting involves borrowing bits for the host portion of the address to be used to subnet addressing.

21 Inverse ARP serves what purpose?

A.) Method for a local router to introduce itself to the remote end of the connection

B.) Broadcast a routing table update

C.) Identify MAC addresses if the IP address is known

D.) Sent every 10 seconds used to verify the Frame Switch is still active

Ans A

Inverse ARP operates in a Frame Relay network so the two end points can identify themselves to each other.

22 Identify 3 characteristics of a MAC address?

A.) Burned into the NIC

B.) 48 bits long

C.) Length is 32 bits

D.) Used to deliver the frame to the end device

E.) Contains a network portion and a host portion

Ans A B D

The MAC address is 48 bits long not 32. It does NOT contain a network and host portion with the address. It is used to deliver the frame to the destination device.

23 Identify 3 IP routing protocols?

A.) RIP

B.) AURP

C.) OSPF

D.) IGRP

E.) ARP

F.) ICMP

Ans A C D

AURP and ICMP are not routing protocols.

24 Identify the type of routing protocol that exchanges entire routing tables at regular intervals?

A.) Link state

B.) Interior gateway protocols

C.) Appletalk routing

D.) Distance vector

Ans D

Distance Vector routing protocols exchange entire routing tables with it’s neighbors. Link State routing protocols exchange LSP’s to share information regarding the networks they know.

25 Identify the type of hardware required to connect a Token ring network to an Ethernet network?

A.) Repeater

B.) TR-Enet

C.) Router

D.) Token Ring to Ethernet translation hub

Ans C

Routers are used to connect dissimilar networks with different access-methods, like connecting Token Ring to Ethernet.

26 Identify 3 characteristics regarding CDP?

A.) On by default

B.) Shows only directly connected neighbors

C.) Requires IP or IPX

D.) 60 second update interval by default

E.) 30 second updates interval by default

Ans A B D

CDP stands for Cisco Discovery Protocol. It is used to discover directly connected neighbors, it is on by default and has a 60 second update interval by default.

27 Identify 2 transport layer protocols?

A.) IP

B.) TCP

C.) CDP

D.) ARP

E.) UDP

Ans B E

TPC and UDP are 2 layer4 Transport protocols.

28 Identify 2 features of X.25?

A.) Supports only IP

B.) Utilizes switched and permanent virtual circuits

C.) Contains minimal flow control and error recovery

D.) Utilizes LAPB as it’s data-link protocol

Ans B D

X.25 utilizes LAPB and uses switched and permanent VC’s. It supports multiple layer protocols and is heavy laden with error detection and correction mechanisms.

29 Identify the purpose of the Trace command?

A.) Explorer packet transmitting routing information

B.) Test connectivity

C.) Determine the path a packet is taking through the network

D.) Transmits user data when buffers are full

Ans C

The trace command is used to determine the path a packet has taken through the network.

30 Identify the purpose of the TCP 3 step handshake?

A.) Setup a un-reliable connection

B.) Initialize routing tables

C.) Synchronize sequence numbers between hosts

D.) Connection tear down process

Ans C

The 3 step handshake establishes the parameters required for a TCP connection. During the handshake process sequence numbers are synchronized allowing for the end points to properly acknowledge and re-assemble the segments.

31 Identify 2 PPP characteristics?

A.) Is proprietary to Cisco

B.) Supports authentication

C.) Support compression

D.) Run on a multi-access network

Ans B C

PPP supports authentication; PAP and CHAP. It also supports compression; Stacker and Predictor.

32 Which statement is true regarding half duplex?

A.) Only works in a point-to-point configuration

B.) Allows for transmitting and receiving but not a the same time

C.) Allow for transmitting and receiving of data simultaneously

D.) Doubles the bandwidth

Ans B

Half duplex is analogous to a single a lane bridge, it can handle traffic in both directions but no at the same time.

33 Identify the purpose of the wildcard mask?

A.) Match a certain portion of the IP address while ignoring the rest of the address

B.) Determine the class of the IP address

C.) Determine the network portion of an IP address

D.) Hide the host portion of an IP address

Ans A

The purpose of the wildcard mask to match a certain portion of the IP address while ignoring the rest.

34 Identify the OSI layer associated with bits?

A.) Physical

B.) Network

C.) Binary

D.) Data link

Ans A

The Physical layer converts the frames to bits.

35 Identify the type of routing protocol that maintains a topological database of the network?

A.) Topological state

B.) Shortest Path First

C.) Link state

D.) Distance vector

Ans C

Link State routing protocols maintain a database that lists all the networks in the internetwork.

36 Identify the 3 major functions at layer 3 of the OSI model?

A.) Forwarding process

B.) Logical addressing

C.) End-to-end connections

D.) Path selection

E.) MAC address examination

F.) Network monitoring

Ans A B D

Layer 3 determines the path, forwards the packet and implements software or logical addressing.

37 Identify the 2 rules used when configuring a Distance Vector routing protocol?

A.) Physically connected network(s)

B.) Configure the classful address, no subnets

C.) Enable CDP so neighbors can be detected

D.) Configure all networks in Area0

Ans A B

When configuring a Distance Vector routing protocol only assign the physically connected networks with the classful address only.

38 Identify 3 characteristics of an IP address?

A.) Contains a network portion and a host portion

B.) 32 bits long

C.) Unique to each network

D.) Part of the default Cisco configuration

E.) Referred to as the hardware address

Ans A B C

An IP address is 32 bits long, it is referred as the logical or software address. It contains a network and host portion. Each IP address is unique.

39 Identify 3 feature of access-lists?

A.) Implicit deny will deny any packets not matched

B.) Processed sequentially from bottom to top

C.) Processed sequentially from top to bottom

D.) If a packet is denied it would be tested against the remaining statements in the access-list

E.) Once a match is made the packet is either denied or permitted

F.) Enabled on all interfaces by default

Ans A C E

Access-list are processed from top to bottom, once a match occurs the packet is either denied or permitted and is no longer tested and if no match occurs the packet is denied via the implicit deny.

40 Which OSI layer performs code conversion, code formatting and encryption?

A.) Physical

B.) Data-Link

C.) Application

D.) Transport

E.) Presentation

F.) Network

Ans E

Layer 6 the Presentation layers performs this function.

41 Identify the order of the 5 step encapsulation?

1. Create the segment

2. Convert the frame to bits

3. Create the packet

4. Create the frame

5. User creates the data

A.) 1,2,4,2,5

B.) 2,1,3,4,5

C.) 5,1,3,4,2

D.) 5,3,4,1,2

Ans C

Cisco 5 step encapsulation.

1) User creates Data

2) Data is converted into a segment at layer 4

3) The segment is converted to packet at layer 3

4) The packet it converted into a frame at layer 2

5) The frame is converted into bits at layer 1

8 Ways to Access Blocked Websites

2013-02-23T20:22:00.001-08:00

8 Ways to Access Blocked Websites

1. Using IP instead of URL

2. Redirection with short URL service

3. Google cache

Search engines like Google and Yahoo cache webpages and these cached pages are stored in search engines themselves, which likely will be added to the blocked list. Click on the ‘cache’ will bring you to a cache version of the page, as updated as how Google caches it.

4. Internet Archive – Wayback Machine

Wayback Machine is a internet service that periodically keeps a copy of almost all websites in the Internet way from the date they’re started. Clicking on the latest copy of what Wayback Machine have should be somewhat similar to the real site.

5. Anonymous surfing

- Hidemyass.com

- anonymizer.com

- wujie.net

- ultrareach.net

6. Use Proxy in Browsers

7. Bypass with translation services

Use Google translate. Open Google translate ,type the URL and translate page.

8. Retrieve web pages via Email

How to boost internet speed by 20% without any softwareHow to boost internet speed by 20% without any software

2013-02-23T20:13:00.002-08:00

How to boost internet speed by 20% without any software

Increase internet speed by 20% without any software –

Microsoft reserves 20% of your available bandwidth for their own purposes like Windows Updates and interrogating your PC etc. By unreserving this bandwidth, you can make your internet connection faster. By 20%. The steps to do so are –

1. Click Start then Run and type "gpedit.msc" withoutquotes.

2. Then go to Local Computer Policy>Computer Configuration>Administrative Templetes>Network>QoS Packet Scheduler. Click on QoS Packet Scheduler. In the right side , find Limit Reservable Bandwidth and double click on Limit Reservable Bandwidth.

3. It will say it is not configured but the truth is under the ‘Explain’ tab. Select ‘Enable’ and set reservable bandwidth to zero.

4. Click on ‘Apply’ and your internet speed will boost up by 20%.

Different Types of Shell

2013-02-12T18:10:00.002-08:00

Different Types of Shell

Bourne shell (sh)

• Original UNIX shell written by Steve Bourne of Bell Labs, which is available on all UNIX systems.

• Does not have the interactive facilities provided by modern shells. (e.g. C shell and Korn shell)

• Permits shell scripts to be written and executed.

C shell (csh)

• Provides a C-like language with which to write shell scripts.

TC shell (tcsh)

• Available in the public domain.

• Provides all the features of the C shell together with emacs style editing of the command line.

Korn shell (ksh)

• Shell written by David Korn of Bell labs, which is now provided as the standard shell on UNIX systems.

• It provides all the features of the C and TC shells together with a shell programming language similar to that of the original Bourne shell.

• It is the most efficient shell.

• Advice: use this as your standard interactive shell

Bourne Again SHell (bash)

• This is a public domain shell written by the Free Software Foundation under their GNU initiative.

• Widely used within the academic community.

• Provides all the interactive features of the C shell (csh) and the Korn shell (ksh).

• Its programming language for shell scripts is compatible with the Bourne shell (sh).

• If Bourne shell (sh) is used for shell programming, bash is recommended as a complete shell

environment.

Proxy Server

2013-01-29T05:52:00.001-08:00

The other day, I was searching for some proxy sites in order to get access to facebook which is blocked in my institute. After some search I did get a site but then arose a question in my mind: - What are proxy servers?

Proxy servers, just like simple web servers, complete the requests made by clients. But the difference is that proxy servers don't have the resource that clients request for. A proxy server just connects clients to the main web server and acts as a middleman/ intermediary. It is like you trying to talk to your friend through a third person. Then the next question that came to my mind was: - Why do we need a proxy server then, can't we directly contact web servers to gain the required information ? Yes, we can but there are situations where using a proxy server is beneficial for a user as well as for organisations.

Proxy Server Concept

Uses of Proxy Servers

Now that you have some idea about what a proxy server is, you may think that we don't need a proxy server if we can access some resource or file directly from a web server. But there are some inherit advantages of using a proxy server for a general user as well as organisations.

Due to various reasons, organisations and ISPs block access to various sites. This content filtering is made possible by proxy servers. So depending on the content access policies of the organisation, the network administrator can configure the settings of proxy servers.
Proxy Servers also help in improving the performance by addressing client requests faster. This is possible by use of cache. Consider that you access facebook often using proxy site. Then a friend of yours, on the same network, also tries to connect to facebook through the proxy site. Facebook homepage will now be saved in the proxy server’s cache rather than retrieving from remote server again and your friend will be able to access it faster.
Proxy Server helps in keeping the client's IP address anonymous, thus ensuring better security.
Although they help organisations in blocking sites and filtering content but at the same time, some proxies allow user to access blocked sites. Such proxies help the user get through various firewalls and controlling softwares which are installed to regulate access.
Proxies can be used to log internet usage within an office or by a particular user.
Proxy server can be used as firewall to scan outbound and inbound flow of data. Thus they also nullify chances of hacking.

I hope now you know the advantages of proxy servers. But a word of caution, proxy servers are difficult to configure and if not done properly, a hacker can exploit it to gain sensitive data.
P.S. Do share your experiences of using proxy sites from college or office. :)

Mesh topology, its types, advantage and disadvantage

2013-01-29T05:42:00.002-08:00

What is Mesh Topology?

In a mesh network topology, each of the network node, computer and other devices, are interconnected with one another. Every node not only sends its own signals but also relays data from other nodes. In fact a true mesh topology is the one where every node is connected to every other node in the network. This type of topology is very expensive as there are many redundant connections, thus it is not mostly used in computer networks. It is commonly used in wireless networks. Flooding or routing technique is used in mesh topology.

Types of Mesh Network topologies:-

1)Full Mesh Topology:-

Mesh Topology Diagram

In this, like a true mesh, each component is connected to every other component. Even after considering the redundancy factor and cost of this network, its main advantage is that the network traffic can be redirected to other nodes if one of the nodes goes down. Full mesh topology is used only for backbone networks.

2) Partial Mesh Topology:-

This is far more practical as compared to full mesh topology. Here, some of the systems are connected in similar fashion as in mesh topology while rests of the systems are only connected to 1 or 2 devices. It can be said that in partial mesh, the workstations are ‘indirectly’ connected to other devices. This one is less costly and also reduces redundancy.

Advantages of Mesh topology

1) Data can be transmitted from different devices simultaneously. This topology can withstand high traffic.

2) Even if one of the components fails there is always an alternative present. So data transfer doesn’t get affected.

3) Expansion and modification in topology can be done without disrupting other nodes.

Disadvantages of Mesh topology

1) There are high chances of redundancy in many of the network connections.

2) Overall cost of this network is way too high as compared to other network topologies.

3) Set-up and maintenance of this topology is very difficult. Even administration of the network is tough.

Latest High Performance Processor Intel i7 Processor

2012-11-25T21:47:00.005-08:00

We heard of Intel Core i3,Intel core i5,Intel Core i7 processors and lets discuss about what is very latest Intel Core family processors. All We know That the latest processor from Intel is Intel Core i7 Processor, most of the people are unaware of the third generation Intel Core i7-3770 Processor. lets See some importance features and performance of Intel's latest 3rd generation processor

Intel Introduced Third Generation Core i7-3770 Processor and says

"Incredible performance paired with stunning visuals"

Image Intel.Com

Core i7-3770 Processor Features:

Amazing 3D Gaming and Media Performance

The Intel Core i7 processors, with quad-core power

Intel Turbo Boost Technology - Intel Turbo Boost Technology 2.0 automatically allows processor cores to run faster than the base operating frequency if they’re operating below power, current, and temperature specification limits.

Extra Performance on Demand

Smart Multi-Tasking

Number Of Cores : 4

Number of Threads : 8

processor Speed :3.90 Ghz

Cache Memory : 8 Mb L3 Unified

Motherboard : Intel® Desktop Board DZ77GA

Chipset :Intel® Z77 Express Chipset

Video Card :Intel® HD4000 Graphics

Graphics Resolution :1920 x 1200 resolution, 32-bit color

Java Programming 2 Marks

2012-11-07T21:56:00.003-08:00

JAVA PROGRAMMING

2-MARK Questions and Answers

UNIT I

1) What is meant by Object Oriented Programming?
     OOP is a method of programming in which programs are organised as cooperative collections of objects. Each object is an instance of a class and each class belong to a hierarchy.
2) What is a Class?
     Class is a template for a set of objects that share a common structure and a common behaviour.
3) What is an Object?
     Object is an instance of a class. It has state,behaviour and identity. It is also called as an instance of a class.
4) What is an Instance?
     An instance has state, behaviour and identity. The structure and behaviour of similar classes are defined in their common class. An instance is also called as an object.
5) What are the core OOP’s concepts?
     Abstraction, Encapsulation,Inheritance and Polymorphism are the core OOP’s concepts.
6) What is meant by abstraction?
     Abstraction defines the essential characteristics of an object that distinguish it from all other kinds of objects. Abstraction provides crisply-defined conceptual boundaries relative to the perspective of the viewer. Its the process of focussing on the essential characteristics of an object. Abstraction is one of the fundamental elements of the object model.
7) What is meant by Encapsulation?
     Encapsulation is the process of compartmentalising the elements of an abtraction that defines the structure and behaviour. Encapsulation helps to separate the contractual interface of an abstraction and implementation.
8) What are Encapsulation, Inheritance and Polymorphism?                                                         Encapsulation is the mechanism that binds together code and data it manipulates and keeps both safe from outside interference and misuse. Inheritance is the process by which one object acquires the properties of another object. Polymorphism is the feature that allows one interface to be used for general class actions.
9) What are methods and how are they defined?                                                                     Methods are functions that operate on instances of classes in which they are defined. Objects can communicate with each other using methods and can call methods in other classes. Method definition has four parts. They are name of the method, type of object or primitive type the method returns, a list of parameters and the body of the method. A method’s signature is a combination of the first three parts mentioned above.
10) What are different types of access modifiers (Access specifiers)?                       Access specifiers are keywords that determine the type of access to the member of a class. These keywords are for allowing
privileges to parts of a program such as functions and variables. These are:
public: Any thing declared as public can be accessed from anywhere.       private: Any thing declared as private can’t be seen outside of its class. protected: Any thing declared as protected can be accessed by classes in the same package and subclasses in the other packages.                                         default modifier : Can be accessed only to classes in the same package.

11) What is an Object and how do you allocate memory to it? Object is an instance of a class and it is a software unit that combines a structured set of data with a set of operations for inspecting and manipulating that data. When an object is created using new operator, memory is allocated to it.

12) Explain the usage of Java packages.

This is a way to organize files when a project consists of multiple modules. It also helps resolve naming conflicts when different packages have classes with the same names. Packages access level also allows you to protect data from being used by the non-authorized classes.

13) What is method overloading and method overriding? Method overloading: When a method in a class having the same method name with different arguments is said to be method overloading. Method overriding : When a method in a class having the same method name with same arguments is said to be method overriding.

14) What gives java it’s “write once and run anywhere” nature? All Java programs are compiled into class files that contain bytecodes. These byte codes can be run in any platform and hence java is said to be platform independent.

15) What is a constructor? What is a destructor?
     Constructor is an operation that creates an object and/or initialises its state. Destructor is an operation that frees the state of an object and/or destroys the object itself. In Java, there is no concept of destructors. Its taken care by the JVM.
16) What is the difference between constructor and method?                                                           Constructor will be automatically invoked when an object is created whereas method has to be called explicitly
17) What is Static member classes?                                                                                A static member class is a static member of a class. Like any other static method, a static member class has access to all static methods of the parent, or top-level, class.
18) What is Garbage Collection and how to call it explicitly?                                                           When an object is no longer referred to by any variable, java automatically reclaims memory used by that object. This is known as garbage collection. System. gc() method may be used to call it explicitly
19) In Java, How to make an object completely encapsulated?
     All the instance variables should be declared as private and public getter and setter methods should be provided for accessing the instance variables.
20) What is static variable and static method?
   static variable is a class variable which value remains constant for the entire class
static method is the one which can be called with the class itself and can hold only the staic variables
21) What is finalize() method?
    finalize () method is used just before an object is destroyed and can be called just prior to garbage collection.

22) What is the difference between String and String Buffer?

a) String objects are constants and immutable whereas StringBuffer objects are not. b) String class supports constant strings whereas StringBuffer class supports growable and modifiable strings.

23) What is the difference between Array and vector?
Array is a set of related data type and static whereas vector is a growable array of objects and dynamic

24) What is a package?

A package is a collection of classes and interfaces that provides a high-level layer of access protection and name space management.

25) What is the difference between this() and super()?

this() can be used to invoke a constructor of the same class whereas super() can be used to invoke a super class constructor.

26) Explain working of Java Virtual Machine (JVM)? JVM is an abstract computing machine like any other real computing machine which first converts .java file into .class file by using Compiler (.class is nothing but byte code file.) and Interpreter reads byte codes.

UNIT II

1) What is meant by Inheritance?
Inheritance is a relationship among classes, wherein one class shares the structure or behaviour defined in another class. This is called Single Inheritance. If a class shares the structure or behaviour from multiple classes, then it is called Multiple Inheritance. Inheritance defines “is-a” hierarchy among classes in which one subclass inherits from one or more generalised superclasses.

2) What is meant by Inheritance and what are its advantages? Inheritance is the process of inheriting all the features from a class. The advantages of inheritance are reusability of code and accessibility of variables and methods of the super class by subclasses.

3) What is the difference between superclass and subclass? A super class is a class that is inherited whereas sub class is a class that does the inheriting.

4) Differentiate between a Class and an Object?

The Object class is the highest-level class in the Java class hierarchy. The Class class is used to represent the classes and interfaces that are loaded by a Java program. The Class class is used to obtain information about an object's design. A Class is only a definition or prototype of real life object. Whereas an object is an instance or living representation of real life object. Every object belongs to a class and every class contains one or more related objects.

5) What is meant by Binding?
        Binding denotes association of a name with a class
6) What is meant by Polymorphism?
     Polymorphism literally means taking more than one form. Polymorphism is a characteristic of being able to assign a different behavior or value in a subclass, to something that was declared in a parent class.

7) What is Dynamic Binding?

Binding refers to the linking of a procedure call to the code to be executed in response to the call. Dynamic binding (also known as late binding) means that the code associated with a given procedure call is not known until the time of the call at run-time. It is associated with polymorphism and inheritance.

8) What is final modifier? The final modifier keyword makes that the programmer cannot change the value anymore. The actual meaning depends on whether it is applied to a class, a variable, or a method.

final Classes- A final class cannot have subclasses.

final Variables- A final variable cannot be changed once it is initialized.

final Methods- A final method cannot be overridden by subclasses.

9) What is an Abstract Class?
     Abstract class is a class that has no instances. An abstract class is written with the expectation that its concrete subclasses will add to its structure and behaviour, typically by implementing its abstract operations.
10) What are inner class and anonymous class?
      Inner class: classes defined in other classes, including those defined in methods are called inner classes. An inner class can have any accessibility including private. Anonymous class: Anonymous class is a class defined inside a method without a name and is instantiated and declared in the same place and cannot have explicit constructors
11) What is an Interface?
     Interface is an outside view of a class or object which emphaizes its abstraction while hiding its structure and secrets of its behaviour.
12) What is a base class?
     Base class is the most generalised class in a class structure. Most applications have such root classes. In Java, Object is the base class for all classes.

13) What is reflection in java?

Reflection allows Java code to discover information about the fields, methods and constructors of loaded classes and to dynamically invoke them.

14) Define superclass and subclass?
            Superclass is a class from which another class inherits.                                Subclass is a class that inherits from one or more classes.
15) What is meant by Binding, Static binding, Dynamic binding?
    Binding: Binding denotes association of a name with a class.                  Static binding: Static binding is a binding in which the class association is made during compile time. This is also called as Early binding.
     Dynamic binding: Dynamic binding is a binding in which the class association is not made until the object is created at execution time. It is also called as Late binding.

16) What is reflection API? How are they implemented? Reflection is the process of introspecting the features and state of a class at runtime and dynamically manipulate at run time. This is supported using Reflection API with built-in classes like Class, Method, Fields, Constructors etc. Example: Using Java Reflection API we can get the class name, by using the getName method.

17) What is the difference between a static and a non-static inner class?
A non-static inner class may have object instances that are associated with instances of the class's outer class. A static inner class does not have any object instances.

18) What is the difference between abstract class and interface? a) All the methods declared inside an interface are abstract whereas abstract class must have at least one abstract method and others may be concrete or abstract. b) In abstract class, key word abstract must be used for the methods whereas interface we need not use that keyword for the methods.

c) Abstract class must have subclasses whereas interface can’t have subclasses.

19) Can you have an inner class inside a method and what variables can you access?

Yes, we can have an inner class inside a method and final variables can be accessed.

20) What is interface and its use? Interface is similar to a class which may contain method’s signature only but not bodies and it is a formal set of method and constant declarations that must be defined by the class that implements it. Interfaces are useful for:

a) Declaring methods that one or more classes are expected to implement b) Capturing similarities between unrelated classes without forcing a class relationship.

c) Determining an object’s programming interface without revealing the actual body of the class.

21) How is polymorphism acheived in java?
     Inheritance, Overloading and Overriding are used to acheive Polymorphism in java.
22) What modifiers may be used with top-level class?                                                           public, abstract and final can be used for top-level class.
23) What is a cloneable interface and how many methods does it contain?
    It is not having any method because it is a TAGGED or MARKER interface.

24) What are the methods provided by the object class?

The Object class provides five methods that are critical when writing multithreaded Java programs:

· notify

· notifyAll

· wait (three versions)

25) Define: Dynamic proxy. A dynamic proxy is a class that implements a list of interfaces, which you specify at runtime when you create the proxy. To create a proxy, use the static method java.lang.reflect.Proxy::newProxyInstance(). This method takes three arguments:

The class loader to define the proxy class
An invocation handler to intercept and handle method calls
A list of interfaces that the proxy instance implements

26) What is object cloning?

It is the process of duplicating an object so that two identical objects will exist in the memory at the same time.

UNIT III

1) What is the relationship between the Canvas class and the Graphics class?
A Canvas object provides access to a Graphics object via its paint() method.

2) How would you create a button with rounded edges?

There’s 2 ways. The first thing is to know that a JButton’s edges are drawn by a Border. so you can override the Button’s paintComponent(Graphics) method and draw a circle or rounded rectangle (whatever), and turn off the border. Or you can create a custom border that draws a circle or rounded rectangle around any component and set the button’s border to it.

3) What is the difference between the ‘Font’ and ‘FontMetrics’ class?

The Font Class is used to render ‘glyphs’ - the characters you see on the screen. FontMetrics encapsulates information about a specific font on a specific Graphics object. (width of the characters, ascent, descent)

4) What is the difference between the paint() and repaint() methods?

The paint() method supports painting via a Graphics object. The repaint() method is used to cause paint() to be invoked by the AWT painting thread.

5) Which containers use a border Layout as their default layout?
The window, Frame and Dialog classes use a border layout as their default layout.

6) What is the difference between applications and applets? a)Application must be run on local machine whereas applet needs no explicit installation on local machine.

b)Application must be run explicitly within a java-compatible virtual machine whereas applet loads and runs itself automatically in a java-enabled browser. c)Application starts execution with its main method whereas applet starts execution with its init method. d)Application can run with or without graphical user interface whereas applet must run within a graphical user interface.

7) Difference between Swing and Awt?

AWT are heavy-weight componenets. Swings are light-weight components. Hence swing works faster than AWT.

8) What is a layout manager and what are different types of layout managers available in java AWT?

A layout manager is an object that is used to organize components in a container. The different layouts are available are FlowLayout, BorderLayout, CardLayout, GridLayout and GridBagLayout.

9) How are the elements of different layouts organized? FlowLayout: The elements of a FlowLayout are organized in a top to bottom, left to right fashion.

BorderLayout: The elements of a BorderLayout are organized at the borders (North, South, East and West) and the center of a container.

CardLayout: The elements of a CardLayout are stacked, on top of the other, like a deck of cards.

GridLayout: The elements of a GridLayout are of equal size and are laid out using the square of a grid.

GridBagLayout: The elements of a GridBagLayout are organized according to a grid. However, the elements are of different size and may occupy more than one row or column of the grid. In addition, the rows and columns may have different sizes. The default Layout Manager of Panel and Panel sub classes is FlowLayout.

10) Why would you use SwingUtilities.invokeAndWait or SwingUtilities.invokeLater?

I want to update a Swing component but I’m not in a callback. If I want the update to happen immediately (perhaps for a progress bar component) then I’d use invokeAndWait. If I don’t care when the update occurs, I’d use invokeLater.

11) What is an event and what are the models available for event handling? An event is an event object that describes a state of change in a source. In other words, event occurs when an action is generated, like pressing button, clicking mouse, selecting a list, etc. There are two types of models for handling events and they are: a) event-inheritance model and b) event-delegation model

12) What is the difference between scrollbar and scrollpane?

A Scrollbar is a Component, but not a Container whereas Scrollpane is a Conatiner and handles its own events and perform its own scrolling.

13) Why won’t the JVM terminate when I close all the application windows? The AWT event dispatcher thread is not a daemon thread. You must explicitly call System.exit to terminate the JVM.

14) What is meant by controls and what are different types of controls in AWT? Controls are components that allow a user to interact with your application and the AWT supports the following types of controls: Labels, Push Buttons, Check Boxes, Choice Lists, Lists, Scrollbars, and Text Components. These controls are subclasses of Component.

15) What is the difference between a Choice and a List?

A Choice is displayed in a compact form that requires you to pull it down to see the list of available choices. Only one item may be selected from a Choice. A List may be displayed in such a way that several List items are visible. A List supports the selection of one or more List items.

16) What is the purpose of the enableEvents() method?

The enableEvents() method is used to enable an event for a particular object. Normally,an event is enabled when a listener is added to an object for a particular event. The enableEvents() method is used by objects that handle events by overriding their eventdispatch methods.

17) What is the difference between the File and RandomAccessFile classes?

The File class encapsulates the files and directories of the local file system. The RandomAccessFile class provides the methods needed to directly access data contained in any part of a file.

18) What is the lifecycle of an aplet?

init() method - Can be called when an applet is first loaded start() method - Can be called each time an applet is started. paint() method - Can be called when the applet is minimized or maximized. stop() method - Can be used when the browser moves off the applet’s page. destroy() method - Can be called when the browser is finished with the applet.

19) What is the difference between a MenuItem and a CheckboxMenuItem? The CheckboxMenuItem class extends the MenuItem class to support a menu item that may be checked or unchecked.
20) What class is the top of the AWT event hierarchy?
The java.awt.AWTEvent class is the highest-level class in the AWT event-class hierarchy.

21) What is source and listener?

source : A source is an object that generates an event. This occurs when the internal state of that object changes in some way.

listener : A listener is an object that is notified when an event occurs. It has two major requirements. First, it must have been registered with one or more sources to receive notifications about specific types of events. Second, it must implement methods to receive and process these notifications.

22) Explain how to render an HTML page using only Swing. Use a JEditorPane or JTextPane and set it with an HTMLEditorKit, then load the text into the pane.

23) How would you detect a keypress in a JComboBox? This is a trick. most people would say ‘add a KeyListener to the JComboBox’ - but the right answer is ‘add a KeyListener to the JComboBox’s editor component.’

24) What an I/O filter? An I/O filter is an object that reads from one stream and writes to another, usually altering the data in some way as it is passed from one stream to another.

25) How can I create my own GUI components? Custom graphical components can be created by producing a class that inherits from java.awt.Canvas. Your component should override the paint method, just like an applet does, to provide the graphical features of the component.

UNIT IV

GENERIC PROGRAMMING

1) What is an exception?

An exception is an event, which occurs during the execution of a program, that disrupts the normal flow of the program's instructions.

2) What is error?

An Error indicates that a non-recoverable condition has occurred that should not be caught. Error, a subclass of Throwable, is intended for drastic problems, such as OutOfMemoryError, which would be reported by the JVM itself.

3) Which is superclass of Exception?

"Throwable", the parent class of all exception related classes.

4) What are the advantages of using exception handling?

Exception handling provides the following advantages over "traditional" error management techniques:

Separating Error Handling Code from "Regular" Code.

Propagating Errors Up the Call Stack.

Grouping Error Types and Error Differentiation.

5) What are the types of Exceptions in Java

There are two types of exceptions in Java, unchecked exceptions and checked exceptions.

Checked exceptions: A checked exception is some subclass of Exception (or Exception itself), excluding class RuntimeException and its subclasses. Each method must either handle all checked exceptions by supplying a catch clause or list each unhandled checked exception as a thrown exception.

Unchecked exceptions: All Exceptions that extend the RuntimeException class are unchecked exceptions. Class Error and its subclasses also are unchecked.

6) Why Errors are Not Checked? A unchecked exception classes which are the error classes (Error and its subclasses) are exempted from compile-time checking because they can occur at many points in the program and recovery from them is difficult or impossible. A program declaring such exceptions would be pointlessly.

7) How does a try statement determine which catch clause should be used to handle an exception?

When an exception is thrown within the body of a try statement, the catch clauses of the try statement are examined in the order in which they appear. The first catch clause that is capable of handling the exception is executed. The remaining catch clauses are ignored.

8) What is the purpose of the finally clause of a try-catch-finally statement?

The finally clause is used to provide the capability to execute code no matter whether or not an exception is thrown or caught.

9) What is the difference between checked and Unchecked Exceptions in Java? All predefined exceptions in Java are either a checked exception or an unchecked exception. Checked exceptions must be caught using try.. catch () block or we should throw the exception using throws clause. If you dont, compilation of program will fail.

10) What is the difference between exception and error? The exception class defines mild error conditions that your program encounters. Exceptions can occur when trying to open the file, which does not exist, the network connection is disrupted, operands being manipulated are out of prescribed ranges, the class file you are interested in loading is missing. The error class defines serious error conditions that you should not attempt to recover from. In most cases it is advisable to let the program terminate when such an error is encountered.

11) What is the catch or declare rule for method declarations? If a checked exception may be thrown within the body of a method, the method must either catch the exception or declare it in its throws clause.

12) When is the finally clause of a try-catch-finally statement executed? The finally clause of the try-catch-finally statement is always executed unless the thread of execution terminates or an exception occurs within the execution of the finally clause.

13) What if there is a break or return statement in try block followed by finally block? If there is a return statement in the try block, the finally block executes right after the return statement encountered, and before the return executes.

14) What are the different ways to handle exceptions?

There are two ways to handle exceptions:

Wrapping the desired code in a try block followed by a catch block to catch the exceptions.

List the desired exceptions in the throws clause of the method and let the caller of the method handle those exceptions.

15) How to create custom exceptions?

By extending the Exception class or one of its subclasses.

Example:

class MyException extends Exception {
public MyException() { super(); }
public MyException(String s) { super(s); }
}

16) Can we have the try block without catch block?

Yes, we can have the try block without catch block, but finally block should follow the try block.
Note: It is not valid to use a try clause without either a catch clause or a finally clause.

17) What is the difference between swing and applet? Swing is a light weight component whereas Applet is a heavy weight Component. Applet does not require main method, instead it needs init method.

18) What is the use of assert keyword? Assert keyword validates certain expressions. It replaces the if block effectively and throws an AssertionError on failure. The assert keyword should be used only for critical arguments (means without that the method does nothing).

19) How does finally block differ from finalize() method? Finally block will be executed whether or not an exception is thrown. So it is used to free resoources. finalize() is a protected method in the Object class which is called by the JVM just before an object is garbage collected.

20) What is the difference between throw and throws clause? throw is used to throw an exception manually, where as throws is used in the case of checked exceptions, to tell the compiler that we haven't handled the exception, so that the exception will be handled by the calling function.

21) What are the different ways to generate and Exception?

There are two different ways to generate an Exception.

Exceptions can be generated by the Java run-time system.

Exceptions thrown by Java relate to fundamental errors that violate the rules of the Java language or the constraints of the Java execution environment.

Exceptions can be manually generated by your code.

Manually generated exceptions are typically used to report some error condition to the caller of a method.

22) Where does Exception stand in the Java tree hierarchy?

java.lang.Object
java.lang.Throwable
java.lang.Exception
java.lang.Error

23) What is StackOverflowError? The StackOverFlowError is an Error Object thorwn by the Runtime System when it Encounters that your application/code has ran out of the memory. It may occur in case of recursive methods or a large amount of data is fetched from the server and stored in some object. This error is generated by JVM.

e.g. void swap(){

swap();

}

24) Explain the exception hierarchy in java.

The hierarchy is as follows: Throwable is a parent class off all Exception classes. They are two types of Exceptions: Checked exceptions and UncheckedExceptions. Both type of exceptions extends Exception class

25) How do you get the descriptive information about the Exception occurred during the program execution?

All the exceptions inherit a method printStackTrace() from the Throwable class. This method prints the stack trace from where the exception occurred. It prints the most recently entered method first and continues down, printing the name of each method as it works its way down the call stack from the top.

UNIT V

1) Explain different way of using thread?

The thread could be implemented by using runnable interface or by inheriting from the Thread class. The former is more advantageous, 'cause when you are going for multiple inheritance..the only interface can help.

2) What are the different states of a thread ?

The different thread states are ready, running, waiting and dead.

3) Why are there separate wait and sleep methods?
The static Thread.sleep(long) method maintains control of thread execution but delays the next action until the sleep time expires. The wait method gives up control over thread execution indefinitely so that other threads can run.

4) What is multithreading and what are the methods for inter-thread communication and what is the class in which these methods are defined?

Multithreading is the mechanism in which more than one thread run independent of each other within the process. wait (), notify () and notifyAll() methods can be used for inter-thread communication and these methods are in Object class. wait() : When a thread executes a call to wait() method, it surrenders the object lock and enters into a waiting state. notify() or notifyAll() : To remove a thread from the waiting state, some other thread must make a call to notify() or notifyAll() method on the same object.

5) What is synchronization and why is it important?

With respect to multithreading, synchronization is the capability to control the access of multiple threads to shared resources. Without synchronization, it is possible for one thread to modify a shared object while another thread is in the process of using or updating that object's value. This often leads to significant errors.

6) How does multithreading take place on a computer with a single CPU? The operating system's task scheduler allocates execution time to multiple tasks. By quickly switching between executing tasks, it creates the impression that tasks execute sequentially.

7) What is the difference between process and thread? Process is a program in execution whereas thread is a separate path of execution in a program.

8) What happens when you invoke a thread's interrupt method while it is sleeping or waiting?

When a task's interrupt() method is executed, the task enters the ready state. The next time the task enters the running state, an InterruptedException is thrown.

9) How can we create a thread?

A thread can be created by extending Thread class or by implementing Runnable interface. Then we need to override the method public void run().

10) What are three ways in which a thread can enter the waiting state?

A thread can enter the waiting state by invoking its sleep() method, by blocking on I/O, by unsuccessfully attempting to acquire an object's lock, or by invoking an object's wait() method. It can also enter the waiting state by invoking its (deprecated) suspend() method.

11) How can i tell what state a thread is in ?

Prior to Java 5, isAlive() was commonly used to test a threads state. If isAlive() returned false the thread was either new or terminated but there was simply no way to differentiate between the two.

12) What is synchronized keyword? In what situations you will Use it? Synchronization is the act of serializing access to critical sections of code. We will use this keyword when we expect multiple threads to access/modify the same data. To understand synchronization we need to look into thread execution manner.

13) What is serialization?

Serialization is the process of writing complete state of java object into output stream, that stream can be file or byte array or stream associated with TCP/IP socket.

14) What does the Serializable interface do?

Serializable is a tagging interface; it prescribes no methods. It serves to assign the Serializable data type to the tagged class and to identify the class as one which the developer has designed for persistence. ObjectOutputStream serializes only those objects which implement this interface.

15) When you will synchronize a piece of your code?

When you expect your code will be accessed by different threads and these threads may change a particular data causing data corruption.

16) What is daemon thread and which method is used to create the daemon thread?

Daemon thread is a low priority thread which runs intermittently in the back ground doing the garbage collection operation for the java runtime system. setDaemon method is used to create a daemon thread.

17) What is the difference between yielding and sleeping?
When a task invokes its yield() method, it returns to the ready state. When a task invokes its sleep() method, it returns to the waiting state.

18) What is casting?

There are two types of casting, casting between primitive numeric types and casting between object references. Casting between numeric types is used to convert larger values, such as double values, to smaller values, such as byte values. Casting between object references is used to refer to an object by a compatible class, interface, or array type reference.

19) What classes of exceptions may be thrown by a throw statement? A throw statement may throw any expression that may be assigned to the Throwable type.

20) A Thread is runnable, how does that work?
The Thread class' run method normally invokes the run method of the Runnable type it is passed in its constructor. However, it is possible to override the thread's run method with your own.
21) Can I implement my own start() method?
The Thread start() method is not marked final, but should not be overridden. This method contains the code that creates a new executable thread and is very specialised. Your threaded application should either pass a Runnable type to a new Thread, or extend Thread and override the run() method.
22) Do I need to use synchronized on setValue(int)?                                                             It depends whether the method affects method local variables, class static or instance variables. If only method local variables are changed, the value is said to be confined by the method and is not prone to threading issues.

23) What is thread priority?

Thread Priority is an integer value that identifies the relative order in which it should be executed with respect to others. The thread priority values ranging from 1- 10 and the default value is 5. But if a thread have higher priority doesn't means that it will execute first. The thread scheduling depends on the OS.

24) What are the different ways in which a thread can enter into waiting state? There are three ways for a thread to enter into waiting state. By invoking its sleep() method, by blocking on I/O, by unsuccessfully attempting to acquire an object's lock, or by invoking an object's wait() method.

25) How would you implement a thread pool?

The ThreadPool class is a generic implementation of a thread pool, which takes the following input Size of the pool to be constructed and name of the class which implements Runnable (which has a visible default constructor) and constructs a thread pool with active threads that are waiting for activation. once the threads have finished processing they come back and wait once again in the pool.

26) What is a thread group?

A thread group is a data structure that controls the state of collection of thread as a whole managed by the particular runtime environment.

Computer Networks 16 Marks Key Points

2012-11-07T21:38:00.001-08:00

PART B

UNIT I

Data communications

1. Explain ISO/OSI reference model.

_ Physical layer

_ Data link layer

_ Network layer

_ Transport layer

_ Session layer

_ Presentation layer

_ Application layer

2. Explain the topologies of the network.

_ Mesh topology

_ Star topology

_ Tree topology

_ Bus topology

_ Ring topology

3. Explain the categories of networks.

_ Local Area Network(LAN)

_ Metropolitan Area Network(MAN)

_ Wide Area Network(WAN)

4. Explain coaxial cable & fiber optics.

_ Coaxial cable

_ Coaxial cable standards

_ Coaxial cable connectors

_ Fiber optics

_ Propagation modes

_ Fiber sizes

_ Cable composition

_ Light sources for optical cable

_ Fiber optic connectors

_ Advantages & disadvantages of optical fiber

5. Explain line coding (digital to digital conversion).

_ Unipolar

_ DC component

_ Synchronization

_ Polar

_ Non return to zero(NRZ)

_ NRZ-L

_ NRZ-I

_ Return to zero

_ Biphase

_ Manchester

_ Differential Manchester

_ Bipolar

_ Alternate Mark Inversion(AMI)

_ Bipolar 8-zero substitution(B8ZS)

_ High-Density Bipolar 3(HDB3)

UNIT II

Data link layer

1. Explain error detection and error correction techniques.

_ Types of errors

_ Single bit error

_ Burst error

_ Error detection

_ Vertical redundancy check(VRC)

_ Longitudinal redundancy check(LRC)

_ Cyclic redundancy check(CRC)

_ Checksum

_ Error correction

_ Single-bit error correction

_ Hamming code

_ Burst error correction

2. Explain error control mechanism.

_ Stop and wait ARQ

_ Sliding window ARQ

_ Go back-n

_ Selective-reject

3. Explain the flow control mechanism

_ Stop and wait

_ Sliding window.

4. Explain the timers and time registers in FDDI.

Time registers

_ Synchronous allocation(SA)

_ Target token rotation time(TTRT)

_ Absolute maximum time(AMT)

_ Timers

_ Token rotation timer(TRT)

_ Token holding timer(THT)

5. Explain about Ethernet.

_ Access method :CSMA/CD

_ Addressing

_ Electrical specification

_ Frame format

_ Implementation:

_ 10 base 5 :Thick Ethernet

_ 10 base 2 :Thin Ethernet

_ 10 base T :Twisted-pair Ethernet

_ 1 base 5 :Star LAN

6. Explain the frame format for token ring and token bus.

_ Access method: Token passing

_ Priority and reservation

_ Time limits

_ Monitor stations

7. Explain about HDLC.

_ Station types:

_ Primary station

_ Secondary station

_ Configurations:

_ Unbalanced configuration

_ Symmetrical configuration

_ Balanced configuration

_ Modes of communication:

_ Normal Response Mode(NRM)

_ Asynchronous Response Mode(ARM)

_ Asynchronous Balanced Mode(ABM)

_ Frames :

_ Flag field

_ Address field

_ Control field

_ Information field

_ FCS field

UNIT III

Network layer

1. Explain the two approaches of packet switching techniques.

_ Datagram approach

_ Virtual circuit approach

_ Switched virtual circuit(SVC)

_ Permanent virtual circuit(PVC)

_ Circuit – switched connection versus virtual – circuit connection

_ Path versus route

_ Dedicated versus shared

2. Explain IP addressing method.

_ Internetwork protocol (IP)

_ Datagram

_ Addressing

_ Classes

_ Dotted decimal notation

_ A sample internet

3. Define routing & explain distance vector routing and link state routing.

_ Distance vector routing

_ Sharing information

_ Routing table

_ Creating the table

_ Updating the table

_ Updating algorithm

_ Link state routing

_ Information sharing

_ Packet cost

_ Link state packet

_ Getting information about neighbors

_ Initialization

_ Link state database

4. Define bridge and explain the type of bridges.

_ Bridges

_ Types of bridges

_ Simple bridge

_ Multiport bridge

_ Transparent bridge

5. Explain subnetting

_ Subnetting

_ Three levels of hierarchy

_ Masking

_ Masks without subnetting

_ Masks with subnetting

_ Finding the subnetwork address

_ Boundary level masking

_ Non-boundary level masking

6. Write short notes about repeaters, routers and gateways.

_ Repeaters

_ Routers

_ Routing concepts

_ Least-cost routing

_ Non adaptive routing

_ Adaptive routing

_ Packet lifetime

_ Gateways

UNIT IV

Transport layer

1. Explain the duties of transport layer.

End to end delivery

Addressing

Reliable delivery

Error control

Sequence control

Loss control

Duplication control

Flow control

Multiplexing

2. Explain socket in detail.

Introduction

Explanation

Program

3. Explain UDP & TCP.

_ User Datagram Protocol(UDP)

_ Source port address

_ Destination port address

_ Total length

_ Checksum

_ Transmission Control Protocol(TCP)

_ Source port address

_ Destination port address

_ Sequence number

_ Acknowledgement number

_ Header length

_ Reserved

_ Control

_ Window size

_ Check sum

_ Urgent pointer

_ Options and padding

4. Explain about congestion control.

_ Congestion avoidance

_ BECN

_ FECN

_ Four situations

_ Discarding

5. Explain leaky bucket and token bucket algorithm

_ Leaky bucket algorithm

_ Leaky bucket

_ Switch controlling the output rate

_ Flowchart

UNIT V

Application Layer

1. Explain the functions of SMTP.

System for sending messages to other computer users based on e-mail

addresses. SMTP provides mail exchange between users on the same

or different computers.

-User Agent

-Mail Transfer Agent

-Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions

-Post Office Protocol

2. Write short notes on FTP.

-Transfer a file from one system to another.

-TCP connections

-Basic model of FTP

3. Explain about HTTP.

-HTTP transactions

-HTTP messages

-URL

4. Explain the WWW in detail.

-Hypertext & Hypermedia

-Browser Architecture

-Categories of Web Documents

-HTML

-CGI

-Java

5. Explain the type of encryption/decryption method.

Conventional Methods:

-Character-Level Encryption: Substitutional & Transpositional

-Bit-Level Encryption: Encoding/Decoding, Permutation, Substitution,

Product, Exclusive-Or & Rotation

Public key Methods

6. Explain about RSA algorithm.

-Public key Encryption technique.

-Encryption algorithm

-Decryption algorithm

-Security in RSA

7. Explain about secret key encryption algorithm.

-Data Encryption Standard

-Algorithm

-Sub key generation

Computer Network-2 Marks

2012-11-07T21:31:00.000-08:00

Computer network-CS52

UNIT – I

DATA COMMUNICATION

PART A

1. What is mean by data communication?

Data communication is the exchange of data (in the form of 1s and 0s) between two devices via some form of transmission medium (such as a wire cable).

2. What are the three criteria necessary for an effective and efficient network?

The most important criteria are performance, reliability and security.

Performance of the network depends on number of users, type of transmission medium, the capabilities of the connected h/w and the efficiency of the s/w.

Reliability is measured by frequency of failure, the time it takes a link to recover from the failure and the network’s robustness in a catastrophe.

Security issues include protecting data from unauthorized access and viruses.

3. What are the three fundamental characteristics determine the effectiveness of the data communication system?

The effectiveness of the data communication system depends on three fundamental characteristics:

Delivery: The system must deliver data to the correct destination.

Accuracy: The system must deliver data accurately.

Timeliness: The system must deliver data in a timely manner.

4. What are the advantages of distributed processing?

Advantages of distributed processing include security/encapsulation, distributed databases, faster problem solving, security through redundancy and collaborative processing.

5. Why are protocols needed?

In networks, communication occurs between the entities in different systems. Two entities cannot just send bit streams to each other and expect to be understood. For communication, the entities must agree on a protocol. A protocol is a set of rules that govern data communication.

6. Why are standards needed?

Co-ordination across the nodes of a network is necessary for an efficient communication. If there are no standards, difficulties arise. A standard provides a model or basis for development to which everyone has agreed.

7. For n devices in a network, what is the number of cable links required for a mesh and ring topology?

Mesh topology – n (n-1)/2

Ring topology – n

8. What is the difference between a passive and an active hub?

An active hub contains a repeater that regenerates the received bit patterns before sending them out. A passive hub provides a simple physical connection between the attached devices.

9. Distinguish between peer-to-peer relationship and a primary-secondary

relationship.

Peer-to-peer relationship: All the devices share the link equally.

Primary-secondary relationship: One device controls traffic and the others must transmit through it.

10. Assume 6 devices are arranged in a mesh topology. How many cables are

needed? How many ports are needed for each device?

Number of cables=n (n-1)/2=6(6-1)/2=15

Number of ports per device=n-1=6-1=5

11. Group the OSI layers by function.

The seven layers of the OSI model belonging to three subgroups. Physical, data link and network layers are the network support layers; they deal with the physical aspects of moving data from one device to another. Session, presentation and application layers are the user support layers; they allow interoperability among unrelated software systems. The transport layer ensures end-to-end reliable data transmission.

12. What are header and trailers and how do they get added and removed?

Each layer in the sending machine adds its own information to the message it receives from the layer just above it and passes the whole package to the layer just below it. This information is added in the form of headers or trailers. Headers are added to the message at the layers 6,5,4,3, and 2. A trailer is added at layer2. At the receiving machine, the headers or trailers attached to the data unit at the corresponding sending layers are removed, and actions appropriate to that layer are taken.

13. The transport layer creates a communication between the source and destination. What are the three events involved in a connection?

Creating a connection involves three steps: connection establishment, data transfer and connection release.

14. What is the DC component?

Direct current is a zero-frequency signal with constant amplitude.

15. How does NRZ-L differ from NRZ-I?

In the NRZ-L sequence, positive and negative voltages have specific meanings: positive for 0 and negative for 1. in the NRZ-I sequence, the voltages are meaningless. Instead, the receiver looks for changes from one level to another as its basis for recognition of 1s.

16. Using HDB3, encode the bit stream 10000000000100. Assume the number of 1s so far is odd and the first 1 is positive.

17. What are the functions of a DTE? What are the functions of a DCE?

Data terminal equipment is a device that is an information source or an

information sink. It is connected to a network through a DCE. Data circuit-terminating equipment is a device used as an interface between a DTE

and a network.

18. What does the electrical specification of EIA-232 describe?

The electrical specification of EIA-232 defines that signals other than data must be sent using OFF as less than -3 volts and ON as greater than +3 volts. The data must be transmitted using NRZ-L encoding.

19. Discuss the mode for propagating light along optical channels.

There are two modes for propagating light along optical channels, multimode and single mode.

Multimode: Multiple beams from a light source move through the core in different paths.

Single mode: Fiber with extremely small diameter that limits beams to a few angles, resulting in an almost horizontal beam.

20. What is refraction?

The phenomenon related to the bending of light when it passes from one medium to another.

21.How are the guided media differing from unguided transmission media?

Guided transmission media Unguided transmission media

1.Guided indicate, medium is contained 1.Unguided medium does not

have any within physical boundary Physical boundary

2.Transmission takes place through wire. 2.It is a wireless transmission.

Amplitude

Time

1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0

22. What are the disadvantages of optical fiber as a transmission medium?

The disadvantages of optical fiber are

Very expensive.
Installation and maintenance is difficult.
Fragility.

23. What are the criteria used to evaluate transmission medium?

The criteria used to evaluate transmission medium are

Throughput
Propagation speed
Propagation time
Wavelength

24. Give the relationship between propagation speed and propagation time?

Propagation time = distance / propagation speed The time required for a signal or a bit to travel from one point to another is called Propagation time.

Propagation speed is the distance, a signal or a bit travel through a

medium in one second.

25.Explain cross talk and what is needed to reduce it?

Effect of one wire on another is called as cross talk. One wire will be

the sending antenna and the other wire will be the receiving antenna. We can use the shielded twisted pair cable or coaxial cable for transmission, which contains metal foil to reduce cross talk.

UNIT-II

DATA LINK LAYER

1.What are the responsibilities of data link layer?

Specific responsibilities of data link layer include the following.

a) Framing

b) Physical addressing

c) Flow control

d) Error control

e) Access control

2. Mention the types of errors.

There are 2 types of errors

a) Single-bit error.

b) Burst-bit error.

3. Define the following terms.

a) Single bit error: The term single bit error means that only one bit

of a given data unit (such as byte character/data unit or packet) is

changed from 1 to 0 or from 0 to 1.

b) Burst error: Means that 2 or more bits in the data unit have

changed from 1 to 0 from 0 to 1.

4. What is redundancy?

It is the error detecting mechanism, which means a shorter group of bits or extra bits may be appended at the destination of each unit.

5. List out the available detection methods.

There are 4 types of redundancy checks are used in data communication.

a) Vertical redundancy checks (VRC).

b) Longitudinal redundancy checks (LRC).

c) Cyclic redundancy checks (CRC).

d) Checksum.

6. Write short notes on VRC.

The most common and least expensive mechanism for error detection is

the vertical redundancy check (VRC) often called a parity check. In this technique

a redundant bit called a parity bit, is appended to every data unit so, that the total

number of 0’s in the unit (including the parity bit) becomes even.

7. Write short notes on LRC.

In longitudinal redundancy check (LRC), a block of bits is divided into

rows and a redundant row of bits is added to the whole block.

8. Write short notes on CRC.

The third and most powerful of the redundancy checking techniques is the

cyclic redundancy checks (CRC) CRC is based on binary division. Here a

sequence of redundant bits, called the CRC remainder is appended to the end of

data unit.

9. Write short notes on CRC generator.

A CRC generator uses a modulo-2 division.

a) In the first step, the 4 bit divisor is subtracted from the first

4 bit of the dividend.

b) Each bit of the divisor is subtracted from the corresponding

bit of the dividend without disturbing the next higher bit.

10. Write short notes on CRC checker.

A CRC checker functions exactly like a generator. After receiving

the data appended with the CRC it does the same modulo-2 division. If the

remainder is all 0’s the CRC is dropped and the data accepted. Otherwise, the

received stream of bits is discarded and the dates are resent.

11. Give the essential properties for polynomial.

A polynomial should be selected to have at least the following properties.

a) It should not be

b) It should be divisible by(x+1).

12. Define checksum.

The error detection method used by the higher layer protocol is called checksum. Checksum is based on the concept of redundancy.

13. What are the steps followed in checksum generator?

The sender follows these steps

a) The units are divided into k sections each of n bits.

b) All sections are added together using 2’s complement to get

the sum.

c) The sum is complemented and become the checksum.

d) The checksum is sent with the data.

14. List out the steps followed is checksum checker side.

The receiver must follow these steps

a) The unit is divided into k section each of n bits.

b) All sections are added together using 1’s complement to get

the sum.

c) The sum is complemented.

d) If the result is zero.

15. Write short notes on error correction.

It is the mechanism to correct the errors and it can be handled in 2 ways.

a) When an error is discovered, the receiver can have the

sender retransmit the entire data unit.

b) A receiver can use an error correcting coder, which

automatically corrects certain errors.

16. Mention the types of error correcting methods.

There are 2 error-correcting methods.

a) Single bit error correction

b) Burst error correction.

17. What is the purpose of hamming code?

A hamming code can be designed to correct burst errors of certain lengths. So the simple strategy used by the hamming code to correct single bit errors must be redesigned to be applicable for multiple bit correction.

18. Define flow control.

Flow control refers to a set of procedures used to restrict the amount of

data. The sender can send before waiting for acknowledgment.

19. What is a buffer?

Each receiving device has a block of memory called a buffer, reserved for

storing incoming data until they are processed.

20. Mention the categories of flow control.

There are 2 methods have been developed to control flow of data across

communication links.

a) Stop and wait- send one from at a time.

b) Sliding window- send several frames at a time.

21. What is the function of stop and wait flow control?

In this method, the sender sends one frame and waits for an

acknowledgement before sending.

22. Mention the advantage and disadvantage of stop and wait flow control.

Advantage: simplicity

Disadvantage: inefficiency.

23. Define ARQ.

Error control in the data link layer is based on Automatic repeat request

(ARQ), which means retransmission of data in 3 cases.

a) Damaged frame

b) Lost frame

c) Lost acknowledgment.

24. Mention the functionof go-back N-ARQ.

It is the popular mechanism for continuous transmission error control. In the method, if our frame is lost or damaged, all frames sent since the last frame

acknowledged are retransmitted.

25. What is selective reject ARQ?

In selective reject ARQ only the specific damaged or lost frame is retransmitted. If a frame is corrupted in transit, a NAK is returned and the frame is resent out of sequence.

26. Define HDLC.

It is a bit-oriented data link protocol designed to support both half-duplex and full duplex communication over point to point and midpoint links.

27. List the types of stations is HDLC.

HDLC differentiates between 3 types of stations.

a) Primary

b) Secondary

c) Combined

28. Define configuration.

The bond configuration refers to the relationship of hardware devices on a link.

29. List the various ways of station configuration.

The stations are configured in 3 ways

a) Unbalanced configuration

b) Symmetrical configuration

c) Balanced configuration

30. What are the different communication modes in HDLC?

HDLC supports 3 modes of communication between stations.

a) Normal response mode (NRM)

b) Asynchronous response mode (ARM)

c) Asynchronous balanced mode (ABM)

31. Mention the types of frames in HDLC.

There are 3 types of HDLC frames.

a) Information frames (I-frames)

b) Supervisory frames (S-frames)

c) Unnumbered frames (U-frames)

32. Give the usage of I, S, U frames.

I frames – used to transport user data and control information relating to user data.

S frames – used only to transport control information, primarily data link layer

and error controls.

U frames – reserved for systems management.

33. Write the types of frame fields contained in HDLC.

Each frame in HDLC may contain up to 6 fields.

a) Beginning flag field

b) An address field

c) A control field

d) An information field

e) A frame check sequence (FCS) field

f) An ending flag field.

34. What is meant by bit stuffing?

Bit stuffing is the process of adding one extra 0 whenever there are 5 consecutive in the data so that the receiver doesn’t mistake the data for a flag.

35. Define LAN.

A Local Area Network (LAN) is a data communication system that allows a

number of independent devices to communicate directly with each other in a limited geographic area.

36. Mention the various architecture in a LAN.

LAN is dominated by 4 architectures.

a) Ethernet

b) Token bus

c) Token ring

d) Fiber distributed data interface (FDDI)

37. Define a standard 802.3

IEEE 802.3 supports a LAN standard originally developed by Xerox and later extended by a joint venture between digital equipment corporations. Intel Corporation and Xerox. This was called ‘Ethernet’.

38. List the most command kinds of Base band 802.3 LAN.

a) 10 Base 5

b) 10 Base 2

c) 10 Base T

d) 1 Base 5

e) 100 Base T

39. Mention the different kinds of Ethernet networks.

a) Switched Ethernet

b) Fast Ethernet

c) Gigabit Ethernet

40. Write short notes on FDDI.

Fiber distributed data interface is a local areas. Network protocol standardized by ANSI and ITU-7. It supports data rates of 100 Mbps and provides a high-speed alternative to Ethernet and token ring access method used here is token passing.

41. Describe the three HDLC station types?

The three HDLC station types are:

Primary station: The primary station has the complete control of the link. The

Primary station sends commands to the secondary station.

Secondary station: The secondary station sends responses.

Combined station: The combined station is one which acts either as a primary or a Secondary, depending upon the nature and direction of the transmission.

Combined station sends both commands and responses.

42. What is piggy backing?

Piggy backing means combining data to sent and acknowledgement of the

frame received in one single frame. Piggy backing can save bandwidth because the overhead from a data frame and an ACK frame can be combined into just one frame

43. Name the four types of S-frames?

The four types of S-frames are

Receive ready(RR).The value of the code sub field is 00

Receive not ready(RNR). The value of the code sub field is 10

Reject(REJ). The value of the code sub field is 01

Selective reject(SREJ). The value of the code sub field is 11

44. Name the five categories of U-frames?

The five categories of U-frames are

Mode setting
Unnumbered exchange
Disconnection.
Initialization mode.
Miscellaneous mode

UNIT III

NETWORK LAYER

1. What are the network support layers and the user support layers?

Network support layers:

The network support layers are Physical layer, Data link layer and

Network layer. These deals with electrical specifications, physical connection,

transport timing and reliability.

User support layers:

The user support layers are: Session layer, Presentation layer,

Application layer. These allow interoperability among unrelated software system.

2. With a neat diagram explain the relationship of IEEE Project to the OSI model?

The IEEE has subdivided the data link layer into two sub layers:

* Logical link control (LLC)

* Medium access control (MAC)

LLC is non-architecture specific. The MAC sub layer contains a number

of distinct modules ,each carries proprietary information specific to the

LAN product being used.

3. What are the functions of LLC?

The IEEE project 802 model takes the structure of an HDLC frame and divides it into 2 sets of functions. One set contains the end user portion of the HDLC frame – the logical address, control information, and data. These functions are handled by the IEEE 802.2 logical link control (LLC) protocol.

4. What are the functions of MAC?

MAC sub layer resolves the contention for the shared media. It contains

synchronization, flag, flow and error control specifications necessary to move

information from one place to another, as well as the physical address of the next station to receive and route a packet.

5. What is protocol data unit?

The data unit in the LLC level is called Protocol Data Unit (PDU). It contains four

fields.

Destination Service Point

Address (DSAP)

Source Service Access Point

Other layers

Network

Data link

Physical

Other layers

Network

Logical Link Control

Media Access Control

Physical

DSAP SSAP Control Information

Control field

Information field

6. What are headers and trailers and how do they get added and removed?

The control data added to the beginning of a data is called headers. The

control data added to the end of a data is called trailers. At the sending machine, when the message passes through the layers each layer adds the headers or trailers. At the receiving machine, each layer removes the data meant for it and passes the rest to the next layer.

7. What are the responsibilities of network layer?

The network layer is responsible for the source-to-destination delivery of

packet across multiple network links. The specific responsibilities of network layer include the following:

Logical addressing.

Routing.

8. What is a virtual circuit?

A logical circuit made between the sending and receiving computers. The

connection is made after both computers do handshaking. After the connection, all packets follow the same route and arrive in sequence.

9. What are data grams?

In datagram approach, each packet is treated independently from all others. Even when one packet represents just a place of a multipacket transmission, the network treats it although it existed alone. Packets in this technology are referred to as datagram.

10. What are the two types of implementation formats in virtual circuits?

Virtual circuit transmission is implemented in 2 formats.

Switched virtual circuit

Permanent virtual circuit.

11. What is meant by switched virtual circuit?

Switched virtual circuit format is comparable conceptually to dial-up line in circuit switching. In this method, a virtual circuit is created whenever it is needed and exits only for the duration of specific exchange.

12. What is meant by Permanent virtual circuit?

Permanent virtual circuits are comparable to leased lines in circuit switching. In this method, the same virtual circuit is provided between two uses on a continuous basis. The circuit is dedicated to the specific uses.

13. Define Routers.

Routers relay packets among multiple interconnected networks. They Route packets from one network to any of a number of potential destination networks on internet routers operate in the physical, data link and network layer of OSI model.

14. What is meant by hop count?

The pathway requiring the smallest number of relays, it is called hop-count

routing, in which every link is considered to be of equal length and given the value one.

15. How can the routing be classified?

The routing can be classified as,

Adaptive routing

Non-adaptive routing.

16. What is time-to-live or packet lifetime?

As the time-to-live field is generated, each packet is marked with a lifetime, usually the number of hops that are allowed before a packet is considered lost and accordingly, destroyed. The time-to-live determines the lifetime of a packet.

17. What is meant by brouter?

A brouter is a single protocol or multiprotocol router that sometimes act as a router and sometimes act as a bridge.

18. Write the keys for understanding the distance vector routing.

The three keys for understanding the algorithm are

Knowledge about the whole networks

Routing only to neighbors

Information sharing at regular intervals

19. Write the keys for understanding the link state routing.

The three keys for understanding the algorithm are

Knowledge about the neighborhood.

Routing to all neighbors.

Information sharing when there is a range.

20. How the packet cost referred in distance vector and link state routing?

In distance vector routing, cost refer to hop count while in case of link state routing, cost is a weighted value based on a variety of factors such as security levels, traffic or the state of the link.

21. How the routers get the information about neighbor?

A router gets its information about its neighbors by periodically sending them a short greeting packets. If the neighborhood responds to the greeting as expected, it is assumed to be alive and functioning. If it dose not, a change is assumed to have occurred and the sending router then alerts the rest of the network in its next LSP.

22. What are the four internetworking devices?

The four internetworking devices are,

Repeaters

Bridges

Routers

Gateway

23. Define IP address.

IP address is the 3-bit number for representing a host or system in the network. One portion of the IP address indicates a networking and the other represents the host in a network.

24. What is Token Bus?

Token Bus is a physical bus that operates as a logical ring using tokens.

Here stations are logically organized into a ring. A token is passed among stations. If a station wants to send data, it must wait and capture the token. Like Ethernet, station communicates via a common bus.

25. What is token passing?

Stations may attempt to send data multiple times before a transmission makes it onto a link. This redundancy may create delays of indeterminable length if the traffic is heavy. Token ring resolves this uncertainty by requiring that stations take turns sending data. Each station may transmit only during its turn and may send only one frame during each turn. The mechanism that coordinates this rotation is called token passing.

26. Define Masking?

Masking is the process that extracts the address of the physical network from an IP address.

27. What are the rules of boundary-level masking?

The rules of boundary-level masking

The bytes in the IP address that corresponds to 255 in the mask will be repeated in the subnetwork address

The bytes in the IP address that corresponds to 0 in the mask will

change to 0 in the subnetwork address

28. What are the rules of nonboundary-level masking?

The bytes in the IP address that corresponds to 255 in the mask

will be repeated in the subnetwork address

The bytes in the IP address that corresponds to 0 in the mask will

change to 0 in the subnetwork address

For other bytes, use the bit-wise AND operator

29. Define Gateway.

A device used to connect two separate networks that we different

communication protocols.

30. What is LSP?

In link state routing, a small packet containing routing information sent by

a router to all other router by a packet called link state packet.

UNIT IV

TRANSPORT LAYER

1. What is function of transport layer?

The protocol in the transport layer takes care in the delivery of data from one application program on one device to an application program on another device. They act as a link between the upper layer protocols and the services provided by the lower layer.

2. What are the duties of the transport layer?

The services provided by the transport layer

End-to- end delivery

Addressing

Reliable delivery

Flow control

Multiplexing

3. What is the difference between network layer delivery and the transport layer delivery?

Network layer delivery Transport layer delivery

The network layer is responsible for

the the source-to-destination

delivery of packet

across multiple network links.

The transport layer is responsible for

source-to-destination delivery of the

entire message.

4. What are the four aspects related to the reliable delivery of data?

The four aspects are,

Error control

Sequence control

Loss control

Duplication control

5. What is meant by segment?

At the sending and receiving end of the transmission, TCP divides long

transmissions into smaller data units and packages each into a frame called a

segment.

6. What is meant by segmentation?

When the size of the data unit received from the upper layer is too long for the network layer datagram or data link layer frame to handle, the transport protocol divides it into smaller usable blocks. The dividing process is called segmentation.

7. What is meant by Concatenation?

The size of the data unit belonging to a single session are so small that several can fit together into a single datagram or frame, the transport protocol combines them into a single data unit. The combining process is called concatenation.

8. What are the types of multiplexing?

The types of multiplexing are,

Upward multiplexing

Downward multiplexing

9. What are the two possible transport services?

Two basic types of transport services are,

Connection service

Connectionless services

10. The transport layer creates the connection between source and destination.

What are the three events involved in the connection?

For security , the transport layer may create a connection between the two end ports. A connection is a single logical path between the source and destination that is associated with all packets in a message. Creating a connection involves three steps:

Connection establishment

Data transfer & Connection release.

11. What are the techniques used in multiplexing?

The three basic techniques of multiplexing are,

Frequency-division multiplexing

Time-division multiplexing

Wave-division multiplexing

12. What is meant by congestion?

Congestion in a network occur if user send data into the network at a rate greater than that allowed by network resources.

13. Why the congestion occur in network?

Congestion occur because the switches in a network have a limited buffer size to store arrived packets.

14. How will the congestion be avoided?

The congestion may be avoided by two bits

BECN - Backward Explicit Congestion Notification

FECN - Forward Explicit Congestion Notification

15. What is the function of BECN BIT?

The BECN bit warns the sender of congestion in network. The sender can respond to this warning by simply reducing the data rate.

16. What is the function of FECN?

The FECN bit is used to warn the receiver of congestion in the network.

The sender and receiver are communicating with each other and are using some types of flow control at a higher level.

17. What is meant by quality of service?

The quality of service defines a set of attributes related to the performance of the connection. For each connection, the user can request a particular attribute each service class is associated with a set of attributes.

18. What are the two categories of QoS attributes?

The two main categories are

User Oriented

Network Oriented

19. List out the user related attributes?

User related attributes are

SCR – Sustainable Cell Rate

PCR – Peak Cell Rate

MCR- Minimum Cell Rate

CVDT – Cell Variation Delay Tolerance

20. What are the networks related attributes?

The network related attributes are,

Cell loss ratio (CLR)

Cell transfer delay (CTD)

Cell delay variation (CDV)

Cell error ratio (CER)

21. What is frame?

A frame consists of one complete cycle of time slots, including one or

more slot dedicated to each sending device.

22. What is interleaving?

The switch moves from device to device at a constant rate and fixed order. This process is called interleaving.

23. What is framing bits?

One or more synchronization bits are usually added to the beginning of each frame. These bitts are called framing bits.

24. What is the difference between service point address, logical address and physical address? Service point addressing Logical addressing Physical addressing

The transport layer header includes a type of address called a service point address or port address, If a packet passes the network boundary we need another addressing to differentiate the source and If the frames are to be distributed to different systems on the network, the data link layer adds the which makes a data delivery from a specific process on one computer to a specific process on another computer. destination systems. The network layer adds a header, which indicate the logical address of the sender and receiver. header, which defines the source machine’s address and the destination machine’s address.

UNIT – V

APPLICATION LAYER

1. What is the purpose of Domain Name System?

Domain Name System can map a name to an address and conversely an address to name.

2. Discuss the three main division of the domain name space.

Domain name space is divided into three different sections: generic domains,

country domains & inverse domain.

Generic domain: Define registered hosts according to their generic behavior, uses

generic suffixes.

Country domain: Uses two characters to identify a country as the last suffix.

Inverse domain: Finds the domain name given the IP address.

3. Discuss the TCP connections needed in FTP.

FTP establishes two connections between the hosts. One connection is used for data transfer, the other for control information. The control connection uses very simple rules of communication. The data connection needs more complex rules due to the variety of data types transferred.

4. Discuss the basic model of FTP.

The client has three components: the user interface, the client control process, and the client data transfer process. The server has two components: the server control process and the server data transfer process. The control connection is made between the control processes. The data connection is made between the data transfer processes.

5. What is the function of SMTP?

The TCP/IP protocol supports electronic mail on the Internet is called Simple Mail Transfer (SMTP). It is a system for sending messages to other computer users based on e-mail addresses. SMTP provides mail exchange between users on the same or different computers.

6. What is the difference between a user agent (UA) and a mail transfer agent

(MTA)?

The UA prepares the message, creates the envelope, and puts the message in the envelope. The MTA transfers the mail across the Internet.

7. How does MIME enhance SMTP?

MIME is a supplementary protocol that allows non-ASCII data to be sent through SMTP. MIME transforms non-ASCII data at the sender site to NVT ASCII data and deliverers it to the client SMTP to be sent through the Internet. The server SMTP at the receiving side receives the NVT ASCII data and delivers it to MIME to be transformed back to the original data.

8. Why is an application such as POP needed for electronic messaging?

Workstations interact with the SMTP host which receives the mail on behalf of every host in the organization, to retrieve messages by using a client- server protocol such as Post Office Protocol , version 3(POP3). Although POP3 is used to download messages from the server, the SMTP client still needed on the desktop to forward messages from the workstation user to its SMTP mail server.

9. Give the format of HTTP request message.

10. Give the format of HTTP response message.

Status Line

Headers

A Blank Line

Body

(present only in

some messages)

Request Line

Headers

A Blank Line

Body

(present only in

some messages)

11. Write down the three types of WWW documents.

The documents in the WWW can be grouped into three broad categories: static, dynamic and active.

Static: Fixed-content documents that are created and stored in a server.

Dynamic: Created by web server whenever a browser requests the document.

Active: A program to be run at the client side.

12. What is the purpose of HTML?

HTML is a computer language for specifying the contents and format of a web document. It allows additional text to include codes that define fonts, layouts, embedded graphics and hypertext links.

13. Define CGI.

CGI is a standard for communication between HTTP servers and executable

programs. It is used in crating dynamic documents.

14. Name four factors needed for a secure network.

Privacy: The sender and the receiver expect confidentiality.

Authentication: The receiver is sure of the sender’s identity and that an imposter has not sent the message.

Integrity: The data must arrive at the receiver exactly as it was sent.

Non-Reputation: The receiver must able to prove that a received message came from a specific sender.

15. How is a secret key different from public key?

In secret key, the same key is used by both parties. The sender uses this key and an encryption algorithm to encrypt data; the receiver uses the same key and the corresponding decryption algorithm to decrypt the data.

In public key, there are two keys: a private key and a public key. The private key is kept by the receiver. The public key is announced to the public.

16. What is a digital signature?

Digital signature is a method to authenticate the sender of a message. It is similar to that of signing transactions documents when you do business with a bank. In network transactions, you can create an equivalent of an electronic or digital signature by the way you send data.

17. What are the advantages & disadvantages of public key encryption?

Advantages:

a) Remove the restriction of a shared secret key between two entities. Here each entity can create a pair of keys, keep the private one, and publicly distribute the other one.

b) The no. of keys needed is reduced tremendously. For one million users to

communicate, only two million keys are needed.

Disadvantage:

If you use large numbers the method to be effective. Calculating the cipher text using the long keys takes a lot of time. So it is not recommended for large amounts of text.

18. What are the advantages & disadvantages of secret key encryption?

Advantage:

Secret Key algorithms are efficient: it takes less time to encrypt a message. The reason is that the key is usually smaller. So it is used to encrypt or decrypt long messages.

Disadvantages:

a) Each pair of users must have a secret key. If N people in world want to use this method, there needs to be N (N-1)/2 secret keys. For one million people to communicate, a half-billion secret keys are needed.

b) The distribution of the keys between two parties can be difficult.

19. Define permutation.

Permutation is transposition in bit level.

Straight permutation: The no. of bits in the input and output are preserved.

Compressed permutation: The no. of bits is reduced (some of the bits are dropped).

Expanded permutation: The no. of bits is increased (some bits are repeated).

20. Define substitutional & transpositional encryption.

Substitutional: A character level encryption in which each character is replaced by another character in the set.

Transpositional: A Character level encryption in which the characters retain their plaintext but the position of the character changes.

CS2401 Computer Graphics

2012-11-05T22:11:00.004-08:00

CS2401 COMPUTER GRAPHICS

ANNA UNIV QUESTION BANK

CS2401- COMPUTER GRAPHICS

UNIT 1-2D PRIMITIVES

PART A

1. Define Computer Graphics.

2. Explain any 3 uses of computer graphics applications.

3. What are the advantages of DDA algorithm?

4. What are the disadvantages of DDA algorithm?

5. Define Scan-line Polygon fill algorithm.

6. What are Inside-Outside tests?

7. Define Boundary-Fill algorithm.

8. Define Flood-Fill algorithm.

9. Define attribute parameter. Give examples.

10. What is a line width? What is the command used to draw the thickness of lines.

11. What are the three types of thick lines? Define.

12. What are the attribute commands for a line color?

13. What is color table? List the color codes.

14. What is a marker symbol and where it is used?

15. Discuss about inquiry functions.

16. Define translation and translation vector.

17. Define window and view port.

18. Define viewing transformation.

19. Give the equation for window to viewport transformation.

20. Define view up vector.

21. What is meant by clipping? Where it happens?

22. What is point clipping and what are its inequalities?

23. What is line clipping and what are their parametric representations?

24. How is translation applied?

25. What is referred to as rotation?

26. Write down the rotation equation and rotation matrix. 4. What is called scaling

transformation?

27. Write the matrix representation for scaling, translation and rotation.

28. Draw the block diagram for 2D viewing transformation pipeline.

29. Mention the equation for homogeneous transformation.

30. What is known as composition of matrix? 9

31. Write the composition transformation matrix for scaling, translation and

Rotation.

32. Discuss about the general pivot point rotation?

33. Discuss about the general fixed point scaling.

34. Explain window, view port and window - to - view port transformation

35. Mention the three raster functions available in graphics packages.

36. What is known as region codes?

37. Why Cohen Sutherland line clipping is popular?

38. Mention the point clipping condition for the liang-barsky line clipping.

39. What is called as an exterior clipping?

40. How is the region code bit values determined?

41. Why liang-barsky line clipping is more efficient than Cohen Sutherland line

Clipping?

42. Differentiate uniform and differential scaling.

PART B

1. Consider a line from (0,0) to (6,7).Using simple DDA algorithm,rasterize thisline.

2. Consider a line from (0,0) to (6,6).Using simple DDA algorithm,rasterize thisline.

3. Consider a line from (0,0) to (6,7).Using simple DDA algorithm,rasterize this line.

4. Applying Bresenham’s algorithm to draw a line from (4,4) and end point is (-3,0).

5. Plot a circle at origin having centre as (0,0) and radius=8 using Bresenham’s

circle algorithm.

6. Plot a circle using mid point algorithm whose radius=3 and center is at (0,0).

7. The input ellipse parameters are rx=8 and ry=6.Using midpoint ellipse

method,rasterize this ellipse.

8. Explain in detail about line attributes with neat diagram.

9. Explain soft fill procedures.

10. Explain the three primary color used in graphics and explain how other colors are

achieved?

11. Explain in detail about color and grey scale levels?

12. Explain color and grey scale levels.

13. Explain the area fill attributes and character attributes.

14. Explain character attributes in detail.

15. Briefly discuss about basic transformations.

16. Explain matrix representations.

17. Discuss about composite transformations.

18. Explain about reflection and shear.

19. Explain the following transformation with the matrix representations.Give

suitable diagram for illustration,i translation.ii scaling.iii rotation.

20. How the rotation of an object about the pivot point is performed?

21. How window-to-viewport coordinate transformation happens.

22. Explain clipping with its operation in detail.

23. Explain cohen- sutherland line clipping.

24. Discuss the logical classifications of input devices.

25. Explain the details of 2d viewing transformation pipeline.

26. Explain point, line, curve, text, exterior clipping?

UNIT-II THREE-DIMENSIONAL CONCEPTS

PART A

1. What is a parallel projection?

2. Differentiate parallel and perspective projection.

3. What are quadric surfaces?

4. Define superquadrics.

5. What are blobby objects?

6. Define the term spline curve.

7. Write about depth cueing.

8. What is viewing operation?

9. What is meant by projection?

10. What is meant by view reference coordinate systems?

11. What is projected reference point?

12. What is center of projection? What is the other name of it?

13. Where do we use front plane and back plane?

14. What is the necessary of using near plane and far plane?

15. What is called axonometric and isometric projections?

16. Draw the three dimensional transformation pipeline.

17. Explain vanishing point and principal vanishing point.

18. Mention the classifications of visible surface detection algorithm

19. Explain about octree method.

20. Compare cavaliar and cabinet projections.

PART B

1. Discuss the three-dimensional composite transformation.

2. Differentiate parallel and perspective projection.

3. What are the functions available for 3-d transformation functions?

4. Explain the 3-d transformation for translation, rotation, scaling?

5. Write the matrix representation for 3-d transformation?

6. Explain the pipeline for transforming a view of a world-coordinate scene to

device coordinates.

7. Describe the different types of rotation position in 3-d?

8. Compare the parallel and perspective projections?

9. What is a 3-d projection? Explain with a neat diagram.

UNIT-III GRAPHICS PROGRAMMING

PART A

1. Discuss the properties of light.

2. Define chromaticity, complementary colors, color gamut and primary

colors.

3. What is color model?

4. Define hue, saturation and value.

5. Explain XYZ color model.

6. Explain RGB color model.

7. Explain YIQ color model.

8. Explain CMY color model.

9. Explain HSV color model.

10. Give the procedure to convert HSV & RGB color model.

11. What is the use of chromaticity diagram?

12. What is illumination model?

13. What are the basic illumination models?

14. What is called as lightness?

15. Explain the conversion of CMY to RGB representation.

16. What is animation?

17. Define Morphing.

18. What are the steps involved in designing an animation sequence?

19. How to draw dots using OPENGL?

20. How to draw lines using OPENGL?

21. How to draw convex polygons using OPENGL?

22. What is the command used in OPENGL to clear the screen?

23. What are the various OPENGL datatypes?

PART B

1. Explain about HSV Color Model.

2. Write short notes about a) YIQ Color Model. b)CMY Color Model.

3. Explain about HLS Color Model.

4. Explain RGB color model and CMY color model.

5. Devise an algorithm for conversion between HSV and RGB models.

6. Define animation sequences. What are the various steps involved in animation

sequence?

7. Describe Morphing with an example.

8. What are Keyframe systems? Explain.

9. Describe the various ways in which the motions of objects can be specified in an

animation system.

10. Explain the various primitives and attributes in OPENGL.

11. How to draw a 3-D object using OPENGL? Explain it with an example.

UNIT-IV RENDERING

PART A

1. What is a shading model?

2. What is diffuse reflectivity?

3. Define Phong model.

4. What is flat shading?

5. What is Gouraud shading?

6. What is Fast Phong shading?

7. What is meant by Texture Mapping?

8. What are the rendering techniques for shaded images?

PART B

1. Describe about flat and smooth shading.

2. Write briefly about adding texture to faces and shadows of objects.

3. Write in detail about the rendering techniques for shadow images.

UNIT- V FRACTALS

PART A

1. What is a fractal?

2. What are the characteristics of a fractal object?

3. How to classify the fractals?

4. What are self squaring fractals?

5. What are self-Inverse fractals?

6. Define Julia set.

7. What are Mandelbrot sets?

8. What is Ray tracing?

9. What is texture mapping?

PARTB

1. How to create image by iterated functions?

2. Describe in detail about Ray tracing methods.

3. Write in detail about Transparency.

4. Explain the various Boolean operations on objects.

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CS2401 Computer Graphics

CS2401 COMPUTER GRAPHICS

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