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Negative النفى

2011-05-19T08:21:00.000-07:00

هناك عدة حالات لتحويل الجملة الى النفى :-

ÿ اولا فى حالة وجود فعل مساعد : نضع 'not' بعد الفعل المساعد.

Ex: She is here.

→ She is not here.

ÿ ثانيا فى حالة عدم وجود فعل مساعد :-

D اذا جاء الفعل المضارع بدون 's' نستخدم

Do not + المصدر

Ex: They play football.

→ They don't play football.

D اذا جاء الفعل المضارع منتهى بـ 's' نستخدم

Does not + المصدر

Ex: He plays football.

→ He doesn't play football.

D اما اذا جاء الفعل فى الماضى نستخدم

Did not +المصدر

Ex: He played football.

→ He didn't play football.

B اذا جاء فعل 'have' فعل رئيسى فى الجملة بمعنى يملك، يعامل معاملة الفعل العادى.

Ex: He has a car.

→ He doesn't have a car.

Ex: They have a car.

→ They don't have a car.

Ex: He had a car.

→ He didn't have a car.

B اذا جاء فعل 'do' فعل رئيسى بمعنى يفعل، يعامل معاملة الفعل العادى.

Ex: He does his duty.

→ He doesn't do his duty.

Ex: They do their duties.

→ They don't do their duties.

Ex: He did his duty.

→ He didn't do his duty.

ÿثالثا هناك حالات شاذة تحول كالاتى :-

1- Some → No / Not any.

a) He gave me some money.

→ He didn't give me any money.

→ He gave me no money.

b) There is something in the desk.

→ There is no thing in the desk.

→ There isn't any thing in the desk.

c) There is somebody (someone) in the room.

→ There is nobody (no one) in the room.

→ There isn't anybody (anyone) in the room.

d) He went somewhere.

→ He went no where.

→ He didn't go anywhere.

2- Sometimes / some day / always / Often → Never.

a) He sometimes plays in the street.

→ He never plays in the street.

b) He always comes late.

→ He never comes late.

3- Both.....and / Either......or → Neither ......nor.

a) Both the girl and her sister go to school.

→ Neither the girl nor her sister goes to school.

b) He is either a teacher or a doctor.

→ He is neither a teacher nor a doctor.

4- All → Not all / None of

Every → Not every / No

Each → Not each / No

a) All pupils are clever.

→ Not all pupils are clever.

→ None of pupils is (are) clever.

b) Every pupil is clever.

→ Not every pupil is clever.

→ No pupil is clever.

5- Everybody → No body.

Everyone → No one

Each one → Not anyone

Ex: Everybody came.

→ No body came.

6- Also / Too → Not ...either.

Ex: He helped his brother, also (too).

→ He didn't help his brother, either.

7- And → Or (اذا كان الفعلين لفاعل واحد)

Ex: He answered the exercise and gave it to the teacher.

→ He didn't answer the exercise or give it to the teacher.

تبقى 'and' كماهى فى حالة وجود فاعلين

Ex: He played football and his brother went to cinema.

→ He didn't play football and his brother didn't go to cinema.

8- And so → And neither / And nor / Not either

Ex: He sold his car and so his friend.

→ He didn't sell his car and neither did his friend.

→ He didn't sell his car and his friend didn't either.

9- Just / Already / Recently → Not yet.

Ex: He has already written his homework.

→ He hasn't written his homework yet.

→ He hasn't yet written his homework.

10- As...as → Not as (so).....as

Ex: She is as beautiful as her sister.

→ She is not as (so) beautiful as her sister.

11- فعل الامر

Ex: Write your name on the paper.

→ Don't write your name on the paper.

12- Must الزام → Needn't عدم الزام

Ex: He must take a taxi to arrive in time.

→ He needn't take a taxi to arrive in time.

13- Must be استنتاج → Can't be

Ex: He works for a long time, he must be tired.

→ He doesn't work for a long time, he can't be tired.

14- A lot of → Many اذا كان بعدها عدد

A lot of → Much اذا كان بعدها كمية او شئ معنوى

a) He has got a lot of books.

→ He hasn't got many books.

b) He has got a lot of money.

→ He hasn't got much money.

c) He has got a lot of freedom.

→ He hasn't got much freedom.

& Exercise:-

@ Choose the correct answer from these in brackets:-

1- An engineer knows about machines but teachers (doesn't / don't / aren't / are).

2- Neither of your answers (is / was / were / had) correct yesterday.

3- He (doesn't / didn't / hadn't / won't) go to school nor did his friend.

4- He didn't buy a car (also / either / neither / not any).

5- (No / None / Not / No one) of these medicines has done me much good.

@ Change in to negative:-

1- Both Samy and Ramy are late.

2- We saw somebody there.

3- Pay attention to what he says.

4- He as clever as his brother.

5- He went to the club and played tennis.

Imperative الأمر

2011-05-19T08:18:00.001-07:00

يستخدم فعل الأمر لاعطاء اوامر او تعليمات او لتوجيه الدعوات

يتكون الامر من مصدر الفعل'Inf.'

Ex: Open the window.

يتكون نفى المر باستخدام "Don't"

Ex: Don't open the window.

Let's تستخدم للاقتراحات

Ex: Let's go to the club.

# فى حالة نفى "let's" نضع "not" بعدها

Ex: Let's not go to the club.

& Exercise:-

@ Choose the correct answer:

1- Please (you open / opened / open) the window.

2- (Is / Be / Being) quiet, the baby is asleep.

3- The cooker is too hot, (touch / not touch / don't touch) it.

4- (You turn / Turned / Turn) down the stereo if you don't mind.

5- (Let's not / Let's don't / Not let's) be late.

6- (Let's / let is / Let we) go to a picnic.

7- I'll be late, (don't / not / doesn't) wait for me.

8- (Go / Gone / Goes) strait then (turn / turned / turning) on the right.

IF

2011-04-30T03:30:00.000-07:00

هناك اربعة درجات او حالات لـ'If'

uالحالة الاولى و تعبر عن الامكانية:

If → مضارع بسيط → will / shall + Inf.

Ex: If he plays well, he will win the match.

If you smile, you will win a friend.

vالحالة الثانية و تعبر عن غير المحتمل:

If → ماضى بسيط → would / should + Inf.

Ex: If he had time, he would help me.

If you studied, you would succeed.

wالحالة الثالثة و تعبر عن الاستحالة:

If → ماضى تام → would have / should have + P.p.

Ex: If you had studied, you would have succeeded.

If he had had enough money, he would have travelled abroad.

t الحالة الصفرية و تعبر عن الدوام و تشير الى الحقائق الدائمة:

If → مضارع بسيط → مضارع بسيط

Ex: If you heat a metal, it expands.

If you press the button, the machine works.

Will / Shall + Inf. If مضارع بسيط

Would / Should + Inf. If ماضى بسيط

Would have / should have + P.p. If ماضى تام

مضارع بسيط If مضارع بسيط

# ملاحظات:

ë اذا اردنا عمل جملة تامة و كان فى الجملة صفة نستخدم:- الصفة +V.To.Be + الفاعل

Ex: A good girl. → The girl is good.

ë يمكن استخدام (can / may / shall) بدلا من (will)

Ex: If it is fine we can go for a swim.

ë اذا جاء فى بداية الجملة (were / had / should) تعتبر مساوية لـ (If)

Ex: Were I in your place I would study well.

ë اذا طلب استخدام 'were' فى بداية الجملة و كان فى الجملة فعل اساسى نجعله فى المصدر مسبوقا بكلمة 'to' للحفاظ على المعنى.

Ex: If he had a lot of money he could travel abroad. (Begin with: Were ...)

→ Were he to have a lot of money he could travel abroad.

ë اذا جاءت If تربط بين جملتين فى الماضى البسيط نرفع الزمن فنستخدم الحالة الثالثة لـ If مع جعل الاثبات نفى و النفى اثبات :

Ex: Samy didn't receive his friend at the airport because he was ill. (Use: If)

→ If Samy had not been ill, he would have received his friend at the airport.

ë اذا جاءت If تربط بين جملتين فى المضارع البسيط نرفع الزمن فنستخدم الحالة الثانية لـIf مع جعل الاثبات نفى و النفى اثبات و اذا جاء فى الجملة اسم نبدأ به الجملة ما عدا الحقائق تظل فى زمن المضارع بدون تغيير:

Ex: Sara writes a bad letter. She got low marks.

→ If Sara didn't write a bad letter she would not get low marks.

ä كلمة 'Unless' مساوية لـ 'If not' بمعنى اذا لم و نطبق نفس قاعدة 'If'.

Will / Shall + Inf. Unless مضارع بسيط

Would / Should + Inf. Unless ماضى بسيط

Would have / should have + P.p. Unless ماضى تام

مضارع بسيط Unless مضارع بسيط

Ex: Unless he plays well, he will lose the match.

Unless he helped me, I would be angry.

& Exercise:-

@ Do as shown in the brackets:-

1- If he won the match he would have a prize. (Use: unless)

2- Without blood banks, many wounded persons would die. (Use: if)

3- If he answered this question, he would succeed. (Use: unless)

4- He is careless. He makes accident. (Join with: if)

5- He is ill. He goes to school. (Join with: unless)

The Future Perfect Tense زمن المستقبل التام

2011-04-30T03:27:00.001-07:00

ë يستخدم المستقبل التام ليعبر عن حدث فى المستقبل متوقع ان ينتهى قبل او بعد او عند نقطة زمنية فى المستقبل.

B يتكون المستقبل التام من : "will / shall + have + P.p."

Ex: I will have finished my work in two hours.

# يأتى المستقبل التام غالباً مع :-

in + فترة من الوقت

Ex: He will have travelled in three days.

by + وقت محدد فى المستقبل

Ex: He will have slept ten hours by launch time.

This time +وقت محدد فى المستقبل

Ex: This time next week I will have been in Cairo.

& Exercise:

@ Correct the verbs in the brackets:

1- I (watch) T.V. at six.

2- When you arrive, he (sleep).

3- I (study) while you are taking your bath.

4- He (work) as usual.

5- I (stay) home the Fridays. You can phone me.

6- I (finish) my homework by six O'clock.

7- She (go) before you arrive.

8- She (stay) almost three years next January.

It's four O'clock. He (reach) home by now.

The Future Simple Tenseزمن المستقبل المستمر

2011-04-30T03:26:00.000-07:00

ëيستخدم زمن المستقبل المستمر ليعبر عن حدث مستمر فى المستقبل او ليعبر عن حدث فى المستقبل دون قصد اى سيحدث فى المجرى العادى للاحداث او حدث روتينى.

B يتكون المستقبل المستمر من:"will / shall + be + V. + ing"

Ex: I'll be staying at my aunt's during the next two weeks.

ÿ اذا جاء فى الجملة كلمة'all' مع زمن فى المستقبل تعتبر الجملة فى زمن المستقبل المستمر.

Ex: She will be watching T.V. all tomorrow morning

The Future Simple Tense زمن المستقبل البسيط

2011-04-30T03:25:00.000-07:00

ë يعبر زمن المستقبل البسيط عن حدث فى المستقبل ، قرار مفاجئ لعمل شئ ، الرغبة او الاستجابة لعمل او عدم عمل شئ فى المستقبل ، لطلب من شخص فعل شئ .

B يتكون المستقبل البسيط من 'shall / will' وياتى بعدهم المصدر. تاتى 'shall' مع 'I / we' اما 'will' فتاتى مع كل الضمائر.

Ex: He will come next week.

I shall leave tomorrow.

B تستخدم 'shall' غالبا للاقتراحات او لتقديم عرض.

Ex: Shall I carry the bag for you? (Offer)

Shall we go to the club? (Suggestion)

# ياتى هذا الزمن مع:-

tomorrow, shortly, soon, in future, probably, I expect, I think, next… (week, year),

in few… (minutes, hours).

& يتكون النفى فى المستقبل البسيط باضافة 'not' :-

Shall → shan't (shall not). Will → won't (will not).

ÿ يمكن استخدام " am, is, are + going to + Inf." للتعبير عن نية المتكلم فى فعل شئ او للتأكيد فى المستقبل و ذلك بدلا من 'shall, will' .

Ex: I feel pain I think I am going to be sick.

He is going to leave tomorrow.

& Exercise:

@ Choose the correct answer:

1- I (am / was / shall be / would be) thirty years old next year.

2- He (meet / met / will meet / has met) you tomorrow.

3- He (goes / is going / will go / would go) to travel to Europe next month.

4- I (was going / go / will go / am going) and shut the window.

5- I can't meet you tomorrow because my parents (will come / come / are coming / were coming) to see me.

6- (Will I / Do I / Shall I / Did I) open the window for you?

@ Correct the verb in the brackets:

1- I (send) you a postcard next week.

2- He (fly) to Rome next Friday.

3- I (not leave) next week.

4- I think she (be) back soon.

5- He (visit) us next week.

6- I (finish) my work soon.

The Past Perfect Tenseزمن الماضي التام المستمر

2011-04-30T03:23:00.001-07:00

يستخدم زمن الماضي التام المستمر ليضيف معنى استمرار الحدث إلى معنى زمن الماضي التام.

يتكون الماضي التام المستمر من:" had + been + V. + ing"

Ex: After he had been working for three hours he went home.

ياتى هذا الزمن مع

After + for / before + for

Ex: After he had been working for three hours he went home.

Before he went home he had been working for three hours.

Exercise:

@ Choose the correct answer from these in brackets

1-I (was being / was / have been / had been) ready to go after the sun (would set / has set / was setting / had set) yesterday.

2- The patient (would / has / had / would have) died before the doctor came.

3- I barked my car as soon as I (have found / had found / was finding / would find) a space.

4- This (was / had / has been / had been) happened long before I was born.

5- I didn't overtake him until I (have looked / was looking / had looked / was looking) in the mirror.

@ Correct the verbs in the brackets:-

1- When I (leave) the house, if still (rain).

2- I didn't eat my supper until I (finish) my homework.

3- I (return) home after I (be) in the cinema.

4- I (play) tennis for years before I got married.

5- He (go) shopping after he (visit) his uncle.

The Past Perfect Tense زمن الماضي التام

2011-04-30T03:22:00.001-07:00

يستخدم زمن الماضي التام ليعبر عن فعل تم في الماضي قبل حدوث فعل ماضي أخر.

يتكون الماضي التام من "had + P.p." .

Ex: He had gone.

ياتى هذا الزمن مع :

After, before, no sooner......than, hardly (scarcely)......when.

Ex: Hardly had he returned when he was asked to travel again.

No sooner had he returned than he was asked to travel again.

أهم علامات هذا الزمن 'after / before' .

ماضي بسيط → after → ماضي تام

ماضي تام → before → ماضي بسيط

Ex: He met me after he had finished work.

He had finished work before he met me.

After he had eaten lunch he slept.

Before he slept he had eaten lunch.

إذا جاء في الجملة 'after / before' و لم يأتي بعدها فاعل نضع 'V. + ing' أو اسم.

Ex: After making a mistake he corrected it.

He had made a mistake before correcting it.

إذا جاء في الجملة كلمة 'that' بمفردها اى لا يوجد اى كلمة زمن أخرى تعتبر مساوية لـ'after'.

Ex: He told me that he had passed the exam.

إذا جاء في الجملة كلمة 'by the time' تعتبر مساوية لـ 'before' و نطبق نفس القاعدة.

Ex: By the time he was five, he had learned to read and write.

كلمتي 'till / until' توضعا بين الجملتين و لهما زمنان يتوقف على الفعل قبلهما:-

1- إذا جاء قبلها فعل يدل على الماضي البسيط يكون الفعل بعدها ماضي تام.

Ex: He didn't watch T.V. until he had done his homework.

2- إذا جاء قبلها فعل يدل على المستقبل يكون الفعل بعدها مضارع بسيط أو مضارع تام.

Ex: He won't see me till he finishes / has finished his work.

The Past Continuous Tense

2011-04-30T03:21:00.000-07:00

ë يعبر زمن الماضي المستمر عن فعل كان مستمر في الماضي في وقت معين و يقاطعه فعل أخر.

B يتكون الماضي المستمر من'was / were + V. + ing'.

Ex: He was playing football.

# يأتي هذا الزمن مع ثلاث كلمات :

when, while, as

ÿ يأتي الماضي المستمر بعد علاماته و ليس قبلها ما عدا 'when' قد ياتى قبلها.

ماضي بسيط ← As / While → ماضي مستمر

Ex: It rained while they were playing football.

As he was playing football he fell ill.

When

% هناك عدة حالات لـ'when' :

1- when → مضارع بسيط / مضارع تام → الفعل الثاني مستقبل

Ex: When he comes I will tell you.

When he has come I will tell you.

2- when → ماضي مستمر → الفعل الثاني ماضي بسيط

Ex: When he was eating the door bell rang.

3- when → ماضي بسيط → الفعل الثاني ماضي مستمر

Ex: When he met me he was driving home.

4- when → ماضي تام → الفعل الثاني ماضي بسيط

Ex: When he had finished work he went home.

& يتكون النفي في الماضي المستمر بإضافة 'not' بعد 'was / were' .

Ex: He was not playing.

& Exercise:

@ Choose the correct answer:

1- As the doctor (go / goes / was going) to bed, there (was / was being / had been) a knock on the door.

2- A thief (had stolen / steals / stole) the woman's bag as she (gets / got / was getting) on the bus.

3- While he (shaved / shaves / was shaving) yesterday, he cut his chin.

4- Ali burnt his hand when he (cooked / was cooking / has cooked) the dinner.

5- When I came in he (read / was reading / had read).

6- Samy (fall / fell / was falling) off the ladder while he (paint / painted / was painting) the ceiling.

@ Correct the verbs in the brackets:

1- The foolish boys (jump) off the bus while it (go).

2- The rich man (count) his money when the thief opened the door and (come) into the room.

3- The sun (rise) when I (wake) up this morning.

4- The thief (open) the safe when he (hear) footsteps.

5- Yesterday I (play) chess while my brother (do) his homework.

While he (read) his newspaper, his wife (paint) a picture.

The past simple tense زمن الماضي البسيط

2011-04-30T03:20:00.000-07:00

يستخدم زمن الماضي البسيط للدلالة على حدث أو عادة في الماضي

B يأتي الماضي البسيط في صورة التصريف الثاني للفعل و عادة يكون بإضافة 'ed' أو 'd' للأفعال التي تنتهي بـ'e' أما الأفعال الشاذة فتصرف.

Ex: They wrote their home work.

She moved the table.

B إذا كان الفعل ينتهي بـ'y' و قبله حرف ساكن تحول الـ 'y' إلى 'ied' أما إذا كان مسبوق بحرف متحرك فلا يتم تحويله.

Ex: He studied well last night.

She played football yesterday.

B إذا كان الفعل مكون من مقطع واحد اى به حرف متحرك قصير و ينتهي بحرف ساكن تتم مضاعفة الحرف الساكن.

Ex: Yesterday our bus stopped in a wrong place.

# ياتى هذا الزمن مع :-

ago, in the past, yesterday, once, in olden times, in ancient times,

last… (week, year).

ÿ used to + Inf. → تدل على حدث كان معتادا فعله في الماضي و ليس الآن

Ex: He used to play football when he was young.

&لتحويل الماضي البسيط إلى النفي نستخدم ' didn't ' في حالة عدم و جود فعل مساعد مع مراعاة تحويل الفعل الاساسى للمصدر.

Ex: I didn't catch the train yesterday.

& Exercise:

@ Choose the correct answer:

1- Yesterday he (gets / got / has got / was got) up early.

2- I (am / was / been / be) in London last summer.

3- A year ago he (has / had / has had / had had) plenty of money.

4- I (forget / forgot / forgotten / was forgetting) my keys yesterday.

5- In the past people (travel / travelled / were travelled / have travelled) on the back of animals.

@ Correct the verbs in the brackets:

1- Last winter we (spend) a month at Aswan.

2- Yesterday she (write) letters for hours.

3- He (be) in the room two hours ago.

4- I (not drink) anything in yesterday party.

5-A fire (break) out in the factory three years ago.

The Present perfect continuousزمن المضارع التام المستمر

2011-04-30T03:18:00.000-07:00

يستخدم زمن المضارع التام المستمر للتركيز على النشاط و ليس نتيجته أو انجازه

يتكون المضارع التام المستمر من "have / has + been + V. + ing".

Ex: It has been raining for three hours now.

يأتي هذا الزمن مع:

- for / for + now / for + still / for + ever.

- since / since + now / since + still / since + ever.

- All + time زمن - How long?

Ex: All the week he has been training football.

Sorry I'm late, how long have you been waiting?

إذا جاءت 'still' في جملة بمفردها و ليس معها زمن أخر تكون الجملة في المضارع المستمر:

Ex: She has been suffering for a week and is still working.

لاحظ انه في حالة عدم وجود إحدى علامات المضارع التام المستمر يمكن استخدام المضارع التام أو المضارع التام المستمر مع 'since, for'.

Ex: She (work) since 5 O'clock.

She has worked since 5 O'clock.

She has been working since 5 O'clock.

The Present Perfect Tense زمن المضارع التام

2011-01-17T01:35:00.000-08:00

يستخدم زمن المضارع التام ليدل على حدث تم منذ وقت قريب جدا. كما يدل على حدث وقع في الماضى و مازال مستمرا حتى الوقت الحاضر.

يتكون المضارع التام من: " have / has + P.p"

Ex: He has studied for a week.

يأتي هذا الزمن مع:

just, already, recently, lately, rarely, ever, never.

تأتى هذه الكلمات بعد الفعل المساعد و قبل الفعل الاساسى.

Ex: He has lately visited us.

من علامات المضارع التام أيضا :

Yet:-حتى الآن

توضع بعد الفعل المساعد و قبل الفعل الاساسى أو في نهاية الجملة.

Ex: He hasn't yet come.

He hasn't come yet.

So far, Up till now:-حتى الآن

تأتى في بداية الجملة أو في نهايتها.

Ex: So far he has won two prizes.

He has got two medals up till now.

Since:- منذ

يأتي المضارع التام قبل 'since' و ياتى بعدها ماضي بسيط.

Ex: He has worked here since he returned home.

She hasn't sent any letters since she visited us.

إذا جاء مع 'since' فعل واحد يكون مضارع تام.

Ex: Since 1988 he has lived here.

He has finished his lessons since five O'clock.

إذا جاءت الجملة تدل على الماضي و طلب استخدام المضارع التام نطبق قاعدة 'since' مع جعل الجملة التي قبل 'since' نفى اى ننفى المضارع التام.

Ex: I used my camera when I was in Aswan last year. (since)

→ I haven't used my camera since I was in Aswan last year.

For:-منذ

يأتي المضارع التام قبل 'for' و ياتى بعدها فترة زمنية غير محددة

Ex: She has worked for a year.

The Present Continuous Tense زمن المضارع المستمر

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يستخدم زمن المضارع المستمر للتعبير عن حدث يحدث الآن أي مستمر وقت الكلام.

وللتعبير عن خطط في المستقبل.

يتكون المضارع المستمر من 'am / is / are + V. + ing' .

Ex: He is working now.

في حالة انتهاء الفعل ب'e' تحذف و نضع 'ing'.

Ex: write → is writing come → is coming

أما إذا كان الحرف 'e' يسبقه حرف متحرك فلا يحذف.

Ex: see → is seeing agree → is agreeing

أما إذا جاء الفعل ينتهي بحرف ساكن و يسبقه حرف متحرك واحد تتم مضاعفة الحرف الساكن ما عدا

'r / w / y'.

Ex: run → is running hit → is hitting endanger → is endangering

draw → is drawing play → is playing

إذا جاء الفعل ينتهي بـ 'ie' تحول إلى 'y' ثم نضع 'ing'.

Ex: lie → is lying

# ياتى هذا الزمن مع :

now, look, listen, at this moment, at the present, hurry up, still.

& يتكون النفي بوضع 'not' بعد 'V.To.Be'.

Ex: He is not playing football now.

& Exercise:

@ Choose the correct answer:

1- Now I (am / am being / be) at home and I (do / am doing / done) my homework.

2- I usually (read / am reading / reads) detective stories but now I (read / reads / am reading) a love story.

3- He generally (wear / wears / is wearing) a black suit but he (does not wear / is not wearing / do not wear) it now.

4- Listen she (sing / is singing / sung).

5- She (read / is reading / was reading) now.

@ Correct the verbs in the brackets:

1- My mother (be) in the kitchen now. She (cook) the dinner.

2- She usually (write) her homework in the school but she (write) it now.

3- Look, he (hit) the little boy.

4- Now, he (finish) some work for the college.

5- He (watch) T.V. every evening, but he (not watch) it now

The Present Simple Tense زمن المضارع البسيط

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يستخدم زمن المضارع البسيط للدلالة على عادة أو حقيقة.

يأتي المضارع البسيط في صورة التصريف الأول للفعل ( اى الفعل بدون تغيير في المصدر)

Ex: I play We play You play They play

نضيف 's' مع الأسماء التي تدل على المفرد الغائب و الضمائر 'he / she / it' .

Ex: He writes. She writes. It floats.

The boy writes. The girl writes. The wood floats.

إما مع الأفعال التي تنتهي بـ (o / sh / ch / ss / x) نضع 'es'.

Ex: He goes / brushes / catches / kisses / boxes.

إذا جاء الفعل منتهى ب 'y' نحذف الـ 'y' إذا كان مسبوقا بحرف ساكن نضع 'ies' أما إذا كان يسبقه حرف متحرك نضع 's' فقط .

Ex: He carries the bag.

He obeys his father.

# ياتى هذا الزمن مع :-

always, usually, sometimes, often, never, generally, today, every … (day, week)

تأتى هذه العلامات قبل الفعل الاساسى و بعد الفعل المساعد. إذا كان'V.To.Be' فعل اساسى تأتى بعده.

Ex: He is always late.

He always comes late.

& لتحويل فعل مضارع بسيط إلى النفي نستخدم ' doesn't / don't ' في حالة عدم وجود فعل مساعد. تحذف الـ 's' عند وضع 'does' .

Ex: He doesn't come late.

& Exercise:-

@ Choose the correct answer:

1- He (watch / watches / is watching / watched) a football game every Friday.

2- The earth (circles / is circling / circled / is circled) the sun every 365 days.

3- It (rain / rains / is raining / is rained) in Egypt in winter.

4- The police man always (catch / catched / catches / catchs) the thieves.

@ Correct the verbs in the brackets:

1- The sun (get) very hot during the afternoon.

2- He usually (study) the reports in the morning.

3- Wood (float) on the water but iron (not float).

4- She often (go) home on foot.

5- The police men always (catch) the thieves.

6- The Nile (rise) in central Africa.

Word order in the sentence ترتيب الجملة التامة

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Subject فاعل → Verb فعل → Object مفعول → Manner حال → Place ظرف مكان → Time ظرف زمان.

Ex: Samy ate an apple greedily at home yesterday.

÷ ظرف الزمان قد يأتي في بداية الجملة .

Ex: Yesterday Samy ate an apple greedily at home.

÷ ياتى الترتيب السابق في كل جملة حتى لو قل عدد العناصر :-

Ex: He opened the door quietly.

Ex: He helps me.

& Exercise:-

Rearrange the following:-

1- ate – he – last week – an orange – greedily – in the school.

2-cooks – well – she – food – everyday – in the kitchen.

3- in the club – football – Ramy – yesterday – played – well.

4- yesterday – played –in the garden – the children – quietly – football.

The simple sentence: - الجملة البسيطة

÷ الجملة البسيطة هي كل جمله بها فعل واحد اساسى ( غير مساعد).

Ex: Ramy helps us.

# هناك عدة طرق لنربط جملتين أو أكثر لكي نكون جمله واحدة بسيطة.

# By using the adjective: - باستخدام الصفة

Ex: She bought a dress. It was nice.

→ She bought a nice dress.

ó الصفة تصف الاسم و تأتى قبله فإذا جاء في الجملة صفة تصف المفعول توضع قبله.

Ex: He is a man good. Q

He is a good man. R

ó إذا جاء للمفعول صفتين توضعا قبله أيضا:-

Ex: I have a friend. He is good. He is clever.

☞ I have a good clever friend. R

☞ I have a good and clever friend. R

☞ I have a good and a clever friend. Q

óلاحظ المثال الأتي :-

1 → We have a black and white dog.

2 → We have a black and a white dog.

ä The first sentence means one coloured dog. The second means two dogs, one is black and the other is white.

# By using the infinitive باستخدام المصدر

Ex: She is clever. She can help me.

→ She is clever enough to help me.

Ex: He is very bad. He can't help me.

→ He is too bad to help me.

ë إذا جاء في الجملة صفة للفاعل نستخدم:-

في الإثبات E Adj. صفه + enough to + Inf.مصدر

في النفي E too + Adj. + to + Inf.

تحذف كلمة (very / so / quite ) لأنها مساوية لـ (enough / too ) .

ë أما إذا اختلف الفاعلان فإما الطريقة الأولى أو:-

في الإثبات C Adj. + enough + for + فاعل (2) في صورة مفعول + to + Inf.

في النفي C too + Adj. + for + فاعل (2) في صورة مفعول + to + Inf.

ë يجب تحويل الضمائر أما الأسماء فتبقى كما هي بدون تغيير:-

- I → for me - He → for him - She → for her

- You → for you - We → for us - They → for them

Ex: The bag is light. She can carry it.

→ The bag is light enough to carry.

→ The bag is light enough for her to carry.

Ex: The tea is very hot. I can't drink it.

→ The tea is too hot to drink.

→ The tea is too hot for me to drink.

ëأما إذا جاء في الجملة الثانية كلمة ( want to ) تحذف و نضع مكانها:-

So as to + Inf.

In order to

Ex: He studied hard. He wanted to succeed.

→ He studied hard to succeed.

ëأما في النفي نستخدم :-

Not to

So as not to + Inf.

In order not to

Ex: He ran fast. He didn't want to miss the train.

→ He ran fast in order not to miss the train.

# By using the gerund (V. + ing) باستخدام اسم الفاعل

Ex: She heard the news. She slept.

→ Hearing the news she slept.

→ On hearing the news she slept.

óلاستخدامها نتبع الاتى :-

V. + ing → باقي الجملة

On + V. + ing → باقي الجملة

· الفعل الأول يعود إلى المصدر ثم نضيف ing و يوضع في بداية الجملة

· إذا جاء في الجملة اسم علم يحذف الضمير و يوضع الاسم مكانه

Ex: Ramy helped us. He left.

→ Helping us Ramy left.

→ On helping us Ramy left.

# By using a preposition:-

باستخدام حرف الجر 'at' مع ظرف الزمان و المكان :-

Ex: He met me. It was five O'clock.

→ He met me at five O'clock.

Ex: I helped her. She was at home.

→ I helped her at home.

& Exercise:-

Make a simple sentence:-

1- I can't reach this shelf. It is very high.

2- This car is expensive. He can't buy it.

3- This wall is low. Fatma can climb it.

4- She bought a car. It is old

5- He obeyed his father and studied. He didn't want to be punished.

6- He finished work. He left.

7- I found the door locked. I went into the kitchen.

8- I met her. She was at home.

How To Make The Plural كيف نصنع الجمع

2011-01-13T00:31:00.000-08:00

هناك عدة طرق لتكوين الجمع فى اللغة الانجليزية:-

يتكون الجمع فى معظم الاسماء باضافة (s) :

Ex: horse → horses / dog → dogs / car → cars / tree → trees

الاسماء التى تنتهى بـ (f, fe) تحذف و نضع مكانها (ves) :

Ex: leaf → leaves / half → halves / wolf → wolves

wife → wives / knife → knives / thief → thieves

الاسماء التى تنتهى بـ (o, ch, sh, ss, x) نضيف لها (es) :

Ex: cargoحمولة → cargoes / church → churches / brush → brushes / fox → foxes

الاسماء التى تنتهى بـ (y) و مسبوقة بحرف ساكن تحول الى (ies) :

Ex: baby → babies / lady → ladies / army → armies

هناك اسماء شواز لا تتبع القاعدة :

Ex: man → men / woman → women / child → children / ox → oxen

goose → geese / foot → feet / tooth → teeth / mouse → mice

deer → deer / sheep → sheep / fish → fish لا تغير

لاحظ الاتى :-

# الاسماء المعدودة اى التى قبلها (a / an) تعد و تجمع :

Ex: a boy → boys / an apple → apples

# الاسماء الغير معدودة اى التى لا يوضع قبلها (a / an) لا تعد و لا تجمع :

Ex: rain / water / air / bread / money / smoke / wool

# الاسماء التى لا ترى و لا تلمس لا تعد و لا تجمع :

Ex: speed / health / kindness / courage

Definite and Indefinite Articles أدوات النكرة و التعريف

2011-01-12T23:55:00.000-08:00

"A"

تستخدم أداة النكرة 'a' أمام الاسم المفرد النكرة المبدوء بحرف ساكن مثل:

Ex: a boy – a girl – a doctor – a teacher.

كما تستخدم أداة النكرة 'a' أمام الاسم المبدوء بحرف 'u' طويلة النطق مثل:

Ex: a uniform.

"An"

تستخدم أداة النكرة 'an' أمام الاسم المبدوء بحرف متحرك(a/e/i/o/u) مثل:

Ex: an apple – an egg – an ice-cream – an orange – an umbrella.

كما تستخدم أداة النكرة 'an' أمام الاسم المبدوء بحرف 'h' غير منطوق مثل:

Ex: an hour.

هناك أسماء لا تأخذ أداة نكرة أو تعريف مثل:

Ex: water – air – gold – silver.

"The"

استخدام أداة التعريف 'the' :

الأسماء الفريدة مثل:

Ex: the sun / the moon / the earth / the stars.

الاسم الذي ذكر من قبل مثل:

Ex: We saw a boy and a girl. The boy was tall.

قبل الصفة التي تدل على طبقة أو فئة مثل:

Ex: the rich / the poor / the healthy.

قبل أسماء البحار و الأنهار و الجبال مثل:

Ex: the River Nile / the Red Sea / the Pacific Ocean.

قبل أسماء البلاد المركبة مثل:

Ex: the U.S.A. / the A.R.E.

قبل صفات التفضيل مثل:

Ex: the best / the worst / the tallest.

قبل الآلات الموسيقية مثل:

Ex: She learnt to play the piano.

قبل المفرد لتدل على الجمع مثل:

Ex: The cow is the best friend of the farmer.

قبل الصفات التي تدل على العدد مثل:

Ex: the first / the second / the only way.

قبل الوقت مثل:

Ex: in the morning / the day before.

حذف أداة التعريف 'the'

قبل الأسماء العلم مثل:

Ex: Cairo / London / China / Somalia.

قبل الأسماء المجردة مثل:

Ex: Men fear death.

قبل أسماء الوجبات مثل:

Ex: The Egyptians have meat for dinner.

قبل أسماء الألعاب الرياضية مثل:

Ex: He plays golf (tennis / football).

قبل بعض الأسماء التي تدل على الأماكن مثل:

Ex: church / market / college / hospital / court / prison / work / school.

Exercise:

Supply "a / an / the" where necessary:
1- She likes ……… swimming.
2- We can stay here for ……… hour.
3- We watched an interesting film on ……… T.V. last night.
4- I bought ……… book you told me about.
5- After ……… breakfast he goes to ……… school.
6- He is ……… most stupid boy I have ever met.
7- Take ……… chair and make yourself at ……… home.
8- Last year he travelled to ……… U.S.A.
9- He takes ……… first place in the competition.