ASP.NET

write a program to swap Two numbers without using temp variable.

2012-12-20T01:46:00.001-08:00

a=a+b;
b=a-b;
a=a-b;

fibonacci series in c sharp

2012-12-20T01:44:00.002-08:00

using System;

class Program
{
    public static int Fibonacci(int n)
    {
 int a = 0;
 int b = 1;
 // In N steps compute Fibonacci sequence iteratively.
 for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)
 {
     int temp = a;
     a = b;
     b = temp + b;
 }
 return a;
    }

    static void Main()
    {
 for (int i = 0; i < 15; i++)
 {
     Console.WriteLine(Fibonacci(i));
 }
    }
}

Prime Numbers between ’0′ and ’100′ in C#

2012-12-20T01:41:00.003-08:00

using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Text;

namespace PrimeNumber
{
class Program
{
static void Main(string[] args)
{
bool isPrime = true;

for (int i = 1; i <= 100; i++)
{
for (int j = 2; j <= 100; j++)
{

if (i != j && i % j == 0)
{
isPrime = false;
break;
}

}

if (isPrime)
{
Console.WriteLine("Prime:" + i);
}

isPrime = true;
}

Console.ReadKey();
}
}
}

Life Cycle of Master, User-control and Content page

2012-11-02T01:12:00.000-07:00

1.Content Page PreInit Event
2.Page:UserControl Init Event
3.Master:UserControl Init Event
4.Master Page Init Event
5.Content Page Init Event
6.Content Page Load Event
7.Master Page Load Event
8.Page:UserControl Load Event
9.Master:UserControl Load Event
10.Content page prerender

11.Master Page's Page_prerender

12.Master Page's Page_Unload

13.and finally Content page's Page_Unload

OOPS Concepts

2012-06-15T05:25:00.003-07:00

	What is Object Oriented Programming? It is a problem solving technique to develop software systems. It is a technique to think real world in terms of objects. Object maps the software model to real world concept. These objects have responsibilities and provide services to application or other objects.
	What’s a Class? A class describes all the attributes of objects, as well as the methods that implement the behavior of member objects. It’s a comprehensive data type which represents a blue print of objects. It’s a template of object.
	What’s an Object? It is a basic unit of a system. An object is an entity that has attributes, behavior, and identity. Objects are members of a class. Attributes and behavior of an object are defined by the class definition.
	What is the relation between Classes and Objects? They look very much same but are not same. Class is a definition, while object is a instance of the class created. Class is a blue print while objects are actual objects existing in real world. Example we have class CAR which has attributes and methods like Speed, Brakes, Type of Car etc. Class CAR is just a prototype, now we can create real time objects which can be used to provide functionality. Example we can create a Maruti car object with 100 km speed and urgent brakes.
	What is Abstraction? It allows complex real world to be represented in simplified manner. Example color is abstracted to RGB. By just making the combination of these three colors we can achieve any color in world.It’s a model of real world or concept.
	What is Encapsulation? It is a process of hiding all the internal details of an object from the outside world.
	What is Object lifetime? All objects have life time.Objects are created ,and initialized, necessary functionalities are done and later the object is destroyed. Every object have there own state and identity which differ from instance to instance.
	What is Association? This is the simplest relationship between objects. Example every customer has sales. So Customer object and sales object have an association relation between them.
	What is Aggregation? This is also called as composition model. Example in order to make a "Accounts" class it has use other objects example "Voucher", "Journal" and "Cash" objects. So accounts class is aggregation of these three objects.
	What is Polymorphism? When inheritance is used to extend a generalized class to a more specialized class, it includes behavior of the top class(Generalized class). The inheriting class often implement a behavior that can be somewhat different than the generalized class, but the name of the behavior can be same. It is important that a given instance of an object use the correct behavior, and the property of polymorphism allows this to happen automatically.
	What are abstract classes? Following are features of a abstract class :- 1. You can not create a object of abstract class. 2. Abstract class is designed to act as a base class (to be inherited by other classes). Abstract class is a design concept in program development and provides a base upon which other classes are built. 3. Abstract classes are similar to interfaces. After declaring an abstract class, it cannot be instantiated on its own, it must be inherited. 4. In VB.NET abstract classes are created using *"MustInherit"* keyword.In C# we have *"Abstract"* keyword. 5. Abstract classes can have implementation or pure abstract methods which should be implemented in the child class.
	What is a Interface? Implementing a interface it says to the outer world, that it provides specific behavior. Example if a class is implementing Idisposable interface that means it has a functionality to release unmanaged resources. Now external objects using this class know that it has contract by which it can dispose unused unmanaged objects. Single Class can implement multiple interfaces. If a class implements a interface then it has to provide implementation to all its methods.
	What is difference between abstract classes and interfaces? Following are the differences between abstract and interfaces :- 1. Abstract classes can have concrete methods while interfaces have no methods implemented. 2. Interfaces do not come in inheriting chain, while abstract classes come in inheritance.
	What is a delegate? Delegate is a class that can hold a reference to a method or a function. Delegate class has a signature and it can only reference those methods whose signature is compliant with the class. Delegates are type-safe functions pointers or callbacks.
	Do events have return type? No, events do not have return type.
	Can event’s have access modifiers? Event’s are always public as they are meant to serve every one registering to it. But you can access modifiers in events.You can have events with protected keyword which will be accessible only to inherited classes.You can have private events only for object in that class.
	Can we have shared events? Yes, you can have shared event’s. Note: Only shared methods can raise shared events.
	What is shadowing? When two elements in a program have same name, one of them can hide and shadow the other one. So in such cases the element which shadowed the main element is referenced.
	What is the difference between Shadowing and Overriding? Following are the differences between shadowing and overriding :- 1. Overriding redefines only the implementation while shadowing redefines the whole element. 2. In overriding derived classes can refer the parent class element by using "ME" keyword, but in shadowing you can access it by "MYBASE"
	What is the difference between delegate and events? Actually events use delegates in bottom. But they add an extra layer on the delegates, thus forming the publisher and subscriber model. As delegates are function to pointers they can move across any clients. So any of the clients can add or remove events, which can be pretty confusing. But events give the extra protection by adding the layer and making it a publisher and subscriber model. 212 Just imagine one of your clients doing this c.XyzCallback = null This will reset all your delegates to nothing and you have to keep searching where the error is.
	If we inherit a class do the private variables also get inherited? Yes, the variables are inherited but can not be accessed directly by the class interface
	What are the different accessibility levels defined in .NET? Following are the five levels of access modifiers :- 1. Private : Only members of class have access. 2. Protected :-All members in current class and in derived classes can access the variables. 3. Friend (internal in C#) :- Only members in current project have access to the elements. 4. Protected friend (protected internal in C#) :- All members in current project and all members in derived class can access the variables. 5. Public :- All members have access in all classes and projects.
	Can you prevent a class from overriding? If you define a class as "Sealed" in C# and "NotInheritable" in VB.NET you can not inherit the class any further.

	What is the use of "MustInherit" keyword in VB.NET? If you want to create a abstract class in VB.NET it’s done by using "MustInherit" keyword.You can not create an object of a class which is marked as "MustInherit". When you define "MustInherit" keyword for class you can only use the class by inheriting.
	Do interface have accessibility modifier? All elements in Interface should be public. So by default all interface elements are public by default.
	What are similarities between Class and structure? Following are the similarities between classes and structures :- 1. Both can have constructors, methods, properties, fields, constants, enumerations, events, and event handlers. 2. Structures and classes can implement interface. 3. Both of them can have constructors with and without parameter. 4. Both can have delegates and events.
	What is the difference between Class and structure’s? Following are the key differences between them :- 1.Structure are value types and classes are reference types. So structures use stack and classes use heap. 2. Structures members can not be declared as protected, but class members can be. You can not do inheritance in structures. 3. Structures do not require constructors while classes require. 4.Objects created from classes are terminated using Garbage collector. Structures are not destroyed using GC.
	What does virtual keyword mean? They are that method and property can be overridden.
	What are shared (VB.NET)/Static(C#) variables? Static/Shared classes are used when a class provides functionality which is not specific to any instance. In short if you want an object to be shared between multiple instances you will use a static/Shared class. Following are features of Static/Shared classes :- 1. They can not be instantiated. By default a object is created on the first method call to that object. 2. Static/Shared classes can not be inherited. 3. Static/Shared classes can have only static members. 4. Static/Shared classes can have only static constructor.
	What is Dispose method in .NET? NET provides "Finalize" method in which we can clean up our resources. But relying on this is not always good so the best is to implement "Idisposable" interface and implement the "Dispose" method where you can put your clean up routines.
	What is the use of "OverRides" and "Overridable" keywords? Overridable is used in parent class to indicate that a method can be overridden. Overrides is used in the child class to indicate that you are overriding a method
	Where are all .NET Collection classes located? System.Collection namespace has all the collection classes available in .NET.
	What is ArrayList? Array is whose size can increase and decrease dynamically. Array list can hold item of different types. As Array list can increase and decrease size dynamically you do not have to use the REDIM keyword. You can access any item in array using the INDEX value of the array position.
	What’s a HashTable? You can access array using INDEX value of array, but how many times you know the real value of index. Hashtable provides way of accessing the index using a user identified KEY value, thus removing the INDEX problem.
	What are queues and stacks? Queue is for first-in, first-out (FIFO) structures. Stack is for last-in, first-out (LIFO) structures.
	What is ENUM? It’s used to define constants.
	What is Operator Overloading in .NET? It allows us to define/redefine the way operators work with our classes and structs. This allows programmers to make their custom types look and feel like simple types such as int and string. VB.NET till now does not support operator overloading. Operator overloading is done by using the "Operator" keyword. Note:- Operator overloading is supported in VB.NET 2005
	What is the significance of Finalize method in .NET? .NET Garbage collector does almost all clean up activity for your objects. But unmanaged resources (ex: - Windows API created objects, File, Database connection objects, COM objects etc) is outside the scope of .NET framework we have to explicitly clean our resources. For these types of objects .NET framework provides Object. Finalize method 218 which can be overridden and clean up code for unmanaged resources can be put in this section.
	Why is it preferred to not use finalize for clean up? Problem with finalize is that garbage collection has to make two rounds in order to remove objects which have finalize methods. Below figure will make things clear regarding the two rounds of garbage collection rounds performed for the objects having finalized methods. In this scenario there are three objects Object1, Object2 and Object3. Object2 has the finalize method overridden and remaining objects do not have the finalize method overridden. Now when garbage collector runs for the first time it searches for objects whose memory has to free. He can see three objects but only cleans the memory for Object1 and Object3. Object2 it pushes to the finalization queue. Now garbage collector runs for the second time. He see’s there are no objects to be released and then checks for the finalization queue and at this moment it clears object2 from the memory. So if you notice that object2 was released from memory in the second round and not first. That’s why the best practice is not to write clean up Non.NET resources in Finalize method rather use the DISPOSE.
	How can we suppress a finalize method? GC.SuppressFinalize ()
	What is the use of DISPOSE method? Dispose method belongs to IDisposable interface. We had seen in the previous section how bad it can be to override the finalize method for writing the cleaning of unmanaged resources. So if any object wants to release its unmanaged code best is to implement 220 IDisposable and override the Dispose method of IDisposable interface. Now once your class has exposed the Dispose method it’s the responsibility of the client to call the Dispose method to do the cleanup.
	How do I force the Dispose method to be called automatically, as clients can forget to call Dispose method? Call the Dispose method in Finalize method and in Dispose method suppress the finalize method using GC.SuppressFinalize. Below is the sample code of the pattern. This is the best way we do clean our unallocated resources and yes not to forget we do not get the hit of running the Garbage collector twice. Note:- It will suppress the finalize method thus avoiding the two trip. Public Class ClsTesting Implements IDisposable Public Overloads Sub Dispose()Implements IDisposable.Dispose ' write ytour clean up code here GC.SuppressFinalize(Me) End Sub Protected Overrides Sub Finalize() Dispose() End Sub End Class
	In what instances you will declare a constructor to be private? When we create a private constructor, we can not create object of the class directly from a client. So you will use private constructors when you do not want instances of the class to be created by any external client. Example UTILITY functions in project will have no 221 instance and be used with out creating instance, as creating instances of the class would be waste of memory.
	Can we have different access modifiers on get/set methods of a property? No we can not have different modifiers same property. The access modifier on a property applies to both its get and set accessors.
	we write a goto or a return statement in try and catch block will the finally block execute? The code in then finally always run even if there are statements like goto or a return statements.
	What is Indexer? An indexer is a member that enables an object to be indexed in the same way as an array.
	Can we have static indexer in C#? No
	In a program there are multiple catch blocks so can it happen that two catch blocks are executed? No, once the proper catch section is executed the control goes finally to block. So there will not be any scenarios in which multiple catch blocks will be executed.
	What is the difference between System.String and System.StringBuilder classes? System.String is immutable; System.StringBuilder can have mutable string where a variety of operations can be performed.

ASP.NET - .NET Interview Questions and Answers part 4

2012-06-06T23:16:00.000-07:00

91. How many types of Cookies are available in ASP.NET?

There are two types of Cookies available in ASP.NET:

Session Cookie - Resides on the client machine for a single session until the user does not log out.
Persistent Cookie - Resides on a user's machine for a period specified for its expiry, such as 10 days, one month, and never.

The user can set this period manually.

92. What is the use of the Global.asax file?

The Global.asax file executes application-level events and sets application-level variables.

93. What are the Culture and UICulture values?

The Culture value determines the functions, such as Date and Currency, which are used to format data and numbers in a Web page. The UICulture value determines the resources, such as strings or images, which are loaded for a Web page in a Web application.

94. What is the difference between ASP session and ASP.NET session?

ASP does not support cookie-less sessions; whereas, ASP.NET does. In addition, the ASP.NET session can span across multiple servers.

95. Which control will you use to ensure that the values in two different controls match?

You should use the CompareValidator control to ensure that the values in two different controls match.

96. What is the difference between a page theme and a global theme?

A page theme is stored inside a subfolder of the App_Themes folder of a project and applied to individual Web pages of that project. Global themes are stored inside the Themes folder on a Web server and apply to all the Web applications on the Web server.

97. What do you mean by a neutral culture?

When you specify a language but do not specify the associated country through a culture, the culture is called as a neutral culture.

98. What is the use of the <sessionState> tag in the web.config file?

The <sessionState> tag is used to configure the session state features. To change the default timeout, which is 20 minutes, you have to add the following code snippet to the web.config file of an application:<sessionState timeout="40"/>

99. Can you post and access view state in another application?

Yes, you can post and access a view state in other applications. However, while posting a view state in another application, the PreviousPage property returns null.

100. Which method do you use to kill explicitly a users session?

The Session.Abandon() method kills the user session explicitly.

101. Which class is inherited when an ASP.NET server control is added to a Web form?

The System.Web.UI.WebControls class is inherited when an ASP.NET server control is added to a Web form.

102. What events are fired when a page loads?

The following events fire when a page loads:

Init() - Fires when the page is initializing.
LoadViewState() - Fires when the view state is loading.
LoadPostData() - Fires when the postback data is processing.
Load() - Fires when the page is loading.
PreRender() - Fires at the brief moment before the page is displayed to the user as HTML.
Unload() - Fires when the page is destroying the instances of server controls.

103. Write three common properties of all validation controls.

Three common properties of validation controls are as follows:

ControlToValidate - Provides a control to validate
ErrorMessage - Displays an error message
IsValid - Specifies if the control's validation has succeeded or not
Text - Displays a text for validation control before validation

104. What are navigation controls? How many navigation controls are there in ASP.NET 4.0?

Navigation controls help you to navigate in a Web application easily. These controls store all the links in a hierarchical or drop-down structure; thereby facilitating easy navigation in a Web application.

There are three navigation controls in ASP.Net 4.0.

SiteMapPath
Menu
TreeView

105. What happens if an ASP.NET server control with event-handling routines is missing from its definition?

The compilation of the application fails.

106. What are server-side comments?

Server-side comments are included in an ASP.NET page for the purpose of documentations as shown in the following code snippet:

<%--This is an example of server-side comments --%>

The server-side comments begin with <%-- and end with --%>.

107. How can we provide the WebParts control functionality to a server control?

We can provide the WebParts controls functionality to a server control by setting the CreateWebPart property of WebPartManger.

108. How do you prevent a validation control from validating data at the client end?

You can prohibit a validation control to validate data at the client side by setting the EnableClientScriptproperty to False.

109. What is cross-page posting in ASP.NET?

The Server.Transfer() method is used to post data from one page to another. In this case, the URL remains the same. However, in cross page posting, data is collected from different Web pages and is displayed on a single page. To do so, you need to set the PostBackUrl property of the control, which specifies the target page. In the target page, you can access the PreviousPage property. For this, you need to use the@PreviousPageType directive. You can access the controls of previous page by using the FindControl()method.

110. Which ASP.NET configuration options are supported in the ASP.NET implementation on the shared Web hosting platform?

There are many ASP.NET configuration choices, which are not able to configure at the site, application, or child directory level on the shared hosting environment. Some options can produce security, performance, and stability problem to the server and therefore cannot be changed.

The following settings are the only ones that can be changed in the web.config file(s) of your Web site:

browserCaps
clientTarget
pages
customErrors
globalization
authorization
authentication
webControls
webServices

111. Explain the Application and Session objects in ASP.NET.

Application state is used to store data corresponding to all the variables of an ASP.NET Web application. The data in an application state is stored once and read several times. Application state uses theHttpApplicationState class to store and share the data throughout the application. You can access the information stored in an application state by using the HttpApplication class property. Data stored in the application state is accessible to all the pages of the application and is the same for all the users accessing the application. The HttpApplicationState class provides a lock method, which you can use to ensure that only one user is able to access and modify the data of an application at any instant of time.

Each client accessing a Web application maintains a distinct session with the Web server, and there is also some specific information associated with each of these sessions. Session state is defined in the<sessionState> element of the web.config file. It also stores the data specific to a user session in session variables. Different session variables are created for each user session. In addition, session variables can be accessed from any page of the application. When a user accesses a page, a session ID for the user is created. The session ID is transferred between the server and the client over the HTTP protocol using cookies.

112. How will you differentiate a submaster page from a top-level master page?

Similar to a content page, a submaster page also does not have complete HTML source code; whereas, a top-level master page has complete HTML source code inside its source file.

113. What are Web server controls in ASP.NET?

The ASP.NET Web server controls are objects on the ASP.NET pages that run when the Web page is requested. Many Web server controls, such as button and text box, are similar to the HTML controls. In addition to the HTML controls, there are many controls, which include complex behavior, such as the controls used to connect to data sources and display data.

114. What is the difference between a HyperLink control and a LinkButton control?

A HyperLink control does not have the Click and Command events; whereas, the LinkButton control has these events, which can be handled in the code-behind file of the Web page.

115. What are the various ways of authentication techniques in ASP.NET?

There are various techniques in ASP.NET to authenticate a user. You can use one of the following ways of authentication to select a built-in authentication provider:

Windows Authentication - This mode works as the default authentication technique. It can work with any form of Microsoft Internet Information Services (IIS) authentication, such as Basic, Integrated Windows authentication (NTLM/Kerberos), Digest, and certificates. The syntax of Windows authentication mode is given as follows: <authentication mode="windows" />
Forms Authentication - You can specify this mode as a default authentication mode by using the following code snippet: <authentication mode="Forms"/>
Passport - This mode works with Microsoft Passport authentication, as shown in the following code snippet: <authentication mode = "Passport"/>

116. What are the different ways to send data across pages in ASP.NET?

The following two ways are used to send data across pages in ASP.NET:

Session
Public properties

117. What does the WebpartListUserControlPath property of a DeclarativeCatalogPart control do?

The WebpartListUserControlPath property sets the route of the user defined control to aDeclarativeCatalogPart control.

118. What do you mean by the Web Part controls in ASP.NET?

The Web Part controls are the integrated controls, which are used to create a Web site. These controls allow the users to change the content, outlook, and state of Web pages in a Web browser.

119. What type of the CatalogPart control enables users to restore the Web Parts that have been removed earlier by the user?

The PageCatalogPart control.

120. What is the use of web.config? What is the difference between machine.config and web.config?

ASP.NET configuration files are XML-based text files for application-level settings and are saved with the name web.config. These files are present in multiple directories on an ASP.NET Web application server. Theweb.config file sets the configuration settings to the directory it is placed in and to all the virtual sub folders under it. The settings in sub directories can optionally override or change the settings specified in the base directory.

The difference between the web.config and machine.config files is given as follows:

<WinDir>\Microsoft.NET\Framework\<version>\config\machine.config provides default configuration settings for the entire machine. ASP.NET configures IIS to prohibit the browser directly from accessing the web.config files to make sure that their values cannot be public. Attempts to access those files cause ASP.NET to return the 403: Access Forbidden error.
ASP.NET uses these web.config configuration files at runtime to compute hierarchically a sole collection of settings for every URL target request. These settings compute only once and cached across further requests. ASP.NET automatically checks for changing file settings and do not validate the cache if any of the configuration changes made.

121. Explain the concept of states in ASP.NET.

State is quite an innovative concept in Web development because it eliminates the drawback of losing state data due to reloading of a Web page. By using states in a Web application, you can preserve the state of the application either at the server or client end. The state of a Web application helps you to store the runtime changes that have been made to the Web application. For example, as already described earlier, a change in the data source of the Web application might be initiated by a user when he/she selects and saves some products in the shopping cart.

If you are not using states, these changes are discarded and are not saved. You may think that the whole concept of storing states is optional. However, under certain circumstances, using states with applications is imperative. For example, it is necessary to store states for Web applications, such as an e-commerce shopping site or an Intranet site of a company, to keep track of the requests of the users for the items they have selected on the shopping site or the days requested for vacation on the Intranet site.

122. Can we validate a DropDownList by RequiredFieldValidator?

Yes, we can validate a DropDownList by RequiredFieldValidator. To perform this validation, we have to set the InitialValue property of RequiredFieldValidator control.

ASP.NET - .NET Interview Questions and Answers Part 3

2012-06-06T23:13:00.001-07:00

61. What do you understand by aggregate dependency?

Aggregate dependency allows multiple dependencies to be aggregated for content that depends on more than one resource. In such type of dependency, you need to depend on the sum of all the defined dependencies to remove a data item from the cache.

62. How can you ensure that no one has tampered with ViewState in a Web page?

To ensure that no one has tampered with ViewState in a Web page, set the EnableViewStateMac property to True.

63. What is the difference between adding items into cache through the Add() method and through theInsert() method?

Both methods work in a similar way except that the Cache.Add() function returns an object that represents the item you added in the cache. The Cache.Insert() function can replace an existing item in the cache, which is not possible using the Cache.Add() method.

64. Explain the cookie less session and its working.

ASP.NET manages the session state in the same process that processes the request and does not create a cookie. It is known as a cookie less session. If cookies are not available, a session is tracked by adding a session identifier to the URL. The cookie less session is enabled using the following code snippet:<sessionState cookieless="true" />

65. What is a round trip?

The trip of a Web page from the client to the server and then back to the client is known as a round trip.

66. What are the major built-in objects in ASP.NET?

The major built-in objects in ASP.NET are as follows:

Application
Request
Response
Server
Session
Context
Trace

67. Where should the data validations be performed-at the client side or at the server side and why?

Data validations should be done primarily at the client side and the server-side validation should be avoided because it makes server task overloaded. If the client-side validation is not available, you can use server-side validation. When a user sends a request to the server, the validation controls are invoked to check the user input one by one.

68. Why do we need nested master pages in a Web site?

When we have several hierarchical levels in a Web site, then we use nested master pages in the Web site.

69. How can you dynamically add user controls to a page?

User controls can be dynamically loaded by adding a Web User Control page in the application and adding the control on this page.

70. What is the appSettings Section in the web.config file?

The web.config file sets the configuration for a Web project. The appSettings block in configuration file sets the user-defined values for the whole application.

For example, in the following code snippet, the specified ConnectionString section is used throughout the project for database connection:

<configuration>
<appSettings>
<add key="ConnectionString" value="server=indiabixserver; pwd=dbpassword; database=indiabix" />
</appSettings>
...

71. What type of code, client-side or server-side, is found in a code-behind file of a Web page?

A code-behind file contains the server-side code, which means that the code contained in a code-behind file is executed at the server.

72. To which class a Web form belongs to in the .NET Framework class hierarchy?

A Web form belongs to the System.Web.UI.Page class.

73. What does the "EnableViewState" property do? Why do we want it On or Off?

The EnableViewState property enables the ViewState property on the page. It is set to On to allow the page to save the users input between postback requests of a Web page; that is, between the Request and corresponding Response objects. When this property is set to Off, the page does not store the users input during postback.

74. Which event determines that all the controls are completely loaded into memory?

The Page_Load event determines that all the controls on the page are fully loaded. You can also access the controls in the Page_Init event; however, the ViewState property does not load completely during this event.

75. What is the function of the CustomValidator control?

It provides the customize validation code to perform both client-side and server-side validation.

76. What is Role-based security?

In the Role-based security, you can assign a role to every user and grant the privilege according to that role. A role is a group of principal that restricts a user's privileges. Therefore, all the organization and applications use role-based security model to determine whether a user has enough privileges to perform a requested task.

77. Which data type does the RangeValidator control support?

The data types supported by the RangeValidator control are Integer, Double, String, Currency, and Date.

78. What are the HTML server controls in ASP.NET?

HTML server controls are similar to the standard HTML elements, which are normally used in HTML pages. They expose properties and events that can be used programmatically. To make these controls programmatically accessible, you need to specify that the HTML controls act as a server control by adding the runat="server"attribute.

79. Why a SiteMapPath control is referred to as breadcrumb or eyebrow navigation control?

The SiteMapPath control displays a hierarchical path to the root Web page of the Web site. Therefore, it is known as the breadcrumb or eyebrow navigation control.

80. Where is the ViewState information stored?

The ViewState information is stored in the HTML hidden fields.

81. Which namespaces are necessary to create a localized application?

The System.Globalization and System.Resources namespaces are essential to develop a localized application.

82. What is the difference between an HtmlInputCheckBox control and an HtmlInputRadioButton control?

You can select more than one HtmlInputCheckBox control from a group of HtmlInputCheckBox controls; whereas, you can select only a single HtmllnputRadioButton control from a group ofHtmlInputRadioButton controls.

83. What is the difference between HTML and Web server controls?

HTML controls are client-side controls; therefore, all the validations for HTML controls are performed at the client side. On the other hand, Web server controls are server-side controls; therefore, all the validations for Web server controls are performed at the server side.

84. Explain the AdRotator Control.

The AdRotator is an ASP.NET control that is used to provide advertisements to Web pages. The AdRotatorcontrol associates with one or many advertisements, which randomly displays one by one at a time when the Web page is refreshed. The AdRotator control advertisements are associated with links; therefore, when you click on an advertisement, it redirects you to other pages.

The AdRotator control is associated with a data source, which is normally an xml file or a database table. A data source contains all the information, such as advertisement graphics reference, link, and alternate text. Therefore, when you use the AdRotator control, you should first create a data source and then associate it with the AdRotator control.

85. What do you understand by the culture?

The culture denotes a combination of a language and optionally a region or a country. The contents of a Web page of a multilingual Web site are changed according to the culture defined in the operating system of the user accessing the Web page.

86. What is the difference between absolute expiration and sliding-time expiration?

The absolute expiration expires a cached item after the provided expiration time. The sliding time does not expire the cached items because it increments the specified time.

87. What is the code-behind feature in ASP.NET?

The code-behind feature of ASP.NET enables you to divide an ASP.NET page into two files - one consisting of the presentation data, and the second, which is also called the code-behind file, consisting of all the business logic. The presentation data contains the interface elements, such as HTML controls and Web server controls, and the code-behind contains the event-handling process to handle the events that are fired by these controls. The file that contains the presentation data has the .aspx extension. The code behind file has either the .cs extension (if you are using the programming language C#) or the .vb (if you are using the programming language Visual Basic .NET) extension.

88. How can you check if all the validation controls on a Web page are valid and proper?

You can determine that all the validation controls on a Web page are properly working by writing code in the source file of the Web page using a scripting language, such as VBScript or JavaScript. To do this task, you have to loop across validators collection of pages and check the IsValid property of each validation control on the Web page to check whether or not the validation test is successful.

89. Explain the validation controls. How many validation controls in ASP.NET 4.0?

Validation controls are responsible to validate the data of an input control. Whenever you provide any input to an application, it performs the validation and displays an error message to user, in case the validation fails.

ASP.NET 4.0 contains the following six types of validation controls:

CompareValidator - Performs a comparison between the values contained in two controls.
CustomValidator - Writes your own method to perform extra validation.
RangeValidator- Checks value according to the range of value.
RegularExpressionValidator - Ensures that input is according to the specified pattern or not.
RequiredFieldValidator - Checks either a control is empty or not.
ValidationSummary - Displays a summary of all validation error in a central location.

90. What is difference between a Label control and a Literal control?

The Label control's final html code has an HTML tag; whereas, the Literal control's final html code contains only text, which is not surrounded by any HTML tag.

ASP.NET - .NET Interview Questions and Answers Part 2

2012-06-06T23:11:00.001-07:00

31. Which method is used to force all the validation controls to run?

The Page.Validate() method is used to force all the validation controls to run and to perform validation.

32. Which method has been introduced in ASP.NET 4.0 to redirect a page permanently?

The RedirectPermanent() method added in ASP.NET 4.0 to redirect a page permanently. The following code snippet is an example of the RedirectPermanent() method:

RedirectPermanent("/path/Aboutus.aspx");

33. How can you send an email message from an ASP.NET Web page?

You can use the System.Net.Mail.MailMessage and the System.Net.Mail.SmtpMail classes to send an email in your Web pages. In order to send an email through your mail server, you need to create an object of the SmtpClient class and set the server name, port, and credentials.

34. What is the difference between the Response.Write() and Response.Output.Write() methods?

The Response.Write() method allows you to write the normal output; whereas, theResponse.Output.Write() method allows you to write the formatted output.

35. What does the Orientation property do in a Menu control?

Orientation property of the Menu control sets the horizontal or vertical display of a menu on a Web page. By default, the orientation is vertical.

36. Differentiate between client-side and server-side validations in Web pages.

Client-side validations take place at the client end with the help of JavaScript and VBScript before the Web page is sent to the server. On the other hand, server-side validations take place at the server end.

37. How does a content page differ from a master page?

A content page does not have complete HTML source code; whereas a master page has complete HTML source code inside its source file.

38. Suppose you want an ASP.NET function (client side) executed on the MouseOver event of a button. Where do you add an event handler?

The event handler is added to the Add() method of the Attributes property.

39. What is the default timeout for a Cookie?

The default time duration for a Cookie is 30 minutes.

40. What are HTTP handlers in ASP.NET?

HTTP handlers, as the name suggests, are used to handle user requests for Web application resources. They are the backbone of the request-response model of Web applications. There is a specific event handler to handle the request for each user request type and send back the corresponding response object.

Each user requests to the IIS Web server flows through the HTTP pipeline, which refers to a series of components (HTTP modules and HTTP handlers) to process the request. HTTP modules act as filters to process the request as it passes through the HTTP pipeline. The request, after passing through the HTTP modules, is assigned to an HTTP handler that determines the response of the server to the user request. The response then passes through the HTTP modules once again and is then sent back to the user.

You can define HTTP handlers in the <httpHandlers> element of a configuration file. The <add> element tag is used to add new handlers and the <remove> element tag is used to remove existing handlers. To create an HTTP handler, you need to define a class that implements the IHttpHandler interface.

41. What are the events that happen when a client requests an ASP.NET page from IIS server?

The following events happen when a client requests an ASP.NET page from the IIS server:

User requests for an application resource.
The integrated request-processing pipeline receives the first user request.
Response objects are created for each user request.
An object of the HttpApplication class is created and allocated to the Request object.
The HttpApplication class processes the user request.

42. Explain file-based dependency and key-based dependency.

In file-based dependency, you have to depend on a file that is saved in a disk. In key-based dependency, you have to depend on another cached item.

43. How can you implement the postback property of an ASP.NET control?

You need to set the AutoPostBack property to True to implement the PostBack property of controls.

44. Explain how Cookies work. Give an example of Cookie abuse.

The server tells the browser to put some files in a cookie, and the client then sends all the cookies for the domain in each request. An example of cookie abuse is large cookies affecting the network traffic.

45. Explain login controls.

Login controls are built-in controls in ASP.Net for providing a login solution to ASP.NET application. The login controls use the membership system to authenticate a user credentials for a Web site.

There are many controls in login controls.

ChangePassword control - Allows users to change their password.
CreateUserWizard control - Provides an interface to the user to register for that Web site.
Login control - Provides an interface for user authentication. It consists of a set of controls, such asTextBox, Label, Button, CheckBox, HyperLink.
LoginView control - Displays appropriate information to different users according to the user's status.
LoginStatus control - Shows a login link to users, who are not authenticated and logout link, who are authenticated
LoginName control - Displays a user name, if the user logs in.
PasswordRecovery control - Allows users to get back the password through an e-mail, if they forget.

46. What is the use of PlaceHolder control? Can we see it at runtime?

The PlaceHolder control acts as a container for those controls that are dynamically generated at runtime. We cannot see it at runtime because it does not produce any visible output. It used only as a container.

47. What setting must be added in the configuration file to deny a particular user from accessing the secured resources?

To deny a particular user form accessing the secured resources, the web.config file must contain the following code:

<authorization >
<deny users="username" />
</authorization>

48. What are the event handlers that can be included in the Global.asax file?

The Global.asax file contains some of the following important event handlers:

Application_Error
Application_Start
Application_End
Session_Start
Session_End

49. What is the difference between page-level caching and fragment caching?

In the page-level caching, an entire Web page is cached; whereas, in the fragment caching, a part of the Web page, such as a user control added to the Web page, is cached.

50. Make a list of all templates of the Repeater control.

The Repeater control contains the following templates:

ItemTemplate
AlternatingltemTemplate
SeparatorTemplate
HeaderTemplate
FooterTemplate

51. Describe the complete lifecycle of a Web page.

When we execute a Web page, it passes from the following stages, which are collectively known as Web page lifecycle:

Page request - During this stage, ASP.NET makes sure the page either parsed or compiled and a cached version of the page can be sent in response
Start - During this stage sets the Request and Response page properties and the page check the page request is either a postback or a new request
Page Initialization - During this stage, the page initialize and the control's Unique Id property are set
Load - During this stage, if the request is postback, the control properties are loaded without loading the view state and control state otherwise loads the view state
Validation - During this stage, the controls are validated
Postback event handling - During this stage, if the request is a postback, handles the event
Rendering - During this stage, the page invokes the Render method to each control for return the output
Unload - During this stage, when the page is completely rendered and sent to the client, the page is unloaded.

52. How can you assign page specific attributes in an ASP.NET application?

The @Page directive is responsible for this.

53. Which method is used to post a Web page to another Web page?

The Respose.Redirect method is used to post a page to another page, as shown in the following code snippet: Response.Redirect("DestinationPageName.aspx");

54. What is a Cookie? Where is it used in ASP.NET?

Cookie is a lightweight executable program, which the server posts to client machines. Cookies store the identity of a user at the first visit of the Web site and validate them later on the next visits for their authenticity. The values of a cookie can be transferred between the user's request and the server's response.

55. What are Custom User Controls in ASP.NET?

The custom user controls are the controls that are defined by developers. These controls are a mixture of custom behavior and predefined behavior. These controls work similar to other Web server controls.

56. What does the .WebPart file do?

The .WebPart file explains the settings of a Web Parts control that can be included to a specified zone on a Web page.

57. How can you enable impersonation in the web.config file?

To enable impersonation in the web.confing file, you need to include the <identity> element in theweb.config file and set the impersonate attribute to true as shown in the following code snippet:
<identity impersonate = "true" />

58. How can you identify that the page is PostBack?

The Page object uses the IsPostBack property to check whether the page is posted back or not. If the page is postback, this property is set to true.

59. In which database is the information, such as membership, role management, profile, and Web parts personalization, stored?

The aspnetdb database stores all information.

60. What is State Management? How many ways are there to maintain a state in .NET?

State management is used to store information requests. The state management is used to trace the information or data that affect the state of the applications.

There are two ways to maintain a state in .NET, Client-Based state management and Server-Based state management.

The following techniques can be used to implement the Client-Based state management:

View State
Hidden Fields
Cookies
Query Strings
Control State

The following techniques can be used to implement Server-Based state management:

Application State
Session State
Profile Properties

ASP.NET - .NET Interview Questions and Answers Part -1

2012-06-06T23:03:00.000-07:00

1. What is ASP?

Active Server Pages (ASP), also known as Classic ASP, is a Microsoft's server-side technology, which helps in creating dynamic and user-friendly Web pages. It uses different scripting languages to create dynamic Web pages, which can be run on any type of browser. The Web pages are built by using either VBScript or JavaScript and these Web pages have access to the same services as Windows application, including ADO (ActiveX Data Objects) for database access, SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) for e-mail, and the entire COM (Component Object Model) structure used in the Windows environment. ASP is implemented through a dynamic-link library (asp.dll) that is called by the IIS server when a Web page is requested from the server.

2. What is ASP.NET?

ASP.NET is a specification developed by Microsoft to create dynamic Web applications, Web sites, and Web services. It is a part of .NET Framework. You can create ASP.NET applications in most of the .NET compatible languages, such as Visual Basic, C#, and J#. The ASP.NET compiles the Web pages and provides much better performance than scripting languages, such as VBScript. The Web Forms support to create powerful forms-based Web pages. You can use ASP.NET Web server controls to create interactive Web applications. With the help of Web server controls, you can easily create a Web application.

3. What is the basic difference between ASP and ASP.NET?

The basic difference between ASP and ASP.NET is that ASP is interpreted; whereas, ASP.NET is compiled. This implies that since ASP uses VBScript; therefore, when an ASP page is executed, it is interpreted. On the other hand, ASP.NET uses .NET languages, such as C# and VB.NET, which are compiled to Microsoft Intermediate Language (MSIL).

4. In which event are the controls fully loaded?

Page load event guarantees that all controls are fully loaded. Controls are also accessed in Page_Init events but you will see that view state is not fully loaded during this event

5. How can we identify that the Page is Post Back?

Page object has an "IsPostBack" property, which can be checked to know that is the page posted back.

6. What is the lifespan for items stored in ViewState?

The items stored in ViewState live until the lifetime of the current page expires including the postbacks to the same page.

7. How information about the user's locale can be accessed?

The information regarding a user's locale can be accessed by using the System.Web.UI.Page.Cultureproperty.

8. What is the difference between SQL notification and SQL invalidation?

The SQL cache notification generates notifications when the data of a database changes, on which your cache item depends. The SQL cache invalidation makes a cached item invalid when the data stored in a SQL server database changes.

9. Which is the parent class of the Web server control?

The System.Web.Ul.Control class is the parent class for all Web server controls.

10. Can you set which type of comparison you want to perform by the CompareValidator control?

Yes, by setting the Operator property of the CompareValidator control.

11. What is the behavior of a Web browser when it receives an invalid element?

The behavior of a Web browser when it receives an invalid element depends on the browser that you use to browse your application. Most of the browsers ignore the invalid element; whereas, some of them display the invalid elements on the page.

12. What are the advantages of the code-behind feature?

The code-behind feature of ASP.NET offers a number of advantages:

Makes code easy to understand and debug by separating application logic from HTML tags
Provides the isolation of effort between graphic designers and software engineers

Removes the problems of browser incompatibility by providing code files to exist on the Web server and supporting Web pages to be compiled on demand.

13. How do you sign out from forms authentication?

The FormsAuthentication.Signout() method is used to sign out from the forms authentication.

14. What is AutoPostBack?

If you want a control to postback automatically when an event is raised, you need to set the AutoPostBackproperty of the control to True.

15. What is the function of the ViewState property?

The ASP.NET 4.0 introduced a new property called ViewStateMode for the Control class. Now you can enable the view state to an individual control even if the view state for an ASP.NET page is disabled.

16. Why do you use the App_Code folder in ASP.NET?

The App_Code folder is automatically present in the project. It stores the files, such as classes, typed data set, text files, and reports. If this folder is not available in the application, you can add this folder. One of the important features of the App_Code folder is that only one dll is created for the complete folder, irrespective of how many files it contains.

17. Define a multilingual Web site.

A multilingual Web site serves content in a number of languages. It contains multiple copies for its content and other resources, such as date and time, in different languages.

18. What is an ASP.NET Web Form?

ASP.NET Web forms are designed to use controls and features that are almost as powerful as the ones used with Windows forms, and so they are called as Web forms. The Web form uses a server-side object model that allows you to create functional controls, which are executed on the server and are rendered as HTML on the client. The attribute, runat="server", associated with a server control indicates that the Web form must be processed on the server.

19. What is the difference between a default skin and a named skin?

The default skin is applied to all the Web server controls in a Web form, which are of similar type, and it does not provide a Skin ID attribute. The named skin provides a Skin ID attribute and users have to set the Skin ID property to apply it.

20. What is IIS? Why is it used?

Internet Information Services (IIS) is created by Microsoft to provide Internet-based services to ASP.NET Web applications. It makes your computer to work as a Web server and provides the functionality to develop and deploy Web applications on the server. IIS handles the request and response cycle on the Web server. It also offers the services of SMTP and FrontPage server extensions. The SMTP is used to send emails and use FrontPage server extensions to get the dynamic features of IIS, such as form handler.

21. What is Query String? What are its advantages and limitations?

The Query String helps in sending the page information to the server.

The Query String has the following advantages:

Every browser works with Query Strings.
It does not require server resources and so does not exert any kind of burden on the server.

The following are the limitations of Query String:

Information must be within the limit because URL does not support many characters.
Information is clearly visible to the user, which leads to security threats.

22. What is actually returned from server to the browser when a browser requests an .aspx file and the file is displayed?

When a browser requests an .aspx file then the server returns a response, which is rendered into a HTML string.

23. How can you display all validation messages in one control?

The ValidationSummary control displays all validation messages in one control.

24. Which two new properties are added in ASP.NET 4.0 Page class?

The two new properties added in the Page class are MetaKeyword and MetaDescription.

25. What is tracing? Where is it used?

Tracing displays the details about how the code was executed. It refers to collecting information about the application while it is running. Tracing information can help you to troubleshoot an application. It enables you to record information in various log files about the errors that might occur at run time. You can analyze these log files to find the cause of the errors.

In .NET, we have objects called Trace Listeners. A listener is an object that gets the trace output and stores it to different places, such as a window, a file on your locale drive, or a SQL Server.

The System.Diagnostics namespace contains the predefined interfaces, classes, and structures that are used for tracing. It supplies two classes, Trace and Debug, which allow you to write errors and logs related to the application execution. Trace listeners are objects that collect the output of tracing processes.

26. What is the difference between authentication and authorization?

Authentication verifies the identity of a user and authorization is a process where you can check whether or not the identity has access rights to the system. In other words, you can say that authentication is a procedure of getting some credentials from the users and verify the user's identity against those credentials. Authorization is a procedure of granting access of particular resources to an authenticated user. You should note that authentication always takes place before authorization.

27. How can you register a custom server control to a Web page?

You can register a custom server control to a Web page using the @Register directive.

28. Which ASP.NET objects encapsulate the state of the client and the browser?

The Session object encapsulates the state of the client and browser.

29. Differentiate globalization and localization.

The globalization is a technique to identify the specific part of a Web application that is different for different languages and make separate that portion from the core of the Web application. The localization is a procedure of configuring a Web application to be supported for a specific language or locale.

30. What is ViewState?

The ViewState is a feature used by ASP.NET Web page to store the value of a page and its controls just before posting the page. Once the page is posted, the first task by the page processing is to restore the ViewState to get the values of the controls.

C# interview questions and answers

2012-06-06T22:57:00.001-07:00

What’s the advantage of using System.Text.StringBuilder over System.String? StringBuilder is more efficient in the cases, where a lot of manipulation is done to the text. Strings are immutable, so each time it’s being operated on, a new instance is created.

Can you store multiple data types in System.Array? No.
What’s the difference between the System.Array.CopyTo() and System.Array.Clone()? The first one performs a deep copy of the array, the second one is shallow.
How can you sort the elements of the array in descending order? By calling Sort() and then Reverse() methods.
What’s the .NET datatype that allows the retrieval of data by a unique key?HashTable.
What’s class SortedList underneath? A sorted HashTable.
Will finally block get executed if the exception had not occurred? Yes.
What’s the C# equivalent of C++ catch (…), which was a catch-all statement for any possible exception? A catch block that catches the exception of type System.Exception. You can also omit the parameter data type in this case and just write catch {}.
Can multiple catch blocks be executed? No, once the proper catch code fires off, the control is transferred to the finally block (if there are any), and then whatever follows the finally block.
Why is it a bad idea to throw your own exceptions? Well, if at that point you know that an error has occurred, then why not write the proper code to handle that error instead of passing a new Exception object to the catch block? Throwing your own exceptions signifies some design flaws in the project.
What’s a delegate? A delegate object encapsulates a reference to a method. In C++ they were referred to as function pointers.
What’s a multicast delegate? It’s a delegate that points to and eventually fires off several methods.
How’s the DLL Hell problem solved in .NET? Assembly versioning allows the application to specify not only the library it needs to run (which was available under Win32), but also the version of the assembly.
What are the ways to deploy an assembly? An MSI installer, a CAB archive, and XCOPY command.
What’s a satellite assembly? When you write a multilingual or multi-cultural application in .NET, and want to distribute the core application separately from the localized modules, the localized assemblies that modify the core application are called satellite assemblies.
What namespaces are necessary to create a localized application?System.Globalization, System.Resources.
What’s the difference between // comments, /* */ comments and /// comments? Single-line, multi-line and XML documentation comments.
How do you generate documentation from the C# file commented properly with a command-line compiler? Compile it with a /doc switch.
What’s the difference between <c> and <code> XML documentation tag? Single line code example and multiple-line code example.
Is XML case-sensitive? Yes, so <Student> and <student> are different elements.
What debugging tools come with the .NET SDK? CorDBG – command-line debugger, and DbgCLR – graphic debugger. Visual Studio .NET uses the DbgCLR. To use CorDbg, you must compile the original C# file using the /debug switch.
What does the This window show in the debugger? It points to the object that’s pointed to by this reference. Object’s instance data is shown.
What does assert() do? In debug compilation, assert takes in a Boolean condition as a parameter, and shows the error dialog if the condition is false. The program proceeds without any interruption if the condition is true.
What’s the difference between the Debug class and Trace class? Documentation looks the same. Use Debug class for debug builds, use Trace class for both debug and release builds.
Why are there five tracing levels in System.Diagnostics.TraceSwitcher? The tracing dumps can be quite verbose and for some applications that are constantly running you run the risk of overloading the machine and the hard drive there. Five levels range from None to Verbose, allowing to fine-tune the tracing activities.
Where is the output of TextWriterTraceListener redirected? To the Console or a text file depending on the parameter passed to the constructor.
How do you debug an ASP.NET Web application? Attach the aspnet_wp.exe process to the DbgClr debugger.
What are three test cases you should go through in unit testing? Positive test cases (correct data, correct output), negative test cases (broken or missing data, proper handling), exception test cases (exceptions are thrown and caught properly).
Can you change the value of a variable while debugging a C# application? Yes, if you are debugging via Visual Studio.NET, just go to Immediate window.
Explain the three services model (three-tier application). Presentation (UI), business (logic and underlying code) and data (from storage or other sources).
What are advantages and disadvantages of Microsoft-provided data provider classes in ADO.NET? SQLServer.NET data provider is high-speed and robust, but requires SQL Server license purchased from Microsoft. OLE-DB.NET is universal for accessing other sources, like Oracle, DB2, Microsoft Access and Informix, but it’s a .NET layer on top of OLE layer, so not the fastest thing in the world. ODBC.NET is a deprecated layer provided for backward compatibility to ODBC engines.
What’s the role of the DataReader class in ADO.NET connections? It returns a read-only dataset from the data source when the command is executed.
What is the wildcard character in SQL? Let’s say you want to query database with LIKE for all employees whose name starts with La. The wildcard character is %, the proper query with LIKE would involve ‘La%’.
Explain ACID rule of thumb for transactions. Transaction must be Atomic (it is one unit of work and does not dependent on previous and following transactions), Consistent (data is either committed or roll back, no “in-between” case where something has been updated and something hasn’t), Isolated (no transaction sees the intermediate results of the current transaction), Durable (the values persist if the data had been committed even if the system crashes right after).
What connections does Microsoft SQL Server support? Windows Authentication (via Active Directory) and SQL Server authentication (via Microsoft SQL Server username and passwords).
Which one is trusted and which one is untrusted? Windows Authentication is trusted because the username and password are checked with the Active Directory, the SQL Server authentication is untrusted, since SQL Server is the only verifier participating in the transaction.
Why would you use untrusted verificaion? Web Services might use it, as well as non-Windows applications.
What does the parameter Initial Catalog define inside Connection String?The database name to connect to.
What’s the data provider name to connect to Access database? Microsoft.Access.
What does Dispose method do with the connection object? Deletes it from the memory.
What is a pre-requisite for connection pooling? Multiple processes must agree that they will share the same connection, where every parameter is the same, including the security settings.