India

Chaitra Navaratri or Vasant Navaratri - Indian New Year

2021-04-13T18:08:00.007+05:30

Hi, today is the first day of the Indian calendar which is called Samvatsar. Today, we are in the month of Chaitra of Vikrami Samvat year 2078. According to Hindu tradition, God Brahma created the Universe on this day. This is also the first day of the festival Vasant Navratri (spring Navratri), the festival of nine days/ night. This festival falls in March or the first half of April. In 2021, the Indian new year falls on 13th March 2021 of the Gregorian calendar.

Navratri is a significant Hindu festival of India, celebrated with much joy, enthusiasm and fervour for nine days. During each of these days, Hindus pray one incarnation or demonstration of Durga.

1. Shailputri Puja

2. Brahmacharini Puja

3. Chandraghanta Puja/ Gauri Puja

4. Kushmanda Puja

5. Skandmata Puja

6. Katyayani Puja

7. Kalaratri Puja

8. Mahagauri Puja

9. Siddhidatri Puja

1. Shailputri Puja - The first day of Navratri is dedicated to the mother Shailputri. Being the daughter of the mountain Himalayas, she is called Shailputri. This form of the mother is very calm, gentle and impressive. She is depicted riding a bull and holding a trident and a lotus blossom. The lotus represents purity and devotion, while the prongs on the trident represent the past, present, and future.

2. Brahmacharini Puja - Second day is dedicated to Mother Brahmacharini. As is the mother's name, Brahmacharini means the one who follows devout austerity. She holds “akshamala” or a rosary in her right hand, representing the special Hindu prayers recited in her honor, and a kamandal or water utensil in her left hand, symbolizing marital bliss.

3. Chandraghanta Puja/ Gauri Puja - On the third day, the Chandraghanta form of the mother is worshiped. It is believed that all the tyrannical, or demons are afraid of the sound of the bell of Maa Chandraghanta. This form of Maa Durga, holding the bell-shaped crescent on the head, is the ultimate form of welfare and peace.

4. Kushmanda Puja - The fourth demonstration of the goddess Durga is Kushmanda which means “Creator of the universe” as she brought light to the dark universe. She holds in her eight hands many weapons, a rosary and a nectar urn. Her vehicle is a lion which is the symbol of strength.

5. Skandmata Puja - Fifth day is dedicated to Skandmata, the mother of Lord Kartikeya. She holds the infant Skanda in her right upper arm and a lotus in her right hand. She fulfils all the wishes especially a child to the ladies who want to become a mother.

6. Katyayani Puja - On the sixth day, mother Katyayani is worshipped. She’s also known as Mahishsurmardini. By worshipping Katyayini, girls get a worthy groom. People acquire all the pleasures of this material world. She is represented with wild hair and 18 arms and rides a lion.

7. Kalaratri Puja - On the seventh day, the Kalratri form of the goddess is worshipped. She’s also known as Shubhamkari or the “one who does good”. She removes all fears from the life of the faithful. Her body is black like a completely dark night. She shoots flame from her mouth and her necklace resembles lightning.

8. Mahagauri Puja - The eighth demonstration of the goddess Durga is
known as Mahagauri which means extremely white. Also known as Parvati, she became the wife of God Shiva. Many people stop their fast on this day after worshipping and feeding girls. Mahagauri is completely white in colour. She wears white clothes and white ornaments. Her vehicle is a bull. Her two hands are in Abhaymudra or gesture of reassurance and safety. In the third hand she holds a damru or a tambourine, and in the fourth hand, she holds a trident.

9. Siddhidatri Puja - Siddhidatri is the final form of Durga, celebrated on the final night of Navaratri. Her name means "giver of supernatural power," and Hindus believe she bestows blessings upon all deities and devotees of the faith. Siddhidatri grants wisdom and insight to all the deities who worship her. Like some of Durga's other manifestations, Siddhidatri also rides a lion. She has four arms and carries a trident, a spinning disc called a Sudarshana Chakra, a conch shell, and a lotus. The conch, called a shankha, represents longevity, while the spinning disc symbolizes the soul or infiniteness of time. This is also the day like the 8th day when many people end their fast of nine-day after worshipping and feeding girls.

The last day happens to be the Birthdate of God or King Rama also called Ramanavami.

People who observe a fast on each of these days, don’t eat any cereal or non-vegetarian food and don’t consume alcohol.

According to the regions, one of these days might be more important to other days. For example, in North-West India, the 8th day is very important. In some western states like Rajasthan, the 6th day is very important.

In western India, in the state of Maharashtra, the 1st day of the new year is celebrated as Gudi Padwa. Gudi means the flag of victory while Padwa means festival. They organise many processions on this day. Many sweet dishes are prepared at home e.g., shrikhand, Puran Poli or sweet rice. This festival is celebrated the whole day.

In the state of Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, and Karnataka, the new year is called Ugadi or Yugadi means beginning of the Universe. On this day, people make colourful patterns on the floor called Muggulu and make mango leaf decorations on doors which are called Torana.

All of these days are considered highly auspicious days which are good for any prosperous beginning be it the day of the wedding, beginning a journey or buying a new home or entering it for the first time to live it. Traditionally, Hindus look for an auspicious day for all new important beginnings in life.

This year 2021, the new year of Vikrami Samvat 2078 starts on 13th April. I wish you all Happy New Samvatsar, Gudi Padwa and Ugadi or simply Happy Hindu New Year.

How did you find this article or do you have any other questions, please write in the comments below. Thank you

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Philosophy of Buddha/ Buddhism

2020-05-07T00:50:00.002+05:30

Today on the day of Buddha Purnima (Buddha's Birth Anniversary), I'm going to write about the basis of his philosophy.

Philosophy of Buddha or Buddhism is one of the most prominent philosophies that originated in India in the 6th century BC. It was founded by Gautama Buddha, a Shakya prince who left his home to turn into an ascetic in search of reality of life.

Buddha preached dharma orally. For almost two centuries, his disciples also kept this precept before transcribing it.

All of the teachings of Buddha were compiled by his disciples in 3 parts which are called Tripitakas (three pitakas). These are Vinay Pitaka, Sutta Pitaka and Adhidhamma Pitaka. All of these Pitakas are written in Pali (contemporary popular language spoken by people).

1. Vinay Pitaka - Rules of the Sangha (community of Buddhists);

2. Sutta Pitaka - Buddha conversation and teaching;

3. Adhidhamma Pitaka - Philosophical thoughts of Buddha

These tripitakas contain only the ancient Buddhist religion.

Here, we'll talk about the teachings of Budda according to these Tripitakas…

Buddha's ultimate goal is an end to the sufferings of life and not to the concerns of unknown philosophical elements. According to him, the search for a solution on subjects without sufficient evidence is useless.

According to Buddha, unknown or questionable philosophical subjects do not contribute to the quest for ascension to nirvana. Buddha advises his disciples to be concerned with doing work on themselves in order to eliminate the pain.

He says: The answers to these ten questions are impossible:

1. Is the world eternal?

2. Isn't the world eternal?

3. Is the world infinite?

4. Isn't the world infinite?

5. Are soul and body the same thing?

6. Is the soul different from the body?

7. Does Tathagat (Buddha) reborn after death?

8. Or will it not be reborn?

9. Can he decide to be born or not to be born?

10. Or are the two questions, to be born or not to be born false?

As Buddha remained silent on these 10 questions, they are called "Avyaktani".

The Four Noble Truths:

1. Dukkha (दुःख) - the world is full of pain (dukkhas).

2. Dukkha Samudaya (दुःख समुदय) - there is a source of pain.

3. Dukkha nirodha (दुःख निरोध) - The extinction of these pains is possible.

4. Dukkha Nirodh marg (दुःख निरोध मार्ग) - The way or the remedy for the extinction of the pains exists.

All Buddha sermons develop these four noble truths.

1. Dukkha (Pain) - Human life is full of pain. Birth, aging (decay), illness, death, sadness, suffering, desire, depression, all these originate in attachment (material or human ...). All of these sufferings are called "Jara-Maran" (जरा - मरण). Attachment to transitory elements (material, human ...) is at the origin of the chain of death and rebirth. Worldly pleasures are not the ultimate truth. Losing these pleasures leads to all kinds of pain. They place humans in the constant concern of losing them or in the frustration of not having them.

2. Nidan Dwadash (12 diagnostics) - According to Buddha, none of the elements of the world is without origin. If there is no origin, there is no pain (suffering). There are countless pains: birth to death.

The origin of the “Jara-Maran” is reincarnation.

Each of these twelve causes is the effect of the previous one:

i. Jara-Maran (जरा - मरण) - Old age and death;

ii. Jaati (जाति) - birth;

iii. Bhava (भव) - Tendency to exist or become;

iv. Upadaan - (उपादान) - hang on or grab;

v. Trishna (तृष्णा) - thirst or desire;

vi. Vedana (वेदना) - feeling: pleasant, unpleasant or neutral;

vii. Sparsh (स्पर्श) - contact;

viii. Shadayatan (षडायतन) - five senses and mind / consciousness);

ix. Nam-Roop (नाम - रूप) - name and form - body and spirit of the embryo;

x. Vigyan (विज्ञान) - consciousness;

xi. Sanskar (संस्कार) - mental training or karma;

xii. Avidya (अविद्या) - (ignorance.

Ignorance is therefore the original cause of birth (and death). It is also called “भाव - चक्र”. Many Buddhists recall this chain by turning the wheel.

The past permeates the present and the present permeates the future. It is a chain where the twelve nidanas (diagnostic) are impregnated from the origin to the end.

3. Dukkha Nirodha (Nirvana or the extinction of pain) - Since there is an origin to pain, suppressing it makes its extinction possible. This extinction of pain is called Nirvana. According to Buddha, obtaining Nirvana is possible during earthly life. By overcoming passion, hatred, greed and illusion with pure or moral conduct, regular attention to noble truths in meditation, one can achieve wisdom of the mind. Humans are freed from the need for all kinds of desires. He will have defeated Mara (spiritual enemy).

Moksha = Nirvana

मोक्ष प्राप्त = अर्हत (arhat) - the qualified

निर्वाण = दुःख का नाश - extinction of pain

Once permanent wisdom (प्रज्ञा) is reached, we are no longer obliged to remain in permanent meditation, nor to be withdrawn from daily life. Like the Buddha, after reaching Nirvana, he continued to travel to preach and establish the Sangha (Buddhist community).

There are two kinds of karma:

1. inspired by passion, hatred or illusion;

2. without any passion, hatred or illusion.

The first is inspired by our attachment to the pleasure of the senses and is at the origin of the rebirth. The latter removes the possibility of rebirth.

"Arhats" (The Qualifieds) are not inactive after Nirvana. They are only sensitive to the pain and suffering of others.

Nirvana stops the chain of death and rebirth. Rebirth and the pains from rebirth are no longer possible. Life until death is full of wisdom and total peace. The state of nirvana is completely peaceful, stable and without envy. It is impossible to feel this state with ordinary experiences. However, it can be temporarily felt through overcoming illness, debts, slavery, imprisonment, etc. Nirvana is noticeable through temporary detachments and the absence of sensual pleasure. This effect of well-being can be felt through the fullness which is the path of Nirvana.

4. Dukkha Nirodh Marg (path or remedy for pain relief) - The path to nirvana exists. It was attained by Buddha. So everyone can do it too. This is called The Eightfold Path which is the very essence of Buddhism. This path being spiritual can be followed by the spirit by any living being.

Right Vision (सम्यक दृष्टि) - Ignorance is the source of all pain. It is for this reason that the false feelings that we have in ourselves, or in the world and in everything that is transient comfortably lead us astray. We must focus on what is real and not what seems true to us.
Right Determination or Right Thinking (सम्यक संकल्प) - Knowledge of noble truths is not enough, they must be assimilated in everyday life. The resolution of renouncing the attachment to worldly matters. Hatred and violence must be taken into account.
Right Speech (सम्यक वाक) - Determination cannot be just a thought, but it must be a reality: refrain from making false speeches, especially do not tell lies, absence of violence, theft, abstain you speak deceitfully, make gossip and slanderous speeches.
Right Action (सम्यक कर्मान्त) - Determination must not be just words but must be carried by action: control of the senses.
Right Livelihood or Right Profession(सम्यक आजीव) - Apart from bad speech and negative actions, one must earn a fair living so that wealth is acquired legally and peacefully from righteousness. Any profession that violates the fundamental principles of “Right Thinking” must be avoided.
Right Effort or Right Persistence (सम्यक व्यायाम) - Even after these five laws are applied, old and new bad habits may still dominate. It is therefore necessary to:

give up old bad habits;
stop bad new thoughts from coming to mind;
the mind cannot remain empty of thoughts, it must be filled with good ones;
which requires regular efforts to assimilate thoughts that are pure for the mind;

These four righteous efforts prove that even people who have progressed on the path of dharma must not stop making continuous efforts to avoid going out of the way to dharma.

सम्यक स्मृति (Right Attention, Mindfulness, or Right Awareness) - Right Attention is the ability to control the mental capacity to see things as they are, with clear awareness.
सम्यक समाधि (Right Meditation or Right Concentration) - Following these seven principles, and having renounced all bad instincts, we are qualified to access the last principle: "Right Meditation". In this last step, we must learn at four separate stages to get nirvana:

The discussion and argumentation of noble truths with a peaceful mind, the realization of a state of detachment and pure thoughts lead to an experience of divine pleasure.
After that, we arrive at a state of mind where there is no longer any doubt, but total "faith in noble truths". Discussion and argumentation are henceforth useless. Deep concentration brings tranquility, stability of mind and the experience of both divine pleasure and total peace.
The effort to move the spirit of “pleasure and peace” toward the state of detachment. This effort brings a state of balance to the mind and the feeling of bodily pleasure. But it is created from the detachment from the pleasure of meditation.
Now even the absence of a sense of balance in the mind, bodily pleasure and that of meditation. Extinction of all instincts. It is a state of peace, detachment and total extinction: absence of pleasure and pain: the realization of nirvana and a state of total wisdom.

The essence of Buddha's or Eightfold Path sermons: moral conduct / virtue (शील), meditation (समाधि ) and wisdom (प्रज्ञा) - Three of the main elements of this path. There is an inseparable relationship between virtue and wisdom in Indian philosophy. Without wisdom, virtue is impossible. At the same time, for the realization of wisdom, virtue is necessary.

Virtue and wisdom are mutually reinforcing. The first step, “Right Vision”, contains the very knowledge of noble truths. On the one hand, bad instincts, and on the other, the knowledge of noble truths creates a dilemma. Good efforts through “Right Meditation” put an end to this dilemma. Last step of “Right Meditation” is only possible after having overcome all obstacles.

Essential of North India (itinerary of 5 days)

2013-10-14T23:28:00.000+05:30

If you have just 4-5 days and want to visit the essential of North India, an itinerary for you:

Day 1: DELHI / JAIPUR (5 hours drive)

Reception at Delhi and immediate transfer to Jaipur . Transfer to your hotel. Rest of the day free.

Day 2: JAIPUR
Some suggestions for the visit. Start the morning with a walk to the Hawa Mahal or "Palace of Winds", the elegant pink façade bathed in morning light . Built in 1799, the Hawa Mahal, royal ladies, behind its open front, used to attend the celebrations the city. You will then head to the outside of the city of Jaipur towards Amber Fort, which offers a unique view of the chain of Aravallis . It can be accessed by elephant or jeep . Built in the sixteenth century and completed by Jai Singh I in the seventeenth century, it features a maze of courtyards , pavilions and mirrors that recall the glory and prosperity of the Rajput rulers. After the visit, you can enjoy your stay in Jaipur with a wide choice of silks and cottons with thousand shimmering colors, make custom clothes as tailors can carry out your wishes on the same day.

Afternoon, you can continue exploration of the city with the City Palace where the present Maharaja still has his apartments . Built in the eighteenth century, it was partially converted into a museum of miniatures and costumes, whose rich collections are a delight to the eye. After the City Palace, the Jantar Mantar, astronomical observatory consisting of instruments of massive extent constructed in eighteenth century was designed by Jai Singh II. Have a stroll through the bazar and alleys of the old town.

Day 3: Jaipur / Fatehpur Sikri / Agra ( 5:30 hours drive till Agra)
Route to Fatehpur Sikri, a magnificent World Heritage Site by Unesco. Continue to Agra.

Day 4: AGRA / DELHI (5:30 hours drive)

Visit of the Taj Mahal in the morning, bright white marble mausoleum built by Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan to immortalize his love for his wife Mumtaz. Amid evocative flower gardens of Paradise of Allah, reflected in the water of shallow channels, the famous monument offers all eyes. Then visit the Red Fort, revealing the power of the Mughal empire. A military fortress built by Akbar, the fort was partially converted into a palace by Shah Jahan. Its massive walls 25m high house a succession of palaces, pavilions and kiosks, including the famous finely crafted Pearl Mosque.

Drive to Delhi. Transfer to your hotel . Rest of the day free.

Day 5: DELHI
Discover the Indian capital, where the rapid and exponential growth would almost forget the political role. Delhi and its two cities, the Indian and the British who, side by side, give a single glance, a testament to the country's recent history. Visit the Jama Masjid, the largest mosque in the Indian subcontinent with a quick look at the outside of Red Fort built in the seventeenth century. A walk through the maze of streets to the lively bazaar of Chandni Chowk will give you the opportunity to take the pulse of the neighborhoods that never sleep.

In the afternoon, start with the Humayun's tomb (16^th century), the perfection of its size, the garden planted with flowers and ponds provide a beautiful sight . Followed by, the Qutb Minar complex, dominated by the monumental tower built in the 13^th century to mark the arrival of the Muslims in Delhi. All unfinished and now almost entirely ruined, presents an interesting mix of Persian art and Hindu influences.

The tour can be finished at Bangla Sahib Gurudwara, a Sikh temple in the capital.

Six Hill Forts of Rajasthan inscribed on World Heritage List

2013-06-23T09:34:00.001+05:30

The serial site, situated in the state of Rajasthan, includes six majestic forts in Chittorgarh; Kumbhalgarh; Sawai Madhopur; Jhalawar; Jaipur, and Jaisalmer. The ecclectic architecture of the forts, some up to 20 kilometres in circumference, bears testimony to the power of the Rajput princely states that flourished in the region from the 8th to the 18th centuries. Enclosed within defensive walls are major urban centres, palaces, trading centres and other buildings, including temples that often predate the fortifications within which developed an elaborate courtly culture that supported learning, music and the arts. Some of these urban centres have survived, as have many of the site's temples and other sacred buildings. The forts use the natural defenses offered by the landscape: hills, deserts, rivers, and dense forests. They also feature extensive water harvesting structures, largely still in use today.

http://www.unesco.org/new/en/member-states/single-view/news/hill_forts_of_rajasthan_and_wooden_churches_of_the_carpathian_region_inscribed_on_world_heritage_list/

Nubra Valley, Ladakh, India

2012-12-15T21:01:00.000+05:30

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Location

Nubra Valley is located North of Leh at a distance of 120 kms from Leh. Apporach to Nubra Valley is by road from Leh across Khardongla (18383ft)-the world highest motorable pass. Leh is the principal district & town of Ladakh in Jammu & Kashmir state. Average altitude of Nubra Valley is 10000 ft from sea level.

Nubra Valley

Bordering Chinese Turkistan (Xianjag) on the North & Pakistan on the west, Nubra Valley is located between Karakoram Mountain on the North & Ladakh Mountain on the South. In history, Nubra was called Ldrumra. In vernacular language Ldrumra means the Valley of flowers. Geographical features like Cress cross running rivers, green belt river basin of seabuck forest bearing berries, lofty & majestic mountains of Karakoram & Himalaya, full blown vegetated Villages (some truely oasis of desert), silvered colour sand dunes, white & black pebbles all together join to romance & compose Nubra Valley the Valley of flowers.

Mountains, Peaks & Glacier

Karakoram Mountain houses the highest peak of J&K state and highest & largest glacier of the world. 17000 ft high & 11 kms long Siachen glacier is in Karakoram. The highest peak- Saser Kangri which is 25344 ft (7680mts) is also in Karakoram. Rimo (Rimo 1,2,3- the group of peaks), Saser 1 & 2, Mamosthong, Indira Col. Argalas & several other peaks (all above 25000ft) are also in Eastern Karakoram. The K2 - the 2nd highest peak of the world is in Pakistan Karakorum. India’s Himalaya is linked with Hindukush of Afghanistan of Central Asia by Karakoram Mountains.

Geography & Karakoram

Geographically Nubra is linked with Turkistan of Central Asia. Bordering China across karakoram pass is Chinese Turkistan (Xianjang). Yarkend is nearest & principal town of Chinese Turkistan (Xianjang) across Karakoram pass. Karakoram is a Turkish word. It means black pebbles. And in fact the whole of Nubra is dotted with black & white pebbles along the river basin. Seabuck throne forest naturally grown along the riverside is the breeding ground for Bactrian camels. Bactrain camels were brought to Nubra Valley by Hor, the Turkish muslim during the Silk Route trade before 1962.

Shayok & Siachen River

Shayok river

Shayok & Siachen are Twin Rivers of Nubra Valley. Shayok River originates from two glacier of Karakoram-Chhong Khomdan & Kichik Khomdan. The Turks have named it as big source & small source of water. Flowing from the North side Shayok River takes Southeast direction up to Shayok village near Durbuk & then turns South West direction. Siachen River originates from Siachen glacier. It is a tributary of Shayok River and known as Nubra River also. *Confluence* of two river from the broadest central part of Nubra Valley. And the landmark of this place is the Sand Dune & forest of Sumoor & Lakjung village. Deskit village is across the confluence of river on the Southern Side & Tegar Sumoor village are on the Northern side facing each other. A part of Karakoram Mountain connecting Siachen glacier cut across Nubra Valley and ends up near the confluence touching both the rivers. This is most beautiful scene of Nubra Valley. From here onwards Shayok River flow westward in to Baltistan taking its course through Bogdang &Turtuk village. The villages are irrigated and fertile, producing wheat, barley,peas,mustard for oil, and a variety of fruits and nuts,including apple,apricot and a few almond trees. The region is rich in rare floristic species,being part of one of the world’s biodiversity hot spots, the Himalayas(which contain an estimated 10,000 species of plants, of which about 3,160, belonging to 71 genera are endemic). Some 1,195 species of flowering plants are endemic to the Western Himalayas of which 700 plant species have been recorded from this region. The extreme climatic conditions have resulted in less natural vegetation, with sparse shrubs and trees. There are three main elements of floristic diversity: alpine, desertic, and oasitic. The alpine herbs grow along the edges of melting glaciers. The desertic type covers the upper slopes and valleys, while the oasitic type is found encircling aquifer.

Siachen glacier lies to the north of valley. The Sasser pass and the famous Karakoram pass lie to the northwest of the valley connecting Nubra with Xinjiang. Previously there was trade passing through the area with east Turkistan and Central Asia joining the main silk route.

History of Nubra Valley

Nubra valley of Ladakh is called”LDHUMRA” or the “valley of flowers”. The historians from immemorial have described the beauty of this valley in different languages. Its history is linked with the history of Central Asia as geographically its borders are linked with Chinese Turkistan of Yarkand and Khotan. Central Asian traders were called as Hor in Nubra Valley. Hor were Turkish musilm who used to travel Central Asia and Tibet through silk route. Nubra Valley falls on the Silk Route and people of Nubra used to mingle with products like turquoise stone, carpets, rugs etc and in exchange for local food product like Tsampa, milk, butter, fodder etc. Local Charagas like Tsogs and Nyangskors were utilized by the Hor for their animal transport like camels, mules and horses. Some locals also were hired by Hor to carry their merchandise to Leh and Tibet across Diggar and Khardungla. Sometime they also accompanied Hor up to Karakoram pass.Therefore it is very interesting to look at its history in a broader perspective most of which is hidden in the local intangible oral tradition.

History of Samstanling Gonpa

Maitreya Buddha, Diskit Monastery

The earliest record on Samstanling Gonpa goes back to 1843 when Lama Tsulim Nimma(1st incarnation) visited this monastery. The ideal location of this place mesmerized him and he chose to retreat and meditate here. Located at the elevation of 500 and 1000ft from the twin village of Summor and Tegar repectively, it presents a tranquil and serene environment far away from the squalor of the Village unfurling its natural beauty. The monastery is located at such a dominating state of elevation that the entire central part of Nubra Valley can be viewed both towards west (up to Charasa place) and south (up to Deskit Gonpa). The beautiful scenery of majestically high snow capped mountain ranges (Ladakh and Karakoram) of western Himalayas and green basin of twin rivers (Shyok and Siachen) of the valley from the monastery is awfully breathtaking. And this is the only major monastery in Ladakh, which is surrounded by high vegetation with a varied flora. Vegetation consists of apple, poplar, willow and juniper trees. The land of this monastery is irrigated by Summor Tokpo (rivulet). Of course, wide spread growth of sea buck thorn bushes are below and all along the stream fed irrigated channels of Summor and Tegar village. The technique of farming on the slope of hills in the form of a flight of steps-an innovative way of irrigation, so that the flow of water remains continuous despite the irregular rocky surface. The hard work paid off and the granary became full to the brim with seeds and pulses spreading the aroma of happiness.

Samstaling Monastery, Nubra Valley

A magnificent cave (now sealed) is located beyond the wall of Dukhang Nyingma (old temple), dark interior shrouded in mystery, which lured lama Tsultim Nimma to meditate for a long time. For the lack of written documents exact details of history of this cave are unavailable. However it is true that this monastery was founded by Lama Tsultim Nimma (1st incarnation). Samstanling Gonpa named by Panchen Ripochey on the request of Lama Tsutim Nimma 1st incarnation during an audience in Tibet.

After lama Tsultim Nimma (1st incarnation), the reign of this monastery was taken over by Lama Tsultim Chospel (Stars Rinpochey, 2nd incarnation). His place of retreat was Lhastsas in summor village, which is below the monastery on the other side of rivulet. However he was married and his wife was popularly known as Abey sCham who was equally held with high esteem. There was dairy farm and kitchen garden maintained by the family of lama Tsultim Nimma from where milk and vegetables were supplied to monks of Samstanling Gonpa on daily basis. Those were flourishing days in the history of Samstanling Gonpa. Thus, the Lhastas family contributed immensely in the building the heritage of Samstanling monastery. The present lama Stras Rinpochey is held with high regards as his contribution in building the tradition of this monastery is commendable. The present Stars Rinpochey (known as Jetsun Thupten Nimma Lungtok Stanzin Nurbu) who is 3rd incarnation of Stars Rinpochey of twin monastery of Rizong and Samstanling, is holding the position of Golden Throne or Gaden Tri of Gelugpa tradition of Tibet since October 2009. He has been enthroned on the highest seat of Gelugpa tradition as 102 Gaden Tripa Rinpochey after the announcement by His Holiness, the 14th Dalai Lama of Tibet, Govt in Exile on Oct 26, 2009.His Holiness, the Dalai Lama took the opportunity to talk about the New Gaden Tripa during an event at Norbulingka Institude in Dharamsala to mark the release of set of his biographies on an official ceremony of new Gaden Tripa.

Yet another fortunate chapter added to the history of Samstanling Gonpa is during the era of Stars Rinpochey (present Gaden Tripa) who was holding charge of Regent of Spituk and Sankar Gonpa, the reincarnation of 17th of Bakula has been identified by His Holiness, the Dalai Lama. Therefore the golden history of Summor and Tegar village is written with the blessing of Lord Buddha, His holiness, the 14th Dalai Lama and Gaden Tripa(Stras Rinpochey).

Double hump camel of Nubra Valley

Once serving as the arteries for Central Asian trade linking Silk routes, presently, against a spectacular backdrop of natural aesthetics, the valley preserves the pristine glory of Buddhist pantheon. Making foray into the hearts of itinerants, the valley makes soulful rendition of divinity. As the valley is very green and clean, we would like to keep it in that way. So, don’t litter and respect the local culture prostrating before the Buddha.

Ladakh Dance

2012-08-28T22:50:00.001+05:30

India needs Burma - The Times of India

2012-07-05T20:17:00.001+05:30

India needs Burma - The Times of India
History being at a permanent discount in a country on the make, few recall that just 70 years ago Burma was an integral part of India...
http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/opinion/swapan-dasgupta/right-wrong/India-needs-Burma/articleshow/2435736.cms

Indian cinema to turn 100, celebs applaud its accomplishments - Hindustan Times

2012-05-04T09:36:00.001+05:30

Indian cinema to turn 100, celebs applaud its accomplishments - Hindustan Times

Rude Travel: Rajasthan Royals - Hindustan Times

2011-10-09T11:24:00.000+05:30

The Maharajas were not fully stripped of their titles, privileges and privy purses till 1971, so Royal Rajputana, so beloved of modern tourists, was a real, vibrant experience. The water in the lakes sparkled. Pushkar had not become a pit-stop for French tourists with nasty little joints selling ‘milkshakes and fruit pancakes.’ Jodhpur was a sleepy little town. Nobody outside of Rajasthan had heard of Jaisalmer.
- An article of Vir Sanghvi : Rude Travel: Rajasthan Royals - Hindustan Times

World Heritage Day

2011-04-18T10:34:00.003+05:30

The 18th April is UNESCO World Heritage Day. Projects, events and exhibitions take place annually all over the world to raise awareness of World Heritage sites. Activities are often themed, and in past years these have included agriculture, science, industry, and religious places.

The theme of World heritage Day 2011 is “The Cultural of Water”.

World Heritage Properties in India

Cultural

1. Agra Fort, Uttar Pradesh (1983)

2. Ajanta Caves, Maharashtra (1983)

3. Buddhist Monuments at Sanchi, Madhya Pradesh (1989)

4. Champaner-Pavagadh Archaeological Park, Gujarat (2004)

5. Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus (formerly Victoria Terminus), Maharashtra (2004)

6. Churches and Convents of Goa, Goa (1986)

7. Elephanta Caves, Maharashtra (1987)

8. Ellora Caves, Maharashtra (1983)

9. Fatehpur Sikri, Uttar Pradesh (1986)

10. Great Living Chola Temples, Thanjavur, Gangaikondacholapuram and Darasuram, Tamil Nadu (1987)

11. Group of Monuments at Hampi, Karnataka (1986)

12. Group of Monuments at Mahabalipuram, Tamil Nadu (1984)

13. Group of Monuments at Pattadakal, Karnataka (1987)

14. Humayun's Tomb, Delhi (1993)

15. Khajuraho Group of Monuments, Madhya Pradesh (1986)

16. Mahabodhi Temple Complex at Bodh Gaya, Bihar (2002)

17. Mountain Railways of India, Darjeeling, West Bengal (1999); Nilgiri, Tamil Nadu (2005); Kalka Shimla, Himachal Pradesh (2008)

18. Qutb Minar and its Monuments, Delhi (1993)

19. Red Fort Complex, Delhi (2007)

20. Rock Shelters of Bhimbetka, Madhya Pradesh (2003)

21. Sun Temple, Konârak, Orissa (1984)

22. Taj Mahal, Uttar Pradesh (1983)

23. The Jantar Mantar, Jaipur, Rajasthan (2010)

Natural

24. Kaziranga National Park (1985)

25. Keoladeo National Park (1985)

26. Manas Wildlife Sanctuary (1985)

27. Nanda Devi and Valley of Flowers National Parks (1988)

28. Sundarbans National Park (1987)

Intersted Links : www.unesco.org Archaeologivcal Survey Of India

Maharaja of Jaipur Bhawani Singh dead - Hindustan Times

2011-04-18T09:21:00.000+05:30

Maharaja of Jaipur Bhawani Singh dead - Hindustan Times

International Yoga Festival at Rishikesh

2011-03-04T23:21:00.000+05:30

At Parmarth Niketan Ashram, Rishikesh, India
From 1st to 7th March, 2011

The 2011 International Yoga Festival is organized by Parmarth Niketan Ashram .

With 400+ expected attendees from over 30 countries it has grown to become one of the largest Yoga events in the world.

The Festival is open to everyone with accommodation provided at the Parmarth Niketan, Ashram in Rishikesh, India.

Please join us on the holy banks of mother Ganga, a true spiritual haven for a wonderful week long celebration of Yoga.

Have your loaf and eat it too! - Hindustan Times

2011-01-16T14:09:00.002+05:30

Have your loaf and eat it too! - Hindustan Times
Indians can make great rotis from virtually any kind of grain or pulse. But we are reluctant to brag about them. Why doesn't the Indian bread tradition get the respect it deserves?

New Delhi 100 - Centenary of the Capital - Hindustan Times

2011-01-14T00:31:00.001+05:30

A hundred years ago, the British monarch King George V chose a dusty field of Delhi to anoint himself the Emperor of India. Nobility from across India witnessed the colonial jamboree — and from a distance, the ‘natives’ — as the foundations of what is now known as New Delhi were laid...

National symbols of India

2010-10-28T21:13:00.003+05:30

National Flag	Horizontal tricolour
State Emblem	Sarnath Lion Capital of Ashoka
National motto	Satyameva Jayate (meaning 'Truth alone triumphs')
National mantra	Om
National language	Hindi
National script	Devanagari
National book	Srimad-Bhagavad-Gita
National holidays	Republic day, Independence day, Gandhi anniversary
Father of the nation	Mahatma Gandhi
National Bird	Peacock
National Flower	Lotus
National Tree	Banyan (Ficus bengalensis)
National Anthem	Jan Gan Man Adhinayak Jaya hay
National Song	Vande Mataram
National River	Ganga or Ganges
National Aquatic Animal	River Dolphin
National Calendar	Saka Era
National Animal	Bengal tiger (Panthera tigris)
National Fruit	Mango (Mangifera indica)
National sweet	Jalebi
National Game	Hockey

The top three vote winners - Hindustan Times

2010-10-27T10:58:00.002+05:30

The top three vote winners restaurants in Delhi in each category, in no particular order - Hindustan Times

An Obama platter on Bukhara menu - Hindustan Times

2010-10-27T10:53:00.005+05:30

An Obama platter on Bukhara menu - Hindustan Times

Right of children to free and Compulsory Education Act

2010-10-23T13:01:00.004+05:30

The Right of children to Free and Compulsory Education Act has come into force from today, April 1, 2010. The act was passed by both houses of Indian parliament in July-August 2009 and recognised by the President of the Republic in August 2009. Every child in the age group of 6-14 years will be provided 8 years of elementary education in an appropriate classroom in the vicinity of his/her neighbourhood. Funding pattern between the Centre and the States will be in the ratio of 65:35 for all States/ UTs and in the case of eight States of NER, sharing pattern would be of 90:10. All schools including private schools shall be required to enrol children from weaker sections and disadvantaged communities in their incoming class to the extent of 25% of their enrolment, by simple random selection. Any cost that prevents a child from accessing school will be borne by the State which shall have the responsibility of enrolling the child as well as ensuring attendance and completion of 8 years of schooling. The state will be responsible to provide an elementary school in every neighbourhood which means there should be a primary school for class 1 to class 5 in the range of every km and secondary school for class 6 to 8 in the range of 3 km. The state would be responsible for providing transport if a school cannot be provided in an area of small population.

Interesting Links : Press Release, PIB, India

TAXATION SYSTEM IN INDIA

2010-10-07T20:04:00.002+05:30

India has a well-developed tax structure with clearly demarcated authority between Central and State Governments and local bodies.

Central Government levies taxes on income (except tax on agricultural income, which the State Governments can levy), customs duties, central excise and service tax.

Value Added Tax (VAT), (Sales tax in states where VAT is not yet in force), stamp duty, state excise, land revenue and profession tax are levied by the State Governments.
In last 10-15 years, Indian taxation system has undergone tremendous reforms. The tax rates have been rationalized and tax laws have been simplified resulting in better compliance, ease of tax payment and better enforcement. The process of rationalization of tax administration is ongoing in India.
Since April 01, 2005, most of the State Governments in India have replaced sales tax with VAT.

Taxes Levied by Central Government
Direct Taxes
Tax on Corporate Income
Capital Gains Tax
Personal Income Tax
Tax Incentives
Double Taxation Avoidance Treaty
Indirect Taxes
Excise Duty
Customs Duty
Service Tax
Securities Transaction Tax

Taxes Levied by State Governments and Local Bodies
Sales Tax/VAT
Other Taxes

Useful Links:
India in Busines, ITP Div, Govt. Of India
IMF

Indian Population at a Glance

2010-09-14T15:57:00.001+05:30

Total population (2001)	1.0287 billion
Urban population	286 million
Percentage to world pop.	16.7%
Sex ratio (women to 1000 men)	933
State with Highest Female Sex Ratio	Kerala. 1058
Labour force (2004-05)	428 million
Population density (2001)	325 /km²
Birth rate (2008)	22.8‰
Death rate (2008)	7.4‰
Total fertility rate per woman (2010)	2.68‰
Urban area	2.1‰
Rural area	3.0‰
Infant mortality rate (2007)	53‰
Life expectancy (2002-06)	63.5 yrs
Man	62.6 yrs
Woman	64.2 yrs
Literacy rate (2001)	64.84%
Man	75.2%
Woman	53.7%
State with maximum literacy rate (2001)	Kerala (90%)
State with minimum literacy rate (2001)	Bihar (47%)
State with Max decadal pop. growth Rate (2001)	Nagaland (64.53%)
State with highest population (2001)	U.P. (166 million)
State with minimum population (2001)	Sikkim (54 million)
State with maximum population Density (2001)	W.Bengal (903)
State with minimum population Density (2001)	Arunachal Pradesh (13)
Percentage of Hindus (2001)	80.5%
Percentage of Muslims (2001)	13.4%
Percentage of Christians (2001)	2.3%
Religion with maximum population growth (1991-2001)	Muslim (29.3%)
Religion with minimum population growth (1991-2001)	Sikh (16.9%)
Religion with maximum literacy (2001)	Jain (94.1%)
Religion with minimum literacy (2001)	Muslim (59.1%)
Religion with maximum women literacy (2001)	Jain (90.6%)
Religion with minimum women literacy (2001)	Muslim (50.1%)

India – Some Facts

2010-09-09T11:34:00.001+05:30

Geography

    * Location - South Asia, land border (15200 km), coastal border (7516 km) on the Arabian Sea, Bay of Bengal.
    * Coordinates of Geography: 8 ° 4 'and 37 ° 6' north latitude and 68 ° 7 'and 97 ° 25' east longitude.
    * Total area: 3,287,263 sq km, is not included controlled Kashmir, sources of India (100.569 km ²).
    * Comparison: 2.4% of land worldwide, the seventh largest country, 16% of the total population
    * Neighbours: The country shares its political borders with Pakistan in the North East and Afghanistan in the west and Bangladesh and Burma to the east, with China, Nepal and Bhutan to the north. Separates India from Sri Lanka, a narrow channel (inlet) formed by the Palk Strait and Gulf of Mannar.
    * Climate - varies from temperate monsoon in the south to temperate in the north.
    * Golf - Shelf in the south central plains of the Indus to the Ganges, deserts in west, Himalayas in north;
    * Elevations extremes - Lowest: Indian Ocean - 0 m, the highest - Kanchendzonga - 8.586 m.
    * Natural Resources - Coal (4 largest), iron ore, manganese, mica, bauxite, titanium ore, chromites, natural gas, diamonds, oil, limestone, arable land;
    * Earth - arable land: 54.4%, 2.74% permanent agriculture, other: 42.86% (2001);
    * Natural Hazards - Floods and severe flooding from monsoon rains and destructive storms, earthquakes;
    * Environment-current issues: deforestation, soil erosion, overgrazing, desertification, air pollution from industrial effluents and vehicle emissions, water pollution from sewage and runoff of pesticides agricultural, huge and growing population Burnout is natural resources.

People

    * Population: 1.1 trillion
    * Age structure: 0-14 years: 31.2%, 15-64 years: 63.9%, 65 - 4.9%
    * Growth rate: 1.4%
    * Population below poverty line: 25% (described as less than 2,100 calories urban, 2400 rural)
    * Birth rate: 22 births / 1,000
    * Mortality rate: 8 deaths / 1,000
    * Sex ratio: 933:1000 female: male
    *
      Infant mortality rate: 57 deaths / 1,000 live births
    *
      Life expectancy at birth: 64 men, 66 women
    * Total fertility rate: 2.7 children / woman
    * HIV / AIDS: 2.5 million App.
    * Ethnic groups: Indo-Aryan 72%, Dravidian 25% Mongoloid and other 3% (2000)
    * Languages: 22 languages in total state, the national language - Hindi, English has associate status, but the most important language for national communication, political and commercial.
    * Religions - Hindu 82%, Muslim 12%, Christian 2.3%, Sikh 2%, Buddhist 0.8%, Jains 0.4%, other 0.4%
    *
      Literacy - 65% male: 70.2%, women: 48.3%
    * Army - 16 years of age for voluntary military service

Government

    * Country name: Republic of India
    * Type of Government: Federal Republic
    * Capital: New Delhi
    * Administrative divisions: 28 states and 7 federal territories of the union
    * Independence: 15 August 1947 (from England)
    * National Day: August 15 (independent), January 26 (Republic day), January 30 (day of assassination of Mahatma Gandhi)

India - Geography

2010-09-09T11:08:00.001+05:30

India is located between 8°4' and 37°6' north latitude and 68°7' and 97°25' east longitude. India measures 3214 Km from norht to south and 2933 kms from east to west with a total land area of 3,287,263 km². India is the 7th largest country in the world. It has a land frontier of 15,200 kms and a coastline of 7516.5 kms. Andaman and Nicobar islands in the bay of Bengal and Lakshadweep in the Arabian sea are parts of India. The country shares its political borders with Pakistan and Afghanistan on the west and Bangladesh and Burma on the east. The northern boundary is made up of China, Nepal and Bhutan. India is separated from Sri Lanka by a narrow channel of sea formed by Palk Strait and the Gulf of Mannar.

Physical Regions
The mainland, in geographical terms is broadly divided into a) the great mountains, b) the river the plains, c) the desert and d) the peninsula.

Mountain Ranges
the mountain extend for more than 2400 km. they are seven.
1. the Himalayas;
2. the Patkai and other ranges bordering India in the north and north east,
3. the Vindyas, which separate the Indo-Gangetic plain from the Deccan Plateau,
4. the Satpura,
5. the Aravalli
6. the Sahyadri, which covers the eastern fringe of the West Coast plains and
7. the Eastern Ghats, irregularly scattered on the East Coast and forming the boundary of the East Coast plains.

Watersheds
There are main three watersheds;
1. Himalayan range with its Karakoram branch in the north,
2. Vindhyan and Satpura ranges in Central India, and
3. Sahyadri or Western Ghats on the west coast.

Rivers and the Plains
The main rivers of the Himalayan group are the Indus, the Ganges and the Brahmaputra. Theser rivers are bothe snow-fed and rain-fed and have therefore continuous flow throughtout the year. Himalayan rivers discharge about 70% of their inflow into the sea. This includes about 5% from central Indian rivers. They join the Ganges and drain into the Bay of Bengal.
The plains of Ganges and Indus run for about 2400 kms with a width ranging from 240 to 320 kms. They are formed in the river basins of Ganges-Yamuna, Brahmaputra, Indus, Godavari, Kaveri etc.

Desert
Te desert region is located in the western and north western part of the country.It can be divided into two parts: the great desert extends from the edge of the Rann of Kutch beyond the Luni river northward. The whole of Rajastan-Sind frontier runs through this. The little desert extends from the Luni between Jaisalmer and Jodhpur up to northern wastes (dry and rocky land).

Peninsula
The peninsula is marked by elevated landmass with height ranging from 460 to 1220 m. The deccan and the Southern part surrounded by water on three sides make the peninsula. It is flanked by Eastern Ghats on the east and Western Ghat on the west. Between the Ghats and the Sea lies the narrow coastal belt.

Climate
Traditionally, seasons in India are divided into six - Vasanta (Spring) (Mar-Apr), Grishma (May-Jun), Varsha (Jul-Aug), Sharada (Sept-Oct), Hemanta (Nov-Dec) and Shishira (Jan-Feb). In broad terms, India experiences 3 main season, such as (a) Winter - Dec to March, (b) Summer - Apr to May and (c) Monsoon - South West - Jun to Sept, and NE (retreating SW monsoon) - Oct to Nov. Between the two main season are Spring and Autumn.

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