Atomic Physicist

PyTorch Installation and Hardware Considerations on Ubuntu 24.04

2025-05-29T12:33:00.015+05:30

Introduction: This article provides a comprehensive guide to installing PyTorch on Ubuntu 24.04, including hardware detection, the differences between Intel CPU and GPU support, and detailed steps for both conda-based installation and building from source. It includes summaries, optional cases, and contextual discussions to provide a comprehensive understanding. PyTorch is an open-source Python library designed for deep learning and numerical computation. At its core, it provides multidimensional arrays called tensors (similar to NumPy arrays) with the added advantage of running efficiently on graphics processing units (GPUs). It features automatic differentiation, which means it can calculate gradients for optimization tasks such as training neural networks. PyTorch also offers high-level modules for building machine learning models while keeping the flexibility to customize every step. Its intuitive, Python-friendly design makes it especially popular in research, where rapid prototyping and clear debugging are essential.
Checking Hardware Compatibility: Before installing PyTorch, it is crucial to determine your system’s hardware, particularly the availability of your GPU.
Check for NVIDIA GPU
$ lspci | grep -i nvidia
$ nvidia-smi
If nvidia-smi shows GPU info, NVIDIA drivers, and the GPU are present. If not, install drivers:
$ sudo ubuntu-drivers autoinstall
$ sudo reboot
If NO NVIDIA GPU Is Detected, check the general display hardware:
$ lspci
$ lshw -C display
$ lscpu
If only Intel or AMD integrated graphics appear, proceed with CPU-only installation.
Why Hardware Type Matters: PyTorch uses different backends depending on the hardware:
• NVIDIA GPU: CUDA-enabled acceleration.
• AMD GPU: ROCm-enabled acceleration (limited support).
• Intel GPU: Currently unsupported for PyTorch GPU acceleration.
• Intel/AMD CPU: CPU-only PyTorch with MKL/OpenBLAS.
Knowing your hardware ensures you install the correct backend for performance and compatibility.
Intel CPU vs Intel GPU:
• Intel CPU: General-purpose processor.
• Intel GPU: Integrated graphics, not usable for PyTorch acceleration.
PyTorch does not currently support acceleration using Intel integrated GPUs. However, it works well with Intel CPUs, using optimized libraries such as MKL.
Prerequisites for Intel CPU:
No special prerequisites are required. Conda builds include:
• Intel MKL
• OpenBLAS
Installing PyTorch via Conda
Step 1: Install Miniconda
$ wget https://repo.anaconda.com/miniconda/Miniconda3-latest-Linux-x86_64.sh
$ bash Miniconda3-latest-Linux-x86_64.sh
$ source ~/.bashrc
Step 2: Create Environment and Install PyTorch CPU-only install:
$ conda create -n pytorch-env python=3.10 -y
$ conda activate pytorch-env
$ conda install pytorch torchvision torchaudio cpuonly -c pytorch
GPU install (NVIDIA CUDA 12.1):
$ conda create -n pytorch-env python=3.10 -y
$ conda activate pytorch-env
$ conda install pytorch torchvision torchaudio pytorch-cuda=12.1 -c pytorch -c nvidia
Step 3: Test Installation:
$ python
>> import torch
>> print(“PyTorch version:”, torch.__version__)
>> print(“CUDA available:”, torch.cuda.is_available())
>> if torch.cuda.is_available():
…….print(“GPU Name:”, torch.cuda.get_device_name(0))
If Everything goes as expected. Congratulations! Now you can use PyTorch in this Anaconda environment.

Resources:

1. https://pytorch.org/get-started/locally/

2. https://github.com/pytorch/pytorch

3. https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/pytorch-system-requirements/

Youplot Installation on Ubuntu-24.04 to Plot Data in Terminal

2025-05-18T15:55:00.053+05:30

You're using conda (likely via Anaconda or Miniconda), and you're aiming to install YouPlot using Ruby via gem. This method is useful if you want to keep everything isolated in a conda environment — great for avoiding system-wide changes.

Step 1: Create or activate a conda environment

This keeps Ruby and YouPlot isolated from your system.

$ conda create -n youplot-env
$ conda activate youplot-env

Step 2: Install Ruby from conda-forge

This installs the Ruby interpreter and RubyGems.

conda-forge provides up-to-date Ruby builds that are well-maintained.

$ conda install -c conda-forge ruby

Step 3: Install compilers (for native extensions)

Some Ruby gems require native code to be compiled during installation (C extensions).
youplot may need this to compile dependencies like ffi.

$ conda install -c conda-forge compilers

Step 4: Install YouPlot via RubyGems

This installs the uplot command.

gem is Ruby’s package manager, like pip for Python.

$ gem install youplot

Step 5: Test It

Once done, test:

$ uplot --help

If uplot is not found, try:

$ which uplot

Configure Anaconda Environment for installing Jupyter Notebook to use PyROOT on Ubuntu 24.04

2024-01-06T19:00:00.007+05:30

Hello Readers, Today we shall learn to enable Jupyter Notebook using CERN-ROOT on Ubuntu 20.04/22.04 or any version, or on cluster computing. This method doesn't require admin privileges to install and configure the Anaconda environment to use PyROOT without interfering with other packages installed in a different Anaconda environment.

Here, I am assuming that the anaconda is already installed on your system; if not, then follow the instructions given in this reference [1].

Let's do the Job.

Follow the following instructions:

01. Create an Anaconda environment to build CERN-ROOT over the required Python version.

$ conda create -c conda-forge --name my_env_name root python=3.9

02. Activate this conda environment:

$ conda activate my_env_name

Note: To hide the environment name from the terminal, follow the instructions given here.

03. Launch Jupyter Notebook:

$ root --notebook

04. Confirm the correct installation by importing ROOT:

[import ROOT]

It should be executed without any error.

Note: You need to install Python libraries in this environment to import any library in your code.

HAPPY LEARNING!!

REFERENCES:

01. https://docs.anaconda.com/free/anaconda/install/linux/

02. https://root-forum.cern.ch/t/installing-root-with-conda/39787

Talys Software Installation on Ubuntu 20.04/22.04

2022-09-09T20:53:00.013+05:30

Talys is a nuclear reaction simulation tool used by Researchers and Scientists. It helps you to calculate the various parameters like Q-value, Cross-section, and various potential parameters. Let's learn, how to install Talys1.96 (the latest version) on Ubuntu20.04 OS.

Make sure, gfortran must be installed because talys works on FORTRAN language. To check the version and availability of gfortran run this command:

$ gfortran --version

the output will be like this:

GNU Fortran (Ubuntu 9.4.0-1ubuntu1~20.04.1) 9.4.0
Copyright (C) 2019 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
This is free software; see the source for copying conditions. There is NO
warranty; not even for MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.

If not installed already run this command to install:

$ sudo apt install gfortran

01: Download source file:

Type in the terminal:

$ pwd : present working directory
/home/user

Create a new directory for separate installation

$ mkdir software
$ cd software

Go to this website: https://tendl.web.psi.ch/tendl_2021/talys.html and download the latest released version or type as follows in the terminal
$ wget https://tendl.web.psi.ch/tendl_2019/talys/talys.tar

02. Unzip the tar file

$ tar xvf talys.tar

$ cd talys

03. Edit the talys.setup file: only path of the default bin and talys directory.

$ edit talys.setup

In line 10: bindir=$Thome'/bin'

Create this bin directory if it doesn't exist.
In line 27: datapath=${talysdir}'/home/user/software/talys'
and save & close.

04. Now edit machine.f file:

This file is here: /home/user/software/talys/source

$ cd /home/user/software/talys/source

now find machine.f file and edit its 34th line. Give the path of talys directory where other dependencies are stored.

In 34th line: home='/home/user/software/'

Now save & close.

05. Compile the libraries with FORTRAN:

Now compile the libraries with gfortran using the following commands

$ gfortran -c *.f

$ gfortran *.o -o talys

It will create an executable file. Now move this file to /home/user/bin directory which can be accessed from any directory.

$ mv talys /home/user/bin

Save path of this executable file of talys to the .bashrc file to run talys from anywhere.

$ nano ~/.bashrc

write this line at the end of file:

export PATH="/home/vimal/bin:$PATH"

$ source ~/.bashrc : it will recompile the bashrc file or close and reopen terminal to recompile.

Talys is now installed

06. Verify Talys:

To verify your installation, go into the samples directory, find talys.inp input file.

To evaluate your results run this input file as:

$ talys <talys.inp> talys.out

where talys.out will be your output text file.

Example: How to write input file?

Explanation: Copy and paste (or use $ nano talys.inp command to write and then save and exit) the following information mentioned in { } to the text file and save it as input file with .inp extension.

{

# Equivalent input file

projectile n

element al

mass 27

energy 14

}

If Everything has gone right.

Than Congratulations!!

For more details go through the document, it contains all the required information.

References:

Website:

https://tendl.web.psi.ch/tendl_2021/talys.html
https://www-nds.iaea.org/talys/

Document:

https://www-nds.iaea.org/talys/tutorials/talys_v1.96.pdf

Lecture Note: Nuclear Reaction Modeling using the talys code: Energy Applications

Use LaTeX in OriginPro on Windows 10

2022-02-20T19:12:00.007+05:30

Hello Readers, Let's learn to use LaTeX in OriginPro on Windows10.

Check the following steps:

Step-1: Install MikTeX Compiler (software) to use LaTeX.

Download MikTeX software from here: Miktex Website

Install this software, then run MikTeX console as administrator from Start Menu to check updates. Click on "Check for Updates"

Install all available updates from the console.

Step-2: Install OAutotrace software from here: https://www.originlab.com/index.aspx?go=PRODUCTS&PID=3166

It will work as a communicator between Origin and MikTeX (Pre-Installed LaTeX).

Install this software, now you are ready to add Apps in Origin.

Step-3: Run Origin Pro then click on "Add Apps" on the right panel.

Now this interface (App Center) will open:

Search LaTeX then install it.

Now LaTeX is ready to use in Origin.

Where can I use LaTeX in Origin:

You can write equations easily on Axis Title, Legend, Main Title, etc. with simple code in the dialog box like this:

Here you can find predefined functions and equations for examples.

Write the equation then check the preview then insert the equation.

Hope it will help !!

Reference: https://www.originlab.com/FileExchange/Details.aspx?fid=221

Draw Iron Man Helmet and Doraemon using Python-Turtle Tool

2022-01-10T23:17:00.006+05:30

Run this Code in Python IDLE using Python3:

Code to Doraemon: Code Link

Code to draw Iron Man Helmet: Code Link

Check the following video for guidance:

Enjoy your day.

CERN ROOT Installation on Ubuntu 20.04

2022-01-04T17:04:00.029+05:30

Hello readers, today we shall learn to build CERN-ROOT-6 from the source file on Ubuntu 20.04. Follow the following steps to install. For another version change accordingly. ROOT is a framework for data processing, born at CERN, at the heart of the research on high energy physics. Every day, thousands of physicists use ROOT application to analyze their data or to perform simulations.

1. First Clone the repository:

Run this command:

$ git clone --branch v6-22-00-patches https://github.com/root-project/root.git root_src

#It is the official repository.

2. Install required packages:

$ sudo apt-get install dpkg-dev cmake g++ gcc binutils libx11-dev libxpm-dev \
libxft-dev libxext-dev python openssl

You can find these packages here: https://root.cern/install/dependencies/

3. Install Optional Packages:

$ sudo apt-get install gfortran libpcre3-dev \

xlibmesa-glu-dev libglew1.5-dev libftgl-dev \

libmysqlclient-dev libfftw3-dev libcfitsio-dev \

graphviz-dev libavahi-compat-libdnssd-dev \

libldap2-dev python-dev libxml2-dev libkrb5-dev \

libgsl0-dev

4. To use python3 in the Root (pyROOT), we need python3 devel packages.

$ sudo apt install python3-dev

5. Download the Source file:

Make a separate directory for fresh installation

$ cd /home/user #home directory

$ mkdir software : It will create a folder in the home directory.

$ cd software : Go inside the directory

$ mkdir root : It will create another folder in the software folder.

$ cd root

$ sudo apt install wget : wget is the internet tool. Install it if not installed already.

$ sudo wget https://root.cern/download/root_v6.22.02.Linux-ubuntu20-x86_64-gcc9.3.tar.gz

: find the source file address form here: https://root.cern/install/all_releases/

$ sudo tar zxf root_v6.22.02.source.tar.gz : Extract file

$ sudo mv root-6.22.02/ 6.22.02

#user : replace it with your PC name.

6. Configure:

$ sudo mkdir 6.22.02-build

$ cd 6.22.02-build

$ sudo cmake -DCMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX=/home/user/software/root/6.22.02 /home/user/software/root/6.22.02

7. Build the root :

$ sudo cmake –build . -- -jN

where N is the number of cores in the processor: to know that run this in terminal: $ nproc

this process will take time as it depends on the hardware. It may take up to 1 hr.

8. Install:

$ sudo make install

9. Setup ROOT in your environment:

$ source /home/sourcefile/software/root/6.22.02-build/bin/thisroot.sh

Note: save this in the .bashrc file to run ROOT in the terminal from any directory.

For this go to the home directory and find the .bashrc file if not appeared then press ctrl+h and save the above command in this file at the end without disturbing anything and save.

10. Check: to check whether the root is installed or not:

type in terminal:

$ root –version

$ root

if this kind of output comes, it means that you have installed root successfully.

11. To check if the ROOT support python3, type following command:

$ root-config –features

If output comes like that:

cxx11 asimage builtin_afterimage builtin_clang builtin_gl2ps builtin_llvm builtin_lz4 builtin_lzma builtin_tbb builtin_vdt builtin_xrootd builtin_xxhash builtin_zstd clad dataframe exceptions fftw3 fitsio gdml http imt mathmore mlp mysql opengl pyroot roofit runtime_cxxmodules shared ssl tmva tmva-cpu spectrum vdt x11 xml xrootd

Then ok, Congratulations. You have successfully installed ROOT and also can use python3 in ROOT.

Matter In The Universe

2021-11-10T18:47:00.004+05:30

Baryonic Matter, where the elements are made out of protons, neutrons, and electrons, is a small part of the content of the universe. The cosmological models support the idea that the total visible mass in the form of stars, planets, satellites, living beings, etc. (it's visible baryonic matter) plus the mass contributed by the energy, is only 4.6%. The rest of the mass is considered to be in the form of dark matter (23%) and dark energy (72.4%). However, there is no direct evidence for these forms of matter and energy are a subject of research. Several experiments are being done by many researchers around the globe.

The matter found in the stars and interstellar clouds is in the form of atoms or ions. In some regions, such as the high densities inside the white dwarfs and neutron stars, the matter may be found in degenerate forms. In the entire known universe, hydrogen is found to be the most abundant element, however, helium is the second most and oxygen (third), carbon (fourth). Nuclear reactions are responsible for the abundance of various elements. The answer to the question, of how carbon, iron, and other heavy elements are found inside the earth, maybe that the Earth is made out of the recycled material thrown out during the death of stars.

Matters of the universe matters.

1. Baryonic Matter: It is the matter which we see around us and is composed of Protons, Electrons, and Neutrons etc.

2. Dark Matter: Several kinds of experiments are nowadays involved in the detection of a more accepted particle candidate of dark matter: WIMP (Weakly Interacting Massive Particles). These experiments are using several kinds of techniques: Superheated Emulsion Detectors, Cryogenic Semiconductors, Scintillations materials like NaI or noble gas chambers, are reporting very interesting results.

3. Dark Energy: Dark energy is the name given to the mysterious force that's causing the rate of expansion of our universe to accelerate over time, rather than slow down. that's contrary to what one might expect from a universe that began in the Big Bang. Astronomers in the 20th century learned that the universe is expanding.

Happy Learning.

Electromagnetic Spectrum

2021-03-06T20:34:00.021+05:30

Hello readers, Let's learn Electromagnetic spectrum.

Foundation of Quantum Teleportation

2021-03-01T15:11:00.018+05:30

Quantum teleportation is a process by which quantum information (e.g. the exact state of an atom or photon) can be transmitted (exactly, in principle) from one location to another, with the help of classical communication and previously shared quantum entanglement between the sending and receiving location. Because it depends on classical communication, which can proceed no faster than the speed of light, it cannot be used for faster-than-light transport or communication of classical bits. While it has proven possible to teleport one or more qubits of information between two (entangled) quanta, this has not yet been achieved between anything larger than molecules.

Although the name is inspired by the teleportation commonly used in fiction, quantum teleportation is limited to the transfer of information rather than matter itself. Quantum teleportation is not a form of transportation, but of communication: it provides a way of transporting a qubit from one location to another without having to move a physical particle along with it.

The term was coined by physicist Charles Bennett. The seminal paper first expounding the idea of quantum teleportation was published by C. H. Bennett, G. Brassard, C. Crépeau, R. Jozsa, A. Peres, and W. K. Wootters in 1993. Quantum teleportation was first realized in single photons, later being demonstrated in various material systems such as atoms, ions, electrons and superconducting circuits. The latest reported record distance for quantum teleportation is 1,400 km (870 mi) by the group of Jian-Wei Pan using the Micius satellite for space-based quantum teleportation.

Non-technical summary

In matters relating to quantum or classical information theory, it is convenient to work with the simplest possible unit of information, the two-state system. In classical information, this is a bit, commonly represented using one or zero (or true or false). The quantum analog of a bit is a quantum bit, or qubit. Qubits encode a type of information, called quantum information, which differs sharply from "classical" information. For example, quantum information can be neither copied (the no-cloning theorem) nor destroyed (the no-deleting theorem).

Quantum teleportation provides a mechanism of moving a qubit from one location to another, without having to physically transport the underlying particle to which that qubit is normally attached. Much like the invention of the telegraph allowed classical bits to be transported at high speed across continents, quantum teleportation holds the promise that one day, qubits could be moved likewise. As of 2015, the quantum states of single photons, photon modes, single atoms, atomic ensembles, defect centers in solids, single electrons, and superconducting circuits have been employed as information bearers.

The movement of qubits does not require the movement of "things" any more than communication over the internet does: no quantum object needs to be transported, but it is necessary to communicate two classical bits per teleported qubit from the sender to the receiver. The actual teleportation protocol requires that an entangled quantum state or Bell state be created, and its two parts shared between two locations (the source and destination, or Alice and Bob). In essence, a certain kind of quantum channel between two sites must be established first, before a qubit can be moved. Teleportation also requires a classical information channel to be established, as two classical bits must be transmitted to accompany each qubit. The reason for this is that the results of the measurements must be communicated, and this must be done over ordinary classical communication channels. The need for such classical channels may, at first, seem disappointing; however, this is not unlike ordinary communications, which requires wires, radios or lasers.[ further explanation needed ][ citation needed ] What's more, Bell states are most easily shared using photons from lasers,[ citation needed ] and so teleportation could be done, in principle, through open space, i.e., without the need to send the light through cables or optical fibers.

The quantum states of single atoms have been teleported. An atom consists of several parts: the qubits in the electronic state or electron shells surrounding the atomic nucleus, the qubits in the nucleus itself, and, finally, the electrons, protons and neutrons making up the atom. Physicists have teleported the qubits encoded in the electronic state of atoms; they have not teleported the nuclear state, nor the nucleus itself.[ citation needed ] It is therefore inaccurate to say "an atom has been teleported". The quantum state of an atom has.[ clarification needed ] Thus, performing this kind of teleportation requires a stock of atoms at the receiving site, available for having qubits imprinted on them.[ citation needed ] The importance of teleporting nuclear state is unclear:[ citation needed ] nuclear state does affect[ how? ] the atom, e.g. in hyperfine splitting, but whether such state would need to be teleported in some futuristic "practical" application is debatable.[ according to whom? ]

An important aspect of quantum information theory is entanglement, which imposes statistical correlations between otherwise distinct physical systems. These correlations hold even when measurements are chosen and performed independently, out of causal contact from one another, as verified in Bell test experiments. Thus, an observation resulting from a measurement choice made at one point in spacetime seems to instantaneously affect outcomes in another region, even though light hasn't yet had time to travel the distance; a conclusion seemingly at odds with special relativity (EPR paradox). However such correlations can never be used to transmit any information faster than the speed of light, a statement encapsulated in the no-communication theorem. Thus, teleportation, as a whole, can never be superluminal, as a qubit cannot be reconstructed until the accompanying classical information arrives.

Understanding quantum teleportation requires a good grounding in finite-dimensional linear algebra, Hilbert spaces and projection matrixes. A qubit is described using a two-dimensional complex number-valued vector space (a Hilbert space), which are the primary basis for the formal manipulations given below. A working knowledge of quantum mechanics is not absolutely required to understand the mathematics of quantum teleportation, although without such acquaintance, the deeper meaning of the equations may remain quite mysterious.

--Happy Reading😊

Interaction of Gamma Rays

2021-01-04T00:11:00.013+05:30

A large number of possible interaction mechanisms are known for gammas rays in the matter, only three major types play an important role in radiation measurements:

1. Photoelectric Effect or absorption.

2. Compton Scattering.

3. Pair Production.

Happy Learning.

Check More: EM Interaction

Bohr Model of Hydrogen Atom

2020-12-27T16:41:00.023+05:30

In 1913 Prof. Niels Bohr proposed a quantum model of the atom in order to explain the stability of the atom. Assumptions made by Bohr to explain his atomic model.

1. Bohr's First Assumption: Electrons rotate in the non-radiating circular orbit around the nucleus in the stationary orbit. The centripetal force keeps all the electrons in the circular orbit which is maintained by the Coulomb force. i.e. Centripetal force is equal to Coulomb force.

Let's say an electron (-e) of mass m is moving with a velocity v and in radius r around the nucleus of charge (+Ze). So the Coulomb force of attraction can be written as:

Coulomb’s Law is equivalent to the centrifugal force, so that we can write that: F= 1/4πε ((-e)(+Ze))/r^2 = (mv^2)/r

2. Bohr's 2nd Assumption: An electron can revolve only in those orbits in which the total angular momentum of the electron is equal to an integral multiple of h/2π, where h is the Planck's Constant. These orbits are called stable orbits.

3. Bohr's 3rd Assumption: No energy is radiated by the atom so long as the electron continues to move in stationary orbits. The emission or absorption of energy takes place only when an electron jumps from one stable orbit to another stable orbit.

Happy Learning.

Check more: Matter in The Universe